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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77622 ***
+
+
+
+
+                           BY THE SAME AUTHOR
+
+
+                   MEN OF THE OLD STONE AGE
+                   THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LIFE
+                   THE AGE OF MAMMALS
+                   EVOLUTION OF MAMMALIAN MOLAR TEETH
+                   FROM THE GREEKS TO DARWIN
+                   EVOLUTION AND RELIGION
+                   HUXLEY AND EDUCATION
+
+
+
+
+                             IMPRESSIONS OF
+                           GREAT NATURALISTS
+
+
+
+
+                    IMPRESSIONS OF GREAT NATURALISTS
+       REMINISCENCES OF DARWIN, HUXLEY, BALFOUR, COPE AND OTHERS
+
+                                   BY
+
+                         HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN
+
+ RESEARCH PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY; SENIOR GEOLOGIST
+ IN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY; PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF
+                             NATURAL HISTORY
+
+
+                       ILLUSTRATED WITH PORTRAITS
+
+
+                         CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS
+                            NEW YORK · LONDON
+                                  1924
+
+
+                       COPYRIGHT, 1913, 1924, BY
+                        CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS
+
+                   COPYRIGHT, 1909, 1924, BY SCIENCE
+                  COPYRIGHT, 1896, BY GINN AND COMPANY
+     COPYRIGHT, 1896, 1909, 1913, 1924, BY POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY
+
+                Printed in the United States of America
+
+
+[Illustration: Emblem of The Scribner Press featuring an open book, a
+lamp, and decorative wreaths.]
+
+
+
+
+                                   TO
+                             THE MEMORY OF
+                THE NATURALISTS, EXPLORERS, AND AUTHORS
+                          WHOSE CREATIVE LIVES
+                     ARE BRIEFLY TOUCHED UPON HERE
+
+         “... those immortal dead who live again
+         In minds made better by their presence: live
+         In pulses stirr’d to generosity,
+         In deeds of daring rectitude, in scorn
+         For miserable aims that end with self,
+         In thoughts sublime that pierce the night like stars,
+         And with their mild persistence urge man’s search
+         To vaster issues.”
+                                         —GEORGE ELIOT
+
+
+
+
+                        AUTOBIOGRAPHIC FOREWORD
+
+
+There is no joy like the joy of creative work. To my mind all great men
+are creative, and among the greatest men are the creative naturalists
+from Aristotle to Darwin, whose self-effacing lives and enduring works
+are our most precious possessions. I like a naturalist better than a
+scientist, because there is less of the ego in him, and in a naturalist
+like Darwin the ego entirely disappears and through his vision we see
+Nature with the least human aberration. These “Impressions” may show the
+young and aspiring naturalists of our day that in the highest creative
+vision there is the least of self and the most of Nature. In the twelve
+lives chosen from the fifty-seven men and women of whom I have
+written,[1] I include Roosevelt, Bryce and Butler because as intrepid
+explorers and observers they show some of the highest qualities of the
+naturalist.
+
+
+I had the good fortune to lead my student life between 1873 and 1880
+under the spiritual, moral, and intellectual influence of the great men
+of the Victorian age, the poets Wordsworth and Tennyson, as well as the
+natural philosophers Wallace, Darwin, Huxley, and Cope. The scientific
+thought of the first half of the nineteenth century was permeated with
+the theism of the Special Creation theory of the universe. In those
+fateful days of intellectual doubt between the false theism of Special
+Creation and the true theism of Evolution, I fortunately came under the
+influence of a series of broad-minded teachers, of Arnold Guyot in
+geology, of James McCosh in psychology and philosophy, of William M.
+Sloane in the philosophy of Kant, of William H. Welch in anatomy and the
+study of the Cell; of each of these incomparable teachers I like to
+recall that “I too sat at the feet of Gamaliel.” McCosh numbered me in
+his favorite group of “eager young men” with the embryonic geologist
+Scott and the embryonic philosopher Ormond. Inspired with
+self-confidence by him in 1878, I took up original research in
+psychology and prepared a questionnaire on visual memory in co-operation
+with Francis Galton, cousin of Charles Darwin, publishing four
+psychological papers at the same time that I was writing my first
+palæontological papers on fossil mammals discovered in the Rocky
+Mountains in 1877–1878. This work also fitted me to write, ten years
+later, “From the Greeks to Darwin,” my inaugural lectures in the
+Columbia University Professorship of Biology, the first of a series of
+volumes which I edited. While McCosh, to whom I dedicated this
+philosophical work, was eager and impetuous and urged the beginning of
+observation and research at once, Arnold Guyot, distinguished in the
+glaciology of Switzerland, taught that the way of learning is long and
+very arduous. I well recall the motto he gave me when I was groaning
+over the interminable difficulties of preparing fossils, a motto derived
+from Hippocrates and the patient Romans:
+
+        Art is long and difficult; criticism is short and easy.
+
+This indeed is the message of Geology to the student mind and the
+underlying reason why Charles Lyell, a geologist, became the master of
+Charles Darwin, a biologist. Only from the eternal truths of the earth’s
+past history can the immediate present of Life be understood.
+
+Two of my eager Princeton comrades felt the need of anatomy as much as I
+did, and without the aid of a teacher we started the dissection of a
+fish, guided by Huxley’s “Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates.” This
+laborious work on the porgy was followed by an anatomical escapade on
+the limb of _Homo sapiens_, part of a human cadaver, in one of the
+unused rooms of the Astronomical Observatory which we converted into a
+dissecting-room. The venerable astronomer, Professor Stephen Alexander,
+wondered at the source of the strange odors that filled the observatory,
+but never discovered the cause! These untaught and surreptitious studies
+in anatomy led to my coming, in the autumn of 1878, under one of the
+greatest teachers of anatomy this country has produced, William H.
+Welch, then a junior officer in the Bellevue Medical College. Fresh from
+the leading laboratories of Germany, Welch used the Teutonic method I
+had not known before, of introducing each of his discourses on the
+various kinds of cells with an historical review of discovery, showing
+how step by step one discovery in science leads to another. I felt for
+the first time the inspiration of the special virtue of German research,
+the most thorough and painstaking the world has ever known, the virtue
+of _grundlichkeit_, of going to the very bottom of things. Thus were
+drawing to a close my six American years when the question of whether I
+should go to Germany or to England was decided by a letter from Kitchen
+Parker, the distinguished English comparative anatomist and friend of
+Huxley, who personally advised me to go to London to study under Huxley
+and to Cambridge to study under Balfour.
+
+Never shall I forget my first impression of Francis Maitland Balfour as
+I met him in the great court of Trinity College of Cambridge, in the
+spring of 1879, to apply for admission to his course in embryology. At
+the time he was twenty-eight years of age and I was twenty-one. I felt
+that I was in the presence of a superior being, of a type to which I
+could never possibly attain, and I did not lose this impression
+throughout the spring months in which he lectured on comparative
+embryology at Cambridge and in which we enjoyed many long afternoons of
+bicycle riding on the level roads of the Fens. I always felt that
+Balfour lived in a higher atmosphere, in another dimension of
+intellectual space. Not that he was aloof—far from it, for he was always
+in closest and most generous touch with the minds of his students; he
+made you feel that you had a mind and that your opinion and observation
+were of value, although you knew all the while that your mind was still
+embryonic and your opinions of the most tentative order. His was by far
+the most balanced mind among all the English biologists. He was at the
+time absorbed in embryology, which was the reigning biological
+discipline of the day. His untimely death in the Swiss Alps in the year
+1882 was a tragic loss, because English biologic thought soon entered
+the long period of confusion and lack of balance that have characterized
+it to the present time. The other great lesson taught by Balfour was
+that of the balanced daily life: the morning lecture and tour of the
+laboratory, the five quiet hours devoted to his own writing and
+research, the vigorous afternoon exercise, and the delightful care-free
+and shop-free evening. At the time Balfour was turning out the great
+volumes of his “Comparative Embryology,” a monumental work, I asked him
+how many hours a day he gave to writing; he replied: “Never more than
+five hours.” A fresh mind is far more creative than a jaded mind.
+
+In the autumn of 1879 I moved to London, which was then in the full and
+glorious tide of Victorian life. Not a member had fallen out of the
+great ranks. I had the good fortune to hear in the scientific societies
+some of these great men, such as Clark Maxwell in physics, to meet all
+the leading biologists except Wallace, and especially to come under the
+commanding personal influence of Huxley. Huxley especially imparted
+philosophic breadth, grasp of the whole subject, the force and value of
+expression, the wisdom and perception that come from survey of a very
+broad field, from both the philosophic and the anatomical standpoint.
+His sense of humor was delightful and brightened many of the most
+difficult passages in his discourses. By his way of living and by the
+unlimited personal sacrifices he made he taught me that we men of
+science must do our part in public education. To public service Huxley
+sacrificed his life, for not long after his great lecture course of
+1879–1880, which I attended and of which I took the fullest notes, he
+broke down in health. When I last met him in Cambridge, at the British
+Association meeting of 1894, he shook his head sadly and said: “Osborn,
+I no longer can keep up with the progress of biology.” Soon after his
+death, in 1895, I wrote the reminiscences which appear in this volume
+without change.
+
+To Huxley I owe the greatest biological impression that came to me in
+England, namely, a few words with Charles Darwin in Huxley’s laboratory.
+From the large number of students working there at the time, Huxley
+singled me out, perhaps because I was the only American, perhaps because
+of my early palæontological writing. I realized that I must make the
+most of the opportunity, and for a few moments I gazed steadily into
+Darwin’s face and especially into his benevolent blue eyes, which were
+almost concealed below the overhanging brows, eyes that seemed to have a
+vision of the entire living world and that gave one the impression of
+translucent truthfulness. In my address at the Darwin Centenary at
+Cambridge I endeavored to convey this profound impression of translucent
+truthfulness. Darwin arrived at Evolution not because he desired to do
+so, but because he was forced into it by his own observations of Nature.
+He came of a long line of compellingly truthful ancestors, and certainly
+“truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth” is a distinctly
+English and Scotch trait. In my fifty years’ experience with scientific
+men I have found them neither more nor less truthful than other men,
+because truthfulness does not go on all fours with genius, with powers
+of observation and of generalization. Darwin always kept in the realm of
+fact; he was equally sincere in the realm of opinion and of theory. If
+in the relatively small part of his life that he devoted to speculation
+and to theory his contributions are less permanent, it is because, after
+all, Nature is unreasonable and irrational in her methods.
+
+On returning to America as a young comparative anatomist I was
+privileged to work as a comrade with men with whom I had started as a
+disciple. I became more intimate than ever with the Scotchman James
+McCosh and enjoyed his eager freshness of mind and desire to gain new
+ideas. For a gift on his eightieth birthday his students paraphrased the
+lines of Aristophanes: “Honor to the old man who in the declining vigor
+of years seeks to learn new subjects and to add to his wisdom.” I had
+great reverence for another Scotchman, James Bryce, with his enthusiasm,
+his broad learning and experience, his eager reception of new ideas, to
+the very end of his life; finally, for that very unique Scotchman, John
+Muir. From their simple and hardy mode of living the Scotch contribute
+to the students of life enduring impressions of energy, vigor,
+youthfulness, and of the most genial and whole-hearted friendship.
+
+
+In reprinting these “Impressions,” extending over a very long period of
+years, from my youthful tribute to Balfour in 1883 to those of John
+Muir, John Burroughs, Theodore Roosevelt, and Howard Crosby Butler in
+the present decade, may I claim that years of observation have given me
+far deeper penetration into the sources of human character and
+personality? This penetration is due to my studies in heredity and my
+observations on the difference in races and racial characteristics,
+which, for example, separate the Scotch from the English and both from
+the Irish. Such penetration is carried as far as I am able to do at
+present in appreciation of the peculiar genius of John Muir and of John
+Burroughs. In contrasting these two friends I asked myself the question:
+“Why are they so much alike and why so different?” I believe I have
+partly answered this question, but we may go much farther in the
+sympathetic biographic analysis of the future. Since I wrote the first
+of my biographic studies, the principal titles of which are included in
+the appendix of this volume, I have been attempting to penetrate into
+human nature along a number of paths: first, along studies of heredity,
+already alluded to; second, along studies of the men of the Old Stone
+Age and their forebears; third, with the increasing conviction that our
+intellectual, moral, and spiritual reactions are extremely ancient and
+that they have been built up not in hundreds but in thousands—perhaps
+hundreds of thousands—of years. It would, however, take me far beyond
+the limits of a foreword to enter upon this deeper interpretation of the
+impressions and influences which great minds of great men of different
+kinds have exerted upon me.
+
+In these “Impressions” I am not in any case attempting to portray the
+whole man, but only one principal aspect of each life. The nearest
+approach to a full biographic treatment is the centenary address on the
+life and works of Charles Darwin and the memorial address on his
+comrade, Alfred Russel Wallace. It was an appreciation which I received
+in a letter from Wallace, reproduced in facsimile at the beginning of
+this volume, also letters from Mrs. Huxley and her son, from Lady Bryce,
+and from friends of John Burroughs and John Muir that first led me to
+believe that these biographical sketches would be helpful to young men
+and young women who aspire to greatness along different lines of
+intellectual endeavor. I have omitted many of my biographic essays
+because I was not confident that they would be of interest to laymen as
+well as to young scientists, to whom this work is addressed, but I
+cannot pass by two of my great palæontological predecessors, Joseph
+Leidy and Edward Drinker Cope, because the resemblances and contrasts
+between these two men are especially illuminating in scientific life.
+
+Cope was certainly the most brilliant creative mind in comparative
+anatomy and evolution that America has produced. Quaker by birth, he was
+a fighter by nature, both in theory and in fact. On one occasion, in the
+American Philosophical Society, a difference of opinion with his friend
+Persifor Frazer led to such a violent controversy that the two
+scientists retired to the hallway and came to blows! On the following
+morning I happened to meet Cope and could not help remarking on a
+blackened eye. “Osborn,” he said, “don’t look at my eye. If you think my
+eye is black, you ought to see Frazer this morning!” But such
+differences of opinion did not sever the lifelong friendship, and when
+Cope died Frazer was the first to pay a glowing tribute to his genius.
+Cope was not a single but a multiple personality; he presents the widest
+possible contrast to a retiring nature like that of Alfred Russel
+Wallace, a sketch of whom opens this volume. Wallace, the last survivor
+of the great trio of British naturalists of the nineteenth century,
+survived by only a few months another member of the group, Sir Joseph
+Hooker, who introduced the famous Darwin-Wallace papers on Natural
+Selection to the Linnæan Society in 1858. Lyell, Darwin, and Wallace
+were three successive but closely kindred spirits, whose work began and
+ended with what will be known as the second great epoch of evolutionary
+thought, the first being that of the precursors of Darwin and the third
+that in which we live. They established Evolution through a continued
+line of attack by precisely similar methods of observation and reasoning
+over an extremely broad field.
+
+As to the closeness of the intellectual sequence between these three
+men, those who know the original edition of the second volume of Lyell’s
+“The Principles of Geology,” published in 1832, must regard it as the
+second biologic classic of the century—the first being Lamarck’s
+“Philosophie Zoologique,” of 1809—on which Darwin through his higher and
+much more creative vision built up his “Journal of Researches.” When
+Lyell faltered in the application of his own principles Darwin went on
+and was followed by Wallace. The two older men may be considered to have
+united in guiding the mind of Wallace, because the young naturalist,
+fourteen years the junior of Darwin, took both “The Principles” of Lyell
+and “The Journal” of Darwin with him on his journey to South America,
+during which his career fairly began.
+
+From his record of observations during his life in the tropics of
+America and of Asia Wallace will be remembered not only as one of the
+independent discoverers of the theory of Natural Selection but next to
+Darwin as one of the great naturalists of the nineteenth century. His
+range and originality are astounding in these days of specialization.
+His main lines of thought, although in many instances suggested to his
+mind somewhat suddenly, were developed and presented in a deliberate and
+masterly way through the series of papers and books extending from 1850
+to 1913. The highest level of his creative life was, however, reached at
+the age of thirty-five, when with Darwin he published his sketch of the
+theory of Natural Selection. This outburst of original thought, on which
+his reputation will chiefly rest, came as an almost automatic
+generalization from his twelve years in the tropics.
+
+
+The two most powerful men I have known intimately were J. Pierpont
+Morgan and Theodore Roosevelt. I had the privilege of calling the former
+“Uncle Pierpont” and have vivid recollections of him as he was in 1867,
+when I was a boy, and in the last two brilliant decades of his life.
+Theodore Roosevelt I knew slightly as a boy, as an intimate friend of my
+naturalist brother, Frederick, and in the last two and great decades of
+his life as my own friend. Although the man in the street would say that
+no two Americans could be further apart than these two, in many
+characteristics they were closely similar. The outstanding point of
+likeness was their courage in facing obstacles, their dominance in
+overcoming difficulties of all kinds. There was no “I can’t” in the
+vocabulary of either man; rather “I can and I will.” Close contact with
+both of these men enforced the life motto which became my own: _Whatever
+is right can be done, and shall be done._ Powerful as both were in
+leadership, they always sought the counsel of their friends and were apt
+to be governed by it, unless it was the counsel of timidity or of
+irresolution. Neither was dominant in the sense that Woodrow Wilson was
+dominant and autistic—to use the professional phrase. Both won the
+devoted friendship and admiration of hundreds of men and women, and both
+made many enemies; through similar virtues Roosevelt became the opponent
+of Morgan and Morgan became the opponent of Roosevelt. Both were
+intensely patriotic and willing to make any sacrifice, however great,
+for their country. Both were deeply religious and were guided by an
+unfaltering faith in Divine Providence. The most surprising likeness I
+observed was their humility; I never saw a trace of conceit in either
+Pierpont Morgan or Theodore Roosevelt. The assurance and self-confidence
+they both displayed in critical and commanding moments were part of the
+great game of life. Leaders must have broad shoulders, firm necks, and
+confident and determined faces when the world is full of doubting
+Thomases, as it always is. A marked point of likeness was the power of
+immediate, almost instantaneous, decision, which sometimes led both men
+astray. Contrasting with their power of command were their simplicity,
+their unselfish devotion to their friends, and their love of children
+and fascination for children. Both had a deep interest in science; with
+Morgan it was mathematics, minerals, and gems, and, in later years,
+archæology. Natural history was the first and last love of Theodore
+Roosevelt, in all its branches, and special study of birds and mammals
+constituted the greatest pleasure of his life.
+
+It will surprise many of my readers that I have instituted such a
+comparison, that I have found resemblances amidst the many violent
+contrasts in the lives and characters of these two great Americans. It
+was the love of nature and of human nature which made them alike. Few of
+us are single in our personalities; most of us are dual, and the rare
+men like Morgan and Roosevelt are multiple. Among great naturalists
+Wallace, Darwin, and Pasteur were men of single natures, whose whole
+lives were devoted to single great purposes, to the attainment of which
+all other objects in life gave way. They were neither combatant nor
+militant, nor did they ever seek to force their theories or opinions by
+militant methods. They sought seclusion, avoided public meetings and
+controversies, and were astonished by the world-wide acclaim of their
+discoveries. It is told of Darwin that after meeting Gladstone he
+expressed surprise that such a very great man had paid him so much
+attention. It appears that this simplicity of life and avoidance of
+renown are most favorable to that creative state of mind which most
+frequently engenders renown.
+
+On the other hand, Huxley and Cope were, above all, combatants in the
+new social and philosophical arena of Evolution. Huxley’s world-wide
+fame rests partly on his defense of freedom of thought and of research
+and on the brilliance of his rapier-like thrusts at some of the shams
+and hypocrisies of the Special Creation exponents of his day. His genius
+lay in polemics, in criticism, in exposition, rather than in creative
+discovery and generalization; it is a striking fact that he did not add
+a single new principle to the philosophy of Evolution. His life was one
+of enforced activity and public service, which left him little or no
+repose for creative thought, yet he added to anatomy a number of very
+important generalizations. There is no measuring what Huxley might have
+done if he had enjoyed the repose that was granted to Darwin. Cope was,
+above all, a creative naturalist of a high order, with a rapidity and
+originality of thought almost without parallel in the history of
+anatomy; great generalizations affecting the order and arrangement of
+the whole kingdom of backboned animals arose from his brain, while in
+philosophical analysis he was a tyro where Huxley was a master.
+
+
+From these impressions of the lives of many naturalists we see that the
+naturalist is animated first of all by the joy of observation, without
+initial hope or thought of discovery but surely in the end leading to
+discovery; leading also to creative thought if observation is pursued
+with a single eye and unfaltering purpose, regardless of all obstacles
+or dangers and of the greatest impediment of all, namely, interest in
+self and in self-advancement.
+
+
+
+
+                                CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+ DEDICATION                                                            v
+
+ AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL FOREWORD                                           vii
+
+ IMPRESSIONS:
+
+   ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE                                               1
+     “Alfred Russel Wallace, 1823–1913”
+
+   CHARLES DARWIN                                                     33
+     “Life and Works of Darwin”
+     “The Darwin Centenary at Cambridge”
+
+   THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY                                                71
+     “A Student’s Reminiscences of Huxley”
+
+   FRANCIS MAITLAND BALFOUR                                           99
+
+   JAMES BRYCE                                                       109
+
+   LOUIS PASTEUR                                                     117
+     “The New Order of Sainthood”
+
+   JOSEPH LEIDY                                                      131
+     “Joseph Leidy, Founder of Vertebrate Palæontology in America”
+
+   EDWARD DRINKER COPE                                               149
+     “A Great Naturalist”
+
+   THEODORE ROOSEVELT                                                165
+     “Theodore Roosevelt, Naturalist”
+
+   THE TWO JOHNS                                                     183
+     “The Racial Soul of John Burroughs”
+     “John Muir”
+
+   HOWARD CROSBY BUTLER                                              207
+     “Howard Crosby Butler, Explorer”
+
+ BIOGRAPHIES BY THE AUTHOR                                           213
+
+
+
+
+                             ACKNOWLEDGMENT
+
+
+“The Life and Works of Darwin” was an address delivered at Columbia
+University on February 12, 1909, the hundredth anniversary of Darwin’s
+birth, as the first of a series of nine lectures on Charles Darwin and
+his influence on science. “The Darwin Centenary” is based on an address
+in reply to the reception of delegates at Cambridge. “A Student’s
+Reminiscences of Huxley” was a lecture delivered at the Marine
+Biological Laboratory of Wood’s Hole in the summer session of 1895. The
+address on James Bryce was delivered at the memorial service to Viscount
+Bryce at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, March 5, 1922. The
+address on Joseph Leidy was originally delivered at the Joseph Leidy
+Centenary, Philadelphia, December 6, 1923, and was later published in
+Science. The article on Howard Crosby Butler was an address delivered at
+the Graduate College of Princeton University, October 31, 1922. This
+address was afterward published in the Butler memorial volume by the
+Princeton University Press. The chapter on John Burroughs is an address
+which was delivered at the John Burroughs memorial meeting, American
+Academy of Arts and Letters, on November 18, 1921.
+
+Other chapters of this book are based on articles published in the
+following magazines: _Popular Science Monthly_, _Science_, _The
+Century_, _The Sierra Club Bulletin_.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE
+]
+
+
+
+
+                         ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE
+                               1823–1913
+
+  I never had the pleasure of meeting Wallace, but I felt rewarded for
+  the time I devoted to the study of his works and the influences which
+  shaped his great career in preparing this Impression by his letter of
+  acknowledgment, which is reproduced in facsimile. Wallace was a great
+  man, although he was overshadowed by a much greater man, Darwin. The
+  scientific relations of these two men were ideal; their magnanimity
+  toward each other in the crisis of independent discovery of the great
+  principle of Natural Selection is one of the noblest episodes in the
+  history of biology.
+
+
+                         ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE
+
+Nature and nurture conspire to form a naturalist. Predisposition, an
+opportune period, and a happy series of events favored Alfred Russel
+Wallace.
+
+Wallace was the son of Thomas Vere Wallace, of Hanworth, Middlesex,
+England, and Mary Anne Grennell, of Hertford. His ancestry is obscure.
+On the paternal side he is probably descended from one of the branches
+of Sir William Wallace, the popular national hero of Scotland, but
+nothing is known back of his grandfather, who was probably keeper of the
+inn on the estates of the Duke of St. Albans, of Hanworth. The burial
+records of Hanworth mention an Admiral James Wallace. In his mother’s
+family on the paternal side is the name Greenell, of Hertford, probably
+the “Greenaile” in 1579, French Huguenot refugees after the massacre of
+St. Bartholomew. Her grandfather was for many years alderman and twice
+mayor of Hertford. One of the Greenells was an architect.
+
+Wallace’s father took up the profession of the law, but did not
+continue, and up to his marriage lived the life of a fairly well-to-do
+middle-class gentleman. After his marriage he essayed the publishing of
+two magazines apparently devoted to art, antiquities and general
+literature, which were failures. He then moved from Marylebone to more
+rural districts where living was less expensive, first to St. Georges,
+Southwark, and then to Usk, Monmouthshire. In this village Alfred Russel
+Wallace was born on January 8, 1823.
+
+When Wallace was about six years of age the family moved to Hertford,
+where his education was begun in the old grammar school that dated back
+to 1617. He left school too young to begin Greek, but he studied Latin,
+and next to Latin grammar the most painful subject he learned was
+geography, principally because of the meaningless way in which it was
+taught. During the last year of study at the grammar school, as the
+family were then in very straitened circumstances, he assisted in the
+teaching of the younger boys in reading, arithmetic, and writing.
+
+Wallace considered that his home life in Hertford was in many ways more
+educational than the time spent at school. His father was a man who
+enjoyed the pleasure of literature and belonged to a book club through
+which a constant stream of interesting books came to the house, from
+which he read aloud to the family in the evenings. The father earned a
+small income tutoring and as librarian of a small library, and the son
+Alfred spent hours reading there, also.
+
+At the age of thirteen young Wallace left school, with a view to
+learning land surveying. He stayed in London a short time with his
+brother John, who was apprenticed to a master builder, and their
+evenings were most frequently spent in the “Hall of Science,” a kind of
+mechanics institute for advanced thinkers among workmen. Here he heard
+many lectures by Robert Owen, the founder of the socialist movement in
+England, and took up philosophical reading, beginning with Paine’s “Age
+of Reason,” among other books. In the summer of 1837 he went with his
+brother William into Bedfordshire to begin his education as a land
+surveyor, and practised for seven years in various parts of England and
+Wales.
+
+After a time it was decided that he should try to pursue the
+clock-making business as well as surveying and general engineering, and
+Wallace considered that this was the first of several turning-points in
+his life, because changes in the business of the clock-making concern
+with which he was connected at Leighton prevented his continuing this
+work for more than a short period. He was delighted to take up again in
+1839 the employment of land surveying because of the opportunities it
+afforded for out-of-door life.
+
+While at Neath, in Wales, there was not much demand for surveying, and
+Wallace occupied himself in constructing a rude telescope with which he
+was able to observe the moon and Jupiter’s satellites, and he developed
+much interest in studying astronomy and in the development of
+astronomical instruments. But he says that he was chiefly occupied with
+what became more and more the solace and delight of his lonely rambles
+among the moors and mountains, namely, his first introduction to the
+variety, the beauty and the mystery of nature as manifested in the
+vegetable kingdom.
+
+His earnings were very meagre and he had little money for the purchase
+of books. During the seven years he worked with his brother he says he
+“hardly ever had more than a few shillings for personal expenses.” It
+was during this period, while most occupied out of doors with the
+observation and collection of plants, that he began to write down more
+or less systematically his ideas on various subjects that interested
+him. His first literary efforts all bear dates of the autumn and winter
+of 1843, when he was between twenty and twenty-one years of age. One of
+his first productions was the rough sketch of a popular lecture on
+botany addressed to an audience supposed to be as ignorant as he was
+when he began his observation of the native flowers. A second of these
+early lectures was on the subject “The Advantages of Varied Knowledge,”
+which he considered of interest chiefly as showing the bent of his mind
+at the time and indicating a disposition for discursive reading and
+study. He also wrote at this time on the manners and customs of the
+Welsh peasantry in Brecknockshire and Glamorganshire, and put the matter
+in form for one of the London magazines, but it was declined.
+
+These early and serious studies in botany, continuing for four years,
+prepared him for the plant wonders of the tropics. At the age of
+twenty-one he went to London. He afterward regarded his difficulty in
+obtaining employment as a great turning-point in his career, “for
+otherwise,” he writes, “it seems very unlikely that I should ever have
+undertaken what at that time seemed rather a wild scheme, a journey to
+the almost unknown forests of the Amazon in order to observe nature and
+make a living by collecting.”
+
+In his autobiographic volumes of 1905, “My Life, a Record of Events and
+Opinions,” there is also an interesting sketch of his state of mind at
+this time.
+
+  I do not think that at this formative period I could be said to have
+  shown special superiority in any of the higher mental faculties, but I
+  possessed a strong desire to know the causes of things, a great love
+  of beauty in form and color, and a considerable, but not excessive
+  desire for order and arrangement in whatever I had to do. If I had one
+  distinct mental faculty more prominent than another it was the power
+  of correct reasoning from a review of the known facts in any case to
+  the causes or laws which produced them, and also in detecting
+  fallacies in the reasoning of other persons.
+
+Elsewhere in his autobiography he observes that whatever reputation in
+science, literature and thought he may possess is the result of the
+organs of comparison, causality and order, with firmness,
+acquisitiveness, concentrativeness, constructiveness and wonder, all
+above the average, but none of them excessively developed, combined with
+a moderate faculty of language which
+
+  enables me to express my ideas and conclusions in writing though but
+  imperfectly in speech. I feel, myself, how curiously and persistently
+  these faculties have acted in various combinations to determine my
+  tastes, disposition and actions.
+
+Wallace shared Darwin’s strong sentiment for justice as between man and
+man, and abhorrence of tyranny and unnecessary interference with the
+liberty of others. His retiring disposition enabled him to enjoy long
+periods of reflection, receptiveness and solitude, both at home and in
+the tropics, out of which have come the sudden illuminations or flashes
+of light leading to the solution of the problems before him. As to this
+wonderful mechanism of induction, Wallace observes:
+
+  I have long since come to see that no one deserves either praise or
+  blame for the _ideas_ that come to him, but only for the _actions_
+  resulting therefrom. Ideas and beliefs are certainly not voluntary
+  acts. They come to us—we hardly know _how_ or _whence_, and once they
+  have got possession of us we can not reject or change them at will.
+
+Apart from Darwin’s education in Christ’s College, Cambridge, as
+compared with Wallace’s self-education, the parallel between his
+intellectual tendencies and environment and those of Charles Darwin is
+extraordinary. They enjoyed a similar current of influence from men,
+from books and from nature. Thus the next turning-point in his life was
+his meeting with Henry Walter Bates, through whom he acquired his zest
+for the wonders of insect life, which opened for the first time for him
+the zoological windows of nature. In a measure Bates was to Wallace what
+the Reverend John S. Henslow had been to Darwin. It is noteworthy that
+the greater and most original part of his direct observations of nature
+was upon the adaptations of insects.
+
+Darwin and Wallace fell under the spell of the same books, first and
+foremost those of Lyell, as noted above, then of Humboldt in his
+“Personal Narrative” (1814–18), of Robert Chambers in his “Vestiges of
+the Natural History of Creation” (1844), of Malthus in his “Essay on the
+Principle of Population” (1798).
+
+It was, however, Darwin’s own “Journal of Researches,” published in
+1845, and read by Wallace at the age of twenty-three, which determined
+him to invite Bates to accompany him on his journey to the Amazon and
+Rio Negro, which filled the four years 1848–52. In this wondrous
+equatorial expanse, like Darwin he was profoundly impressed with the
+forests, the butterflies and birds, and with his first meeting with man
+in an absolute state of nature. Bates, himself a naturalist of high
+order,[2] was closely observing the mimetic resemblances among insects
+to animate and inanimate objects and introducing Wallace to a field
+which he subsequently made his own. Bates remained several years after
+Wallace’s departure and published his classical memoir on mimicry in
+1860–61. Wallace’s own description of his South American experiences,
+entitled “Narrative of Travels on the Amazon,” published in 1853 when he
+was thirty years of age, does not display the ability of his later
+writings and shows that his powers were slowly developing.
+
+His eight years of travel between 1854 and 1862 in the Indo-Malay
+Islands, the Timor Group, Celebes, the Moluccas and the Papuan Group
+brought his powers to full maturity. It is apparent that his prolonged
+observations on the natives, the forests, the birds and mammals, and
+especially on the butterflies and beetles, were gradually storing his
+mind for one of those discharges of generalization which come so
+unexpectedly out of the vast accumulation of facts. “The Malay
+Archipelago” of 1869, published seven years after the return, is
+Wallace’s “journal of researches,” that is, it is to be compared with
+Darwin’s great work of this title. Its fine breadth of treatment in
+anthropology, zoology, botany and physiography gives it a rank second
+only to Darwin’s “Journal” in a class of works repeatedly enriched by
+British naturalists from the time of Burchell’s journey in Africa.
+
+Wallace’s first trial at the evolution problem was his essay sent to the
+_Annals and Magazine of Natural History_ in 1855, entitled “On the Law
+Which Has Regulated the Introduction of New Species.” This paper
+suggested the _when_ and _where_ of the occurrence of new forms, but not
+the _how_. He concludes:
+
+  It has now been shown, though most briefly and imperfectly, how the
+  law that “_Every species has come into existence coincident both in
+  time and space with a preexisting closely allied species_,” connects
+  together and renders intelligible a vast number of independent and
+  hitherto unexplained facts.
+
+In February, 1858, during a period of intermittent fever at Ternate, the
+_how_ arose in his mind with the recollection of the “Essay” of Malthus,
+and there flashed upon him all the possible effects of the struggle for
+existence. Twenty years before the same idea, under similar
+circumstances, had come into the mind of Darwin. The parallel is
+extraordinary as shown in the following citations:
+
+               DARWIN                              WALLACE
+ In October, 1838, that is, fifteen  In February, 1858, I was suffering
+ months after I had begun my         from a rather severe attack of
+ systematic inquiry, I happened to   intermittent fever at Ternate, in
+ read for amusement, “Malthus on     the Moluccas; and one day, while
+ Population,” and being well         lying on my bed during the cold
+ prepared to appreciate the struggle fit, wrapped in blankets, though
+ for existence which everywhere goes the thermometer was at 88° Fahr.,
+ on from long-continued observations the problem again presented itself
+ of the habits of animals and        to me, and something led me to
+ plants, it at once struck me that   think of the “positive checks”
+ under these circumstances favorable described by Malthus in his “Essay
+ variations would tend to be         on Population,” a work I had read
+ preserved, and unfavorable ones to  several years before, and which had
+ be destroyed. _The result of this   made a deep and permanent
+ would be the formation of new       impression on my mind. These
+ species._ Here, then, I had at last checks—war, disease, famine and the
+ got a theory by which to work; but  like—must, it occurred to me, act
+ I was so anxious to avoid prejudice on animals as well as man. Then I
+ that I determined not for some time thought of the enormously rapid
+ to write even the briefest sketch   multiplication of animals, causing
+ of it. In June, 1842, I first       these checks to be much more
+ allowed myself the satisfaction of  effective in them than in the case
+ writing a very brief abstract of my of man; and while pondering vaguely
+ theory in pencil, in thirty-five    on this fact there suddenly flashed
+ pages, and this was enlarged during upon me the _idea_ of the survival
+ the summer of 1844 into one of 230  of the fittest—that the individuals
+ pages.—Darwin’s “Autobiography,”    removed by these checks must be on
+ Chap. II.                           the whole inferior to those that
+                                     survived. In the two hours that
+                                     elapsed before my ague fit was
+                                     over, I had thought out almost the
+                                     whole of the theory; and the same
+                                     evening I sketched the draft of my
+                                     paper, and in the two succeeding
+                                     evenings wrote it out in full, and
+                                     sent it by the next post to Mr.
+                                     Darwin.—Wallace’s “My Life,” p.
+                                     212.
+
+Darwin had been working upon the verification of the same idea for
+twenty years. We owe to Sir Joseph Hooker and to Lyell the bringing
+together of these independent but strikingly similar manuscripts. The
+noble episode which followed of the joint publication of the discovery
+was prophetic of the continued care for truth and carelessness of self,
+of the friendship, mutual admiration and co-operation between these two
+high-minded men, which affords a golden example for our own and future
+ages. Each loved his own creations, yet undervalued his own work; each
+accorded enthusiastic praise to the work of the other.
+
+It is a striking circumstance in the history of biology that Wallace’s
+rapidly produced sketch of 1858 “On the Tendencies of Varieties to Part
+Indefinitely from the Original Type” not only pursues a line of thought
+parallel to that of Darwin, except in excluding the analogy of natural
+with human selection, but embodies the permanent substance of the
+selection theory as it is today after fifty-four years of world-wide
+research. It may be regarded as his masterpiece. The attempt has been
+made by De Vries and others to show that Wallace in his “Darwinism” of
+1889 differed from Darwin on important points, but whatever may be true
+of this final modification of the theory, a very careful comparison of
+the Darwin-Wallace sketches of 1858 shows that they both involve the
+principle of discontinuity; in fact, fluctuation in the sense of plus
+and minus variation was not recognized at the time; the notion of
+variation was that derived directly from field rather than from
+laboratory notes. This is repeatedly implied in Wallace’s language and
+especially in his sketch of 1858:
+
+  ... there is a general principle in nature which will cause many
+  _varieties_ to survive the parent species, and to give rise to
+  successive variations departing further and further from the original
+  type, and which also produces, in domesticated animals, the tendency
+  of varieties to return to the parent form....
+
+  Most or perhaps all the variations from the typical form of a species
+  must have some definite effect, however slight, on the habits or
+  capacities of the individuals. Even a change of color might, by
+  rendering them more or less distinguishable, affect their safety; a
+  greater or less development of hair might modify their habits.... The
+  superior variety would then alone remain, and on a return to favorable
+  circumstances would rapidly increase in numbers and occupy the place
+  of the extinct species and variety.
+
+  The _variety_ would now have replaced the _species_, of which it would
+  be a more perfectly developed and more highly organized form.... Here,
+  then, we have _progression and continued divergence_ deduced from the
+  general laws which regulate the existence of animals in a state of
+  nature, and from the undisputed fact that varieties do frequently
+  occur.... Variations in unimportant parts might also occur, having no
+  perceptible effect on the life-preserving powers; and the varieties so
+  furnished might run a course parallel with the parent species, either
+  giving rise to further variations or returning to the former type....
+  In the wild animal, on the contrary, all its faculties and powers
+  being brought into full action for the necessities of existence, any
+  increase becomes immediately available, is strengthened by exercise,
+  and must even slightly modify the food, the habits and the whole
+  economy of the race. It creates, as it were, a new animal, one of
+  superior powers, and which will necessarily increase in numbers and
+  outlive those inferior to it....
+
+  We see, then, that no inferences as to varieties in a state of nature
+  can be deduced from the observation of those occurring among domestic
+  animals.... Domestic animals are abnormal, irregular, artificial; they
+  are subject to varieties which never occur and never can occur in a
+  state of nature; their very existence depends altogether on human
+  care.... An origin such as is here advocated will also agree with the
+  peculiar character of the modifications of form and structure which
+  obtain in organized beings—the many lines of divergence from a central
+  type, the increasing efficiency and power of a particular organ
+  through a succession of allied species, and the remarkable persistence
+  of unimportant parts, such as color, texture of plumage and hair, form
+  of horns or crests, through a series of species differing considerably
+  in more essential characters.... This progression, by minute steps, in
+  various directions, but always checked and balanced by the necessary
+  conditions, subject to which alone existence can be preserved, may, it
+  is believed, be followed out so as to agree with all the phenomena....
+
+It is true that Wallace subsequently modified his theory, adopted the
+selection of plus and minus fluctuations, and became a determined
+opponent of the mutation hypothesis of De Vries.
+
+The distinctive features of the later development of the theory in
+Wallace’s mind were his more implicit faith in selection, his insistence
+on utility or selection value of new or varying characters, his flat
+rejection of Lamarckism, his reliance on spontaneous variations as
+supplying all the materials for selection. This confidence appears in
+the following passages from his militant reply in the volume of 1889 to
+the critics of Darwinism:
+
+  The right or favorable variations are so frequently present that the
+  unerring power of natural selection never wants materials to work
+  upon.... Weismann’s theory ... adds greatly to the importance of
+  natural selection as the one invariable and ever-present factor in all
+  organic change and that which can alone have produced the temporary
+  fixity combined with the secular modification of species.
+
+The principle of discontinuity is less clearly brought out than in the
+first sketch of 1858; the selection of fluctuation is favorably
+considered. The laws and causes of variation are, however, assumed
+rather than taken up as a subject of inquiry. These opinions of 1889
+were the summation of twenty-nine years of work.
+
+To return to the life-narrative, the autumn of 1860 found Wallace in the
+Moluccas reading the “Origin of Species” through five or six times, each
+time with increasing admiration. A letter of September 1 to his friend
+George Silk contains the key to the subsequent direction of his
+research, namely, his recognition of the vast breadth of Darwin’s
+principles and his determination to devote his life to their exposition:
+
+  I could _never have approached_ the completeness of his book, its vast
+  accumulation of evidence, its overwhelming argument, and its admirable
+  tone and spirit. I really feel thankful that it has _not_ been left to
+  me to give the theory to the world. Mr. Darwin has created a new
+  science and a new philosophy; and I believe that never has such a
+  complete illustration of a new branch of human knowledge been due to
+  the labors and researches of a single man. Never have such vast masses
+  of widely scattered and hitherto quite unconnected facts been combined
+  into a system and brought to bear upon the establishment of such a
+  grand and new and simple philosophy.
+
+The discovery of “Natural Selection” again turned the course of
+Wallace’s life. In his autobiography he writes:
+
+  I had, in fact, been bitten with the passion for species and their
+  description, and if neither Darwin nor myself had hit upon “natural
+  selection,” I might have spent the best years of my life in this
+  comparatively profitless work, but the new ideas swept all this
+  away.... This outline of the paper will perhaps enable my readers to
+  understand the intense interest I felt in working out all these
+  strange phenomena, and showing how they could almost all be explained
+  by that law of “Natural Selection” which Darwin had discovered many
+  years before, and which I also had been so fortunate as to hit upon.
+
+The coloring of animals as observed in the tropics and the Malayan
+Islands was the subject in which Wallace made his most extensive and
+original contributions to Darwinism. In his sketch of 1858 he wrote:
+
+  Even the peculiar colors of many animals, especially insects, so
+  closely resembling the soil or the leaves or the trunks on which they
+  habitually reside, are explained on the same principle; for though in
+  the course of ages varieties of many tints may have occurred, _yet
+  those races having colors best adapted to concealment from their
+  enemies would inevitably survive the longest_.
+
+Returning from the Archipelago in 1862, he published in 1864 his pioneer
+paper, “The Malayan Papilionidæ or Swallow-tailed Butterflies, as
+illustrative of the Theory of Natural Selection,” in which he at once
+took rank beside Bates and Müller as one of the great contributors to
+the color characteristics of animals. We see him step by step developing
+the ideas of protective resemblance which he had fully discussed with
+Bates, of alluring and warning colors, and of mimicry, pointing out the
+prevalence of mimicry in the female rather than in the male. The whole
+series of phenomena is believed to depend upon the great principle of
+the utility of every character, upon the need of color protection by
+almost all animals, and upon the known fact that no characteristic is so
+variable as color, that, therefore, concealment is most easily obtained
+by color modification. Protective resemblance in all its manifold forms
+has ever been dominant in his mind as a greater principle than that of
+the sexual selection of color which Darwin favored.
+
+Here may be cited Wallace’s own account of his famous observation of
+mimicry in the leaf butterfly from his volume of 1869, “The Malay
+Archipelago”:
+
+  The other species to which I have to direct attention is the _Kallima
+  paralekta_, a butterfly of the same family group as our Purple
+  Emperor, and of about the same size or larger. Its upper surface is of
+  a rich purple, variously tinged with ash color, and across the fore
+  wings there is a broad bar of deep orange, so that when on the wing it
+  is very conspicuous. This species was not uncommon in dry woods and
+  thickets, and I often endeavored to capture it without success, for
+  after flying a short distance it would enter a bush among dry or dead
+  leaves, and however carefully I crept up to the spot I could never
+  discover it till it would suddenly start out again and then disappear
+  in a similar place. At length I was fortunate enough to see the exact
+  spot where the butterfly settled, and though I lost sight of it for
+  some time, I at length discovered that it was close before my eyes,
+  but that in its position of repose it so closely resembled a dead leaf
+  attached to a twig as almost certainly to deceive the eye even when
+  gazing full upon it. I captured several specimens on the wing, and was
+  able fully to understand the way in which this wonderful resemblance
+  is produced.... All these varied details combine to produce a disguise
+  that is so complete and marvellous as to astonish every one who
+  observes it; and the habits of the insects are such as to utilize all
+  these peculiarities, and render them available in such a manner as to
+  remove all doubt of the purpose of this singular case of mimicry,
+  which is undoubtedly a protection to the insect.
+
+In 1867, in a manner which delighted Darwin, Wallace advanced his
+provisional solution of the cause of the gay and even gaudy colors of
+caterpillars as warnings of distastefulness. In 1868 he propounded his
+explanation of the colors of nesting birds, that when both sexes are
+conspicuously colored, the nest conceals the sitting bird, but when the
+male is conspicuously colored and the nest is open to view, the female
+is plainly colored and inconspicuous. His theory of recognition colors
+as of importance in enabling the young birds and mammals to find their
+parents was set forth in 1878, and he came to regard it as of very great
+importance.
+
+In “Tropical Nature” (1878) the whole subject of the colors of animals
+in relation to natural and sexual selection is reviewed, and the general
+principle is brought out that the exquisite beauty and variety of insect
+colors has not been developed through their own visual perceptions, but
+mainly and perhaps exclusively through those of the higher animals which
+prey upon them. This conception of color origin, rather than that of the
+general influence of solar light and heat or the special action of any
+form of environment, leads him to his functional and biological
+classification of the colors of living organisms into five groups, which
+forms the foundation of the modern, more extensive and critical
+classification of Poulton. He concluded (p. 172):
+
+  We find, then, that neither the general influence of solar light and
+  heat, nor the special action of variously tinted rays, are adequate
+  causes for the wonderful variety, intensity and complexity of the
+  colors that everywhere meet us in the animal and vegetable worlds. Let
+  us, therefore, take a wider view of these colors, grouping them into
+  classes determined by what we know of their actual uses or special
+  relations to the habits of their possessors. This, which may be termed
+  the functional and biological classification of the colors of living
+  organisms, seems to be best expressed by a division into five groups,
+  as follows:
+
+ Animals.│1. Protective colors.
+    „    │2. Warning colors.   │_a._ Of creatures specially protected.
+    „    │          „          │_b._ Of defenseless creatures mimicking
+         │                     │  _a_.
+    „    │3. Sexual colors.
+    „    │4. Typical colors.
+ ────────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+ Plants. │5. Attractive colors.
+
+Twelve years later he devoted four chapters of his “Darwinism” to the
+colors of animals and plants, still maintaining the hypotheses of
+utility, of spontaneous variation and of selection.
+
+The study of geographic distribution of animals also sprang from the
+inspiration of the Malayan journey and from the suggestiveness of the
+eleventh and twelfth chapters of “The Origin of Species,” which Wallace
+determined to work out in an exhaustive manner. Following the
+preliminary treatises of Buffon, of Cuvier and Forbes, and the early
+regional classification of Sclater, Wallace takes rank as the founder of
+the science of zoogeography in his two great works, “The Geographical
+Distribution of Animals” of 1876, and “Island Life” of 1881, the latter
+volume following the first as the result of four years of additional
+thought and research. His early observations on insular distribution
+were sketched out in his article of 1860, “The Zoological Geography of
+the Malayan Archipelago.”
+
+Here is his discovery of the Bali-Lombok boundary line between the
+Indian and the Australian zoological regions which has since been
+generally known by his name.
+
+In these fundamental geologic and geographic works Wallace appears as a
+disciple of Lyell in uniformitarianism, and a follower of Dana as
+regards the stability and permanence of continental and oceanic areas,
+for which doctrine he advances much original evidence. He taxes his
+ingenuity to discover every possible means of dispersal of animals and
+plants other than those which would be afforded by hypothetical land
+connections; he considers every possible cause of extinction other than
+those which are sudden or cataclysmal.
+
+The “Island Life” is in itself a great contribution to zoology and
+zoogeography, the starting-point of all modern discussion of insular
+faunas and floras. His conservative theory of dispersal is applied in an
+original way to explain the arctic element in the mountain regions of
+the tropics, as opposed to the low-temperature theory of tropical
+lowlands during the Glacial Period; his explanation is founded on known
+facts as to the dispersal and distribution of plants and does not
+require the extreme changes in the climate of tropical lowlands during
+the Glacial Period on which Darwin founded his interpretation. The
+causes and influence of the Glacial Epoch are discussed in an exposition
+of Croll’s theory. In this connection may be mentioned one of Wallace’s
+original geological contributions, in the article “Glacial Erosions of
+Lake Basins,” published in 1893, namely, his theory of glacial erosion
+as a means of explaining the origin of valley lakes of glaciated
+countries.
+
+The original trend of Wallace’s thought as to the ascent of man is first
+shown in the three anthropological essays of 1864, 1869 and 1870, which
+were subsequently collected in the volume “Contributions to the Theory
+of Natural Selection.” This work, published in 1871, includes all his
+original essays from 1855 to 1869 on selection, on color and human
+evolution, which foreshadow the later development of his speculative
+philosophy.
+
+A suggestive anthropological contribution is the article entitled “The
+Expressiveness of Speech or Mouth Gesture as a Factor in the Origin of
+Language,” in which is developed the theory of the origin of language in
+connection with the motions of the lips, jaws and tongue. With Wallace
+also arose the now widely accepted belief that the Australian aborigines
+constitute a low and perhaps primitive type of the Caucasian race.
+
+In the article of 1864, “The Development of Human Races under the Law of
+Natural Selection,” Wallace first advanced the hypothesis which has
+since proved to be untenable, that so soon as man learned to use fire
+and make tools, to grow food, to domesticate animals, to use clothing
+and build houses, the action of natural selection was diverted from his
+body to his mind, and thenceforth his physical form remained stable,
+while his mental faculties improved. His subsequent papers on human
+evolution, “The Limits of Natural Selection as Applied to Man” of 1869,
+“On Instinct in Man and Animals” of 1871, mark the gradual divergence of
+his views from those of Darwin, for in his opinion natural selection is
+believed to be inadequate to account for several of the physical as well
+as psychical characteristics of man, for example his soft, sensitive
+skin, his speech, his color sense, his mathematical, musical and moral
+attributes. He concluded:
+
+  The inference I would draw from this class of phenomena is that a
+  superior intelligence has guided the development of man in a definite
+  direction, and for a special purpose, just as man guides the
+  development of many animal and vegetable forms.
+
+It is also prophetic of his later indictments of the so-called
+civilization of our times that we find at the end of the closing pages
+of “The Malay Archipelago” the first statement of the feeling which so
+many travelers have experienced from a comparison of the natural and
+so-called civilized condition of man that “social evolution from
+barbarism to civilization” has not advanced general human welfare. These
+humanitarian and partly socialistic ideas are developed in a series of
+recurrent essays between 1882 and 1903, including “The Nationalization
+of Land” and “Studies Scientific and Social.”
+
+He returned to this subject in what we believe to be his last published
+essay, namely, his “Social Environment and Moral Progress” of 1913,
+wherein he considers the so-called “feministic” movement and future of
+woman:
+
+  The foregoing statement of the effect of established natural laws, if
+  allowed free play under rational conditions of civilization, clearly
+  indicates that the position of woman in the not distant future will be
+  far higher and more important than any which has been claimed for or
+  by her in the past.
+
+  While she will be conceded full political and social rights on an
+  equality with men, she will be placed in a position of responsibility
+  and power which will render her his superior, since the future moral
+  progress of the race will so largely depend upon her free choice in
+  marriage. As time goes on, and she acquires more and more economic
+  independence, _that_ alone will give her an effective choice which she
+  has never had before. But this choice will be further strengthened by
+  the fact that, with ever-increasing approach to equality of
+  opportunity for every child born in our country, that terrible excess
+  of male deaths, in boyhood and early manhood especially due to various
+  preventable causes, will disappear, and change the present majority of
+  women to a majority of men. This will lead to a greater rivalry for
+  wives, and will give to women the power of rejecting all the lower
+  types of character among their suitors.
+
+  It will be their special duty so to mould public opinion, through home
+  training and social influence, as to render the women of the future
+  the regenerators of the entire human race.
+
+In closing this review of a great life, we cannot refrain from
+reflecting on the pendulum of scientific opinion. The discovery of a
+great truth such as the law of selection is always followed by an
+over-valuation, from which there is certain to be a reaction. We are in
+the midst of such a reaction at the present time, in which the
+Darwin-Wallace theory of natural selection is less appreciated than it
+will be in the future when there comes a fresh readjustment of
+scientific values.
+
+It is well to remember that we may not estimate either the man of
+science or his conclusions as of our own period, but must project
+ourselves in imagination into the beginnings of his thought and into the
+travails of his mind, considering how much larger he was than the men
+about him, how far he was an innovator, breaking away from the
+traditions of his times, how far his direct observations apart from
+theory are true and permanent, and how far his theories have contributed
+to the great stream of biological thought.
+
+Our perspective has covered a long, honorable span of sixty-five years
+into the beginnings of the thinking life of a natural philosopher whose
+last volume, “The World of Life,” of the year 1911, gives as clear a
+portrayal of his final opinions as that which his first essay of 1858
+portrays of his early opinions.
+
+We follow the cycle of his reflection beginning with “adaptation” as the
+great mystery to be solved; in the middle and sanguine period of life,
+“adaptation” is regarded as fully explained by natural selection; in the
+closing and conservative period of life “adaptation” is again regarded
+in some of its phases as entirely beyond human powers of interpretation,
+not only in the evolution of the mental and spiritual nature of man, but
+in such marvellous manifestations as the scales of butterflies or the
+wings of birds.
+
+From our own intellectual experience we may sympathize with the rebound
+of maturity from the buoyant confidence of the young man of thirty-five
+who finds in natural selection the entire solution of the problem of
+fitness which has vexed the mind and aroused the scientific curiosity of
+man since the time of Empedocles. We have ourselves experienced a loss
+of confidence with advancing years, an increasing humility in the face
+of transformations which become more and more mysterious the more we
+study them, although we may not join with this master in his appeal to
+an organizing and directing supernatural principle. Younger men than
+Wallace, both among the zoologists and philosophers of our own time, are
+giving a somewhat similar metaphysical solution of the eternal problem
+of adaptation, which still baffles and transcends our powers of
+experiment and of reasoning.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Photographed by his son, Leonard Darwin_
+
+  CHARLES DARWIN
+]
+
+
+
+
+                             CHARLES DARWIN
+                               1809–1882
+
+  I met Darwin in Huxley’s laboratory and my impression of his
+  personality is described in the address on the Life and Works of
+  Darwin, which was delivered at Columbia University on the hundredth
+  anniversary of his birth, as an introduction to a series of nine
+  lectures on Charles Darwin and his influence in science. The fact that
+  Lincoln and Darwin were born on the same day, February 12, 1809,
+  brought together these two great men, so widely different in their
+  vocations, so similar in their reverence for the truth, in their
+  simplicity and directness of life.
+
+  The address at the Darwin Centenary at Cambridge was delivered at the
+  request of my American colleagues, in reply to the reception of the
+  delegates. It was strictly limited as to time, presenting the problem
+  of speaking of Darwin to the men who knew him personally, who recalled
+  almost every detail of his life—to sum up in comparatively few words
+  the outstanding facts of his influence. The form of this address is
+  therefore quite in contrast to the preceding tribute, which was
+  without time limitation.
+
+
+                        LIFE AND WORKS OF DARWIN
+
+
+                                   I
+
+Columbia University is celebrating the hundredth anniversary of the
+birth of Darwin, the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of the
+“Origin of Species.” In the year 1809 many illustrious men[3] were born,
+among them Darwin and Lincoln, one hundred years ago today, February 12.
+So widely different in their lives, Darwin and Lincoln were yet alike in
+simplicity of character and of language, in love of truth, in abhorrence
+of slavery, and especially in unconsciousness of their power. Both were
+at a loss to understand their influence over other men. “I am nothing
+and truth is everything,” once wrote Lincoln. In concluding his
+autobiography Darwin wrote:
+
+  With such moderate abilities as I possess, it is truly surprising that
+  I should have influenced to a considerable extent the belief of
+  scientific men on some important points. My success as a man of
+  science has been determined as far as I can judge, by complex and
+  diversified mental qualities and conditions. Of these, the most
+  important have been the love of science, unbounded patience in long
+  reflecting over any subject, industry in observing and collecting
+  facts, a fair share of invention as well as of common sense.
+
+Lincoln’s greatest single act was his death-blow to slavery. Man had
+been fighting for centuries for freedom, in labor, in government, in
+religion, and in mind. It is certainly notable that the final victory
+for bodily liberty was won during the very years which witnessed the
+final emancipation of the mind. I do not see that Darwin’s supreme
+service to his fellow men was his demonstration of evolution—man could
+have lived on quite as happily and perhaps more morally under the old
+notion that he was specially made in the image of his Maker. Darwin’s
+supreme service was that he won for man absolute freedom in the study of
+the laws of nature; he literally fulfilled the saying of St. John, “Ye
+shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free.”
+
+When we look back upon the very recent years of 1858–59, the years of
+revolution, we see that we were far from free either to study nature or
+reason about it. Our intellectual chains were from the forges of
+theology both catholic and protestant. The Bible was read as a
+revelation of physical law rather than as an epic of righteousness and
+spiritual law. Theology while in power was itself in a most critical
+position, in a _cul-de-sac_ of antagonism to reason and common sense,
+and this despite the warnings of Augustine and of Bacon. As early as the
+fifth century the wise theologian of Numidia had said:
+
+  Leave questions of the earth and the sky and the other elements of
+  this world to reasoning and observation. Perceiving that you are as
+  far from the truth as the east from the west the man of science will
+  scarce restrain his laughter.
+
+Similarly, the great founder of the inductive method observed:
+
+  Do not excite the laughter of men of science through an absurd mixture
+  of matters human and divine. Do not commit the consummate folly of
+  building a system of natural philosophy on the first chapter of
+  Genesis or on the Book of Job.
+
+It is difficult for the college student in this day of liberty, if not
+of license, to realize that, in the words of Lowell:
+
+  We breathe cheaply in the common air thoughts that great hearts once
+  broke for.
+
+When, in 1844, Darwin communicated to the botanist Hooker under promise
+of secrecy his outline of evolution, he well knew the opprobrium it
+would bring, for he subsequently added (1846):
+
+  When my notes are published I shall fall infinitely low in the opinion
+  of all _sound_ naturalists, so this is my prospect for the future.
+
+From the borders of Poland in 1543, or just three centuries earlier,
+Copernicus had published his “Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies” and
+thus fired the first shot in a three hundred years’ war for freedom to
+observe nature. In 1611 the telescope of Galileo demonstrated the truth
+of the Copernican law that the earth moves around the sun; and the most
+impressive object today in Florence is the model of the finger of this
+great astronomer as he held it up before the examiners of the
+Inquisition, with the words, “It still moves.”
+
+As time advanced the prison gave way to the milder but effective weapons
+of ostracism and loss of position. In biology Linnæus, Buffon, Lamarck,
+St. Hilaire, in turn discovered the evidences of evolution, but felt the
+penalty and either recanted or suffered loss of position. The cause of
+supernaturalism had never seemed stronger than in 1857; the masterly
+works of Paley and Whewell had appeared; the great series of Bridgewater
+Treatises to demonstrate the wisdom and goodness of God in the special
+creation of adaptations had just been closed; men of rare ability,
+Cuvier, Owen, Lyell and Agassiz, were on the side of special creation;
+yet at the very time this whole system of natural philosophy was rotten
+at the foundation because it was not the work of free observation.
+
+Where his great predecessors Buffon and Lamarck had failed, Darwin won
+through his unparalleled genius as an observer and reasoner, through the
+absolutely irresistible force of the facts he had assembled and through
+the simplicity of his presentation. Lacking the literary graces of his
+grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, and the obscurity of Spencer, Darwin was
+understood by every one as every one could understand Lincoln. It is
+true the cause was immediately championed by able men, but victory was
+gained not by the vehement and radical Haeckel nor yet by the masterly
+fighter Huxley, but through the resistless power of the truth as Darwin
+saw it and presented it. It was not a denial, as had been the great
+sceptical movement of the end of the eighteenth century, but an
+affirmation. Darwin was not destroying but building; yet at the time
+good and honest men trembled as if passing through an earthquake, for in
+the whole history of human thought there had been no such cataclysm.
+
+
+                                   II
+
+In what he achieved Darwin is so entirely alone that his place in the
+history of ideas is next to Aristotle, the great Greek biologist and
+philosopher who preceded him by over two thousand years.
+
+The biographers of Lincoln are at a loss to explain his greatness
+through heredity. Darwin belonged to an able family, and his ancestors
+are singularly prophetic of his career. He was near of kin to Francis
+Galton, who shares with Weismann the leadership in the study of heredity
+during the nineteenth century. By a happy combination of all the best
+traits of the best of his ancestors coupled with the no less happy
+omission of other traits, Darwin was a far greater man than any of his
+forebears. Kindliness, truthfulness and love of nature were part of his
+birthright. From his grandfather Erasmus, Charles may have inherited
+especially his vividness of imagination and his strong tendency to
+generalize. Countless hypotheses flitted through his mind. “Without
+speculation there is no good and original observation,” he wrote to
+Wallace. Still more interesting is the fact that the inheritance of his
+grandfather’s tendency toward speculation took the direction of
+evolution, for before the close of the eighteenth century Erasmus Darwin
+gave the world in poetical form his belief in a complete evolutionary
+system as well as the first clear exposition of what is now known as the
+Lamarckian hypothesis. But in the grandson hypotheses were constantly
+held in check by the determination to put each to the severe test of
+observation. Darwin speaks of his father, Robert, as the most acute
+observer he ever saw, and attributes to him his intense desire to
+understand the reasons of things; from him came caution and
+conservatism. He says in his “Autobiography”:
+
+  I have steadily endeavored to keep my mind free so as to give up any
+  hypothesis (however much beloved), and I cannot resist forming one on
+  every subject, as soon as facts are shown to be opposed to it.
+
+If the “poet is born not made,” the man of science is surely both born
+and made. Rare as was Darwin’s genius, it was not more rare than the
+wonderful succession of outward events which shaped his life. It is true
+that Darwin believed with his cousin Francis Galton that education and
+environment produce only a small effect upon the mind of any one, but
+Darwin underestimated the force of his educational advantages just as he
+underestimated his own powers, and this because he thought only of his
+book and classroom life at school, at Edinburgh and at Cambridge, and
+not of his broader life. It was true in 1817, as today, that few
+teachers teach and few educators educate. It is true that those were the
+dull days of classical and mathematical drill. Yet look at the roster of
+Cambridge and see the men it produced. From Darwin’s regular college
+work he may have gained but little, yet he was all the while enjoying an
+exceptional training. Step by step he was made a strong man by a mental
+guidance which is without parallel, by the precepts and example of his
+father, for whom he held the greatest reverence, by his reading of the
+poetry of Shakespeare, Wordsworth, Coleridge and Milton, and the
+scientific prose of Paley, Herschel and Humboldt, by the subtle
+scholarly influences of old Cambridge, by the scientific inspiration and
+advice of Henslow, by the masterful inductive influence of the geologist
+Lyell, and by the great nature panorama of the voyage of the _Beagle_.
+
+The college mates of Darwin saw more truly than he himself what the old
+university was doing for him. Professor Poulton of Oxford believes that
+the kind of life which so favored Darwin’s mind has largely disappeared
+in English universities, especially under the sharp system of
+competitive examinations; yet this is still more truly the atmosphere of
+old Cambridge today than of any of our American colleges. It would be an
+interesting subject to debate whether we could nurture such a man;
+whether a Darwin, were he entered at a Columbia, a Harvard, a Princeton,
+could develop mentally as Charles Darwin did at Cambridge in 1828. I
+believe that conditions for the favorable nurture of such a mind are not
+with us. They are repose, time for continuous thought, respect for the
+man of brains and of individuality and of such peculiar tastes as Darwin
+displayed in his avidity for collecting beetles, freedom from mental
+convention, general sympathy for nature, and, above all, ardor in the
+world of ideas. If the genial mind cannot find the kindred mind it
+cannot develop. Many American school and college men are laughed out of
+the finest promptings of their natures. In short, I believe our
+intellectual environment would be distinctly against a young Darwin
+today.
+
+Thus event after event in Darwin’s life was singularly propitious. None
+but a Darwin would have reflected these events as he did, but grand and
+rare they certainly were.
+
+At the age of nineteen he entered Christ’s of Cambridge, the small
+college which two hundred years before had sheltered John Milton, the
+great poet of “Paradise Lost,” the epic of the special creation theory
+which it was Darwin’s destiny to destroy. His passion for sport,
+shooting, hunting, cross-country riding, his genial enjoyment of friends
+of his own age, did not prevent delightful excursions with older men. He
+was known as “the man who walks with Henslow”; and close personal
+intercourse with this learned and genial botanist (Reverend Wm. C.
+Henslow) affected him more than any other feature of his college life.
+After graduation this personal association extended through Henslow to
+the geologist Sedgwick, who prepared him for the next step in his
+career. It was Henslow who secured for him his place on the exploring
+ship _Beagle_ and the voyage round the world (1831–1836), by far the
+most important experience in his life.
+
+No graduate course in any university can compare for a moment with the
+glorious vision which passed before young Darwin on the _Beagle_, but
+here again fortune smiled upon him, for this vision required the very
+scientific spirit and point of view which came to him through the
+reading of the “Principles of Geology” of Lyell, the masterly teacher of
+the uniformitarian doctrine of Hutton. That nature worked slowly in past
+as in present time and that the interpretation of the past is through
+observation of the present gave the note of Darwin’s larger and more
+original interpretation, because the slow evolution which Lyell piously
+restricted to geology and the surface of the earth Darwin extended to
+biology and all living beings. If during the voyage Lyell’s arguments
+convinced Darwin of the permanence of species, Lyell’s way of looking at
+nature also gave him the means of seeing that species are not permanent.
+In his own words, he “saw through Lyell’s eyes,” and with the admiration
+of others always so characteristic of him his tribute to Lyell is
+without reserve. The second edition of “The Journal” is dedicated:
+
+  With grateful pleasure as an acknowledgment that the chief part of
+  whatever scientific merit this Journal and the other works of the
+  author may possess has been derived from studying the well-known and
+  admirable “Principles of Geology.”
+
+The five years of the voyage filled the twenty-second to twenty-seventh
+years of Darwin’s life, the period now ordinarily given to professional
+studies. In reading the simple but fascinating “Journal,” which stands
+quite by itself in literature, we see how Darwin through his own genius
+and through the methods successively impressed upon him by his father,
+by Henslow, by Sedgwick and by Lyell was unconsciously preparing his
+mind for the “Origin of Species” and the “Descent of Man,” the two most
+influential books of science which have ever appeared. From the islands
+of the Atlantic and the Pacific we follow his delightful comments on
+animals and plants of all kinds on sea and land, through forests, pampas
+and steppes, up the dry slopes of the Andes, along the salt lakes and
+deserts of Chili and of Australia. The dense forests of Brazil, pendant
+with orchids and gay with butterflies, contrast with those of Terra del
+Fuego and of Tahiti, and with the deforested Cape de Verde Islands. On
+these islands, the first he visits, he is enormously impressed by the
+superiority of Lyell’s method. He visits other islands of all kinds,
+inhabited and uninhabited, the non-volcanic St. Paul’s rocks,
+half-submerged volcanic cones, coral reefs and islands of the south
+Pacific. He observes live glaciers, as well as the contrasting action of
+active and of dead volcanoes. Along the rivers of Patagonia he unearths
+great extinct or fossil mammals; in Peru he studies the extinct races of
+man; the aborigines of Terra del Fuego and of Patagonia make the most
+profound impression upon his mind. In brief, he sees the great drama of
+nature in all its lesser scenes and in all its grander acts. He begins
+the voyage a firm believer in the fixity of species, but doubts begin to
+enter his mind when in the sands of the pampas of South America he
+perceives that the extinct forms are partly ancestral to the living, and
+when on the isolated Galapagos Islands he finds the life is not that of
+a special creation but that detached from the continent of South America
+six hundred miles distant.
+
+Darwin says:
+
+  I owe to the voyage the first real training and education of my mind.
+  That my mind had developed is rendered probable by my father’s first
+  exclamation on my return, “why the shape of his head is quite
+  altered.”
+
+
+                                  III
+
+Soon after Darwin’s return he moved to London for the two most active
+years of his life, to care for his collections and to write up his
+observations. At this moment came the third of the great turning-points
+in his life, which as a mysteriously disguised blessing was brought
+about through ill health. In London he was entering official duties and
+public scientific service which would undoubtedly have increased and
+interfered more and more seriously with his work. We can only count it
+as one of the most fortunate circumstances in the history of science
+that Darwin at the age of thirty-three was forced to leave London and to
+move to Down. Here for forty years he never knew for one day the health
+of an ordinary man; his life was one long struggle against the strain of
+sickness. But unrealized by him there was the compensation of a mind
+undisturbed by the constant interruption of outside affairs, such
+interruption as killed Huxley and is killing so many fine and ambitious
+men today. When I saw Huxley and Darwin side by side in 1879, the one
+only fifty-four, the other seventy, the younger man looked by far the
+more careworn of the two. Huxley, the strong man, broke down mentally at
+fifty-six; Darwin, the invalid, was vigorous mentally at seventy-two.
+
+Darwin’s writings fall into three grand series. In the nine years after
+he returned from the voyage, or between his twenty-seventh and
+thirty-sixth years, Darwin wrote the first series, including his
+pre-evolutionary geological and zoological works, his “Coral Reefs”
+(1842), his “Zoology and Geology of the Voyage of the _Beagle_”
+(1844–1846), his “Journal of Researches,” the popular narrative of his
+voyage (1845). Darwin’s ill health thereafter shut him off from geology,
+although his last volume, “The Earthworm,” was in a sense geological.
+
+It is characteristic of the life of every great man that his genius and
+his own self-analysis instinctively guide him to discover his mental
+needs.
+
+Until the age of forty-five Darwin in his own opinion had not completed
+his education, in the sense that education is a broad and exact
+training. He now proceeded to fill the one gap in his training by
+devoting the eight years of his life between thirty-seven and forty-five
+to a most laborious research upon the barnacles, or Cirripedia. This
+gave him the key to the principles of the natural or adaptively
+branching and divergent arrangement of animals through the laws of
+descent as set forth in the “Origin,” which he certainly could not have
+secured in any other way. The value he placed on his work on the
+barnacles is of especial import today when systematic work is so lightly
+esteemed by many biologists, young and old. Darwin subsequently, in the
+words of Hooker, “recognized three stages in his career as a biologist,
+the mere collector at Cambridge, the collector and observer on the
+_Beagle_ and for some years afterwards, and the trained naturalist
+after, and only after, the Cirripede work.”
+
+Long before this, however, at the age of twenty-eight, Darwin had begun
+his career as a Darwinian. In July, 1837, he began his notes on the
+transmutation of species, based on purely Baconian principles, on the
+rigid collection of facts which would bear in any way on the variations
+of animals and plants under domestication and in nature. Rare as was his
+reasoning power, his powers of observation were of a still more distinct
+order. He persistently and doggedly followed every clew; he noticed
+little things which escaped others; he always noted exceptions and at
+once jotted down facts opposed to his theories. On the voyage the
+marvellous adaptations of animals and plants had been his greatest
+puzzle. Fifteen months later, in October, 1838, in reading the work of
+Malthus, on “Population,” there flashed across his mind the threefold
+clew of the struggle for existence, of constant variability, and of the
+selection of variations which happen to be adaptive.
+
+The three memorable features of Darwin’s greatest work, “The Origin of
+Species,” are, that he was twenty-one years in preparing it, that,
+although by 1844 he was a strongly convinced evolutionist and natural
+selectionist, he kept on with his observations for fifteen years, and
+the volume even then would have been still longer postponed but for a
+wonderful coincidence, which constitutes the third and not the least
+memorable feature. This coincidence was that Wallace had also become an
+evolutionist and had also discovered the principle of natural selection
+through the reading of the same essay of Malthus. It is further
+remarkable that of all persons Wallace selected Darwin as the one to
+whom to send his paper. It was then through the persuasion of the great
+botanist Hooker, who had known Darwin’s views for thirteen years, that
+these independent discoveries were published jointly on July 1, 1858.
+All the finest points of Darwin’s personal character were displayed at
+this time; in fact, the entire Darwin-Wallace history up to and
+including Wallace’s noble and self-depreciatory tribute to Darwin on
+July 1 of last summer, is one of the brightest chapters in the history
+of science. Wallace himself pointed out the very important distinction
+that while the theories contained in the two papers published fifty
+years ago were nearly identical, Wallace had deliberated only three days
+after coming across the passage in Malthus, while Darwin had deliberated
+for fifteen years. He modestly declared that the respective credit
+should be in the ratio of fifteen years to three days.
+
+Several months past the age of fifty Darwin published his epoch-making
+work (November, 1859), and despite ill health, between fifty and
+seventy-three he produced the nine great volumes which expand and
+illustrate the views expressed in “The Origin of Species.”
+
+A parallel to this remarkable late productiveness is that of Kant, who
+also put forth his greatest work after fifty. Let those past the five
+decades take heart, for it appears that while there are inborn
+differences between men in this regard, imagination, observation,
+reasoning and production do not necessarily dim with age. Darwin’s mind
+remained young and plastic to the end; his latest and one of his most
+characteristic works, “The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the
+Action of Earth Worms,” was published at the age of seventy-two, after
+forty-four years of observation. It contained another and perhaps the
+most extreme demonstration of Lyell’s principle that vast changes in
+nature are brought about by the slow operation of infinitesimal causes.
+
+Three of Darwin’s succeeding volumes are a filling out of the “Origin.”
+“The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication” (two volumes,
+1868) presents the entire fabric of the notes begun twenty-one years
+before on the transmutation of species. “The Descent of Man” (1871) was
+another logical outcome of the “Origin,” yet it was only faintly
+adumbrated by a single allusion in that work to the fact that the
+transmutation of species necessarily led to the evolution of man. The
+“Descent” marks the third of the great dates in the history of thought,
+as the “Origin” marks the second, because it is the final step in the
+development of ideas which began with Copernicus in 1543. The world-wide
+sensation, the mighty _storm_ produced by this bold climax of Darwin’s
+work, is so fresh in the memory of all that a mere allusion suffices.
+The evolutionary or genetic basis for modern psychology as stated in
+“The Descent of Man” was given still more concrete form in Darwin’s
+succeeding and most delightful volume, “The Expression of the Emotions”
+(1872).
+
+The knowledge of zoology and anatomy displayed in these four
+evolutionary volumes came from direct observation, vast and systematic
+reading and note-taking from the simple materials which Darwin could
+collect at Down. Always penetrating as these observations are, they are
+still, in my opinion, surpassed in beauty and ingenuity by his
+marvellous work on plants, published between 1862 and 1880. Here the
+principles of co-adaptation of plants and insects in cross- and
+self-fertilization, in climbing plants and insectivorous plants, in
+forms of flowers, in movements of plants, are all brought forth in
+support of the theory of natural selection and the operation of unknown
+laws. Darwin’s most precise observations and some of his most brilliant
+discoveries recorded in these volumes laid the foundations of modern
+experimental botany.
+
+Of his method Darwin writes:
+
+  From my early youth I had the strongest desire to understand or
+  explain whatever I observed, that is, to group facts under some
+  general laws. My mind seems to have become a kind of machine for
+  grinding general laws out of large collections of facts.
+
+The only work which Darwin wrote deductively was his “Coral Reefs.”
+Every other volume came through the inductive-deductive process, that
+is, through an early assemblage of facts followed by a series of trial
+hypotheses, each of which was rigidly tested by additional facts. The
+most central of these trial hypotheses was that of the building up of
+adaptations through the selection of the single adaptive variation out
+of the many fortuitous variations, and this Darwin was unable to rigidly
+test by facts but was obliged to leave for verification or disproof by
+work after him.
+
+
+                                   IV
+
+On December 8, 1879, when Darwin was in his seventieth year and I in my
+twenty-second, I had the rare privilege of meeting him and looking
+steadily in his face during a few moments’ conversation. It was in
+Huxley’s laboratory, and I was at the time working upon the anatomy of
+the Crustacea. The entry in my journal is as follows:
+
+  This is a red letter day for me. As I was leaning over my lobster
+  (_Homarus vulgaris_) this morning, cutting away at the brain, I raised
+  my head and looked up to see Huxley and Darwin passing by me. I
+  believe I never shall see two such great naturalists together again. I
+  went on apparently with skill, really hacking my brain away, and cast
+  an occasional glance at the great old gray-haired man. I was startled,
+  so unexpected was it, by Huxley speaking to me and introducing me to
+  Darwin as “an American who has already done some good palæontological
+  work on the other side of the water.” I gave Darwin’s hand a
+  tremendous squeeze (for I never shall shake it again) and said,
+  without intending, in an almost reverential tone, “I am very glad to
+  meet you.” He stands much taller than Huxley, has a very ruddy face,
+  with benevolent blue eyes and overhanging eyebrows. His beard is quite
+  long and perfectly white and his hair falls partly over a low
+  forehead. His features are not good. My general impression of his face
+  is very pleasant. He smiled broadly, said something about a hope that
+  Marsh with his students would not be hindered in his work, and Huxley,
+  saying “I must not let you talk too much,” hurried him on into the
+  next room.
+
+I may add, as distinctly recorded in my memory, that the impression of
+Darwin’s bluish-gray eyes, deep-set under the overhanging brows, was
+that they were the eyes of a man who could survey all nature.
+
+Another memory of interest is that the instant Huxley closed the door I
+was mobbed as the “lucky American” by the ninety less fortunate students
+of Great Britain and other countries.
+
+Huxley’s solicitude for Darwin’s strength was characteristic of him. He
+often alluded to himself as “Darwin’s bull dog.”
+
+I have already stated that of the two men Darwin gave the impression of
+enjoying the better health. Huxley was then sixteen years the younger,
+yet the burdens and strain of London life made him look less young and
+hale. In this connection an earlier jotting from the same laboratory is
+as follows:
+
+  Huxley comes in as the clock strikes and begins to lecture at once,
+  almost before it ceases. He looks old and somewhat broken, his eyes
+  deeply sunken, but is a lecturer as strong as he ever could have been.
+  His language is very simple too.
+
+
+                                   V
+
+Darwin passed away in the year 1882, at the age of seventy-three. Out of
+the simple and quiet life at Down he had sent forth the great upheaval
+and revolution.
+
+On this centenary when we are honoring Darwin, many may ask, exactly
+what is Darwinism? Failure to know leads some to doubt, others to
+predict a decline, especially where “the wish is father to the thought.”
+Nothing could be less true than to say that there is the least abatement
+in the force of the main teaching of this great leader, namely, of the
+evolutionary law of the universe. The vitality of this idea is shown by
+its invasion of the physical world. Again, Darwinism is the sum of
+Darwin’s observations on earth structure, on plants, animals and man.
+This vast body of truth and of interpretation still so far surpasses
+that brought forward by any other observer of nature, and these facts
+and interpretations are so far confirmed that they have become the very
+foundation-stones of modern biology and geology. Finally, looking at
+Darwinism as the sum of his generalizations as to the processes of
+evolution we again find a vast body of well-established laws which are
+also daily becoming more evident. As to the laws of evolution, there is
+no single biological principle more absolutely proved by the study of
+living and extinct things since Darwin’s time than the broad law of
+natural selection: certainly the fittest survive and reproduce their
+kind, the fittest of every degree, all classes, orders, genera, species,
+individuals and even the fittest organs and fittest separate parts of
+organs. Darwin still gives us the only explanation which has ever been
+suggested of hundreds of thousands of adaptations of which neither
+Buffon’s view of direct effect of environment nor Lamarck’s view of the
+inheritance of bodily modifications even approaches an explanation
+worthy to be considered. Take the egg of the murre or guillemot, which
+is so much larger at one end than the other that it cannot roll off the
+cliff on which it is laid, or the seasonal changes of color in the
+ptarmigan, every one of which is protective.
+
+There is some lack of perspective, some egotism, much one-sidedness in
+modern criticism. The very announcement, “Darwin deposed,” attracts such
+attention as would the notice “Mt. Blanc removed”; does it not bespeak
+courage to attack a lion even when deceased? Preoccupation in the study
+of one great law, as in the case of Bateson on Mendelism and De Vries on
+Mutation, blinds to every other law. To be dispassionate, let us
+remember that Darwin’s hypothesis was framed in 1838, seventy-one years
+ago. Are the two great Cambridge men, Newton and Darwin, lesser men
+because astronomy and biology are progressive sciences? Secondly, to
+know your Darwin you must not judge him by single passages but by all he
+wrote. Darwin is not to be known through the extremes of those of his
+followers with whom an hypothesis has become a creed. Reading him afresh
+and through and through we discover that his “variation” and
+“variability” are very broad and elastic terms. Every actual example he
+cites of his main hypothesis, such as the speed of the wolf or the deer,
+or the long neck of the giraffe, is a variation both heritable and of
+adaptive value.
+
+When we put together all the concrete cases which he gave to illustrate
+his views of selection we see that he includes both continuous and
+discontinuous variations, both the shades of difference of kind and
+proportion and the little leaps or saltations from character to
+character. For example, certain cases of immunity to disease are now
+known to be “unit characters” in Bateson’s sense, or “mutants” in the De
+Vries sense. Darwin repeatedly referred to immunity as a variation which
+would be preserved by selection. Moreover, Darwin’s own repeated
+assertion of his profound ignorance of the laws of variation certainly
+pointed the way to the investigation of these laws, and it is this very
+study which is modifying the applications of his selection hypothesis.
+
+From first to last Huxley maintained that it would require many years of
+study before naturalists could say whether Darwin had been led to
+overestimate the power of natural selection. Darwin’s mind from first to
+last was also open on this point. Through every edition of the “Origin”
+we find the passage:
+
+  The laws governing the incipient or primordial variations (unimportant
+  except as the groundwork for selection to act on and then all
+  important) I shall discuss under several heads. But I can come, as you
+  may well believe, to only very partial and imperfect conclusions.
+
+In 1869 and in the latest edition of the “Origin” Darwin speaks of
+“individual differences” as of paramount importance, but he illustrates
+these differences by such instances as the selection of passenger
+pigeons with more powerful wings, or the selection of the lightest
+colored birds in deserts.
+
+There can be no question, however, that Darwin did love his selection
+theory and somewhat overestimated its importance. His conception of
+selection in nature may be compared to a series of concentric circles
+constantly narrowing from the largest groups down to the minutest
+structures. In the operations of this intimate circle of minute
+variations within organisms he was inclined to believe two things:
+first, that the fit or adaptive always arises out of the accidental, or
+that out of large and minute variations _without direction_ selection
+brings direction and fitness; second, as a consistent pupil of Lyell, he
+was inclined to believe that the chief changes in evolution are slow and
+continuous.
+
+The psychology of Darwin was in a reaction state from the prevailing
+false teleology; he was not expecting that purposive or teleological or
+even orthogenetic laws of variation would be discovered. William James
+has thus recently expressed and endorsed the spirit of Darwinism as a
+new natural philosophy in the following words:
+
+  It is strange, considering how unanimously our ancestors felt the
+  force of this argument [that is, the teleological], to see how little
+  it counts for since the triumph of the Darwinian theory. Darwin opened
+  our minds to the power of the chance-happenings to bring forth “fit”
+  results if only they have time to add themselves together. He showed
+  the enormous waste of nature in producing results that get destroyed
+  because of their unfitness.
+
+The question before us naturalists today is whether this
+non-teleological spirit of Darwinism as expressed by William James
+corresponds with the actual order of evolution in nature. This really
+involves the deep-seated query whether the intimate or minute parts of
+living things are operating under natural laws like non-living things or
+are really lawless.
+
+Before expressing my individual opinion based on my own researches of
+the last twenty years I may summarize the general modern dissent: in
+_three points_ it may be said that Darwin’s teachings are not accepted
+today.
+
+First, his slowly developed belief in the inheritance of bodily
+modifications and the provisional “assemblage theory” of heredity which
+he called _pangenesis_ has been set aside for Weismann’s law that
+heredity lies in the continuity of a specific heredity plasm, and for
+want of evidence of the transmission of acquired characters.
+
+Second, while his prevailing belief that changes in organisms are in the
+main slow and continuous is now positively demonstrated to be correct by
+the study of descent in fossil organisms, there is also positive
+evidence for the belief which he less strongly entertained that many
+changes are discontinuous or mutative, as held by Bateson and De Vries.
+
+Finally, his belief that out of fortuitous or undirected variations in
+minute characters arise direction, purpose and adaptation through
+selection still lacks proof by either observation or experiment. Fossil
+and other descent series entirely unknown in Darwin’s time prove beyond
+question that law rather than chance is prevailing in variation.
+
+What the nature of these laws is it is still too early to say.
+Personally I am strongly of the opinion that the laws of life, like the
+ultimate laws of physics, may eventually prove to be beyond analysis.
+
+To allow myself just one flight of fanciful statement drawn from
+personal observation and reflection I may say there is a likeness
+between the unit forces working in a single organism, both as revealed
+by the microscope and in fossil series, and the individual soldiers
+composing a giant army. The millions of well-ordered activities in the
+body correspond with the millions of intelligently trained men who
+compose the army; the selection process or the survival of the fittest
+is like the competition between two armies, between the Russian and
+Japanese, for example. It is an outward and visible competition between
+two internally prepared and well-ordered hosts of units and groups of
+units. Selection is continuously working upon the army as a whole and
+also upon every unit which affects survival—an immunity unit, an
+intelligence unit, a speed unit, a color or group of color units; just
+as in the army it is working upon units of courage, of strategy, of
+precision of fire, of endurance, of mass. In this sense it is perfectly
+true to say with Darwin “that selection works upon certain single
+variations.” It is not true, or at least it is not shown, that these
+variations are a matter of chance; they rather appear to be a matter of
+law, as indeed Darwin foresaw when he stated that he used the word
+“chance” merely as a synonym of “ignorance.”
+
+In the present state of biology we are studying the behavior of the
+thousands of parts, sometimes of blending, sometimes of separate,
+sometimes of paired or triplicate units, which compose the whole and
+make up the individual organism. Natural selection determines which
+organism shall win; more than this, it determines which serviceable
+activities of each organism shall win. Here lie the limits of its power.
+Selection is not a creative but a judicial principle. It is one of
+Darwin’s many triumphs that he positively demonstrated that this
+judicial principle is one of the great factors of evolution. Then he
+clearly set our task before us in pointing out that the _unknown_ lies
+in the laws of variation, and a stupendous task it is. At the same time
+he left us a legacy in his inductive and experimental methods by which
+we may blaze our trail.
+
+Therefore, in this anniversary year, we do not see any decline in the
+force of Darwinism but rather a renewed stimulus to progressive search.
+As Huxley says:
+
+  But this one thing is perfectly certain—that is, it is only by
+  pursuing his method, by that wonderful single-mindedness, devotion to
+  truth, readiness to sacrifice all things for the advance of definite
+  knowledge, that we can hope to come any nearer than we are at present
+  to the truths which he struggled to attain.
+
+
+                   THE DARWIN CENTENARY AT CAMBRIDGE
+
+Crossing the Atlantic in honor of Darwin and rejoicing in the privilege
+of uniting in this celebration of his birth, we desire, first of all, to
+render our tribute to the University of Cambridge....
+
+What can we add to the chorus of appreciation of the great pupil of
+Christ’s which has come from college, press and pulpit since the opening
+of this anniversary year? Only a few words of _personal impression_.
+
+To us, Darwin, more perhaps than any other naturalist, seems greatest in
+the union of a high order of genius with rare simplicity and
+transparency of thought. Dwelling on this lucid quality and on the vast
+range of his observation from the most minute to the grandest relations
+in nature, does not the image arise of a perfected optical instrument in
+which all personal equation, aberration and refraction are eliminated
+and through which, as it were, we gaze with a new vision into the
+marvellous forms and processes of the living world? With this wondrous
+lens our countrymen, Cope and Marsh, penetrated far deeper into fossil
+life than their predecessor Joseph Leidy, and the arid deserts of the
+Rocky Mountain region gave up their petrified dead as proofs of
+Darwinism. Through its new powers Hyatt, Morse, Packard and Brooks saw
+far more than their master Louis Agassiz and drew fresh testimonies of
+development from the historic waters of New England. From the very end
+of the new world, where the youthful Darwin received his first
+impressions of the mutability of the forms of life, we enjoy a clearer
+vision of the ancient life of Patagonia.
+
+What of Darwin’s future influence?
+
+While it is doubtful if human speculation about life can ever again be
+so tangential as in our pre-Darwinian past of fifty years ago, it is
+probable, in fact it is daily becoming more evident, that the destiny of
+speculation is less the tangent than the maze—the maze of innumerable
+lesser principles, with as many prophets calling to us to seek this
+turning or that. There are those who in loyal advocacy of his system
+feel that we shall not get much nearer to life than Darwin did, but this
+is to abandon his progressive leadership, for if ever a master defined
+the unknown and pointed the way of investigation, certainly it was
+Darwin. In the wonderful round of addresses in his honor of this
+Centennial Year and in the renewed critical study of his life and
+writings, the recognition that Darwin opened the way has come to many
+with the force of a fresh discovery. It is true that he left a system
+and that he loved it as his own, but his forceful, self-unsparing and
+suggestive criticism show that if he were living in these days of
+Waagen, of Weismann, of Mendel and of De Vries, he would be in the front
+line of inquiry, armed with matchless assemblage of fact, with
+experiment and verification, and not least with incomparable candor and
+good will. This bequest of a noble method is hardly less precious than
+the immortal content of the “Origin of Species” itself.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _From a photograph copyright by Elliott and Fry_
+
+  THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY
+]
+
+
+
+
+                          THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY
+                               1825–1895
+
+  To the memory of Balfour and of Huxley, my chief teacher in
+  comparative anatomy, I dedicated my work, “The Age of Mammals.” Huxley
+  set forth the logic of Darwin as applied to palæontology. Only a few
+  men of the last century had the gift of speaking in clear language
+  both to the learned and unlearned, and the greatest of these was
+  Huxley. To write both for the man of one’s own profession and for the
+  layman, to be accurate and abreast of the specialist who knows a
+  subject as well as or better than you do, while intelligible to the
+  non-specialist—there is the difficulty. Many times have I thought how
+  simple it would be to address either audience separately. Yet I
+  consider it fortunate that both are with us, because I share Huxley’s
+  confidence in addressing those who are willing to do a little serious
+  thinking in order to enjoy the vast vistas of interesting truth which
+  come as the reward of effort. I share also his conviction that it is
+  the duty of the man of science to devote a certain part of his time,
+  however absorbed in research he may be, to an honest attempt to
+  scatter scientific truth.
+
+  During the winter of 1879–80 I attended Huxley’s full course of
+  lectures on Comparative Anatomy and Evolution, which were delivered in
+  the upper floor of the Royal College of Science. In “A Student’s
+  Reminiscences of Huxley” I especially attempt to describe personal
+  impressions which he made upon me as a lecturer and as a thinker and
+  to record some of the flashes of wit with which he enlivened his
+  lectures. Although intensely occupied at the time with a variety of
+  public education matters and with the pressure of literary and
+  scientific work, Huxley found time, chiefly in his home, to enter into
+  conversation on the subjects flooding his mind. It was there that I
+  heard some of the best stories here recorded.
+
+
+                  A STUDENT’S REMINISCENCES OF HUXLEY
+
+By far the larger number of American students who go abroad pass through
+the English Channel, obtain a distant view of the mother country and,
+after from one to three years in Germany, return with an exclusively
+German education. Neither England nor France having been visited, the
+implication is that the countries which produced Owen, Darwin, Huxley
+and Balfour, or Lamarck, Cuvier, St. Hilaire and Pasteur have nothing to
+offer the American student. This is not the fact; the fact is that
+England and France are a half-century behind Germany in that kind of
+university organization which attracts a foreign student and enables him
+immediately to find his level and enter upon his research. English and
+French universities until a very recent date either have been not so
+fully prepared or have met the newcomer with practically insuperable
+obstacles in the matter of a degree.
+
+None the less, the student who has not breasted these obstacles for the
+compensating advantages which the English and French schools offer has
+made a serious mistake. He has brought back not an Old World education,
+but an exclusively German education, with its splendidly sound and
+unique features and with many inherent defects. Germany produces the
+generals and the rank and file of the armies of science, but certainly
+the commanders-in-chief, in biology at least, have been Englishmen. If
+we find the highest exponents of purely inductive research in Germany,
+we certainly find a better union of the inductive and deductive methods
+in France and England. France leads in expression and style of thought,
+although, upon the whole, less sound in substance than Germany. England
+and France in her best period have given us the most far-reaching and
+permanent generalizations in biology. It follows that the American
+student who can afford the experience will profit most by placing
+himself successively in the scientific atmosphere of Germany, France,
+and England. My own post-graduate education was unfortunately not of
+this three-sided type. None the less, it has always seemed a most
+fortunate circumstance that in the spring of 1879 a letter from the
+venerable Kitchen Parker led me to Cambridge and to the great privilege
+of sitting under Balfour, the most brilliant and lovable of men. In the
+following autumn Huxley’s lectures upon Comparative Zoology began in
+October, and by entering this course I came to know personally this
+great master and through him to enjoy the rare opportunity of meeting
+Charles Darwin. After this experience, which was equally open to any
+serious student of biology at that time, it is natural that I should
+strongly advise those of you who are planning your foreign studies to
+spend part of your time in England and endeavor to discern some of the
+distinctive qualities of English men of science which Huxley so nobly
+illustrated. You will pardon the personal element in the following
+recollections of Huxley as a teacher and the rather informal review of
+his life-work.
+
+Huxley as a teacher can never be forgotten by any of his students. He
+entered his lecture-room promptly as the clock was striking nine, rather
+quickly and with his head bent forward “as if oppressive with its mind.”
+He usually glanced attention to his class of about ninety and began
+speaking before he reached his chair. He spoke between his lips, with
+perfectly clear analysis, with thorough interest, and with philosophic
+insight which was far above the average of his students. He used very
+few charts, but handled the chalk with great skill, sketching out the
+anatomy of an animal as if it were a transparent object. As in Darwin’s
+face, and as in Erasmus Darwin’s, Buffon’s, and many other anatomists
+with a strong sense of form, his eyes were heavily overhung by a
+projecting forehead and eyebrows and seemed at times to look inward. His
+lips were firm and closely set, with the expression of positiveness, and
+the other feature which most marked him was the very heavy mass of hair
+falling over his forehead, which he would frequently stroke or toss
+back. Occasionally he would lighten up the monotony of anatomical
+description by a bit of humor. I remember one instance which was
+probably reminiscent of his famous tilt with Bishop Wilberforce at the
+meeting of the British Association in 1860. Huxley was describing the
+mammalian heart and had just distinguished between the tricuspid valve,
+on the right side of the heart, and the bicuspid valve, on the left,
+which you know resembles a bishop’s mitre, and hence is known as the
+mitral valve. He said:
+
+  It is not easy to recall on which side these respective valves are
+  found, but I recommend this rule: you can easily remember that the
+  mitral is on the left, because a bishop is never known to be on the
+  right.
+
+Huxley was the father of modern laboratory instruction, but in 1879 he
+was so intensely engrossed with his own researches that he very seldom
+came through the laboratory, which was ably directed by T. Jeffrey
+Parker, assisted by G. B. Howes and W. Newton Parker, all of whom are
+now professors, Howes having succeeded to Huxley’s chair. Each visit
+therefore inspired a certain amount of terror, which was really
+unwarranted, for Huxley always spoke in the kindest tones to his
+students, although sometimes he could not resist making fun at their
+expense. There was an Irish student who sat in front of me, whose
+anatomical drawings in water-color were certainly most remarkable
+productions. Huxley, in turning over his drawing-book, paused at a large
+blur under which was carefully inscribed “sheep’s liver” and smilingly
+said: “I am glad to know that is a liver; it reminds me as much of
+Cologne Cathedral in a fog as of anything I have ever seen before.”
+Fortunately the nationality of the student enabled him to fully
+appreciate the humor.
+
+The greatest event in the winter of 1879 was Darwin’s first and only
+visit to the laboratory. They came in together, Huxley leading slowly
+down the long, narrow room, pointing out the especial methods of
+teaching, which he had originated and which are now universally adopted
+in England and in this country. Darwin was instantly recognized by the
+class as he entered and sent a thrill of curiosity down the room, for no
+one present had ever seen him before. There was the widest possible
+contrast in the two faces. Darwin’s grayish-white hair and bushy
+eyebrows overshadowed a pair of deeply set blue eyes, which seemed to
+image his wonderfully calm and deep vision of nature and at the same
+time to emit benevolence. Huxley’s piercing black eyes and determined
+and resolute face were full of admiration and, at the same time,
+protection of his older friend. He said afterward: “You know, I have to
+take care of him; in fact, I have always been Darwin’s bulldog,” and
+this exactly expressed one of the many relations which existed so long
+between the two men.
+
+Huxley was not always fortunate in the intellectual caliber of the men
+to whom he lectured in the Royal College of Science. Many of the younger
+generation were studying in the universities, under Balfour at Cambridge
+and under Rolleston at Oxford. However, Saville Kent, C. Lloyd Morgan,
+George B. Howes, T. Jeffrey Parker and W. Newton Parker are
+representative biologists who were directly trained by Huxley. Many
+others, not his students, have expressed the deepest indebtedness to
+him. Among these especially are Professor E. Ray Lankester, of Oxford,
+and Professor Michael Foster, of Cambridge. Huxley once said that he had
+“discovered Foster.” He not only singled men out, but knew how to direct
+and inspire them to investigate the most pressing problems of the day.
+As it was, his thirty-one years of lectures would have produced a far
+greater effect if they had been delivered from an Oxford, Cambridge or
+Edinburgh chair. In fact, Huxley’s whole life would have been different,
+in some ways more effective, in others less so, if the universities had
+welcomed the young genius who was looking for a post and even cast his
+eyes toward America in 1850, but in those early days of classical
+prestige both seats of learning were dead to the science which it was
+Huxley’s great service in support of Darwin to place beside physics in
+the lead of all others in England. Moreover, Oxford, if not Cambridge,
+could not long have sheltered such a wolf in the fold.
+
+Huxley’s public addresses always gave the impression of being largely
+impromptu, but he once told me: “I always think out carefully every word
+I am going to say. There is no greater danger than the so-called
+_inspiration of the moment_, which leads you to say something which is
+not exactly true or which you would regret afterward. I sometimes envy
+your countrymen their readiness and believe that a native American, if
+summoned out of bed at midnight, could step to his window and speak well
+upon any subject.” I told him I feared he had been slightly misinformed;
+I feared that many American impromptu speeches were distinguished more
+by a flow of language than of ideas. But Huxley was sometimes very
+impressive when he did not speak. In 1879 he was strongly advocating the
+removal of the Royal School of Mines from crowded Jermyn street to South
+Kensington, a matter which is still being agitated. At a public dinner
+given by the alumni of the school, who were naturally attached to the
+old buildings, the chairman was indiscreet enough to make an attack upon
+the policy of removal. He was vigorously applauded, when, to every one’s
+consternation, Huxley, who was sitting at the chairman’s right, slowly
+rose, paused a moment, and then silently skirted the tables and walked
+out of the hall. A solemn pall fell over us, which lasted throughout the
+dinner, and we were all glad to find an excuse to leave early.
+
+In personal conversation Huxley was full of humor and greatly enjoyed
+stories at his own expense. Such was the following:
+
+  In my early period as a lecturer I had very little confidence in my
+  general powers, but one thing I prided myself upon was clearness. I
+  was once talking of the brain before a large mixed audience and soon
+  began to feel that no one in the room understood me. Finally I saw the
+  thoroughly interested face of a woman auditor and took consolation in
+  delivering the remainder of the lecture directly to her. At the close,
+  my feeling as to her interest was confirmed when she came up and asked
+  if she might put one question upon a single point which she had not
+  quite understood. “Certainly,” I replied. “Now, Professor,” she said,
+  “is the cerebellum inside or outside of the skull?”
+
+A story of his about babies is also characteristic:
+
+  When a fond mother calls upon me to admire her baby I never fail to
+  respond, and, while cooing appropriately, I take advantage of an
+  opportunity to gently ascertain whether the soles of its feet turn in
+  and tend to support my theory of arboreal descent.
+
+Huxley’s life is as full of suggestion to the student as were his
+lectures and his conversation. It illustrates the force of obtaining a
+very broad view of the animal kingdom before we attempt to enter the
+plane of higher generalization. Huxley’s training in embryology,
+vertebrate and invertebrate zoology, palæontology, and geology was not
+mapped out for him as for the modern university student. His prolonged
+sea voyage gave him time and material for reflection, and after this he
+was led from one subject to another until he obtained a grasp of nature
+as a whole second only to that of Darwin.
+
+Huxley was born in 1825. Like Goethe, he inherited from his mother his
+brilliantly alert powers of thought, and from his father his courage and
+tenacity of purpose, a combination of qualities which especially fitted
+him for the period in which he was to live. There is nothing striking
+recorded about his boyhood as a naturalist. He preferred engineering but
+was led into medicine.
+
+At the close of his medical course he secured a navy medical post upon
+the _Rattlesnake_. This brought with it, as to Darwin, the training of a
+four years’ voyage to the South Seas off eastern Australia and west
+Guinea—a more liberal education to a naturalist than any university
+affords, even at the present day. This voyage began at twenty-one, and
+he says of it:
+
+  But, apart from experience of this kind and the opportunity afforded
+  for scientific work, to me, personally, the cruise was extremely
+  valuable. It was good for me to live under sharp discipline, to be
+  down on the realities of existence by living on bare necessities, to
+  find out how extremely worth living life seemed to be when one woke
+  from a night’s rest on a soft plank, with the sky for a canopy and
+  cocoa and weevily biscuit the sole prospect for breakfast, and more
+  especially to learn to work for what I got for myself out of it. My
+  brother officers were as good as sailors ought to be and generally
+  are, but naturally they neither knew nor cared anything about my
+  pursuits, nor understood why I should be so zealous in the pursuit of
+  the objects which my friends, the middies, christened “Buffons,” after
+  the title conspicuous on a volume of the “Suites à Buffon,” which
+  stood in a prominent place on my shelf in the chart room.
+
+As the result of this voyage of four years numerous papers were sent
+home to the Linnæan Society of London, but few were published; upon his
+return his first great work, “Upon the Anatomy and Affinities of the
+Medusæ,” was declined for publication by the Admiralty—a fortunate
+circumstance, for it led to his quitting the navy for good and trusting
+to his own resources. Upon publication, this memoir at once established
+his scientific reputation at the early age of twenty-four, just as
+Richard Owen had won his spurs by his “Memoir on the Pearly Nautilus.”
+In 1852 Huxley’s preference as a biologist was to turn back to
+physiology, which had become the favorite study of his medical course.
+But his fate was to enter and become distinguished in a widely different
+branch, which had as little attraction for him as for most students of
+marine life, namely, palæontology. He says of his sudden change of base:
+
+  At last, in 1854, on the translation of my warm friend, Edward Forbes,
+  to Edinburgh, Sir Henry de la Beche, the Director-General of the
+  Geological Survey, offered me the post Forbes had vacated of
+  Palæontologist and Lecturer on Natural History. I refused the former
+  point-blank, and accepted the latter only provisionally, telling Sir
+  Henry that I did not care for fossils and that I should give up
+  natural history as soon as I could get a physiological post. But I
+  held the office for thirty-one years, and a large part of my work has
+  been palæontological.
+
+From this time until 1885 his labors extended over the widest field of
+biology and of philosophy ever covered by any naturalist, with the
+single exception of Aristotle. In philosophy Huxley showed rare critical
+and historical power; he made the most exhaustive study of Hume, but his
+own philosophical spirit and temper were more directly the offspring of
+Descartes. Some subjects he mastered, others he merely touched, but
+every subject which he wrote about he illuminated. Huxley did not
+discover or first define protoplasm, but he made it known to the
+English-speaking world as the physical basis of life, recognizing the
+unity of animal and plant protoplasm. He cleared up certain problems
+among the Protozoa. In 1849 appeared his great work upon the oceanic
+Hydrozoa, and familiarity with these forms doubtless suggested the
+brilliant comparison of the two-layered gastrula to the adult Hydrozoa.
+He threw light upon the Tunicata, describing the endostyle as a
+universal feature, but not venturing to raise the Tunicata to a separate
+order. He set in order the cephalopod mollusca, deriving the spiral from
+the straight-shelled fossil forms. He contributed to the Arthropoda; his
+last word upon this group being his charming little volume upon the
+“Crayfish,” a model of its kind. But think of the virgin field which
+opened up before him among the vertebrata, when in 1859 he was the first
+to perceive the truth of Darwin’s theory of descent! Here were Cuvier’s
+and Owen’s vast researches upon living and extinct forms, a disorderly
+chaos of facts waiting for generalization. Huxley was the man for the
+time. He had already secured a thoroughly philosophical basis for his
+comparative osteology by studying the new embryology of Von Baer, which
+Richard Owen had wholly ignored. In 1858 his famous Croonian lecture on
+the “Theory of the Vertebrate Skull” gave the death-blow to Owen’s
+life-work upon the skull and vertebral archetype and to the whole system
+of mystical and transcendental anatomy; and now Huxley set to work
+vigorously to build out of Owen’s scattered tribes the great limbs and
+branches of the vertebrate tree. He set the fishes and batrachia apart
+as the _Icthyopsidan_ branch, the reptiles and birds as the
+_Sauropsidan_ in contrast with the _Mammalian_, which he derived from a
+prosauropsidan or amphibian stem, a theory which with some modification
+has received strong recent verification.
+
+Professor Owen, who had held undisputed sway in England up to 1858,
+fought nobly for opinions which had been idolized in the first
+half-century, but was routed at every point. Huxley captured his last
+fortress when, in his famous essay of 1865, “Man’s Place in Nature,” he
+undermined Owen’s teaching of the separate and distinct anatomical
+position of man. We can only appreciate Huxley’s fighting qualities when
+we see how strongly Owen was intrenched at the beginning of this long
+battle royal; he was director of the British Museum and occupied other
+high posts; he had the strong moral support of the government and of the
+royal family, although these were weak allies in a scientific encounter.
+
+Huxley’s powers of rapid generalization, of course, betrayed him
+frequently; his Bathybius was a groundless and short-lived hypothesis;
+he went far astray in the phylogeny of the horses. But these and other
+errors were far less attributable to defects in his reasoning powers
+than to the extraordinarily high pressure under which he worked for the
+twenty years between 1860 and 1880, when duties upon the Educational
+Board, upon the Government Fisheries Commission, and upon Parliamentary
+committees crowded upon him. He had at his command none of the resources
+of modern technique. He cut his own sections. I remember once seeing
+some of his microscopic sections. To one of our college junior students
+working with a Minot microtome Huxley’s sections would have appeared
+like translucent beefsteaks—another illustration that it is not always
+the section which reveals the natural law, but the man who looks at the
+section.
+
+Huxley was a master not only in the search for truth but in the way in
+which he presented it, both in writing and in speaking. And we are
+assured, largely as he was gifted by nature, his beautifully lucid and
+interesting style was partly the result of deliberate hard work. He was
+not born to it; some of his early essays are rather labored; he acquired
+it. He was familiar with the best Greek literature and restudied the
+language; he pored over Milton and Carlyle and Mill; he studied the fine
+old English of the Bible; he took as especial models Hume and Hobbes,
+until finally he wrote his mother tongue as no other Englishman wrote
+it. Take up any one of his essays, biological, literary, philosophical,
+you at once see his central idea and his main purpose, although he never
+uses italics or spaced letters, as many of our German masters do to
+relieve the obscurity of their sentences. We are carried along upon the
+broad current of his reasoning without being confused by his abundant
+side illustrations. He gleaned from the literature of all time until his
+mind was stocked with apt similes. Who but Huxley would have selected
+the title “Lay Sermons” for his first volume of addresses; or, in 1880,
+twenty-one years after Darwin’s work appeared, would have entitled his
+essay upon the influence of this work “The Coming of Age of the Origin
+of Species”? Or to whom else would it have occurred to repeat over the
+grave of Balfour the exquisitely appropriate lines: “For Lycidas is
+dead, dead ere his prime”? Who else could have inveighed thus against
+modern specialization:
+
+  We are in the case of Tarpeia, who opened the gates of the Roman
+  citadel to the Sabines and was crushed by the weight of the reward
+  bestowed upon her. It has become impossible for any man to keep pace
+  with the progress of the whole of any important branch of science. It
+  looks as if the scientific, like other revolutions, meant to devour
+  its own children; as if the growth of science tended to overwhelm its
+  votaries; as if the man of science of the future were condemned to
+  diminish into a narrow specialist as time goes on. It appears to me
+  that the only defense against this tendency to the degeneration of
+  scientific workers lies in the organization and extension of
+  scientific education in such a manner as to secure breadth of culture
+  without superficiality; and, on the other hand, depth and precision of
+  knowledge without narrowness.
+
+What Haeckel did for evolution in Germany, Huxley did in England. As the
+earliest and most ardent supporter of Darwin and the theory of descent,
+it is remarkable that he never gave an unreserved support to the theory
+of natural selection as all-sufficient. Twenty-five years ago, with his
+usual penetration and prophetic insight, he showed that the problem of
+variation might, after all, be the greater problem; and only three years
+ago, in his Romanes Lecture, he disappointed many of the disciples of
+Darwin by declaring that natural selection failed to explain the origin
+of our moral and ethical nature. Whether he was right or wrong we will
+not stop to discuss, but consider the still more remarkable conditions
+of Huxley’s relations to the theory of evolution. As expositor, teacher,
+defender, he was the high priest of evolution. From the first he saw the
+strong and weak points of the special Darwinian theory; he wrote upon
+the subject for thirty years, and yet he never contributed a single
+original or novel idea to it; in other words, Huxley added vastly to the
+demonstration, but never added to the sum of either theory or working
+hypothesis, and the contemporary history of the theory proper could be
+written without mentioning his name. This lack of speculation upon the
+factors of evolution was true throughout his whole life; in the voyage
+of the _Rattlesnake_, he says, he did not even think of the species
+problem. His last utterance regarding the causes of evolution appeared
+in one of the reviews as a passing criticism of Weismann’s finished
+philosophy, in which he implies that his own philosophy of the causes of
+evolution was as far off as ever; in other words, Huxley never fully
+made up his mind or committed himself to any causal theory of
+development.
+
+Taking the nineteenth century at large, outside of our own circles of
+biology Huxley’s greatest and most permanent achievement was his victory
+for free thought. Personally we may not be agnostic; we may disagree
+with much that he has said and written, but we must admire Huxley’s
+valiant services none the less. A reformer must be an extremist, and
+Huxley was often extreme, but he never said what he did not believe to
+be true. If it is easy for you and for me to say what we think, in print
+and out of print now, it is because of the battles fought by such men as
+Huxley and Haeckel. When Huxley began his great crusade the air was full
+of religious intolerance, and, what is quite as bad, scientific shams.
+If Huxley had entered the contest carefully and guardedly, he would have
+been lost in the enemies’ ranks, but he struck right and left with
+sledge-hammer blows, whether it was a high dignitary of the church or of
+the state. Just before the occasion of one of his greatest contests,
+that with Gladstone in the pages of _The Contemporary Review_, Huxley
+was in Switzerland, completely broken down in health and suffering from
+torpidity of the liver. Gladstone had written one of his
+characteristically brilliant articles upon the close correspondence
+between the Order of Creation as revealed in the first chapter of
+Genesis and the Order of Evolution as shown by modern biology. “When
+this article reached me,” Huxley told me, “I read it through and it made
+me so angry that I believe it must have acted upon my liver. At all
+events, when I finished my reply to Gladstone I felt better than I had
+for months past.”
+
+Huxley’s last public appearance was at the meeting of the British
+Association at Oxford in 1894. He had been very urgently invited to
+attend, for, about a third of a century before, the association had met
+at Oxford and Huxley had had his famous encounter with Bishop
+Wilberforce. It was felt that the anniversary would be a historic one
+and incomplete without his presence, and so it proved to be. Huxley’s
+especial duty was to second the vote of thanks for the Marquis of
+Salisbury’s address, one of the invariable formalities of the opening
+meeting of the association. The meeting proved to be the greatest one in
+the history of the association. The Sheldonian Theatre was packed with
+one of the most distinguished scientific audiences ever brought
+together, and the address of the Marquis was worthy of the occasion. The
+whole tenor of it was the unknown in science. Passing from the unsolved
+problems of astronomy, chemistry and physics, he came to biology. With
+delicate irony he spoke of the “_comforting word, evolution_,” and
+passing to the Weismannian controversy implied that the diametrically
+opposed views so frequently expressed nowadays threw the whole process
+of evolution into doubt. It was only too evident that the Marquis
+himself found no comfort in evolution and even entertained a suspicion
+as to its probability. It was well worth the whole journey to Oxford to
+watch Huxley during this portion of the address. In his red
+doctor-of-laws gown, placed upon his shoulders by the very body of men
+who had once referred to him as “a Mr. Huxley,” he sank deeper into his
+chair upon the very front of the platform and restlessly tapped his
+foot. His situation was an unenviable one. He had to thank an ex-Prime
+Minister of England and present Chancellor of Oxford University for an
+address the sentiments of which were directly against those he himself
+had been maintaining for twenty-five years. He said afterward that when
+the proofs of the Marquis’s address were put in his hands the day
+before, he realized that he had before him a most delicate and difficult
+task.
+
+Lord Kelvin (Sir William Thompson), one of the most distinguished living
+physicists, first moved the vote of thanks, but his reception was
+nothing to the tremendous applause which greeted Huxley in the heart of
+that university whose traditional principles he had so long been
+opposing. Considerable anxiety had been felt by his friends lest his
+voice would fail to fill the theatre, for it had signally failed during
+the Romanes Lecture delivered in Oxford the year before, but when Huxley
+arose he reminded one of a venerable gladiator returning to the arena
+after years of absence. He raised his figure and his voice to full
+height, and, with one foot turned over the edge of the step, veiled an
+unmistakable and vigorous protest in the most gracious and dignified
+speech of thanks.
+
+Throughout the subsequent special sessions of this meeting Huxley could
+not appear. He gave the impression of being aged, if not infirm, but no
+one realized that he had spoken his last word as champion of the law of
+evolution. He soon returned to Eastbourne. Early in the winter he
+contracted the grippe, which passed into pneumonia. He rallied once or
+twice, and his last effort to complete a reply to Balfour’s “Foundations
+of Belief” hastened his death, which came upon June 29, 1895, at the age
+of seventy.
+
+I have endeavored to show in how many ways Huxley was a model for us of
+the younger generation. In the central hall of the British Museum of
+Natural History sits in marble the life-size figure of Charles Darwin;
+upon his right will soon be placed a beautiful statue of Richard Owen,
+and I know that there are many who will enjoy taking some share in the
+movement to complete this group with the noble figure of Thomas Henry
+Huxley.
+
+  _The above Memorial was delivered before the New York Academy of
+  Sciences November 11, 1895. It was then revised and delivered as “A
+  Student’s Reminiscences of Huxley” to the assembly of students at the
+  Marine Biological Laboratory of Wood’s Hole, Massachusetts. As printed
+  in this form it was sent to Leonard Huxley, who wrote the following
+  letter of acknowledgment_:
+
+                                                            CHARTERHOUSE
+                                                            GODALMING
+                                                            12 July 1897
+
+  DEAR PROFESSOR OSBORN:
+
+  I have still to thank you, & that most warmly, for your admirable
+  “Lecture at Wood’s Hole.” It is not merely a pleasant reminder of my
+  meeting with you seven years ago, but one of the very best memorial
+  sketches of my father which have yet appeared, & so written as somehow
+  to succeed in touching one’s personal feelings beyond the ordinary.
+  Indeed if I had written to you immediately after my first reading of
+  it, what I wrote might have appeared a trifle exaggerated. So you will
+  forgive my apparent remissness in not acknowledging the receipt of it
+  before. I do hope you will allow me to quote from your lecture, in the
+  Life I am working upon—a long task, of which I am now somewhere about
+  the middle.
+
+  Will you also be kind enough to tell me to what precisely you refer
+  when you speak of my father’s forming a wrong generalisation about the
+  phylogeny of the horse? His views before or after his American visit
+  of 1876? I do not know enough of the subject first-hand.
+
+  Once more, let me thank you for your dear & sympathetic piece of work
+  & believe me
+
+                                                    Sincerely yours,
+                                                (Signed) LEONARD HUXLEY.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  FRANCIS MAITLAND BALFOUR
+]
+
+
+
+
+                        FRANCIS MAITLAND BALFOUR
+                               1851–1882
+
+  To Huxley and to Balfour, younger brother of Arthur Balfour, my first
+  and most inspiring teacher in comparative embryology, I dedicated my
+  work, “The Age of Mammals.” Balfour’s genius was beyond imitation, but
+  his pupils may follow the example of his ardent enthusiasm and his
+  genial way of living the life of science.
+
+
+                        FRANCIS MAITLAND BALFOUR
+
+About a year ago came the sad news of the sudden death of Professor
+Balfour, of Cambridge. If the loss was felt less severely in this
+country than in England it was only because he had fewer personal
+friends here, and to fully understand his worth one must have known and
+talked with him. It is true that it required no unusual insight to read
+the fine qualities of the man in his writings, but none save those who
+knew him could appreciate his remarkable personal attractiveness. Not
+the least part of the wonderful work of his short life was that which he
+accomplished as a teacher; here, as everywhere, his personal influence
+had a large share, and a sketch of Balfour’s scientific work would be
+incomplete without a recognition of the bearing which his noble
+character had upon it.
+
+The meeting of leading biologists to found the memorial studentship was
+remarkable in many ways; rarely have been heard such words of admiration
+and love for one man as were then expressed for Balfour. Many spoke at
+length of the debt Cambridge owed him. It may be said that he divided
+with Foster the honor of giving the great impetus to the biological
+movement in the English universities. What Huxley had done for Foster
+the latter did for Balfour, giving him the first hearty encouragement
+and support; together they raised biology from the third to the level of
+the first rank of studies at Cambridge, equalling that held by
+mathematics. Oxford soon followed this important movement, trying to
+secure Balfour for the professorship left vacant by the death of
+Rolleston. His connection with natural science at Cambridge was
+described in warm language by Foster, his teacher, and by Sedgwick, one
+of his pupils; he advanced morphology there by his brilliant success in
+teaching and in research.
+
+In teaching he combined manly force with a delicate regard for the
+feelings of his pupils. From the writer’s personal impressions of him as
+a lecturer, he did not aim at eloquence, but to be understood in every
+step. Rarely looking at his hearers, he spoke rapidly and with intense
+earnestness, crowding a vast deal into the hour. The main qualities of
+his character shone forth in his lectures: energy, which he infused into
+his hearers; truthfulness, which soon gave implicit confidence in his
+statements; modesty and sympathy, which inspired effort and free
+exchange of thought.
+
+Balfour’s love of truth came constantly into play in his laboratory
+instruction. While looking over a student’s shoulder he would sometimes
+say with a laugh: “You must interpret that specimen with the eye of
+faith”; but this was very far from being a serious injunction, for he
+exacted of his students the greatest caution in the progress of their
+microscopic work. However tempting a certain interpretation of a
+specimen might be, Balfour never accepted it until it rested on the
+clearest evidence. An instance of this sort is recalled which related to
+the much disputed origin of a well-known embryonic structure. A number
+of sections had been prepared, seeming to confirm the view which Balfour
+himself had advocated some time before; it required considerable
+self-control not to attach a somewhat forced meaning to them. This was,
+however, forbidden, and it was not until several days afterward that
+fresh sections established the fact beyond question.
+
+To Foster, Balfour repaid his student-debt by extending, in turn,
+continued encouragement to others. He did not fear, as many great
+teachers have, that joint labor with his juniors would derogate from his
+reputation. His joint articles are numerous; he was zealous to recognize
+research done by his pupils, seeming to be prouder of this than of his
+own work. Nothing could be more stimulating to the young men about him,
+still distrustful of their powers, than this generous co-operation. Is
+it surprising, then, that the voluntary attendance upon his lectures
+increased in seven years from ten to ninety and that at the time of his
+death twenty students were engaged in difficult research in his
+laboratory? Only those who are familiar by experience with the few
+incentives among younger students to the study of biology can appreciate
+what these numbers mean.
+
+We need not attempt to give a full list of Balfour’s writings. They
+began in 1873, his twenty-second year, with a few short papers appearing
+over Foster’s name and his own in _The Quarterly Journal of
+Microscopical Science_; they terminated nine years later with his fine
+work upon Peripatus, published posthumously in the same journal. His
+extensive intermediate works, “The Elasmobranch Fishes” and “Comparative
+Embryology,” are universally known.
+
+From the first he devoted himself to embryology. While this, as among
+the youngest of the biological sciences, admits of rapid work, it is far
+from admitting rapid generalization. No other branch of morphology
+requires more painstaking; the very materials one has to study are
+minute and indefinite, and two minds will often place different
+constructions upon the same specimen. There is abundant opportunity for
+scientific guesswork, with the feeling of security that disproval will
+be difficult. Balfour understood the real value of guessing at truth,
+but he always made it very clear to the reader when he was so doing; his
+hypotheses were accompanied by definite statements in which the reasons
+pro and con were set forth in all impartiality to each. Herein lies the
+chief charm and merit of his work, its brilliant suggestiveness, side by
+side but never in confusion with well-established facts. Every chapter
+contains half a dozen invitations to other investigators to prove or
+disprove certain provisional statements. Vast as is the information
+contained in his “Comparative Embryology,” Balfour himself appreciated
+that, as far as mere facts went, the first volume would be somewhat out
+of date before the second was in press. Not so, however, with his
+masterly discussions of these facts, which are found on every page and
+the value of which, to embryologists, cannot be estimated. Moreover, to
+his authorship is largely due the rapidly spreading interest in
+embryology in England and America—a branch of science, it will be
+remembered, which had previously been mostly in German hands.
+
+One frequently heard from him his own very modest opinion of his work;
+this was not at all inconsistent with striking independence and
+originality of thought and adherence to his convictions. His modesty
+added more to the recognition of his genius than any assertions of his
+own could have done. Many were pressing forward to assert his claims,
+and honors were showered upon him in England and abroad. He was admired
+and beloved by all who knew him. In scientific discussion he had the
+rare quality, which Richard Cobden is said to have possessed, of
+remaining on the pleasantest personal terms with his opponents.
+
+His energy in all matters was great and his power of writing was
+unusually rapid; but, advised by kind friends, he rarely overtaxed his
+strength, which was limited. He spent most of his evenings with his
+friends, throwing off from his mind the labors of the day and talking
+vivaciously upon the topics of the time. When the first volume of his
+“Comparative Embryology” was being written, he generally worked but five
+hours daily, giving much time to physical exercise, bicycling or tennis,
+into which he entered with all the enthusiasm of his nature. He was
+courageous but not reckless, and nothing in his previous life would lead
+us to suppose that the mountain climb which proved fatal was undertaken
+in a foolhardy spirit.
+
+Balfour in a few years accomplished the work of a lifetime. His
+influence was and is twofold: first, upon those with whom he came into
+personal contact, especially his scientific associates and students, an
+influence which cannot fail to endure (well expressed by Professor
+Kitchen Parker: “I feel that his presence is still with me; I cannot
+lose the sense of his presence”); secondly, the influence of his
+scientific work, which for genius, breadth, and truth can never be
+surpassed. May the splendid memorial which has been raised for him
+perpetuate his noble example as a teacher and man of science.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _From a photograph by Brown Brothers_
+
+  JAMES BRYCE
+]
+
+
+
+
+                              JAMES BRYCE
+                               1838–1922
+
+  I had the privilege of knowing James Bryce for many years and enjoyed
+  many long and delightful conversations with him. Beyond all other
+  great men I have known he impressed me as most eager for broad and
+  deep knowledge both of men and of nature. He gained more by travel and
+  direct observation than by reading the works of others.
+
+  Although an address was carefully thought out, the following was
+  entirely extemporaneous, because I was suddenly called upon to deliver
+  it in the pulpit of the Cathedral of St. John the Divine—quite a
+  contrast to the customary platform of the college and university
+  lecturer! I felt compelled by the surrounding religious atmosphere to
+  use a text, which was happily afforded by the choir as it sang
+  Newman’s beautiful hymn as a processional.
+
+
+                              JAMES BRYCE
+
+I am not permitted to have a text, because I am not a preacher. As a
+naturalist, I am speaking here by invitation of the Bishop and the Dean
+of this Cathedral on the life of James Bryce as a student of man and of
+nature. I find in the opening of the beautiful hymn sung by the choir on
+entering this Cathedral the words which I cannot resist paraphrasing as
+the central thought of what I am about to say: Lead, Kindly Light, amid
+the encircling confusion.
+
+“Lead, Kindly Light,” was the inner motive of the life of James
+Bryce—the kindly light of the genial nature of a man of faith and
+confidence, of a man of rugged resolution and constant determination,
+who never faltered in his efforts, whether it was a physical, or social,
+or intellectual, or political problem, to throw upon it the light of
+most careful and thorough examination.
+
+Then another line of the same beautiful poem of John Henry Newman,
+
+               O’er moor and fen, o’er crag and torrent,
+
+reveals the other aspect of the life of James Bryce which will impress
+you if you will read his four volumes as a traveler and explorer. When
+confused by the world and by the strife of political parties, Bryce
+would go off quietly on one of these great journeys of his, borne by his
+stout Scotch heart and by his indomitable energy as a mountain-climber.
+Brought up in a climate which brings out the best qualities in a
+man—that hardy nursery of strong Britons; born in northern Ireland,
+where the kindly qualities and genial nature of the Irish blend with the
+sturdy persistence of the Scotch, he was equipped by birth as well as by
+the early training of a remarkable father to enter life along many paths
+which opened out before him.
+
+Follow him, no doubt somewhat confused, at the age of thirty-nine, after
+a period of political service in Parliament and lectureship in Oxford
+University, on that remarkable journey through and beyond the countries
+which he studied in his “Holy Roman Empire,” into and through Asia
+Minor, into the region on the borderland of Armenia, in search of Mount
+Ararat, and you observe an event in his life most typical and
+characteristic. Every one told him it was impossible to ascend Mount
+Ararat. One after another the parties that started with him fell behind,
+until, finally, about four or five thousand feet from the summit, he was
+entirely alone, and from that point he pushed on to the hollow between
+the twin peaks where the Bible myth tells us the Ark of Noah rested. He
+did not find any traces of the Ark, but he seems to have found, in that
+ascent and in the wonderful survey which the ascent gave him of the
+great tides of human history which have ebbed and flowed around the base
+of that mountain, a new and fresh perspective for all his future
+historical works. There, also, at the turning-point in life, when
+according to some men the critical age of forty is reached, James Bryce
+reversed the natural order of things, and until the age of
+eighty-three—during the latter part of which period I had the honor of
+making his acquaintance—became a younger man, a larger man, a greater
+man every year to all those who had the pleasure and privilege and
+inspiration of knowing him.
+
+What a contrast his thoroughness with the superficiality of other men
+who have treated the same broad periods of human history, of human
+activity, and to whom many people appeal for light and guidance! Wells,
+writing his “Outline of History” from his armchair, guided by the work
+of all the authors upon whom he could lay his hand; Bryce, seeking out
+the fountains, the origins, the beginnings of these wonderful movements
+of peoples which are summed up in the words “Human History.” Himself
+retreading the paths worn by men for centuries, observing that wonderful
+variety of races of men where, in entering Transcaucasia, he came on the
+borders between Turkey and the Russian Dominions; again, when in South
+Africa, he touched the life of the Kaffirs, of the Hottentots, and of
+that race of Bushmen which stands at the very bottom of the human scale;
+finally, in South America, at the age of seventy-four, he entered the
+intimate life of a people he had not touched before, of the Spanish, the
+Portuguese, the native Indians of the South American Continent—always
+traveling with the same genial attitude, the same kindliness, the same
+lack of criticism, which distinguished his life and writings throughout.
+
+Small wonder that, having as a boy and young man been brought up among
+the British people, among the Scotch, the Irish, the English, the
+Scotch-Irish, who are the fountains of our own American life, when he
+came to America he understood the Americans and was welcomed as one of
+us, as a man who could interpret our life, our institutions, who could
+tell us the truth about ourselves without our being offended, the most
+difficult message that any one coming from any other part of the world
+can give to the American!
+
+Now we find that Bryce is not dead! James Bryce is not dead! James Bryce
+is living! He will live! Out of his inspiration, from those penetrating
+eyes, from that wonderful intellect, from those profound and unbiassed
+and unprejudiced studies, out of the fruits of years of personal
+experience, he finally surveys our American institutions in the last,
+and one of the greatest, of his works, “Modern Democracies.” Nothing
+could attest the truthfulness of his nature more clearly than the fact
+that the note of that volume is so different from the note of his early,
+confident writings as a young ardent Liberal, almost Radical. He found
+in our midst, and in the new democracies everywhere, so many confusing
+thoughts, so many unexpected counter-currents, that he comes out, as
+does every great and profound student of human life and human affairs
+who approaches the matter from the scientific standpoint of profound
+knowledge, with a clear warning of the dangers which surround us if we
+do not take heed and if we lose the art of choosing our leaders, our
+spiritual leaders, our intellectual leaders, our political leaders.
+
+Leadership! Leadership is the last note, to my mind, of Bryce’s life. He
+is leading. He himself will lead because he has become now, and I
+believe for all time, the Kindly Light which will guide us through the
+interpretation of our American institutions.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _From a painting by A. Edelfelt_
+
+  LOUIS PASTEUR
+]
+
+
+
+
+                             LOUIS PASTEUR
+                               1822–1895
+
+  To my mind Louis Pasteur is the greatest benefactor of mankind since
+  the time of Jesus Christ, and as he was inspired by religious
+  sentiment I claim that he should be enrolled among the saints and
+  enshrined in our cathedrals. It is of this aspect of his life that
+  “The New Order of Sainthood” deals. Contemplation of this aspect of
+  his life led me to reflections upon Nature and Religion, in which I
+  was greatly aided by my previous studies in the natural philosophy of
+  the Greeks and of Augustine and was guided to the wonderful passages
+  of Dante in “The Divine Comedy” by Bishop Boyd-Carpenter. The sequel
+  to this address is to be found in “Evolution and Religion,” my reply
+  to William Jennings Bryan.
+
+
+                       THE NEW ORDER OF SAINTHOOD
+
+Among all the great scientific men whom the nineteenth century produced
+Pasteur ranks supreme as a benefactor of mankind. He played the original
+and creative part in the movement for the prevention and relief of human
+suffering which Sir William Osler has aptly termed “Man’s Redemption of
+Man.” It is far under the truth to say that he has saved more lives than
+Napoleon destroyed. In nature he found the causes of a very large part
+of human suffering; in nature he also found the means of controlling or
+averting suffering. His attitude toward his fellow men was one of noble
+compassion. His first trial of the hydrophobia serum with a young
+sufferer brought to him, his agony of mind lest the remedy itself might
+be the means of causing death, his joy as the child was restored in
+perfect health to its parents, is one of the most beautiful episodes in
+human history. As recited by Radot, “Pasteur was going through a
+succession of hopes, fears, anguish, and an ardent yearning to snatch
+little Meister from death; he could no longer work. At night feverish
+visions came to him of this child, whom he had seen playing in the
+garden, suffocating in the mad struggles of hydrophobia, like the dying
+child he had seen at the Hôpital Trousseau in 1880. Vainly his
+experimental genius assured him that the virus of that most terrible of
+diseases was about to be vanquished, that humanity was about to be
+delivered from this dread horror—his human tenderness was stronger than
+all, his accustomed ready sympathy for the sufferings and anxieties of
+others was for the nonce centred in ‘the dear lad.’...
+
+“Cured from his wounds, delighted with all he saw, gayly running about
+as if he had been in his own Alsatian farm, little Meister, whose blue
+eyes now showed neither fear nor shyness, merrily received the last
+inoculation; in the evening, after claiming a kiss from ‘Dear Monsieur
+Pasteur,’ as he called him, he went to bed and slept peacefully.”[4]
+
+The life of Pasteur is typical of that of many students of nature, of
+less genius, perhaps, but of equal devotion and self-sacrifice. It is
+interesting to imagine what tributes might have been rendered to Pasteur
+if he had lived in the period of the early saints of the Church and had
+won the love of his generation and the reverence of succeeding
+generations by his mighty works. It is interesting to surmise what would
+have been the attitude of the early Church toward such a benefactor of
+mankind. Our belief today is that Pasteur should stand as a symbol of
+the profound and intimate relation which must develop between the study
+of nature and the religious life of man, between our present and future
+knowledge of nature and the development of our religious conceptions and
+beliefs.
+
+
+In a very beautiful address[5] before the students of the University of
+Edinburgh Sir William Osler opens with the words: “To man there has been
+published a triple gospel—of his soul, of his goods, of his body.” What
+is and what shall be the attitude of the Church toward the gospel of the
+body, toward the men who have given us this gospel? The question turns
+our thoughts at once to the leading and greatest exponent of this
+gospel, and backward to the early centuries of the Church before there
+had arisen any divorce between the study of nature and the matters of
+the spirit.
+
+We are now in a process of readjustment between the issues of two lines
+of thought, which are almost as old as human history; between laws
+derived from nature which were discovered in the middle of the
+nineteenth century as to the origin of man, and traditional laws which
+when traced to their very beginnings we find to have been purely of
+human conception. Let us imagine our descendants three or four hundred
+years hence looking back on the spiritual and intellectual history of
+man; with larger perspective, they will separate these two grand
+thought-movements:
+
+First, the Oriental movement, marked by Oriental lack of curiosity about
+natural law, a great moral and spiritual movement developing three
+thousand years before Christ along the Nile, the Tigris, and Euphrates,
+out of five thousand years of hard human experience, and expressed in
+Judea in the faith that nature is the continuous handiwork of God, in a
+supreme standard of righteousness, the moral duty being finally summed
+up in the single phrase, “Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself.” This
+was the spiritual redemption of man, which left the laws of his physical
+welfare unknown and uncared for.
+
+The second movement begins six centuries before Christ in the inquiring
+mind of the West, which is always characterized by intense curiosity
+about nature. This movement is the search for natural law. Its rapid
+progress among the Greeks terminates with the fall of Greece. It is
+expressed in Cato’s reply to Scipio: “My wisdom consists in the fact
+that I follow Nature, the best of guides, as I would a God and am loyal
+to her commands.” After nineteen centuries it revives with Copernicus
+and Galileo and culminates in Darwin. Man is again perceived as a part
+of nature; in the study of nature man finds intellectual delight; in the
+laws of nature man finds his physical well-being; man through nature
+becomes the redeemer of physical man.
+
+The Augustinian theology was imbued with a deeply theistic view of
+nature, a view which the modern Church professes but does not profoundly
+believe nor live by. As shown by Aubrey Moore, Augustine was entirely
+sound in counselling the entire separation of these two great lines of
+thought, the natural and the spiritual. “It very often happens,” says
+Augustine, “that there is some question as to the earth or the sky, or
+the other elements of this world ... respecting which one who is not a
+Christian has knowledge derived from most certain reasoning or
+observation [that is, a natural philosopher], and it is very disgraceful
+and mischievous and of all things to be carefully avoided, that a
+Christian, speaking of such matters as being according to the Christian
+Scriptures, should be heard by an unbeliever talking such nonsense that
+the unbeliever, perceiving him to be as wide from the mark as east from
+west, can hardly restrain himself from laughing.”
+
+Augustine held what may be regarded as a pristine faith in nature as a
+manifestation of the divine. This pristine theistic view is founded on
+passages in Genesis, especially Genesis 2:15 and Genesis 3:19:
+
+  And the Lord God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden to
+  dress it and to keep it. (Genesis 2:15.)
+
+  In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto
+  the ground; for out of it wast thou taken: for dust thou art, and unto
+  dust shalt thou return. (Genesis 3:19.)
+
+These passages show that nature, typified by the garden, gives man his
+sustenance, and yet, as it has to be won by the sweat of the brow, man’s
+energy or art must work with nature. These passages, as Bishop
+Boyd-Carpenter observes in his inspiring studies of Dante, are also the
+foundation of the famous lines in the “Divine Comedy” in which the poet
+expresses the relation between the theistic view of nature and
+scientific or philosophical inquiry.
+
+                   ... He thus made reply:
+             “Philosophy, to an attentive ear,
+             Clearly points out, not in one part alone,
+             How imitative Nature takes her course
+             From the celestial Mind, and from its art:
+             And where her laws[6] the Stagirite unfolds,
+             Not many leaves scann’d o’er, observing well,
+             Thou shalt discover that your art on her
+             Obsequious follows, as the learner treads
+             In his instructor’s step; so that your art
+             Deserves the name of second in descent
+             From God. These two, if thou recall to mind
+             Creation’s holy book,[7] from the beginning
+             Were the right source of life and excellence
+             To humankind....”
+
+The preceding is Cary’s version.[8] Another version of this passage is
+that of Longfellow.[9]
+
+           “Philosophy,” he said, “to him who heeds it,
+           Noteth, not only in one place alone,
+           After what manner Nature takes her course
+           From Intellect Divine and from its art;
+           And if thy Physics carefully thou notest,
+           After not many pages shalt thou find,
+           That this your art as far as possible
+           Follows, as the disciple doth the master,
+           So that your art is, as it were, God’s grandchild.
+           From these two, if thou bringest to thy mind
+           Genesis at the beginning, it behooves
+           Mankind to gain their life, and to advance.”
+
+As Bishop Boyd-Carpenter remarks, Virgil’s answer to Dante is to this
+effect: We learn from philosophy that the operations of nature proceed
+directly from God, and those of art indirectly, because art consists in
+the imitation of nature. (“Inferno,” XI, pp. 97–105, Longfellow’s
+translation.) Again, the Bible teaches us that it is by these two
+principles, nature and art, that the system of man’s life should be
+ordered. (“Inferno,” XI, pp. 106–108.)
+
+If we are guided by the spirit of Augustine and of Dante we cannot fail
+to see that the Church has passed through a very critical period of
+scepticism as regards nature. This is perhaps an original view of
+scepticism, but there is no way of evading its application; if nature
+represents the wisdom and goodness of God, to be blind to its
+interpretation is a form of scepticism—devout and well-intentioned
+though it may be. Especially the Roman Church has been led away from its
+pristine faith in nature as a manifestation of the divine, while the
+Protestant Church, in consequence of this loss of faith during the
+nineteenth century, has suffered a loss of influence in the world which
+it will require a long period to regain. If the laws of nature are
+manifestations of the divine power and wisdom, as we proclaim in our
+services, the attitude of the Church toward these laws should not be
+hesitant, defensive, or apologetic, but active, receptive, and
+aggressive.
+
+Considered in this way, the great scientific inquiry of the latter half
+of the nineteenth century, so far from being regarded as destructive, is
+a constructive, purifying and regenerating movement; it takes us back to
+the lost faith of our fathers, a faith which spiritualized the Old
+Testament, a faith which finds in nature a manifestation of the divine
+order of things. Pasteur showed the way to the physical redemption of
+man, as Newton had opened to us the new heavens and Darwin the new
+earth. If we were to rewrite the Litany in the twentieth century, for
+the passage, “From plague, pestilence, and famine, good Lord, deliver
+us,” we should read, “From ignorance of Thy Laws and disobedience of Thy
+Commands, good Lord, deliver us.”
+
+
+From the standpoint of this older teaching of Augustine and Dante the
+life-work of Louis Pasteur was more than humanitarian, it was more than
+scientific; it was religious. He regarded natural processes which in
+their superficial view appear relentless, cruel, wholly inexplicable, as
+part of a possibly beneficent order of things; he again revealed through
+his profound insight, through his unparalleled toil, discouragement, and
+even scorn on the part of his contemporaries, deeper laws, which are
+beneficent, protective, and restorative in action. He was the evangelist
+of Osler’s “third gospel”: “And the third gospel, the gospel of his
+body, which brings man into relation with nature—a true _evangelion_,
+the glad tidings of a conquest beside which all others sink into
+insignificance—is the final conquest of nature, out of which has come
+man’s redemption of man....
+
+“If in the memorable phrase of the Greek philosopher Prodicus, ‘that
+which benefits human life is God,’ we may see in this new gospel a link
+betwixt us and the crowning race of those who eye to eye shall look on
+knowledge, and in whose hand nature shall be an open book, an approach
+to the glorious day of which Shelley sings so gloriously:
+
+                                           Happiness
+           And Science dawn though late upon the earth;
+           Peace cheers the mind, health renovates the frame;
+           Disease and pleasure cease to mingle here,
+           Reason and passion cease to combat there,
+           Whilst mind unfettered o’er the earth extends
+           Its all-subduing energies, and wields
+           The sceptre of a vast dominion there.”
+
+Should we not institute a new order of sainthood for men like Pasteur?
+Could we find one more eminent for consecration, piety, and service in
+life and character than this devout investigator? Entrance to this order
+would be granted to those who through the study of Nature have extended
+the bounds of human knowledge, have bestowed incomparable blessings on
+the human race, have relieved human suffering, have saved or prolonged
+human life. Would not a statue of Louis Pasteur in the Cathedral of St.
+John the Divine proclaim the faith of the modern Church that the two
+great historic movements of Love and of Knowledge, of the spiritual and
+intellectual and the physical well-being of man, are harmonious parts of
+a single and eternal truth? On the base of such a statue might be
+inscribed the words written by Pasteur in the most perplexing period of
+his life:
+
+  “GOD GRANT THAT BY MY PERSEVERING LABORS I MAY BRING A LITTLE STONE TO
+  THE FRAIL AND ILL-ASSURED EDIFICE OF OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THOSE DEEP
+  MYSTERIES OF LIFE AND DEATH WHERE ALL OUR INTELLECTS HAVE SO
+  LAMENTABLY FAILED.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _From a photograph by Gutekunst_
+
+  JOSEPH LEIDY
+]
+
+
+
+
+                              JOSEPH LEIDY
+                               1823–1891
+
+  Joseph Leidy may be known as the founder of vertebrate palæontology in
+  America, since he followed the pioneers in this branch of science, in
+  which America has become so famous, and since he was succeeded by
+  Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Marsh. Leidy and Cope were the very
+  last representatives in America of the older school of naturalists and
+  anatomists, who covered a very broad field. They both covered this
+  field with consummate ability. In studying Leidy’s life we observe him
+  as a master of detail, whereas Cope was a master of generalization.
+  Their devotion to the _École des Faits_ rendered most distinguished
+  service to American science.
+
+
+      JOSEPH LEIDY, FOUNDER OF VERTEBRATE PALÆONTOLOGY IN AMERICA
+
+I ask the indulgence of the members of this gathering in honor of Joseph
+Leidy and fellow workers in the fields of science if I present what I
+have to say in an informal manner, and I trust that you will not for a
+moment imagine that, because it is presented informally, I do not
+appreciate the honor conferred upon me in asking me to speak on this
+historic occasion in reference to a man for whom I have such great
+admiration as for Joseph Leidy. I shall not repeat except in a very
+general way the homage that was paid to Leidy in the series of important
+and penetrating addresses which we have listened to today, but I shall
+endeavor to present a summary, especially along the lines of
+palæontology and comparative anatomy, of some of the distinctive
+features of his work in comparison with those of the men who accompanied
+and immediately followed him, and to show what great results have come
+from his efforts as a pioneer and as a founder of this most interesting
+and fascinating branch of science in America.
+
+Leidy started with an entirely new world of life; he soon learned that
+he could not base his study of American fossils on the work of French
+palæontologists, for the life of our western regions was not known in
+the Old World. Every specimen represented a new species or a new genus
+or a new family, and in some cases a new order. Never was there a
+greater opportunity than was offered to Leidy in this virgin field of
+our then virgin West. Never was a man more ready to grasp it than that
+quiet, unpretentious, unassuming, wonderfully gifted observer of nature.
+It is particularly interesting to review his work, which was written in
+the exact spirit of Cuvier, and to see his long record of direct
+observation of the entire extinct fauna not only of the eastern but,
+especially, of the great western territories. We find today how
+permanent that work was, how little we have to modify it, how well it
+stands the test of time, how accurate are his descriptions, how perfect
+his figures and illustrations, and how even today they form admirable
+standards for all the work that has been done since. After a continuous
+series of epoch-making papers and contributions which he was in the
+habit of contributing year after year, in meeting after meeting of the
+academy, he brought his initial work to a climax in 1869 when he
+published his great monograph, “Extinct Mammalian Fauna of Nebraska and
+Dakota.” That work still ranks in breadth and accuracy as the finest
+single contribution that has been made to vertebrate palæontology in
+this country, if not in the world.
+
+Whereas in Leidy we had a man of the exact observer type, Cope was a man
+who loved speculation. If Leidy was the natural successor of Cuvier,
+Cope was the natural successor of Lamarck. Leidy, in his contributions
+to the academy, covered the whole world of nature, from the Protozoa and
+Infusoria up to man, and he lived as the last great naturalist in the
+world of the old type who was able by both capacity and training to
+cover the whole field of nature. Cope, in contrast, mastered—and this
+mastery in itself was a wonderful achievement—the entire domain of
+vertebrates from the fishes up. Marsh, with less breadth and less
+ability, nevertheless was a palæontologist of a very high order and had
+a genius for appreciating what might be called the most important thing
+in science. He always knew where to explore, where to seek the
+transition stages, and he never lost the opportunity to point out at the
+earliest possible moment the most significant fact to be discovered and
+disseminated.
+
+It is most interesting to contrast the temperament of these three men,
+Joseph Leidy, Edward Drinker Cope, and Othniel Charles Marsh. They were
+as different as any three men could possibly be made, both by nature and
+nurture. As Professor Edward Smith said, in one of his addresses on
+Leidy, “scientists are only mortals after all.” Your scientific genius
+may hitch up with a star on the one hand and with an anchor on the
+other. Whereas Leidy was essentially a man of peace, Cope was what might
+be called a militant palæontologist. Whereas Leidy’s motto was peace at
+any price, Cope’s was war whatever it cost. I do not know that I can
+find from Shakespeare any characterization of Joseph Leidy, but I think
+in “Henry IV” there is a pretty good characterization of my friend
+Edward D. Cope:
+
+  I am not yet of Percy’s mind, the Hotspur of the north; he that kills
+  me some six or seven dozen of Scots at a breakfast, washes his hands,
+  and says to his wife, “Fie upon this quiet life! I want work.”
+
+Perhaps there was a scientific providence in all this; perhaps such
+antagonistic spirits were necessary to enliven and disseminate interest
+in this branch of science throughout the country. This subtle combative
+quality in a palæontologist is a strange quality; it is a strange
+inversion, because the more ancient and difficult the study, the more
+refractory the fossil, the greater the animation of discussion regarding
+its relationships. From this subtle ferment there arose the famous
+rivalry which existed not between Leidy and either of the others,
+because it was impossible to quarrel with Leidy, but between Cope, the
+descendant of a Quaker family, and Marsh, the nephew of a great
+philanthropist. When I took up the subject as a young man and first came
+to the City of Brotherly Love I always expected to learn of some fresh
+discussion, some recent combat; it was even in the shade of the Academy
+of Natural Sciences that one found echoes of these convulsive movements.
+I remember one day coming into the dignified halls of the academy and
+finding two of the youthful attendants engaged in hot discussion over a
+dispute they had overheard at a meeting of the academy the night before.
+
+Leidy, after the characterizations that we have heard of his life from
+Conklin, Jennings, Scott and others, occupied a pivotal position, a very
+interesting pivotal position. He was in an intellectual environment and
+more or less in a social environment entirely different from our own.
+This is very important to keep in mind in estimating his work. In spirit
+he was, I think, a true pre-Darwinian in the sense of seeking what may
+be called facts for Darwin and in the breadth and scope of his
+researches. But he lived in an entirely different intellectual
+atmosphere from that which surrounds our scientific world of today; he
+was a John the Baptist for Charles Darwin. We must remember that twelve
+years before Darwin brought forth the “Origin of Species” this young man
+was beginning to assemble a mass of data which would have been of great
+value to the great British naturalist. As shown by Professor Scott, he
+was tracing the ancestral lineage of the horse, the camel, the
+rhinoceros, the tapir family, the titanotheres, and last, but not least,
+the anatomical forebears of man.
+
+Nevertheless, Leidy was an evolutionist _sub rosa_; he was an
+evolutionist without ever using the word evolution. There is no doubt
+about that when you read a citation from his writings such as was
+selected by Professor Jennings:
+
+  The study of the earth’s crust teaches us that very many species of
+  plants and animals became extinct at successive periods, while other
+  races originated to occupy their places. This probably was the result,
+  in many cases, of a change in exterior conditions incompatible with
+  the life of certain species and favorable to the primitive production
+  of others.... Living beings did not exist upon the earth prior to
+  their indispensable conditions of action, but wherever these have been
+  brought into operation concomitantly, the former originated.... Of the
+  life, present everywhere with its indispensable conditions, and coeval
+  in its origin with them, what was the immediate cause? It could not
+  have existed upon earth prior to its essential conditions; and is it,
+  therefore, the result of these? There appear to be but trifling steps
+  from the oscillating particles of inorganic matter to a bacterium;
+  from this to a vibrio, thence to a monas, and so gradually up to the
+  highest orders of life! The most ancient rocks containing remains of
+  living beings indicate the contemporaneous existence of the more
+  complex as well as the simplest of organic forms; but, nevertheless,
+  life may have been ushered upon earth, through oceans of the lowest
+  types, long previously to the deposit of the oldest palæozoic rocks as
+  known to us.
+
+This really is a sketch in 1847 of environment and survival such as we
+now know to be the actual course of evolution and was truly anticipatory
+of modern results, substituting modern language as we may do for the
+quaint phraseology of the period.
+
+On the subject of the evolution of man especially Leidy certainly had
+very clear and positive ideas. He caught from Goethe the significance of
+the occasional reversion and the embryonic suture between the
+premaxillary and maxillary bones—constituting a single bone in the human
+subject, two bones in the lower order of mammals. He pointed out this
+suture in 1847 in the skull of a native from one of the Hollander
+Islands. In 1849 he pointed out the separate embryonic condition of the
+intermaxillary bones. In both cases, as was his habit, Leidy obviously
+saw the significance but, always sticking to facts and a presentation of
+facts, he let the matter rest there. The most pronounced adumbration,
+however, of the evolution of man from the primates is to be found in a
+citation of his volume of 1873, a period when the descent of man was
+still not recognized:
+
+  But little change would be necessary to evolve from the jawbone and
+  teeth of _Notharctus_ that of the modern monkey. The same condition
+  that would lead to the suppression of a first premolar tooth in
+  continuance would reduce the fangs of the other premolars to a single
+  one. This change with the common teeth shortening and the increase of
+  the depth of the jaw would give the character of the living South
+  American monkey. A further reduction would give rise to the condition
+  of the jaw in the Old World apes and in man.
+
+I do not need to point out that the human jaw, next to the human
+forehead, is the most significant feature in the transformation from the
+lower to the higher primates. But some of those here present may not
+know that a monograph has been written by my successor and colleague,
+Professor William K. Gregory, upon the genus _Notharctus_ Leidy.
+Gregory, fifty years after this significant passage was written by
+Leidy, chose _Notharctus_ as an ideal intermediate type to place in a
+theoretic ancestral series leading up to man, and in the beautiful
+series of preparations which he has recently completed showing the
+development of the human face in all stages from the most remote
+ancestral facial type to the modern human face, Gregory uses
+_Notharctus_ as the pivotal point, just as did Leidy fifty years ago.
+
+To return to the matter of Leidy’s intellectual environment: how much we
+owe today to our intellectual environment, how much we owe to battles
+which have been fought and won over insufficient evidence! Not battles
+of words, but battles of facts. Such evidence as that of _Notharctus_
+the alert vision of Leidy detected and put in its proper place. In those
+days “mum” was the word as regards evolution. Neither Cuvier nor Owen,
+the British successor of Cuvier, nor Louis Agassiz, great naturalists
+all, had accepted the theory; theologic influence was still
+all-powerful. Fortunately for Leidy, William Jennings Bryan was still in
+embryo. Trying to form an historic parallel of William Jennings Bryan, I
+think it may be found in the figure of King Canute sitting with his
+court on the shores of Nature, trying to beat back the waves of Truth.
+If Leidy had lived in the era of Bryan, he undoubtedly would have been
+classified with Professor Conklin and myself—he would have been made
+with us a type of a new genus, _Anathema maranatha_, in which, according
+to the zoology of Bryan, are embraced “tall professors coming down out
+of trees who would push good people not believing in evolution off the
+sidewalk.” Leidy would not have been burned at the stake, only because
+of legal obstacles. Similarly, I think that Professor Conklin and myself
+owe our lives to the fact that _autos da fé_ in matters of belief are no
+longer matters of common practice in our civilization!
+
+It is perhaps particularly fitting that Professor Scott and myself were
+asked to speak at this centenary, for one reason above others. We have
+been the defendants and supporters of the Leidy tradition. I am not
+quite sure, but I doubt if you will find in the writings of Professor
+Cope or Professor Marsh a single allusion to the work of Leidy. I make
+this statement subject to verification, but I do not recall in their
+writings a single allusion to the work of Leidy, except a brief tribute
+by Marsh in an early address; the rivalry between the two men went to
+such lengths that in their race with each other Leidy was totally
+forgotten. Every new animal that was discovered was given a new
+scientific name by each of them. _Notharctus_ Leidy, for example, is
+exactly the same animal as _Tomitherium_ Cope and _Limnotherium_ Marsh.
+Thus arose a trinominal system—three names each for the Eocene and
+Oligocene animals—the original Leidy name and the Cope and Marsh names.
+It has been the painful duty of Professor Scott and myself to devote
+thirty of the best years of our lives trying to straighten out this
+nomenclatural chaos. Even to this day we are verifying the observations
+of Leidy; we find that he never made an incorrect observation or
+published an incorrect figure; his accuracy in these regards is one of
+his greatest and most permanent claims to immortality as a
+palæontologist.
+
+I do not know that I altogether agree with my friend Conklin in his
+address as to the relation of extensive and intensive work. If I
+understand him aright, he rather implies that intensive work is an
+inevitable feature of modern scientific progress. I would rather cite
+Leidy as an example of a man who pursued intensive work and extensive
+work simultaneously and who had the capacity to pursue intensive work in
+several branches of science, biological and geological, and I would
+regard the permanence of Leidy’s work as largely the result of the state
+of mind produced by the breadth of his intensive as well as of his
+extensive work. I would like to leave on your minds my conviction,
+buttressed by Leidy’s life, that it will be necessary even for those of
+our day to maintain the Leidy attitude, because, after all, it is in
+_the single mind that great hypotheses and theories are generated_. The
+comparative anatomist, if he dies out, will leave human anatomy
+impoverished. Today our students should return to the Leidy attitude, as
+Professor Scott said, of entering palæontology by way of medicine and
+base our education in human anatomy, as Leidy did, on a broad knowledge
+of comparative anatomy. This is only one instance out of very many that
+might be given of the legacies of Leidy to us: namely, that throughout
+his life his mind had continuously the intensive as well as the
+extensive attitude. He was able to be on the mountain-top and then
+descend into the valley, and I believe that while some men who pursue
+one subject intensively all their lives are making great discoveries,
+for example, such workers as Professor Michelson, whom we all honor, the
+chances are that few men can make great discoveries unless they approach
+the subject broadly and work from more than one angle of thought.
+
+Speaking of immortality, I share rather the Leidy view than the view of
+Cope. I wish it were possible to resurrect Joseph Leidy and to bring him
+back into the field of modern American palæontology. I wish it were
+possible to bring him back to life and to have taken him with me, for
+example, in a motorcar across the wastes of Mongolia. I can imagine the
+joy with which he would have welcomed coming upon the remains of the
+land dinosaurs, recalling his first description of a dinosaur in
+America, in the very heart of the great Desert of Gobi; and perhaps the
+still greater joy with which he would have greeted one of his
+titanotheres, one of the first mammals which he described from Wyoming,
+out on a great plain on the border of the Desert of Gobi.
+
+The desire for this kind of immortality reminds me often of the Greek
+poet:
+
+            To live like man and yet like nature to endure,
+            That double gift, to man and nature both denied,
+            The Gods alone enjoy.
+
+We are rewriting this beautiful Greek verse in the immortality of
+Leidy’s work, and we are holding up his example for the prevailing
+spirit of truthfulness, which is, after all, its most characteristic
+single feature. Would that Leidy and Huxley and Richard Owen and Cuvier
+and Marsh and Cope could see the heights which have been reached in the
+branch of science to which they devoted their lives and fortunes.
+Leidy’s infant science, in which it was most hazardous to make
+predictions, has now reached the stage which I believe is the finest in
+the history of any science—the stage of prediction—that, as astronomers
+have predicted the existence of unknown and unseen planets,
+palæontologists can also predict unknown and unseen forms of life and,
+moreover, can point out where they may be found.
+
+Is our palæontological path reaching its goal? I think not. Its final
+goal will be reached when palæontologists are able through extensive and
+intensive methods to join hands with workers in other biological fields
+and when we are able, pursuing our branch in the Leidy spirit, to bring
+together into one harmony—the harmony which certainly exists, although
+at present we do not see it—by bringing together into one harmony the
+great underlying principle, the multiple aspects of which we can sum up
+in the word “evolution.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _From a photograph by Gutekunst_
+
+  EDWARD DRINKER COPE
+]
+
+
+
+
+                          EDWARD DRINKER COPE
+                               1840–1897
+
+  Undoubtedly the most brilliant palæontologist of America and one of
+  the most brilliant scientists America has produced. This biography
+  fittingly follows that of Joseph Leidy, although there is the greatest
+  possible contrast between the life and works of the two men: Cope,
+  brilliant, daring, combative; Leidy, patient, persistent, cautious,
+  conservative. It was a contrast between the temperamental Gaelic and
+  the stable Teutonic type. The work of both men will endure for all
+  time. That of Cope requires constant emendation and revision, but it
+  leaves a firm and broad foundation for our knowledge of the evolution
+  of the vertebrata. Leidy was a master of detail, of accurate
+  description, of finished workmanship, rarely venturing generalization,
+  but he left a treasure-house of splendidly collected facts.
+
+  The work of Professor Cope began in 1859, a most favorable year, when
+  comparative anatomy first felt the impetus of Darwin’s “Origin of
+  Species.” He was then only nineteen, and for thirty-eight years
+  thereafter his active genius hastened our progress in the knowledge
+  and classification of all the great divisions of the vertebrata. He
+  passed away on April 12, 1897, at the age of fifty-seven, in the full
+  vigor of his intellectual powers, leaving a large part of his work
+  incomplete. Almost at the last he contributed several reviews to _The
+  American Naturalist_, and on the Tuesday preceding his death he sent
+  to the press the Syllabus of his lectures before the University of
+  Pennsylvania, containing his latest opinions regarding the arrangement
+  and evolution of the vertebrata.
+
+
+                           A GREAT NATURALIST
+
+Edward Drinker Cope was born in Philadelphia July 28, 1840, of
+distinguished American ancestry. His grandfather, Caleb Cope, was the
+staunch Quaker of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, who protected Major André
+from mob violence. Thomas Pim Cope, his grandfather, founded the house
+of Cope Brothers, famous in the early mercantile annals of Philadelphia.
+His father, Alfred, the junior member of the firm, was a man of very
+active intellect and showed rare judgment in Edward’s education.
+
+Together the father and son became brisk investigators, the father
+stimulating by questions and by travel the strong love of nature and of
+natural objects which the son showed at an unusually early age. In
+August, 1857, they took a sea voyage to Boston, and the son’s journal is
+full of drawings of jellyfish, grampuses, and other natural objects seen
+by the way. When eight and a half years old he made his first visit to
+the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences, “on the 21st day of the
+10th Mo., 1848,” as entered in his journal. He brought away careful
+drawings, measurements, and descriptions of several larger birds, but
+especially the figure of the entire skeleton of an ichthyosaur, with
+this quaint memorandum: “Two of the sclerotic plates look at the
+eye—thee will see these in it.” At the age of ten he was taken upon a
+longer voyage to the West Indies. It is not improbable that these
+voyages exerted a lasting influence upon him.
+
+The principal impression he gave in boyhood was of incessant activity in
+mind and body, of quick and ingenious thought, reaching in every
+direction for knowledge, and of great independence in character and
+action. It is evident that he owed far more to the direct study of
+nature and to his own impulses as a young investigator than to the five
+or six years of formal education which he received at school. He was
+especially fond of map drawing and of geographical studies. His natural
+talent for languages may have been cultivated in some degree by his
+tutor, Dr. Joseph Thomas, an excellent linguist, editor of a
+biographical dictionary. Many of his spare winter hours were passed at
+the Academy of Natural Sciences. After the age of thirteen the summer
+intervals of boarding-school life and later of tutoring were filled
+among the woods, fields, and streams of Chester County, Pennsylvania,
+where an intimate knowledge of birds was added to that of batrachians,
+reptiles, and insects. He showed a particular fondness for snakes. One
+of these excursions, taken at the age of nineteen, is described in a
+letter to his cousin (dated June 24, 1859), in which, at the close of a
+charming description of the botany of the region, appears his discovery
+of a new type:
+
+  I traced the stream for a very considerable distance upon the rocky
+  hillside, my admiration never ceasing, but I finally turned off into
+  the woods towards some towering rocks. Here I actually got to
+  searching for salamanders and was rewarded by capturing two specimens
+  of species which I never saw before alive. The first (_Spelerpes
+  longicauda_) is a great rarity here. I am doubtful of its having been
+  previously noted in Chester County. Its length is 6 inches, of which
+  its tail forms nearly four. The color is deep brownish yellow thickly
+  spotted with black, which becomes confluent on the tail, thus forming
+  bands. To me a very interesting animal—the type of the genus
+  _Spelerpes_, and consequently of the subfamily _Spelerpinæ_, which I
+  attempted to characterize in a paper published in the _Proceedings of
+  the Academy of Natural Sciences_. I send thee a copy, with the request
+  that thee will neither mention nor show it,[10] for—however trifling—I
+  would doubtless be miserably annoyed by some if thee should. Nobody in
+  this country (or in Europe, of _ours_) knows anything about
+  salamanders, but Professor Baird and thy humble coz., that is, in some
+  respects. Rusconi, the only man who has observed their method of
+  reproduction, has written enough to excite greatly one’s curiosity and
+  not fully satisfy it. With suitable appliances of aquariums, etc., I
+  should like to make some observations. The other salamander I caught
+  was _Plethodon glutinosum_—the young—remarkable for the great number
+  of teeth that lie together in two patches on the “basisphenoid” bone;
+  about 300 or more.
+
+Another passage gives an insight into his strong opinion, so often
+expressed afterward, as to what constitutes the real pleasures of life:
+
+  Pleasant it is, too, to find one whose admiration of nature and detail
+  is heightened, not chilled, by the necessary “investigation”—which, in
+  my humble opinion, is one of the most useful as well as pleasing
+  exercises of the intellect, in the circle of human study. How many are
+  there who are delighted with a “fine view,” but who seldom care to
+  think of the mighty and mysterious agency that reared the hills, of
+  the wonderful structure and growth of the forests that crown them, or
+  of the complicated mechanism of the myriads of higher organisms that
+  abound everywhere; who would see but little interesting in a fungus,
+  and who would shrink with affected horror from a defenseless toad.
+
+Having passed six summers among the woods and streams of Chester County,
+Pennsylvania, it is not surprising to find him, at the time this letter
+was written, perfectly familiar with the plants, birds, snakes, and
+salamanders of eastern Pennsylvania, and perfectly aware of the rarity
+of such knowledge. His range extended with astonishing rapidity; first
+among the living reptiles and amphibians; then among living and
+palæozoic fishes; then among the great extinct reptiles of New Jersey
+and the Rocky Mountains; finally among the ancient American quadrupeds.
+He acquired in turn a masterly knowledge of each type. Irreverent toward
+old systems, eager and ambitious to replace them by new ones of his own,
+with unbounded powers of hard work, whether in the field or at his desk,
+he rapidly became a leading spirit among the workers in the great realm
+of the backboned creation, both in America and Europe. While inferior in
+logic, he showed Huxley’s unerring vision of the most distinctive
+feature in a group of animals, as well as the broad grasp of Cuvier and
+of Cuvier’s famous English disciple, Owen. While most men of our day are
+able to specialize among the details of an order, or at most of a class,
+Cope, at the age of thirty-four, had in his mental horizon at once the
+five great classes, although since Owen’s time they had been greatly
+expanded by palæontological discovery. He was thus the last and most
+distinguished representative of the old school of comparative
+anatomists. His high pressure of thirty-eight years’ work was not
+consistent with excelling accuracy. We have often to look behind the
+returns in using Cope’s work. Yet if it lacks German exactness, French
+beauty of presentation, and the solidity which marks the best English
+scientific workmanship, its dominant principles are sound and its chief
+anatomical generalizations will endure longer than those of either Owen
+or Cuvier.
+
+With this peculiar fitness for great studies came first the glorious
+opportunity of entering the unknown western field as a pioneer with
+Marsh and Leidy. In 1866 he was the first to find along the New Jersey
+coast remains of the leaping dinosaur, _Lælaps aquilunguis_, and he
+anticipated Huxley in comparing these reptiles with the birds. In 1871
+he extended his explorations westward into what is now the most arid
+portion of Kansas, among the remains of the ancient marine monsters, the
+ram-nosed mosasaur and the sea-serpent, or elasmosaur. Following up the
+rapid advance of government exploration in the Rocky Mountains between
+1872 and 1878, he discovered in New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming the
+great amphicœlias, the gigantic camarasaurus, and the frill-necked
+dinosaur agathaumas. As a pioneer in exploration among these giant
+animals he was obliged to draw his conclusions largely from fragmentary
+and imperfect materials, leaving the field open to Professor Marsh’s
+more exhaustive explorations, which were supported by the government.
+Yet Professor Cope illuminated the incomplete fragments with his
+reasoning and his fertile imagination. When a bone came into his hands,
+his first step was to turn it over and over, to comprehend its form
+thoroughly, and to compare it with its nearest ally, then to throw out a
+conjecture as to its uses and its relation to the life economy of the
+animal as a whole. One often found him virtually living in the past,
+vividly picturing to himself the muddy shores of the Permian seas of
+Texas, where the fin-back lizards basked, or the great fresh-water
+expanses of Wyoming and Montana, where the dinosaurs wandered. His
+conclusions as to the habits and modes of locomotion of these animals,
+often so grotesque as to excite laughter, were suggestive revivals from
+the vast deeps of time of the muscular and nervous life which once
+impelled the mighty bones. It is fortunate that some of this imaginative
+history has been written down by Mr. Ballou and that, although
+physically enfeebled by a mortal illness, Professor Cope in his last
+days was able to convey to Mr. Knight, the artist, his impressions of
+how these ancient saurians lived and moved.
+
+The second feature of his opportunity was, of course, that this pioneer
+exploration came early in the age of Darwinism, when missing links, not
+only in human ancestry, but in the greater chain of backboned animals,
+were at the highest premium. Thus he was fortunate in recording the
+discovery in northwestern New Mexico of by far the oldest quadrupeds
+known, in finding among these the most venerable monkey, in describing
+to the world hundreds of links—in fact, whole chains—of descent between
+the most ancient quadrupeds and what we please to call the higher types,
+especially the horses, camels, tapirs, dogs, and cats. He labored
+successfully to connect the reptiles with the amphibians and the latter
+with the fishes, and was as quick as a flash to detect in the paper of
+another author the oversight of some long-sought link which he had been
+awaiting. Thus in losing him we have lost our ablest and most discerning
+critic. No one has made such profuse and overwhelming demonstration of
+the actual historical working of the laws of evolution, his popular
+reputation perhaps resting most widely upon his practical and
+speculative studies in evolution.
+
+Many friends in this country and abroad have spoken of the invigorating
+nature of his companionship. A life of intense activity, harassed for
+long periods by many difficulties and obstacles, many of them of his own
+making, was nevertheless wholly without worry, that destroyer of the
+mind so common in our country. His half-century’s enjoyment of research,
+extending from his seventh to his fifty-seventh year, can only be
+described in its effects upon him as buoyant; it lifted him far above
+disturbance by the ordinary matters of life, above considerations of
+physical comfort and material welfare, and animated him with a serene
+confidence in the rewards which Science extends to her votaries. He
+exemplified the truth of the words which Peacock puts into the
+meditation of Asterius:
+
+  ... while science moves on in the calm dignity of its course,
+  affording to youth delights equally pure and vivid—to maturity, calm
+  and grateful occupation—to old age, the most pleasing recollections
+  and inexhaustible materials of agreeable and salutary reflection; and
+  while its votary enjoys the disinterested pleasure of enlarging the
+  intellect and increasing the comforts of society, he is himself
+  independent of the caprices of human intercourse and the accidents of
+  human fortune. Nature is his great and inexhaustible treasure. His
+  days are always too short for his enjoyment; ennui is a stranger to
+  his door. At peace with the world and with his own mind, he suffices
+  to himself, makes all around him happy, and the close of his pleasing
+  and beneficial existence is the evening of a beautiful day.
+
+While working at Cope’s museum-residence at Philadelphia, I have had
+many queer experiences in the odd, half-Bohemian restaurants which the
+naturalist frequented. The quality of the meal was a secondary
+consideration to him, provided it afforded sufficient brain fuel. While
+eating he always relaxed into pure fun and displayed a large fund of
+amusing anecdotes of the experiences, mishaps, and frailties of
+scientists, his own as often as those of others. He worked deliberately
+and gave his whole mind to one subject at a time, if he considered it of
+special importance, this power being aided by his remarkable memory of
+species and of objects long laid aside for future reference. In his
+field exploration his scientific enthusiasm burned still higher in
+pursuit of an unknown type or a missing link. Neither horses nor men
+could keep pace with his indefatigable energy. Heat and alkali-water
+were totally disregarded. From one of his Bitter Creek Desert trips he
+returned to Fort Bridger completely exhausted and for weeks was
+prostrated with fever. Only a short time before his death he laughingly
+related that after a solemn warning by a physician to avoid horse-back
+riding and exposure to water, his health had been greatly improved in
+the course of a summer by three hundred miles’ exercise in the saddle in
+North Dakota and several weeks’ wading in New Jersey swamps. His house
+in Pine Street became every year a greater curiosity as the accumulating
+fossils, books, and pamphlets outtaxed the shelves and began to thicken
+like stratified deposits upon the floor in dust-laden walls and lanes.
+Even his sleeping-room was piled to the ceiling, and he closed his eyes
+for the last time while lying upon a bed surrounded on three sides by
+the loved objects of his life-work.
+
+The most conspicuous feature of Cope’s character from boyhood upward was
+independence; this was partly the secret of his venturesome and
+successful assaults upon all traditional but defective systems of
+classification. Seldom has a face reflected a character more fully than
+that of Professor Cope. His square and prominent forehead suggested his
+vigorous intellect and marvelous memory; his brilliant eyes were the
+media of exceptional keenness of observation; his prominent chin was in
+traditional harmony with his aggressive spirit. From this rare
+combination of qualities so essential to free investigation sprang his
+scientific genius, and, with exceptional facilities of wealth and
+culture in his early education, he became a great naturalist—certainly
+the greatest America has produced.
+
+As a comparative anatomist he ranks both in the range and effectiveness
+of knowledge and ideas with Cuvier and Owen. When we consider the short
+life of some of the favorite generalizations of these great men he may
+well prove to be their superior as a philosophical anatomist. His work,
+while inferior in style of presentation, has another quality, which
+distinguishes that of Huxley, namely, its clear and immediate perception
+of the most essential or distinctive features in a group of animals. As
+a natural philosopher, while far less logical than Huxley, he was more
+creative and constructive, his metaphysics ending in theism rather than
+in agnosticism.
+
+Cope is not to be thought of merely as a specialist. After Huxley he was
+the last representative of the old broad-gauge school of anatomists, and
+he is only to be compared with members of that school. His life-work
+bears the marks of great genius, of solid and accurate observation as
+well as of inaccuracy due to bad logic or haste and overpressure of
+work. Although the greater number of his Natural Orders and Natural Laws
+will remain as permanent landmarks in our science, a large part of his
+systematic work will require laborious revision and thus is far from
+standing as a model to the young zoologist.
+
+Appreciation of greatness is a mark of the civilization and culture of a
+people. Cope’s monumental work, preserved in thousands of notes, short
+papers, and memoirs, and in three bulky government quartos, constitutes
+his assurance of enduring fame. Some of his countrymen, and even of his
+fellow workers, allowed certain of his characteristics to obscure his
+stronger side in their estimate of him and his work, and during his life
+he received few of the honors such as foreigners are wont to bestow upon
+their countrymen of note. When we think more deeply of what really
+underlies human progress, we realize that only to a few men with the
+light of genius is it given to push the world’s human thought along, and
+that Edward Drinker Cope was one of these men.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _From a photograph copyright by Underwood and Underwood_
+
+  THEODORE ROOSEVELT
+]
+
+
+
+
+                           THEODORE ROOSEVELT
+                               1858–1919
+
+  In his early life Roosevelt was a warm friend and companion of my
+  naturalist brother, Frederick. During the last ten years of his life I
+  became very intimate with him, especially after the writing of my “Age
+  of Mammals” in 1910, which he read with ardor. Recalling his
+  experiences as Police Commissioner of the City of New York, in writing
+  to me of this book he said he enjoyed comparing certain politicians
+  with whom he was thrown with the hyænodons and certain less desirable
+  animal citizens of the Tertiary age! It was perhaps this running
+  parallel between human nature and animal nature which grew on his mind
+  and caused him to seek my advice when invited to prepare and deliver
+  the Romanes Lecture at Oxford, which he entitled “Biological Analogies
+  in History.” He was more kinds of a man than any one I have ever
+  known—that is, able in more lines.
+
+  In this “Impression” I endeavor to show that the scientific side of
+  Roosevelt’s life is to be taken seriously; that he had unusual ability
+  as a naturalist and observer, which would have led to a distinguished
+  career in science had he not been turned to government. Above all
+  things he desired to be truthful and strictly accurate, and he took
+  infinite pains not to exaggerate but to present the real facts.
+
+
+                           THEODORE ROOSEVELT
+                               NATURALIST
+
+       “Do what you can, where you are, with what you have.”
+                                                     —ROOSEVELT.
+
+Theodore Roosevelt doubtless inherited his natural history bent from his
+father, who was a founder of the American Museum of Natural History in
+the year 1869. I had the good fortune to recall young Theodore in his
+boyhood, because of no life may it more truly be said that “the child is
+father of the man.” He was one of a youthful band of bird-lovers,
+observers and collectors, among whom was my brother Frederick, who came
+together in the seventies. While Frederick confined himself to birds,
+Theodore was interested also in mammals and small amphibians, and he
+came back from their collecting trips with all kinds of specimens.
+Frederick invited Theodore to collect birds with him in the forests of
+the Hudson River highlands, and on one occasion, when every pocket was
+full of specimens, Theodore suddenly discovered what he believed to be a
+new species of frog. Having no other place for it, he put it on top of
+his head and clapped on his hat. Things went very well until the boys
+happened to meet the Honorable Hamilton Fish, then Secretary of State,
+taking his dignified afternoon drive along the Hudson with Mrs. Fish. Of
+course both boys doffed their hats, whereupon Theodore’s frog, tired of
+confinement, made a spring forward! That the youthful collector
+recovered and replaced the frog as soon as the Secretary’s carriage was
+out of sight illustrates one of Roosevelt’s great characteristics as a
+naturalist—to collect at all hazards, at any amount of personal
+inconvenience. Like the young Darwin, who brought back a species of bug
+in his mouth because he had no more space in his pocket, the boy
+Roosevelt never let an opportunity pass and finally became one of the
+greatest of American collectors. In a letter to me dated December 9,
+1914, he wrote:
+
+  My memory is that I was one of the group who founded the Linnæan
+  Society, although it was then a very small society and my part was
+  humble and inconspicuous. As a boy I worked in the museum and
+  specifically remember skinning some rather reddish white-footed mice
+  which I thought were golden mice and was much disappointed to find
+  that they were not. Fred and I worked under Bell and sometimes visited
+  the museum together and did work there. Bell’s shop was down town on
+  Broadway. I remember very well once being allowed to look over a large
+  number of South American mice in the museum when I was a small boy and
+  appealing to Mr. Bickmore to know how I could get at the relationship
+  of the South American mice with our northern mice of the same family.
+  Fred and I did much about the same kind of work but I was much more
+  interested than he was in the book part of it.
+
+Roosevelt’s boyish collection of birds led to his initial training under
+Bell, a well-known taxidermist of New York at that time, and, still more
+unusual, to his discovery of a new species of bird and the preparation
+of his first scientific paper describing it.[11] This illustrates
+another characteristic, which is lacking in many naturalists, namely,
+the desire to publish as promptly as possible and to lose not a precious
+moment of time in getting ready for the next publication. This
+characteristic finally made Theodore Roosevelt a voluminous writer on
+natural history in the last two decades of his life. During his ranching
+experience he was constantly observing the western game mammals and he
+made extensive contributions to our knowledge of their habits and
+distribution. Birds were his first love, and by far the most thorough
+knowledge which he displayed was in the field of ornithology; he knew
+not only the birds and their songs but also all their scientific names.
+Lord Grey, in an address to the Harvard students, verified this
+statement of Roosevelt’s unusual knowledge of birds, British as well as
+American. Walking through the New Forest together they observed upward
+of thirty species of birds, each of which Theodore Roosevelt knew by
+familiar and scientific name, recognizing many of them by what he had
+read of their songs.
+
+Among extinct animals, in which I am especially interested, Roosevelt
+was not an original observer, but he was a voracious reader of
+everything worth while written about them and soon became extremely well
+informed. In this connection I recall an amusing and characteristic
+incident. Receiving an invitation to deliver one of the Romanes Lectures
+at Oxford—perhaps the greatest lectureship of the kind in the
+world—Roosevelt wrote to me, as follows, for advice as to whether he
+could do it and should do it:
+
+  I have just received from Lord Curzon, the Chancellor of Oxford, a
+  request to deliver the Romanes Lecture at any time I see fit. I shall
+  probably accept for the spring that I get out of Africa on my way back
+  to the United States. It seems to me worth while for me to do so.
+  Doesn’t it seem so to you? It is a lecture which has been delivered by
+  Gladstone, Huxley, John Morley, Bryce, and other men of that stamp.
+
+I replied in the affirmative on both questions and he immediately wrote
+back that he would prepare the lecture on condition that I would read it
+over and make corrections, since it was my peculiar field of work. At
+that time he was President of the United States, nearing the end of his
+term and engaged in a tremendous struggle with both the Senate and the
+House, on which for the time he had apparently lost his hold. This
+political preoccupation, however, did not prevent his preparing three
+very important addresses which he had been asked to deliver, in Berlin,
+in Paris, and that above mentioned in Oxford.
+
+In a relatively short time I received the manuscript of his Romanes
+Lecture. It was full of analogies between the extinct animal kingdom and
+the kingdoms and principalities of the human world, in which he compared
+one moribund government in Europe to the _Megatherium_ and another that
+had ceased to progress about three centuries ago to the _Glyptodon_! I
+drew heavy blue pencil lines across these pages, with the word “omit” in
+the margin, and wrote: “I have left out certain passages that are likely
+to bring on war between the United States and the governments referred
+to.” It developed later that the expurgated passages were quite dear to
+the author, but in keeping with his character he thanked me warmly and
+assured me that
+
+  I have profited by your advice to at once change what I said about the
+  Dutch, Portuguese, and Spanish, and I think I now have it so that no
+  legitimate offense can be taken. But you rather frighten me by
+  speaking of the importance which you say will be attached to my
+  speech. I am speaking purely as a layman and as a private citizen, and
+  when I accepted the invitation it never occurred to me that any more
+  importance would be attached to what I said than, for instance, to
+  what Curzon or Bryce said in their lectures.
+
+Shortly afterward, at a White House luncheon, I was surprised when
+President Roosevelt informed the entire table that I had been reviewing
+his Romanes Lecture and softening some of his favorite war-provoking
+passages. I had already read the manuscript twice, but I told him I
+would be glad to look it over again. I shall never forget his reply;
+with a broad sweep of his hand, ending with his fist on the luncheon
+table, he said:
+
+  No, I am not going to touch that lecture again. I shall put it away,
+  send it to London, and entirely dismiss it from my mind until I take
+  the train for Oxford—that Romanes Lecture is finished!
+
+He kept this resolution and instead of taking the manuscript of his
+three great European addresses with him, as other authors would have
+done, he went to Africa with only the Dark Continent in his mind. This
+was one of the secrets of his extraordinary success, namely, his power
+to concentrate all his thought and energy for the time being on a single
+object.
+
+Some years after Roosevelt’s return from Africa and his triumphal tour
+of Europe, including the reception at Oxford, in conversation with the
+Archbishop of York our talk turned on Theodore Roosevelt and this
+Romanes Lecture of 1910. Said His Grace: “I heard Roosevelt, and in the
+way of grading which we have at Oxford we agreed to mark the lecture
+‘beta minus’ but the lecturer ‘alpha plus.’ While we felt that the
+lecture was not a very great contribution to science we were sure that
+the lecturer was a very great man, to be ranked in the plus A class.
+After the lecture Colonel Roosevelt asked me how I liked it. I may have
+expressed rather qualified admiration and seeing my hesitation he said:
+‘Well, that lecture would have been a great deal stronger had not one of
+my scientific friends in America _blue-penciled the best part of it_.’”
+
+While perhaps strongest in his knowledge of birds, Theodore Roosevelt
+also gained an extraordinary knowledge of mammals, especially of North
+America and of Africa. In preparing for his African trip he called upon
+me for all the books I could supply from the Osborn Library in the
+American Museum, which in many respects is one of the most complete in
+the country, if not in the world. For several weeks he consumed five
+books a week, sitting up to the small hours of the morning to complete
+his reading or until Mrs. Roosevelt insisted upon his retiring. Thus in
+the course of a few weeks he had read all that had been written about
+the great mammals of Africa from Sclater to Selous. He read so rapidly
+that it did not seem possible that he could absorb it all, yet when we
+gathered at Sagamore Hill to talk over his expedition—a group of the
+very best naturalists familiar with African life whom he could get
+together for luncheon—he displayed a knowledge of the genera and species
+and of the precise localities where each might be found which was equal
+or superior to that of any man in the room. To cite only one instance of
+his marvelous memory and of his thoroughness of preparation: a question
+arose as to the locality of a particular subspecies, Grevy’s zebra
+(_Equus grevyi foai_). Roosevelt went to the map, pointed out directly
+the particular and only spot where it could be found and said that he
+thought the expedition could not possibly get down in that direction.
+
+Equipped with this knowledge and aided by three or four exceptional men
+like Heller and Akeley, he conducted, under the auspices of the
+Smithsonian Institution, by far the most successful expedition that has
+ever penetrated Africa, the chief collections from which are now housed
+in our National Museum in Washington, a few fine specimens coming to the
+American Museum. Not content with his magazine articles in _Scribner’s_
+about the African trip, Roosevelt set to work with Heller and wrote one
+of the finest books we have, “African Game Trails,” a volume replete
+from cover to cover with accurate, original information—in fact, a real
+contribution.
+
+Roosevelt’s return from Africa and triumphal progress through Germany,
+France, and England, which reached a climax in the boisterous welcome he
+received in the avenues of New York, left his personality utterly
+untouched by a trace of vanity. A few days afterward, at a very quiet
+lunch at the Museum, I spoke of the great opportunity afforded by the
+detachment of his life in Africa to gain a true perspective of his life
+and career, such as it is impossible to gain in the crowded conditions
+of the modern world. I shall always remember his gesture and reply.
+Partly raising his hands in front of his face, as if to shut out the
+inner vision, he said, “I never want to look at or think about myself.”
+
+In the many conversations and conferences which we enjoyed together and
+in the correspondence of the succeeding years, the impression which
+Roosevelt made upon me was one of innate modesty, of full consciousness
+of the limitations of his powers and of sincere deference to the
+opinions of more experienced men, especially in his own beloved field of
+natural history. The same desire to be accurate and to be right
+displayed in the preparation of his Romanes Lecture reappeared from time
+to time in the submission of his opinions and theories to other
+naturalists.
+
+Perhaps the finest illustration of his lack of self-deception came out
+in a private testimonial dinner given him by his friend Robert Collier.
+The dinner was by far the most brilliant one of the kind I have ever
+attended; the guests came from various parts of the country and included
+only his warm personal friends and admirers. When it came Roosevelt’s
+turn to speak he leaned forward, resting both closed hands on the table
+after the manner of Clemenceau, and spoke very quietly, with the utmost
+simplicity and directness, expressing with brief candor his own feelings
+regarding his reception abroad and at home. Briefly rehearsing his
+experiences abroad, he said that he was far more gratified by his
+reception at home and welcome to America than by any of the acclamation
+he had received abroad. Then, lowering his voice and his head, he
+continued:
+
+  But, my friends—you all are my friends—I am not deceived for one
+  moment. I know the American people; they have a way of erecting a
+  triumphal arch, and after the Conquering Hero has passed beneath it he
+  may expect to receive a shower of bricks on his back at any moment!
+  Yes, my friends, I am having a bully time. I am swimming on the very
+  crest of the wave and enjoying it immensely, but I am not for a moment
+  deceived; next week or next month I may be again in the trough of the
+  wave, but I assure you I shall be swimming just as hard and enjoying
+  life just as much as I now am.
+
+None of his friends at that time believed that such a prophecy could
+possibly be realized, yet it came true with amazing suddenness. Within a
+few weeks his name had apparently left the headlines for good; it
+appeared only in small type in brief paragraphs on inside pages. To the
+superficial observer, to those who did not know the real Roosevelt and
+his powers of resilience his career was ended.
+
+The lull in publicity gave him the quiet he needed to devote to three
+volumes of natural history and to prepare for his last and altogether
+greatest period of exploration. His manifold ability and the marked
+characteristics of his multiple personality came out in the course of
+his plans for the great expedition to South America projected in the
+spring of 1913 and executed between October, 1913, and June, 1914. He
+had selected an unknown and particularly dangerous region, where the
+native tribes had never been thoroughly subdued by the Brazilian
+government. He marked out this region as his first choice for a South
+American expedition. I sent word to him through our mutual friend, Frank
+M. Chapman, that I would never consent to his going to this particular
+region under the American Museum flag, that I would not assume even part
+of the responsibility for his entering such a dangerous country and not
+returning alive. With a smile he sent back to me through Chapman a
+characteristic reply:
+
+  Tell Osborn I have already lived and enjoyed as much of life as any
+  nine other men I know; I have had my full share, and if it is
+  necessary for me to leave my bones in South America, I am quite ready
+  to do so.
+
+Although more prudent plans prevailed and we finally determined upon a
+route which resulted in the discovery of the Rio Roosevelt, yet the
+exposure, the excessively moist climate, the dearth of food, clothing
+and supplies, and the malarial infection very nearly cost Roosevelt his
+life. There is no doubt that the hazard of the trip meant nothing to
+him. While never reckless, he was absolutely fearless. His plans were
+made with the utmost intelligence and thoroughness, and with the trained
+assistance of his son Kermit, the South American experience and stalwart
+courage of George K. Cherrie, and the devoted companionship of Colonel
+Candido Mariano da Silva Rondon and Leo E. Miller, he led the most
+important expedition that has ever gone from North into South America.
+As a result of this expedition through Paraguay and the wilderness of
+Brazil more than 450 mammal and 1375 bird specimens were added to the
+American Museum collections, in addition to the geographic results,
+which aroused such a chorus of discussion and diversity of opinion.
+Roosevelt was so impressed with the importance of continuing the
+exploration that on his return he personally contributed two thousand
+dollars from his literary earnings to send his companion naturalists
+back to the field.
+
+An American statesman, who should have known better, once characterized
+Roosevelt as “one who knew a little about more things than any one else
+in this country.” This gives an entirely false impression of Roosevelt’s
+mind, which was of quite the contrary order. What Roosevelt did know in
+history and in natural history he knew thoroughly; he went to the very
+bottom of things, if possible, and no one was more conscientious than he
+where his knowledge was limited or merely that of the intelligent
+layman. His thorough research in preparing for the African and South
+American expeditions was not that of the amateur or of the sportsman but
+of the trained naturalist who desires to learn as much as possible from
+previous students and explorers.
+
+The State of New York will erect a splendid memorial to Theodore
+Roosevelt the Naturalist and Explorer which will perpetuate the
+idealistic and courageous aspects of his character and life as a
+naturalist. It will adjoin the American Museum of Natural History, which
+he loved and which inspired him to the activities of his youth and his
+mature years, where he sought the companionship of men of kindred
+ambitions and to which he repaired, in the intervals of politics and of
+pressing duties of every kind, for keen and concentrated discussions on
+animal coloration, the geographic distribution of mammals and birds, the
+history of human races, evolution of special groups of animals, and the
+furtherance of his expeditions. The memorial will remind boys and girls
+of all generations of Americans of Theodore Roosevelt’s spirit of
+self-effacement, of love, of zeal, of fearlessness, of energy, of
+intelligence with which they should approach nature in all of its
+wonderful aspects.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JOHN BURROUGHS—JUNE, 1896
+]
+
+
+
+
+                             THE TWO JOHNS
+
+                             JOHN BURROUGHS
+                               1837–1919
+
+                               JOHN MUIR
+                               1838–1914
+
+  “The two Johns,” as they were affectionately known by their comrades
+  on the Harriman Expedition to Alaska, were alike in their Christian
+  names, in their love of nature, and, to a certain extent, in their
+  powers of expression, but they were profoundly different in every
+  other respect. I had the privilege of knowing John Muir much more
+  intimately than I knew John Burroughs. I learned through
+  correspondence and through long and intimate conversations thoroughly
+  to understand his Scotch soul, which had a strong Norse element in it
+  and a moral fervor drawn from the Bible of the Covenanters. It is
+  interesting to contrast this Scotch type of soul with the English type
+  of soul seen in John Burroughs.
+
+  I had in mind for some time this idea of the racial soul as something
+  more profound in its influence than either the racial temperament or
+  the racial mind. If the body had a long history in the past, so has
+  the soul of man. In reading Wordsworth’s noble “Ode on the Intimations
+  of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood,” it flashed
+  across my mind that along an entirely different path I had reached the
+  same conclusion as Wordsworth: namely, that the human soul is full of
+  reminiscences and that it responds to conditions and experiences long
+  bygone.
+
+
+                   THE RACIAL SOUL OF JOHN BURROUGHS
+
+Indelibly stamped on my mind is the celebration of John Burroughs’s
+seventy-fifth birthday in the Bird Hall of the American Museum of
+Natural History, when six hundred children of the New York East Side
+schools, Czechs, Hungarians, Poles, Slovaks, no trace of American stock
+among them, came to tell Burroughs how they loved him and his writings.
+Twelve bright girls and boys, each representing a volume of the edition
+of his collected works and wearing the name of the volume suspended in
+front, came forward and recited a verse or a bit of prose from the
+volume represented. Tears came into the eyes of “the good gray poet,”
+Burroughs’s own designation of Walt Whitman, as the love and admiration
+of the spirited children poured in upon him. The scene reflected the
+high purpose of literature, the interpretation of the spiritual and
+moral influences of nature.
+
+With a large following of grown men, a circle of admirers which included
+such extremes as Henry Ford and Theodore Roosevelt, Burroughs was
+preeminently the poet of the school children of America, his ability for
+humanizing his dumb friends of the animal world having caught the fancy
+of the children, thus giving him one of his claims to immortality in
+America, if not in other countries. It was his part in America to throw
+the light of nature into the “prison-house,” to use Wordsworth’s phrase,
+which civilization throws around our youth:
+
+             Heaven lies about us in our infancy!
+             Shades of the prison-house begin to close
+                   Upon the growing Boy,
+             But He beholds the light, and whence it flows,
+                   He sees it in his joy;
+             The Youth, who daily farther from the east
+                   Must travel, still is Nature’s Priest,
+                   And by the vision splendid
+                   Is on his way attended;
+             At length the Man perceives it die away,
+             And fade into the light of common day.
+
+His fellow poet of nature, John Muir, though in his way a writer of
+large imagination, did not humanize his birds and mammals as Burroughs
+did—a legitimate means of charming young and old with the habits and
+moralities of animal life, provided one makes it clear that it is an
+interpretation and an analogy and not a real resemblance being pictured.
+Burroughs loved nature of the East—of New York and New England—as Muir,
+his junior by only a year, cast over us the spell of the Pacific Coast,
+from Alaska to southern California, in all its virgin grandeur. On the
+voyages to Alaska in 1899 “the two Johns,” as they were affectionately
+called by their companions, met day by day. Alike in their disregard of
+conventions, in absent-mindedness in such trivial matters as clothing
+and food, and in their readiness to absorb and to pour out their
+nature-philosophy, it would appear that one steamer was not quite large
+enough for two such great men, accustomed as each was, in his advancing
+years, to unchecked discourse and to reverent attention and interest!
+
+In my intimacy with Muir I learned that his views did not entirely
+harmonize with those of Burroughs; the difference was more or less
+traceable, I believe, to the Scotch ancestry of Muir and to his severe
+and rugged bringing up as contrasted with the more equable environment
+of Burroughs’s youth. Muir chose for observation those aspects of nature
+which present the greatest obstacles, glaciers and mountain tops,
+although he had tender moments with birds and found a personality in
+trees. He wrote about trees as has no one else in the whole history of
+trees, chiefly because he loved them as he loved men and women, and his
+powers of expression were gathered from classic British sources, such as
+the King James version of the Bible, Milton, Shakespeare, and Carlyle,
+with little influence from Thoreau and none from Whitman.
+
+In feature and in spirit of the Nordic stock, with a dash of Celtic
+temperament, Burroughs was true to his heredity. From the paternal side
+of his ancestry Burroughs received, according to a close student of his
+forebears, his religious and moral nature, his stubbornness, his
+persistence, his emotional tendencies, his love of beauty, his curiosity
+as to causes and explanations; these were the Nordic traits of his
+pedigree. Of English ancestry on his mother’s side, he inherited from
+the Kelly line, perhaps Celtic, his slight melancholy and his care-free
+love of nature. There are numerous divines on the paternal Burroughs
+side, given to Bible reading; on the maternal Kelly side are country
+folk, lovers of the outdoors, fishermen, foxhunters, one hermit, and one
+Bible reader, “Granther Kelly.” Thus Burroughs’s intellectual and
+spiritual pedigree recalls what Goethe says of his own parents:
+
+                  To my father I owe my stature,
+                  My impulse to the serious life;
+                  To my mother dear my joyous nature,
+                  My love of story-telling.
+
+At various times in Burroughs’s life one set of impulses and then
+another predominated, but his genius manifested itself in three ways:
+first, in the possession of what may be called the _nature supersense_,
+a rare endowment observed also in Wordsworth, Thoreau, and Emerson, and
+recorded by them in some of their most beautiful sentences:
+
+  This is a delicious evening, when the whole body is one sense, and
+  imbibes delight through every pore. I go and come with a strange
+  liberty in nature, a part of itself. (Thoreau: “Walden.”)
+
+  ... We have crept out of our close and crowded houses into the night
+  and morning, and we see what majestic beauties daily wrap us in their
+  bosom. How willingly we would escape the barriers which render them
+  comparatively impotent, escape the sophistication and second thought,
+  and suffer nature to entrance us.... These enchantments are medicinal,
+  they sober and heal us. (Emerson: “Nature.”)
+
+  Mounting toward the upland again, I pause reverently as the hush and
+  stillness of twilight come upon the woods. It is the sweetest, ripest
+  hour of the day. And as the hermit’s evening hymn goes up from the
+  deep solitude below me, I experience that serene exaltation of
+  sentiment of which music, literature, and religion are but the faint
+  types and symbols. (Burroughs: “In the Hemlocks.”)
+
+Of the reality of this nature supersense there is as little doubt as of
+its rarity.
+
+Burroughs may be called a natural philosopher—a nature-lover more than a
+naturalist, for the latter term is reserved for the few gifted ones,
+like Darwin and Fabre. His powers of original observation of nature were
+not great powers such as would entitle him to be called a great
+naturalist, but powers of intimate, truthful, and sympathetic
+observation joined with a love of expression that made him a prolific
+producer, and that suggested the title of his first paper, “Expression,”
+published in 1860. The naturalist instinct has certainly been rare among
+other poets and men of letters. Emerson’s “Nature,” published in 1835,
+might have been written at his library table, gazing into the firelight,
+although his poems, “May-Day,” “To the Humble Bee,” “The Rhodora,” and
+“Titmouse,” are full of the nature vision. Maeterlinck’s delightful
+naturalistic writings are rather the mastery of the observations of
+Fabre than of a single original observation on his own part. Similarly,
+the natural philosophy so beautifully expressed by Tennyson in 1850 in
+his “In Memoriam” was drawn from conversations in a Darwinian club.
+Wordsworth was richly endowed with the nature supersense, perhaps more
+so than Burroughs, but he was neither observer, naturalist, nor natural
+philosopher; he was preeminently the spiritual interpreter. On the other
+hand, the naturalistic poetry of Erasmus Darwin at the end of the
+eighteenth century, his “Botanic Garden,” his “Loves of the Plants,”
+were the rhythmic expression of original and philosophical thought of a
+high order. This is true also of Goethe’s natural history writings and
+poetic allusions to nature which sprang from original work in botany and
+anatomy and brought him near a conception of the theory of evolution a
+half-century before Charles Darwin.
+
+We look to Gilbert White as one of Burroughs’s prototypes in the union
+of observation and expression, to Izaak Walton in the joy of outdoor
+life, and especially to the truly great Americans, Thoreau and Walt
+Whitman. That Burroughs fell under Whitman’s influence very early, his
+poem “Waiting,” written at the age of twenty-five, would seem to
+indicate.
+
+My own attention, at the age of twenty-two, was called to Whitman in a
+memorable manner, when he was not considered fit reading for the young.
+It was in 1879, in the rooms of Francis Balfour, younger brother of
+Arthur, at Cambridge University, where there were weekly dinners at
+which one met wits and celebrities from London and Oxford, as well as
+from Cambridge. One evening I was approached by a tall youth with a
+handsome face, long hair, flowing collar, and sensuous mouth, who began
+immediately to offer an opinion of American literature. He said: “You
+have no real poets in America. To me Longfellow, Whittier, and the
+others are mere echoes of English singers. You Americans have only one
+sweet and true songster, whom you do not appreciate, and that is Walt
+Whitman.” These words and young Oscar Wilde’s appearance are indelibly
+impressed upon my memory because they first brought home to me the idea
+that the all-essential quality in a writer of eminence is that he must
+be of his country, of his soil. This quality, preeminent in Whitman, was
+possessed in no less degree by Burroughs, although Burroughs was by no
+means so poetic. Americanism in Americans is essential for the
+fundamental biological reason that our spiritual and intellectual
+powers, to reach their highest development, must react to our own
+environment and not to some other distant or bygone environment. Welcome
+as British, French, or classical reactions may be among us, they are not
+of our soil.
+
+These are interpretations of Burroughs’s genius, not explanations; we
+may examine and compare him with other men, but we cannot explain him
+any more than we can explain the prehistoric artists of the cave period.
+In each case the genius arrives, assumes leadership, and lifts an entire
+community of less gifted souls to a little higher level.
+
+This brings us to the sources of the racial soul. Why did the soul of
+John Burroughs react throughout his life to the genial conditions of our
+East, to its birds and plants and flowers, to its seasons, to its few
+retreats still accessible where Nature has preserved some of her
+unrestrained beauty in her contest with the ruthless destroyer that we
+call Civilization? Why was he the poet of our robins, of our
+apple-trees, of the beauties of our forests and farms? Why was he the
+ardent and sometimes violent prophet of conservation?
+
+Whence the poet’s soul, whence the soul of a race, of a people, of a
+nation? Have we not reason to believe that there is _a racial soul_ as
+well as a racial mind, a racial system of morals, a racial anatomy? This
+is the thought to which I have been led in trying to penetrate to the
+inner meaning of the life and works of John Burroughs, because, eager as
+I am about anatomy, I am far more eager about the origin and development
+of the moral, spiritual, and intellectual nature of man—the mystery of
+mysteries in biology at the present time. When Huxley in his Romanes
+Lecture held that Darwinism fails to throw light on the moral nature of
+man, he was, in my opinion, wrong; yet the origin of the anatomy and
+even of the moral nature of man is relatively simple when compared with
+the origin of the spirit and mind of man. The peculiar mystery about the
+origin of our spiritual and intellectual powers is that they appear to
+arise before they are needed—they are ready to play their part before
+the time and opportunity arise.
+
+Moreover, we have long since abandoned Herbert Spencer’s teaching that
+our spiritual and intellectual faculties are developed through the
+inherited effects of use, and we now adhere to Weismann’s teaching that
+the use or disuse of our spiritual and intellectual powers has no effect
+whatever on our offspring, except in so far as it tends to keep us in a
+normal state of mind and health. The death-blow to Herbert Spencer’s
+view was given in the discoveries of prehistoric art within the last
+quarter of a century, from which it appears that a race of men of
+spiritual and intellectual powers arose in which the art spirit had
+little to do with the struggle for existence and may have run counter to
+it, as it does at the present time. These discoveries also appear to
+give pause to the Darwinian theory of the origin of our spiritual and
+intellectual powers through Natural Selection, for the periods in man’s
+history and prehistory when the artist or the man of letters has been
+best fitted to survive have been few and far between.
+
+Again, this sudden emergence of our spiritual and intellectual nature
+from the man of the environing woods, forests, streams, plains, and
+deserts of primeval Asia and Europe does not favor Bergson’s view of the
+creative evolution of an internal spiritual and intellectual impulse
+which must flower out in time, because if Bergson were right we should
+have spiritual and intellectual genius appearing out of season and
+entirely out of accord with environment. This is not the case, because
+there is always an adjustment, a relation, between the internal
+spiritual and intellectual powers and the external nature of the time,
+the beauty or the ugliness, the ease or the hardship. It is through this
+reciprocal relation of the inner man and the environing world that there
+are so few misfits. If Bergson were right, our western world would be
+full of disharmonies; we should find Mediterranean geniuses springing up
+in Scandinavian atmospheres, as is never the case. The _racial_ creative
+spirit of man always reacts to its own historic racial environment, into
+the remote past.
+
+Our conclusion is that distinctive spiritual and intellectual powers
+originate along lines of slow racial evolution in climate and
+surroundings of distinct kinds. In the south were the Mediterranean
+lines of migration along sunny seas, formidable enough in the winter
+season, favorable to rapid development of maritime powers, together with
+artistic powers, the Mycenæans, the Phœnicians, the early Italian races.
+The Mediterraneans take nature for granted. In the centre of Europe were
+the lines of Alpine or Celtic invaders, kept entirely away from the sea,
+races of agriculturalists and of miners, rich in mechanical talent,
+neither adventurous nor sea-loving. To the north lived a race of
+hunters, of seafaring adventurers, resolutely contending with the forces
+of nature, fond of the open, curious and inquisitive about the causes of
+things; deliberate in spiritual development, very gradually they reach
+the greatest intellectual heights and depths.
+
+The racial aptitudes in these three environments of the past twenty
+thousand years are now revealed in anatomy and will be no less clearly
+revealed in the predispositions of morals, of intellect, and of spirit.
+Here nature, religion, and beauty, kept apart by the superficial vision
+of man in science, theology, and æsthetics, are one in the eternal
+vision and purpose of the Creator. In the marvelous continuity of
+heredity a thousand years are as yesterday.
+
+This is my idea of the origin of the racial soul, this is my
+interpretation of Wordsworth’s immortal lines:
+
+             Our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting:
+             The Soul that rises with us, our life’s Star,
+                 Hath had elsewhere its setting,
+                   And cometh from afar:
+                 Not in entire forgetfulness,
+                 And not in utter nakedness,
+             But trailing clouds of glory do we come
+                 From God, who is our home.
+
+Burroughs, the poet of today, found himself at home in the environment
+of his remote flint-making ancestors of northern Europe. The soul that
+rose with him had its setting for countless generations in the north; it
+came from afar, not in forgetfulness, reflecting and recalling the
+northern clouds of nature’s glory.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JOHN MUIR
+]
+
+
+                               JOHN MUIR
+
+I believe that John Muir’s name is destined to be immortal through his
+writings on mountains, forests, rivers, meadows and the sentiment of the
+animal and plant life they contain. I believe that no one else has ever
+lived with just the same sentiment toward trees and flowers and the
+works of nature in general as that which John Muir manifested in his
+life, his conversations and his writings.
+
+In the splendid journey which I had the privilege of taking with him to
+Alaska in 1896 I first became aware of his passionate love of nature in
+all its forms and his reverence for it as the direct handiwork of the
+Creator. He retained from his early religious training under his father
+this belief, which is so strongly expressed in the Old Testament, that
+all the works of nature are directly the works of God. In this sense I
+have never known any one whose nature-philosophy was more thoroughly
+theistic; at the same time he was a thorough-going evolutionist and
+always delighted in my own evolutionary studies, which I described to
+him from time to time in the course of our journeyings and
+conversations.
+
+It was in Alaska that he quoted the lines from Goethe’s “Wilhelm
+Meister” which inspired all his travels:
+
+                 Keep not standing fixed and rooted,
+                   Briskly venture, briskly roam;
+                 Head and hand, where’er thou foot it,
+                   And stout heart are still at home.
+                 In each land the sun doth visit,
+                   We are gay whate’er betide,
+                 To give room for wandering is it
+                   That the world was made so wide.
+
+Another sentiment of his regarding trees and flowers always impressed
+me: that was his attributing to them a personality, an individuality,
+such as we associate with certain human beings and animals, but rarely
+with plants. To him a tree was something not only to be loved but to be
+respected and revered. I well remember his intense indignation over the
+proposal by his friend Charles S. Sargent to substitute the name
+_Magnolia fœtida_ for _Magnolia grandiflora_ on the ground of priority.
+He quoted Sargent as saying, “After all, ‘what’s in a name?’” and
+himself as replying, “There is everything in the name; why inflict upon
+a beautiful and defenseless plant for all time the stigma of such a name
+as _Magnolia fœtida_? You yourself would not like to have your own name
+changed from Charles S. Sargent to ‘the malodorous Sargent.’”
+
+John Muir’s incomparable literary style did not come to him easily, but
+as the result of the most intense effort. I observed his methods of
+writing in connection with two of his books upon which he was engaged
+during the years 1911 and 1912. He came to our home on the Hudson in
+June, 1911, after the Yale commencement, where he had received the
+degree of LL.D. on June 21. He brought with him his new silken hood, in
+which he said he had looked very grand in the commencement parade. On
+Friday, June 21, he was established in Woodsome Lodge, a log cabin on a
+secluded mountain height, to complete his volume on the Yosemite. Daily
+he rose at 4.30 o’clock, and after a simple cup of coffee labored
+incessantly on his two books, “The Yosemite” and “Boyhood and Youth.” It
+was very interesting to watch how difficult it was for him. In my diary
+of the time I find the following notes: “Knowing his beautiful and easy
+style it is very interesting to learn how difficult it is for him; he
+groans over his labors, he writes and rewrites and interpolates. He
+loves the simplest English language and admires most of all Carlyle,
+Emerson, and Thoreau. He is a very firm believer in Thoreau and starts
+my reading deeply of this author. He also loves his Bible and is
+constantly quoting it, as well as Milton and Burns. In his attitude
+toward nature, as well as in his special gifts and abilities, Muir
+shares many qualities with Thoreau. First among these is his mechanical
+ability, his fondness for the handling of tools; second, his close
+identification with nature; third, his interpretation of the religious
+spirit of nature; fourth, his happiness in solitude with nature; fifth,
+his lack of sympathy with crowds of people; sixth, his intense love of
+animals.” Thoreau’s quiet residence at Walden is to be contrasted with
+Muir’s world-wide journeyings from Scotland to Wisconsin; his penniless
+journey down the Mississippi to Louisiana, Florida, across Panama, and
+northward into California in its early grandeur; his establishment of
+the sawmill, showing again his mechanical ability, as a means of
+livelihood in the Yosemite; his climbs in the high Sierras and discovery
+of still living glaciers; his eagerness to see the largest glaciers of
+Alaska and his several journeys and sojourns there; his wandering all
+over the great western and eastern forests of the United States; his
+visits to special forests in Europe; his world tour, without
+preconceived plan, including the wondrous forests of Africa, Australia,
+New Zealand and Asia. Finally, his very last great journey.
+
+When starting out on this South American journey, from which I among
+other friends tried to dissuade him, he often quoted the phrase, “I
+never turn back.” Although he greatly desired to have a comrade on this
+journey and often urged me to accompany him, he finally was compelled to
+start out alone, quoting Milton: “I have chosen the lonely way.” On July
+26 I said good-by to this very dear friend, leaving him to work on his
+books and prepare for the long journey to South America, especially to
+see the forests of Araucaria. I know that at this time he had little
+intention of going on to Africa. It was impulse that led him from the
+east coast of South America to take a long northward journey in order to
+catch a steamer for the Cape of Good Hope.
+
+Among the personal characteristics which stand out like crystal in the
+minds and hearts of his friends were his hatred of shams and his scorn
+of the conventions of life, his boldness and fearlessness of attack,
+well illustrated in his assault on the despoilers of the Hetch Hetchy
+Valley of the Yosemite, whom he loved to characterize as “thieves and
+robbers.” It was a great privilege to be associated with him in this
+campaign. But certainly his chief characteristic was his intimacy with
+nature and passionate love of its beauties; also, I believe, his
+marvelous insight into the creative powers of nature, closely interwoven
+with his deep religious sentiments and beliefs. Like John Burroughs in
+many of his characteristics, in others he was totally different, and
+these differences I attribute to the racial antecedents of the two men,
+as studied in the “Racial Soul of John Burroughs.”
+
+There were published in the New York _Evening Mail_ some verses by
+Charles L. Edson with which I would close this all too brief tribute:
+
+            John o’ the mountains, wonderful John,
+            Is past the summit and traveling on:
+            The turn of the trail on the mountain side,
+            A smile and “Hail!” where the glaciers slide,
+            A streak of red where the condors ride,
+            And John is over the Great Divide.
+
+            John o’ the mountains camps to-day
+            On a level spot by the Milky Way;
+            And God is telling him how He rolled
+            The smoking earth from the iron mold,
+            And hammered the mountains till they were cold,
+            And planted the Redwood trees of old.
+
+            And John o’ the mountains says: “I knew,
+            And I wanted to grapple the hand o’ you;
+            And now we’re sure to be friends and chums
+            And camp together till chaos comes.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  HOWARD CROSBY BUTLER
+]
+
+
+
+
+                          HOWARD CROSBY BUTLER
+                               1872–1922
+
+  Like Theodore Roosevelt, Butler was a man of many talents and each
+  talent was in the nature of a surprise to his friends. Under his
+  extremely quiet and gentle personality lay force of idealism and of
+  resolution, of courage and persistence which led him to great heights
+  as investigator, teacher, and explorer. It is in respect to this last
+  talent only that this “Impression” is written, because I spoke in the
+  memorial service at Graduate College with others who dwelt on his
+  other talents. As an archæological explorer Butler showed his
+  resourcefulness and powers of command in the most remarkable way.
+  Bedouins, Arabs, native Turks yielded to his quiet and persuasive
+  power, though he rarely raised his voice above a low monotone. Again
+  we turn to the language of Dante and of Homer to express appreciation
+  of this great man.
+
+
+                     HOWARD CROSBY BUTLER, EXPLORER
+
+In the “Divine Comedy,” Dante speaks of Ulysses, of exploration of the
+western seas and lands, of braving dangers, of overcoming obstacles, of
+offering home, family, friends, life itself, in the quest of the great
+unknown, its wonders, its beauties, its riches.
+
+            “O brothers!” I began, “who to the west
+            Through perils without number now have reach’d;
+            To this the short remaining watch, that yet
+            Our senses have to wake, refuse not proof
+            Of the unpeopled world, following the track
+            Of Phœbus. Call to mind from whence ye sprang:
+            Ye were not form’d to live the lives of brutes,
+            But virtue to pursue and knowledge high.”[12]
+
+For two thousand years our ancestors, thus inspired, were facing the
+setting sun, until the whole earth had been encircled by explorers.
+Then, only a brief hundred years ago, the indomitable human spirit
+turned eastward, toward the rising sun, the Orient, toward the buried
+treasures and past beauties of the very peoples and civilizations which
+had been pressing westward from the dawn of history.
+
+Led by Layard, Schliemann, Evans, and a host of others, and chiefly
+inspired by de Vogué, Howard Crosby Butler became a crusader in this
+eastward tide of exploration. As a follower in his youthful Princeton
+days, and in the broad and deep discipline of his graduate years, he
+prepared himself. A short seven years after graduation, namely, in the
+year 1899, we find him in the deserts of north central Syria in full
+command—no longer a follower, but a leader, imaginative, determined,
+successful, soon becoming distinguished. No one of us who knew the
+gentle and almost too gentlemanly student of art and the classics under
+Marquand and Frothingham would have divined his latent powers to command
+Orientals, whether Arabs, Bedouins, or Turks. _Suaviter in modo,
+fortiter in re_, he was first trusted, then almost idolized, by his
+workmen.
+
+It was the sterling integrity, as well as the consummate skill, of
+Butler’s work in Syria (1899–1909) which led to the highest distinction
+ever offered to an American and Christian explorer by a Mohammedan
+government, namely, the unsolicited _invitation_ to enter and take
+command of the excavation of Sardis. The Turks knew they could trust
+Butler; they knew that he was absolutely honorable. The difficulties of
+Sardis exploration had seemed insurmountable to others; the great period
+of civilization and culture of Asia Minor, just older than the Syrian
+and extending back to the Lydian and beyond, was buried fathoms deep.
+These deeply buried ruins were to be entered under his brilliant
+leadership between 1910 and 1922. His was the secret of
+self-forgetfulness in a great cause. He never spoke to us of himself,
+always of the workmen, of the colleagues, of the students, of the most
+beloved Alma Mater. He was driven on, not by ambition, but by love—love
+of his fellow men, love of his profession, love of beauty and truth.
+
+Butler’s genial and idealistic view of life is reflected in the
+characters and personalities which he brought to life, and now that he
+has taken his place among the noble shades of the long period of 600 B.
+C. to 600 A. D., the artisans, the architects, the poets, the merchants,
+the rulers, the governors, even the shade of the supreme ruler, Crœsus,
+will be grateful to him. We hear them murmuring: “We have been charged
+with a mere love of gain and of the gold of Pactolus. You have shown the
+world that we loved beauty, that we kept our covenants, that we honored
+our deities.” Still more will the shades of ancient Syria and the shades
+of honorable men and women of the early Christian Church, from its very
+beginnings beneath the shadows of the ruined pillars of Sardis to the
+glorious temples of Syria, honor and welcome him.
+
+The span of Butler’s life as an explorer was only twenty-two years; his
+name and his influence will endure as many centuries. So in _our_
+bereavement we are consoled by _his_ immortality.
+
+           ... That which we are, we are:
+           One equal temper of heroic hearts,
+           Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will
+           To strive, to seek, to find and not to yield.[13]
+
+
+
+
+                       BIOGRAPHIES BY THE AUTHOR
+                               1883–1924
+
+  FRANCIS MAITLAND BALFOUR, Embryologist. _Science_, vol. 2, no. 31,
+    Sept. 7, 1883, pp. 299–301.
+
+  ARNOLD GUYOT, Geologist. _The Princetonian_, vol. 8, 1883–84, p. 308.
+
+  THOMAS H. HUXLEY, Biologist.
+
+      Memorial address before the Biological Section of New York Academy
+        of Sciences, Nov. 11, 1895. _Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci._, vol. 15,
+        1895–96, Sig. dated Jan. 14, 15, 1896, pp. 40–50. _Science_, N.
+        S., vol. 3, no. 57, Jan. 31, 1896, pp. 147–154.
+
+      “A Student’s Reminiscences of Huxley.” Biol. Lectures, Marine
+        Biol. Lab. of Wood’s Hole. Ginn & Co., Boston, 1896, pp. 29–42.
+
+  G. BROWN GOODE, Zoologist. “Goode as a Naturalist.” Address at the G.
+    Brown Goode Memorial Meeting, U. S. National Museum, February 13.
+    _Science_, N. S., vol. 5, no. 114, March 5, 1897, pp. 373–378.
+
+  EDWARD DRINKER COPE, Palæontologist.
+
+      Memorial Biography. _Science_, N. S., vol. 5, no. 123, May 7,
+        1897, pp. 705–717.
+
+      “A Great Naturalist.” _The Century Magazine_, vol. 55, no. 1, Nov.
+        1897, pp. 10–15.
+
+      “Life and Works of Cope.” Introduction to Syllabus of Lectures on
+        the Vertebrata by E. D. Cope. Univ. of Penn., 1898, pp.
+        iii-xxxv.
+
+      “Work in the Mammals.” Address in memory of E. D. Cope, delivered
+        at the meeting in the hall of the American Philosophical Society
+        held in Philadelphia for promoting useful knowledge, Nov. 12,
+
+    1897. _Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Memorial Volume I_, 1900, pp. 296–303.
+
+  HENRY FILHOL, Palæontologist. _Science_, N. S., vol. 15, no. 388, June
+    6, 1902, p. 912.
+
+  KARL ALFRED VON ZITTEL, Palæontologist. _Science_, N. S., vol. 19, no.
+    474, Jan. 29, 1904, pp. 186–188.
+
+  JOHN BELL HATCHER, Palæontologist. “Explorations of John Bell Hatcher
+    for the Palæontological Monographs of the U. S. Geological Survey,
+    together with a statement of his contributions to American Geology
+    and Palæontology.” Monographs of the U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. 49,
+    “The Ceratopsia” by Hatcher, Marsh, Lull. Washington, 1907, pp.
+    17–26.
+
+  MORRIS KETCHAM JESUP, Administrator.
+
+      _Science_, N. S., vol. 27, no. 684, Feb. 7, 1908, pp. 235–236.
+
+      Address of Welcome at commemoration of the founding of the
+        American Museum of Natural History. Unveiling of the statue of
+        Morris K. Jesup. _Amer. Mus. Journ._, vol. 10, March, 1910, pp.
+        60–67.
+
+  CHARLES DARWIN, Biologist.
+
+      “Remarks on Darwin.” _The Evening Post_, New York, Feb. 12, 1909,
+        p. 3.
+
+      “Darwin Celebrations in the United States.” _Nature_, vol. 80, No.
+        2055, March 18, 1909, pp. 72–73.
+
+      “Life and Works of Darwin.” Address delivered Feb. 12, 1909, at
+        Columbia University on the hundredth anniversary of Darwin’s
+        birth, Feb. 12, 1809, as the first of a series of nine lectures
+        on “Charles Darwin and His Influence on Science.” _Pop. Sci.
+        Monthly_, vol. 74, no. 4, April, 1909, pp. 313–343.
+
+      “Acceptance of the Portrait of Darwin.” _Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci._,
+        vol. 19, no. 1, pt. 1, July 31, 1909, pp. 21–22.
+
+      “The Darwin Centenary.” Address in reply to the reception of
+        delegates, Cambridge, England, June
+
+    23, 1909. _Science_, N. S., vol. 30, no. 763, Aug. 13, 1909, pp.
+        199–200.
+
+  JOHN I. NORTHROP, Zoologist. Introduction to “A Naturalist in the
+    Bahama Islands.” A memorial volume. 8vo. Columbia University Press,
+    June 15, 1910, 276 pp.
+
+  ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE, Naturalist.
+
+      “Scientific Worthies.” _Nature_, vol. 89, no. 2224, June 13, 1912,
+        pp. 367–370.
+
+      “Alfred Russel Wallace, 1823–1913.” _Pop. Sci. Monthly_, vol. 83,
+        no. 6, pp. 523–537.
+
+      “A Great Naturalist.” _Amer. Mus. Journ._, vol. 13, no. 8, pp.
+        331–333.
+
+  JOSEPH LEIDY, Anatomist. Biographical Memoir. Read by title at meeting
+    of National Academy of Sciences, April 18–20, 1911. Presented to the
+    Academy at the April Meeting, 1912. _Biographical Memoirs National
+    Acad. of Sciences_, part of vol. 7, Feb., 1913, pp. 339–396.
+
+  LOUIS PASTEUR, Bacteriologist. “The New Order of Sainthood.” _The
+    Churchman_, vol. 107, no. 15 (whole no. 3560), April 12, 1913, pp.
+    474–475. Reprinted by Charles Scribner’s Sons, 12mo, October, 1913,
+    17 pp.
+
+  EBERHARD FRASS, Palæontologist. _Science_, N. S., vol. 41, no. 1059,
+    April 16, 1915, pp. 571–572.
+
+  JOHN MUIR, Naturalist. _Sierra Club Bulletin_, vol. 10, no. 1,
+    January, 1916, pp. 29–32.
+
+  GUSTAV SCHWALBE, Anatomist. _Science_, N. S., vol. 44, no. 1125, July
+    21, 1916, p. 97.
+
+  JOEL ASAPH ALLEN, Zoologist.
+
+      Foreword to “Autobiographical Notes and a Bibliography of the
+        Scientific Publications of Joel Asaph Allen.” _Amer. Mus. Nat.
+        Hist. Publ._, 8vo, Dec. 26, 1916, xi and 215 pp.
+
+      “An Appreciation.” _Nat. Hist._, vol. 21, pp. 513–515.
+
+  WILLIAM BERRYMAN SCOTT, Palæontologist. “The Work of Professor William
+    Berryman Scott ’77.” _The Princeton Alumni Weekly_, vol. 17, no. 10,
+    Dec. 5, 1917, pp. 225–226.
+
+  JOSEPH HODGES CHOATE, Lawyer. A Tribute from the Trustees of the
+    American Museum. _Mus. Publ._ 4to, June 25, 1918, 34 pp.
+
+  THEODORE ROOSEVELT, Explorer.
+
+      “Colonel Roosevelt.” _The (New York) Evening Post_, vol. 118, no.
+        41, p. 7, Jan. 6, 1919.
+
+      “Theodore Roosevelt, Naturalist.” _Nat. Hist._, vol. 19, no. 1,
+        March 28, 1919, pp. 9–10.
+
+      “Roosevelt the Student of Nature.” _The New York Sun_, vol. 89,
+        no. 55, Nov. 3, 1921, p. 24.
+
+  SAMUEL WENDELL WILLISTON, Palæontologist.
+
+      _Journ. of Geol._, vol. 26, no. 8, Nov.-Dec., 1918, pp. 673–689.
+        _Science_, N. S., vol. 49, no. 1264, pp. 274–278, March 21,
+        1919. _Bull. Geol. Soc. of Amer._, vol. 30, pp. 66–76.
+
+      “Samuel Wendell Williston—The man and the palæontologist.” _Sigma
+        Xi Quart._, vol. 7, no. 1, July 19, 1919, pp. 2–6.
+
+  JAMES BRYCE, Author. Address on Viscount Bryce at the Memorial Service
+    in the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, March 5, 1922.
+
+  JOHN BURROUGHS, Naturalist. “The Racial Soul of John Burroughs.”
+    Address at the Memorial Meeting of the American Academy of Arts and
+    Letters, November 18, 1921.
+
+  HOWARD CROSBY BUTLER, Archæologist. Address at the Memorial Meeting in
+    Graduate College, Princeton University, October 21, 1922.
+
+-----
+
+Footnote 1:
+
+The author has written fifty-seven biographic sketches, forty of which
+  are listed in the appendix of this volume.
+
+Footnote 2:
+
+See his principal work, entitled “Naturalist on the River Amazons,” 2
+  vols., 8vo, John Murray, London. 1863.
+
+Footnote 3:
+
+Alfred Tennyson, Edgar Allen Poe, Felix Mendelssohn, Oliver Wendell
+  Holmes, William Ewart Gladstone.
+
+Footnote 4:
+
+Vallery-Radot, René. “The Life of Pasteur.” Translation of Mrs. R. L.
+  Devonshire. (London, Archibald Constable & Co., Ltd., 1906, pp. 416,
+  417.)
+
+Footnote 5:
+
+Osler, Sir Wm. “Man’s Redemption of Man.” 12mo. (Paul B. Hoeber, New
+  York.)
+
+Footnote 6:
+
+Aristotle (“Physics,” ii, 2). “Art mimics nature.”
+
+Footnote 7:
+
+Gen. 2:15; 3:19.
+
+Footnote 8:
+
+“The Vision of Dante Alighieri.” Translated by the Reverend H. F. Cary.
+  Canto XI, Hell, p. 47. “Dante’s Divine Comedy,” with an Introduction
+  and Notes by Edmund G. Gardner, M.A. (London, J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd.
+  New York, E. P. Dutton & Co.)
+
+Footnote 9:
+
+Longfellow’s Translation, Inf., Vol. XI, pp. 97–108.
+
+Footnote 10:
+
+This passage probably indicates that he was sensitive to being laughed
+  at for his interest in these animals.
+
+Footnote 11:
+
+“The Smaller Birds of the Adirondacks in Franklin County, New York”
+  (jointly with H. D. Minot).
+
+Footnote 12:
+
+Dante Alighieri, “Inferno” XXVI, ll. 112–120. Translated by the Reverend
+  H. F. Cary, A.M.
+
+Footnote 13:
+
+Alfred Tennyson. “Ulysses.” Last four lines.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+                          TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
+
+
+ ● Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.
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+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77622 ***
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+  <body>   
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77622 ***</div>
+
+<div class='tnotes covernote'>
+
+<p class='c000'><strong>Transcriber’s Note:</strong></p>
+
+<p class='c000'>New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter ph2'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c001'>
+    <div>BY THE SAME AUTHOR</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c002'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>MEN OF THE OLD STONE AGE</div>
+      <div class='line'>THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LIFE</div>
+      <div class='line'>THE AGE OF MAMMALS</div>
+      <div class='line'>EVOLUTION OF MAMMALIAN MOLAR TEETH</div>
+      <div class='line'>FROM THE GREEKS TO DARWIN</div>
+      <div class='line'>EVOLUTION AND RELIGION</div>
+      <div class='line'>HUXLEY AND EDUCATION</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter ph1'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c001'>
+    <div>IMPRESSIONS OF</div>
+    <div>GREAT NATURALISTS</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='titlepage'>
+
+<div>
+  <h1 class='c003'>IMPRESSIONS OF GREAT NATURALISTS<br> <span class='large'>REMINISCENCES OF DARWIN, HUXLEY, BALFOUR, COPE AND OTHERS</span></h1>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c004'>
+    <div>BY</div>
+    <div class='c004'><span class='xlarge'>HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN</span></div>
+    <div class='c004'><span class='small'>RESEARCH PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY; SENIOR GEOLOGIST IN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY; PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY</span></div>
+    <div class='c002'>ILLUSTRATED WITH PORTRAITS</div>
+    <div class='c002'><span class='large'>CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS</span></div>
+    <div><span class='large'>NEW YORK · LONDON</span></div>
+    <div>1924</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><span class='small'><span class='sc'>Copyright, 1913, 1924, by</span></span></div>
+    <div><span class='small'>CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS</span></div>
+    <div class='c004'><span class='small'><span class='sc'>Copyright, 1909, 1924, by</span> SCIENCE</span></div>
+    <div><span class='small'><span class='sc'>Copyright, 1896, by GINN and COMPANY</span></span></div>
+    <div><span class='small'><span class='sc'>Copyright, 1896, 1909, 1913, 1924, by</span> POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY</span></div>
+    <div class='c004'><span class='small'>Printed in the United States of America</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='c002 figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/a0040_signet.jpg' alt='Emblem of The Scribner Press featuring an open book, a lamp, and decorative wreaths.' class='ig001'>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c001'>
+    <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_v'>v</span>TO</div>
+    <div>THE MEMORY OF</div>
+    <div>THE NATURALISTS, EXPLORERS, AND AUTHORS</div>
+    <div>WHOSE CREATIVE LIVES</div>
+    <div>ARE BRIEFLY TOUCHED UPON HERE</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c005'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“... those immortal dead who live again</div>
+      <div class='line'>In minds made better by their presence: live</div>
+      <div class='line'>In pulses stirr’d to generosity,</div>
+      <div class='line'>In deeds of daring rectitude, in scorn</div>
+      <div class='line'>For miserable aims that end with self,</div>
+      <div class='line'>In thoughts sublime that pierce the night like stars,</div>
+      <div class='line'>And with their mild persistence urge man’s search</div>
+      <div class='line'>To vaster issues.”</div>
+      <div class='line in32'>—<span class='sc'>George Eliot</span></div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_vii'>vii</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>AUTOBIOGRAPHIC FOREWORD</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'>There is no joy like the joy of creative
+work. To my mind all great men are creative,
+and among the greatest men are the creative
+naturalists from Aristotle to Darwin, whose
+self-effacing lives and enduring works are our
+most precious possessions. I like a naturalist
+better than a scientist, because there is
+less of the ego in him, and in a naturalist
+like Darwin the ego entirely disappears and
+through his vision we see Nature with the
+least human aberration. These “Impressions”
+may show the young and aspiring
+naturalists of our day that in the highest creative
+vision there is the least of self and the
+most of Nature. In the twelve lives chosen
+from the fifty-seven men and women of whom
+I have written,<a id='r1'></a><a href='#f1' class='c008'><sup>[1]</sup></a> I include Roosevelt, Bryce
+and Butler because as intrepid explorers and
+observers they show some of the highest qualities
+of the naturalist.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>I had the good fortune to lead my student
+life between 1873 and 1880 under the spiritual,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_viii'>viii</span>moral, and intellectual influence of the
+great men of the Victorian age, the poets
+Wordsworth and Tennyson, as well as the
+natural philosophers Wallace, Darwin, Huxley,
+and Cope. The scientific thought of the
+first half of the nineteenth century was permeated
+with the theism of the Special Creation
+theory of the universe. In those fateful
+days of intellectual doubt between the false
+theism of Special Creation and the true theism
+of Evolution, I fortunately came under the
+influence of a series of broad-minded teachers,
+of Arnold Guyot in geology, of James McCosh
+in psychology and philosophy, of William M.
+Sloane in the philosophy of Kant, of William
+H. Welch in anatomy and the study of the
+Cell; of each of these incomparable teachers I
+like to recall that “I too sat at the feet of
+Gamaliel.” McCosh numbered me in his favorite
+group of “eager young men” with the
+embryonic geologist Scott and the embryonic
+philosopher Ormond. Inspired with self-confidence
+by him in 1878, I took up original research
+in psychology and prepared a questionnaire
+on visual memory in co-operation
+with Francis Galton, cousin of Charles Darwin,
+publishing four psychological papers at
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_ix'>ix</span>the same time that I was writing my first
+palæontological papers on fossil mammals discovered
+in the Rocky Mountains in 1877–1878.
+This work also fitted me to write, ten years
+later, “From the Greeks to Darwin,” my inaugural
+lectures in the Columbia University
+Professorship of Biology, the first of a series
+of volumes which I edited. While McCosh,
+to whom I dedicated this philosophical work,
+was eager and impetuous and urged the beginning
+of observation and research at once,
+Arnold Guyot, distinguished in the glaciology
+of Switzerland, taught that the way of learning
+is long and very arduous. I well recall
+the motto he gave me when I was groaning
+over the interminable difficulties of preparing
+fossils, a motto derived from Hippocrates and
+the patient Romans:</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c005'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>Art is long and difficult; criticism is short and easy.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c009'>This indeed is the message of Geology to the
+student mind and the underlying reason why
+Charles Lyell, a geologist, became the master
+of Charles Darwin, a biologist. Only from the
+eternal truths of the earth’s past history can
+the immediate present of Life be understood.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Two of my eager Princeton comrades felt
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_x'>x</span>the need of anatomy as much as I did, and
+without the aid of a teacher we started the
+dissection of a fish, guided by Huxley’s “Comparative
+Anatomy of the Vertebrates.” This
+laborious work on the porgy was followed by
+an anatomical escapade on the limb of <i>Homo
+sapiens</i>, part of a human cadaver, in one of
+the unused rooms of the Astronomical Observatory
+which we converted into a dissecting-room.
+The venerable astronomer, Professor
+Stephen Alexander, wondered at the
+source of the strange odors that filled the observatory,
+but never discovered the cause!
+These untaught and surreptitious studies in
+anatomy led to my coming, in the autumn of
+1878, under one of the greatest teachers of
+anatomy this country has produced, William
+H. Welch, then a junior officer in the Bellevue
+Medical College. Fresh from the leading laboratories
+of Germany, Welch used the Teutonic
+method I had not known before, of introducing
+each of his discourses on the various
+kinds of cells with an historical review of discovery,
+showing how step by step one discovery
+in science leads to another. I felt for
+the first time the inspiration of the special
+virtue of German research, the most thorough
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xi'>xi</span>and painstaking the world has ever known,
+the virtue of <i><span lang="de">grundlichkeit</span></i>, of going to the
+very bottom of things. Thus were drawing
+to a close my six American years when the
+question of whether I should go to Germany
+or to England was decided by a letter from
+Kitchen Parker, the distinguished English
+comparative anatomist and friend of Huxley,
+who personally advised me to go to London
+to study under Huxley and to Cambridge to
+study under Balfour.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Never shall I forget my first impression of
+Francis Maitland Balfour as I met him in the
+great court of Trinity College of Cambridge,
+in the spring of 1879, to apply for admission
+to his course in embryology. At the time he
+was twenty-eight years of age and I was
+twenty-one. I felt that I was in the presence
+of a superior being, of a type to which
+I could never possibly attain, and I did not
+lose this impression throughout the spring
+months in which he lectured on comparative
+embryology at Cambridge and in which we
+enjoyed many long afternoons of bicycle riding
+on the level roads of the Fens. I always
+felt that Balfour lived in a higher atmosphere,
+in another dimension of intellectual space.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xii'>xii</span>Not that he was aloof—far from it, for he
+was always in closest and most generous touch
+with the minds of his students; he made you
+feel that you had a mind and that your opinion
+and observation were of value, although
+you knew all the while that your mind was
+still embryonic and your opinions of the most
+tentative order. His was by far the most balanced
+mind among all the English biologists.
+He was at the time absorbed in embryology,
+which was the reigning biological discipline
+of the day. His untimely death in the Swiss
+Alps in the year 1882 was a tragic loss, because
+English biologic thought soon entered
+the long period of confusion and lack of balance
+that have characterized it to the present
+time. The other great lesson taught by Balfour
+was that of the balanced daily life: the
+morning lecture and tour of the laboratory,
+the five quiet hours devoted to his own writing
+and research, the vigorous afternoon exercise,
+and the delightful care-free and shop-free
+evening. At the time Balfour was turning
+out the great volumes of his “Comparative
+Embryology,” a monumental work, I asked
+him how many hours a day he gave to writing;
+he replied: “Never more than five hours.”
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xiii'>xiii</span>A fresh mind is far more creative than a
+jaded mind.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>In the autumn of 1879 I moved to London,
+which was then in the full and glorious tide
+of Victorian life. Not a member had fallen
+out of the great ranks. I had the good fortune
+to hear in the scientific societies some of
+these great men, such as Clark Maxwell in
+physics, to meet all the leading biologists except
+Wallace, and especially to come under
+the commanding personal influence of Huxley.
+Huxley especially imparted philosophic
+breadth, grasp of the whole subject, the force
+and value of expression, the wisdom and perception
+that come from survey of a very broad
+field, from both the philosophic and the anatomical
+standpoint. His sense of humor was
+delightful and brightened many of the most
+difficult passages in his discourses. By his
+way of living and by the unlimited personal
+sacrifices he made he taught me that we men
+of science must do our part in public education.
+To public service Huxley sacrificed his
+life, for not long after his great lecture course
+of 1879–1880, which I attended and of which
+I took the fullest notes, he broke down in
+health. When I last met him in Cambridge,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xiv'>xiv</span>at the British Association meeting of 1894,
+he shook his head sadly and said: “Osborn,
+I no longer can keep up with the progress of
+biology.” Soon after his death, in 1895, I
+wrote the reminiscences which appear in this
+volume without change.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>To Huxley I owe the greatest biological
+impression that came to me in England,
+namely, a few words with Charles Darwin in
+Huxley’s laboratory. From the large number
+of students working there at the time, Huxley
+singled me out, perhaps because I was the
+only American, perhaps because of my early
+palæontological writing. I realized that I
+must make the most of the opportunity, and
+for a few moments I gazed steadily into Darwin’s
+face and especially into his benevolent
+blue eyes, which were almost concealed below
+the overhanging brows, eyes that seemed to
+have a vision of the entire living world and
+that gave one the impression of translucent
+truthfulness. In my address at the Darwin
+Centenary at Cambridge I endeavored to
+convey this profound impression of translucent
+truthfulness. Darwin arrived at Evolution
+not because he desired to do so, but
+because he was forced into it by his own observations
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xv'>xv</span>of Nature. He came of a long line
+of compellingly truthful ancestors, and certainly
+“truth, the whole truth, and nothing
+but the truth” is a distinctly English and
+Scotch trait. In my fifty years’ experience
+with scientific men I have found them neither
+more nor less truthful than other men, because
+truthfulness does not go on all fours
+with genius, with powers of observation and
+of generalization. Darwin always kept in
+the realm of fact; he was equally sincere in
+the realm of opinion and of theory. If in the
+relatively small part of his life that he devoted
+to speculation and to theory his contributions
+are less permanent, it is because,
+after all, Nature is unreasonable and irrational
+in her methods.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>On returning to America as a young comparative
+anatomist I was privileged to work
+as a comrade with men with whom I had
+started as a disciple. I became more intimate
+than ever with the Scotchman James McCosh
+and enjoyed his eager freshness of mind and
+desire to gain new ideas. For a gift on his
+eightieth birthday his students paraphrased
+the lines of Aristophanes: “Honor to the old
+man who in the declining vigor of years seeks
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xvi'>xvi</span>to learn new subjects and to add to his wisdom.”
+I had great reverence for another
+Scotchman, James Bryce, with his enthusiasm,
+his broad learning and experience, his eager
+reception of new ideas, to the very end of his
+life; finally, for that very unique Scotchman,
+John Muir. From their simple and hardy
+mode of living the Scotch contribute to the
+students of life enduring impressions of energy,
+vigor, youthfulness, and of the most
+genial and whole-hearted friendship.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>In reprinting these “Impressions,” extending
+over a very long period of years, from my
+youthful tribute to Balfour in 1883 to those
+of John Muir, John Burroughs, Theodore
+Roosevelt, and Howard Crosby Butler in the
+present decade, may I claim that years of
+observation have given me far deeper penetration
+into the sources of human character
+and personality? This penetration is due to
+my studies in heredity and my observations
+on the difference in races and racial characteristics,
+which, for example, separate the Scotch
+from the English and both from the Irish.
+Such penetration is carried as far as I am
+able to do at present in appreciation of the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xvii'>xvii</span>peculiar genius of John Muir and of John
+Burroughs. In contrasting these two friends
+I asked myself the question: “Why are they
+so much alike and why so different?” I believe
+I have partly answered this question,
+but we may go much farther in the sympathetic
+biographic analysis of the future.
+Since I wrote the first of my biographic
+studies, the principal titles of which are included
+in the appendix of this volume, I have
+been attempting to penetrate into human
+nature along a number of paths: first, along
+studies of heredity, already alluded to; second,
+along studies of the men of the Old Stone Age
+and their forebears; third, with the increasing
+conviction that our intellectual, moral, and
+spiritual reactions are extremely ancient and
+that they have been built up not in hundreds
+but in thousands—perhaps hundreds of thousands—of
+years. It would, however, take me
+far beyond the limits of a foreword to enter
+upon this deeper interpretation of the impressions
+and influences which great minds of great
+men of different kinds have exerted upon me.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>In these “Impressions” I am not in any
+case attempting to portray the whole man,
+but only one principal aspect of each life.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xviii'>xviii</span>The nearest approach to a full biographic
+treatment is the centenary address on the life
+and works of Charles Darwin and the memorial
+address on his comrade, Alfred Russel
+Wallace. It was an appreciation which I received
+in a letter from Wallace, reproduced
+in facsimile at the beginning of this volume,
+also letters from Mrs. Huxley and her son,
+from Lady Bryce, and from friends of John
+Burroughs and John Muir that first led me to
+believe that these biographical sketches would
+be helpful to young men and young women
+who aspire to greatness along different lines
+of intellectual endeavor. I have omitted many
+of my biographic essays because I was not
+confident that they would be of interest to
+laymen as well as to young scientists, to whom
+this work is addressed, but I cannot pass by
+two of my great palæontological predecessors,
+Joseph Leidy and Edward Drinker Cope, because
+the resemblances and contrasts between
+these two men are especially illuminating in
+scientific life.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Cope was certainly the most brilliant creative
+mind in comparative anatomy and evolution
+that America has produced. Quaker
+by birth, he was a fighter by nature, both in
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xix'>xix</span>theory and in fact. On one occasion, in the
+American Philosophical Society, a difference
+of opinion with his friend Persifor Frazer led
+to such a violent controversy that the two
+scientists retired to the hallway and came to
+blows! On the following morning I happened
+to meet Cope and could not help remarking
+on a blackened eye. “Osborn,” he said,
+“don’t look at my eye. If you think my eye
+is black, you ought to see Frazer this morning!”
+But such differences of opinion did
+not sever the lifelong friendship, and when
+Cope died Frazer was the first to pay a glowing
+tribute to his genius. Cope was not a
+single but a multiple personality; he presents
+the widest possible contrast to a retiring nature
+like that of Alfred Russel Wallace, a
+sketch of whom opens this volume. Wallace,
+the last survivor of the great trio of British
+naturalists of the nineteenth century, survived
+by only a few months another member of the
+group, Sir Joseph Hooker, who introduced the
+famous Darwin-Wallace papers on Natural
+Selection to the Linnæan Society in 1858.
+Lyell, Darwin, and Wallace were three successive
+but closely kindred spirits, whose
+work began and ended with what will be
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xx'>xx</span>known as the second great epoch of evolutionary
+thought, the first being that of the
+precursors of Darwin and the third that in
+which we live. They established Evolution
+through a continued line of attack by precisely
+similar methods of observation and
+reasoning over an extremely broad field.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>As to the closeness of the intellectual sequence
+between these three men, those who
+know the original edition of the second volume
+of Lyell’s “The Principles of Geology,”
+published in 1832, must regard it as the second
+biologic classic of the century—the first
+being Lamarck’s “Philosophie Zoologique,”
+of 1809—on which Darwin through his higher
+and much more creative vision built up his
+“Journal of Researches.” When Lyell faltered
+in the application of his own principles Darwin
+went on and was followed by Wallace.
+The two older men may be considered to have
+united in guiding the mind of Wallace, because
+the young naturalist, fourteen years the
+junior of Darwin, took both “The Principles”
+of Lyell and “The Journal” of Darwin with
+him on his journey to South America, during
+which his career fairly began.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>From his record of observations during his
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxi'>xxi</span>life in the tropics of America and of Asia Wallace
+will be remembered not only as one of
+the independent discoverers of the theory of
+Natural Selection but next to Darwin as one
+of the great naturalists of the nineteenth century.
+His range and originality are astounding
+in these days of specialization. His main
+lines of thought, although in many instances
+suggested to his mind somewhat suddenly,
+were developed and presented in a deliberate
+and masterly way through the series of papers
+and books extending from 1850 to 1913. The
+highest level of his creative life was, however,
+reached at the age of thirty-five, when with
+Darwin he published his sketch of the theory
+of Natural Selection. This outburst of original
+thought, on which his reputation will chiefly
+rest, came as an almost automatic generalization
+from his twelve years in the tropics.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The two most powerful men I have known
+intimately were J. Pierpont Morgan and Theodore
+Roosevelt. I had the privilege of calling
+the former “Uncle Pierpont” and have vivid
+recollections of him as he was in 1867, when
+I was a boy, and in the last two brilliant
+decades of his life. Theodore Roosevelt I
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxii'>xxii</span>knew slightly as a boy, as an intimate friend
+of my naturalist brother, Frederick, and in
+the last two and great decades of his life as
+my own friend. Although the man in the
+street would say that no two Americans could
+be further apart than these two, in many
+characteristics they were closely similar. The
+outstanding point of likeness was their courage
+in facing obstacles, their dominance in
+overcoming difficulties of all kinds. There
+was no “I can’t” in the vocabulary of either
+man; rather “I can and I will.” Close contact
+with both of these men enforced the life
+motto which became my own: <i>Whatever is
+right can be done, and shall be done.</i> Powerful
+as both were in leadership, they always
+sought the counsel of their friends and were apt
+to be governed by it, unless it was the counsel
+of timidity or of irresolution. Neither was
+dominant in the sense that Woodrow Wilson
+was dominant and autistic—to use the
+professional phrase. Both won the devoted
+friendship and admiration of hundreds of men
+and women, and both made many enemies;
+through similar virtues Roosevelt became the
+opponent of Morgan and Morgan became the
+opponent of Roosevelt. Both were intensely
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxiii'>xxiii</span>patriotic and willing to make any sacrifice,
+however great, for their country. Both were
+deeply religious and were guided by an unfaltering
+faith in Divine Providence. The
+most surprising likeness I observed was their
+humility; I never saw a trace of conceit in
+either Pierpont Morgan or Theodore Roosevelt.
+The assurance and self-confidence they
+both displayed in critical and commanding
+moments were part of the great game of life.
+Leaders must have broad shoulders, firm
+necks, and confident and determined faces
+when the world is full of doubting Thomases,
+as it always is. A marked point of likeness
+was the power of immediate, almost instantaneous,
+decision, which sometimes led both
+men astray. Contrasting with their power
+of command were their simplicity, their unselfish
+devotion to their friends, and their love
+of children and fascination for children. Both
+had a deep interest in science; with Morgan
+it was mathematics, minerals, and gems, and,
+in later years, archæology. Natural history
+was the first and last love of Theodore Roosevelt,
+in all its branches, and special study of
+birds and mammals constituted the greatest
+pleasure of his life.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xxiv'>xxiv</span>It will surprise many of my readers that I
+have instituted such a comparison, that I
+have found resemblances amidst the many
+violent contrasts in the lives and characters
+of these two great Americans. It was the
+love of nature and of human nature which
+made them alike. Few of us are single in our
+personalities; most of us are dual, and the
+rare men like Morgan and Roosevelt are multiple.
+Among great naturalists Wallace, Darwin,
+and Pasteur were men of single natures,
+whose whole lives were devoted to single great
+purposes, to the attainment of which all other
+objects in life gave way. They were neither
+combatant nor militant, nor did they ever
+seek to force their theories or opinions by
+militant methods. They sought seclusion,
+avoided public meetings and controversies,
+and were astonished by the world-wide acclaim
+of their discoveries. It is told of Darwin
+that after meeting Gladstone he expressed
+surprise that such a very great man had paid
+him so much attention. It appears that this
+simplicity of life and avoidance of renown are
+most favorable to that creative state of mind
+which most frequently engenders renown.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>On the other hand, Huxley and Cope were,
+above all, combatants in the new social and
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxv'>xxv</span>philosophical arena of Evolution. Huxley’s
+world-wide fame rests partly on his defense
+of freedom of thought and of research and on
+the brilliance of his rapier-like thrusts at some
+of the shams and hypocrisies of the Special
+Creation exponents of his day. His genius lay
+in polemics, in criticism, in exposition, rather
+than in creative discovery and generalization;
+it is a striking fact that he did not add a single
+new principle to the philosophy of Evolution.
+His life was one of enforced activity and public
+service, which left him little or no repose
+for creative thought, yet he added to anatomy
+a number of very important generalizations.
+There is no measuring what Huxley might
+have done if he had enjoyed the repose that
+was granted to Darwin. Cope was, above all,
+a creative naturalist of a high order, with a
+rapidity and originality of thought almost
+without parallel in the history of anatomy;
+great generalizations affecting the order and
+arrangement of the whole kingdom of backboned
+animals arose from his brain, while in
+philosophical analysis he was a tyro where
+Huxley was a master.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>From these impressions of the lives of
+many naturalists we see that the naturalist
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxvi'>xxvi</span>is animated first of all by the joy of observation,
+without initial hope or thought of discovery
+but surely in the end leading to discovery;
+leading also to creative thought if
+observation is pursued with a single eye and
+unfaltering purpose, regardless of all obstacles
+or dangers and of the greatest impediment
+of all, namely, interest in self and in self-advancement.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_xxvii'>xxvii</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>CONTENTS</h2>
+</div>
+<table class='table0'>
+  <tr>
+    <th class='c010'></th>
+    <th class='c010'>&#160;</th>
+    <th class='c010'>&#160;</th>
+    <th class='c011'>PAGE</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>Dedication</span></td>
+    <td class='c011'><a href='#Page_v'>v</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>Autobiographical Foreword</span></td>
+    <td class='c011'><a href='#Page_vii'>vii</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>Impressions</span>:</td>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010' colspan='2'>ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE</td>
+    <td class='c011'><a href='#Page_1'>1</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>“Alfred Russel Wallace, 1823–1913”</td>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010' colspan='2'>CHARLES DARWIN</td>
+    <td class='c011'><a href='#Page_33'>33</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>“Life and Works of Darwin”</td>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>“The Darwin Centenary at Cambridge”</td>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010' colspan='2'>THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY</td>
+    <td class='c011'><a href='#Page_71'>71</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>“A Student’s Reminiscences of Huxley”</td>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010' colspan='2'>FRANCIS MAITLAND BALFOUR</td>
+    <td class='c011'><a href='#Page_99'>99</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010' colspan='2'>JAMES BRYCE</td>
+    <td class='c011'><a href='#Page_109'>109</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010' colspan='2'>LOUIS PASTEUR</td>
+    <td class='c011'><a href='#Page_117'>117</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>“The New Order of Sainthood”</td>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010' colspan='2'>JOSEPH LEIDY</td>
+    <td class='c011'><a href='#Page_131'>131</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>“Joseph Leidy, Founder of Vertebrate Palæontology in America”</td>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010' colspan='2'>EDWARD DRINKER COPE</td>
+    <td class='c011'><a href='#Page_149'>149</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>“A Great Naturalist”</td>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xxviii'>xxviii</span>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010' colspan='2'>THEODORE ROOSEVELT</td>
+    <td class='c011'><a href='#Page_165'>165</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>“Theodore Roosevelt, Naturalist”</td>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010' colspan='2'>THE TWO JOHNS</td>
+    <td class='c011'><a href='#Page_183'>183</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>“The Racial Soul of John Burroughs”</td>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>“John Muir”</td>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010' colspan='2'>HOWARD CROSBY BUTLER</td>
+    <td class='c011'><a href='#Page_207'>207</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>“Howard Crosby Butler, Explorer”</td>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c010' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>Biographies by the Author</span></td>
+    <td class='c011'><a href='#Page_213'>213</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_xxix'>xxix</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>ACKNOWLEDGMENT</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'>“The Life and Works of Darwin” was an address
+delivered at Columbia University on February 12,
+1909, the hundredth anniversary of Darwin’s birth, as
+the first of a series of nine lectures on Charles Darwin
+and his influence on science. “The Darwin Centenary”
+is based on an address in reply to the reception
+of delegates at Cambridge. “A Student’s Reminiscences
+of Huxley” was a lecture delivered at the
+Marine Biological Laboratory of Wood’s Hole in the
+summer session of 1895. The address on James Bryce
+was delivered at the memorial service to Viscount
+Bryce at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, March
+5, 1922. The address on Joseph Leidy was originally
+delivered at the Joseph Leidy Centenary, Philadelphia,
+December 6, 1923, and was later published in Science.
+The article on Howard Crosby Butler was an address
+delivered at the Graduate College of Princeton University,
+October 31, 1922. This address was afterward
+published in the Butler memorial volume by the
+Princeton University Press. The chapter on John
+Burroughs is an address which was delivered at the
+John Burroughs memorial meeting, American Academy
+of Arts and Letters, on November 18, 1921.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Other chapters of this book are based on articles
+published in the following magazines: <cite>Popular Science
+Monthly</cite>, <cite>Science</cite>, <cite>The Century</cite>, <cite>The Sierra Club Bulletin</cite>.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/a0302_ill.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p>ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_1'>1</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE<br> <span class='c012'>1823–1913</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c013'>I never had the pleasure of meeting Wallace, but I felt rewarded
+for the time I devoted to the study of his works and the influences
+which shaped his great career in preparing this Impression by his
+letter of acknowledgment, which is reproduced in facsimile. Wallace
+was a great man, although he was overshadowed by a much greater
+man, Darwin. The scientific relations of these two men were ideal;
+their magnanimity toward each other in the crisis of independent discovery
+of the great principle of Natural Selection is one of the noblest
+episodes in the history of biology.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span>
+  <h3 class='c014'>ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE</h3>
+</div>
+<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c015'>Nature and nurture conspire to form a
+naturalist. Predisposition, an opportune
+period, and a happy series of events favored
+Alfred Russel Wallace.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Wallace was the son of Thomas Vere Wallace,
+of Hanworth, Middlesex, England, and
+Mary Anne Grennell, of Hertford. His ancestry
+is obscure. On the paternal side he is
+probably descended from one of the branches
+of Sir William Wallace, the popular national
+hero of Scotland, but nothing is known back
+of his grandfather, who was probably keeper
+of the inn on the estates of the Duke of St.
+Albans, of Hanworth. The burial records of
+Hanworth mention an Admiral James Wallace.
+In his mother’s family on the paternal
+side is the name Greenell, of Hertford, probably
+the “Greenaile” in 1579, French Huguenot
+refugees after the massacre of St. Bartholomew.
+Her grandfather was for many years
+alderman and twice mayor of Hertford. One
+of the Greenells was an architect.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Wallace’s father took up the profession of
+the law, but did not continue, and up to his
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_4'>4</span>marriage lived the life of a fairly well-to-do
+middle-class gentleman. After his marriage
+he essayed the publishing of two magazines
+apparently devoted to art, antiquities and general
+literature, which were failures. He then
+moved from Marylebone to more rural districts
+where living was less expensive, first to
+St. Georges, Southwark, and then to Usk,
+Monmouthshire. In this village Alfred Russel
+Wallace was born on January 8, 1823.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>When Wallace was about six years of age the
+family moved to Hertford, where his education
+was begun in the old grammar school that
+dated back to 1617. He left school too young
+to begin Greek, but he studied Latin, and next
+to Latin grammar the most painful subject
+he learned was geography, principally because
+of the meaningless way in which it was taught.
+During the last year of study at the grammar
+school, as the family were then in very straitened
+circumstances, he assisted in the teaching
+of the younger boys in reading, arithmetic,
+and writing.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Wallace considered that his home life in
+Hertford was in many ways more educational
+than the time spent at school. His father
+was a man who enjoyed the pleasure of literature
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span>and belonged to a book club through
+which a constant stream of interesting books
+came to the house, from which he read aloud
+to the family in the evenings. The father
+earned a small income tutoring and as librarian
+of a small library, and the son Alfred
+spent hours reading there, also.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>At the age of thirteen young Wallace left
+school, with a view to learning land surveying.
+He stayed in London a short time with his
+brother John, who was apprenticed to a master
+builder, and their evenings were most frequently
+spent in the “Hall of Science,” a
+kind of mechanics institute for advanced
+thinkers among workmen. Here he heard
+many lectures by Robert Owen, the founder
+of the socialist movement in England, and
+took up philosophical reading, beginning with
+Paine’s “Age of Reason,” among other books.
+In the summer of 1837 he went with his
+brother William into Bedfordshire to begin
+his education as a land surveyor, and practised
+for seven years in various parts of
+England and Wales.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>After a time it was decided that he should
+try to pursue the clock-making business as
+well as surveying and general engineering,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>and Wallace considered that this was the first
+of several turning-points in his life, because
+changes in the business of the clock-making
+concern with which he was connected at
+Leighton prevented his continuing this work
+for more than a short period. He was delighted
+to take up again in 1839 the employment
+of land surveying because of the opportunities
+it afforded for out-of-door life.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>While at Neath, in Wales, there was not
+much demand for surveying, and Wallace
+occupied himself in constructing a rude telescope
+with which he was able to observe the
+moon and Jupiter’s satellites, and he developed
+much interest in studying astronomy
+and in the development of astronomical instruments.
+But he says that he was chiefly
+occupied with what became more and more
+the solace and delight of his lonely rambles
+among the moors and mountains, namely, his
+first introduction to the variety, the beauty
+and the mystery of nature as manifested in
+the vegetable kingdom.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>His earnings were very meagre and he had
+little money for the purchase of books. During
+the seven years he worked with his brother
+he says he “hardly ever had more than a few
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>shillings for personal expenses.” It was during
+this period, while most occupied out of
+doors with the observation and collection of
+plants, that he began to write down more or
+less systematically his ideas on various subjects
+that interested him. His first literary
+efforts all bear dates of the autumn and winter
+of 1843, when he was between twenty and
+twenty-one years of age. One of his first productions
+was the rough sketch of a popular
+lecture on botany addressed to an audience
+supposed to be as ignorant as he was when he
+began his observation of the native flowers.
+A second of these early lectures was on the
+subject “The Advantages of Varied Knowledge,”
+which he considered of interest chiefly
+as showing the bent of his mind at the time
+and indicating a disposition for discursive
+reading and study. He also wrote at this
+time on the manners and customs of the
+Welsh peasantry in Brecknockshire and Glamorganshire,
+and put the matter in form for
+one of the London magazines, but it was
+declined.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>These early and serious studies in botany,
+continuing for four years, prepared him for
+the plant wonders of the tropics. At the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>age of twenty-one he went to London. He
+afterward regarded his difficulty in obtaining
+employment as a great turning-point in his
+career, “for otherwise,” he writes, “it seems
+very unlikely that I should ever have undertaken
+what at that time seemed rather a wild
+scheme, a journey to the almost unknown
+forests of the Amazon in order to observe
+nature and make a living by collecting.”</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>In his autobiographic volumes of 1905,
+“My Life, a Record of Events and Opinions,”
+there is also an interesting sketch of his state
+of mind at this time.</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>I do not think that at this formative period I
+could be said to have shown special superiority
+in any of the higher mental faculties, but I possessed
+a strong desire to know the causes of things,
+a great love of beauty in form and color, and a
+considerable, but not excessive desire for order
+and arrangement in whatever I had to do. If I
+had one distinct mental faculty more prominent
+than another it was the power of correct reasoning
+from a review of the known facts in any case to
+the causes or laws which produced them, and also
+in detecting fallacies in the reasoning of other
+persons.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Elsewhere in his autobiography he observes
+that whatever reputation in science, literature
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>and thought he may possess is the result
+of the organs of comparison, causality and
+order, with firmness, acquisitiveness, concentrativeness,
+constructiveness and wonder, all
+above the average, but none of them excessively
+developed, combined with a moderate
+faculty of language which</p>
+
+<p class='c017'>enables me to express my ideas and conclusions in
+writing though but imperfectly in speech. I feel,
+myself, how curiously and persistently these faculties
+have acted in various combinations to determine
+my tastes, disposition and actions.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Wallace shared Darwin’s strong sentiment
+for justice as between man and man, and
+abhorrence of tyranny and unnecessary interference
+with the liberty of others. His retiring
+disposition enabled him to enjoy long
+periods of reflection, receptiveness and solitude,
+both at home and in the tropics, out of
+which have come the sudden illuminations or
+flashes of light leading to the solution of the
+problems before him. As to this wonderful
+mechanism of induction, Wallace observes:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>I have long since come to see that no one deserves
+either praise or blame for the <i>ideas</i> that
+come to him, but only for the <i>actions</i> resulting
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>therefrom. Ideas and beliefs are certainly not
+voluntary acts. They come to us—we hardly
+know <i>how</i> or <i>whence</i>, and once they have got
+possession of us we can not reject or change them
+at will.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Apart from Darwin’s education in Christ’s
+College, Cambridge, as compared with Wallace’s
+self-education, the parallel between his
+intellectual tendencies and environment and
+those of Charles Darwin is extraordinary.
+They enjoyed a similar current of influence
+from men, from books and from nature. Thus
+the next turning-point in his life was his
+meeting with Henry Walter Bates, through
+whom he acquired his zest for the wonders of
+insect life, which opened for the first time for
+him the zoological windows of nature. In a
+measure Bates was to Wallace what the Reverend
+John S. Henslow had been to Darwin.
+It is noteworthy that the greater and most
+original part of his direct observations of
+nature was upon the adaptations of insects.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Darwin and Wallace fell under the spell of
+the same books, first and foremost those of
+Lyell, as noted above, then of Humboldt in
+his “Personal Narrative” (1814–18), of Robert
+Chambers in his “Vestiges of the Natural
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>History of Creation” (1844), of Malthus in
+his “Essay on the Principle of Population”
+(1798).</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>It was, however, Darwin’s own “Journal of
+Researches,” published in 1845, and read by
+Wallace at the age of twenty-three, which
+determined him to invite Bates to accompany
+him on his journey to the Amazon and Rio
+Negro, which filled the four years 1848–52.
+In this wondrous equatorial expanse, like
+Darwin he was profoundly impressed with
+the forests, the butterflies and birds, and with
+his first meeting with man in an absolute
+state of nature. Bates, himself a naturalist
+of high order,<a id='r2'></a><a href='#f2' class='c008'><sup>[2]</sup></a> was closely observing the
+mimetic resemblances among insects to animate
+and inanimate objects and introducing
+Wallace to a field which he subsequently
+made his own. Bates remained several years
+after Wallace’s departure and published his
+classical memoir on mimicry in 1860–61. Wallace’s
+own description of his South American
+experiences, entitled “Narrative of Travels
+on the Amazon,” published in 1853 when he
+was thirty years of age, does not display the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>ability of his later writings and shows that his
+powers were slowly developing.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>His eight years of travel between 1854 and
+1862 in the Indo-Malay Islands, the Timor
+Group, Celebes, the Moluccas and the Papuan
+Group brought his powers to full maturity.
+It is apparent that his prolonged observations
+on the natives, the forests, the birds and mammals,
+and especially on the butterflies and
+beetles, were gradually storing his mind for
+one of those discharges of generalization which
+come so unexpectedly out of the vast accumulation
+of facts. “The Malay Archipelago” of
+1869, published seven years after the return,
+is Wallace’s “journal of researches,” that is,
+it is to be compared with Darwin’s great work
+of this title. Its fine breadth of treatment in
+anthropology, zoology, botany and physiography
+gives it a rank second only to Darwin’s
+“Journal” in a class of works repeatedly enriched
+by British naturalists from the time of
+Burchell’s journey in Africa.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Wallace’s first trial at the evolution problem
+was his essay sent to the <cite>Annals and Magazine
+of Natural History</cite> in 1855, entitled “On
+the Law Which Has Regulated the Introduction
+of New Species.” This paper suggested
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>the <i>when</i> and <i>where</i> of the occurrence
+of new forms, but not the <i>how</i>. He concludes:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>It has now been shown, though most briefly and
+imperfectly, how the law that “<i>Every species has
+come into existence coincident both in time and space
+with a preexisting closely allied species</i>,” connects
+together and renders intelligible a vast number of
+independent and hitherto unexplained facts.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>In February, 1858, during a period of intermittent
+fever at Ternate, the <i>how</i> arose in
+his mind with the recollection of the “Essay”
+of Malthus, and there flashed upon him all
+the possible effects of the struggle for existence.
+Twenty years before the same idea,
+under similar circumstances, had come into
+the mind of Darwin. The parallel is extraordinary
+as shown in the following citations:</p>
+
+<table class='table1'>
+<colgroup>
+<col class='colwidth50'>
+<col class='colwidth50'>
+</colgroup>
+  <tr>
+    <th class='c018'>DARWIN</th>
+    <th class='c019'>WALLACE</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c020'><span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>In October, 1838, that is, fifteen months after I had begun my systematic inquiry, I happened to read for amusement, “Malthus on Population,” and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on from long-continued observations of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances favorable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavorable ones to be destroyed. <i>The result of this would be the formation of new species.</i> Here, then, I had at last got a theory by which to work; but I was so anxious to avoid prejudice that I determined not for some time to write even the briefest sketch of it. In June, 1842, I first allowed myself the satisfaction of writing a very brief abstract of my theory in pencil, in thirty-five pages, and this was enlarged during the summer of 1844 into one of 230 pages.—Darwin’s “Autobiography,” Chap. II.</td>
+    <td class='c021'>In February, 1858, I was suffering from a rather severe attack of intermittent fever at Ternate, in the Moluccas; and one day, while lying on my bed during the cold fit, wrapped in blankets, though the thermometer was at 88° Fahr., the problem again presented itself to me, and something led me to think of the “positive checks” described by Malthus in his “Essay on Population,” a work I had read several years before, and which had made a deep and permanent impression on my mind. These checks—war, disease, famine and the like—must, it occurred to me, act on animals as well as man. Then I thought of the enormously rapid multiplication of animals, causing these checks to be much more effective in them than in the case of man; and while pondering vaguely on this fact there suddenly flashed upon me the <i>idea</i> of the survival of the fittest—that the individuals removed by these checks must be on the whole inferior to those that survived. In the two hours that elapsed before my ague fit was over, I had thought out almost the whole of the theory; and the same evening I sketched the draft of my paper, and in the two succeeding evenings wrote it out in full, and sent it by the next post to Mr. Darwin.—Wallace’s “My Life,” p. 212.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class='c009'>Darwin had been working upon the verification
+of the same idea for twenty years. We
+owe to Sir Joseph Hooker and to Lyell the
+bringing together of these independent but
+strikingly similar manuscripts. The noble
+episode which followed of the joint publication
+of the discovery was prophetic of the
+continued care for truth and carelessness of
+self, of the friendship, mutual admiration and
+co-operation between these two high-minded
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>men, which affords a golden example for our
+own and future ages. Each loved his own
+creations, yet undervalued his own work;
+each accorded enthusiastic praise to the work
+of the other.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>It is a striking circumstance in the history
+of biology that Wallace’s rapidly produced
+sketch of 1858 “On the Tendencies of Varieties
+to Part Indefinitely from the Original
+Type” not only pursues a line of thought
+parallel to that of Darwin, except in excluding
+the analogy of natural with human selection,
+but embodies the permanent substance of the
+selection theory as it is today after fifty-four
+years of world-wide research. It may be regarded
+as his masterpiece. The attempt has
+been made by De Vries and others to show
+that Wallace in his “Darwinism” of 1889
+differed from Darwin on important points,
+but whatever may be true of this final modification
+of the theory, a very careful comparison
+of the Darwin-Wallace sketches of 1858
+shows that they both involve the principle of
+discontinuity; in fact, fluctuation in the sense
+of plus and minus variation was not recognized
+at the time; the notion of variation
+was that derived directly from field rather
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>than from laboratory notes. This is repeatedly
+implied in Wallace’s language and especially
+in his sketch of 1858:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>... there is a general principle in nature
+which will cause many <i>varieties</i> to survive the parent
+species, and to give rise to successive variations
+departing further and further from the original
+type, and which also produces, in domesticated
+animals, the tendency of varieties to return to
+the parent form....</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>Most or perhaps all the variations from the
+typical form of a species must have some definite
+effect, however slight, on the habits or capacities
+of the individuals. Even a change of color might,
+by rendering them more or less distinguishable,
+affect their safety; a greater or less development
+of hair might modify their habits.... The superior
+variety would then alone remain, and on a return
+to favorable circumstances would rapidly increase
+in numbers and occupy the place of the
+extinct species and variety.</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>The <i>variety</i> would now have replaced the <i>species</i>,
+of which it would be a more perfectly developed
+and more highly organized form.... Here, then,
+we have <i>progression and continued divergence</i> deduced
+from the general laws which regulate the
+existence of animals in a state of nature, and from
+the undisputed fact that varieties do frequently
+occur.... Variations in unimportant parts
+might also occur, having no perceptible effect on
+the life-preserving powers; and the varieties so
+furnished might run a course parallel with the
+parent species, either giving rise to further variations
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span>or returning to the former type.... In
+the wild animal, on the contrary, all its faculties
+and powers being brought into full action for the
+necessities of existence, any increase becomes immediately
+available, is strengthened by exercise,
+and must even slightly modify the food, the habits
+and the whole economy of the race. It creates, as
+it were, a new animal, one of superior powers, and
+which will necessarily increase in numbers and
+outlive those inferior to it....</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>We see, then, that no inferences as to varieties
+in a state of nature can be deduced from the observation
+of those occurring among domestic animals....
+Domestic animals are abnormal, irregular,
+artificial; they are subject to varieties which
+never occur and never can occur in a state of
+nature; their very existence depends altogether
+on human care.... An origin such as is here
+advocated will also agree with the peculiar character
+of the modifications of form and structure
+which obtain in organized beings—the many lines
+of divergence from a central type, the increasing
+efficiency and power of a particular organ through
+a succession of allied species, and the remarkable
+persistence of unimportant parts, such as color,
+texture of plumage and hair, form of horns or
+crests, through a series of species differing considerably
+in more essential characters.... This
+progression, by minute steps, in various directions,
+but always checked and balanced by the
+necessary conditions, subject to which alone existence
+can be preserved, may, it is believed, be
+followed out so as to agree with all the phenomena....</p>
+
+<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>It is true that Wallace subsequently modified
+his theory, adopted the selection of plus
+and minus fluctuations, and became a determined
+opponent of the mutation hypothesis
+of De Vries.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>The distinctive features of the later development
+of the theory in Wallace’s mind were
+his more implicit faith in selection, his insistence
+on utility or selection value of new or
+varying characters, his flat rejection of Lamarckism,
+his reliance on spontaneous variations
+as supplying all the materials for selection.
+This confidence appears in the following
+passages from his militant reply in the volume
+of 1889 to the critics of Darwinism:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>The right or favorable variations are so frequently
+present that the unerring power of natural
+selection never wants materials to work upon....
+Weismann’s theory&#160;... adds greatly to the importance
+of natural selection as the one invariable
+and ever-present factor in all organic change
+and that which can alone have produced the temporary
+fixity combined with the secular modification
+of species.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>The principle of discontinuity is less clearly
+brought out than in the first sketch of 1858;
+the selection of fluctuation is favorably considered.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>The laws and causes of variation are,
+however, assumed rather than taken up as a
+subject of inquiry. These opinions of 1889
+were the summation of twenty-nine years of
+work.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>To return to the life-narrative, the autumn
+of 1860 found Wallace in the Moluccas reading
+the “Origin of Species” through five or
+six times, each time with increasing admiration.
+A letter of September 1 to his friend
+George Silk contains the key to the subsequent
+direction of his research, namely, his recognition
+of the vast breadth of Darwin’s principles
+and his determination to devote his life to
+their exposition:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>I could <i>never have approached</i> the completeness
+of his book, its vast accumulation of evidence, its
+overwhelming argument, and its admirable tone
+and spirit. I really feel thankful that it has <i>not</i>
+been left to me to give the theory to the world.
+Mr. Darwin has created a new science and a new
+philosophy; and I believe that never has such a
+complete illustration of a new branch of human
+knowledge been due to the labors and researches
+of a single man. Never have such vast masses of
+widely scattered and hitherto quite unconnected
+facts been combined into a system and brought
+to bear upon the establishment of such a grand
+and new and simple philosophy.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>The discovery of “Natural Selection” again
+turned the course of Wallace’s life. In his
+autobiography he writes:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>I had, in fact, been bitten with the passion for
+species and their description, and if neither Darwin
+nor myself had hit upon “natural selection,”
+I might have spent the best years of my life in
+this comparatively profitless work, but the new
+ideas swept all this away.... This outline of
+the paper will perhaps enable my readers to understand
+the intense interest I felt in working out all
+these strange phenomena, and showing how they
+could almost all be explained by that law of
+“Natural Selection” which Darwin had discovered
+many years before, and which I also had been so
+fortunate as to hit upon.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>The coloring of animals as observed in the
+tropics and the Malayan Islands was the subject
+in which Wallace made his most extensive
+and original contributions to Darwinism.
+In his sketch of 1858 he wrote:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>Even the peculiar colors of many animals, especially
+insects, so closely resembling the soil or the
+leaves or the trunks on which they habitually
+reside, are explained on the same principle; for
+though in the course of ages varieties of many
+tints may have occurred, <i>yet those races having
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>colors best adapted to concealment from their enemies
+would inevitably survive the longest</i>.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Returning from the Archipelago in 1862, he
+published in 1864 his pioneer paper, “The
+Malayan Papilionidæ or Swallow-tailed Butterflies,
+as illustrative of the Theory of Natural
+Selection,” in which he at once took rank
+beside Bates and Müller as one of the great
+contributors to the color characteristics of
+animals. We see him step by step developing
+the ideas of protective resemblance which
+he had fully discussed with Bates, of alluring
+and warning colors, and of mimicry, pointing
+out the prevalence of mimicry in the female
+rather than in the male. The whole series
+of phenomena is believed to depend upon
+the great principle of the utility of every
+character, upon the need of color protection
+by almost all animals, and upon the known
+fact that no characteristic is so variable as
+color, that, therefore, concealment is most
+easily obtained by color modification. Protective
+resemblance in all its manifold forms
+has ever been dominant in his mind as a
+greater principle than that of the sexual selection
+of color which Darwin favored.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Here may be cited Wallace’s own account
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>of his famous observation of mimicry in the
+leaf butterfly from his volume of 1869, “The
+Malay Archipelago”:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>The other species to which I have to direct attention
+is the <i>Kallima paralekta</i>, a butterfly of
+the same family group as our Purple Emperor, and
+of about the same size or larger. Its upper surface
+is of a rich purple, variously tinged with ash
+color, and across the fore wings there is a broad
+bar of deep orange, so that when on the wing it is
+very conspicuous. This species was not uncommon
+in dry woods and thickets, and I often endeavored
+to capture it without success, for after flying
+a short distance it would enter a bush among
+dry or dead leaves, and however carefully I
+crept up to the spot I could never discover it
+till it would suddenly start out again and then
+disappear in a similar place. At length I was
+fortunate enough to see the exact spot where the
+butterfly settled, and though I lost sight of it
+for some time, I at length discovered that it was
+close before my eyes, but that in its position of
+repose it so closely resembled a dead leaf attached
+to a twig as almost certainly to deceive the eye
+even when gazing full upon it. I captured several
+specimens on the wing, and was able fully to understand
+the way in which this wonderful resemblance
+is produced.... All these varied details
+combine to produce a disguise that is so complete
+and marvellous as to astonish every one who observes
+it; and the habits of the insects are such as
+to utilize all these peculiarities, and render them
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>available in such a manner as to remove all doubt
+of the purpose of this singular case of mimicry,
+which is undoubtedly a protection to the insect.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>In 1867, in a manner which delighted Darwin,
+Wallace advanced his provisional solution
+of the cause of the gay and even gaudy
+colors of caterpillars as warnings of distastefulness.
+In 1868 he propounded his explanation
+of the colors of nesting birds, that when
+both sexes are conspicuously colored, the nest
+conceals the sitting bird, but when the male
+is conspicuously colored and the nest is open
+to view, the female is plainly colored and inconspicuous.
+His theory of recognition colors
+as of importance in enabling the young birds
+and mammals to find their parents was set
+forth in 1878, and he came to regard it as of
+very great importance.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>In “Tropical Nature” (1878) the whole
+subject of the colors of animals in relation to
+natural and sexual selection is reviewed, and
+the general principle is brought out that the
+exquisite beauty and variety of insect colors
+has not been developed through their own
+visual perceptions, but mainly and perhaps
+exclusively through those of the higher animals
+which prey upon them. This conception
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>of color origin, rather than that of the general
+influence of solar light and heat or the special
+action of any form of environment, leads him
+to his functional and biological classification
+of the colors of living organisms into five
+groups, which forms the foundation of the
+modern, more extensive and critical classification
+of Poulton. He concluded (p. 172):</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>We find, then, that neither the general influence
+of solar light and heat, nor the special action of
+variously tinted rays, are adequate causes for the
+wonderful variety, intensity and complexity of the
+colors that everywhere meet us in the animal and
+vegetable worlds. Let us, therefore, take a wider
+view of these colors, grouping them into classes
+determined by what we know of their actual
+uses or special relations to the habits of their
+possessors. This, which may be termed the
+functional and biological classification of the colors
+of living organisms, seems to be best expressed by
+a division into five groups, as follows:</p>
+
+<table class='table2'>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c022 bbt' rowspan='5'>Animals.</td>
+ <td class='blt c023' colspan='2'>1. Protective colors.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    
+ <td class='blt c023 bbt' rowspan='2'>2. Warning colors.</td>
+ <td class='blt c023'><i>a.</i> Of creatures specially protected.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    
+ 
+ <td class='blt c023'><i>b.</i> Of defenseless creatures mimicking <i>a</i>.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    
+ <td class='blt c023' colspan='2'>3. Sexual colors.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ 
+ <td class='bbt blt c023' colspan='2'>4. Typical colors.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c022'>Plants.</td>
+ <td class='blt c023' colspan='2'>5. Attractive colors.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class='c009'>Twelve years later he devoted four chapters
+of his “Darwinism” to the colors of animals
+and plants, still maintaining the hypotheses
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>of utility, of spontaneous variation and of
+selection.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>The study of geographic distribution of
+animals also sprang from the inspiration of
+the Malayan journey and from the suggestiveness
+of the eleventh and twelfth chapters
+of “The Origin of Species,” which Wallace
+determined to work out in an exhaustive manner.
+Following the preliminary treatises of
+Buffon, of Cuvier and Forbes, and the early
+regional classification of Sclater, Wallace takes
+rank as the founder of the science of zoogeography
+in his two great works, “The Geographical
+Distribution of Animals” of 1876, and
+“Island Life” of 1881, the latter volume following
+the first as the result of four years of
+additional thought and research. His early
+observations on insular distribution were
+sketched out in his article of 1860, “The Zoological
+Geography of the Malayan Archipelago.”</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Here is his discovery of the Bali-Lombok
+boundary line between the Indian and the
+Australian zoological regions which has since
+been generally known by his name.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>In these fundamental geologic and geographic
+works Wallace appears as a disciple
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>of Lyell in uniformitarianism, and a follower
+of Dana as regards the stability and permanence
+of continental and oceanic areas, for
+which doctrine he advances much original
+evidence. He taxes his ingenuity to discover
+every possible means of dispersal of animals
+and plants other than those which would be
+afforded by hypothetical land connections;
+he considers every possible cause of extinction
+other than those which are sudden or cataclysmal.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>The “Island Life” is in itself a great contribution
+to zoology and zoogeography, the
+starting-point of all modern discussion of insular
+faunas and floras. His conservative
+theory of dispersal is applied in an original
+way to explain the arctic element in the
+mountain regions of the tropics, as opposed to
+the low-temperature theory of tropical lowlands
+during the Glacial Period; his explanation
+is founded on known facts as to the dispersal
+and distribution of plants and does not
+require the extreme changes in the climate of
+tropical lowlands during the Glacial Period
+on which Darwin founded his interpretation.
+The causes and influence of the Glacial Epoch
+are discussed in an exposition of Croll’s theory.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span>In this connection may be mentioned one of
+Wallace’s original geological contributions, in
+the article “Glacial Erosions of Lake Basins,”
+published in 1893, namely, his theory of
+glacial erosion as a means of explaining the
+origin of valley lakes of glaciated countries.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>The original trend of Wallace’s thought as
+to the ascent of man is first shown in the three
+anthropological essays of 1864, 1869 and 1870,
+which were subsequently collected in the
+volume “Contributions to the Theory of
+Natural Selection.” This work, published in
+1871, includes all his original essays from 1855
+to 1869 on selection, on color and human evolution,
+which foreshadow the later development
+of his speculative philosophy.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>A suggestive anthropological contribution
+is the article entitled “The Expressiveness of
+Speech or Mouth Gesture as a Factor in the
+Origin of Language,” in which is developed
+the theory of the origin of language in connection
+with the motions of the lips, jaws and
+tongue. With Wallace also arose the now
+widely accepted belief that the Australian
+aborigines constitute a low and perhaps primitive
+type of the Caucasian race.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>In the article of 1864, “The Development
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span>of Human Races under the Law of Natural
+Selection,” Wallace first advanced the hypothesis
+which has since proved to be untenable,
+that so soon as man learned to use fire and
+make tools, to grow food, to domesticate
+animals, to use clothing and build houses, the
+action of natural selection was diverted from
+his body to his mind, and thenceforth his
+physical form remained stable, while his mental
+faculties improved. His subsequent papers
+on human evolution, “The Limits of Natural
+Selection as Applied to Man” of 1869, “On
+Instinct in Man and Animals” of 1871, mark
+the gradual divergence of his views from those
+of Darwin, for in his opinion natural selection
+is believed to be inadequate to account for
+several of the physical as well as psychical
+characteristics of man, for example his soft,
+sensitive skin, his speech, his color sense, his
+mathematical, musical and moral attributes.
+He concluded:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>The inference I would draw from this class of
+phenomena is that a superior intelligence has
+guided the development of man in a definite direction,
+and for a special purpose, just as man guides
+the development of many animal and vegetable
+forms.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>It is also prophetic of his later indictments
+of the so-called civilization of our times that
+we find at the end of the closing pages of “The
+Malay Archipelago” the first statement of the
+feeling which so many travelers have experienced
+from a comparison of the natural and
+so-called civilized condition of man that “social
+evolution from barbarism to civilization”
+has not advanced general human welfare.
+These humanitarian and partly socialistic
+ideas are developed in a series of recurrent
+essays between 1882 and 1903, including “The
+Nationalization of Land” and “Studies Scientific
+and Social.”</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>He returned to this subject in what we believe
+to be his last published essay, namely,
+his “Social Environment and Moral Progress”
+of 1913, wherein he considers the so-called
+“feministic” movement and future of
+woman:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>The foregoing statement of the effect of established
+natural laws, if allowed free play under
+rational conditions of civilization, clearly indicates
+that the position of woman in the not distant
+future will be far higher and more important
+than any which has been claimed for or by her
+in the past.</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>While she will be conceded full political and
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>social rights on an equality with men, she will be
+placed in a position of responsibility and power
+which will render her his superior, since the future
+moral progress of the race will so largely depend
+upon her free choice in marriage. As time goes on,
+and she acquires more and more economic independence,
+<i>that</i> alone will give her an effective choice
+which she has never had before. But this choice
+will be further strengthened by the fact that, with
+ever-increasing approach to equality of opportunity
+for every child born in our country, that terrible
+excess of male deaths, in boyhood and early manhood
+especially due to various preventable causes,
+will disappear, and change the present majority
+of women to a majority of men. This will lead to
+a greater rivalry for wives, and will give to women
+the power of rejecting all the lower types of character
+among their suitors.</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>It will be their special duty so to mould public
+opinion, through home training and social influence,
+as to render the women of the future the
+regenerators of the entire human race.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>In closing this review of a great life, we cannot
+refrain from reflecting on the pendulum
+of scientific opinion. The discovery of a great
+truth such as the law of selection is always
+followed by an over-valuation, from which
+there is certain to be a reaction. We are in
+the midst of such a reaction at the present
+time, in which the Darwin-Wallace theory of
+natural selection is less appreciated than it
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span>will be in the future when there comes a fresh
+readjustment of scientific values.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>It is well to remember that we may not
+estimate either the man of science or his conclusions
+as of our own period, but must project
+ourselves in imagination into the beginnings
+of his thought and into the travails of
+his mind, considering how much larger he
+was than the men about him, how far he was
+an innovator, breaking away from the traditions
+of his times, how far his direct observations
+apart from theory are true and permanent,
+and how far his theories have contributed
+to the great stream of biological thought.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Our perspective has covered a long, honorable
+span of sixty-five years into the beginnings
+of the thinking life of a natural philosopher
+whose last volume, “The World of
+Life,” of the year 1911, gives as clear a portrayal
+of his final opinions as that which his
+first essay of 1858 portrays of his early
+opinions.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>We follow the cycle of his reflection beginning
+with “adaptation” as the great mystery
+to be solved; in the middle and sanguine
+period of life, “adaptation” is regarded as
+fully explained by natural selection; in the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span>closing and conservative period of life “adaptation”
+is again regarded in some of its phases
+as entirely beyond human powers of interpretation,
+not only in the evolution of the
+mental and spiritual nature of man, but in
+such marvellous manifestations as the scales
+of butterflies or the wings of birds.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>From our own intellectual experience we
+may sympathize with the rebound of maturity
+from the buoyant confidence of the young
+man of thirty-five who finds in natural selection
+the entire solution of the problem of
+fitness which has vexed the mind and aroused
+the scientific curiosity of man since the time
+of Empedocles. We have ourselves experienced
+a loss of confidence with advancing
+years, an increasing humility in the face of
+transformations which become more and more
+mysterious the more we study them, although
+we may not join with this master in his appeal
+to an organizing and directing supernatural
+principle. Younger men than Wallace, both
+among the zoologists and philosophers of our
+own time, are giving a somewhat similar metaphysical
+solution of the eternal problem of
+adaptation, which still baffles and transcends
+our powers of experiment and of reasoning.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/p0322_ill.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><i>Photographed by his son, Leonard Darwin</i><br>  <br>  CHARLES DARWIN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>CHARLES DARWIN<br> <span class='c012'>1809–1882</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c013'>I met Darwin in Huxley’s laboratory and my impression of his
+personality is described in the address on the Life and Works of
+Darwin, which was delivered at Columbia University on the hundredth
+anniversary of his birth, as an introduction to a series of nine
+lectures on Charles Darwin and his influence in science. The fact
+that Lincoln and Darwin were born on the same day, February 12,
+1809, brought together these two great men, so widely different in
+their vocations, so similar in their reverence for the truth, in their
+simplicity and directness of life.</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>The address at the Darwin Centenary at Cambridge was delivered
+at the request of my American colleagues, in reply to the reception of
+the delegates. It was strictly limited as to time, presenting the
+problem of speaking of Darwin to the men who knew him personally,
+who recalled almost every detail of his life—to sum up in comparatively
+few words the outstanding facts of his influence. The form of
+this address is therefore quite in contrast to the preceding tribute,
+which was without time limitation.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span>
+  <h3 class='c014'>LIFE AND WORKS OF DARWIN</h3>
+</div>
+
+<h4 class='c024'>I</h4>
+<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c015'>Columbia University is celebrating
+the hundredth anniversary of the
+birth of Darwin, the fiftieth anniversary of
+the publication of the “Origin of Species.”
+In the year 1809 many illustrious men<a id='r3'></a><a href='#f3' class='c008'><sup>[3]</sup></a> were
+born, among them Darwin and Lincoln, one
+hundred years ago today, February 12. So
+widely different in their lives, Darwin and
+Lincoln were yet alike in simplicity of character
+and of language, in love of truth, in abhorrence
+of slavery, and especially in unconsciousness
+of their power. Both were at a
+loss to understand their influence over other
+men. “I am nothing and truth is everything,”
+once wrote Lincoln. In concluding his autobiography
+Darwin wrote:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>With such moderate abilities as I possess, it is
+truly surprising that I should have influenced to a
+considerable extent the belief of scientific men on
+some important points. My success as a man of
+science has been determined as far as I can judge,
+by complex and diversified mental qualities and
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span>conditions. Of these, the most important have
+been the love of science, unbounded patience in
+long reflecting over any subject, industry in observing
+and collecting facts, a fair share of invention
+as well as of common sense.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Lincoln’s greatest single act was his death-blow
+to slavery. Man had been fighting for
+centuries for freedom, in labor, in government,
+in religion, and in mind. It is certainly
+notable that the final victory for bodily liberty
+was won during the very years which
+witnessed the final emancipation of the mind.
+I do not see that Darwin’s supreme service to
+his fellow men was his demonstration of evolution—man
+could have lived on quite as
+happily and perhaps more morally under the
+old notion that he was specially made in the
+image of his Maker. Darwin’s supreme service
+was that he won for man absolute freedom
+in the study of the laws of nature; he
+literally fulfilled the saying of St. John, “Ye
+shall know the truth, and the truth shall
+make you free.”</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>When we look back upon the very recent
+years of 1858–59, the years of revolution, we
+see that we were far from free either to study
+nature or reason about it. Our intellectual
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span>chains were from the forges of theology both
+catholic and protestant. The Bible was read
+as a revelation of physical law rather than as
+an epic of righteousness and spiritual law.
+Theology while in power was itself in a most
+critical position, in a <i>cul-de-sac</i> of antagonism
+to reason and common sense, and this despite
+the warnings of Augustine and of Bacon. As
+early as the fifth century the wise theologian
+of Numidia had said:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>Leave questions of the earth and the sky and
+the other elements of this world to reasoning and
+observation. Perceiving that you are as far from
+the truth as the east from the west the man of
+science will scarce restrain his laughter.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Similarly, the great founder of the inductive
+method observed:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>Do not excite the laughter of men of science
+through an absurd mixture of matters human and
+divine. Do not commit the consummate folly
+of building a system of natural philosophy on the
+first chapter of Genesis or on the Book of Job.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>It is difficult for the college student in this
+day of liberty, if not of license, to realize that,
+in the words of Lowell:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>We breathe cheaply in the common air thoughts
+that great hearts once broke for.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span>When, in 1844, Darwin communicated to
+the botanist Hooker under promise of secrecy
+his outline of evolution, he well knew the opprobrium
+it would bring, for he subsequently
+added (1846):</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>When my notes are published I shall fall infinitely
+low in the opinion of all <i>sound</i> naturalists,
+so this is my prospect for the future.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>From the borders of Poland in 1543, or
+just three centuries earlier, Copernicus had
+published his “Revolutions of the Heavenly
+Bodies” and thus fired the first shot in a
+three hundred years’ war for freedom to observe
+nature. In 1611 the telescope of Galileo
+demonstrated the truth of the Copernican law
+that the earth moves around the sun; and
+the most impressive object today in Florence
+is the model of the finger of this great astronomer
+as he held it up before the examiners of
+the Inquisition, with the words, “It still
+moves.”</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>As time advanced the prison gave way to
+the milder but effective weapons of ostracism
+and loss of position. In biology Linnæus,
+Buffon, Lamarck, St. Hilaire, in turn discovered
+the evidences of evolution, but felt
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span>the penalty and either recanted or suffered
+loss of position. The cause of supernaturalism
+had never seemed stronger than in 1857;
+the masterly works of Paley and Whewell
+had appeared; the great series of Bridgewater
+Treatises to demonstrate the wisdom and
+goodness of God in the special creation of
+adaptations had just been closed; men of
+rare ability, Cuvier, Owen, Lyell and Agassiz,
+were on the side of special creation; yet at
+the very time this whole system of natural
+philosophy was rotten at the foundation because
+it was not the work of free observation.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Where his great predecessors Buffon and
+Lamarck had failed, Darwin won through his
+unparalleled genius as an observer and reasoner,
+through the absolutely irresistible force
+of the facts he had assembled and through
+the simplicity of his presentation. Lacking
+the literary graces of his grandfather, Erasmus
+Darwin, and the obscurity of Spencer,
+Darwin was understood by every one as every
+one could understand Lincoln. It is true the
+cause was immediately championed by able
+men, but victory was gained not by the vehement
+and radical Haeckel nor yet by the masterly
+fighter Huxley, but through the resistless
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span>power of the truth as Darwin saw it and
+presented it. It was not a denial, as had been
+the great sceptical movement of the end of
+the eighteenth century, but an affirmation.
+Darwin was not destroying but building; yet
+at the time good and honest men trembled as
+if passing through an earthquake, for in the
+whole history of human thought there had
+been no such cataclysm.</p>
+
+<h4 class='c024'>II</h4>
+
+<p class='c025'>In what he achieved Darwin is so entirely
+alone that his place in the history of ideas is
+next to Aristotle, the great Greek biologist
+and philosopher who preceded him by over
+two thousand years.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>The biographers of Lincoln are at a loss to
+explain his greatness through heredity. Darwin
+belonged to an able family, and his ancestors
+are singularly prophetic of his career. He
+was near of kin to Francis Galton, who shares
+with Weismann the leadership in the study
+of heredity during the nineteenth century.
+By a happy combination of all the best traits
+of the best of his ancestors coupled with the
+no less happy omission of other traits, Darwin
+was a far greater man than any of his
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span>forebears. Kindliness, truthfulness and love
+of nature were part of his birthright. From
+his grandfather Erasmus, Charles may have
+inherited especially his vividness of imagination
+and his strong tendency to generalize.
+Countless hypotheses flitted through his
+mind. “Without speculation there is no
+good and original observation,” he wrote to
+Wallace. Still more interesting is the fact
+that the inheritance of his grandfather’s tendency
+toward speculation took the direction
+of evolution, for before the close of the eighteenth
+century Erasmus Darwin gave the
+world in poetical form his belief in a complete
+evolutionary system as well as the first clear
+exposition of what is now known as the Lamarckian
+hypothesis. But in the grandson
+hypotheses were constantly held in check by
+the determination to put each to the severe
+test of observation. Darwin speaks of his
+father, Robert, as the most acute observer he
+ever saw, and attributes to him his intense
+desire to understand the reasons of things;
+from him came caution and conservatism.
+He says in his “Autobiography”:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>I have steadily endeavored to keep my mind
+free so as to give up any hypothesis (however
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span>much beloved), and I cannot resist forming one on
+every subject, as soon as facts are shown to be
+opposed to it.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>If the “poet is born not made,” the man of
+science is surely both born and made. Rare
+as was Darwin’s genius, it was not more rare
+than the wonderful succession of outward
+events which shaped his life. It is true that
+Darwin believed with his cousin Francis Galton
+that education and environment produce
+only a small effect upon the mind of any one,
+but Darwin underestimated the force of his
+educational advantages just as he underestimated
+his own powers, and this because he
+thought only of his book and classroom life
+at school, at Edinburgh and at Cambridge,
+and not of his broader life. It was true in
+1817, as today, that few teachers teach and
+few educators educate. It is true that those
+were the dull days of classical and mathematical
+drill. Yet look at the roster of Cambridge
+and see the men it produced. From Darwin’s
+regular college work he may have gained but
+little, yet he was all the while enjoying an exceptional
+training. Step by step he was made
+a strong man by a mental guidance which is
+without parallel, by the precepts and example
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span>of his father, for whom he held the greatest
+reverence, by his reading of the poetry of
+Shakespeare, Wordsworth, Coleridge and Milton,
+and the scientific prose of Paley, Herschel
+and Humboldt, by the subtle scholarly influences
+of old Cambridge, by the scientific inspiration
+and advice of Henslow, by the masterful
+inductive influence of the geologist
+Lyell, and by the great nature panorama of
+the voyage of the <i>Beagle</i>.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>The college mates of Darwin saw more
+truly than he himself what the old university
+was doing for him. Professor Poulton of
+Oxford believes that the kind of life which so
+favored Darwin’s mind has largely disappeared
+in English universities, especially under
+the sharp system of competitive examinations;
+yet this is still more truly the atmosphere
+of old Cambridge today than of any of
+our American colleges. It would be an interesting
+subject to debate whether we could
+nurture such a man; whether a Darwin, were
+he entered at a Columbia, a Harvard, a
+Princeton, could develop mentally as Charles
+Darwin did at Cambridge in 1828. I believe
+that conditions for the favorable nurture of
+such a mind are not with us. They are repose,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span>time for continuous thought, respect for
+the man of brains and of individuality and of
+such peculiar tastes as Darwin displayed in
+his avidity for collecting beetles, freedom from
+mental convention, general sympathy for nature,
+and, above all, ardor in the world of ideas.
+If the genial mind cannot find the kindred
+mind it cannot develop. Many American
+school and college men are laughed out of the
+finest promptings of their natures. In short,
+I believe our intellectual environment would
+be distinctly against a young Darwin today.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Thus event after event in Darwin’s life was
+singularly propitious. None but a Darwin
+would have reflected these events as he did,
+but grand and rare they certainly were.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>At the age of nineteen he entered Christ’s
+of Cambridge, the small college which two
+hundred years before had sheltered John Milton,
+the great poet of “Paradise Lost,” the
+epic of the special creation theory which it
+was Darwin’s destiny to destroy. His passion
+for sport, shooting, hunting, cross-country
+riding, his genial enjoyment of friends of
+his own age, did not prevent delightful excursions
+with older men. He was known as
+“the man who walks with Henslow”; and
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span>close personal intercourse with this learned
+and genial botanist (Reverend Wm. C. Henslow)
+affected him more than any other feature
+of his college life. After graduation this personal
+association extended through Henslow
+to the geologist Sedgwick, who prepared him
+for the next step in his career. It was Henslow
+who secured for him his place on the exploring
+ship <i>Beagle</i> and the voyage round the
+world (1831–1836), by far the most important
+experience in his life.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>No graduate course in any university can
+compare for a moment with the glorious
+vision which passed before young Darwin on
+the <i>Beagle</i>, but here again fortune smiled upon
+him, for this vision required the very scientific
+spirit and point of view which came to
+him through the reading of the “Principles of
+Geology” of Lyell, the masterly teacher of
+the uniformitarian doctrine of Hutton. That
+nature worked slowly in past as in present
+time and that the interpretation of the past is
+through observation of the present gave the
+note of Darwin’s larger and more original
+interpretation, because the slow evolution
+which Lyell piously restricted to geology and
+the surface of the earth Darwin extended to
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span>biology and all living beings. If during the
+voyage Lyell’s arguments convinced Darwin
+of the permanence of species, Lyell’s way of
+looking at nature also gave him the means of
+seeing that species are not permanent. In
+his own words, he “saw through Lyell’s eyes,”
+and with the admiration of others always so
+characteristic of him his tribute to Lyell is
+without reserve. The second edition of “The
+Journal” is dedicated:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>With grateful pleasure as an acknowledgment
+that the chief part of whatever scientific merit
+this Journal and the other works of the author may
+possess has been derived from studying the well-known
+and admirable “Principles of Geology.”</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>The five years of the voyage filled the
+twenty-second to twenty-seventh years of
+Darwin’s life, the period now ordinarily given
+to professional studies. In reading the simple
+but fascinating “Journal,” which stands
+quite by itself in literature, we see how Darwin
+through his own genius and through the
+methods successively impressed upon him by
+his father, by Henslow, by Sedgwick and by
+Lyell was unconsciously preparing his mind
+for the “Origin of Species” and the “Descent
+of Man,” the two most influential books of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span>science which have ever appeared. From the
+islands of the Atlantic and the Pacific we follow
+his delightful comments on animals and
+plants of all kinds on sea and land, through
+forests, pampas and steppes, up the dry slopes
+of the Andes, along the salt lakes and deserts
+of Chili and of Australia. The dense forests
+of Brazil, pendant with orchids and gay with
+butterflies, contrast with those of Terra del
+Fuego and of Tahiti, and with the deforested
+Cape de Verde Islands. On these islands, the
+first he visits, he is enormously impressed by
+the superiority of Lyell’s method. He visits
+other islands of all kinds, inhabited and uninhabited,
+the non-volcanic St. Paul’s rocks,
+half-submerged volcanic cones, coral reefs and
+islands of the south Pacific. He observes live
+glaciers, as well as the contrasting action of
+active and of dead volcanoes. Along the rivers
+of Patagonia he unearths great extinct or fossil
+mammals; in Peru he studies the extinct
+races of man; the aborigines of Terra del
+Fuego and of Patagonia make the most profound
+impression upon his mind. In brief,
+he sees the great drama of nature in all its
+lesser scenes and in all its grander acts. He
+begins the voyage a firm believer in the fixity
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_48'>48</span>of species, but doubts begin to enter his mind
+when in the sands of the pampas of South
+America he perceives that the extinct forms
+are partly ancestral to the living, and when on
+the isolated Galapagos Islands he finds the
+life is not that of a special creation but that
+detached from the continent of South America
+six hundred miles distant.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Darwin says:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>I owe to the voyage the first real training and
+education of my mind. That my mind had developed
+is rendered probable by my father’s first
+exclamation on my return, “why the shape of his
+head is quite altered.”</p>
+
+<h4 class='c024'>III</h4>
+
+<p class='c025'>Soon after Darwin’s return he moved to
+London for the two most active years of his
+life, to care for his collections and to write up
+his observations. At this moment came the
+third of the great turning-points in his life,
+which as a mysteriously disguised blessing was
+brought about through ill health. In London
+he was entering official duties and public
+scientific service which would undoubtedly
+have increased and interfered more and more
+seriously with his work. We can only count
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_49'>49</span>it as one of the most fortunate circumstances
+in the history of science that Darwin at the
+age of thirty-three was forced to leave London
+and to move to Down. Here for forty
+years he never knew for one day the health of
+an ordinary man; his life was one long struggle
+against the strain of sickness. But unrealized
+by him there was the compensation of a
+mind undisturbed by the constant interruption
+of outside affairs, such interruption as
+killed Huxley and is killing so many fine and
+ambitious men today. When I saw Huxley
+and Darwin side by side in 1879, the one only
+fifty-four, the other seventy, the younger man
+looked by far the more careworn of the two.
+Huxley, the strong man, broke down mentally
+at fifty-six; Darwin, the invalid, was vigorous
+mentally at seventy-two.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Darwin’s writings fall into three grand
+series. In the nine years after he returned
+from the voyage, or between his twenty-seventh
+and thirty-sixth years, Darwin wrote
+the first series, including his pre-evolutionary
+geological and zoological works, his “Coral
+Reefs” (1842), his “Zoology and Geology of
+the Voyage of the <i>Beagle</i>” (1844–1846), his
+“Journal of Researches,” the popular narrative
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_50'>50</span>of his voyage (1845). Darwin’s ill health
+thereafter shut him off from geology, although
+his last volume, “The Earthworm,” was in a
+sense geological.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>It is characteristic of the life of every great
+man that his genius and his own self-analysis
+instinctively guide him to discover his mental
+needs.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Until the age of forty-five Darwin in his
+own opinion had not completed his education,
+in the sense that education is a broad and
+exact training. He now proceeded to fill the
+one gap in his training by devoting the eight
+years of his life between thirty-seven and
+forty-five to a most laborious research upon
+the barnacles, or Cirripedia. This gave him
+the key to the principles of the natural or adaptively
+branching and divergent arrangement
+of animals through the laws of descent as set
+forth in the “Origin,” which he certainly
+could not have secured in any other way.
+The value he placed on his work on the barnacles
+is of especial import today when systematic
+work is so lightly esteemed by many
+biologists, young and old. Darwin subsequently,
+in the words of Hooker, “recognized
+three stages in his career as a biologist, the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_51'>51</span>mere collector at Cambridge, the collector and
+observer on the <i>Beagle</i> and for some years
+afterwards, and the trained naturalist after,
+and only after, the Cirripede work.”</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Long before this, however, at the age of
+twenty-eight, Darwin had begun his career
+as a Darwinian. In July, 1837, he began his
+notes on the transmutation of species, based
+on purely Baconian principles, on the rigid
+collection of facts which would bear in any
+way on the variations of animals and plants
+under domestication and in nature. Rare as
+was his reasoning power, his powers of observation
+were of a still more distinct order. He
+persistently and doggedly followed every clew;
+he noticed little things which escaped others;
+he always noted exceptions and at once jotted
+down facts opposed to his theories. On the
+voyage the marvellous adaptations of animals
+and plants had been his greatest puzzle. Fifteen
+months later, in October, 1838, in reading
+the work of Malthus, on “Population,”
+there flashed across his mind the threefold
+clew of the struggle for existence, of constant
+variability, and of the selection of variations
+which happen to be adaptive.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>The three memorable features of Darwin’s
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_52'>52</span>greatest work, “The Origin of Species,” are,
+that he was twenty-one years in preparing it,
+that, although by 1844 he was a strongly convinced
+evolutionist and natural selectionist,
+he kept on with his observations for fifteen
+years, and the volume even then would have
+been still longer postponed but for a wonderful
+coincidence, which constitutes the third
+and not the least memorable feature. This
+coincidence was that Wallace had also become
+an evolutionist and had also discovered
+the principle of natural selection through the
+reading of the same essay of Malthus. It is
+further remarkable that of all persons Wallace
+selected Darwin as the one to whom to
+send his paper. It was then through the persuasion
+of the great botanist Hooker, who had
+known Darwin’s views for thirteen years, that
+these independent discoveries were published
+jointly on July 1, 1858. All the finest points
+of Darwin’s personal character were displayed
+at this time; in fact, the entire Darwin-Wallace
+history up to and including Wallace’s
+noble and self-depreciatory tribute to
+Darwin on July 1 of last summer, is one of
+the brightest chapters in the history of science.
+Wallace himself pointed out the very important
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_53'>53</span>distinction that while the theories contained
+in the two papers published fifty years
+ago were nearly identical, Wallace had deliberated
+only three days after coming across the
+passage in Malthus, while Darwin had deliberated
+for fifteen years. He modestly declared
+that the respective credit should be in
+the ratio of fifteen years to three days.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Several months past the age of fifty Darwin
+published his epoch-making work (November,
+1859), and despite ill health, between fifty
+and seventy-three he produced the nine great
+volumes which expand and illustrate the
+views expressed in “The Origin of Species.”</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>A parallel to this remarkable late productiveness
+is that of Kant, who also put forth
+his greatest work after fifty. Let those past
+the five decades take heart, for it appears that
+while there are inborn differences between
+men in this regard, imagination, observation,
+reasoning and production do not necessarily
+dim with age. Darwin’s mind remained
+young and plastic to the end; his latest and
+one of his most characteristic works, “The
+Formation of Vegetable Mould through the
+Action of Earth Worms,” was published at
+the age of seventy-two, after forty-four years
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_54'>54</span>of observation. It contained another and
+perhaps the most extreme demonstration of
+Lyell’s principle that vast changes in nature
+are brought about by the slow operation of
+infinitesimal causes.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Three of Darwin’s succeeding volumes are
+a filling out of the “Origin.” “The Variation
+of Animals and Plants under Domestication”
+(two volumes, 1868) presents the entire fabric
+of the notes begun twenty-one years before on
+the transmutation of species. “The Descent
+of Man” (1871) was another logical outcome
+of the “Origin,” yet it was only faintly adumbrated
+by a single allusion in that work to
+the fact that the transmutation of species
+necessarily led to the evolution of man. The
+“Descent” marks the third of the great dates
+in the history of thought, as the “Origin”
+marks the second, because it is the final step
+in the development of ideas which began
+with Copernicus in 1543. The world-wide
+sensation, the mighty <i>storm</i> produced by this
+bold climax of Darwin’s work, is so fresh in
+the memory of all that a mere allusion suffices.
+The evolutionary or genetic basis for modern
+psychology as stated in “The Descent of
+Man” was given still more concrete form in
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_55'>55</span>Darwin’s succeeding and most delightful volume,
+“The Expression of the Emotions”
+(1872).</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>The knowledge of zoology and anatomy
+displayed in these four evolutionary volumes
+came from direct observation, vast and systematic
+reading and note-taking from the
+simple materials which Darwin could collect
+at Down. Always penetrating as these observations
+are, they are still, in my opinion,
+surpassed in beauty and ingenuity by his
+marvellous work on plants, published between
+1862 and 1880. Here the principles of co-adaptation
+of plants and insects in cross- and
+self-fertilization, in climbing plants and insectivorous
+plants, in forms of flowers, in
+movements of plants, are all brought forth in
+support of the theory of natural selection and
+the operation of unknown laws. Darwin’s
+most precise observations and some of his
+most brilliant discoveries recorded in these
+volumes laid the foundations of modern experimental
+botany.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Of his method Darwin writes:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>From my early youth I had the strongest desire
+to understand or explain whatever I observed,
+that is, to group facts under some general laws.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_56'>56</span>My mind seems to have become a kind of machine
+for grinding general laws out of large collections
+of facts.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>The only work which Darwin wrote deductively
+was his “Coral Reefs.” Every other
+volume came through the inductive-deductive
+process, that is, through an early assemblage
+of facts followed by a series of trial
+hypotheses, each of which was rigidly tested
+by additional facts. The most central of
+these trial hypotheses was that of the building
+up of adaptations through the selection of the
+single adaptive variation out of the many
+fortuitous variations, and this Darwin was
+unable to rigidly test by facts but was obliged
+to leave for verification or disproof by work
+after him.</p>
+
+<h4 class='c024'>IV</h4>
+
+<p class='c025'>On December 8, 1879, when Darwin was in
+his seventieth year and I in my twenty-second,
+I had the rare privilege of meeting
+him and looking steadily in his face during a
+few moments’ conversation. It was in Huxley’s
+laboratory, and I was at the time working
+upon the anatomy of the Crustacea. The
+entry in my journal is as follows:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'><span class='pageno' id='Page_57'>57</span>This is a red letter day for me. As I was leaning
+over my lobster (<i>Homarus vulgaris</i>) this morning,
+cutting away at the brain, I raised my head and
+looked up to see Huxley and Darwin passing by me.
+I believe I never shall see two such great naturalists
+together again. I went on apparently with
+skill, really hacking my brain away, and cast an
+occasional glance at the great old gray-haired man.
+I was startled, so unexpected was it, by Huxley
+speaking to me and introducing me to Darwin as
+“an American who has already done some good
+palæontological work on the other side of the
+water.” I gave Darwin’s hand a tremendous
+squeeze (for I never shall shake it again) and said,
+without intending, in an almost reverential tone,
+“I am very glad to meet you.” He stands much
+taller than Huxley, has a very ruddy face, with
+benevolent blue eyes and overhanging eyebrows.
+His beard is quite long and perfectly white and his
+hair falls partly over a low forehead. His features
+are not good. My general impression of his face
+is very pleasant. He smiled broadly, said something
+about a hope that Marsh with his students
+would not be hindered in his work, and Huxley,
+saying “I must not let you talk too much,”
+hurried him on into the next room.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>I may add, as distinctly recorded in my
+memory, that the impression of Darwin’s
+bluish-gray eyes, deep-set under the overhanging
+brows, was that they were the eyes of
+a man who could survey all nature.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_58'>58</span>Another memory of interest is that the
+instant Huxley closed the door I was mobbed
+as the “lucky American” by the ninety less
+fortunate students of Great Britain and other
+countries.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Huxley’s solicitude for Darwin’s strength
+was characteristic of him. He often alluded
+to himself as “Darwin’s bull dog.”</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>I have already stated that of the two men
+Darwin gave the impression of enjoying the
+better health. Huxley was then sixteen years
+the younger, yet the burdens and strain of
+London life made him look less young and
+hale. In this connection an earlier jotting
+from the same laboratory is as follows:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>Huxley comes in as the clock strikes and begins
+to lecture at once, almost before it ceases. He
+looks old and somewhat broken, his eyes deeply
+sunken, but is a lecturer as strong as he ever
+could have been. His language is very simple too.</p>
+
+<h4 class='c024'>V</h4>
+
+<p class='c025'>Darwin passed away in the year 1882, at
+the age of seventy-three. Out of the simple
+and quiet life at Down he had sent forth the
+great upheaval and revolution.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>On this centenary when we are honoring
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_59'>59</span>Darwin, many may ask, exactly what is
+Darwinism? Failure to know leads some to
+doubt, others to predict a decline, especially
+where “the wish is father to the thought.”
+Nothing could be less true than to say that
+there is the least abatement in the force of
+the main teaching of this great leader, namely,
+of the evolutionary law of the universe. The
+vitality of this idea is shown by its invasion
+of the physical world. Again, Darwinism is
+the sum of Darwin’s observations on earth
+structure, on plants, animals and man. This
+vast body of truth and of interpretation still
+so far surpasses that brought forward by any
+other observer of nature, and these facts and
+interpretations are so far confirmed that they
+have become the very foundation-stones of
+modern biology and geology. Finally, looking
+at Darwinism as the sum of his generalizations
+as to the processes of evolution we
+again find a vast body of well-established
+laws which are also daily becoming more
+evident. As to the laws of evolution, there is
+no single biological principle more absolutely
+proved by the study of living and extinct
+things since Darwin’s time than the broad
+law of natural selection: certainly the fittest
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_60'>60</span>survive and reproduce their kind, the fittest
+of every degree, all classes, orders, genera,
+species, individuals and even the fittest organs
+and fittest separate parts of organs.
+Darwin still gives us the only explanation
+which has ever been suggested of hundreds
+of thousands of adaptations of which neither
+Buffon’s view of direct effect of environment
+nor Lamarck’s view of the inheritance of
+bodily modifications even approaches an explanation
+worthy to be considered. Take the
+egg of the murre or guillemot, which is so
+much larger at one end than the other that it
+cannot roll off the cliff on which it is laid, or
+the seasonal changes of color in the ptarmigan,
+every one of which is protective.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>There is some lack of perspective, some egotism,
+much one-sidedness in modern criticism.
+The very announcement, “Darwin deposed,”
+attracts such attention as would the notice
+“Mt. Blanc removed”; does it not bespeak
+courage to attack a lion even when deceased?
+Preoccupation in the study of one great law,
+as in the case of Bateson on Mendelism and
+De Vries on Mutation, blinds to every other
+law. To be dispassionate, let us remember
+that Darwin’s hypothesis was framed in 1838,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_61'>61</span>seventy-one years ago. Are the two great
+Cambridge men, Newton and Darwin, lesser
+men because astronomy and biology are progressive
+sciences? Secondly, to know your
+Darwin you must not judge him by single passages
+but by all he wrote. Darwin is not to
+be known through the extremes of those of his
+followers with whom an hypothesis has become
+a creed. Reading him afresh and through and
+through we discover that his “variation” and
+“variability” are very broad and elastic
+terms. Every actual example he cites of his
+main hypothesis, such as the speed of the
+wolf or the deer, or the long neck of the
+giraffe, is a variation both heritable and of
+adaptive value.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>When we put together all the concrete cases
+which he gave to illustrate his views of selection
+we see that he includes both continuous
+and discontinuous variations, both the shades
+of difference of kind and proportion and the
+little leaps or saltations from character to
+character. For example, certain cases of immunity
+to disease are now known to be “unit
+characters” in Bateson’s sense, or “mutants”
+in the De Vries sense. Darwin repeatedly
+referred to immunity as a variation which
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_62'>62</span>would be preserved by selection. Moreover,
+Darwin’s own repeated assertion of his profound
+ignorance of the laws of variation certainly
+pointed the way to the investigation of
+these laws, and it is this very study which is
+modifying the applications of his selection
+hypothesis.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>From first to last Huxley maintained that
+it would require many years of study before
+naturalists could say whether Darwin had
+been led to overestimate the power of natural
+selection. Darwin’s mind from first to last
+was also open on this point. Through every
+edition of the “Origin” we find the passage:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>The laws governing the incipient or primordial
+variations (unimportant except as the groundwork
+for selection to act on and then all important)
+I shall discuss under several heads. But I can
+come, as you may well believe, to only very partial
+and imperfect conclusions.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>In 1869 and in the latest edition of the
+“Origin” Darwin speaks of “individual differences”
+as of paramount importance, but he
+illustrates these differences by such instances
+as the selection of passenger pigeons with
+more powerful wings, or the selection of the
+lightest colored birds in deserts.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_63'>63</span>There can be no question, however, that
+Darwin did love his selection theory and
+somewhat overestimated its importance. His
+conception of selection in nature may be compared
+to a series of concentric circles constantly
+narrowing from the largest groups
+down to the minutest structures. In the
+operations of this intimate circle of minute
+variations within organisms he was inclined
+to believe two things: first, that the fit or
+adaptive always arises out of the accidental,
+or that out of large and minute variations
+<i>without direction</i> selection brings direction and
+fitness; second, as a consistent pupil of Lyell,
+he was inclined to believe that the chief
+changes in evolution are slow and continuous.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>The psychology of Darwin was in a reaction
+state from the prevailing false teleology;
+he was not expecting that purposive or teleological
+or even orthogenetic laws of variation
+would be discovered. William James has
+thus recently expressed and endorsed the
+spirit of Darwinism as a new natural philosophy
+in the following words:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>It is strange, considering how unanimously our
+ancestors felt the force of this argument [that is,
+the teleological], to see how little it counts for
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_64'>64</span>since the triumph of the Darwinian theory. Darwin
+opened our minds to the power of the chance-happenings
+to bring forth “fit” results if only they
+have time to add themselves together. He showed
+the enormous waste of nature in producing results
+that get destroyed because of their unfitness.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>The question before us naturalists today
+is whether this non-teleological spirit of Darwinism
+as expressed by William James corresponds
+with the actual order of evolution in
+nature. This really involves the deep-seated
+query whether the intimate or minute parts of
+living things are operating under natural laws
+like non-living things or are really lawless.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Before expressing my individual opinion
+based on my own researches of the last twenty
+years I may summarize the general modern
+dissent: in <i>three points</i> it may be said that
+Darwin’s teachings are not accepted today.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>First, his slowly developed belief in the
+inheritance of bodily modifications and the
+provisional “assemblage theory” of heredity
+which he called <i>pangenesis</i> has been set aside
+for Weismann’s law that heredity lies in the
+continuity of a specific heredity plasm, and
+for want of evidence of the transmission of
+acquired characters.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Second, while his prevailing belief that
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_65'>65</span>changes in organisms are in the main slow
+and continuous is now positively demonstrated
+to be correct by the study of descent in fossil
+organisms, there is also positive evidence for
+the belief which he less strongly entertained
+that many changes are discontinuous or mutative,
+as held by Bateson and De Vries.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Finally, his belief that out of fortuitous
+or undirected variations in minute characters
+arise direction, purpose and adaptation
+through selection still lacks proof by either
+observation or experiment. Fossil and other
+descent series entirely unknown in Darwin’s
+time prove beyond question that law rather
+than chance is prevailing in variation.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>What the nature of these laws is it is still
+too early to say. Personally I am strongly of
+the opinion that the laws of life, like the ultimate
+laws of physics, may eventually prove to
+be beyond analysis.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>To allow myself just one flight of fanciful
+statement drawn from personal observation
+and reflection I may say there is a likeness
+between the unit forces working in a single
+organism, both as revealed by the microscope
+and in fossil series, and the individual soldiers
+composing a giant army. The millions of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_66'>66</span>well-ordered activities in the body correspond
+with the millions of intelligently trained men
+who compose the army; the selection process
+or the survival of the fittest is like the competition
+between two armies, between the Russian
+and Japanese, for example. It is an outward
+and visible competition between two
+internally prepared and well-ordered hosts of
+units and groups of units. Selection is continuously
+working upon the army as a whole
+and also upon every unit which affects survival—an
+immunity unit, an intelligence unit,
+a speed unit, a color or group of color units;
+just as in the army it is working upon units
+of courage, of strategy, of precision of fire, of
+endurance, of mass. In this sense it is perfectly
+true to say with Darwin “that selection
+works upon certain single variations.” It is
+not true, or at least it is not shown, that these
+variations are a matter of chance; they rather
+appear to be a matter of law, as indeed Darwin
+foresaw when he stated that he used the
+word “chance” merely as a synonym of
+“ignorance.”</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>In the present state of biology we are studying
+the behavior of the thousands of parts,
+sometimes of blending, sometimes of separate,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_67'>67</span>sometimes of paired or triplicate units, which
+compose the whole and make up the individual
+organism. Natural selection determines which
+organism shall win; more than this, it determines
+which serviceable activities of each
+organism shall win. Here lie the limits of its
+power. Selection is not a creative but a judicial
+principle. It is one of Darwin’s many
+triumphs that he positively demonstrated that
+this judicial principle is one of the great factors
+of evolution. Then he clearly set our task
+before us in pointing out that the <i>unknown</i>
+lies in the laws of variation, and a stupendous
+task it is. At the same time he left us a legacy
+in his inductive and experimental methods
+by which we may blaze our trail.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Therefore, in this anniversary year, we do
+not see any decline in the force of Darwinism
+but rather a renewed stimulus to progressive
+search. As Huxley says:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>But this one thing is perfectly certain—that is,
+it is only by pursuing his method, by that wonderful
+single-mindedness, devotion to truth, readiness
+to sacrifice all things for the advance of definite
+knowledge, that we can hope to come any nearer
+than we are at present to the truths which he
+struggled to attain.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_68'>68</span>
+  <h3 class='c014'>THE DARWIN CENTENARY AT CAMBRIDGE</h3>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c025'>Crossing the Atlantic in honor of Darwin
+and rejoicing in the privilege of uniting in
+this celebration of his birth, we desire, first of
+all, to render our tribute to the University
+of Cambridge....</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>What can we add to the chorus of appreciation
+of the great pupil of Christ’s which has
+come from college, press and pulpit since the
+opening of this anniversary year? Only a
+few words of <i>personal impression</i>.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>To us, Darwin, more perhaps than any
+other naturalist, seems greatest in the union
+of a high order of genius with rare simplicity
+and transparency of thought. Dwelling on
+this lucid quality and on the vast range of his
+observation from the most minute to the
+grandest relations in nature, does not the
+image arise of a perfected optical instrument
+in which all personal equation, aberration and
+refraction are eliminated and through which,
+as it were, we gaze with a new vision into the
+marvellous forms and processes of the living
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_69'>69</span>world? With this wondrous lens our countrymen,
+Cope and Marsh, penetrated far deeper
+into fossil life than their predecessor Joseph
+Leidy, and the arid deserts of the Rocky
+Mountain region gave up their petrified dead
+as proofs of Darwinism. Through its new
+powers Hyatt, Morse, Packard and Brooks
+saw far more than their master Louis Agassiz
+and drew fresh testimonies of development
+from the historic waters of New England.
+From the very end of the new world, where
+the youthful Darwin received his first impressions
+of the mutability of the forms of life, we
+enjoy a clearer vision of the ancient life of
+Patagonia.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>What of Darwin’s future influence?</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>While it is doubtful if human speculation
+about life can ever again be so tangential as
+in our pre-Darwinian past of fifty years ago,
+it is probable, in fact it is daily becoming
+more evident, that the destiny of speculation
+is less the tangent than the maze—the maze of
+innumerable lesser principles, with as many
+prophets calling to us to seek this turning or
+that. There are those who in loyal advocacy
+of his system feel that we shall not get much
+nearer to life than Darwin did, but this is to
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_70'>70</span>abandon his progressive leadership, for if
+ever a master defined the unknown and
+pointed the way of investigation, certainly it
+was Darwin. In the wonderful round of addresses
+in his honor of this Centennial Year
+and in the renewed critical study of his life
+and writings, the recognition that Darwin
+opened the way has come to many with the
+force of a fresh discovery. It is true that he
+left a system and that he loved it as his own,
+but his forceful, self-unsparing and suggestive
+criticism show that if he were living in these
+days of Waagen, of Weismann, of Mendel and
+of De Vries, he would be in the front line of
+inquiry, armed with matchless assemblage of
+fact, with experiment and verification, and
+not least with incomparable candor and good
+will. This bequest of a noble method is
+hardly less precious than the immortal content
+of the “Origin of Species” itself.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/p0702_ill.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><i>From a photograph copyright by Elliott and Fry</i><br>  <br>  THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_71'>71</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY<br> <span class='c012'>1825–1895</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c013'>To the memory of Balfour and of Huxley, my chief teacher in
+comparative anatomy, I dedicated my work, “The Age of Mammals.”
+Huxley set forth the logic of Darwin as applied to palæontology.
+Only a few men of the last century had the gift of speaking
+in clear language both to the learned and unlearned, and the greatest
+of these was Huxley. To write both for the man of one’s own
+profession and for the layman, to be accurate and abreast of
+the specialist who knows a subject as well as or better than you
+do, while intelligible to the non-specialist—there is the difficulty.
+Many times have I thought how simple it would be to address either
+audience separately. Yet I consider it fortunate that both are with
+us, because I share Huxley’s confidence in addressing those who are
+willing to do a little serious thinking in order to enjoy the vast vistas
+of interesting truth which come as the reward of effort. I share also
+his conviction that it is the duty of the man of science to devote a
+certain part of his time, however absorbed in research he may be, to
+an honest attempt to scatter scientific truth.</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>During the winter of 1879–80 I attended Huxley’s full course of
+lectures on Comparative Anatomy and Evolution, which were delivered
+in the upper floor of the Royal College of Science. In “A
+Student’s Reminiscences of Huxley” I especially attempt to describe
+personal impressions which he made upon me as a lecturer and as a
+thinker and to record some of the flashes of wit with which he enlivened
+his lectures. Although intensely occupied at the time with
+a variety of public education matters and with the pressure of literary
+and scientific work, Huxley found time, chiefly in his home, to
+enter into conversation on the subjects flooding his mind. It was
+there that I heard some of the best stories here recorded.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_73'>73</span>
+  <h3 class='c014'>A STUDENT’S REMINISCENCES OF HUXLEY</h3>
+</div>
+<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c015'>By far the larger number of American
+students who go abroad pass through
+the English Channel, obtain a distant view
+of the mother country and, after from one to
+three years in Germany, return with an exclusively
+German education. Neither England
+nor France having been visited, the implication
+is that the countries which produced Owen,
+Darwin, Huxley and Balfour, or Lamarck, Cuvier,
+St. Hilaire and Pasteur have nothing to
+offer the American student. This is not the
+fact; the fact is that England and France
+are a half-century behind Germany in that
+kind of university organization which attracts
+a foreign student and enables him immediately
+to find his level and enter upon his
+research. English and French universities
+until a very recent date either have been not
+so fully prepared or have met the newcomer
+with practically insuperable obstacles in the
+matter of a degree.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>None the less, the student who has not
+breasted these obstacles for the compensating
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_74'>74</span>advantages which the English and French
+schools offer has made a serious mistake. He
+has brought back not an Old World education,
+but an exclusively German education,
+with its splendidly sound and unique features
+and with many inherent defects. Germany
+produces the generals and the rank and file of
+the armies of science, but certainly the commanders-in-chief,
+in biology at least, have
+been Englishmen. If we find the highest
+exponents of purely inductive research in
+Germany, we certainly find a better union of
+the inductive and deductive methods in
+France and England. France leads in expression
+and style of thought, although, upon
+the whole, less sound in substance than Germany.
+England and France in her best
+period have given us the most far-reaching
+and permanent generalizations in biology. It
+follows that the American student who can
+afford the experience will profit most by placing
+himself successively in the scientific atmosphere
+of Germany, France, and England.
+My own post-graduate education was unfortunately
+not of this three-sided type. None
+the less, it has always seemed a most fortunate
+circumstance that in the spring of 1879
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_75'>75</span>a letter from the venerable Kitchen Parker
+led me to Cambridge and to the great privilege
+of sitting under Balfour, the most brilliant
+and lovable of men. In the following
+autumn Huxley’s lectures upon Comparative
+Zoology began in October, and by entering
+this course I came to know personally this
+great master and through him to enjoy the
+rare opportunity of meeting Charles Darwin.
+After this experience, which was equally open
+to any serious student of biology at that time,
+it is natural that I should strongly advise
+those of you who are planning your foreign
+studies to spend part of your time in England
+and endeavor to discern some of the distinctive
+qualities of English men of science which
+Huxley so nobly illustrated. You will pardon
+the personal element in the following recollections
+of Huxley as a teacher and the rather
+informal review of his life-work.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Huxley as a teacher can never be forgotten
+by any of his students. He entered his
+lecture-room promptly as the clock was
+striking nine, rather quickly and with his
+head bent forward “as if oppressive with its
+mind.” He usually glanced attention to his
+class of about ninety and began speaking
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_76'>76</span>before he reached his chair. He spoke between
+his lips, with perfectly clear analysis,
+with thorough interest, and with philosophic
+insight which was far above the
+average of his students. He used very few
+charts, but handled the chalk with great
+skill, sketching out the anatomy of an animal
+as if it were a transparent object. As in
+Darwin’s face, and as in Erasmus Darwin’s,
+Buffon’s, and many other anatomists with
+a strong sense of form, his eyes were heavily
+overhung by a projecting forehead and eyebrows
+and seemed at times to look inward.
+His lips were firm and closely set, with the
+expression of positiveness, and the other
+feature which most marked him was the very
+heavy mass of hair falling over his forehead,
+which he would frequently stroke or toss
+back. Occasionally he would lighten up the
+monotony of anatomical description by a bit
+of humor. I remember one instance which
+was probably reminiscent of his famous tilt
+with Bishop Wilberforce at the meeting of
+the British Association in 1860. Huxley was
+describing the mammalian heart and had just
+distinguished between the tricuspid valve, on
+the right side of the heart, and the bicuspid
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_77'>77</span>valve, on the left, which you know resembles
+a bishop’s mitre, and hence is known as the
+mitral valve. He said:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>It is not easy to recall on which side these
+respective valves are found, but I recommend
+this rule: you can easily remember that the mitral
+is on the left, because a bishop is never known
+to be on the right.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Huxley was the father of modern laboratory
+instruction, but in 1879 he was so intensely
+engrossed with his own researches
+that he very seldom came through the laboratory,
+which was ably directed by T. Jeffrey
+Parker, assisted by G. B. Howes and W.
+Newton Parker, all of whom are now professors,
+Howes having succeeded to Huxley’s
+chair. Each visit therefore inspired a certain
+amount of terror, which was really unwarranted,
+for Huxley always spoke in the kindest
+tones to his students, although sometimes
+he could not resist making fun at their expense.
+There was an Irish student who sat
+in front of me, whose anatomical drawings
+in water-color were certainly most remarkable
+productions. Huxley, in turning over
+his drawing-book, paused at a large blur
+under which was carefully inscribed “sheep’s
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_78'>78</span>liver” and smilingly said: “I am glad to know
+that is a liver; it reminds me as much of
+Cologne Cathedral in a fog as of anything I
+have ever seen before.” Fortunately the nationality
+of the student enabled him to fully
+appreciate the humor.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>The greatest event in the winter of 1879
+was Darwin’s first and only visit to the laboratory.
+They came in together, Huxley
+leading slowly down the long, narrow room,
+pointing out the especial methods of teaching,
+which he had originated and which are now
+universally adopted in England and in this
+country. Darwin was instantly recognized
+by the class as he entered and sent a thrill of
+curiosity down the room, for no one present
+had ever seen him before. There was the
+widest possible contrast in the two faces.
+Darwin’s grayish-white hair and bushy eyebrows
+overshadowed a pair of deeply set blue
+eyes, which seemed to image his wonderfully
+calm and deep vision of nature and at
+the same time to emit benevolence. Huxley’s
+piercing black eyes and determined and resolute
+face were full of admiration and, at the
+same time, protection of his older friend.
+He said afterward: “You know, I have to
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_79'>79</span>take care of him; in fact, I have always
+been Darwin’s bulldog,” and this exactly
+expressed one of the many relations which
+existed so long between the two men.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Huxley was not always fortunate in the
+intellectual caliber of the men to whom he
+lectured in the Royal College of Science. Many
+of the younger generation were studying in
+the universities, under Balfour at Cambridge
+and under Rolleston at Oxford. However,
+Saville Kent, C. Lloyd Morgan, George B.
+Howes, T. Jeffrey Parker and W. Newton
+Parker are representative biologists who were
+directly trained by Huxley. Many others,
+not his students, have expressed the deepest
+indebtedness to him. Among these especially
+are Professor E. Ray Lankester, of Oxford,
+and Professor Michael Foster, of Cambridge.
+Huxley once said that he had “discovered
+Foster.” He not only singled men out, but
+knew how to direct and inspire them to investigate
+the most pressing problems of the day.
+As it was, his thirty-one years of lectures
+would have produced a far greater effect if
+they had been delivered from an Oxford,
+Cambridge or Edinburgh chair. In fact,
+Huxley’s whole life would have been different,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_80'>80</span>in some ways more effective, in others less so,
+if the universities had welcomed the young
+genius who was looking for a post and even
+cast his eyes toward America in 1850, but in
+those early days of classical prestige both
+seats of learning were dead to the science
+which it was Huxley’s great service in support
+of Darwin to place beside physics in
+the lead of all others in England. Moreover,
+Oxford, if not Cambridge, could not long
+have sheltered such a wolf in the fold.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Huxley’s public addresses always gave the
+impression of being largely impromptu, but
+he once told me: “I always think out carefully
+every word I am going to say. There is
+no greater danger than the so-called <i>inspiration
+of the moment</i>, which leads you to say
+something which is not exactly true or which
+you would regret afterward. I sometimes
+envy your countrymen their readiness and
+believe that a native American, if summoned
+out of bed at midnight, could step to his
+window and speak well upon any subject.”
+I told him I feared he had been slightly misinformed;
+I feared that many American impromptu
+speeches were distinguished more by
+a flow of language than of ideas. But Huxley
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_81'>81</span>was sometimes very impressive when he
+did not speak. In 1879 he was strongly advocating
+the removal of the Royal School of
+Mines from crowded Jermyn street to South
+Kensington, a matter which is still being agitated.
+At a public dinner given by the alumni
+of the school, who were naturally attached
+to the old buildings, the chairman was indiscreet
+enough to make an attack upon the
+policy of removal. He was vigorously applauded,
+when, to every one’s consternation,
+Huxley, who was sitting at the chairman’s
+right, slowly rose, paused a moment, and then
+silently skirted the tables and walked out of
+the hall. A solemn pall fell over us, which
+lasted throughout the dinner, and we were
+all glad to find an excuse to leave early.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>In personal conversation Huxley was full
+of humor and greatly enjoyed stories at his
+own expense. Such was the following:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>In my early period as a lecturer I had very little
+confidence in my general powers, but one thing
+I prided myself upon was clearness. I was once
+talking of the brain before a large mixed audience
+and soon began to feel that no one in the
+room understood me. Finally I saw the thoroughly
+interested face of a woman auditor and
+took consolation in delivering the remainder of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_82'>82</span>the lecture directly to her. At the close, my
+feeling as to her interest was confirmed when she
+came up and asked if she might put one question
+upon a single point which she had not quite
+understood. “Certainly,” I replied. “Now, Professor,”
+she said, “is the cerebellum inside or outside
+of the skull?”</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>A story of his about babies is also characteristic:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>When a fond mother calls upon me to admire
+her baby I never fail to respond, and, while cooing
+appropriately, I take advantage of an opportunity
+to gently ascertain whether the soles of
+its feet turn in and tend to support my theory
+of arboreal descent.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Huxley’s life is as full of suggestion to the
+student as were his lectures and his conversation.
+It illustrates the force of obtaining a
+very broad view of the animal kingdom before
+we attempt to enter the plane of higher generalization.
+Huxley’s training in embryology,
+vertebrate and invertebrate zoology, palæontology,
+and geology was not mapped out for
+him as for the modern university student.
+His prolonged sea voyage gave him time and
+material for reflection, and after this he was
+led from one subject to another until he obtained
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_83'>83</span>a grasp of nature as a whole second
+only to that of Darwin.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Huxley was born in 1825. Like Goethe, he
+inherited from his mother his brilliantly alert
+powers of thought, and from his father his
+courage and tenacity of purpose, a combination
+of qualities which especially fitted him
+for the period in which he was to live. There
+is nothing striking recorded about his boyhood
+as a naturalist. He preferred engineering
+but was led into medicine.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>At the close of his medical course he secured
+a navy medical post upon the <i>Rattlesnake</i>.
+This brought with it, as to Darwin,
+the training of a four years’ voyage to the
+South Seas off eastern Australia and west
+Guinea—a more liberal education to a naturalist
+than any university affords, even at the
+present day. This voyage began at twenty-one,
+and he says of it:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>But, apart from experience of this kind and
+the opportunity afforded for scientific work, to me,
+personally, the cruise was extremely valuable. It
+was good for me to live under sharp discipline,
+to be down on the realities of existence by living
+on bare necessities, to find out how extremely
+worth living life seemed to be when one woke
+from a night’s rest on a soft plank, with the sky
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_84'>84</span>for a canopy and cocoa and weevily biscuit the
+sole prospect for breakfast, and more especially
+to learn to work for what I got for myself out of
+it. My brother officers were as good as sailors
+ought to be and generally are, but naturally they
+neither knew nor cared anything about my pursuits,
+nor understood why I should be so zealous
+in the pursuit of the objects which my friends,
+the middies, christened “Buffons,” after the title
+conspicuous on a volume of the “<span lang="fr">Suites à Buffon</span>,”
+which stood in a prominent place on my shelf
+in the chart room.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>As the result of this voyage of four years
+numerous papers were sent home to the Linnæan
+Society of London, but few were published;
+upon his return his first great work,
+“Upon the Anatomy and Affinities of the
+Medusæ,” was declined for publication by
+the Admiralty—a fortunate circumstance, for
+it led to his quitting the navy for good and
+trusting to his own resources. Upon publication,
+this memoir at once established his
+scientific reputation at the early age of
+twenty-four, just as Richard Owen had won
+his spurs by his “Memoir on the Pearly Nautilus.”
+In 1852 Huxley’s preference as a
+biologist was to turn back to physiology,
+which had become the favorite study of his
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_85'>85</span>medical course. But his fate was to enter
+and become distinguished in a widely different
+branch, which had as little attraction for
+him as for most students of marine life,
+namely, palæontology. He says of his sudden
+change of base:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>At last, in 1854, on the translation of my warm
+friend, Edward Forbes, to Edinburgh, Sir Henry
+de la Beche, the Director-General of the Geological
+Survey, offered me the post Forbes had vacated
+of Palæontologist and Lecturer on Natural History.
+I refused the former point-blank, and accepted
+the latter only provisionally, telling Sir
+Henry that I did not care for fossils and that I
+should give up natural history as soon as I could
+get a physiological post. But I held the office
+for thirty-one years, and a large part of my work
+has been palæontological.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>From this time until 1885 his labors extended
+over the widest field of biology and
+of philosophy ever covered by any naturalist,
+with the single exception of Aristotle.
+In philosophy Huxley showed rare critical
+and historical power; he made the most exhaustive
+study of Hume, but his own philosophical
+spirit and temper were more directly
+the offspring of Descartes. Some subjects he
+mastered, others he merely touched, but
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_86'>86</span>every subject which he wrote about he illuminated.
+Huxley did not discover or first
+define protoplasm, but he made it known to
+the English-speaking world as the physical
+basis of life, recognizing the unity of animal
+and plant protoplasm. He cleared up certain
+problems among the Protozoa. In 1849 appeared
+his great work upon the oceanic Hydrozoa,
+and familiarity with these forms
+doubtless suggested the brilliant comparison
+of the two-layered gastrula to the adult
+Hydrozoa. He threw light upon the Tunicata,
+describing the endostyle as a universal
+feature, but not venturing to raise the Tunicata
+to a separate order. He set in order the
+cephalopod mollusca, deriving the spiral from
+the straight-shelled fossil forms. He contributed
+to the Arthropoda; his last word
+upon this group being his charming little
+volume upon the “Crayfish,” a model of its
+kind. But think of the virgin field which
+opened up before him among the vertebrata,
+when in 1859 he was the first to perceive the
+truth of Darwin’s theory of descent! Here
+were Cuvier’s and Owen’s vast researches
+upon living and extinct forms, a disorderly
+chaos of facts waiting for generalization.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_87'>87</span>Huxley was the man for the time. He had
+already secured a thoroughly philosophical
+basis for his comparative osteology by studying
+the new embryology of Von Baer, which
+Richard Owen had wholly ignored. In 1858
+his famous Croonian lecture on the “Theory
+of the Vertebrate Skull” gave the death-blow
+to Owen’s life-work upon the skull and vertebral
+archetype and to the whole system of
+mystical and transcendental anatomy; and
+now Huxley set to work vigorously to build
+out of Owen’s scattered tribes the great limbs
+and branches of the vertebrate tree. He set
+the fishes and batrachia apart as the <i>Icthyopsidan</i>
+branch, the reptiles and birds as the
+<i>Sauropsidan</i> in contrast with the <i>Mammalian</i>,
+which he derived from a prosauropsidan or
+amphibian stem, a theory which with some
+modification has received strong recent verification.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Professor Owen, who had held undisputed
+sway in England up to 1858, fought nobly for
+opinions which had been idolized in the first
+half-century, but was routed at every point.
+Huxley captured his last fortress when, in
+his famous essay of 1865, “Man’s Place in
+Nature,” he undermined Owen’s teaching of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_88'>88</span>the separate and distinct anatomical position
+of man. We can only appreciate Huxley’s
+fighting qualities when we see how strongly
+Owen was intrenched at the beginning of this
+long battle royal; he was director of the
+British Museum and occupied other high
+posts; he had the strong moral support of
+the government and of the royal family, although
+these were weak allies in a scientific
+encounter.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Huxley’s powers of rapid generalization, of
+course, betrayed him frequently; his Bathybius
+was a groundless and short-lived hypothesis;
+he went far astray in the phylogeny of
+the horses. But these and other errors were
+far less attributable to defects in his reasoning
+powers than to the extraordinarily high
+pressure under which he worked for the twenty
+years between 1860 and 1880, when duties
+upon the Educational Board, upon the Government
+Fisheries Commission, and upon Parliamentary
+committees crowded upon him.
+He had at his command none of the resources
+of modern technique. He cut his own sections.
+I remember once seeing some of his microscopic
+sections. To one of our college junior
+students working with a Minot microtome
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_89'>89</span>Huxley’s sections would have appeared like
+translucent beefsteaks—another illustration
+that it is not always the section which reveals
+the natural law, but the man who looks at
+the section.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Huxley was a master not only in the search
+for truth but in the way in which he presented
+it, both in writing and in speaking. And we
+are assured, largely as he was gifted by nature,
+his beautifully lucid and interesting style was
+partly the result of deliberate hard work. He
+was not born to it; some of his early essays
+are rather labored; he acquired it. He was
+familiar with the best Greek literature and
+restudied the language; he pored over Milton
+and Carlyle and Mill; he studied the fine old
+English of the Bible; he took as especial
+models Hume and Hobbes, until finally he
+wrote his mother tongue as no other Englishman
+wrote it. Take up any one of his
+essays, biological, literary, philosophical, you
+at once see his central idea and his main purpose,
+although he never uses italics or spaced
+letters, as many of our German masters do
+to relieve the obscurity of their sentences.
+We are carried along upon the broad current
+of his reasoning without being confused by
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_90'>90</span>his abundant side illustrations. He gleaned
+from the literature of all time until his mind
+was stocked with apt similes. Who but Huxley
+would have selected the title “Lay Sermons”
+for his first volume of addresses; or,
+in 1880, twenty-one years after Darwin’s
+work appeared, would have entitled his essay
+upon the influence of this work “The Coming
+of Age of the Origin of Species”? Or to whom
+else would it have occurred to repeat over the
+grave of Balfour the exquisitely appropriate
+lines: “For Lycidas is dead, dead ere his
+prime”? Who else could have inveighed thus
+against modern specialization:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>We are in the case of Tarpeia, who opened the
+gates of the Roman citadel to the Sabines and was
+crushed by the weight of the reward bestowed
+upon her. It has become impossible for any man
+to keep pace with the progress of the whole of
+any important branch of science. It looks as if
+the scientific, like other revolutions, meant to
+devour its own children; as if the growth of science
+tended to overwhelm its votaries; as if the man
+of science of the future were condemned to diminish
+into a narrow specialist as time goes on.
+It appears to me that the only defense against
+this tendency to the degeneration of scientific
+workers lies in the organization and extension of
+scientific education in such a manner as to secure
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_91'>91</span>breadth of culture without superficiality; and,
+on the other hand, depth and precision of knowledge
+without narrowness.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>What Haeckel did for evolution in Germany,
+Huxley did in England. As the earliest
+and most ardent supporter of Darwin and the
+theory of descent, it is remarkable that he
+never gave an unreserved support to the
+theory of natural selection as all-sufficient.
+Twenty-five years ago, with his usual penetration
+and prophetic insight, he showed that
+the problem of variation might, after all, be
+the greater problem; and only three years
+ago, in his Romanes Lecture, he disappointed
+many of the disciples of Darwin by declaring
+that natural selection failed to explain the
+origin of our moral and ethical nature.
+Whether he was right or wrong we will not
+stop to discuss, but consider the still more
+remarkable conditions of Huxley’s relations
+to the theory of evolution. As expositor,
+teacher, defender, he was the high priest of
+evolution. From the first he saw the strong
+and weak points of the special Darwinian
+theory; he wrote upon the subject for thirty
+years, and yet he never contributed a single
+original or novel idea to it; in other words,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_92'>92</span>Huxley added vastly to the demonstration,
+but never added to the sum of either theory
+or working hypothesis, and the contemporary
+history of the theory proper could be written
+without mentioning his name. This lack
+of speculation upon the factors of evolution
+was true throughout his whole life; in the
+voyage of the <i>Rattlesnake</i>, he says, he did not
+even think of the species problem. His last
+utterance regarding the causes of evolution
+appeared in one of the reviews as a passing
+criticism of Weismann’s finished philosophy,
+in which he implies that his own philosophy of
+the causes of evolution was as far off as ever;
+in other words, Huxley never fully made up
+his mind or committed himself to any causal
+theory of development.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Taking the nineteenth century at large,
+outside of our own circles of biology Huxley’s
+greatest and most permanent achievement
+was his victory for free thought. Personally
+we may not be agnostic; we may disagree
+with much that he has said and written, but
+we must admire Huxley’s valiant services
+none the less. A reformer must be an extremist,
+and Huxley was often extreme, but he
+never said what he did not believe to be true.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_93'>93</span>If it is easy for you and for me to say what we
+think, in print and out of print now, it is
+because of the battles fought by such men as
+Huxley and Haeckel. When Huxley began
+his great crusade the air was full of religious
+intolerance, and, what is quite as bad, scientific
+shams. If Huxley had entered the contest
+carefully and guardedly, he would have
+been lost in the enemies’ ranks, but he struck
+right and left with sledge-hammer blows,
+whether it was a high dignitary of the church
+or of the state. Just before the occasion of
+one of his greatest contests, that with Gladstone
+in the pages of <cite>The Contemporary Review</cite>,
+Huxley was in Switzerland, completely broken
+down in health and suffering from torpidity
+of the liver. Gladstone had written one of
+his characteristically brilliant articles upon
+the close correspondence between the Order
+of Creation as revealed in the first chapter of
+Genesis and the Order of Evolution as shown
+by modern biology. “When this article
+reached me,” Huxley told me, “I read it
+through and it made me so angry that I
+believe it must have acted upon my liver. At
+all events, when I finished my reply to Gladstone
+I felt better than I had for months past.”</p>
+
+<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_94'>94</span>Huxley’s last public appearance was at the
+meeting of the British Association at Oxford
+in 1894. He had been very urgently invited to
+attend, for, about a third of a century before,
+the association had met at Oxford and Huxley
+had had his famous encounter with Bishop
+Wilberforce. It was felt that the anniversary
+would be a historic one and incomplete without
+his presence, and so it proved to be.
+Huxley’s especial duty was to second the vote
+of thanks for the Marquis of Salisbury’s address,
+one of the invariable formalities of the
+opening meeting of the association. The
+meeting proved to be the greatest one in the
+history of the association. The Sheldonian
+Theatre was packed with one of the most
+distinguished scientific audiences ever brought
+together, and the address of the Marquis was
+worthy of the occasion. The whole tenor of
+it was the unknown in science. Passing from
+the unsolved problems of astronomy, chemistry
+and physics, he came to biology. With
+delicate irony he spoke of the “<i>comforting
+word, evolution</i>,” and passing to the Weismannian
+controversy implied that the diametrically
+opposed views so frequently expressed
+nowadays threw the whole process
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_95'>95</span>of evolution into doubt. It was only too
+evident that the Marquis himself found no
+comfort in evolution and even entertained
+a suspicion as to its probability. It was well
+worth the whole journey to Oxford to watch
+Huxley during this portion of the address.
+In his red doctor-of-laws gown, placed upon
+his shoulders by the very body of men who
+had once referred to him as “a Mr. Huxley,”
+he sank deeper into his chair upon the very
+front of the platform and restlessly tapped his
+foot. His situation was an unenviable one.
+He had to thank an ex-Prime Minister of
+England and present Chancellor of Oxford
+University for an address the sentiments
+of which were directly against those he himself
+had been maintaining for twenty-five
+years. He said afterward that when the
+proofs of the Marquis’s address were put in
+his hands the day before, he realized that he
+had before him a most delicate and difficult
+task.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Lord Kelvin (Sir William Thompson), one
+of the most distinguished living physicists,
+first moved the vote of thanks, but his reception
+was nothing to the tremendous applause
+which greeted Huxley in the heart of that
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_96'>96</span>university whose traditional principles he had
+so long been opposing. Considerable anxiety
+had been felt by his friends lest his voice
+would fail to fill the theatre, for it had signally
+failed during the Romanes Lecture delivered
+in Oxford the year before, but when
+Huxley arose he reminded one of a venerable
+gladiator returning to the arena after years
+of absence. He raised his figure and his voice
+to full height, and, with one foot turned over
+the edge of the step, veiled an unmistakable
+and vigorous protest in the most gracious and
+dignified speech of thanks.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Throughout the subsequent special sessions
+of this meeting Huxley could not appear. He
+gave the impression of being aged, if not infirm,
+but no one realized that he had spoken
+his last word as champion of the law of evolution.
+He soon returned to Eastbourne.
+Early in the winter he contracted the grippe,
+which passed into pneumonia. He rallied
+once or twice, and his last effort to complete a
+reply to Balfour’s “Foundations of Belief”
+hastened his death, which came upon June
+29, 1895, at the age of seventy.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>I have endeavored to show in how many
+ways Huxley was a model for us of the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_97'>97</span>younger generation. In the central hall of
+the British Museum of Natural History sits
+in marble the life-size figure of Charles Darwin;
+upon his right will soon be placed a
+beautiful statue of Richard Owen, and I know
+that there are many who will enjoy taking
+some share in the movement to complete
+this group with the noble figure of Thomas
+Henry Huxley.</p>
+
+<p class='c016'><i>The above Memorial was delivered before the New
+York Academy of Sciences November 11, 1895. It
+was then revised and delivered as “A Student’s Reminiscences
+of Huxley” to the assembly of students
+at the Marine Biological Laboratory of Wood’s Hole,
+Massachusetts. As printed in this form it was sent
+to Leonard Huxley, who wrote the following letter of
+acknowledgment</i>:</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-r c026'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Charterhouse</span></div>
+      <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Godalming</span></div>
+      <div class='line'>12 July 1897</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='lg-container-l c026'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Dear Professor Osborn</span>:</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c016'>I have still to thank you, &#38; that most warmly,
+for your admirable “Lecture at Wood’s Hole.”
+It is not merely a pleasant reminder of my meeting
+with you seven years ago, but one of the very
+best memorial sketches of my father which have
+yet appeared, &#38; so written as somehow to succeed
+in touching one’s personal feelings beyond the
+ordinary. Indeed if I had written to you immediately
+after my first reading of it, what I wrote
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_98'>98</span>might have appeared a trifle exaggerated. So you
+will forgive my apparent remissness in not acknowledging
+the receipt of it before. I do hope
+you will allow me to quote from your lecture, in
+the Life I am working upon—a long task, of which
+I am now somewhere about the middle.</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>Will you also be kind enough to tell me to what
+precisely you refer when you speak of my father’s
+forming a wrong generalisation about the phylogeny
+of the horse? His views before or after his
+American visit of 1876? I do not know enough
+of the subject first-hand.</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>Once more, let me thank you for your dear &#38;
+sympathetic piece of work &#38; believe me</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-r c026'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line in4'>Sincerely yours,</div>
+      <div class='line'>(Signed) <span class='sc'>Leonard Huxley</span>.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/p0982_ill.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p>FRANCIS MAITLAND BALFOUR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_99'>99</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>FRANCIS MAITLAND BALFOUR<br> <span class='c012'>1851–1882</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c013'>To Huxley and to Balfour, younger brother of Arthur Balfour, my
+first and most inspiring teacher in comparative embryology, I dedicated
+my work, “The Age of Mammals.” Balfour’s genius was
+beyond imitation, but his pupils may follow the example of his ardent
+enthusiasm and his genial way of living the life of science.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_101'>101</span>
+  <h3 class='c014'>FRANCIS MAITLAND BALFOUR</h3>
+</div>
+<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c015'>About a year ago came the sad news of
+the sudden death of Professor Balfour,
+of Cambridge. If the loss was felt less severely
+in this country than in England it
+was only because he had fewer personal
+friends here, and to fully understand his
+worth one must have known and talked with
+him. It is true that it required no unusual
+insight to read the fine qualities of the man in
+his writings, but none save those who knew
+him could appreciate his remarkable personal
+attractiveness. Not the least part of the
+wonderful work of his short life was that
+which he accomplished as a teacher; here, as
+everywhere, his personal influence had a large
+share, and a sketch of Balfour’s scientific
+work would be incomplete without a recognition
+of the bearing which his noble character
+had upon it.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>The meeting of leading biologists to found
+the memorial studentship was remarkable in
+many ways; rarely have been heard such
+words of admiration and love for one man as
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_102'>102</span>were then expressed for Balfour. Many spoke
+at length of the debt Cambridge owed him.
+It may be said that he divided with Foster
+the honor of giving the great impetus to the
+biological movement in the English universities.
+What Huxley had done for Foster the
+latter did for Balfour, giving him the first
+hearty encouragement and support; together
+they raised biology from the third to the level
+of the first rank of studies at Cambridge,
+equalling that held by mathematics. Oxford
+soon followed this important movement, trying
+to secure Balfour for the professorship
+left vacant by the death of Rolleston. His
+connection with natural science at Cambridge
+was described in warm language by Foster,
+his teacher, and by Sedgwick, one of his
+pupils; he advanced morphology there by
+his brilliant success in teaching and in research.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>In teaching he combined manly force with
+a delicate regard for the feelings of his pupils.
+From the writer’s personal impressions of
+him as a lecturer, he did not aim at eloquence,
+but to be understood in every step. Rarely
+looking at his hearers, he spoke rapidly and
+with intense earnestness, crowding a vast
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_103'>103</span>deal into the hour. The main qualities of
+his character shone forth in his lectures:
+energy, which he infused into his hearers;
+truthfulness, which soon gave implicit confidence
+in his statements; modesty and sympathy,
+which inspired effort and free exchange
+of thought.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Balfour’s love of truth came constantly into
+play in his laboratory instruction. While
+looking over a student’s shoulder he would
+sometimes say with a laugh: “You must interpret
+that specimen with the eye of faith”;
+but this was very far from being a serious
+injunction, for he exacted of his students the
+greatest caution in the progress of their microscopic
+work. However tempting a certain
+interpretation of a specimen might be, Balfour
+never accepted it until it rested on the
+clearest evidence. An instance of this sort
+is recalled which related to the much disputed
+origin of a well-known embryonic structure.
+A number of sections had been prepared,
+seeming to confirm the view which Balfour
+himself had advocated some time before; it
+required considerable self-control not to attach
+a somewhat forced meaning to them.
+This was, however, forbidden, and it was not
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_104'>104</span>until several days afterward that fresh sections
+established the fact beyond question.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>To Foster, Balfour repaid his student-debt
+by extending, in turn, continued encouragement
+to others. He did not fear, as many
+great teachers have, that joint labor with
+his juniors would derogate from his reputation.
+His joint articles are numerous; he was
+zealous to recognize research done by his
+pupils, seeming to be prouder of this than of
+his own work. Nothing could be more stimulating
+to the young men about him, still
+distrustful of their powers, than this generous
+co-operation. Is it surprising, then, that
+the voluntary attendance upon his lectures
+increased in seven years from ten to ninety
+and that at the time of his death twenty
+students were engaged in difficult research in
+his laboratory? Only those who are familiar
+by experience with the few incentives among
+younger students to the study of biology can
+appreciate what these numbers mean.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>We need not attempt to give a full list of
+Balfour’s writings. They began in 1873, his
+twenty-second year, with a few short papers
+appearing over Foster’s name and his own in
+<cite>The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science</cite>;
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_105'>105</span>they terminated nine years later with his
+fine work upon Peripatus, published posthumously
+in the same journal. His extensive intermediate
+works, “The Elasmobranch Fishes”
+and “Comparative Embryology,” are universally
+known.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>From the first he devoted himself to embryology.
+While this, as among the youngest
+of the biological sciences, admits of rapid
+work, it is far from admitting rapid generalization.
+No other branch of morphology requires
+more painstaking; the very materials
+one has to study are minute and indefinite,
+and two minds will often place different constructions
+upon the same specimen. There is
+abundant opportunity for scientific guesswork,
+with the feeling of security that disproval
+will be difficult. Balfour understood
+the real value of guessing at truth, but he
+always made it very clear to the reader when
+he was so doing; his hypotheses were accompanied
+by definite statements in which the
+reasons pro and con were set forth in all
+impartiality to each. Herein lies the chief
+charm and merit of his work, its brilliant suggestiveness,
+side by side but never in confusion
+with well-established facts. Every chapter
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_106'>106</span>contains half a dozen invitations to other
+investigators to prove or disprove certain
+provisional statements. Vast as is the information
+contained in his “Comparative Embryology,”
+Balfour himself appreciated that,
+as far as mere facts went, the first volume
+would be somewhat out of date before the
+second was in press. Not so, however, with
+his masterly discussions of these facts, which
+are found on every page and the value of
+which, to embryologists, cannot be estimated.
+Moreover, to his authorship is largely due
+the rapidly spreading interest in embryology
+in England and America—a branch of science,
+it will be remembered, which had previously
+been mostly in German hands.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>One frequently heard from him his own
+very modest opinion of his work; this was
+not at all inconsistent with striking independence
+and originality of thought and adherence
+to his convictions. His modesty added
+more to the recognition of his genius than any
+assertions of his own could have done. Many
+were pressing forward to assert his claims,
+and honors were showered upon him in England
+and abroad. He was admired and beloved
+by all who knew him. In scientific
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_107'>107</span>discussion he had the rare quality, which
+Richard Cobden is said to have possessed, of
+remaining on the pleasantest personal terms
+with his opponents.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>His energy in all matters was great and his
+power of writing was unusually rapid; but,
+advised by kind friends, he rarely overtaxed
+his strength, which was limited. He spent
+most of his evenings with his friends, throwing
+off from his mind the labors of the day and
+talking vivaciously upon the topics of the
+time. When the first volume of his “Comparative
+Embryology” was being written, he
+generally worked but five hours daily, giving
+much time to physical exercise, bicycling or
+tennis, into which he entered with all the enthusiasm
+of his nature. He was courageous
+but not reckless, and nothing in his previous
+life would lead us to suppose that the mountain
+climb which proved fatal was undertaken
+in a foolhardy spirit.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Balfour in a few years accomplished the
+work of a lifetime. His influence was and is
+twofold: first, upon those with whom he
+came into personal contact, especially his
+scientific associates and students, an influence
+which cannot fail to endure (well expressed
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_108'>108</span>by Professor Kitchen Parker: “I feel that his
+presence is still with me; I cannot lose the
+sense of his presence”); secondly, the influence
+of his scientific work, which for genius,
+breadth, and truth can never be surpassed.
+May the splendid memorial which has been
+raised for him perpetuate his noble example as
+a teacher and man of science.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/p1082_ill.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><i>From a photograph by Brown Brothers</i><br>  <br>  JAMES BRYCE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_109'>109</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>JAMES BRYCE<br> <span class='c012'>1838–1922</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c013'>I had the privilege of knowing James Bryce for many years and
+enjoyed many long and delightful conversations with him. Beyond
+all other great men I have known he impressed me as most eager for
+broad and deep knowledge both of men and of nature. He gained more
+by travel and direct observation than by reading the works of others.</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>Although an address was carefully thought out, the following was entirely
+extemporaneous, because I was suddenly called upon to deliver
+it in the pulpit of the Cathedral of St. John the Divine—quite a contrast
+to the customary platform of the college and university lecturer!
+I felt compelled by the surrounding religious atmosphere to use a
+text, which was happily afforded by the choir as it sang Newman’s
+beautiful hymn as a processional.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_111'>111</span>
+  <h3 class='c014'>JAMES BRYCE</h3>
+</div>
+<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c015'>I am not permitted to have a text, because
+I am not a preacher. As a naturalist,
+I am speaking here by invitation of the Bishop
+and the Dean of this Cathedral on the life of
+James Bryce as a student of man and of nature.
+I find in the opening of the beautiful
+hymn sung by the choir on entering this
+Cathedral the words which I cannot resist
+paraphrasing as the central thought of what
+I am about to say: Lead, Kindly Light, amid
+the encircling confusion.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>“Lead, Kindly Light,” was the inner motive
+of the life of James Bryce—the kindly
+light of the genial nature of a man of faith
+and confidence, of a man of rugged resolution
+and constant determination, who never faltered
+in his efforts, whether it was a physical,
+or social, or intellectual, or political problem,
+to throw upon it the light of most careful and
+thorough examination.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Then another line of the same beautiful
+poem of John Henry Newman,</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c005'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>O’er moor and fen, o’er crag and torrent,</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c027'><span class='pageno' id='Page_112'>112</span>reveals the other aspect of the life of James
+Bryce which will impress you if you will
+read his four volumes as a traveler and explorer.
+When confused by the world and by
+the strife of political parties, Bryce would go
+off quietly on one of these great journeys of
+his, borne by his stout Scotch heart and by
+his indomitable energy as a mountain-climber.
+Brought up in a climate which brings out the
+best qualities in a man—that hardy nursery
+of strong Britons; born in northern Ireland,
+where the kindly qualities and genial
+nature of the Irish blend with the sturdy
+persistence of the Scotch, he was equipped
+by birth as well as by the early training of
+a remarkable father to enter life along many
+paths which opened out before him.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Follow him, no doubt somewhat confused,
+at the age of thirty-nine, after a period of
+political service in Parliament and lectureship
+in Oxford University, on that remarkable
+journey through and beyond the countries
+which he studied in his “Holy Roman Empire,”
+into and through Asia Minor, into the
+region on the borderland of Armenia, in search
+of Mount Ararat, and you observe an event
+in his life most typical and characteristic.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_113'>113</span>Every one told him it was impossible to ascend
+Mount Ararat. One after another the
+parties that started with him fell behind, until,
+finally, about four or five thousand feet
+from the summit, he was entirely alone, and
+from that point he pushed on to the hollow
+between the twin peaks where the Bible myth
+tells us the Ark of Noah rested. He did not
+find any traces of the Ark, but he seems to
+have found, in that ascent and in the wonderful
+survey which the ascent gave him of the
+great tides of human history which have
+ebbed and flowed around the base of that
+mountain, a new and fresh perspective for all
+his future historical works. There, also, at
+the turning-point in life, when according to
+some men the critical age of forty is reached,
+James Bryce reversed the natural order of
+things, and until the age of eighty-three—during
+the latter part of which period I had
+the honor of making his acquaintance—became
+a younger man, a larger man, a greater
+man every year to all those who had the pleasure
+and privilege and inspiration of knowing
+him.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>What a contrast his thoroughness with the
+superficiality of other men who have treated
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_114'>114</span>the same broad periods of human history, of
+human activity, and to whom many people
+appeal for light and guidance! Wells, writing
+his “Outline of History” from his armchair,
+guided by the work of all the authors
+upon whom he could lay his hand; Bryce,
+seeking out the fountains, the origins, the
+beginnings of these wonderful movements of
+peoples which are summed up in the words
+“Human History.” Himself retreading the
+paths worn by men for centuries, observing
+that wonderful variety of races of men where,
+in entering Transcaucasia, he came on the
+borders between Turkey and the Russian
+Dominions; again, when in South Africa, he
+touched the life of the Kaffirs, of the Hottentots,
+and of that race of Bushmen which stands
+at the very bottom of the human scale; finally,
+in South America, at the age of seventy-four,
+he entered the intimate life of a people
+he had not touched before, of the Spanish,
+the Portuguese, the native Indians of the
+South American Continent—always traveling
+with the same genial attitude, the same kindliness,
+the same lack of criticism, which distinguished
+his life and writings throughout.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Small wonder that, having as a boy and
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_115'>115</span>young man been brought up among the British
+people, among the Scotch, the Irish, the
+English, the Scotch-Irish, who are the fountains
+of our own American life, when he came
+to America he understood the Americans and
+was welcomed as one of us, as a man who
+could interpret our life, our institutions, who
+could tell us the truth about ourselves without
+our being offended, the most difficult message
+that any one coming from any other part
+of the world can give to the American!</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Now we find that Bryce is not dead! James
+Bryce is not dead! James Bryce is living!
+He will live! Out of his inspiration, from
+those penetrating eyes, from that wonderful
+intellect, from those profound and unbiassed
+and unprejudiced studies, out of the fruits
+of years of personal experience, he finally surveys
+our American institutions in the last,
+and one of the greatest, of his works, “Modern
+Democracies.” Nothing could attest the
+truthfulness of his nature more clearly than
+the fact that the note of that volume is so
+different from the note of his early, confident
+writings as a young ardent Liberal, almost
+Radical. He found in our midst, and in the
+new democracies everywhere, so many confusing
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_116'>116</span>thoughts, so many unexpected counter-currents,
+that he comes out, as does every great
+and profound student of human life and human
+affairs who approaches the matter from
+the scientific standpoint of profound knowledge,
+with a clear warning of the dangers
+which surround us if we do not take heed and
+if we lose the art of choosing our leaders, our
+spiritual leaders, our intellectual leaders, our
+political leaders.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Leadership! Leadership is the last note,
+to my mind, of Bryce’s life. He is leading.
+He himself will lead because he has become
+now, and I believe for all time, the Kindly
+Light which will guide us through the interpretation
+of our American institutions.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/p1162_ill.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><i>From a painting by A. Edelfelt</i><br>  <br>  LOUIS PASTEUR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_117'>117</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>LOUIS PASTEUR<br> <span class='c012'>1822–1895</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c013'>To my mind Louis Pasteur is the greatest benefactor of mankind
+since the time of Jesus Christ, and as he was inspired by religious
+sentiment I claim that he should be enrolled among the saints and
+enshrined in our cathedrals. It is of this aspect of his life that “The
+New Order of Sainthood” deals. Contemplation of this aspect of
+his life led me to reflections upon Nature and Religion, in which I
+was greatly aided by my previous studies in the natural philosophy of
+the Greeks and of Augustine and was guided to the wonderful passages
+of Dante in “The Divine Comedy” by Bishop Boyd-Carpenter.
+The sequel to this address is to be found in “Evolution and Religion,”
+my reply to William Jennings Bryan.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_119'>119</span>
+  <h3 class='c014'>THE NEW ORDER OF SAINTHOOD</h3>
+</div>
+<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c015'>Among all the great scientific men
+whom the nineteenth century produced
+Pasteur ranks supreme as a benefactor
+of mankind. He played the original and
+creative part in the movement for the prevention
+and relief of human suffering which Sir
+William Osler has aptly termed “Man’s
+Redemption of Man.” It is far under the
+truth to say that he has saved more lives than
+Napoleon destroyed. In nature he found the
+causes of a very large part of human suffering;
+in nature he also found the means of
+controlling or averting suffering. His attitude
+toward his fellow men was one of noble
+compassion. His first trial of the hydrophobia
+serum with a young sufferer brought to
+him, his agony of mind lest the remedy itself
+might be the means of causing death, his joy
+as the child was restored in perfect health to
+its parents, is one of the most beautiful episodes
+in human history. As recited by Radot,
+“Pasteur was going through a succession of
+hopes, fears, anguish, and an ardent yearning
+to snatch little Meister from death; he could
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_120'>120</span>no longer work. At night feverish visions
+came to him of this child, whom he had seen
+playing in the garden, suffocating in the mad
+struggles of hydrophobia, like the dying
+child he had seen at the Hôpital Trousseau
+in 1880. Vainly his experimental genius assured
+him that the virus of that most terrible
+of diseases was about to be vanquished, that
+humanity was about to be delivered from
+this dread horror—his human tenderness
+was stronger than all, his accustomed ready
+sympathy for the sufferings and anxieties of
+others was for the nonce centred in ‘the
+dear lad.’...</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>“Cured from his wounds, delighted with
+all he saw, gayly running about as if he had
+been in his own Alsatian farm, little Meister,
+whose blue eyes now showed neither fear nor
+shyness, merrily received the last inoculation;
+in the evening, after claiming a kiss from
+‘Dear Monsieur Pasteur,’ as he called him,
+he went to bed and slept peacefully.”<a id='r4'></a><a href='#f4' class='c008'><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c009'>The life of Pasteur is typical of that of
+many students of nature, of less genius, perhaps,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_121'>121</span>but of equal devotion and self-sacrifice.
+It is interesting to imagine what tributes
+might have been rendered to Pasteur if he
+had lived in the period of the early saints of
+the Church and had won the love of his generation
+and the reverence of succeeding generations
+by his mighty works. It is interesting
+to surmise what would have been the
+attitude of the early Church toward such a
+benefactor of mankind. Our belief today is
+that Pasteur should stand as a symbol of the
+profound and intimate relation which must
+develop between the study of nature and the
+religious life of man, between our present and
+future knowledge of nature and the development
+of our religious conceptions and beliefs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>In a very beautiful address<a id='r5'></a><a href='#f5' class='c008'><sup>[5]</sup></a> before the
+students of the University of Edinburgh Sir
+William Osler opens with the words: “To
+man there has been published a triple gospel—of
+his soul, of his goods, of his body.”
+What is and what shall be the attitude of the
+Church toward the gospel of the body, toward
+the men who have given us this gospel?
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_122'>122</span>The question turns our thoughts at once to
+the leading and greatest exponent of this
+gospel, and backward to the early centuries
+of the Church before there had arisen any
+divorce between the study of nature and the
+matters of the spirit.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>We are now in a process of readjustment
+between the issues of two lines of thought,
+which are almost as old as human history;
+between laws derived from nature which
+were discovered in the middle of the nineteenth
+century as to the origin of man, and
+traditional laws which when traced to their
+very beginnings we find to have been purely
+of human conception. Let us imagine our
+descendants three or four hundred years
+hence looking back on the spiritual and intellectual
+history of man; with larger perspective,
+they will separate these two grand
+thought-movements:</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>First, the Oriental movement, marked by
+Oriental lack of curiosity about natural law,
+a great moral and spiritual movement developing
+three thousand years before Christ
+along the Nile, the Tigris, and Euphrates, out
+of five thousand years of hard human experience,
+and expressed in Judea in the faith that
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_123'>123</span>nature is the continuous handiwork of God,
+in a supreme standard of righteousness, the
+moral duty being finally summed up in the single
+phrase, “Thou shalt love thy neighbor as
+thyself.” This was the spiritual redemption
+of man, which left the laws of his physical
+welfare unknown and uncared for.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>The second movement begins six centuries
+before Christ in the inquiring mind of the
+West, which is always characterized by intense
+curiosity about nature. This movement
+is the search for natural law. Its rapid
+progress among the Greeks terminates with
+the fall of Greece. It is expressed in Cato’s
+reply to Scipio: “My wisdom consists in the
+fact that I follow Nature, the best of guides,
+as I would a God and am loyal to her commands.”
+After nineteen centuries it revives
+with Copernicus and Galileo and culminates in
+Darwin. Man is again perceived as a part of
+nature; in the study of nature man finds intellectual
+delight; in the laws of nature man
+finds his physical well-being; man through nature
+becomes the redeemer of physical man.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>The Augustinian theology was imbued with
+a deeply theistic view of nature, a view which
+the modern Church professes but does not
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_124'>124</span>profoundly believe nor live by. As shown by
+Aubrey Moore, Augustine was entirely sound
+in counselling the entire separation of these
+two great lines of thought, the natural and
+the spiritual. “It very often happens,” says
+Augustine, “that there is some question as to
+the earth or the sky, or the other elements of
+this world&#160;... respecting which one who is
+not a Christian has knowledge derived from
+most certain reasoning or observation [that
+is, a natural philosopher], and it is very disgraceful
+and mischievous and of all things to
+be carefully avoided, that a Christian, speaking
+of such matters as being according to the
+Christian Scriptures, should be heard by an
+unbeliever talking such nonsense that the
+unbeliever, perceiving him to be as wide from
+the mark as east from west, can hardly restrain
+himself from laughing.”</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Augustine held what may be regarded as
+a pristine faith in nature as a manifestation
+of the divine. This pristine theistic view is
+founded on passages in Genesis, especially
+Genesis 2:15 and Genesis 3:19:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>And the Lord God took the man, and put him
+into the garden of Eden to dress it and to keep
+it. (Genesis 2:15.)</p>
+
+<p class='c016'><span class='pageno' id='Page_125'>125</span>In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread,
+till thou return unto the ground; for out of it
+wast thou taken: for dust thou art, and unto
+dust shalt thou return. (Genesis 3:19.)</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>These passages show that nature, typified by
+the garden, gives man his sustenance, and
+yet, as it has to be won by the sweat of the
+brow, man’s energy or art must work with
+nature. These passages, as Bishop Boyd-Carpenter
+observes in his inspiring studies of
+Dante, are also the foundation of the famous
+lines in the “Divine Comedy” in which the
+poet expresses the relation between the theistic
+view of nature and scientific or philosophical
+inquiry.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c005'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line in6'>... He thus made reply:</div>
+      <div class='line'>“Philosophy, to an attentive ear,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Clearly points out, not in one part alone,</div>
+      <div class='line'>How imitative Nature takes her course</div>
+      <div class='line'>From the celestial Mind, and from its art:</div>
+      <div class='line'>And where her laws<a id='r6'></a><a href='#f6' class='c008'><sup>[6]</sup></a> the Stagirite unfolds,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Not many leaves scann’d o’er, observing well,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Thou shalt discover that your art on her</div>
+      <div class='line'>Obsequious follows, as the learner treads</div>
+      <div class='line'>In his instructor’s step; so that your art</div>
+      <div class='line'>Deserves the name of second in descent</div>
+      <div class='line'>From God. These two, if thou recall to mind</div>
+      <div class='line'>Creation’s holy book,<a id='r7'></a><a href='#f7' class='c008'><sup>[7]</sup></a> from the beginning</div>
+      <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_126'>126</span>Were the right source of life and excellence</div>
+      <div class='line'>To humankind....”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c009'>The preceding is Cary’s version.<a id='r8'></a><a href='#f8' class='c008'><sup>[8]</sup></a> Another
+version of this passage is that of Longfellow.<a id='r9'></a><a href='#f9' class='c008'><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c005'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Philosophy,” he said, “to him who heeds it,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Noteth, not only in one place alone,</div>
+      <div class='line'>After what manner Nature takes her course</div>
+      <div class='line'>From Intellect Divine and from its art;</div>
+      <div class='line'>And if thy Physics carefully thou notest,</div>
+      <div class='line'>After not many pages shalt thou find,</div>
+      <div class='line'>That this your art as far as possible</div>
+      <div class='line'>Follows, as the disciple doth the master,</div>
+      <div class='line'>So that your art is, as it were, God’s grandchild.</div>
+      <div class='line'>From these two, if thou bringest to thy mind</div>
+      <div class='line'>Genesis at the beginning, it behooves</div>
+      <div class='line'>Mankind to gain their life, and to advance.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c009'>As Bishop Boyd-Carpenter remarks, Virgil’s
+answer to Dante is to this effect: We
+learn from philosophy that the operations of
+nature proceed directly from God, and those
+of art indirectly, because art consists in the
+imitation of nature. (“Inferno,” <span class='fss'>XI</span>, pp.
+97–105, Longfellow’s translation.) Again, the
+Bible teaches us that it is by these two principles,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_127'>127</span>nature and art, that the system of
+man’s life should be ordered. (“Inferno,”
+<span class='fss'>XI</span>, pp. 106–108.)</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>If we are guided by the spirit of Augustine
+and of Dante we cannot fail to see that the
+Church has passed through a very critical
+period of scepticism as regards nature. This
+is perhaps an original view of scepticism, but
+there is no way of evading its application; if
+nature represents the wisdom and goodness
+of God, to be blind to its interpretation is a
+form of scepticism—devout and well-intentioned
+though it may be. Especially the
+Roman Church has been led away from its
+pristine faith in nature as a manifestation of
+the divine, while the Protestant Church, in
+consequence of this loss of faith during the
+nineteenth century, has suffered a loss of influence
+in the world which it will require a
+long period to regain. If the laws of nature
+are manifestations of the divine power and
+wisdom, as we proclaim in our services, the
+attitude of the Church toward these laws
+should not be hesitant, defensive, or apologetic,
+but active, receptive, and aggressive.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Considered in this way, the great scientific
+inquiry of the latter half of the nineteenth
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_128'>128</span>century, so far from being regarded as destructive,
+is a constructive, purifying and regenerating
+movement; it takes us back to the
+lost faith of our fathers, a faith which spiritualized
+the Old Testament, a faith which finds
+in nature a manifestation of the divine order
+of things. Pasteur showed the way to the
+physical redemption of man, as Newton had
+opened to us the new heavens and Darwin the
+new earth. If we were to rewrite the Litany
+in the twentieth century, for the passage,
+“From plague, pestilence, and famine, good
+Lord, deliver us,” we should read, “From ignorance
+of Thy Laws and disobedience of Thy
+Commands, good Lord, deliver us.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>From the standpoint of this older teaching
+of Augustine and Dante the life-work of
+Louis Pasteur was more than humanitarian,
+it was more than scientific; it was religious.
+He regarded natural processes which in their
+superficial view appear relentless, cruel, wholly
+inexplicable, as part of a possibly beneficent
+order of things; he again revealed through
+his profound insight, through his unparalleled
+toil, discouragement, and even scorn on
+the part of his contemporaries, deeper laws,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_129'>129</span>which are beneficent, protective, and restorative
+in action. He was the evangelist of
+Osler’s “third gospel”: “And the third gospel,
+the gospel of his body, which brings
+man into relation with nature—a true <i>evangelion</i>,
+the glad tidings of a conquest beside
+which all others sink into insignificance—is
+the final conquest of nature, out of which has
+come man’s redemption of man....</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>“If in the memorable phrase of the Greek
+philosopher Prodicus, ‘that which benefits
+human life is God,’ we may see in this new
+gospel a link betwixt us and the crowning
+race of those who eye to eye shall look on
+knowledge, and in whose hand nature shall
+be an open book, an approach to the glorious
+day of which Shelley sings so gloriously:</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c005'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line in32'>Happiness</div>
+      <div class='line'>And Science dawn though late upon the earth;</div>
+      <div class='line'>Peace cheers the mind, health renovates the frame;</div>
+      <div class='line'>Disease and pleasure cease to mingle here,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Reason and passion cease to combat there,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Whilst mind unfettered o’er the earth extends</div>
+      <div class='line'>Its all-subduing energies, and wields</div>
+      <div class='line'>The sceptre of a vast dominion there.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c009'>Should we not institute a new order of
+sainthood for men like Pasteur? Could we
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_130'>130</span>find one more eminent for consecration,
+piety, and service in life and character than
+this devout investigator? Entrance to this
+order would be granted to those who through
+the study of Nature have extended the bounds
+of human knowledge, have bestowed incomparable
+blessings on the human race, have
+relieved human suffering, have saved or prolonged
+human life. Would not a statue of
+Louis Pasteur in the Cathedral of St. John
+the Divine proclaim the faith of the modern
+Church that the two great historic movements
+of Love and of Knowledge, of the spiritual
+and intellectual and the physical well-being
+of man, are harmonious parts of a single and
+eternal truth? On the base of such a statue
+might be inscribed the words written by
+Pasteur in the most perplexing period of his
+life:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>“<span class='sc'>God grant that by my persevering labors
+I may bring a little stone to the
+frail and ill-assured edifice of our
+knowledge of those deep mysteries of
+Life and Death where all our intellects
+have so lamentably failed.</span>”</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/p1302_ill.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><i>From a photograph by Gutekunst</i><br>  <br>  JOSEPH LEIDY</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_131'>131</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>JOSEPH LEIDY<br> <span class='c012'>1823–1891</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c013'>Joseph Leidy may be known as the founder of vertebrate palæontology
+in America, since he followed the pioneers in this branch of science,
+in which America has become so famous, and since he was succeeded
+by Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Marsh. Leidy and Cope were
+the very last representatives in America of the older school of naturalists
+and anatomists, who covered a very broad field. They both
+covered this field with consummate ability. In studying Leidy’s
+life we observe him as a master of detail, whereas Cope was a master
+of generalization. Their devotion to the <i><span lang="fr">École des Faits</span></i> rendered
+most distinguished service to American science.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_133'>133</span>
+  <h3 class='c014'>JOSEPH LEIDY, FOUNDER OF VERTEBRATE PALÆONTOLOGY IN AMERICA</h3>
+</div>
+<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c015'>I ask the indulgence of the members of
+this gathering in honor of Joseph Leidy
+and fellow workers in the fields of science
+if I present what I have to say in an informal
+manner, and I trust that you will
+not for a moment imagine that, because it is
+presented informally, I do not appreciate the
+honor conferred upon me in asking me to
+speak on this historic occasion in reference
+to a man for whom I have such great admiration
+as for Joseph Leidy. I shall not repeat
+except in a very general way the homage that
+was paid to Leidy in the series of important
+and penetrating addresses which we have
+listened to today, but I shall endeavor to
+present a summary, especially along the lines
+of palæontology and comparative anatomy,
+of some of the distinctive features of his work
+in comparison with those of the men who
+accompanied and immediately followed him,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_134'>134</span>and to show what great results have come
+from his efforts as a pioneer and as a founder
+of this most interesting and fascinating branch
+of science in America.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Leidy started with an entirely new world
+of life; he soon learned that he could not
+base his study of American fossils on the
+work of French palæontologists, for the life
+of our western regions was not known in the
+Old World. Every specimen represented a
+new species or a new genus or a new family,
+and in some cases a new order. Never was
+there a greater opportunity than was offered
+to Leidy in this virgin field of our then virgin
+West. Never was a man more ready to grasp
+it than that quiet, unpretentious, unassuming,
+wonderfully gifted observer of nature. It is
+particularly interesting to review his work,
+which was written in the exact spirit of Cuvier,
+and to see his long record of direct
+observation of the entire extinct fauna not
+only of the eastern but, especially, of the
+great western territories. We find today
+how permanent that work was, how little we
+have to modify it, how well it stands the test
+of time, how accurate are his descriptions,
+how perfect his figures and illustrations, and
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_135'>135</span>how even today they form admirable standards
+for all the work that has been done since.
+After a continuous series of epoch-making
+papers and contributions which he was in
+the habit of contributing year after year, in
+meeting after meeting of the academy, he
+brought his initial work to a climax in 1869
+when he published his great monograph, “Extinct
+Mammalian Fauna of Nebraska and
+Dakota.” That work still ranks in breadth
+and accuracy as the finest single contribution
+that has been made to vertebrate palæontology
+in this country, if not in the world.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Whereas in Leidy we had a man of the
+exact observer type, Cope was a man who
+loved speculation. If Leidy was the natural
+successor of Cuvier, Cope was the natural
+successor of Lamarck. Leidy, in his contributions
+to the academy, covered the whole
+world of nature, from the Protozoa and Infusoria
+up to man, and he lived as the last great
+naturalist in the world of the old type who
+was able by both capacity and training to
+cover the whole field of nature. Cope, in
+contrast, mastered—and this mastery in itself
+was a wonderful achievement—the entire
+domain of vertebrates from the fishes up.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_136'>136</span>Marsh, with less breadth and less ability,
+nevertheless was a palæontologist of a very
+high order and had a genius for appreciating
+what might be called the most important
+thing in science. He always knew where to
+explore, where to seek the transition stages,
+and he never lost the opportunity to point
+out at the earliest possible moment the most
+significant fact to be discovered and disseminated.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>It is most interesting to contrast the temperament
+of these three men, Joseph Leidy,
+Edward Drinker Cope, and Othniel Charles
+Marsh. They were as different as any three
+men could possibly be made, both by nature
+and nurture. As Professor Edward Smith
+said, in one of his addresses on Leidy, “scientists
+are only mortals after all.” Your scientific
+genius may hitch up with a star on the
+one hand and with an anchor on the other.
+Whereas Leidy was essentially a man of peace,
+Cope was what might be called a militant
+palæontologist. Whereas Leidy’s motto was
+peace at any price, Cope’s was war whatever
+it cost. I do not know that I can find from
+Shakespeare any characterization of Joseph
+Leidy, but I think in “Henry IV” there is a
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_137'>137</span>pretty good characterization of my friend
+Edward D. Cope:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>I am not yet of Percy’s mind, the Hotspur of the
+north; he that kills me some six or seven dozen of
+Scots at a breakfast, washes his hands, and
+says to his wife, “Fie upon this quiet life! I
+want work.”</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Perhaps there was a scientific providence
+in all this; perhaps such antagonistic spirits
+were necessary to enliven and disseminate
+interest in this branch of science throughout
+the country. This subtle combative quality
+in a palæontologist is a strange quality; it is
+a strange inversion, because the more ancient
+and difficult the study, the more refractory
+the fossil, the greater the animation of discussion
+regarding its relationships. From this
+subtle ferment there arose the famous rivalry
+which existed not between Leidy and either
+of the others, because it was impossible to
+quarrel with Leidy, but between Cope, the
+descendant of a Quaker family, and Marsh,
+the nephew of a great philanthropist. When
+I took up the subject as a young man and
+first came to the City of Brotherly Love I
+always expected to learn of some fresh discussion,
+some recent combat; it was even in
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_138'>138</span>the shade of the Academy of Natural Sciences
+that one found echoes of these convulsive
+movements. I remember one day coming
+into the dignified halls of the academy and
+finding two of the youthful attendants engaged
+in hot discussion over a dispute they
+had overheard at a meeting of the academy
+the night before.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Leidy, after the characterizations that we
+have heard of his life from Conklin, Jennings,
+Scott and others, occupied a pivotal position,
+a very interesting pivotal position. He was
+in an intellectual environment and more or
+less in a social environment entirely different
+from our own. This is very important to
+keep in mind in estimating his work. In
+spirit he was, I think, a true pre-Darwinian
+in the sense of seeking what may be called
+facts for Darwin and in the breadth and scope
+of his researches. But he lived in an entirely
+different intellectual atmosphere from that
+which surrounds our scientific world of today;
+he was a John the Baptist for Charles
+Darwin. We must remember that twelve
+years before Darwin brought forth the “Origin
+of Species” this young man was beginning
+to assemble a mass of data which would have
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_139'>139</span>been of great value to the great British naturalist.
+As shown by Professor Scott, he was
+tracing the ancestral lineage of the horse, the
+camel, the rhinoceros, the tapir family, the
+titanotheres, and last, but not least, the anatomical
+forebears of man.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Nevertheless, Leidy was an evolutionist
+<i>sub rosa</i>; he was an evolutionist without ever
+using the word evolution. There is no doubt
+about that when you read a citation from his
+writings such as was selected by Professor
+Jennings:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>The study of the earth’s crust teaches us that
+very many species of plants and animals became
+extinct at successive periods, while other races
+originated to occupy their places. This probably
+was the result, in many cases, of a change in exterior
+conditions incompatible with the life of certain
+species and favorable to the primitive production
+of others.... Living beings did not
+exist upon the earth prior to their indispensable
+conditions of action, but wherever these have been
+brought into operation concomitantly, the former
+originated.... Of the life, present everywhere
+with its indispensable conditions, and coeval in
+its origin with them, what was the immediate
+cause? It could not have existed upon earth
+prior to its essential conditions; and is it, therefore,
+the result of these? There appear to be
+but trifling steps from the oscillating particles of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_140'>140</span>inorganic matter to a bacterium; from this to a
+vibrio, thence to a monas, and so gradually up
+to the highest orders of life! The most ancient
+rocks containing remains of living beings indicate
+the contemporaneous existence of the more complex
+as well as the simplest of organic forms; but,
+nevertheless, life may have been ushered upon
+earth, through oceans of the lowest types, long
+previously to the deposit of the oldest palæozoic
+rocks as known to us.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>This really is a sketch in 1847 of environment
+and survival such as we now know to
+be the actual course of evolution and was
+truly anticipatory of modern results, substituting
+modern language as we may do for the
+quaint phraseology of the period.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>On the subject of the evolution of man
+especially Leidy certainly had very clear and
+positive ideas. He caught from Goethe the
+significance of the occasional reversion and
+the embryonic suture between the premaxillary
+and maxillary bones—constituting a single
+bone in the human subject, two bones in
+the lower order of mammals. He pointed out
+this suture in 1847 in the skull of a native
+from one of the Hollander Islands. In 1849
+he pointed out the separate embryonic condition
+of the intermaxillary bones. In both
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_141'>141</span>cases, as was his habit, Leidy obviously saw
+the significance but, always sticking to facts
+and a presentation of facts, he let the matter
+rest there. The most pronounced adumbration,
+however, of the evolution of man from
+the primates is to be found in a citation of
+his volume of 1873, a period when the descent
+of man was still not recognized:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>But little change would be necessary to evolve
+from the jawbone and teeth of <i>Notharctus</i> that of
+the modern monkey. The same condition that
+would lead to the suppression of a first premolar
+tooth in continuance would reduce the fangs of
+the other premolars to a single one. This change
+with the common teeth shortening and the increase
+of the depth of the jaw would give the
+character of the living South American monkey.
+A further reduction would give rise to the condition
+of the jaw in the Old World apes and in man.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>I do not need to point out that the human
+jaw, next to the human forehead, is the most
+significant feature in the transformation from
+the lower to the higher primates. But some
+of those here present may not know that a
+monograph has been written by my successor
+and colleague, Professor William K. Gregory,
+upon the genus <i>Notharctus</i> Leidy. Gregory,
+fifty years after this significant passage was
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_142'>142</span>written by Leidy, chose <i>Notharctus</i> as an
+ideal intermediate type to place in a theoretic
+ancestral series leading up to man, and in the
+beautiful series of preparations which he has
+recently completed showing the development
+of the human face in all stages from the most
+remote ancestral facial type to the modern
+human face, Gregory uses <i>Notharctus</i> as the
+pivotal point, just as did Leidy fifty years ago.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>To return to the matter of Leidy’s intellectual
+environment: how much we owe today
+to our intellectual environment, how
+much we owe to battles which have been
+fought and won over insufficient evidence!
+Not battles of words, but battles of facts.
+Such evidence as that of <i>Notharctus</i> the alert
+vision of Leidy detected and put in its proper
+place. In those days “mum” was the word
+as regards evolution. Neither Cuvier nor
+Owen, the British successor of Cuvier, nor
+Louis Agassiz, great naturalists all, had accepted
+the theory; theologic influence was
+still all-powerful. Fortunately for Leidy,
+William Jennings Bryan was still in embryo.
+Trying to form an historic parallel of William
+Jennings Bryan, I think it may be found in
+the figure of King Canute sitting with his
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_143'>143</span>court on the shores of Nature, trying to beat
+back the waves of Truth. If Leidy had lived
+in the era of Bryan, he undoubtedly would
+have been classified with Professor Conklin
+and myself—he would have been made with
+us a type of a new genus, <i>Anathema maranatha</i>,
+in which, according to the zoology of
+Bryan, are embraced “tall professors coming
+down out of trees who would push good
+people not believing in evolution off the sidewalk.”
+Leidy would not have been burned
+at the stake, only because of legal obstacles.
+Similarly, I think that Professor Conklin and
+myself owe our lives to the fact that <i>autos
+da fé</i> in matters of belief are no longer matters
+of common practice in our civilization!</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>It is perhaps particularly fitting that Professor
+Scott and myself were asked to speak
+at this centenary, for one reason above others.
+We have been the defendants and supporters
+of the Leidy tradition. I am not quite sure,
+but I doubt if you will find in the writings of
+Professor Cope or Professor Marsh a single
+allusion to the work of Leidy. I make this
+statement subject to verification, but I do
+not recall in their writings a single allusion
+to the work of Leidy, except a brief tribute
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_144'>144</span>by Marsh in an early address; the rivalry between
+the two men went to such lengths that
+in their race with each other Leidy was totally
+forgotten. Every new animal that was discovered
+was given a new scientific name by
+each of them. <i>Notharctus</i> Leidy, for example,
+is exactly the same animal as <i>Tomitherium</i>
+Cope and <i>Limnotherium</i> Marsh. Thus arose
+a trinominal system—three names each for
+the Eocene and Oligocene animals—the original
+Leidy name and the Cope and Marsh
+names. It has been the painful duty of Professor
+Scott and myself to devote thirty of
+the best years of our lives trying to straighten
+out this nomenclatural chaos. Even to this
+day we are verifying the observations of
+Leidy; we find that he never made an incorrect
+observation or published an incorrect
+figure; his accuracy in these regards is one of
+his greatest and most permanent claims to
+immortality as a palæontologist.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>I do not know that I altogether agree with
+my friend Conklin in his address as to the
+relation of extensive and intensive work. If
+I understand him aright, he rather implies
+that intensive work is an inevitable feature
+of modern scientific progress. I would rather
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_145'>145</span>cite Leidy as an example of a man who pursued
+intensive work and extensive work simultaneously
+and who had the capacity to
+pursue intensive work in several branches of
+science, biological and geological, and I would
+regard the permanence of Leidy’s work as
+largely the result of the state of mind produced
+by the breadth of his intensive as well
+as of his extensive work. I would like to
+leave on your minds my conviction, buttressed
+by Leidy’s life, that it will be necessary
+even for those of our day to maintain
+the Leidy attitude, because, after all, it is in
+<i>the single mind that great hypotheses and theories
+are generated</i>. The comparative anatomist,
+if he dies out, will leave human anatomy impoverished.
+Today our students should return
+to the Leidy attitude, as Professor Scott
+said, of entering palæontology by way of
+medicine and base our education in human
+anatomy, as Leidy did, on a broad knowledge
+of comparative anatomy. This is only one
+instance out of very many that might be
+given of the legacies of Leidy to us: namely,
+that throughout his life his mind had continuously
+the intensive as well as the extensive
+attitude. He was able to be on the mountain-top
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_146'>146</span>and then descend into the valley, and
+I believe that while some men who pursue
+one subject intensively all their lives are
+making great discoveries, for example, such
+workers as Professor Michelson, whom we
+all honor, the chances are that few men can
+make great discoveries unless they approach
+the subject broadly and work from more than
+one angle of thought.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Speaking of immortality, I share rather the
+Leidy view than the view of Cope. I wish
+it were possible to resurrect Joseph Leidy
+and to bring him back into the field of modern
+American palæontology. I wish it were
+possible to bring him back to life and to have
+taken him with me, for example, in a motorcar
+across the wastes of Mongolia. I can
+imagine the joy with which he would have
+welcomed coming upon the remains of the
+land dinosaurs, recalling his first description
+of a dinosaur in America, in the very heart
+of the great Desert of Gobi; and perhaps the
+still greater joy with which he would have
+greeted one of his titanotheres, one of the
+first mammals which he described from Wyoming,
+out on a great plain on the border of
+the Desert of Gobi.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_147'>147</span>The desire for this kind of immortality
+reminds me often of the Greek poet:</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c005'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>To live like man and yet like nature to endure,</div>
+      <div class='line'>That double gift, to man and nature both denied,</div>
+      <div class='line'>The Gods alone enjoy.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c009'>We are rewriting this beautiful Greek verse
+in the immortality of Leidy’s work, and we
+are holding up his example for the prevailing
+spirit of truthfulness, which is, after all, its
+most characteristic single feature. Would that
+Leidy and Huxley and Richard Owen and
+Cuvier and Marsh and Cope could see the
+heights which have been reached in the branch
+of science to which they devoted their lives
+and fortunes. Leidy’s infant science, in which
+it was most hazardous to make predictions,
+has now reached the stage which I believe is
+the finest in the history of any science—the
+stage of prediction—that, as astronomers have
+predicted the existence of unknown and unseen
+planets, palæontologists can also predict
+unknown and unseen forms of life and, moreover,
+can point out where they may be found.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Is our palæontological path reaching its
+goal? I think not. Its final goal will be
+reached when palæontologists are able through
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_148'>148</span>extensive and intensive methods to join hands
+with workers in other biological fields and
+when we are able, pursuing our branch in the
+Leidy spirit, to bring together into one harmony—the
+harmony which certainly exists,
+although at present we do not see it—by
+bringing together into one harmony the great
+underlying principle, the multiple aspects of
+which we can sum up in the word “evolution.”</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/p1482_ill.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><i>From a photograph by Gutekunst</i><br>  <br>  EDWARD DRINKER COPE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_149'>149</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>EDWARD DRINKER COPE<br> <span class='c012'>1840–1897</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c013'>Undoubtedly the most brilliant palæontologist of America and one
+of the most brilliant scientists America has produced. This biography
+fittingly follows that of Joseph Leidy, although there is the greatest
+possible contrast between the life and works of the two men:
+Cope, brilliant, daring, combative; Leidy, patient, persistent, cautious,
+conservative. It was a contrast between the temperamental
+Gaelic and the stable Teutonic type. The work of both men will
+endure for all time. That of Cope requires constant emendation
+and revision, but it leaves a firm and broad foundation for our
+knowledge of the evolution of the vertebrata. Leidy was a master
+of detail, of accurate description, of finished workmanship, rarely
+venturing generalization, but he left a treasure-house of splendidly
+collected facts.</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>The work of Professor Cope began in 1859, a most favorable year,
+when comparative anatomy first felt the impetus of Darwin’s
+“Origin of Species.” He was then only nineteen, and for thirty-eight
+years thereafter his active genius hastened our progress in the
+knowledge and classification of all the great divisions of the vertebrata.
+He passed away on April 12, 1897, at the age of fifty-seven,
+in the full vigor of his intellectual powers, leaving a large part of his
+work incomplete. Almost at the last he contributed several reviews
+to <cite>The American Naturalist</cite>, and on the Tuesday preceding his death
+he sent to the press the Syllabus of his lectures before the University
+of Pennsylvania, containing his latest opinions regarding the arrangement
+and evolution of the vertebrata.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_151'>151</span>
+  <h3 class='c014'>A GREAT NATURALIST</h3>
+</div>
+<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c015'>Edward Drinker Cope was born
+in Philadelphia July 28, 1840, of distinguished
+American ancestry. His grandfather,
+Caleb Cope, was the staunch Quaker
+of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, who protected
+Major André from mob violence. Thomas
+Pim Cope, his grandfather, founded the house
+of Cope Brothers, famous in the early mercantile
+annals of Philadelphia. His father,
+Alfred, the junior member of the firm, was a
+man of very active intellect and showed rare
+judgment in Edward’s education.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Together the father and son became brisk
+investigators, the father stimulating by questions
+and by travel the strong love of nature
+and of natural objects which the son showed
+at an unusually early age. In August, 1857,
+they took a sea voyage to Boston, and the
+son’s journal is full of drawings of jellyfish,
+grampuses, and other natural objects seen by
+the way. When eight and a half years old
+he made his first visit to the Museum of the
+Academy of Natural Sciences, “on the 21st
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_152'>152</span>day of the 10th Mo., 1848,” as entered in his
+journal. He brought away careful drawings,
+measurements, and descriptions of several
+larger birds, but especially the figure of the
+entire skeleton of an ichthyosaur, with this
+quaint memorandum: “Two of the sclerotic
+plates look at the eye—thee will see these in
+it.” At the age of ten he was taken upon a
+longer voyage to the West Indies. It is not
+improbable that these voyages exerted a
+lasting influence upon him.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>The principal impression he gave in boyhood
+was of incessant activity in mind and
+body, of quick and ingenious thought, reaching
+in every direction for knowledge, and of
+great independence in character and action.
+It is evident that he owed far more to the
+direct study of nature and to his own impulses
+as a young investigator than to the five or
+six years of formal education which he received
+at school. He was especially fond of
+map drawing and of geographical studies.
+His natural talent for languages may have
+been cultivated in some degree by his tutor,
+Dr. Joseph Thomas, an excellent linguist,
+editor of a biographical dictionary. Many
+of his spare winter hours were passed at the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_153'>153</span>Academy of Natural Sciences. After the age
+of thirteen the summer intervals of boarding-school
+life and later of tutoring were filled
+among the woods, fields, and streams of Chester
+County, Pennsylvania, where an intimate
+knowledge of birds was added to that of batrachians,
+reptiles, and insects. He showed
+a particular fondness for snakes. One of
+these excursions, taken at the age of nineteen,
+is described in a letter to his cousin
+(dated June 24, 1859), in which, at the close
+of a charming description of the botany of
+the region, appears his discovery of a new
+type:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>I traced the stream for a very considerable
+distance upon the rocky hillside, my admiration
+never ceasing, but I finally turned off into the
+woods towards some towering rocks. Here I
+actually got to searching for salamanders and was
+rewarded by capturing two specimens of species
+which I never saw before alive. The first (<i>Spelerpes
+longicauda</i>) is a great rarity here. I am
+doubtful of its having been previously noted in
+Chester County. Its length is 6 inches, of which
+its tail forms nearly four. The color is deep
+brownish yellow thickly spotted with black, which
+becomes confluent on the tail, thus forming bands.
+To me a very interesting animal—the type of the
+genus <i>Spelerpes</i>, and consequently of the subfamily
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_154'>154</span><i>Spelerpinæ</i>, which I attempted to characterize in
+a paper published in the <cite>Proceedings of the Academy
+of Natural Sciences</cite>. I send thee a copy, with
+the request that thee will neither mention nor
+show it,<a id='r10'></a><a href='#f10' class='c008'><sup>[10]</sup></a> for—however trifling—I would doubtless
+be miserably annoyed by some if thee
+should. Nobody in this country (or in Europe,
+of <i>ours</i>) knows anything about salamanders, but
+Professor Baird and thy humble coz., that is, in
+some respects. Rusconi, the only man who has
+observed their method of reproduction, has written
+enough to excite greatly one’s curiosity and
+not fully satisfy it. With suitable appliances of
+aquariums, etc., I should like to make some
+observations. The other salamander I caught
+was <i>Plethodon glutinosum</i>—the young—remarkable
+for the great number of teeth that lie together
+in two patches on the “basisphenoid” bone; about
+300 or more.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Another passage gives an insight into his
+strong opinion, so often expressed afterward,
+as to what constitutes the real pleasures of
+life:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>Pleasant it is, too, to find one whose admiration
+of nature and detail is heightened, not chilled, by
+the necessary “investigation”—which, in my humble
+opinion, is one of the most useful as well as
+pleasing exercises of the intellect, in the circle of
+human study. How many are there who are delighted
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_155'>155</span>with a “fine view,” but who seldom care to
+think of the mighty and mysterious agency that
+reared the hills, of the wonderful structure and
+growth of the forests that crown them, or of the
+complicated mechanism of the myriads of higher
+organisms that abound everywhere; who would
+see but little interesting in a fungus, and who
+would shrink with affected horror from a defenseless
+toad.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Having passed six summers among the
+woods and streams of Chester County, Pennsylvania,
+it is not surprising to find him, at
+the time this letter was written, perfectly
+familiar with the plants, birds, snakes, and
+salamanders of eastern Pennsylvania, and
+perfectly aware of the rarity of such knowledge.
+His range extended with astonishing
+rapidity; first among the living reptiles and
+amphibians; then among living and palæozoic
+fishes; then among the great extinct
+reptiles of New Jersey and the Rocky Mountains;
+finally among the ancient American
+quadrupeds. He acquired in turn a masterly
+knowledge of each type. Irreverent toward
+old systems, eager and ambitious to replace
+them by new ones of his own, with unbounded
+powers of hard work, whether in the field or
+at his desk, he rapidly became a leading
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_156'>156</span>spirit among the workers in the great realm of
+the backboned creation, both in America
+and Europe. While inferior in logic, he
+showed Huxley’s unerring vision of the most
+distinctive feature in a group of animals, as
+well as the broad grasp of Cuvier and of Cuvier’s
+famous English disciple, Owen. While
+most men of our day are able to specialize
+among the details of an order, or at most of
+a class, Cope, at the age of thirty-four, had
+in his mental horizon at once the five great
+classes, although since Owen’s time they had
+been greatly expanded by palæontological
+discovery. He was thus the last and most
+distinguished representative of the old school
+of comparative anatomists. His high pressure
+of thirty-eight years’ work was not
+consistent with excelling accuracy. We have
+often to look behind the returns in using
+Cope’s work. Yet if it lacks German exactness,
+French beauty of presentation, and the
+solidity which marks the best English scientific
+workmanship, its dominant principles
+are sound and its chief anatomical generalizations
+will endure longer than those of either
+Owen or Cuvier.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>With this peculiar fitness for great studies
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_157'>157</span>came first the glorious opportunity of entering
+the unknown western field as a pioneer
+with Marsh and Leidy. In 1866 he was the
+first to find along the New Jersey coast remains
+of the leaping dinosaur, <i>Lælaps aquilunguis</i>,
+and he anticipated Huxley in comparing
+these reptiles with the birds. In 1871
+he extended his explorations westward into
+what is now the most arid portion of Kansas,
+among the remains of the ancient marine
+monsters, the ram-nosed mosasaur and the
+sea-serpent, or elasmosaur. Following up the
+rapid advance of government exploration in
+the Rocky Mountains between 1872 and 1878,
+he discovered in New Mexico, Colorado, and
+Wyoming the great amphicœlias, the gigantic
+camarasaurus, and the frill-necked dinosaur
+agathaumas. As a pioneer in exploration
+among these giant animals he was obliged to
+draw his conclusions largely from fragmentary
+and imperfect materials, leaving the field
+open to Professor Marsh’s more exhaustive
+explorations, which were supported by the
+government. Yet Professor Cope illuminated
+the incomplete fragments with his reasoning
+and his fertile imagination. When a bone
+came into his hands, his first step was to
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_158'>158</span>turn it over and over, to comprehend its form
+thoroughly, and to compare it with its nearest
+ally, then to throw out a conjecture as to its
+uses and its relation to the life economy of
+the animal as a whole. One often found him
+virtually living in the past, vividly picturing
+to himself the muddy shores of the Permian
+seas of Texas, where the fin-back lizards
+basked, or the great fresh-water expanses of
+Wyoming and Montana, where the dinosaurs
+wandered. His conclusions as to the habits
+and modes of locomotion of these animals,
+often so grotesque as to excite laughter, were
+suggestive revivals from the vast deeps of
+time of the muscular and nervous life which
+once impelled the mighty bones. It is fortunate
+that some of this imaginative history
+has been written down by Mr. Ballou and
+that, although physically enfeebled by a mortal
+illness, Professor Cope in his last days was
+able to convey to Mr. Knight, the artist, his
+impressions of how these ancient saurians
+lived and moved.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>The second feature of his opportunity was,
+of course, that this pioneer exploration came
+early in the age of Darwinism, when missing
+links, not only in human ancestry, but in the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_159'>159</span>greater chain of backboned animals, were at
+the highest premium. Thus he was fortunate
+in recording the discovery in northwestern
+New Mexico of by far the oldest quadrupeds
+known, in finding among these the most
+venerable monkey, in describing to the world
+hundreds of links—in fact, whole chains—of
+descent between the most ancient quadrupeds
+and what we please to call the higher types,
+especially the horses, camels, tapirs, dogs, and
+cats. He labored successfully to connect the
+reptiles with the amphibians and the latter
+with the fishes, and was as quick as a flash
+to detect in the paper of another author the
+oversight of some long-sought link which he
+had been awaiting. Thus in losing him we
+have lost our ablest and most discerning
+critic. No one has made such profuse and
+overwhelming demonstration of the actual
+historical working of the laws of evolution,
+his popular reputation perhaps resting most
+widely upon his practical and speculative
+studies in evolution.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Many friends in this country and abroad
+have spoken of the invigorating nature of
+his companionship. A life of intense activity,
+harassed for long periods by many difficulties
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_160'>160</span>and obstacles, many of them of his own making,
+was nevertheless wholly without worry,
+that destroyer of the mind so common in our
+country. His half-century’s enjoyment of
+research, extending from his seventh to his
+fifty-seventh year, can only be described in
+its effects upon him as buoyant; it lifted him
+far above disturbance by the ordinary matters
+of life, above considerations of physical
+comfort and material welfare, and animated
+him with a serene confidence in the rewards
+which Science extends to her votaries. He
+exemplified the truth of the words which
+Peacock puts into the meditation of Asterius:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>... while science moves on in the calm dignity
+of its course, affording to youth delights equally
+pure and vivid—to maturity, calm and grateful
+occupation—to old age, the most pleasing recollections
+and inexhaustible materials of agreeable
+and salutary reflection; and while its votary enjoys
+the disinterested pleasure of enlarging the
+intellect and increasing the comforts of society,
+he is himself independent of the caprices of human
+intercourse and the accidents of human fortune.
+Nature is his great and inexhaustible treasure.
+His days are always too short for his enjoyment;
+ennui is a stranger to his door. At peace with the
+world and with his own mind, he suffices to himself,
+makes all around him happy, and the close of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_161'>161</span>his pleasing and beneficial existence is the evening
+of a beautiful day.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>While working at Cope’s museum-residence
+at Philadelphia, I have had many queer experiences
+in the odd, half-Bohemian restaurants
+which the naturalist frequented. The quality
+of the meal was a secondary consideration
+to him, provided it afforded sufficient brain
+fuel. While eating he always relaxed into
+pure fun and displayed a large fund of amusing
+anecdotes of the experiences, mishaps, and
+frailties of scientists, his own as often as those
+of others. He worked deliberately and gave
+his whole mind to one subject at a time, if
+he considered it of special importance, this
+power being aided by his remarkable memory
+of species and of objects long laid aside for
+future reference. In his field exploration his
+scientific enthusiasm burned still higher in
+pursuit of an unknown type or a missing
+link. Neither horses nor men could keep pace
+with his indefatigable energy. Heat and alkali-water
+were totally disregarded. From
+one of his Bitter Creek Desert trips he returned
+to Fort Bridger completely exhausted
+and for weeks was prostrated with fever.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_162'>162</span>Only a short time before his death he laughingly
+related that after a solemn warning by
+a physician to avoid horse-back riding and
+exposure to water, his health had been greatly
+improved in the course of a summer by three
+hundred miles’ exercise in the saddle in North
+Dakota and several weeks’ wading in New
+Jersey swamps. His house in Pine Street became
+every year a greater curiosity as the
+accumulating fossils, books, and pamphlets
+outtaxed the shelves and began to thicken
+like stratified deposits upon the floor in dust-laden
+walls and lanes. Even his sleeping-room
+was piled to the ceiling, and he closed
+his eyes for the last time while lying upon a
+bed surrounded on three sides by the loved
+objects of his life-work.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>The most conspicuous feature of Cope’s
+character from boyhood upward was independence;
+this was partly the secret of his
+venturesome and successful assaults upon all
+traditional but defective systems of classification.
+Seldom has a face reflected a character
+more fully than that of Professor Cope.
+His square and prominent forehead suggested
+his vigorous intellect and marvelous memory;
+his brilliant eyes were the media of exceptional
+keenness of observation; his prominent
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_163'>163</span>chin was in traditional harmony with his
+aggressive spirit. From this rare combination
+of qualities so essential to free investigation
+sprang his scientific genius, and, with exceptional
+facilities of wealth and culture in his
+early education, he became a great naturalist—certainly
+the greatest America has produced.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>As a comparative anatomist he ranks both
+in the range and effectiveness of knowledge
+and ideas with Cuvier and Owen. When we
+consider the short life of some of the favorite
+generalizations of these great men he may
+well prove to be their superior as a philosophical
+anatomist. His work, while inferior
+in style of presentation, has another quality,
+which distinguishes that of Huxley, namely,
+its clear and immediate perception of the most
+essential or distinctive features in a group of
+animals. As a natural philosopher, while
+far less logical than Huxley, he was more
+creative and constructive, his metaphysics
+ending in theism rather than in agnosticism.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Cope is not to be thought of merely as a
+specialist. After Huxley he was the last representative
+of the old broad-gauge school of
+anatomists, and he is only to be compared
+with members of that school. His life-work
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_164'>164</span>bears the marks of great genius, of solid and
+accurate observation as well as of inaccuracy
+due to bad logic or haste and overpressure of
+work. Although the greater number of his
+Natural Orders and Natural Laws will remain
+as permanent landmarks in our science,
+a large part of his systematic work will require
+laborious revision and thus is far from
+standing as a model to the young zoologist.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Appreciation of greatness is a mark of the
+civilization and culture of a people. Cope’s
+monumental work, preserved in thousands of
+notes, short papers, and memoirs, and in three
+bulky government quartos, constitutes his
+assurance of enduring fame. Some of his
+countrymen, and even of his fellow workers,
+allowed certain of his characteristics to obscure
+his stronger side in their estimate of
+him and his work, and during his life he received
+few of the honors such as foreigners
+are wont to bestow upon their countrymen
+of note. When we think more deeply of what
+really underlies human progress, we realize
+that only to a few men with the light of genius
+is it given to push the world’s human thought
+along, and that Edward Drinker Cope was
+one of these men.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/p1642_ill.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><i>From a photograph copyright by Underwood and Underwood</i><br>  <br>  THEODORE ROOSEVELT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_165'>165</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THEODORE ROOSEVELT<br> <span class='c012'>1858–1919</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c013'>In his early life Roosevelt was a warm friend and companion of
+my naturalist brother, Frederick. During the last ten years of his life
+I became very intimate with him, especially after the writing of my
+“Age of Mammals” in 1910, which he read with ardor. Recalling his
+experiences as Police Commissioner of the City of New York, in writing
+to me of this book he said he enjoyed comparing certain politicians
+with whom he was thrown with the hyænodons and certain less desirable
+animal citizens of the Tertiary age! It was perhaps this
+running parallel between human nature and animal nature which
+grew on his mind and caused him to seek my advice when invited to
+prepare and deliver the Romanes Lecture at Oxford, which he entitled
+“Biological Analogies in History.” He was more kinds of a
+man than any one I have ever known—that is, able in more lines.</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>In this “Impression” I endeavor to show that the scientific side
+of Roosevelt’s life is to be taken seriously; that he had unusual ability
+as a naturalist and observer, which would have led to a distinguished
+career in science had he not been turned to government.
+Above all things he desired to be truthful and strictly accurate, and
+he took infinite pains not to exaggerate but to present the real facts.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_167'>167</span>
+  <h3 class='c014'>THEODORE ROOSEVELT<br> NATURALIST</h3>
+</div>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c005'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Do what you can, where you are, with what you have.”</div>
+      <div class='line in46'>—<span class='sc'>Roosevelt.</span></div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c028'>Theodore Roosevelt doubtless inherited
+his natural history bent from
+his father, who was a founder of the American
+Museum of Natural History in the year
+1869. I had the good fortune to recall
+young Theodore in his boyhood, because of
+no life may it more truly be said that “the
+child is father of the man.” He was one
+of a youthful band of bird-lovers, observers
+and collectors, among whom was my brother
+Frederick, who came together in the seventies.
+While Frederick confined himself to birds,
+Theodore was interested also in mammals
+and small amphibians, and he came back
+from their collecting trips with all kinds of
+specimens. Frederick invited Theodore to
+collect birds with him in the forests of the
+Hudson River highlands, and on one occasion,
+when every pocket was full of specimens,
+Theodore suddenly discovered what he believed
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_168'>168</span>to be a new species of frog. Having no
+other place for it, he put it on top of his head
+and clapped on his hat. Things went very
+well until the boys happened to meet the
+Honorable Hamilton Fish, then Secretary of
+State, taking his dignified afternoon drive
+along the Hudson with Mrs. Fish. Of course
+both boys doffed their hats, whereupon Theodore’s
+frog, tired of confinement, made a
+spring forward! That the youthful collector
+recovered and replaced the frog as soon as the
+Secretary’s carriage was out of sight illustrates
+one of Roosevelt’s great characteristics
+as a naturalist—to collect at all hazards, at
+any amount of personal inconvenience. Like
+the young Darwin, who brought back a species
+of bug in his mouth because he had no more
+space in his pocket, the boy Roosevelt never
+let an opportunity pass and finally became one
+of the greatest of American collectors. In a
+letter to me dated December 9, 1914, he
+wrote:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>My memory is that I was one of the group who
+founded the Linnæan Society, although it was then
+a very small society and my part was humble and
+inconspicuous. As a boy I worked in the museum
+and specifically remember skinning some rather
+reddish white-footed mice which I thought were
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_169'>169</span>golden mice and was much disappointed to find
+that they were not. Fred and I worked under
+Bell and sometimes visited the museum together
+and did work there. Bell’s shop was down town
+on Broadway. I remember very well once being
+allowed to look over a large number of South
+American mice in the museum when I was a
+small boy and appealing to Mr. Bickmore to know
+how I could get at the relationship of the South
+American mice with our northern mice of the same
+family. Fred and I did much about the same
+kind of work but I was much more interested than
+he was in the book part of it.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Roosevelt’s boyish collection of birds led
+to his initial training under Bell, a well-known
+taxidermist of New York at that time, and,
+still more unusual, to his discovery of a new
+species of bird and the preparation of his
+first scientific paper describing it.<a id='r11'></a><a href='#f11' class='c008'><sup>[11]</sup></a> This illustrates
+another characteristic, which is lacking
+in many naturalists, namely, the desire to
+publish as promptly as possible and to lose
+not a precious moment of time in getting
+ready for the next publication. This characteristic
+finally made Theodore Roosevelt a
+voluminous writer on natural history in the
+last two decades of his life. During his ranching
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_170'>170</span>experience he was constantly observing
+the western game mammals and he made extensive
+contributions to our knowledge of
+their habits and distribution. Birds were his
+first love, and by far the most thorough
+knowledge which he displayed was in the field
+of ornithology; he knew not only the birds
+and their songs but also all their scientific
+names. Lord Grey, in an address to the Harvard
+students, verified this statement of
+Roosevelt’s unusual knowledge of birds, British
+as well as American. Walking through the
+New Forest together they observed upward
+of thirty species of birds, each of which Theodore
+Roosevelt knew by familiar and scientific
+name, recognizing many of them by what
+he had read of their songs.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Among extinct animals, in which I am especially
+interested, Roosevelt was not an original
+observer, but he was a voracious reader
+of everything worth while written about them
+and soon became extremely well informed.
+In this connection I recall an amusing and
+characteristic incident. Receiving an invitation
+to deliver one of the Romanes Lectures
+at Oxford—perhaps the greatest lectureship
+of the kind in the world—Roosevelt wrote
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_171'>171</span>to me, as follows, for advice as to whether he
+could do it and should do it:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>I have just received from Lord Curzon, the
+Chancellor of Oxford, a request to deliver the
+Romanes Lecture at any time I see fit. I shall
+probably accept for the spring that I get out of
+Africa on my way back to the United States. It
+seems to me worth while for me to do so. Doesn’t
+it seem so to you? It is a lecture which has been
+delivered by Gladstone, Huxley, John Morley,
+Bryce, and other men of that stamp.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>I replied in the affirmative on both questions
+and he immediately wrote back that he would
+prepare the lecture on condition that I would
+read it over and make corrections, since it
+was my peculiar field of work. At that time
+he was President of the United States, nearing
+the end of his term and engaged in a tremendous
+struggle with both the Senate and the
+House, on which for the time he had apparently
+lost his hold. This political preoccupation,
+however, did not prevent his preparing
+three very important addresses which he had
+been asked to deliver, in Berlin, in Paris, and
+that above mentioned in Oxford.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>In a relatively short time I received the
+manuscript of his Romanes Lecture. It was
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_172'>172</span>full of analogies between the extinct animal
+kingdom and the kingdoms and principalities
+of the human world, in which he compared
+one moribund government in Europe to the
+<i>Megatherium</i> and another that had ceased to
+progress about three centuries ago to the
+<i>Glyptodon</i>! I drew heavy blue pencil lines
+across these pages, with the word “omit” in
+the margin, and wrote: “I have left out certain
+passages that are likely to bring on war
+between the United States and the governments
+referred to.” It developed later that
+the expurgated passages were quite dear to
+the author, but in keeping with his character
+he thanked me warmly and assured me that</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>I have profited by your advice to at once change
+what I said about the Dutch, Portuguese, and
+Spanish, and I think I now have it so that no
+legitimate offense can be taken. But you rather
+frighten me by speaking of the importance which
+you say will be attached to my speech. I am
+speaking purely as a layman and as a private
+citizen, and when I accepted the invitation it
+never occurred to me that any more importance
+would be attached to what I said than, for instance,
+to what Curzon or Bryce said in their lectures.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Shortly afterward, at a White House luncheon,
+I was surprised when President Roosevelt
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_173'>173</span>informed the entire table that I had been
+reviewing his Romanes Lecture and softening
+some of his favorite war-provoking passages.
+I had already read the manuscript twice, but
+I told him I would be glad to look it over again.
+I shall never forget his reply; with a broad
+sweep of his hand, ending with his fist on the
+luncheon table, he said:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>No, I am not going to touch that lecture again.
+I shall put it away, send it to London, and entirely
+dismiss it from my mind until I take the train for
+Oxford—that Romanes Lecture is finished!</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>He kept this resolution and instead of taking
+the manuscript of his three great European
+addresses with him, as other authors would
+have done, he went to Africa with only the
+Dark Continent in his mind. This was one
+of the secrets of his extraordinary success,
+namely, his power to concentrate all his
+thought and energy for the time being on a
+single object.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Some years after Roosevelt’s return from
+Africa and his triumphal tour of Europe, including
+the reception at Oxford, in conversation
+with the Archbishop of York our talk
+turned on Theodore Roosevelt and this Romanes
+Lecture of 1910. Said His Grace: “I
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_174'>174</span>heard Roosevelt, and in the way of grading
+which we have at Oxford we agreed to mark
+the lecture ‘beta minus’ but the lecturer
+‘alpha plus.’ While we felt that the lecture
+was not a very great contribution to science we
+were sure that the lecturer was a very great
+man, to be ranked in the plus A class. After
+the lecture Colonel Roosevelt asked me how
+I liked it. I may have expressed rather qualified
+admiration and seeing my hesitation he
+said: ‘Well, that lecture would have been a
+great deal stronger had not one of my scientific
+friends in America <i>blue-penciled the best
+part of it</i>.’”</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>While perhaps strongest in his knowledge
+of birds, Theodore Roosevelt also gained an
+extraordinary knowledge of mammals, especially
+of North America and of Africa. In
+preparing for his African trip he called upon
+me for all the books I could supply from the
+Osborn Library in the American Museum,
+which in many respects is one of the most
+complete in the country, if not in the world.
+For several weeks he consumed five books a
+week, sitting up to the small hours of the
+morning to complete his reading or until
+Mrs. Roosevelt insisted upon his retiring.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_175'>175</span>Thus in the course of a few weeks he had read
+all that had been written about the great
+mammals of Africa from Sclater to Selous.
+He read so rapidly that it did not seem possible
+that he could absorb it all, yet when we
+gathered at Sagamore Hill to talk over his
+expedition—a group of the very best naturalists
+familiar with African life whom he could
+get together for luncheon—he displayed a
+knowledge of the genera and species and of
+the precise localities where each might be
+found which was equal or superior to that of
+any man in the room. To cite only one
+instance of his marvelous memory and of his
+thoroughness of preparation: a question arose
+as to the locality of a particular subspecies,
+Grevy’s zebra (<i>Equus grevyi foai</i>). Roosevelt
+went to the map, pointed out directly the
+particular and only spot where it could be
+found and said that he thought the expedition
+could not possibly get down in that direction.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Equipped with this knowledge and aided
+by three or four exceptional men like Heller
+and Akeley, he conducted, under the auspices
+of the Smithsonian Institution, by far the
+most successful expedition that has ever
+penetrated Africa, the chief collections from
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_176'>176</span>which are now housed in our National Museum
+in Washington, a few fine specimens
+coming to the American Museum. Not content
+with his magazine articles in <cite>Scribner’s</cite>
+about the African trip, Roosevelt set to work
+with Heller and wrote one of the finest books
+we have, “African Game Trails,” a volume
+replete from cover to cover with accurate,
+original information—in fact, a real contribution.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Roosevelt’s return from Africa and triumphal
+progress through Germany, France,
+and England, which reached a climax in the
+boisterous welcome he received in the avenues
+of New York, left his personality utterly untouched
+by a trace of vanity. A few days
+afterward, at a very quiet lunch at the Museum,
+I spoke of the great opportunity afforded
+by the detachment of his life in Africa
+to gain a true perspective of his life and
+career, such as it is impossible to gain in the
+crowded conditions of the modern world. I
+shall always remember his gesture and reply.
+Partly raising his hands in front of his face,
+as if to shut out the inner vision, he said,
+“I never want to look at or think about myself.”</p>
+
+<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_177'>177</span>In the many conversations and conferences
+which we enjoyed together and in the correspondence
+of the succeeding years, the impression
+which Roosevelt made upon me was
+one of innate modesty, of full consciousness of
+the limitations of his powers and of sincere
+deference to the opinions of more experienced
+men, especially in his own beloved field of
+natural history. The same desire to be accurate
+and to be right displayed in the preparation
+of his Romanes Lecture reappeared from
+time to time in the submission of his opinions
+and theories to other naturalists.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Perhaps the finest illustration of his lack
+of self-deception came out in a private testimonial
+dinner given him by his friend Robert
+Collier. The dinner was by far the most
+brilliant one of the kind I have ever attended;
+the guests came from various parts of the
+country and included only his warm personal
+friends and admirers. When it came Roosevelt’s
+turn to speak he leaned forward, resting
+both closed hands on the table after the
+manner of Clemenceau, and spoke very
+quietly, with the utmost simplicity and directness,
+expressing with brief candor his own
+feelings regarding his reception abroad and
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_178'>178</span>at home. Briefly rehearsing his experiences
+abroad, he said that he was far more gratified
+by his reception at home and welcome to
+America than by any of the acclamation he
+had received abroad. Then, lowering his
+voice and his head, he continued:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>But, my friends—you all are my friends—I am
+not deceived for one moment. I know the American
+people; they have a way of erecting a triumphal
+arch, and after the Conquering Hero has
+passed beneath it he may expect to receive a
+shower of bricks on his back at any moment! Yes,
+my friends, I am having a bully time. I am
+swimming on the very crest of the wave and enjoying
+it immensely, but I am not for a moment
+deceived; next week or next month I may be
+again in the trough of the wave, but I assure you
+I shall be swimming just as hard and enjoying
+life just as much as I now am.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>None of his friends at that time believed
+that such a prophecy could possibly be realized,
+yet it came true with amazing suddenness.
+Within a few weeks his name had apparently
+left the headlines for good; it appeared
+only in small type in brief paragraphs
+on inside pages. To the superficial observer,
+to those who did not know the real Roosevelt
+and his powers of resilience his career was
+ended.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_179'>179</span>The lull in publicity gave him the quiet he
+needed to devote to three volumes of natural
+history and to prepare for his last and altogether
+greatest period of exploration. His
+manifold ability and the marked characteristics
+of his multiple personality came out in
+the course of his plans for the great expedition
+to South America projected in the spring
+of 1913 and executed between October, 1913,
+and June, 1914. He had selected an unknown
+and particularly dangerous region, where the
+native tribes had never been thoroughly
+subdued by the Brazilian government. He
+marked out this region as his first choice for
+a South American expedition. I sent word to
+him through our mutual friend, Frank M.
+Chapman, that I would never consent to his
+going to this particular region under the
+American Museum flag, that I would not assume
+even part of the responsibility for his
+entering such a dangerous country and not
+returning alive. With a smile he sent back
+to me through Chapman a characteristic
+reply:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>Tell Osborn I have already lived and enjoyed
+as much of life as any nine other men I know;
+I have had my full share, and if it is necessary
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_180'>180</span>for me to leave my bones in South America, I am
+quite ready to do so.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Although more prudent plans prevailed
+and we finally determined upon a route which
+resulted in the discovery of the Rio Roosevelt,
+yet the exposure, the excessively moist
+climate, the dearth of food, clothing and supplies,
+and the malarial infection very nearly
+cost Roosevelt his life. There is no doubt
+that the hazard of the trip meant nothing
+to him. While never reckless, he was absolutely
+fearless. His plans were made with
+the utmost intelligence and thoroughness, and
+with the trained assistance of his son Kermit,
+the South American experience and stalwart
+courage of George K. Cherrie, and the
+devoted companionship of Colonel Candido
+Mariano da Silva Rondon and Leo E. Miller,
+he led the most important expedition that
+has ever gone from North into South America.
+As a result of this expedition through Paraguay
+and the wilderness of Brazil more than
+450 mammal and 1375 bird specimens were
+added to the American Museum collections,
+in addition to the geographic results, which
+aroused such a chorus of discussion and diversity
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_181'>181</span>of opinion. Roosevelt was so impressed
+with the importance of continuing the exploration
+that on his return he personally
+contributed two thousand dollars from his
+literary earnings to send his companion
+naturalists back to the field.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>An American statesman, who should have
+known better, once characterized Roosevelt
+as “one who knew a little about more things
+than any one else in this country.” This
+gives an entirely false impression of Roosevelt’s
+mind, which was of quite the contrary
+order. What Roosevelt did know in history
+and in natural history he knew thoroughly;
+he went to the very bottom of things, if
+possible, and no one was more conscientious
+than he where his knowledge was limited or
+merely that of the intelligent layman. His
+thorough research in preparing for the African
+and South American expeditions was not
+that of the amateur or of the sportsman but
+of the trained naturalist who desires to learn
+as much as possible from previous students
+and explorers.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>The State of New York will erect a splendid
+memorial to Theodore Roosevelt the Naturalist
+and Explorer which will perpetuate the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_182'>182</span>idealistic and courageous aspects of his character
+and life as a naturalist. It will adjoin
+the American Museum of Natural History,
+which he loved and which inspired him to
+the activities of his youth and his mature
+years, where he sought the companionship of
+men of kindred ambitions and to which he
+repaired, in the intervals of politics and of
+pressing duties of every kind, for keen and
+concentrated discussions on animal coloration,
+the geographic distribution of mammals and
+birds, the history of human races, evolution
+of special groups of animals, and the furtherance
+of his expeditions. The memorial will
+remind boys and girls of all generations of
+Americans of Theodore Roosevelt’s spirit of
+self-effacement, of love, of zeal, of fearlessness,
+of energy, of intelligence with which
+they should approach nature in all of its
+wonderful aspects.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/p1822_ill.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p>JOHN BURROUGHS—JUNE, 1896</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_183'>183</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE TWO JOHNS<br> <br> <span class='c012'><span class='sc'>John Burroughs</span><br> 1837–1919<br> <br> <span class='sc'>John Muir</span><br> 1838–1914</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c013'>“The two Johns,” as they were affectionately known by their
+comrades on the Harriman Expedition to Alaska, were alike in their
+Christian names, in their love of nature, and, to a certain extent,
+in their powers of expression, but they were profoundly different in
+every other respect. I had the privilege of knowing John Muir
+much more intimately than I knew John Burroughs. I learned
+through correspondence and through long and intimate conversations
+thoroughly to understand his Scotch soul, which had a strong Norse
+element in it and a moral fervor drawn from the Bible of the Covenanters.
+It is interesting to contrast this Scotch type of soul with
+the English type of soul seen in John Burroughs.</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>I had in mind for some time this idea of the racial soul as something
+more profound in its influence than either the racial temperament
+or the racial mind. If the body had a long history in the past,
+so has the soul of man. In reading Wordsworth’s noble “Ode on the
+Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood,”
+it flashed across my mind that along an entirely different path I
+had reached the same conclusion as Wordsworth: namely, that the
+human soul is full of reminiscences and that it responds to conditions
+and experiences long bygone.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_185'>185</span>
+  <h3 class='c014'>THE RACIAL SOUL OF JOHN BURROUGHS</h3>
+</div>
+<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c015'>Indelibly stamped on my mind is the
+celebration of John Burroughs’s seventy-fifth
+birthday in the Bird Hall of the
+American Museum of Natural History, when
+six hundred children of the New York East
+Side schools, Czechs, Hungarians, Poles, Slovaks,
+no trace of American stock among
+them, came to tell Burroughs how they loved
+him and his writings. Twelve bright girls
+and boys, each representing a volume of the
+edition of his collected works and wearing the
+name of the volume suspended in front, came
+forward and recited a verse or a bit of prose
+from the volume represented. Tears came
+into the eyes of “the good gray poet,” Burroughs’s
+own designation of Walt Whitman,
+as the love and admiration of the spirited
+children poured in upon him. The scene reflected
+the high purpose of literature, the interpretation
+of the spiritual and moral influences
+of nature.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>With a large following of grown men, a
+circle of admirers which included such extremes
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_186'>186</span>as Henry Ford and Theodore Roosevelt,
+Burroughs was preeminently the poet
+of the school children of America, his ability
+for humanizing his dumb friends of the animal
+world having caught the fancy of the
+children, thus giving him one of his claims
+to immortality in America, if not in other
+countries. It was his part in America to
+throw the light of nature into the “prison-house,”
+to use Wordsworth’s phrase, which
+civilization throws around our youth:</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c005'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>Heaven lies about us in our infancy!</div>
+      <div class='line'>Shades of the prison-house begin to close</div>
+      <div class='line in6'>Upon the growing Boy,</div>
+      <div class='line'>But He beholds the light, and whence it flows,</div>
+      <div class='line in6'>He sees it in his joy;</div>
+      <div class='line'>The Youth, who daily farther from the east</div>
+      <div class='line in6'>Must travel, still is Nature’s Priest,</div>
+      <div class='line in6'>And by the vision splendid</div>
+      <div class='line in6'>Is on his way attended;</div>
+      <div class='line'>At length the Man perceives it die away,</div>
+      <div class='line'>And fade into the light of common day.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c009'>His fellow poet of nature, John Muir,
+though in his way a writer of large imagination,
+did not humanize his birds and mammals
+as Burroughs did—a legitimate means
+of charming young and old with the habits
+and moralities of animal life, provided one
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_187'>187</span>makes it clear that it is an interpretation
+and an analogy and not a real resemblance
+being pictured. Burroughs loved nature of
+the East—of New York and New England—as
+Muir, his junior by only a year, cast
+over us the spell of the Pacific Coast, from
+Alaska to southern California, in all its virgin
+grandeur. On the voyages to Alaska in
+1899 “the two Johns,” as they were affectionately
+called by their companions, met
+day by day. Alike in their disregard of conventions,
+in absent-mindedness in such trivial
+matters as clothing and food, and in their
+readiness to absorb and to pour out their
+nature-philosophy, it would appear that one
+steamer was not quite large enough for two
+such great men, accustomed as each was, in
+his advancing years, to unchecked discourse
+and to reverent attention and interest!</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>In my intimacy with Muir I learned that
+his views did not entirely harmonize with
+those of Burroughs; the difference was more
+or less traceable, I believe, to the Scotch
+ancestry of Muir and to his severe and rugged
+bringing up as contrasted with the more
+equable environment of Burroughs’s youth.
+Muir chose for observation those aspects of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_188'>188</span>nature which present the greatest obstacles,
+glaciers and mountain tops, although he had
+tender moments with birds and found a personality
+in trees. He wrote about trees as
+has no one else in the whole history of trees,
+chiefly because he loved them as he loved
+men and women, and his powers of expression
+were gathered from classic British sources,
+such as the King James version of the Bible,
+Milton, Shakespeare, and Carlyle, with little
+influence from Thoreau and none from Whitman.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>In feature and in spirit of the Nordic stock,
+with a dash of Celtic temperament, Burroughs
+was true to his heredity. From the
+paternal side of his ancestry Burroughs received,
+according to a close student of his
+forebears, his religious and moral nature, his
+stubbornness, his persistence, his emotional
+tendencies, his love of beauty, his curiosity
+as to causes and explanations; these were
+the Nordic traits of his pedigree. Of English
+ancestry on his mother’s side, he inherited
+from the Kelly line, perhaps Celtic, his slight
+melancholy and his care-free love of nature.
+There are numerous divines on the paternal
+Burroughs side, given to Bible reading; on
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_189'>189</span>the maternal Kelly side are country folk,
+lovers of the outdoors, fishermen, foxhunters,
+one hermit, and one Bible reader, “Granther
+Kelly.” Thus Burroughs’s intellectual and
+spiritual pedigree recalls what Goethe says
+of his own parents:</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c005'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>To my father I owe my stature,</div>
+      <div class='line'>My impulse to the serious life;</div>
+      <div class='line'>To my mother dear my joyous nature,</div>
+      <div class='line'>My love of story-telling.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c009'>At various times in Burroughs’s life one set
+of impulses and then another predominated,
+but his genius manifested itself in three ways:
+first, in the possession of what may be called
+the <i>nature supersense</i>, a rare endowment observed
+also in Wordsworth, Thoreau, and
+Emerson, and recorded by them in some of
+their most beautiful sentences:</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>This is a delicious evening, when the whole
+body is one sense, and imbibes delight through
+every pore. I go and come with a strange liberty
+in nature, a part of itself. (Thoreau: “Walden.”)</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>... We have crept out of our close and
+crowded houses into the night and morning, and
+we see what majestic beauties daily wrap us in
+their bosom. How willingly we would escape the
+barriers which render them comparatively impotent,
+escape the sophistication and second thought,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_190'>190</span>and suffer nature to entrance us.... These enchantments
+are medicinal, they sober and heal
+us. (Emerson: “Nature.”)</p>
+
+<p class='c016'>Mounting toward the upland again, I pause
+reverently as the hush and stillness of twilight
+come upon the woods. It is the sweetest, ripest
+hour of the day. And as the hermit’s evening
+hymn goes up from the deep solitude below me,
+I experience that serene exaltation of sentiment
+of which music, literature, and religion are but
+the faint types and symbols. (Burroughs: “In
+the Hemlocks.”)</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Of the reality of this nature supersense there
+is as little doubt as of its rarity.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Burroughs may be called a natural philosopher—a
+nature-lover more than a naturalist,
+for the latter term is reserved for the few
+gifted ones, like Darwin and Fabre. His
+powers of original observation of nature were
+not great powers such as would entitle him
+to be called a great naturalist, but powers of
+intimate, truthful, and sympathetic observation
+joined with a love of expression that
+made him a prolific producer, and that suggested
+the title of his first paper, “Expression,”
+published in 1860. The naturalist
+instinct has certainly been rare among other
+poets and men of letters. Emerson’s “Nature,”
+published in 1835, might have been
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_191'>191</span>written at his library table, gazing into the
+firelight, although his poems, “May-Day,”
+“To the Humble Bee,” “The Rhodora,” and
+“Titmouse,” are full of the nature vision.
+Maeterlinck’s delightful naturalistic writings
+are rather the mastery of the observations of
+Fabre than of a single original observation
+on his own part. Similarly, the natural philosophy
+so beautifully expressed by Tennyson
+in 1850 in his “In Memoriam” was drawn
+from conversations in a Darwinian club.
+Wordsworth was richly endowed with the
+nature supersense, perhaps more so than
+Burroughs, but he was neither observer, naturalist,
+nor natural philosopher; he was preeminently
+the spiritual interpreter. On the
+other hand, the naturalistic poetry of Erasmus
+Darwin at the end of the eighteenth
+century, his “Botanic Garden,” his “Loves
+of the Plants,” were the rhythmic expression
+of original and philosophical thought of a
+high order. This is true also of Goethe’s
+natural history writings and poetic allusions
+to nature which sprang from original work in
+botany and anatomy and brought him near
+a conception of the theory of evolution a
+half-century before Charles Darwin.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_192'>192</span>We look to Gilbert White as one of Burroughs’s
+prototypes in the union of observation
+and expression, to Izaak Walton in the
+joy of outdoor life, and especially to the truly
+great Americans, Thoreau and Walt Whitman.
+That Burroughs fell under Whitman’s influence
+very early, his poem “Waiting,” written
+at the age of twenty-five, would seem to
+indicate.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>My own attention, at the age of twenty-two,
+was called to Whitman in a memorable
+manner, when he was not considered fit reading
+for the young. It was in 1879, in the rooms
+of Francis Balfour, younger brother of Arthur,
+at Cambridge University, where there were
+weekly dinners at which one met wits and
+celebrities from London and Oxford, as well
+as from Cambridge. One evening I was approached
+by a tall youth with a handsome
+face, long hair, flowing collar, and sensuous
+mouth, who began immediately to offer an
+opinion of American literature. He said:
+“You have no real poets in America. To me
+Longfellow, Whittier, and the others are mere
+echoes of English singers. You Americans
+have only one sweet and true songster, whom
+you do not appreciate, and that is Walt
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_193'>193</span>Whitman.” These words and young Oscar
+Wilde’s appearance are indelibly impressed
+upon my memory because they first brought
+home to me the idea that the all-essential
+quality in a writer of eminence is that he must
+be of his country, of his soil. This quality,
+preeminent in Whitman, was possessed in no
+less degree by Burroughs, although Burroughs
+was by no means so poetic. Americanism
+in Americans is essential for the fundamental
+biological reason that our spiritual and intellectual
+powers, to reach their highest development,
+must react to our own environment and
+not to some other distant or bygone environment.
+Welcome as British, French, or classical
+reactions may be among us, they are
+not of our soil.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>These are interpretations of Burroughs’s
+genius, not explanations; we may examine
+and compare him with other men, but we
+cannot explain him any more than we can
+explain the prehistoric artists of the cave
+period. In each case the genius arrives, assumes
+leadership, and lifts an entire community
+of less gifted souls to a little higher level.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>This brings us to the sources of the racial
+soul. Why did the soul of John Burroughs
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_194'>194</span>react throughout his life to the genial conditions
+of our East, to its birds and plants and
+flowers, to its seasons, to its few retreats
+still accessible where Nature has preserved
+some of her unrestrained beauty in her contest
+with the ruthless destroyer that we call
+Civilization? Why was he the poet of our
+robins, of our apple-trees, of the beauties of
+our forests and farms? Why was he the
+ardent and sometimes violent prophet of
+conservation?</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Whence the poet’s soul, whence the soul
+of a race, of a people, of a nation? Have we
+not reason to believe that there is <i>a racial soul</i>
+as well as a racial mind, a racial system of
+morals, a racial anatomy? This is the thought
+to which I have been led in trying to penetrate
+to the inner meaning of the life and works of
+John Burroughs, because, eager as I am about
+anatomy, I am far more eager about the origin
+and development of the moral, spiritual,
+and intellectual nature of man—the mystery
+of mysteries in biology at the present time.
+When Huxley in his Romanes Lecture held
+that Darwinism fails to throw light on the
+moral nature of man, he was, in my opinion,
+wrong; yet the origin of the anatomy and
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_195'>195</span>even of the moral nature of man is relatively
+simple when compared with the origin of the
+spirit and mind of man. The peculiar mystery
+about the origin of our spiritual and
+intellectual powers is that they appear to
+arise before they are needed—they are ready
+to play their part before the time and opportunity
+arise.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Moreover, we have long since abandoned
+Herbert Spencer’s teaching that our spiritual
+and intellectual faculties are developed
+through the inherited effects of use, and we
+now adhere to Weismann’s teaching that the
+use or disuse of our spiritual and intellectual
+powers has no effect whatever on our offspring,
+except in so far as it tends to keep us
+in a normal state of mind and health. The
+death-blow to Herbert Spencer’s view was
+given in the discoveries of prehistoric art
+within the last quarter of a century, from
+which it appears that a race of men of spiritual
+and intellectual powers arose in which the
+art spirit had little to do with the struggle for
+existence and may have run counter to it, as
+it does at the present time. These discoveries
+also appear to give pause to the Darwinian
+theory of the origin of our spiritual and intellectual
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_196'>196</span>powers through Natural Selection,
+for the periods in man’s history and prehistory
+when the artist or the man of letters
+has been best fitted to survive have been few
+and far between.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Again, this sudden emergence of our spiritual
+and intellectual nature from the man of
+the environing woods, forests, streams, plains,
+and deserts of primeval Asia and Europe
+does not favor Bergson’s view of the creative
+evolution of an internal spiritual and intellectual
+impulse which must flower out in
+time, because if Bergson were right we should
+have spiritual and intellectual genius appearing
+out of season and entirely out of accord
+with environment. This is not the case, because
+there is always an adjustment, a relation,
+between the internal spiritual and intellectual
+powers and the external nature of
+the time, the beauty or the ugliness, the ease
+or the hardship. It is through this reciprocal
+relation of the inner man and the environing
+world that there are so few misfits. If Bergson
+were right, our western world would be
+full of disharmonies; we should find Mediterranean
+geniuses springing up in Scandinavian
+atmospheres, as is never the case. The <i>racial</i>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_197'>197</span>creative spirit of man always reacts to its
+own historic racial environment, into the
+remote past.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Our conclusion is that distinctive spiritual
+and intellectual powers originate along lines
+of slow racial evolution in climate and surroundings
+of distinct kinds. In the south
+were the Mediterranean lines of migration
+along sunny seas, formidable enough in the
+winter season, favorable to rapid development
+of maritime powers, together with artistic
+powers, the Mycenæans, the Phœnicians,
+the early Italian races. The Mediterraneans
+take nature for granted. In the centre of
+Europe were the lines of Alpine or Celtic
+invaders, kept entirely away from the sea,
+races of agriculturalists and of miners, rich
+in mechanical talent, neither adventurous nor
+sea-loving. To the north lived a race of hunters,
+of seafaring adventurers, resolutely contending
+with the forces of nature, fond of the
+open, curious and inquisitive about the causes
+of things; deliberate in spiritual development,
+very gradually they reach the greatest intellectual
+heights and depths.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>The racial aptitudes in these three environments
+of the past twenty thousand years are
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_198'>198</span>now revealed in anatomy and will be no less
+clearly revealed in the predispositions of
+morals, of intellect, and of spirit. Here nature,
+religion, and beauty, kept apart by the
+superficial vision of man in science, theology,
+and æsthetics, are one in the eternal vision
+and purpose of the Creator. In the marvelous
+continuity of heredity a thousand years
+are as yesterday.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>This is my idea of the origin of the racial
+soul, this is my interpretation of Wordsworth’s
+immortal lines:</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c005'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>Our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting:</div>
+      <div class='line'>The Soul that rises with us, our life’s Star,</div>
+      <div class='line in4'>Hath had elsewhere its setting,</div>
+      <div class='line in6'>And cometh from afar:</div>
+      <div class='line in4'>Not in entire forgetfulness,</div>
+      <div class='line in4'>And not in utter nakedness,</div>
+      <div class='line'>But trailing clouds of glory do we come</div>
+      <div class='line in4'>From God, who is our home.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c009'>Burroughs, the poet of today, found himself
+at home in the environment of his remote
+flint-making ancestors of northern Europe.
+The soul that rose with him had its setting
+for countless generations in the north; it
+came from afar, not in forgetfulness, reflecting
+and recalling the northern clouds of
+nature’s glory.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/p1982_ill.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p>JOHN MUIR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_199'>199</span>
+  <h3 class='c014'>JOHN MUIR</h3>
+</div>
+<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c015'>I believe that John Muir’s name is
+destined to be immortal through his
+writings on mountains, forests, rivers, meadows
+and the sentiment of the animal and
+plant life they contain. I believe that no
+one else has ever lived with just the same
+sentiment toward trees and flowers and the
+works of nature in general as that which
+John Muir manifested in his life, his conversations
+and his writings.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>In the splendid journey which I had the
+privilege of taking with him to Alaska in
+1896 I first became aware of his passionate
+love of nature in all its forms and his reverence
+for it as the direct handiwork of the
+Creator. He retained from his early religious
+training under his father this belief, which
+is so strongly expressed in the Old Testament,
+that all the works of nature are directly the
+works of God. In this sense I have never
+known any one whose nature-philosophy was
+more thoroughly theistic; at the same time
+he was a thorough-going evolutionist and
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_200'>200</span>always delighted in my own evolutionary
+studies, which I described to him from time
+to time in the course of our journeyings and
+conversations.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>It was in Alaska that he quoted the lines
+from Goethe’s “Wilhelm Meister” which inspired
+all his travels:</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c005'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>Keep not standing fixed and rooted,</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>Briskly venture, briskly roam;</div>
+      <div class='line'>Head and hand, where’er thou foot it,</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>And stout heart are still at home.</div>
+      <div class='line'>In each land the sun doth visit,</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>We are gay whate’er betide,</div>
+      <div class='line'>To give room for wandering is it</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>That the world was made so wide.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c009'>Another sentiment of his regarding trees
+and flowers always impressed me: that was
+his attributing to them a personality, an
+individuality, such as we associate with certain
+human beings and animals, but rarely
+with plants. To him a tree was something
+not only to be loved but to be respected and
+revered. I well remember his intense indignation
+over the proposal by his friend Charles
+S. Sargent to substitute the name <i>Magnolia
+fœtida</i> for <i>Magnolia grandiflora</i> on the ground
+of priority. He quoted Sargent as saying,
+“After all, ‘what’s in a name?’” and himself
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_201'>201</span>as replying, “There is everything in the
+name; why inflict upon a beautiful and defenseless
+plant for all time the stigma of such
+a name as <i>Magnolia fœtida</i>? You yourself
+would not like to have your own name changed
+from Charles S. Sargent to ‘the malodorous
+Sargent.’”</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>John Muir’s incomparable literary style
+did not come to him easily, but as the result
+of the most intense effort. I observed his
+methods of writing in connection with two
+of his books upon which he was engaged during
+the years 1911 and 1912. He came to our
+home on the Hudson in June, 1911, after the
+Yale commencement, where he had received
+the degree of LL.D. on June 21. He brought
+with him his new silken hood, in which he
+said he had looked very grand in the commencement
+parade. On Friday, June 21, he
+was established in Woodsome Lodge, a log
+cabin on a secluded mountain height, to complete
+his volume on the Yosemite. Daily he
+rose at 4.30 o’clock, and after a simple cup
+of coffee labored incessantly on his two books,
+“The Yosemite” and “Boyhood and Youth.”
+It was very interesting to watch how difficult
+it was for him. In my diary of the time I
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_202'>202</span>find the following notes: “Knowing his beautiful
+and easy style it is very interesting to
+learn how difficult it is for him; he groans
+over his labors, he writes and rewrites and
+interpolates. He loves the simplest English
+language and admires most of all Carlyle,
+Emerson, and Thoreau. He is a very firm
+believer in Thoreau and starts my reading
+deeply of this author. He also loves his
+Bible and is constantly quoting it, as well as
+Milton and Burns. In his attitude toward
+nature, as well as in his special gifts and abilities,
+Muir shares many qualities with Thoreau.
+First among these is his mechanical ability,
+his fondness for the handling of tools; second,
+his close identification with nature; third,
+his interpretation of the religious spirit of
+nature; fourth, his happiness in solitude with
+nature; fifth, his lack of sympathy with
+crowds of people; sixth, his intense love of
+animals.” Thoreau’s quiet residence at Walden
+is to be contrasted with Muir’s world-wide
+journeyings from Scotland to Wisconsin;
+his penniless journey down the Mississippi to
+Louisiana, Florida, across Panama, and northward
+into California in its early grandeur;
+his establishment of the sawmill, showing
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_203'>203</span>again his mechanical ability, as a means of
+livelihood in the Yosemite; his climbs in
+the high Sierras and discovery of still living
+glaciers; his eagerness to see the largest
+glaciers of Alaska and his several journeys
+and sojourns there; his wandering all over
+the great western and eastern forests of the
+United States; his visits to special forests in
+Europe; his world tour, without preconceived
+plan, including the wondrous forests of Africa,
+Australia, New Zealand and Asia. Finally,
+his very last great journey.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>When starting out on this South American
+journey, from which I among other friends
+tried to dissuade him, he often quoted the
+phrase, “I never turn back.” Although he
+greatly desired to have a comrade on this
+journey and often urged me to accompany
+him, he finally was compelled to start out
+alone, quoting Milton: “I have chosen the
+lonely way.” On July 26 I said good-by to
+this very dear friend, leaving him to work
+on his books and prepare for the long journey
+to South America, especially to see the forests
+of Araucaria. I know that at this time he
+had little intention of going on to Africa. It
+was impulse that led him from the east coast
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_204'>204</span>of South America to take a long northward
+journey in order to catch a steamer for the
+Cape of Good Hope.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Among the personal characteristics which
+stand out like crystal in the minds and hearts
+of his friends were his hatred of shams and
+his scorn of the conventions of life, his boldness
+and fearlessness of attack, well illustrated
+in his assault on the despoilers of the Hetch
+Hetchy Valley of the Yosemite, whom he
+loved to characterize as “thieves and robbers.”
+It was a great privilege to be associated with
+him in this campaign. But certainly his
+chief characteristic was his intimacy with
+nature and passionate love of its beauties;
+also, I believe, his marvelous insight into the
+creative powers of nature, closely interwoven
+with his deep religious sentiments and beliefs.
+Like John Burroughs in many of his characteristics,
+in others he was totally different,
+and these differences I attribute to the racial
+antecedents of the two men, as studied in the
+“Racial Soul of John Burroughs.”</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>There were published in the New York
+<cite>Evening Mail</cite> some verses by Charles L. Edson
+with which I would close this all too brief
+tribute:</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c005'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_205'>205</span>John o’ the mountains, wonderful John,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Is past the summit and traveling on:</div>
+      <div class='line'>The turn of the trail on the mountain side,</div>
+      <div class='line'>A smile and “Hail!” where the glaciers slide,</div>
+      <div class='line'>A streak of red where the condors ride,</div>
+      <div class='line'>And John is over the Great Divide.</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>John o’ the mountains camps to-day</div>
+      <div class='line'>On a level spot by the Milky Way;</div>
+      <div class='line'>And God is telling him how He rolled</div>
+      <div class='line'>The smoking earth from the iron mold,</div>
+      <div class='line'>And hammered the mountains till they were cold,</div>
+      <div class='line'>And planted the Redwood trees of old.</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>And John o’ the mountains says: “I knew,</div>
+      <div class='line'>And I wanted to grapple the hand o’ you;</div>
+      <div class='line'>And now we’re sure to be friends and chums</div>
+      <div class='line'>And camp together till chaos comes.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_206'>206</span>
+<img src='images/p2062_ill.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p>HOWARD CROSBY BUTLER</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_207'>207</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>HOWARD CROSBY BUTLER<br> <span class='c012'>1872–1922</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c013'>Like Theodore Roosevelt, Butler was a man of many talents and
+each talent was in the nature of a surprise to his friends. Under his
+extremely quiet and gentle personality lay force of idealism and of
+resolution, of courage and persistence which led him to great heights
+as investigator, teacher, and explorer. It is in respect to this last
+talent only that this “Impression” is written, because I spoke in the
+memorial service at Graduate College with others who dwelt on his
+other talents. As an archæological explorer Butler showed his resourcefulness
+and powers of command in the most remarkable way.
+Bedouins, Arabs, native Turks yielded to his quiet and persuasive
+power, though he rarely raised his voice above a low monotone.
+Again we turn to the language of Dante and of Homer to express
+appreciation of this great man.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_209'>209</span>
+  <h3 class='c014'>HOWARD CROSBY BUTLER, EXPLORER</h3>
+</div>
+<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c015'>In the “Divine Comedy,” Dante speaks of
+Ulysses, of exploration of the western seas
+and lands, of braving dangers, of overcoming
+obstacles, of offering home, family, friends,
+life itself, in the quest of the great unknown,
+its wonders, its beauties, its riches.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c005'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“O brothers!” I began, “who to the west</div>
+      <div class='line'>Through perils without number now have reach’d;</div>
+      <div class='line'>To this the short remaining watch, that yet</div>
+      <div class='line'>Our senses have to wake, refuse not proof</div>
+      <div class='line'>Of the unpeopled world, following the track</div>
+      <div class='line'>Of Phœbus. Call to mind from whence ye sprang:</div>
+      <div class='line'>Ye were not form’d to live the lives of brutes,</div>
+      <div class='line'>But virtue to pursue and knowledge high.”<a id='r12'></a><a href='#f12' class='c008'><sup>[12]</sup></a></div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c009'>For two thousand years our ancestors, thus
+inspired, were facing the setting sun, until the
+whole earth had been encircled by explorers.
+Then, only a brief hundred years ago, the indomitable
+human spirit turned eastward, toward
+the rising sun, the Orient, toward the
+buried treasures and past beauties of the very
+peoples and civilizations which had been
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_210'>210</span>pressing westward from the dawn of history.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Led by Layard, Schliemann, Evans, and a
+host of others, and chiefly inspired by de
+Vogué, Howard Crosby Butler became a crusader
+in this eastward tide of exploration.
+As a follower in his youthful Princeton days,
+and in the broad and deep discipline of his
+graduate years, he prepared himself. A short
+seven years after graduation, namely, in the
+year 1899, we find him in the deserts of north
+central Syria in full command—no longer a
+follower, but a leader, imaginative, determined,
+successful, soon becoming distinguished.
+No one of us who knew the gentle
+and almost too gentlemanly student of art
+and the classics under Marquand and Frothingham
+would have divined his latent powers
+to command Orientals, whether Arabs, Bedouins,
+or Turks. <i><span lang="la">Suaviter in modo, fortiter in
+re</span></i>, he was first trusted, then almost idolized,
+by his workmen.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>It was the sterling integrity, as well as the
+consummate skill, of Butler’s work in Syria
+(1899–1909) which led to the highest distinction
+ever offered to an American and Christian explorer
+by a Mohammedan government, namely,
+the unsolicited <i>invitation</i> to enter and
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_211'>211</span>take command of the excavation of Sardis.
+The Turks knew they could trust Butler;
+they knew that he was absolutely honorable.
+The difficulties of Sardis exploration had
+seemed insurmountable to others; the great
+period of civilization and culture of Asia
+Minor, just older than the Syrian and extending
+back to the Lydian and beyond, was
+buried fathoms deep. These deeply buried
+ruins were to be entered under his brilliant
+leadership between 1910 and 1922. His was
+the secret of self-forgetfulness in a great cause.
+He never spoke to us of himself, always of
+the workmen, of the colleagues, of the students,
+of the most beloved Alma Mater. He
+was driven on, not by ambition, but by love—love
+of his fellow men, love of his profession,
+love of beauty and truth.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>Butler’s genial and idealistic view of life is
+reflected in the characters and personalities
+which he brought to life, and now that he has
+taken his place among the noble shades of the
+long period of 600 B. C. to 600 A. D., the
+artisans, the architects, the poets, the merchants,
+the rulers, the governors, even the
+shade of the supreme ruler, Crœsus, will be
+grateful to him. We hear them murmuring:
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_212'>212</span>“We have been charged with a mere love of
+gain and of the gold of Pactolus. You have
+shown the world that we loved beauty, that
+we kept our covenants, that we honored our
+deities.” Still more will the shades of ancient
+Syria and the shades of honorable men and
+women of the early Christian Church, from
+its very beginnings beneath the shadows of
+the ruined pillars of Sardis to the glorious
+temples of Syria, honor and welcome him.</p>
+
+<p class='c009'>The span of Butler’s life as an explorer was
+only twenty-two years; his name and his influence
+will endure as many centuries. So in
+<i>our</i> bereavement we are consoled by <i>his</i> immortality.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c005'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>... That which we are, we are:</div>
+      <div class='line'>One equal temper of heroic hearts,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will</div>
+      <div class='line'>To strive, to seek, to find and not to yield.<a id='r13'></a><a href='#f13' class='c008'><sup>[13]</sup></a></div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_213'>213</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BIOGRAPHIES BY THE AUTHOR<br> <span class='c012'>1883–1924</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Francis Maitland Balfour</span>, Embryologist. <cite>Science</cite>,
+vol. 2, no. 31, Sept. 7, 1883, pp. 299–301.</p>
+
+<p class='c030'><span class='sc'>Arnold Guyot</span>, Geologist. <cite>The Princetonian</cite>, vol. 8,
+1883–84, p. 308.</p>
+
+<p class='c030'><span class='sc'>Thomas H. Huxley</span>, Biologist.</p>
+
+<p class='c031'>Memorial address before the Biological Section of
+New York Academy of Sciences, Nov. 11, 1895.
+<cite>Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci.</cite>, vol. 15, 1895–96, Sig.
+dated Jan. 14, 15, 1896, pp. 40–50. <cite>Science</cite>, N. S.,
+vol. 3, no. 57, Jan. 31, 1896, pp. 147–154.</p>
+
+<p class='c031'>“A Student’s Reminiscences of Huxley.” Biol.
+Lectures, Marine Biol. Lab. of Wood’s Hole.
+Ginn &#38; Co., Boston, 1896, pp. 29–42.</p>
+
+<p class='c032'><span class='sc'>G. Brown Goode</span>, Zoologist. “Goode as a Naturalist.”
+Address at the G. Brown Goode Memorial
+Meeting, U. S. National Museum, February 13.
+<cite>Science</cite>, N. S., vol. 5, no. 114, March 5, 1897,
+pp. 373–378.</p>
+
+<p class='c032'><span class='sc'>Edward Drinker Cope</span>, Palæontologist.</p>
+
+<p class='c031'>Memorial Biography. <cite>Science</cite>, N. S., vol. 5, no. 123,
+May 7, 1897, pp. 705–717.</p>
+
+<p class='c031'>“A Great Naturalist.” <cite>The Century Magazine</cite>, vol.
+55, no. 1, Nov. 1897, pp. 10–15.</p>
+
+<p class='c031'>“Life and Works of Cope.” Introduction to Syllabus
+of Lectures on the Vertebrata by E. D. Cope.
+Univ. of Penn., 1898, pp. iii-xxxv.</p>
+
+<p class='c031'>“Work in the Mammals.” Address in memory of
+E. D. Cope, delivered at the meeting in the hall of
+the American Philosophical Society held in Philadelphia
+for promoting useful knowledge, Nov. 12,</p>
+<p class='c033'><span class='pageno' id='Page_214'>214</span>1897. <cite>Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Memorial Volume I</cite>,
+1900, pp. 296–303.</p>
+
+<p class='c032'><span class='sc'>Henry Filhol</span>, Palæontologist. <cite>Science</cite>, N. S., vol. 15,
+no. 388, June 6, 1902, p. 912.</p>
+
+<p class='c032'><span class='sc'>Karl Alfred Von Zittel</span>, Palæontologist. <cite>Science</cite>,
+N. S., vol. 19, no. 474, Jan. 29, 1904, pp. 186–188.</p>
+
+<p class='c032'><span class='sc'>John Bell Hatcher</span>, Palæontologist. “Explorations
+of John Bell Hatcher for the Palæontological Monographs
+of the U. S. Geological Survey, together
+with a statement of his contributions to American
+Geology and Palæontology.” Monographs of the
+U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. 49, “The Ceratopsia” by
+Hatcher, Marsh, Lull. Washington, 1907, pp. 17–26.</p>
+
+<p class='c032'><span class='sc'>Morris Ketcham Jesup</span>, Administrator.</p>
+
+<p class='c031'><cite>Science</cite>, N. S., vol. 27, no. 684, Feb. 7, 1908, pp. 235–236.</p>
+
+<p class='c031'>Address of Welcome at commemoration of the founding
+of the American Museum of Natural History.
+Unveiling of the statue of Morris K. Jesup. <cite>Amer.
+Mus. Journ.</cite>, vol. 10, March, 1910, pp. 60–67.</p>
+
+<p class='c032'><span class='sc'>Charles Darwin</span>, Biologist.</p>
+
+<p class='c031'>“Remarks on Darwin.” <cite>The Evening Post</cite>, New
+York, Feb. 12, 1909, p. 3.</p>
+
+<p class='c031'>“Darwin Celebrations in the United States.” <cite>Nature</cite>,
+vol. 80, No. 2055, March 18, 1909, pp. 72–73.</p>
+
+<p class='c031'>“Life and Works of Darwin.” Address delivered
+Feb. 12, 1909, at Columbia University on the
+hundredth anniversary of Darwin’s birth, Feb. 12,
+1809, as the first of a series of nine lectures on
+“Charles Darwin and His Influence on Science.”
+<cite>Pop. Sci. Monthly</cite>, vol. 74, no. 4, April, 1909, pp.
+313–343.</p>
+
+<p class='c031'>“Acceptance of the Portrait of Darwin.” <cite>Ann.
+N. Y. Acad. Sci.</cite>, vol. 19, no. 1, pt. 1, July 31, 1909,
+pp. 21–22.</p>
+
+<p class='c031'>“The Darwin Centenary.” Address in reply to the
+reception of delegates, Cambridge, England, June</p>
+<p class='c033'><span class='pageno' id='Page_215'>215</span>23, 1909. <cite>Science</cite>, N. S., vol. 30, no. 763, Aug.
+13, 1909, pp. 199–200.</p>
+
+<p class='c032'><span class='sc'>John I. Northrop</span>, Zoologist. Introduction to “A
+Naturalist in the Bahama Islands.” A memorial
+volume. 8vo. Columbia University Press, June
+15, 1910, 276 pp.</p>
+
+<p class='c032'><span class='sc'>Alfred Russel Wallace</span>, Naturalist.</p>
+
+<p class='c031'>“Scientific Worthies.” <cite>Nature</cite>, vol. 89, no. 2224,
+June 13, 1912, pp. 367–370.</p>
+
+<p class='c031'>“Alfred Russel Wallace, 1823–1913.” <cite>Pop. Sci.
+Monthly</cite>, vol. 83, no. 6, pp. 523–537.</p>
+
+<p class='c031'>“A Great Naturalist.” <cite>Amer. Mus. Journ.</cite>, vol. 13,
+no. 8, pp. 331–333.</p>
+
+<p class='c032'><span class='sc'>Joseph Leidy</span>, Anatomist. Biographical Memoir.
+Read by title at meeting of National Academy of
+Sciences, April 18–20, 1911. Presented to the Academy
+at the April Meeting, 1912. <cite>Biographical Memoirs
+National Acad. of Sciences</cite>, part of vol. 7, Feb.,
+1913, pp. 339–396.</p>
+
+<p class='c032'><span class='sc'>Louis Pasteur</span>, Bacteriologist. “The New Order of
+Sainthood.” <cite>The Churchman</cite>, vol. 107, no. 15 (whole
+no. 3560), April 12, 1913, pp. 474–475. Reprinted
+by Charles Scribner’s Sons, 12mo, October, 1913,
+17 pp.</p>
+
+<p class='c032'><span class='sc'>Eberhard Frass</span>, Palæontologist. <cite>Science</cite>, N. S., vol.
+41, no. 1059, April 16, 1915, pp. 571–572.</p>
+
+<p class='c032'><span class='sc'>John Muir</span>, Naturalist. <cite>Sierra Club Bulletin</cite>, vol. 10,
+no. 1, January, 1916, pp. 29–32.</p>
+
+<p class='c032'><span class='sc'>Gustav Schwalbe</span>, Anatomist. <cite>Science</cite>, N. S., vol.
+44, no. 1125, July 21, 1916, p. 97.</p>
+
+<p class='c032'><span class='sc'>Joel Asaph Allen</span>, Zoologist.</p>
+
+<p class='c031'>Foreword to “Autobiographical Notes and a Bibliography
+of the Scientific Publications of Joel Asaph
+Allen.” <cite>Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ.</cite>, 8vo, Dec. 26,
+1916, xi and 215 pp.</p>
+
+<p class='c031'>“An Appreciation.” <cite>Nat. Hist.</cite>, vol. 21, pp. 513–515.</p>
+
+<p class='c032'><span class='sc'>William Berryman Scott</span>, Palæontologist. “The
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_216'>216</span>Work of Professor William Berryman Scott ’77.”
+<cite>The Princeton Alumni Weekly</cite>, vol. 17, no. 10, Dec.
+5, 1917, pp. 225–226.</p>
+
+<p class='c032'><span class='sc'>Joseph Hodges Choate</span>, Lawyer. A Tribute from the
+Trustees of the American Museum. <cite>Mus. Publ.</cite>
+4to, June 25, 1918, 34 pp.</p>
+
+<p class='c032'><span class='sc'>Theodore Roosevelt</span>, Explorer.</p>
+
+<p class='c031'>“Colonel Roosevelt.” <cite>The (New York) Evening Post</cite>,
+vol. 118, no. 41, p. 7, Jan. 6, 1919.</p>
+
+<p class='c031'>“Theodore Roosevelt, Naturalist.” <cite>Nat. Hist.</cite>, vol.
+19, no. 1, March 28, 1919, pp. 9–10.</p>
+
+<p class='c031'>“Roosevelt the Student of Nature.” <cite>The New York
+Sun</cite>, vol. 89, no. 55, Nov. 3, 1921, p. 24.</p>
+
+<p class='c032'><span class='sc'>Samuel Wendell Williston</span>, Palæontologist.</p>
+
+<p class='c031'><cite>Journ. of Geol.</cite>, vol. 26, no. 8, Nov.-Dec., 1918, pp.
+673–689. <cite>Science</cite>, N. S., vol. 49, no. 1264, pp.
+274–278, March 21, 1919. <cite>Bull. Geol. Soc. of Amer.</cite>,
+vol. 30, pp. 66–76.</p>
+
+<p class='c031'>“Samuel Wendell Williston—The man and the palæontologist.”
+<cite>Sigma Xi Quart.</cite>, vol. 7, no. 1, July
+19, 1919, pp. 2–6.</p>
+
+<p class='c032'><span class='sc'>James Bryce</span>, Author. Address on Viscount Bryce
+at the Memorial Service in the Cathedral of St.
+John the Divine, March 5, 1922.</p>
+
+<p class='c032'><span class='sc'>John Burroughs</span>, Naturalist. “The Racial Soul of
+John Burroughs.” Address at the Memorial Meeting
+of the American Academy of Arts and Letters,
+November 18, 1921.</p>
+
+<p class='c032'><span class='sc'>Howard Crosby Butler</span>, Archæologist. Address at
+the Memorial Meeting in Graduate College, Princeton
+University, October 21, 1922.</p>
+
+<hr class='c034'>
+<div class='footnote' id='f1'>
+<p class='c035'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. The author has written fifty-seven biographic sketches, forty of
+which are listed in the appendix of this volume.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f2'>
+<p class='c035'><a href='#r2'>2</a>. See his principal work, entitled “Naturalist on the River Amazons,”
+2 vols., 8vo, John Murray, London. 1863.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f3'>
+<p class='c035'><a href='#r3'>3</a>. Alfred Tennyson, Edgar Allen Poe, Felix Mendelssohn, Oliver
+Wendell Holmes, William Ewart Gladstone.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f4'>
+<p class='c035'><a href='#r4'>4</a>. Vallery-Radot, René. “The Life of Pasteur.” Translation of
+Mrs. R. L. Devonshire. (London, Archibald Constable &#38; Co.,
+Ltd., 1906, pp. 416, 417.)</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f5'>
+<p class='c035'><a href='#r5'>5</a>. Osler, Sir Wm. “Man’s Redemption of Man.” 12mo. (Paul B.
+Hoeber, New York.)</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f6'>
+<p class='c035'><a href='#r6'>6</a>. Aristotle (“Physics,” ii, 2). “Art mimics nature.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f7'>
+<p class='c035'><a href='#r7'>7</a>. Gen. 2:15; 3:19.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f8'>
+<p class='c035'><a href='#r8'>8</a>. “The Vision of Dante Alighieri.” Translated by the Reverend
+H. F. Cary. Canto XI, Hell, p. 47. “Dante’s Divine Comedy,” with
+an Introduction and Notes by Edmund G. Gardner, M.A. (London,
+J. M. Dent &#38; Sons, Ltd. New York, E. P. Dutton &#38; Co.)</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f9'>
+<p class='c035'><a href='#r9'>9</a>. Longfellow’s Translation, Inf., Vol. XI, pp. 97–108.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f10'>
+<p class='c035'><a href='#r10'>10</a>. This passage probably indicates that he was sensitive to being
+laughed at for his interest in these animals.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f11'>
+<p class='c035'><a href='#r11'>11</a>. “The Smaller Birds of the Adirondacks in Franklin County, New
+York” (jointly with H. D. Minot).</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f12'>
+<p class='c035'><a href='#r12'>12</a>. Dante Alighieri, “Inferno” <span class='fss'>XXVI</span>, ll. 112–120. Translated by
+the Reverend H. F. Cary, A.M.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f13'>
+<p class='c035'><a href='#r13'>13</a>. Alfred Tennyson. “Ulysses.” Last four lines.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c004'>
+</div>
+<div class='tnotes x-ebookmaker'>
+
+<div class='chapter ph2'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c001'>
+    <div>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+ <ul class='ul_1 c002'>
+    <li>Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.
+
+    </li>
+    <li>Used numbers for footnotes, placing them all at the end of the last chapter.
+    </li>
+  </ul>
+
+</div>
+
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77622 ***</div>
+  </body>
+  <!-- created with ppgen.py 3.57i (with regex) on 2026-01-05 18:24:48 GMT -->
+</html>
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diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
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+This book, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for eBook #77622
+(https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/77622)