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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77007 ***
+
+
+
+
+
+                           THE PENNY MAGAZINE
+
+                                 OF THE
+
+             Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ 23.]                   PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY.      [August 11, 1832
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+                               THE OLIVE.
+
+                    [Illustration: The Olive Tree.]
+
+There is something peculiarly mild and graceful in the appearance of the
+olive-tree, even apart from its associations. The leaves bear some
+resemblance to those of the willow, only they are more soft and
+delicate. The flowers are as delicate as the leaves; they come in little
+spikes from buds between the leaf-stalks and the spikes. At first they
+are of a pale yellow; but when they expand their four petals, the
+insides of them are white, and only the centre of the flower yellow.
+
+The wild olive is found indigenous in Syria, Greece, and Africa, on the
+lower slopes of the Atlas. The cultivated one grows spontaneously in
+many parts of Syria; and is easily reared in all parts of the shores of
+the Levant that are not apt to be visited by frosty winds. Where olives
+abound they give much beauty to the landscape. The beautiful plain of
+Athens, as seen toward the north-west from Mount Hymettus, appears
+entirely covered with olive-trees. Tuscany, the south of France, and the
+plains of Spain, are the places of Europe in which the olive was first
+cultivated. The Tuscans were the first who exported olive-oil largely,
+and thus it has obtained the name of Florence-oil; but the purest is
+said to be obtained from about Aix, in France.
+
+The proper time for gathering olives for the press is the eve of
+maturity. If delayed too long, the next crop is prevented, and the tree
+is productive only in the alternate years. At Aix, where the olive
+harvest takes place early in November, it is annual: in Languedoc,
+Spain, and Italy, where it is delayed till December or January, it is in
+alternate years. The quality of the oil, also, depends upon the
+gathering of the fruit in the first stage of its maturity. It should be
+carefully plucked by the hand; and the whole harvest completed, if
+possible, in a day. The oil-mill is simple. The fruit is reduced to a
+pulp, put into sacks of coarse linen, or feather-grass, and subjected to
+pressure. The growth of olives and the manufacture of the oil afford a
+considerable employment to many of the inhabitants of France and Italy.
+The importation of olive-oil into Great Britain amounted, in 1827, to
+about four thousand five hundred tons, paying a duty of eight guineas
+per tun.
+
+In ancient times, especially, the olive was a tree held in the greatest
+veneration; for then the oil was employed in pouring out libations to
+the gods, while the branches formed the wreaths of the victors at the
+Olympic Games. The Greeks had a pretty and instructive fable in their
+mythology, on the origin of the olive. They said that Neptune having a
+dispute with Minerva, as to the name of the city of Athens, it was
+decided by the gods that the deity who gave the best present to mankind
+should have the privilege in dispute. Neptune struck the shore, out of
+which sprung a horse: but Minerva produced an olive-tree. The goddess
+had the triumph; for it was adjudged that Peace, of which the olive is
+the symbol, was infinitely better than War, to which the horse was
+considered as belonging, and typifying. Even in the sacred history, the
+olive is invested with more honour than any other tree. The patriarch
+Noah had sent out a dove from the ark, but she returned without any
+token of hope. Then “He stayed yet other seven days; and again he sent
+forth the dove out of the ark; and the dove came to him in the evening;
+and, lo, in her mouth was an olive-branch plucked off: so Noah knew that
+the waters were abated from the earth.”
+
+The veneration for the olive, and also the great duration of the tree,
+appears from the history of one in the Acropolis at Athens. Dr. Clarke
+has this passage in his Travels, in speaking of the temple of
+Pandrosus--“Within this building, so late as the second century, was
+preserved the _olive-tree_ mentioned by Apollodorus, which was said to
+be as old as the foundation of the citadel. Stuart supposed it to have
+stood in the portico of the temple of Pandrosus (called by him the
+Pandroseum) from the circumstance of the air necessary for its support,
+which could here be admitted between the caryatides; but instances of
+trees, that have been preserved to a very great age, within the interior
+of an edifice inclosed by walls, may be adduced.”
+
+                       [Illustration: The Olive.]
+
+
+                         ---------------------
+
+
+                          MATERNAL EDUCATION.
+
+The responsibility which is incurred by every mother imperatively calls
+upon her to seek the best means of making her children good and rational
+beings. This is not to be done by merely sending them to school for
+instruction. Education must be continued at home, or otherwise its most
+important results are left to chance, and it mainly depends upon
+accident or circumstance whether the child becomes vicious or virtuous.
+All persons may not have the power or the opportunity to direct the
+infant mind with sufficient steadiness and judgment to produce certain
+effects. It is much more within the ability of a mother to make her
+children good-tempered, and to endow them with cheerful, contented
+dispositions; but even in this, with the best intentions, she may fail
+from want of understanding the means. It is, however, in the power of
+all mothers--the learned and the unlearned, the rich and the poor--to
+have the most _decided_ influence on the _moral_ character of their
+children, and to make them virtuous members of society. To this end
+children must be educated by example as well as by precept. Let not
+parents believe that they are discharging their duty by admonishing
+their children to do right, while they act at variance with those
+principles they would inculcate. Children are peculiarly quick-sighted
+in this respect, and detect the smallest contradiction in act and word
+with surprising acuteness. That which we wish our children to become,
+that we should endeavour as much as possible to be ourselves. This is a
+maxim in parental management which would tend more than any other course
+to ensure success.
+
+
+                         ---------------------
+
+
+                       MEANINGS OF WORDS.--No. 3.
+
+Grammarians have divided words into various classes, called parts of
+speech, an arrangement that has some advantages, and also some
+inconveniences. The advantages are the same that we derive from
+classification in all sciences, where we have a great number of objects
+which we wish to have some ready means of referring to: the
+disadvantages are, that the _names_ of the parts of speech have often
+been an obstacle to our right understanding of the true nature and
+meaning of the words themselves. For our present purpose it will be
+enough to speak of _nouns_, _adjectives_, and _verbs_; or, if our
+readers prefer it, we will use the term _noun_ as including that of
+_adjective_.
+
+A _noun_, as the word imports, is a _name_ for something, whether it be
+a thing immediately open to the examination of the senses, or an object
+which we contemplate only by the mind. We propose to distribute some of
+these nouns into classes, in order that by a comparison their meanings
+may be better understood.
+
+
+                             Nouns in _er_.
+
+                           Work-er. Hunt-er.
+                           Kill-er. Speak-er.
+                           Slay-er. Carri-er.
+
+The meaning of this termination in _er_ is obvious: it expresses the
+_do-er_ of a thing. These words in _er_ may be considered as formed by
+adding the termination _er_ to such words as _work_, _kill_, _carry_,
+&c. In the last instance it will be observed that the _y_ is changed
+into an _i_ in the new word.
+
+There are some words in _er_[1] which do not signify a _do-er_, such as
+_murder_, _slaughter_, _laughter_. But we have the word _murder-er_, and
+we might have such a word as _slaughter-er_: the word _laugh-er_ is
+formed regularly from the word _laugh_.
+
+This termination _er_ is found in the German language in the same sense;
+and also in the Latin and Greek, where the termination _or_, with the
+same signification, is also of frequent occurrence.
+
+
+                             Nouns in _or_.
+
+                         Act-or.   Prosecut-or.
+                         Doct-or.  Orat-or.
+                         Visit-or. Curat-or.
+
+We believe these words in _or_ are all derived from the Latin, while the
+words in _er_ are genuine Saxon. _Visit-or_, and other words of the
+class, are sometimes written _visit-er_; but it would perhaps be a good
+rule to confine all the terminations in _or_ to words really derived
+from Latin; for it may be laid down as a general rule that the nouns in
+_or_, as the reader will see them in our common books, are of Latin
+origin, while those in _er_ are of genuine Saxon growth.
+
+
+                    Female nouns in _ess_ and _ix_.
+
+Some nouns in _or_ and _er_ have special terminations to denote the
+female _doer_, thus, _hunt-ress_, _murder-ess_.
+
+The second example shows that these words are simply made by putting
+_ess_ to the end of the word in _er_; and that in _hunt-ress_ the vowel
+_e_ has been dropped, the word having been originally _hunteress_. Some
+words in _ess_ change the termination of the masculine a little, as
+_abbot_, _abbess_. This termination _ess_ is found in the Greek language
+with the same signification.
+
+We have also feminine nouns in _ix_, formed from the Latin, such as
+_executrix, prosecutrix_: in _ine_, such as _hero_, _hero-ine_.
+
+
+                  Nouns in _ship_, (German, _schaft_)
+
+                       Lord,ship.   Wor,ship.
+                       Fellow,ship. Friend,ship.
+
+These words in _ship_ have the final syllable derived from the verb to
+_shape_, which is to _make_, that is, to give a _form_ to a thing. Now
+the word _Lord_ is an old Saxon word somewhat changed, and means
+loaf-giving, (hlaf-ord); hence _lord-ship_ would mean originally “the
+doing that which becomes a lord.” _Friend-ship_ now means the _state of
+being friends_; originally, the _making of friends_. The word _worship_
+is used both as a noun and a verb, and it means _worth-ship_, “doing
+that which is good.” Hence we say “your _wor-ship_” when we speak to
+magistrates, or persons in authority.
+
+
+                   Words in _dom_, (German, _thum_).
+
+                     King-dom. Christen-dom.
+                     Duke-dom. Wis-dom, (wise-dom).
+
+The meaning of these words is clear from the use which we daily make of
+them. They imply a notion of a collection of things belonging to a
+person: thus, a _kingdom_ originally meant the “_possessions of a
+king_,” his “people and lands.” _Wis-dom_ is the “possession of a wise
+man;” and we do not know of any better.
+
+
+                            Words in _ness_.
+
+                        Dark-ness.   Like-ness.
+                        Bright-ness. Great-ness.
+
+This termination is very common in the German language, where it is
+found in the form _niss_. It expresses in the words just given the
+qualities of _dark_, _bright_, &c.
+
+
+                    Words in _y_, (_ei_ in German).
+
+These words differ somewhat in their meanings.
+
+                 Slave, slavery. Rob, robber, robber,y.
+
+In these instances the word in _y_ denotes a _condition_, as, “he is in
+slavery;” or a profession, as, “he lives by robber-y, or villain-y, or
+treacher-y, or knaver-y;” all of them very bad occupations. The word
+‘robbery’ is now often used to express a single act committed, as,
+“there was a great robbery committed lately.” It may also be observed,
+that in all the instances above given, except villainy, the syllable
+_er_ is placed between the first and last part of the word. From such
+instances as ‘rob,’ ‘rob(b)-er,’ ‘robber-y,’ we might infer that many
+words in _y_ are formed from nouns in _er_, which themselves are formed
+from simple verbs. Thus, from the word ‘slave,’ the word ‘slaver,’
+meaning a ship engaged in the slave-trade, has sometimes been used. Many
+of these words in _y_ denote a place where something is kept, or a place
+where animals are collected, or a place where something is made, as--
+
+                     Pigger-y. Brewer-y. Granar-y.
+                     Nunner-y. Factor-y. Nurser-y.
+
+Some of them signify an art, in which sense they are akin to the first
+examples that we gave, though of a more respectable class.
+
+                     Gunner-y. Archer-y. Carpentr-y
+
+This termination _y_ does not appear to belong to the Saxon part of our
+language. It is found both in Greek and Latin, and very often in the
+former language in significations the same as it now has in our own
+tongue. Such words as
+
+                        Piety, Vanity, Humanity,
+
+are derived from Latin words which end in _tas_, as _pietas_, &c.
+
+                             [To be Continued.]
+
+-----
+
+Footnote 1:
+
+In German, _mord_ is the same as our _murder_; and _moerder_ the same as
+  our _murderer_. Thus the German has preserved more consistency in the
+  formation of this word.
+
+
+                         ---------------------
+
+
+                              THE GIRAFFE.
+
+                        [From a Correspondent.]
+
+The interesting animal you alluded to in your Magazine of 30th June, and
+which made so unfortunate a journey to England, was an old acquaintance
+of mine. I happened to be at Malta when it arrived in that island from
+Egypt. The Governor, Sir F. Ponsonby, provided it with a very pleasant
+and appropriate lodging in the grounds of the villa of Sant’ Antonio,
+where I saw it several times with its two African keepers, who had
+attended it so far. The sultry, dry climate of Malta seemed to agree
+very well with it. There were no trees on that arid rock tall enough to
+require the length of his neck--the tallest at Sant’ Antonio were not
+much higher than its legs, and it was exceedingly pretty to see with
+what grace the creature bent its long, elastic neck, and brought its
+small, deer-like head, to play with their topmost branches. It only
+played with them. The Africans fed him regularly with some sort of dry
+provender, and when they appeared he was accustomed to show considerable
+animation; but I never saw it so forgetful of its dignity as to run--on
+the contrary, it walked up to them with very stately steps. Its eye then
+was particularly bright and beautiful, and the whole appearance of the
+animal was indeed very different from what I have heard described after
+its arrival in England.
+
+The day it was embarked it did not look so well as usual. It was put on
+board a large, new merchant brig only lately built at Malta. When it was
+in the hold, with its feet almost on the brig’s keel, it could stretch
+its neck out of the main hatch-way, and command all the deck with its
+head. It seemed greatly astonished, but remained as tranquil as
+possible. I never heard it make the least noise. When the sailors went
+near it, it drew in its head, but seemed to protrude it with pleasure
+when its old companions and countrymen, the Africans, approached it.
+
+At Constantinople, on one side of the Hippodrome, there is a menagerie,
+now very ill provided,--dark, filthy, and much neglected. Some years ago
+a giraffe was sent from Egypt to enrich the collection of beasts then
+existing there. Its keeper was accustomed to take it to exercise in the
+large open square of the Hippodrome, where the Turks used to flock daily
+in great crowds, to cultivate the acquaintance of the extraordinary
+quadruped. Seeing how perfectly inoffensive it was, and how domesticated
+it became, the keeper next used to take it with him on his walks through
+the city, and wherever the general favourite appeared, a number of
+friendly hands were held out of the _gazebos_, or projecting latticed
+windows, to offer it something to eat. The Turkish women were
+particularly attentive to it. The generality of the streets at
+Constantinople are so narrow, that, as it walked along the middle, its
+neck being inflected to the right or to the left, it could almost touch
+the houses. After some time, when it came to a house where it had been
+particularly well treated, if no one was at the window, it would gently
+tap against the wooden lattice, as though to announce its visit. It was
+extremely docile and easily directed, but if left to itself, it was
+observed invariably to take the street in which it had the most or the
+best friends. This pet of the Turkish capital died a long time before my
+arrival, but an old servant I had, told me the anecdote.
+
+The old traveller, Marco Polo, says he was told of the existence of
+camelopards, or giraffes, in the island of Madagascar on the coast of
+Africa, and in Abyssinia. It does not appear that he saw any specimen,
+but he describes its principal features very accurately.
+                                                                    C. M
+
+
+                         ---------------------
+
+
+                           THE SHEPHERD BOY.
+
+          The rain was pattering o’er the low thatch’d shed
+          That gave us shelter. There was a shepherd boy
+          Stretching his lazy limbs on the rough straw
+          In vacant happiness. A tatter’d sack
+          Cover’d his sturdy loins, while his rude legs
+          Were deck’d with uncouth patches of all hues,
+          Iris and jet, through which his sun-burnt skin
+          Peep’d forth in dainty contrast. He was a glory
+          For painter’s eye; and his quaint draperies
+          Would harmonize with some fair sylvan scene,
+          Where arching groves, and flower-embroider’d banks,
+          Verdant with thymy grass, tempted the sheep
+          To scramble up their height, while he, reclin’d
+          Upon the pillowing moss, lay listlessly
+          Through the long summer’s day. Not such as he
+          In plains of Thessaly, as poets feign,
+          Went piping forth at the first gleam of morn,
+          And in their bowering thickets dreamt of joy,
+          And innocence, and love. Let the true lay
+          Speak thus of the poor hind:--his indolent gaze
+          Reck’d not of natural beauties; his delights
+          Were gross and sensual: not the glorious sun,
+          Rising above his hills, and lighting up
+          His woods and pastures with a joyous beam,
+          To him was grandeur; not the reposing sound
+          Of tinkling flocks cropping the tender shoots
+          To him was music; not the blossomy breeze
+          That slumbers in the honey-dropping bean-flower
+          To him was fragrance: he went plodding on
+          His long-accustomed path; and when his cares
+          Of daily duties were o’erpass’d, he ate,
+          And laugh’d, and slept, with a most drowsy mind.
+          Dweller in cities, scorn’st thou the shepherd boy,
+          Who never look’d within to find the eye
+          For Nature’s glories? Oh, his slumbering spirit
+          Struggled to pierce the fogs and deepening mists
+          Of rustic ignorance; but he was bound
+          With a harsh galling chain, and so he went
+          Grovelling along his dim instinctive way.
+          Yet _thou_ hadst other hopes and other thoughts,
+          But the world spoil’d thee: then the mutable clouds,
+          And doming skies, and glory-shedding sun,
+          And tranquil stars that hung above thy head
+          Like angels gazing on thy crowded path,
+          To thee were worthless, and thy soul forsook
+          The love of beauteous fields, and the blest lore
+          That man may read in Nature’s book of truth.
+          Despise not, then, the lazy shepherd boy,
+          For his account and thine shall be made up,
+          And evil cherish’d and occasion lost
+          May cast their load upon thee, while his spirit
+          May bud and bloom in a more sunny sphere.
+
+
+                         ---------------------
+
+
+Two things are required on the part of the working classes to
+adjust themselves to the state of society as one altering and
+improving:--skill, or practical knowledge, so that when one branch
+of productive labour fails from improvement or fluctuation, they
+may resort to another; and economy, that they may provide against
+“a rainy day,” and instead of seeking relief in combination and
+outrage, have the means of support until the arrival of more
+favourable times. These qualities will appear only where there has
+been some training of the head and the heart. Let then the mind be
+taught to think and the judgment be fitted for correct decision,
+and the difference will be manifest, as it is now in cases
+occasionally witnessed; the intelligent will not be the dupes of
+demagogues or incendiaries, and the thrifty will discover a higher
+tone of feeling than their improvident neighbours.--_Wilderspin’s
+Early Discipline._
+
+
+                         ---------------------
+
+
+                       HOLYROOD HOUSE, EDINBURGH.
+
+The west part of Edinburgh is built along the ridge of a somewhat steep
+hill, stretching for about a mile from east to west. At the western
+extremity of the street, which, under various names, extends in a
+continuous line along this summit, stands the castle, crowning a lofty
+and precipitous rock; at its opposite end, which lies low, is the palace
+of Holyrood House, there commonly designated the Abbey. Holyrood House,
+in fact, was a religious establishment long before it became a royal
+residence. It was one of the numerous monasteries founded by the
+Scottish King David I., a monarch who was made a saint for his pious
+profusion. The name of Holyrood was derived from a celebrated silver
+rood (or cross) said to have been actually put into the hands of the
+founder by an angel, as he was hunting one day on the spot where the
+abbey was afterwards erected. This cross was accordingly regarded with
+great veneration and pride by the Scots for more than two centuries; but
+David II. having thought proper to carry it along with him, in 1347, in
+his foolish invasion of England, it fell a prey to the victors at the
+disastrous battle of Neville’s Cross, in which the King himself was
+severely wounded and taken prisoner, and, according to some accounts,
+twenty thousand of his troops left dead on the field. The Holy Rood was
+long after this preserved with great care in the cathedral of Durham,
+and continued to be the object of nearly as reverential a regard among
+its new as it had been among its original possessors. Holyrood House was
+most liberally endowed with lands and privileges both by its founder and
+by several of his successors; so that it eventually became the richest
+ecclesiastical establishment in Scotland. This abbey was repeatedly both
+plundered and burned in the course of the wars with the English. In
+1544, especially, when Leith and Edinburgh were taken and sacked by the
+Earl of Hertford (afterwards the Protector Somerset) the whole of the
+church was burned to the ground, with the exception of the nave, which
+was subsequently used as a chapel.
+
+              [Illustration: Interior of Holyrood Chapel.]
+
+The earliest notice we have of the existence of a palace at Holyrood is
+no older than the beginning of the sixteenth century. The more ancient
+palaces of the Scottish kings were all to the north of the Forth, the
+country to the south of that river not having properly formed part of
+their dominions till a comparatively recent era. It is probable,
+however, that they may have had a residence at Holyrood before the year
+1503, when we first find the _palace_ expressly mentioned. After this,
+in 1528, James V. made great additions to the buildings already
+existing, or rather indeed rebuilt the whole from the foundation. A
+great part of this erection was burnt by the English in 1544; but the
+devastation committed on this occasion was soon after repaired; and a
+new palace built on a much more extensive scale than before. It was
+probably, indeed, a considerably larger building than the present,
+inasmuch as it is stated to have consisted of five courts, or
+quadrangles. Here the unfortunate Mary had her principal residence
+during the time she enjoyed her regal dignity; and here also her son
+James VI. held his court, till his accession to the crown of England. A
+considerable part of this building was afterwards burned down by
+Cromwell’s soldiers, and it lay in ruins till about the year 1670, when,
+by direction of Charles II. the present structure was commenced after a
+design of Sir William Bruce.
+
+           [Illustration: Western Front of Holyrood Palace.]
+
+The present palace of Holyrood House is a handsome stone edifice,
+surrounding a court which is nearly square, each side measuring about
+230 feet in length. The four different ranges of buildings are flanked
+by towers at each extremity--and an arcade, supported by pillars, goes
+round the whole of the interior. The north-west portion of the building
+is all that remains of the palace erected by James V.; but the
+apartments which it contains are very interesting. Here are both the
+state-room and the bed-chamber which were used by Queen Mary, with the
+old furniture remaining, much of the needlework of which is said to have
+been done by her own hands. It was in this bed-room that she was sitting
+at supper, with her half-sister, the Countess of Argyle, when Darnley
+and his fellow-conspirators rushed in, and dragging forth her minion,
+Rizzio, slew him at the door of the apartment. The unhappy man received
+about fifty-five wounds. The trap-door, or opening in the floor of the
+adjoining passage, by which they ascended from the apartment below, is
+still shown, as well as certain dark stains on the floor, stated to be
+the marks made by Rizzio’s blood. The Pretender, Charles Edward, took
+possession of these apartments when he established himself for a short
+time in Edinburgh, in 1745, and slept, it is said, in what had been
+Queen Mary’s bed. The same bed, which still occupies its ancient place,
+received, a few months afterwards, the victorious Duke of Cumberland,
+when the slaughter of Culloden had for ever decided the question between
+the houses of Stuart and Hanover. In later times it has twice served as
+an asylum to the exiled princes of another house. Charles X. of France,
+when Count d’Artois, resided here from 1795 till 1799, with his two
+sons, the Dukes d’Angouleme and de Berri; and the same royal personage,
+a second time driven from his country, has now a second time found
+refuge, with his family, within the same walls. A new ‘Fall of Princes,’
+such as old Lydgate translated from a French version of Boccaccio’s
+Latin, or a continuation of the ‘Mirror for Magistrates,’ might be
+compiled from the history of the successive tenants of Holyrood House
+since it was first erected by James V.
+
+When his late Majesty visited Scotland in 1822, the state apartments in
+Holyrood House were fitted up with great magnificence, and their gilded
+and mirrored walls again reflected the splendour of levees and
+drawing-rooms. Considerable sums also have since been expended from the
+crown revenues in restoring the palace; and in consequence many
+important repairs and alterations have been effected. The largest of the
+apartments which it contains is a gallery on the north side, 145 feet in
+length by 25 in breadth, and 18½ in height. This gallery is adorned with
+111 imaginary portraits of Scottish kings, all painted by a Flemish
+artist named De Witt, who was brought over by James VII. to execute the
+work. They are not worth much more as specimens of art than as
+illustrations of history. The Duke of Cumberland’s troops, when here in
+1746, by way perhaps of evincing their superior connoisseurship, thought
+proper to stab and slash many of these canvass monarchs with their
+swords and bayonets; but they have since been repaired, and are now
+inserted into the panels of the wainscot. It is in this gallery that the
+elections of the representative peers of Scotland take place.
+
+Next to Queen Mary’s apartments, however, the old chapel is the most
+interesting part of Holyrood House. It consists, as we have already
+intimated, only of the nave of the original abbey-church. This ruin (for
+it is now nothing more) has received in the course of the recent
+restorations such repairs as will at least arrest for some time the
+farther progress of decay.
+
+Holyrood House, as being a royal palace, is still a sanctuary for
+insolvent debtors; and they enjoy the protection, which extends to their
+effects as well as to their persons, not only within the immediate
+precincts of the palace, but over the whole of the adjoining royal park.
+This park is about three miles in circumference, and comprehends within
+its bounds the hill called Arthur’s Seat, one of the most striking
+objects of natural scenery to be found in the neighbourhood of any city.
+
+
+                         ---------------------
+
+
+                           THE FIREMEN’S DOG.
+
+About three years ago, a gentleman, residing a few miles from the
+metropolis, was called up to town in the middle of the night, by the
+intelligence that the premises adjoining his house of business were on
+fire. The removal of his furniture and papers of course immediately
+claimed his attention; yet, notwithstanding this and the bustle which is
+ever incident to a fire, his eye every now and then rested on a dog,
+whom, during the hottest progress of the devouring element, he could not
+help noticing running about, and apparently taking a deep interest in
+what was going on, contriving to keep himself out of every body’s way,
+and yet always present amidst the thickest of the stir.
+
+When the fire was got under, and the gentleman had leisure to look about
+him, he again observed the dog, who, with the firemen, appeared to be
+resting from the fatigues of duty, and was led to make some inquiries
+respecting him. What passed may perhaps be better told in its original
+shape of question and answer between the gentleman and a fireman
+belonging to the Atlas Insurance Office.
+
+_Gentleman._--(stooping down to pat the dog, and addressing the
+fireman).--Is this your dog, my friend?
+
+_Firemen._--No, sir, he does not belong to me, or to any one in
+particular. We call him the firemen’s dog.
+
+_Gentleman._--The firemen’s dog! Why so? has he no master?
+
+_Fireman._--No, sir, he calls none of us master, though we are all of us
+willing enough to give him a night’s lodging and a pennyworth of meat;
+but he won’t stay long with any of us; his delight is to be at all the
+fires in London, and, far or near, we generally find him on the road as
+we are going along, and sometimes, if it is out of town, we give him a
+lift. I don’t think there has been a fire for these two or three years
+past which he has not been at.
+
+The communication was so extraordinary, that the gentleman found it
+difficult to believe the story, until it was confirmed by the concurrent
+testimony of several other firemen; none of them, however, were able to
+give any account of the early habits of the dog, or to offer any
+explanation of the circumstances which led to this singular propensity.
+A minute of the facts was made at the time by the inquirer, with a view
+to their transmission to some of the journals or periodicals, which
+publish anecdotes of natural history of animals; but other things
+interfered, and the intention was lost sight of.
+
+In the month of June, last year, the same gentleman was again called up
+in the night to a fire in the village in which he resided, Camberwell in
+Surrey, and to his surprise here he again met with “the firemen’s dog,”
+still alive and well, pursuing with the same apparent interest and
+satisfaction, the exhibition of that which seldom fails to bring with it
+disaster and misfortune, oftentimes loss of life and ruin. Still he
+called no man master, disdained to receive bed or board from the same
+hand more than a night or two at a time, nor could the firemen trace out
+his ordinary resting-place.
+
+The foregoing account is strictly true, and the truth may be ascertained
+by inquiry of any of the regular firemen of the metropolis. But who of
+those best acquainted with the habits of that most sagacious of our
+quadrupeds shall offer an explanation of the “hobby” of the firemen’s
+dog?
+
+  ⁂ We insert this extraordinary story upon the authority of a
+    Correspondent who gives us his name and address.
+
+
+                         ---------------------
+
+
+                        CHAUCER’S HOUSE OF FAME.
+
+One of the most curious and interesting of Chaucer’s Poems is that
+entitled ‘THE HOUSE OF FAME.’ It is of considerable length, being
+divided into three books, comprising 2170 lines. Whether imitated, as
+some critics have conjectured, from a foreign original (which however,
+never has been produced), or constructed by the genius of our English
+bard, with no further assistance than some hints in the Metamorphoses of
+Ovid, it is at least equally valuable as a picture of the learning and
+opinions, on many subjects, of Chaucer’s age, the latter part of the
+fourteenth century. It is chiefly in reference to its value in this
+respect, that we mean to notice it at present. We omit, therefore, any
+analysis of the story, which would occupy more space than we can afford,
+and which may be found accurately enough given in the 14th section of
+‘Warton’s History of English Poetry.’ For a similar reason we shall not
+stop to notice the poetical beauties in which the work abounds, although
+some of them deserve to be ranked among the finest examples of romantic
+loftiness of conception and splendour of colouring.
+
+If it were necessary to prove, contrary to some of the accounts of the
+invention, that gunpowder was known a considerable time before the close
+of the fourteenth century, a passage in this poem would show that its
+use in the charging of fire-arms was already familiar. In book iii. l.
+553, the sound is represented as rushing from the trump of Æolus
+
+                  “As swift as pellet out of gun
+                   When fire is in the powder run.”
+
+An engine, probably warlike, for projecting stones, is afterwards
+alluded to at line 843, where a particular noise is compared to
+
+                      “The routing[2] of the stone
+                 That fro the engine is letten gone.”
+
+But one of the most curious passages in the poem is that in the second
+book, in which the author unfolds the leading principles of the natural
+philosophy then in vogue. It is too long to be quoted entire; but we
+shall give the most material parts of it, only taking the liberty of
+modernising the spelling where the pronunciation is not thereby
+affected. The discourse takes the form of an address to the poet
+himself, from one of the personages of the poem, and begins with the
+ancient explanation of the phenomena of gravitation. “Geffrey,” says the
+speaker, in substance, “thou knowest well that every thing in nature
+hath a natural station in which it may be best preserved and that hither
+every thing by its natural inclination striveth to come whenever it is
+not already there.” He then proceeds:--
+
+               “As thus, lo! thou may’st all day see,
+                Take any thing that heavy be,
+                As stone, or lead, or thing of weight,
+                And bear it ne’er so high on height;
+                Let go thine hand--it falleth down;
+                Right so, I say, by fire or soun’,
+                Or smoke, or other thinges light,
+                Alway they seek upward on height.
+                Light things up, and heavy down charge,
+                While every of them be at large.
+                And for this cause thou may’st well see
+                That every river to the sea
+                Inclined is to go by kind:
+                And by these skillés[3], as I find,
+                Have fishes dwelling in flood and sea,
+                And trees eke on the earthé be.
+                Thus every thing by his reasòn
+                Hath his own proper mansiòn,
+                To which he seeketh to repair,” &c.
+
+He then goes on, as follows, to explain the philosophy of sound, with
+more correctness than many may perhaps be prepared to expect:--
+
+            “Sound is nought but air y-broken;
+             And every speeché that is spoken,
+             Whether loud or privy, foul or fair,
+             In his substance ne is but air;
+             For as flame is but lighted smoke,
+             Right so is sound but air y-broke.
+             But this may be in many wise,
+             Of the which I will thee devise,
+             As sound cometh of pipe or harp;
+             For when a pipe is blowén sharp
+             The air is twist with violènce,
+             And rent;--lo! this is my sentènce:--
+             Eke, when that men harp-stringés smite,
+             Whether that it be much or lite[4]
+             Lo! with the stroke the air it breaketh;
+             And right so breaketh it when men speaketh.”
+
+A few lines after, the following account is given of the spreading of
+sound, which, so far as it goes, is unexceptionable:--
+
+                               “If that thou
+              Throw in a water now a stone,
+              Well wottest thou it will make anon
+              A little roundel as a circle,
+              Per’venture as broad as a covèrcle[5];
+              And right anon thou shalt see weel
+              That circle cause another wheel,
+              And that the third, and so forth, brother,
+              Every circle causing other
+              Much broader than himselfen was;
+              And thus, from roundel to compàss,
+              Each abouten othèr going
+              Y-causeth of othèrs stirrìng,
+              And multiplying evermo,
+              Till that it be so far y-go
+              That it at bothé brinkés be....
+
+              And right thus every word, I wis,
+              That loud or privy spoken is,
+              Y-moveth first an air about,
+              And of his moving, out of doubt,
+              Another air anon is moved,
+              As I have of the water proved
+              That every circle causeth other;
+              Right so of air, my lievé[6] brother,
+              Every air another stirreth
+              More and more, and speech upbeareth,
+              Or voice, or noise, or word, or soun’,
+              Aye through multiplication.”
+
+Pope, it may be recollected, has introduced this illustration (although
+in a different part of the narrative) into his Temple of Fame. This poem
+he wrote in his twenty-third year; and he acknowledges the hint to have
+been taken from this work of Chaucer’s, although he states that the
+design is in a manner entirely altered, and the descriptions and most of
+the particular thoughts his own. It will be found, however, that rather
+more than half of Pope’s poem is borrowed from that of Chaucer. But
+Chaucer’s work is altogether more than four times as long as Pope’s.
+
+There is a long passage in the second book of Chaucer’s ‘House of Fame,’
+(l. 106-152,) which is exceedingly interesting as giving us an account
+of the domestic habits of the poet himself. On the same subject may be
+consulted a shorter passage in book iii. 920-930.
+
+-----
+
+Footnote 2:
+
+  _i.e._ roaring.
+
+Footnote 3:
+
+  _i.e._ reasons.
+
+Footnote 4:
+
+  _i.e._ little.
+
+Footnote 5:
+
+  _i.e._ pot-lid.
+
+Footnote 6:
+
+  _i.e._ dear.
+
+
+                         ---------------------
+
+
+                               THE WEEK.
+
+August 15.--The birthday of Admiral Blake, one of the noblest of
+England’s heroes and patriots. Robert Blake was born in 1599, at
+Bridgewater, in Somersetshire, where his father, who had been a Spanish
+merchant, was settled. After he had spent some years at Wadham College,
+Oxford, his father died; and he, being the eldest son, returned to
+Bridgewater, and lived in a retired manner on the estate which he had
+inherited. Although known for his attachment to puritan principles, he
+took no part in public affairs till 1640, when he was returned for
+Bridgewater to the parliament which met for a few weeks in the early
+part of that year. But he failed in being re-elected for the one by
+which it was followed--the celebrated Long Parliament, which was
+destined to act so memorable a part. He was employed, however, in the
+war between the King and the nation, which soon after broke out, and
+distinguished himself by his military talent on various occasions. But
+it was on another element that his fame was to be chiefly gathered. It
+was in 1649, when he was fifty years of age, that he was first invested
+with a command at sea. The expedition on which he was sent was directed
+against Prince Rupert, whom he pursued from Kinsale, in Ireland, to the
+Tagus, and thence to Malaga, on the southern coast of Spain, where he
+scattered or destroyed nearly the whole of his fleet. On his return to
+England, after this victory, which he had achieved in despite of the
+opposition of both Spain and Portugal, he was appointed to the
+honourable office of Warden of the Cinque Ports. In the beginning of the
+year 1652, when the nation was preparing for war with Holland, Blake was
+the man who was chosen to be invested with the chief command of the
+fleet. Hostilities soon commenced, and Blake found himself opposed by
+the most celebrated admiral of the age, Van Tromp, at the head of one of
+the finest equipments that had ever been sent out by the first naval
+power in the world. In the beginning of May Van Tromp appeared in the
+Channel with forty fine men-of-war; and, by way of defiance, took up his
+station in Dover Roads. The fleet under Blake’s command consisted only
+of twenty-six sail; but on the 9th he nevertheless boldly advanced
+against the enemy, who weighed anchor at his approach, and in reply to
+three successive guns, which he fired without ball, as a signal for them
+to strike their flag, ranged themselves in order of battle. A desperate
+fight ensued, which lasted from four in the afternoon till night, and
+the result of which was that the Dutch, after losing two of their ships,
+thought proper to retreat. The next great affair with the enemy, in
+which Blake was engaged, took place on the 29th of November. On that day
+he was again met in the Channel by Van Tromp, now at the head of a fleet
+of seventy men-of-war, and six fire-ships. Blake’s force scarcely
+exceeded half that of his opponent--but scorning to run away, he
+determined to try once more what the gallantry of English sailors could
+do under the conduct of a captain who had before led them on to victory
+through so unequal a strife. And perhaps his courage might have been
+again crowned with success; but besides being obliged to contend
+throughout the engagement with an adverse wind, he himself unfortunately
+received a wound which partially disabled him, and threw a part of his
+forces into disorder. The consequence was, that after a conflict which
+lasted from eight in the morning till night, the English found
+themselves obliged to retreat, and to take refuge partly in the Downs
+and partly in the Thames. Although the circumstances were such as to
+remove from it all disgrace, Blake probably felt this defeat severely,
+especially as it was followed by the most arrogant and insulting conduct
+on the part of the Dutch admiral, who immediately made his way through
+the Channel, bearing the ensign of a broom fastened to his main-topmast,
+as if to signify that he had swept those seas of British ships. But in
+the February following, the English hero, having employed the interval
+with admirable diligence in repairing his ships, again put to sea with a
+fleet of sixty sail, and soon after encountered his old adversary at the
+head of seventy men-of-war, and having three hundred merchantmen under
+convoy. The battle this time was far more obstinate than any that had
+yet been fought between them: for three days the two armaments, running
+up the Channel together, scarcely intermitted their furious fire; when
+at last, on the fourth morning, the Dutch, having lost eleven of their
+ships of war and thirty merchantmen, while only one of the English
+vessels was destroyed, took flight for the coast of Holland. Several
+other engagements took place between the two admirals in the course of
+the same year; and the result, upon the whole, was decidedly in favour
+of the English. Having thus asserted the dominion of his countrymen over
+their surrounding seas, Blake returned to England, and was received both
+by the Protector and the people with all respect and honour. Some time
+before this Cromwell had dismissed the Long Parliament, and openly
+assumed arbitrary power; but Blake being at sea when this change took
+place, grieved and indignant as his noble spirit must have felt,
+restrained himself from giving expression to his sentiments; and calling
+his officers together, merely remarked to them, that, with the enemy yet
+unsubdued, they had clearly in the mean time only one duty to perform:
+“It is not for us,” said he, “to mind state affairs, but to keep the
+foreigners from fooling us.” In the parliament which assembled in
+September, 1654, Blake was returned for Bridgewater; and he sat in the
+House till 1656, when he was despatched with a fleet to the
+Mediterranean, to chastise Spain for certain insults which that power
+had offered to the English flag. He acquitted himself in this expedition
+with his usual ability; but after having done great injury to the marine
+of the enemy, and taken many rich prizes, he was attacked by an illness
+which rapidly enfeebled him, and from which indeed he soon felt that he
+could not recover. He exerted himself, however, as long as his strength
+would allow, and even engaged in a new enterprise against Santa Cruz, in
+Teneriffe, which was attended with splendid success, after it had become
+evident that this would be his last service of gallantry to his country.
+He then set sail for England; and as life was fast ebbing, the only and
+constant wish he expressed was that he might but once more rest his
+eyes, for however short a space, on the coast of his native land before
+closing them for ever. His wish, and no more, was granted. He expired as
+the fleet was entering Plymouth Sound, on the 27th of August, 1657. A
+true model in all things of a British sailor, Blake had been during his
+life as prodigal of his money among his comrades as of his personal
+exertions in the service of his country; and notwithstanding the ample
+opportunities he had had of enriching himself, it was found that he had
+not increased his paternal fortune by so much as 500_l._ A magnificent
+public funeral, and the interment of his body in Henry VII.’s Chapel, in
+Westminster Abbey, testified the grief of England for the loss of her
+greatest defender; but among the mean outrages which disgraced the
+triumph of the Restoration, it was one of the very meanest that Blake’s
+mouldering remains were removed from the honourable resting-place thus
+assigned to them, and deposited in the neighbouring church-yard of St.
+Margaret. They could not, however, remove his glory from the page of the
+national history, nor bury among common and forgotten things the name
+and actions of one who, as having first taught our seamen that daring
+and contempt of danger for which they have ever since been famous,
+deserves to be regarded as, more than any other, the founder of the
+naval greatness of England.
+
+                     [Illustration: Admiral Blake.]
+
+
+                         ---------------------
+
+
+_General Education_.--A strange idea is entertained by many that
+education unfits persons for labour, and renders them dissatisfied
+with their condition in life. But what would be said were any of the
+powers of the body to be in a certain case disused? Suppose a man were
+to place a bandage over his right eye--to tie up one of his hands--or
+to attach a ponderous weight to his legs--and, when asked the cause
+were, to reply, that the glance of that eye might make him
+covetous--that his hand might pick his neighbour’s pocket--or that his
+feet might carry him into evil company,--might it not be fairly
+replied, that his members were given to use and not to abuse, that
+their abuse is no argument against their use, and that this suspension
+of their action was just as contrary to the wise and benevolent
+purpose of their Creator as their wrong and guilty application? And
+does this reasoning fail when applied to the mind? Is not the
+unemployed mental faculty as opposed to the advantage of the
+individual as the unused physical power? Can the difference between
+mind and matter overturn the ordinary principles of reasoning and of
+morals? Besides, how is man to be prepared for the duties he has to
+discharge?--By mere attention to his body? Impossible. The mind must
+be enlightened and disciplined; and if this be neglected, the man
+rises but little in character above the beasts that perish, and is
+wholly unprepared for that state to which he ought to have
+aspired.--_Wilderspin’s Early Discipline._
+
+
+                         ---------------------
+
+
+_Trade in Bristles._--In 1828, 1,748,921 lbs. of bristles were imported
+into England from Russia and Prussia, each of which cannot have weighed
+less than two grains. From this we may fairly conjecture that
+13,431,713,280 bristles were imported in that year. As these are only
+taken from the top of the hog’s back, each hog cannot be supposed to
+have supplied more than 7680 bristles, which, reckoning each bristle to
+weigh two grains, will be one pound. Thus in Russia and Prussia, in
+1828, 1,748,921 hogs and boars were killed, to furnish the supply of
+England with bristles.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+ ⁂ The Office of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge is at
+                        59, Lincoln’s Inn Fields.
+
+                LONDON:--CHARLES KNIGHT, PALL-MALL EAST.
+
+  _Shopkeepers and Hawkers may be supplied Wholesale by the following
+ Booksellers, of whom, also, any of the previous Numbers may be had:--_
+
+ _London_, GROOMBRIDGE, Panyer Alley, Paternoster Row.
+ _Bath_, SIMMS.
+ _Birmingham_, DRAKE.
+ _Bristol_, WESTLEY and Co.
+ _Carlisle_, THURNAM; and SCOTT.
+ _Derby_, WILKINS and SON.
+ _Doncaster_, BROOKE and CO.
+ _Falmouth_, PHILIP.
+ _Hull_, STEPHENSON.
+ _Leeds_, BAINES and NEWSOME.
+ _Lincoln_, BROOKE and SONS.
+ _Liverpool_, WILLMER and SMITH.
+ _Manchester_, ROBINSON; and WEBB and SIMMS.
+ _Newcastle-upon-Tyne_, CHARNLEY.
+ _Norwich_, JARROLD and SON.
+ _Nottingham_, WRIGHT.
+ _Sheffield_, RIDGE.
+ _Worcester_, DEIGHTON.
+ _Dublin_, WAKEMAN.
+ _Edinburgh_, OLIVER and BOYD.
+ _Glasgow_, ATKINSON and CO.
+
+               Printed by WILLIAM CLOWES, Stamford-Street.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+                          Transcriber’s Notes
+
+
+This file uses _underscores_ to indicate italic text. New original cover
+art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain. Itemized
+changes from the original text:
+
+ • p. 186: Added period after “wor,ship.” to match other entries in
+   table.
+ • p. 190: Replaced period with comma after phrase “some hints in the
+   Metamorphoses of Ovid.”
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77007 ***
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+       .transcribers-notes { width: 80%; margin: auto; padding: 0 1em; 
+       color:black; background-color: #E3E4FA; border: 1px solid silver; 
+       page-break-before:always;margin-top:4em; }
+       hr.divider {width:30%;margin-left:35%;margin-right:35%; }
+       hr.full {width:100%; }
+       .subtitle {margin-bottom:2em; }
+       .masthead {text-align:center; display:inline-block; width:100%; }
+       .masthead-left {float:left;text-align:left; }
+       .masthead-right {float:right;text-align:right; }
+       .masthead-left, .masthead-right {width:24%; }
+       .masthead-centre {margin:auto;width:50% }
+       .colophon {font-size:75%; }
+       .colophon-left {float:left; }
+       .colophon-right {float:right; }
+       .colophon-left, .colophon-right {width:48%;text-align:left; }
+       .clear {clear:both; }
+       .illo-wide {width:100%; }
+       div.linegroup > :last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }
+       .shrink {font-size:90%; }
+       .signature {float:right; }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>   
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77007 ***</div>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_185'>185</span>
+  <h1 class='c000' title='The Penny Magazine, August 11, 1832'>THE PENNY MAGAZINE</h1>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c1'>
+<div class='nf-center c001'>
+    <div><span class='small'>OF THE</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c1'>
+<div class='nf-center c001'>
+    <div><span class='large'>Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="full">
+<div class="masthead">
+<div class="masthead-right">[<span class='sc'>August</span> 11, 1832</div>
+<div class="masthead-left">23.]</div>
+<div class="masthead-centre">PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY.</div>
+<hr class="full">
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c002'>THE OLIVE.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class='illo-wide'>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<a href='images/the-olive-1-full.jpg'><img src='images/the-olive-1-inline.png' alt='' class='ig001'></a>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>[The Olive Tree.]</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c003'>There is something peculiarly mild and graceful in the
+appearance of the olive-tree, even apart from its associations.
+The leaves bear some resemblance to those of
+the willow, only they are more soft and delicate. The
+flowers are as delicate as the leaves; they come in little
+spikes from buds between the leaf-stalks and the spikes.
+At first they are of a pale yellow; but when they expand
+their four petals, the insides of them are white, and
+only the centre of the flower yellow.</p>
+
+<p class='c004'>The wild olive is found indigenous in Syria, Greece,
+and Africa, on the lower slopes of the Atlas. The cultivated
+one grows spontaneously in many parts of
+Syria; and is easily reared in all parts of the shores of
+the Levant that are not apt to be visited by frosty winds.
+Where olives abound they give much beauty to the
+landscape. The beautiful plain of Athens, as seen
+toward the north-west from Mount Hymettus, appears
+entirely covered with olive-trees. Tuscany, the south of
+France, and the plains of Spain, are the places of
+Europe in which the olive was first cultivated. The
+Tuscans were the first who exported olive-oil largely,
+and thus it has obtained the name of Florence-oil; but
+the purest is said to be obtained from about Aix, in
+France.</p>
+
+<p class='c004'>The proper time for gathering olives for the press is
+the eve of maturity. If delayed too long, the next crop
+is prevented, and the tree is productive only in the
+alternate years. At Aix, where the olive harvest takes
+place early in November, it is annual: in Languedoc,
+Spain, and Italy, where it is delayed till December or
+January, it is in alternate years. The quality of the
+oil, also, depends upon the gathering of the fruit in the
+first stage of its maturity. It should be carefully plucked
+by the hand; and the whole harvest completed, if possible,
+in a day. The oil-mill is simple. The fruit is
+reduced to a pulp, put into sacks of coarse linen, or
+feather-grass, and subjected to pressure. The growth of
+olives and the manufacture of the oil afford a considerable
+employment to many of the inhabitants of France
+and Italy. The importation of olive-oil into Great
+Britain amounted, in 1827, to about four thousand five
+hundred tons, paying a duty of eight guineas per tun.</p>
+
+<p class='c004'>In ancient times, especially, the olive was a tree held
+in the greatest veneration; for then the oil was employed
+in pouring out libations to the gods, while the branches
+formed the wreaths of the victors at the Olympic Games.
+The Greeks had a pretty and instructive fable in their
+mythology, on the origin of the olive. They said that
+Neptune having a dispute with Minerva, as to the
+name of the city of Athens, it was decided by the gods
+that the deity who gave the best present to mankind
+should have the privilege in dispute. Neptune struck
+the shore, out of which sprung a horse: but Minerva
+produced an olive-tree. The goddess had the triumph;
+for it was adjudged that Peace, of which the olive is the
+symbol, was infinitely better than War, to which the
+horse was considered as belonging, and typifying. Even
+in the sacred history, the olive is invested with more
+honour than any other tree. The patriarch Noah had
+sent out a dove from the ark, but she returned without
+any token of hope. Then “He stayed yet other seven
+days; and again he sent forth the dove out of the ark;
+and the dove came to him in the evening; and, lo, in
+her mouth was an olive-branch plucked off: so Noah
+knew that the waters were abated from the earth.”</p>
+
+<p class='c004'>The veneration for the olive, and also the great duration
+of the tree, appears from the history of one in the
+Acropolis at Athens. Dr. Clarke has this passage in his
+Travels, in speaking of the temple of Pandrosus—“Within
+this building, so late as the second century,
+was preserved the <i>olive-tree</i> mentioned by Apollodorus,
+which was said to be as old as the foundation of the
+citadel. Stuart supposed it to have stood in the portico
+of the temple of Pandrosus (called by him the Pandroseum)
+from the circumstance of the air necessary for its
+support, which could here be admitted between the
+caryatides; but instances of trees, that have been preserved
+to a very great age, within the interior of an
+edifice inclosed by walls, may be adduced.”</p>
+
+<div class='illo-wide'>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<a href='images/the-olive-2-full.jpg'><img src='images/the-olive-2-inline.png' alt='' class='ig001'></a>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>[The Olive.]</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='c005'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c002'>MATERNAL EDUCATION.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c003'>The responsibility which is incurred by every mother
+imperatively calls upon her to seek the best means of
+making her children good and rational beings. This is
+not to be done by merely sending them to school for
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_186'>186</span>instruction. Education must be continued at home, or
+otherwise its most important results are left to chance,
+and it mainly depends upon accident or circumstance
+whether the child becomes vicious or virtuous. All persons
+may not have the power or the opportunity to direct
+the infant mind with sufficient steadiness and judgment
+to produce certain effects. It is much more within the
+ability of a mother to make her children good-tempered,
+and to endow them with cheerful, contented dispositions;
+but even in this, with the best intentions, she may fail
+from want of understanding the means. It is, however,
+in the power of all mothers—the learned and the unlearned,
+the rich and the poor—to have the most <em>decided</em>
+influence on the <em>moral</em> character of their children, and to
+make them virtuous members of society. To this end
+children must be educated by example as well as by
+precept. Let not parents believe that they are discharging
+their duty by admonishing their children to do right,
+while they act at variance with those principles they would
+inculcate. Children are peculiarly quick-sighted in this
+respect, and detect the smallest contradiction in act and
+word with surprising acuteness. That which we wish
+our children to become, that we should endeavour as
+much as possible to be ourselves. This is a maxim in
+parental management which would tend more than any
+other course to ensure success.</p>
+
+<div class='c005'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c002'>MEANINGS OF WORDS.—No. 3.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c003'>Grammarians have divided words into various classes,
+called parts of speech, an arrangement that has some
+advantages, and also some inconveniences. The advantages
+are the same that we derive from classification in
+all sciences, where we have a great number of objects
+which we wish to have some ready means of referring to:
+the disadvantages are, that the <em>names</em> of the parts of
+speech have often been an obstacle to our right understanding
+of the true nature and meaning of the words
+themselves. For our present purpose it will be enough
+to speak of <i>nouns</i>, <i>adjectives</i>, and <i>verbs</i>; or, if our
+readers prefer it, we will use the term <i>noun</i> as including
+that of <i>adjective</i>.</p>
+
+<p class='c004'>A <i>noun</i>, as the word imports, is a <i>name</i> for something,
+whether it be a thing immediately open to the examination
+of the senses, or an object which we contemplate
+only by the mind. We propose to distribute some of
+these nouns into classes, in order that by a comparison
+their meanings may be better understood.</p>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c005'>
+    <div><span class='small'>Nouns in <i>er</i>.</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<table class='table0'>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Work-er.</td>
+    <td class='c007'>Hunt-er.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Kill-er.</td>
+    <td class='c007'>Speak-er.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Slay-er.</td>
+    <td class='c007'>Carri-er.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class='c004'>The meaning of this termination in <i>er</i> is obvious: it
+expresses the <i>do-er</i> of a thing. These words in <i>er</i> may
+be considered as formed by adding the termination <i>er</i>
+to such words as <i>work</i>, <i>kill</i>, <i>carry</i>, &#38;c. In the last instance
+it will be observed that the <i>y</i> is changed into an
+<i>i</i> in the new word.</p>
+
+<p class='c004'>There are some words in <i>er</i><a id='r1'></a><a href='#f1' class='c008'><sup>[1]</sup></a> which do not signify a
+<i>do-er</i>, such as <i>murder</i>, <i>slaughter</i>, <i>laughter</i>. But we
+have the word <i>murder-er</i>, and we might have such a
+word as <i>slaughter-er</i>: the word <i>laugh-er</i> is formed regularly
+from the word <i>laugh</i>.</p>
+
+<p class='c004'>This termination <i>er</i> is found in the German language
+in the same sense; and also in the Latin and Greek,
+where the termination <i>or</i>, with the same signification, is
+also of frequent occurrence.</p>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c005'>
+    <div><span class='small'>Nouns in <i>or</i>.</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<table class='table0'>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Act-or.</td>
+    <td class='c007'>Prosecut-or.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Doct-or.</td>
+    <td class='c007'>Orat-or.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Visit-or.</td>
+    <td class='c007'>Curat-or.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class='c004'>We believe these words in <i>or</i> are all derived from
+the Latin, while the words in <i>er</i> are genuine Saxon.
+<i>Visit-or</i>, and other words of the class, are sometimes
+written <i>visit-er</i>; but it would perhaps be a good rule to
+confine all the terminations in <i>or</i> to words really derived
+from Latin; for it may be laid down as a general rule
+that the nouns in <i>or</i>, as the reader will see them in our
+common books, are of Latin origin, while those in <i>er</i> are
+of genuine Saxon growth.</p>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c005'>
+    <div><span class='small'>Female nouns in <i>ess</i> and <i>ix</i>.</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>Some nouns in <i>or</i> and <i>er</i> have special terminations to
+denote the female <i>doer</i>, thus, <i>hunt-ress</i>, <i>murder-ess</i>.</p>
+
+<p class='c004'>The second example shows that these words are
+simply made by putting <i>ess</i> to the end of the word in
+<i>er</i>; and that in <i>hunt-ress</i> the vowel <i>e</i> has been dropped,
+the word having been originally <i>hunteress</i>. Some
+words in <i>ess</i> change the termination of the masculine a
+little, as <i>abbot</i>, <i>abbess</i>. This termination <i>ess</i> is found in
+the Greek language with the same signification.</p>
+
+<p class='c004'>We have also feminine nouns in <i>ix</i>, formed from the
+Latin, such as <i>executrix, prosecutrix</i>: in <i>ine</i>, such as
+<i>hero</i>, <i>hero-ine</i>.</p>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c005'>
+    <div><span class='small'>Nouns in <i>ship</i>, (German, <i>schaft</i>)</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<table class='table0'>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Lord,ship.</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a id='tn-worship'></a>Wor,ship.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Fellow,ship.</td>
+    <td class='c007'>Friend,ship.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class='c004'>These words in <i>ship</i> have the final syllable derived
+from the verb to <i>shape</i>, which is to <i>make</i>, that is, to
+give a <i>form</i> to a thing. Now the word <i>Lord</i> is an old
+Saxon word somewhat changed, and means loaf-giving,
+(hlaf-ord); hence <i>lord-ship</i> would mean originally “the
+doing that which becomes a lord.” <i>Friend-ship</i> now
+means the <i>state of being friends</i>; originally, the <i>making
+of friends</i>. The word <i>worship</i> is used both as a
+noun and a verb, and it means <i>worth-ship</i>, “doing that
+which is good.” Hence we say “your <i>wor-ship</i>” when
+we speak to magistrates, or persons in authority.</p>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c005'>
+    <div><span class='small'>Words in <i>dom</i>, (German, <i>thum</i>).</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<table class='table0'>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>King-dom.</td>
+    <td class='c007'>Christen-dom.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Duke-dom.</td>
+    <td class='c007'>Wis-dom, (wise-dom).</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class='c004'>The meaning of these words is clear from the use
+which we daily make of them. They imply a notion of
+a collection of things belonging to a person: thus, a
+<i>kingdom</i> originally meant the “<i>possessions of a king</i>,”
+his “people and lands.” <i>Wis-dom</i> is the “possession
+of a wise man;” and we do not know of any better.</p>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c005'>
+    <div><span class='small'>Words in <i>ness</i>.</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<table class='table0'>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Dark-ness.</td>
+    <td class='c007'>Like-ness.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Bright-ness.</td>
+    <td class='c007'>Great-ness.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class='c004'>This termination is very common in the German
+language, where it is found in the form <i>niss</i>. It expresses
+in the words just given the qualities of <i>dark</i>, <i>bright</i>, &#38;c.</p>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c005'>
+    <div><span class='small'>Words in <i>y</i>, (<i>ei</i> in German).</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>These words differ somewhat in their meanings.</p>
+
+<table class='table0'>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Slave, slavery.</td>
+    <td class='c007'>Rob, robber, robber,y.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class='c004'>In these instances the word in <i>y</i> denotes a <i>condition</i>,
+as, “he is in slavery;” or a profession, as, “he lives
+by robber-y, or villain-y, or treacher-y, or knaver-y;”
+all of them very bad occupations. The word ‘robbery’
+is now often used to express a single act committed, as,
+“there was a great robbery committed lately.” It may
+also be observed, that in all the instances above given,
+except villainy, the syllable <i>er</i> is placed between the first
+and last part of the word. From such instances as
+‘rob,’ ‘rob(b)-er,’ ‘robber-y,’ we might infer that
+many words in <i>y</i> are formed from nouns in <i>er</i>, which
+themselves are formed from simple verbs. Thus, from
+the word ‘slave,’ the word ‘slaver,’ meaning a ship
+engaged in the slave-trade, has sometimes been used.
+Many of these words in <i>y</i> denote a place where something
+is kept, or a place where animals are collected, or
+a place where something is made, as—</p>
+
+<table class='table0'>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Pigger-y.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Brewer-y.</td>
+    <td class='c007'>Granar-y.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Nunner-y.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Factor-y.</td>
+    <td class='c007'>Nurser-y.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class='c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_187'>187</span>Some of them signify an art, in which sense they are
+akin to the first examples that we gave, though of a
+more respectable class.</p>
+
+<table class='table0'>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Gunner-y.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Archer-y.</td>
+    <td class='c007'>Carpentr-y</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class='c004'>This termination <i>y</i> does not appear to belong to the
+Saxon part of our language. It is found both in Greek
+and Latin, and very often in the former language
+in significations the same as it now has in our own
+tongue. Such words as</p>
+
+<table class='table0'>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Piety,</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Vanity,</td>
+    <td class='c007'>Humanity,</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class='c009'>are derived from Latin words which end in <i>tas</i>, as
+<i>pietas</i>, &#38;c.</p>
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c010'>
+    <div>[To be Continued.]</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class='c011'>
+<div class='footnote' id='f1'>
+<p class='c012'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. In German, <i>mord</i> is the same as our <i>murder</i>; and <i>moerder</i> the
+same as our <i>murderer</i>. Thus the German has preserved more consistency
+in the formation of this word.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class='c005'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c002'>THE GIRAFFE.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class='subtitle'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c005'>
+    <div>[From a Correspondent.]</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>The interesting animal you alluded to in your Magazine
+of 30th June, and which made so unfortunate a
+journey to England, was an old acquaintance of mine.
+I happened to be at Malta when it arrived in that island
+from Egypt. The Governor, Sir F. Ponsonby, provided
+it with a very pleasant and appropriate lodging in
+the grounds of the villa of Sant’ Antonio, where I saw it
+several times with its two African keepers, who had attended
+it so far. The sultry, dry climate of Malta
+seemed to agree very well with it. There were no trees
+on that arid rock tall enough to require the length of his
+neck—the tallest at Sant’ Antonio were not much higher
+than its legs, and it was exceedingly pretty to see with
+what grace the creature bent its long, elastic neck, and
+brought its small, deer-like head, to play with their topmost
+branches. It only played with them. The Africans
+fed him regularly with some sort of dry provender, and
+when they appeared he was accustomed to show considerable
+animation; but I never saw it so forgetful of its
+dignity as to run—on the contrary, it walked up to them
+with very stately steps. Its eye then was particularly
+bright and beautiful, and the whole appearance of the
+animal was indeed very different from what I have heard
+described after its arrival in England.</p>
+
+<p class='c004'>The day it was embarked it did not look so well as
+usual. It was put on board a large, new merchant brig
+only lately built at Malta. When it was in the hold, with
+its feet almost on the brig’s keel, it could stretch its neck
+out of the main hatch-way, and command all the deck with
+its head. It seemed greatly astonished, but remained
+as tranquil as possible. I never heard it make the least
+noise. When the sailors went near it, it drew in its
+head, but seemed to protrude it with pleasure when
+its old companions and countrymen, the Africans, approached
+it.</p>
+
+<p class='c004'>At Constantinople, on one side of the Hippodrome,
+there is a menagerie, now very ill provided,—dark,
+filthy, and much neglected. Some years ago a giraffe
+was sent from Egypt to enrich the collection of
+beasts then existing there. Its keeper was accustomed
+to take it to exercise in the large open square of the
+Hippodrome, where the Turks used to flock daily in
+great crowds, to cultivate the acquaintance of the extraordinary
+quadruped. Seeing how perfectly inoffensive
+it was, and how domesticated it became, the keeper
+next used to take it with him on his walks through the
+city, and wherever the general favourite appeared, a
+number of friendly hands were held out of the <i>gazebos</i>,
+or projecting latticed windows, to offer it something to
+eat. The Turkish women were particularly attentive to
+it. The generality of the streets at Constantinople are
+so narrow, that, as it walked along the middle, its neck
+being inflected to the right or to the left, it could almost
+touch the houses. After some time, when it came to a
+house where it had been particularly well treated, if
+no one was at the window, it would gently tap
+against the wooden lattice, as though to announce its
+visit. It was extremely docile and easily directed, but
+if left to itself, it was observed invariably to take the
+street in which it had the most or the best friends.
+This pet of the Turkish capital died a long time
+before my arrival, but an old servant I had, told me the
+anecdote.</p>
+
+<p class='c004'>The old traveller, Marco Polo, says he was told of the
+existence of camelopards, or giraffes, in the island of
+Madagascar on the coast of Africa, and in Abyssinia.
+It does not appear that he saw any specimen, but he
+describes its principal features very accurately.</p>
+
+<div class='signature'>
+
+<p class='c004'><span class='sc'>C. m</span></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='c005'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c002'>THE SHEPHERD BOY.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c005'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>The rain was pattering o’er the low thatch’d shed</div>
+      <div class='line'>That gave us shelter. There was a shepherd boy</div>
+      <div class='line'>Stretching his lazy limbs on the rough straw</div>
+      <div class='line'>In vacant happiness. A tatter’d sack</div>
+      <div class='line'>Cover’d his sturdy loins, while his rude legs</div>
+      <div class='line'>Were deck’d with uncouth patches of all hues,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Iris and jet, through which his sun-burnt skin</div>
+      <div class='line'>Peep’d forth in dainty contrast. He was a glory</div>
+      <div class='line'>For painter’s eye; and his quaint draperies</div>
+      <div class='line'>Would harmonize with some fair sylvan scene,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Where arching groves, and flower-embroider’d banks,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Verdant with thymy grass, tempted the sheep</div>
+      <div class='line'>To scramble up their height, while he, reclin’d</div>
+      <div class='line'>Upon the pillowing moss, lay listlessly</div>
+      <div class='line'>Through the long summer’s day. Not such as he</div>
+      <div class='line'>In plains of Thessaly, as poets feign,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Went piping forth at the first gleam of morn,</div>
+      <div class='line'>And in their bowering thickets dreamt of joy,</div>
+      <div class='line'>And innocence, and love. Let the true lay</div>
+      <div class='line'>Speak thus of the poor hind:—his indolent gaze</div>
+      <div class='line'>Reck’d not of natural beauties; his delights</div>
+      <div class='line'>Were gross and sensual: not the glorious sun,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Rising above his hills, and lighting up</div>
+      <div class='line'>His woods and pastures with a joyous beam,</div>
+      <div class='line'>To him was grandeur; not the reposing sound</div>
+      <div class='line'>Of tinkling flocks cropping the tender shoots</div>
+      <div class='line'>To him was music; not the blossomy breeze</div>
+      <div class='line'>That slumbers in the honey-dropping bean-flower</div>
+      <div class='line'>To him was fragrance: he went plodding on</div>
+      <div class='line'>His long-accustomed path; and when his cares</div>
+      <div class='line'>Of daily duties were o’erpass’d, he ate,</div>
+      <div class='line'>And laugh’d, and slept, with a most drowsy mind.</div>
+      <div class='line'>Dweller in cities, scorn’st thou the shepherd boy,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Who never look’d within to find the eye</div>
+      <div class='line'>For Nature’s glories? Oh, his slumbering spirit</div>
+      <div class='line'>Struggled to pierce the fogs and deepening mists</div>
+      <div class='line'>Of rustic ignorance; but he was bound</div>
+      <div class='line'>With a harsh galling chain, and so he went</div>
+      <div class='line'>Grovelling along his dim instinctive way.</div>
+      <div class='line'>Yet <em>thou</em> hadst other hopes and other thoughts,</div>
+      <div class='line'>But the world spoil’d thee: then the mutable clouds,</div>
+      <div class='line'>And doming skies, and glory-shedding sun,</div>
+      <div class='line'>And tranquil stars that hung above thy head</div>
+      <div class='line'>Like angels gazing on thy crowded path,</div>
+      <div class='line'>To thee were worthless, and thy soul forsook</div>
+      <div class='line'>The love of beauteous fields, and the blest lore</div>
+      <div class='line'>That man may read in Nature’s book of truth.</div>
+      <div class='line'>Despise not, then, the lazy shepherd boy,</div>
+      <div class='line'>For his account and thine shall be made up,</div>
+      <div class='line'>And evil cherish’d and occasion lost</div>
+      <div class='line'>May cast their load upon thee, while his spirit</div>
+      <div class='line'>May bud and bloom in a more sunny sphere.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='c005'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+
+<p class='c003'>Two things are required on the part of the working classes
+to adjust themselves to the state of society as one altering
+and improving:—skill, or practical knowledge, so that
+when one branch of productive labour fails from improvement
+or fluctuation, they may resort to another; and
+economy, that they may provide against “a rainy day,” and
+instead of seeking relief in combination and outrage, have
+the means of support until the arrival of more favourable
+times. These qualities will appear only where there has
+been some training of the head and the heart. Let then
+the mind be taught to think and the judgment be fitted for
+correct decision, and the difference will be manifest, as it is
+now in cases occasionally witnessed; the intelligent will not
+be the dupes of demagogues or incendiaries, and the thrifty
+will discover a higher tone of feeling than their improvident
+neighbours.—<cite>Wilderspin’s Early Discipline.</cite></p>
+
+<div><span class='pageno' id='Page_188'>188</span></div>
+<div class='c005'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c002'>HOLYROOD HOUSE, EDINBURGH.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c003'>The west part of Edinburgh is built along the ridge of
+a somewhat steep hill, stretching for about a mile from
+east to west. At the western extremity of the street,
+which, under various names, extends in a continuous line
+along this summit, stands the castle, crowning a lofty and
+precipitous rock; at its opposite end, which lies low, is the
+palace of Holyrood House, there commonly designated
+the Abbey. Holyrood House, in fact, was a religious
+establishment long before it became a royal residence.
+It was one of the numerous monasteries founded by the
+Scottish King David I., a monarch who was made a
+saint for his pious profusion. The name of Holyrood
+was derived from a celebrated silver rood (or cross)
+said to have been actually put into the hands of the
+founder by an angel, as he was hunting one day on
+the spot where the abbey was afterwards erected. This
+cross was accordingly regarded with great veneration
+and pride by the Scots for more than two centuries;
+but David II. having thought proper to carry it along
+with him, in 1347, in his foolish invasion of England,
+it fell a prey to the victors at the disastrous battle of
+Neville’s Cross, in which the King himself was severely
+wounded and taken prisoner, and, according to some
+accounts, twenty thousand of his troops left dead on
+the field. The Holy Rood was long after this preserved
+with great care in the cathedral of Durham, and continued
+to be the object of nearly as reverential a regard
+among its new as it had been among its original possessors.
+Holyrood House was most liberally endowed
+with lands and privileges both by its founder and by
+several of his successors; so that it eventually became
+the richest ecclesiastical establishment in Scotland.
+This abbey was repeatedly both plundered and burned
+in the course of the wars with the English. In 1544,
+especially, when Leith and Edinburgh were taken and
+sacked by the Earl of Hertford (afterwards the Protector
+Somerset) the whole of the church was burned to the
+ground, with the exception of the nave, which was subsequently
+used as a chapel.</p>
+
+<div class='illo-wide'>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<a href='images/holyrood-house-1-full.jpg'><img src='images/holyrood-house-1-inline.png' alt='' class='ig001'></a>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>[Interior of Holyrood Chapel.]</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>The earliest notice we have of the existence of a
+palace at Holyrood is no older than the beginning of the
+sixteenth century. The more ancient palaces of the
+Scottish kings were all to the north of the Forth, the
+country to the south of that river not having properly
+formed part of their dominions till a comparatively recent
+era. It is probable, however, that they may have had a
+residence at Holyrood before the year 1503, when we
+first find the <i>palace</i> expressly mentioned. After this, in
+1528, James V. made great additions to the buildings
+already existing, or rather indeed rebuilt the whole from
+the foundation. A great part of this erection was burnt
+by the English in 1544; but the devastation committed
+on this occasion was soon after repaired; and a new
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_189'>189</span>palace built on a much more extensive scale than
+before. It was probably, indeed, a considerably larger
+building than the present, inasmuch as it is stated to
+have consisted of five courts, or quadrangles. Here
+the unfortunate Mary had her principal residence during
+the time she enjoyed her regal dignity; and here also
+her son James VI. held his court, till his accession to
+the crown of England. A considerable part of this
+building was afterwards burned down by Cromwell’s
+soldiers, and it lay in ruins till about the year 1670,
+when, by direction of Charles II. the present structure
+was commenced after a design of Sir William Bruce.</p>
+
+<div class='illo-wide'>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<a href='images/holyrood-house-2-full.jpg'><img src='images/holyrood-house-2-inline.png' alt='' class='ig001'></a>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>[Western Front of Holyrood Palace.]</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>The present palace of Holyrood House is a handsome
+stone edifice, surrounding a court which is nearly
+square, each side measuring about 230 feet in length.
+The four different ranges of buildings are flanked by
+towers at each extremity—and an arcade, supported by
+pillars, goes round the whole of the interior. The
+north-west portion of the building is all that remains of
+the palace erected by James V.; but the apartments
+which it contains are very interesting. Here are both
+the state-room and the bed-chamber which were used by
+Queen Mary, with the old furniture remaining, much of
+the needlework of which is said to have been done by
+her own hands. It was in this bed-room that she was
+sitting at supper, with her half-sister, the Countess of
+Argyle, when Darnley and his fellow-conspirators rushed
+in, and dragging forth her minion, Rizzio, slew him at
+the door of the apartment. The unhappy man received
+about fifty-five wounds. The trap-door, or opening in
+the floor of the adjoining passage, by which they ascended
+from the apartment below, is still shown, as well
+as certain dark stains on the floor, stated to be the marks
+made by Rizzio’s blood. The Pretender, Charles
+Edward, took possession of these apartments when he
+established himself for a short time in Edinburgh, in
+1745, and slept, it is said, in what had been Queen
+Mary’s bed. The same bed, which still occupies its
+ancient place, received, a few months afterwards, the
+victorious Duke of Cumberland, when the slaughter of
+Culloden had for ever decided the question between
+the houses of Stuart and Hanover. In later times it has
+twice served as an asylum to the exiled princes of
+another house. Charles X. of France, when Count
+d’Artois, resided here from 1795 till 1799, with his two
+sons, the Dukes d’Angouleme and de Berri; and the
+same royal personage, a second time driven from his
+country, has now a second time found refuge, with his
+family, within the same walls. A new ‘Fall of Princes,’
+such as old Lydgate translated from a French version
+of Boccaccio’s Latin, or a continuation of the ‘Mirror
+for Magistrates,’ might be compiled from the history of
+the successive tenants of Holyrood House since it was
+first erected by James V.</p>
+
+<p class='c004'>When his late Majesty visited Scotland in 1822, the
+state apartments in Holyrood House were fitted up with
+great magnificence, and their gilded and mirrored walls
+again reflected the splendour of levees and drawing-rooms.
+Considerable sums also have since been expended
+from the crown revenues in restoring the palace; and in
+consequence many important repairs and alterations have
+been effected. The largest of the apartments which it
+contains is a gallery on the north side, 145 feet in
+length by 25 in breadth, and 18½ in height. This gallery
+is adorned with 111 imaginary portraits of Scottish
+kings, all painted by a Flemish artist named De Witt,
+who was brought over by James VII. to execute the
+work. They are not worth much more as specimens of
+art than as illustrations of history. The Duke of Cumberland’s
+troops, when here in 1746, by way perhaps of
+evincing their superior connoisseurship, thought proper
+to stab and slash many of these canvass monarchs with
+their swords and bayonets; but they have since been
+repaired, and are now inserted into the panels of the
+wainscot. It is in this gallery that the elections of the
+representative peers of Scotland take place.</p>
+
+<p class='c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_190'>190</span>Next to Queen Mary’s apartments, however, the old
+chapel is the most interesting part of Holyrood House.
+It consists, as we have already intimated, only of the nave
+of the original abbey-church. This ruin (for it is now
+nothing more) has received in the course of the recent
+restorations such repairs as will at least arrest for some
+time the farther progress of decay.</p>
+
+<p class='c004'>Holyrood House, as being a royal palace, is still a
+sanctuary for insolvent debtors; and they enjoy the protection,
+which extends to their effects as well as to their
+persons, not only within the immediate precincts of the
+palace, but over the whole of the adjoining royal park.
+This park is about three miles in circumference, and
+comprehends within its bounds the hill called Arthur’s
+Seat, one of the most striking objects of natural scenery
+to be found in the neighbourhood of any city.</p>
+
+<div class='c005'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c002'>THE FIREMEN’S DOG.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c003'>About three years ago, a gentleman, residing a few
+miles from the metropolis, was called up to town in the
+middle of the night, by the intelligence that the premises
+adjoining his house of business were on fire. The removal
+of his furniture and papers of course immediately
+claimed his attention; yet, notwithstanding this and the
+bustle which is ever incident to a fire, his eye every now
+and then rested on a dog, whom, during the hottest
+progress of the devouring element, he could not help
+noticing running about, and apparently taking a deep
+interest in what was going on, contriving to keep himself
+out of every body’s way, and yet always present
+amidst the thickest of the stir.</p>
+
+<p class='c004'>When the fire was got under, and the gentleman had
+leisure to look about him, he again observed the dog,
+who, with the firemen, appeared to be resting from the
+fatigues of duty, and was led to make some inquiries
+respecting him. What passed may perhaps be better
+told in its original shape of question and answer between
+the gentleman and a fireman belonging to the Atlas Insurance
+Office.</p>
+
+<p class='c004'><i>Gentleman.</i>—(stooping down to pat the dog, and
+addressing the fireman).—Is this your dog, my friend?</p>
+
+<p class='c004'><i>Firemen.</i>—No, sir, he does not belong to me, or to
+any one in particular. We call him the firemen’s dog.</p>
+
+<p class='c004'><i>Gentleman.</i>—The firemen’s dog! Why so? has he
+no master?</p>
+
+<p class='c004'><i>Fireman.</i>—No, sir, he calls none of us master, though
+we are all of us willing enough to give him a night’s
+lodging and a pennyworth of meat; but he won’t stay
+long with any of us; his delight is to be at all the fires
+in London, and, far or near, we generally find him on
+the road as we are going along, and sometimes, if it is
+out of town, we give him a lift. I don’t think there has
+been a fire for these two or three years past which he
+has not been at.</p>
+
+<p class='c004'>The communication was so extraordinary, that the
+gentleman found it difficult to believe the story, until it
+was confirmed by the concurrent testimony of several
+other firemen; none of them, however, were able to
+give any account of the early habits of the dog, or to
+offer any explanation of the circumstances which led to
+this singular propensity. A minute of the facts was
+made at the time by the inquirer, with a view to their
+transmission to some of the journals or periodicals,
+which publish anecdotes of natural history of animals;
+but other things interfered, and the intention was lost
+sight of.</p>
+
+<p class='c004'>In the month of June, last year, the same gentleman
+was again called up in the night to a fire in the village
+in which he resided, Camberwell in Surrey, and to his
+surprise here he again met with “the firemen’s dog,”
+still alive and well, pursuing with the same apparent
+interest and satisfaction, the exhibition of that which
+seldom fails to bring with it disaster and misfortune,
+oftentimes loss of life and ruin. Still he called no man
+master, disdained to receive bed or board from the same
+hand more than a night or two at a time, nor could the
+firemen trace out his ordinary resting-place.</p>
+
+<p class='c004'>The foregoing account is strictly true, and the truth
+may be ascertained by inquiry of any of the regular
+firemen of the metropolis. But who of those best acquainted
+with the habits of that most sagacious of our
+quadrupeds shall offer an explanation of the “hobby”
+of the firemen’s dog?</p>
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<p class='c013'>⁂ We insert this extraordinary story upon the authority of a Correspondent
+who gives us his name and address.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='c005'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c002'>CHAUCER’S HOUSE OF FAME.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c003'>One of the most curious and interesting of Chaucer’s
+Poems is that entitled ‘<span class='sc'>The House Of Fame</span>.’ It is
+of considerable length, being divided into three books,
+comprising 2170 lines. Whether imitated, as some
+critics have conjectured, from a foreign original (which
+however, never has been produced), or constructed by
+the genius of our English bard, with no further assistance
+than <a id='tn-ovid'></a>some hints in the Metamorphoses of Ovid,
+it is at least equally valuable as a picture of the learning
+and opinions, on many subjects, of Chaucer’s age, the
+latter part of the fourteenth century. It is chiefly in reference
+to its value in this respect, that we mean to notice
+it at present. We omit, therefore, any analysis of the
+story, which would occupy more space than we can afford,
+and which may be found accurately enough given in the
+14th section of ‘Warton’s History of English Poetry.’
+For a similar reason we shall not stop to notice the
+poetical beauties in which the work abounds, although
+some of them deserve to be ranked among the finest
+examples of romantic loftiness of conception and splendour
+of colouring.</p>
+
+<p class='c004'>If it were necessary to prove, contrary to some of the
+accounts of the invention, that gunpowder was known
+a considerable time before the close of the fourteenth
+century, a passage in this poem would show that its use
+in the charging of fire-arms was already familiar. In
+book iii. l. 553, the sound is represented as rushing from
+the trump of Æolus</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“As swift as pellet out of gun</div>
+      <div class='line'>  When fire is in the powder run.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c009'>An engine, probably warlike, for projecting stones, is
+afterwards alluded to at line 843, where a particular
+noise is compared to</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line in6'>“The routing<a id='r2'></a><a href='#f2' class='c008'><sup>[2]</sup></a> of the stone</div>
+      <div class='line'>  That fro the engine is letten gone.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c009'>But one of the most curious passages in the poem is
+that in the second book, in which the author unfolds
+the leading principles of the natural philosophy
+then in vogue. It is too long to be quoted entire;
+but we shall give the most material parts of it,
+only taking the liberty of modernising the spelling
+where the pronunciation is not thereby affected. The
+discourse takes the form of an address to the poet himself,
+from one of the personages of the poem, and
+begins with the ancient explanation of the phenomena
+of gravitation. “Geffrey,” says the speaker, in substance,
+“thou knowest well that every thing in nature
+hath a natural station in which it may be best preserved
+and that hither every thing by its natural inclination
+striveth to come whenever it is not already there.” He
+then proceeds:—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“As thus, lo! thou may’st all day see,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  Take any thing that heavy be,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  As stone, or lead, or thing of weight,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  And bear it ne’er so high on height;</div>
+      <div class='line'>  Let go thine hand—it falleth down;</div>
+      <div class='line'>  Right so, I say, by fire or soun’,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  Or smoke, or other thinges light,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  Alway they seek upward on height.</div>
+      <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_191'>191</span>  Light things up, and heavy down charge,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  While every of them be at large.</div>
+      <div class='line'>  And for this cause thou may’st well see</div>
+      <div class='line'>  That every river to the sea</div>
+      <div class='line'>  Inclined is to go by kind:</div>
+      <div class='line'>  And by these skillés<a id='r3'></a><a href='#f3' class='c008'><sup>[3]</sup></a>, as I find,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  Have fishes dwelling in flood and sea,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  And trees eke on the earthé be.</div>
+      <div class='line'>  Thus every thing by his reasòn</div>
+      <div class='line'>  Hath his own proper mansiòn,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  To which he seeketh to repair,” &#38;c.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>He then goes on, as follows, to explain the philosophy
+of sound, with more correctness than many may
+perhaps be prepared to expect:—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Sound is nought but air y-broken;</div>
+      <div class='line'>  And every speeché that is spoken,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  Whether loud or privy, foul or fair,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  In his substance ne is but air;</div>
+      <div class='line'>  For as flame is but lighted smoke,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  Right so is sound but air y-broke.</div>
+      <div class='line'>  But this may be in many wise,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  Of the which I will thee devise,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  As sound cometh of pipe or harp;</div>
+      <div class='line'>  For when a pipe is blowén sharp</div>
+      <div class='line'>  The air is twist with violènce,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  And rent;—lo! this is my sentènce:—</div>
+      <div class='line'>  Eke, when that men harp-stringés smite,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  Whether that it be much or lite<a id='r4'></a><a href='#f4' class='c008'><sup>[4]</sup></a></div>
+      <div class='line'>  Lo! with the stroke the air it breaketh;</div>
+      <div class='line'>  And right so breaketh it when men speaketh.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>A few lines after, the following account is given of
+the spreading of sound, which, so far as it goes, is
+unexceptionable:—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line in18'>“If that thou</div>
+      <div class='line'>  Throw in a water now a stone,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  Well wottest thou it will make anon</div>
+      <div class='line'>  A little roundel as a circle,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  Per’venture as broad as a covèrcle<a id='r5'></a><a href='#f5' class='c008'><sup>[5]</sup></a>;</div>
+      <div class='line'>  And right anon thou shalt see weel</div>
+      <div class='line'>  That circle cause another wheel,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  And that the third, and so forth, brother,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  Every circle causing other</div>
+      <div class='line'>  Much broader than himselfen was;</div>
+      <div class='line'>  And thus, from roundel to compàss,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  Each abouten othèr going</div>
+      <div class='line'>  Y-causeth of othèrs stirrìng,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  And multiplying evermo,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  Till that it be so far y-go</div>
+      <div class='line'>  That it at bothé brinkés be....</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>  And right thus every word, I wis,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  That loud or privy spoken is,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  Y-moveth first an air about,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  And of his moving, out of doubt,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  Another air anon is moved,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  As I have of the water proved</div>
+      <div class='line'>  That every circle causeth other;</div>
+      <div class='line'>  Right so of air, my lievé<a id='r6'></a><a href='#f6' class='c008'><sup>[6]</sup></a> brother,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  Every air another stirreth</div>
+      <div class='line'>  More and more, and speech upbeareth,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  Or voice, or noise, or word, or soun’,</div>
+      <div class='line'>  Aye through multiplication.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>Pope, it may be recollected, has introduced this illustration
+(although in a different part of the narrative)
+into his Temple of Fame. This poem he wrote in his
+twenty-third year; and he acknowledges the hint to
+have been taken from this work of Chaucer’s, although
+he states that the design is in a manner entirely altered,
+and the descriptions and most of the particular thoughts
+his own. It will be found, however, that rather more
+than half of Pope’s poem is borrowed from that of
+Chaucer. But Chaucer’s work is altogether more than
+four times as long as Pope’s.</p>
+
+<p class='c004'>There is a long passage in the second book of Chaucer’s
+‘House of Fame,’ (l. 106-152,) which is exceedingly
+interesting as giving us an account of the domestic
+habits of the poet himself. On the same subject
+may be consulted a shorter passage in book iii. 920-930.</p>
+
+<hr class='c011'>
+
+<div class='footnote' id='f2'>
+<p class='c004'><a href='#r2'>2</a>. <i>i.e.</i> roaring.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class='footnote' id='f3'>
+<p class='c004'><a href='#r3'>3</a>. <i>i.e.</i> reasons.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class='footnote' id='f4'>
+<p class='c004'><a href='#r4'>4</a>. <i>i.e.</i> little.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class='footnote' id='f5'>
+<p class='c004'><a href='#r5'>5</a>. <i>i.e.</i> pot-lid.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class='footnote' id='f6'>
+<p class='c004'><a href='#r6'>6</a>. <i>i.e.</i> dear.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class='c005'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c002'>THE WEEK.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c003'>August 15.—The birthday of Admiral Blake, one of the
+noblest of England’s heroes and patriots. Robert Blake
+was born in 1599, at Bridgewater, in Somersetshire,
+where his father, who had been a Spanish merchant,
+was settled. After he had spent some years at Wadham
+College, Oxford, his father died; and he, being the
+eldest son, returned to Bridgewater, and lived in a retired
+manner on the estate which he had inherited. Although
+known for his attachment to puritan principles,
+he took no part in public affairs till 1640, when he was
+returned for Bridgewater to the parliament which met
+for a few weeks in the early part of that year. But he
+failed in being re-elected for the one by which it was
+followed—the celebrated Long Parliament, which was
+destined to act so memorable a part. He was employed,
+however, in the war between the King and the nation,
+which soon after broke out, and distinguished himself by
+his military talent on various occasions. But it was on
+another element that his fame was to be chiefly gathered.
+It was in 1649, when he was fifty years of age, that he
+was first invested with a command at sea. The expedition
+on which he was sent was directed against Prince
+Rupert, whom he pursued from Kinsale, in Ireland, to
+the Tagus, and thence to Malaga, on the southern
+coast of Spain, where he scattered or destroyed nearly
+the whole of his fleet. On his return to England,
+after this victory, which he had achieved in despite of
+the opposition of both Spain and Portugal, he was appointed
+to the honourable office of Warden of the Cinque
+Ports. In the beginning of the year 1652, when the nation
+was preparing for war with Holland, Blake was the
+man who was chosen to be invested with the chief command
+of the fleet. Hostilities soon commenced, and
+Blake found himself opposed by the most celebrated admiral
+of the age, Van Tromp, at the head of one of the
+finest equipments that had ever been sent out by the first
+naval power in the world. In the beginning of May
+Van Tromp appeared in the Channel with forty fine men-of-war;
+and, by way of defiance, took up his station in
+Dover Roads. The fleet under Blake’s command consisted
+only of twenty-six sail; but on the 9th he nevertheless
+boldly advanced against the enemy, who weighed
+anchor at his approach, and in reply to three successive
+guns, which he fired without ball, as a signal for them
+to strike their flag, ranged themselves in order of battle.
+A desperate fight ensued, which lasted from four in the
+afternoon till night, and the result of which was that the
+Dutch, after losing two of their ships, thought proper to
+retreat. The next great affair with the enemy, in which
+Blake was engaged, took place on the 29th of November.
+On that day he was again met in the Channel by Van
+Tromp, now at the head of a fleet of seventy men-of-war,
+and six fire-ships. Blake’s force scarcely exceeded
+half that of his opponent—but scorning to run away,
+he determined to try once more what the gallantry of
+English sailors could do under the conduct of a captain
+who had before led them on to victory through
+so unequal a strife. And perhaps his courage might
+have been again crowned with success; but besides
+being obliged to contend throughout the engagement
+with an adverse wind, he himself unfortunately received
+a wound which partially disabled him, and threw a part
+of his forces into disorder. The consequence was, that
+after a conflict which lasted from eight in the morning
+till night, the English found themselves obliged to retreat,
+and to take refuge partly in the Downs and partly
+in the Thames. Although the circumstances were such
+as to remove from it all disgrace, Blake probably felt
+this defeat severely, especially as it was followed by the
+most arrogant and insulting conduct on the part of the
+Dutch admiral, who immediately made his way through
+the Channel, bearing the ensign of a broom fastened to
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_192'>192</span>his main-topmast, as if to signify that he had swept those
+seas of British ships. But in the February following,
+the English hero, having employed the interval with admirable
+diligence in repairing his ships, again put to sea
+with a fleet of sixty sail, and soon after encountered his
+old adversary at the head of seventy men-of-war, and
+having three hundred merchantmen under convoy. The
+battle this time was far more obstinate than any that had
+yet been fought between them: for three days the two
+armaments, running up the Channel together, scarcely
+intermitted their furious fire; when at last, on the fourth
+morning, the Dutch, having lost eleven of their ships of
+war and thirty merchantmen, while only one of the English
+vessels was destroyed, took flight for the coast of Holland.
+Several other engagements took place between the
+two admirals in the course of the same year; and the result,
+upon the whole, was decidedly in favour of the
+English. Having thus asserted the dominion of his
+countrymen over their surrounding seas, Blake returned
+to England, and was received both by the Protector and
+the people with all respect and honour. Some time
+before this Cromwell had dismissed the Long Parliament,
+and openly assumed arbitrary power; but Blake being
+at sea when this change took place, grieved and indignant
+as his noble spirit must have felt, restrained himself
+from giving expression to his sentiments; and calling
+his officers together, merely remarked to them, that, with
+the enemy yet unsubdued, they had clearly in the mean
+time only one duty to perform: “It is not for us,” said
+he, “to mind state affairs, but to keep the foreigners
+from fooling us.” In the parliament which assembled in
+September, 1654, Blake was returned for Bridgewater;
+and he sat in the House till 1656, when he was despatched
+with a fleet to the Mediterranean, to chastise
+Spain for certain insults which that power had offered to
+the English flag. He acquitted himself in this expedition
+with his usual ability; but after having done great
+injury to the marine of the enemy, and taken many rich
+prizes, he was attacked by an illness which rapidly enfeebled
+him, and from which indeed he soon felt that he
+could not recover. He exerted himself, however, as long
+as his strength would allow, and even engaged in a new
+enterprise against Santa Cruz, in Teneriffe, which was
+attended with splendid success, after it had become evident
+that this would be his last service of gallantry to
+his country. He then set sail for England; and as life
+was fast ebbing, the only and constant wish he expressed
+was that he might but once more rest his eyes,
+for however short a space, on the coast of his native land
+before closing them for ever. His wish, and no more,
+was granted. He expired as the fleet was entering
+Plymouth Sound, on the 27th of August, 1657. A true
+model in all things of a British sailor, Blake had been
+during his life as prodigal of his money among his comrades
+as of his personal exertions in the service of his
+country; and notwithstanding the ample opportunities
+he had had of enriching himself, it was found that he had
+not increased his paternal fortune by so much as 500<i>l.</i>
+A magnificent public funeral, and the interment of his
+body in Henry VII.’s Chapel, in Westminster Abbey,
+testified the grief of England for the loss of her greatest
+defender; but among the mean outrages which disgraced
+the triumph of the Restoration, it was one of the
+very meanest that Blake’s mouldering remains were removed
+from the honourable resting-place thus assigned
+to them, and deposited in the neighbouring church-yard
+of St. Margaret. They could not, however, remove
+his glory from the page of the national history, nor bury
+among common and forgotten things the name and
+actions of one who, as having first taught our seamen
+that daring and contempt of danger for which they have
+ever since been famous, deserves to be regarded as, more
+than any other, the founder of the naval greatness of
+England.</p>
+
+<div class='illo-wide'>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<a href='images/the-week-full.jpg'><img src='images/the-week-inline.png' alt='' class='ig001'></a>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>[Admiral Blake.]</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='c005'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+
+<p class='c003'><i>General Education</i>.—A strange idea is entertained by many
+that education unfits persons for labour, and renders them
+dissatisfied with their condition in life. But what would be
+said were any of the powers of the body to be in a certain
+case disused? Suppose a man were to place a bandage over
+his right eye—to tie up one of his hands—or to attach a ponderous
+weight to his legs—and, when asked the cause were,
+to reply, that the glance of that eye might make him covetous—that
+his hand might pick his neighbour’s pocket—or that
+his feet might carry him into evil company,—might it not
+be fairly replied, that his members were given to use and
+not to abuse, that their abuse is no argument against their
+use, and that this suspension of their action was just as contrary
+to the wise and benevolent purpose of their Creator
+as their wrong and guilty application? And does this
+reasoning fail when applied to the mind? Is not the unemployed
+mental faculty as opposed to the advantage of the
+individual as the unused physical power? Can the difference
+between mind and matter overturn the ordinary principles
+of reasoning and of morals? Besides, how is man to be
+prepared for the duties he has to discharge?—By mere attention
+to his body? Impossible. The mind must be enlightened
+and disciplined; and if this be neglected, the man
+rises but little in character above the beasts that perish, and
+is wholly unprepared for that state to which he ought to
+have aspired.—<cite>Wilderspin’s Early Discipline.</cite></p>
+
+<div class='c005'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+
+<p class='c003'><i>Trade in Bristles.</i>—In 1828, 1,748,921 lbs. of bristles were
+imported into England from Russia and Prussia, each of
+which cannot have weighed less than two grains. From
+this we may fairly conjecture that 13,431,713,280 bristles
+were imported in that year. As these are only taken from
+the top of the hog’s back, each hog cannot be supposed to
+have supplied more than 7680 bristles, which, reckoning
+each bristle to weigh two grains, will be one pound. Thus
+in Russia and Prussia, in 1828, 1,748,921 hogs and boars
+were killed, to furnish the supply of England with bristles.</p>
+
+<hr class='c014'>
+<div class='colophon'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c015'>
+    <div>⁂ The Office of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge is at 59, Lincoln’s Inn Fields.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c001'>
+    <div>LONDON:—CHARLES KNIGHT, PALL-MALL EAST.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div><i>Shopkeepers and Hawkers may be supplied Wholesale by the following Booksellers, of whom, also, any of the previous Numbers may be had:—</i></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='colophon-left'>
+
+<div class='lg-container-l'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'><i>London</i>, <span class='sc'>Groombridge</span>, Panyer Alley, Paternoster Row.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Bath</i>, <span class='sc'>Simms</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Birmingham</i>, <span class='sc'>Drake</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Bristol</i>, <span class='sc'>Westley</span> and Co.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Carlisle</i>, <span class='sc'>Thurnam</span>; and <span class='sc'>Scott</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Derby</i>, <span class='sc'>Wilkins</span> and <span class='sc'>Son</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Doncaster</i>, <span class='sc'>Brooke</span> and <span class='sc'>Co.</span></div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Falmouth</i>, <span class='sc'>Philip</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Hull</i>, <span class='sc'>Stephenson</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Leeds</i>, <span class='sc'>Baines</span> and <span class='sc'>Newsome</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Lincoln</i>, <span class='sc'>Brooke</span> and <span class='sc'>Sons</span>.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<div class='colophon-right'>
+
+<div class='lg-container-l'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'><i>Liverpool</i>, <span class='sc'>Willmer</span> and <span class='sc'>Smith</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Manchester</i>, <span class='sc'>Robinson</span>; and <span class='sc'>Webb</span> and <span class='sc'>Simms</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Newcastle-upon-Tyne</i>, <span class='sc'>Charnley</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Norwich</i>, <span class='sc'>Jarrold</span> and <span class='sc'>Son</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Nottingham</i>, <span class='sc'>Wright</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Sheffield</i>, <span class='sc'>Ridge</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Worcester</i>, <span class='sc'>Deighton</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Dublin</i>, <span class='sc'>Wakeman</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Edinburgh</i>, <span class='sc'>Oliver</span> and <span class='sc'>Boyd</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Glasgow</i>, <span class='sc'>Atkinson</span> and <span class='sc'>Co.</span></div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<div class='clear'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>Printed by <span class='sc'>William Clowes</span>, Stamford-Street.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c001'>
+</div>
+<div>
+
+<p class='c016'></p>
+
+</div>
+<div class='transcribers-notes'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c1'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div><span class='xlarge'>Transcriber’s Notes</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c017'>New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain. Itemized changes from the original text:</p>
+  <ul  class='ul_1'>
+    <li><a href='#tn-worship'>p. 186</a>: Added period after “wor,ship.” to match other entries in table.
+    </li>
+    <li><a href='#tn-ovid'>p. 190</a>: Replaced period with comma after phrase “some hints in the 
+    Metamorphoses of Ovid.”
+    </li>
+  </ul>
+
+</div>
+
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77007 ***</div>
+  </body>
+  <!-- created with ppgen.py 3.57e (with regex) on 2025-10-07 13:25:22 GMT -->
+</html>
+
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+This book, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
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+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for book #77007
+(https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/77007)