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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77005 ***
+
+
+
+
+
+                         Monthly Supplement of
+
+                           THE PENNY MAGAZINE
+
+                                 OF THE
+
+             Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+ 21.]                   June 30 to July 31, 1832
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+                           HUNGERFORD MARKET.
+
+           [Illustration: River Front of Hungerford Market.]
+
+An act was obtained in 1830, incorporating a company of proprietors for
+the re-establishment of _Hungerford Market_. The site of the old market
+has been purchased, together with the surrounding houses, those in
+Hungerford-street, and some few in the Strand, in order to ensure a
+proper frontage and secure a convenient access to that thoroughfare.
+Many of these buildings are pulled down. The architect of the New Market
+is Mr. C. Fowler. The front to the river is completed externally, and
+forms a very elegant structure, as represented in the above view. The
+basement of the centre next the river constitutes the Fish-Market. The
+wings are intended for taverns, connected by a colonnade with a terrace
+which occupies the entire front. From the Fish-Market the ascent is by a
+spacious flight of steps in the centre externally, and two staircases
+within, at the extremities of the portico, which is separated from the
+hall by a screen of arches. The hall, exclusive of the porticoes, is 157
+feet long by 123 feet wide, consisting of a nave and two aisles, besides
+ranges of shops against the side walls, with galleries over. These
+galleries are approached by four staircases at the extremities. The
+floor of the hall will be occupied by ranges of stands for casual
+business, with convenient avenues between them. The galleries will be
+appropriated for the sale of such articles as require a neat display,
+and will be disposed somewhat in the manner of a bazaar, with a range of
+counters, &c., and a walk in front. The roof of the nave, or centre
+compartment of the building, being raised above the other parts by a
+tier of open arches, ensures an ample supply of light and air; the roofs
+of the aisles are likewise open in the centre, in order still further to
+secure that important object. Underneath the whole of the hall is a
+range of arched cellars or vaults, having approaches in various
+directions. The upper court corresponds nearly with the lower court or
+Fish-Market, but at the level of a story above it. The colonnades are
+here combined with shops and dwellings for resident shopkeepers. The
+columns, stairs, pavement, and parts of the front of this important
+building are of granite.
+
+We subjoin the measurements of the different divisions of the Market.
+The width of the upper and lower areas is that of the uncovered space.
+That of the Great Hail is the total width:
+
+                                               Length.      Width.
+                                               feet.  in.   feet.
+
+ Upper Area                                    140    0       69
+ The Great Hall                                157    0      123
+ Lower Area                                    130    0       63
+ The two Colonnades connecting the divisions,
+   and leading to Gallery-Staircases,     each  11    6
+ Total width of building, river front                        126
+ Total length of building from River to
+   Hungerford-street                            475   6
+
+
+                         ---------------------
+
+
+ THE VILLAGE POOR-HOUSE. By a COUNTRY CURATE. Smith, Elder, & Co. 1832.
+
+This little volume claims our attention by the high poetical talent it
+displays. It professes, moreover, to describe the actual state of
+feeling amongst the poor, or the labouring body in England--that class
+of society to whose wants and improvement our humble labours are mainly
+directed.
+
+The author thus beautifully opens his subject:--
+
+                Our village has a pleasant look,
+                  A happy look as e’er was seen--
+                Right through the valley flows a brook
+                Which winds in many a flowery nook
+                  And freshens all the green.
+
+                On either side, so clear and white,
+                  A row of cottages you see--
+                And jessamine is clustered o’er
+                The humble trellis of each door,
+                  Then left to clamber free
+                And shake its blossoms far and wide
+                O’er all the white-wash’d cottage side.
+
+                  As dying evening sinks away,
+                  The old church tow’r, erect and grey,
+                  Catches far up the parting light
+                  And half grows holy to the sight.
+
+But from this description of the village itself the author passes to its
+inhabitants, and then would prove to us, that this external beauty is
+but a veil to cover what is in reality a more disgusting place than a
+charnel-house. For within the village, he says, there is nothing but
+tyranny and slavery,--pampered luxury on the part of the few, and the
+most abject poverty on the part of the many. There is not one family, he
+would show, in those happy circumstances, below wealth but above poverty
+and dependence--there is not a single industrious contented labourer.
+All here is misery--the most degrading, unrelieved suffering, and
+unrepented crime, among the poor; from the rich _few_, there is not to
+be drawn a single gleam of commiseration or charity to break the horrid
+gloom. Were all the plagues of Egypt busy at once on the devoted place,
+the village could not be so loathsome as it is here represented.
+
+We are fully prepared to admit the existence of evils among the
+labouring classes of this country, but we are sure that the state of
+things represented in this poem has no more foundation in truth than
+those poetical pictures of rural life which our author, justly enough,
+pronounces to be _only_ poetical.
+
+Has the “Country Curate” seen anything of the condition of the peasantry
+in other countries?--If not, let him ask those who have, and they will
+assure him that it is nearly every where inferior to that of the
+peasantry of England. We do not say this from any overweening national
+pride, or from any desire to make the people idly contented with their
+state as it is, and indifferent to future improvement. No! we would say
+to the peasantry, as to every other class, Keep your eyes ever open to
+your rights; strive to make what is indifferent--good, what is
+good--better; and persevere in that moral and intellectual improvement
+which can alone render you sensible of your rights, and fit you for
+their enjoyment! You are not now what you were a century or two ago,
+because you are better informed and more civilized than then; and a
+century hence your condition will be so much the better, as you will be
+more civilized than now. We would rescue the wealthier body from the
+insane jealousy and hatred which the verses of the “Country Curate” have
+a direct tendency to excite against them in the breasts of the poor; we
+would hint at the exertions now pretty generally made by that body to
+promote the welfare and instruction of the labouring classes, with which
+their own welfare is closely linked. But still we would not have the
+poor depend entirely on what the rich may bestow upon them, or assist
+them in obtaining. We would have the peasant or the artisan work out his
+own mental improvement, and then, most assuredly, will he find his moral
+dignity elevated and his comforts increased.
+
+
+                         ---------------------
+
+
+                         HEALTH AND LONGEVITY.
+
+ [The Effects of Arts, Trades, and Professions, and of Civil States and
+ Habits of Living, on Health and Longevity; By C. Turner Thackrah, Esq.
+                    Second Edition. Longman, 1832.]
+
+The author of this book is a medical practitioner at Leeds; and the
+object of his work, than which there can be none more important, is to
+exhibit, in most cases from personal observation, the influence of
+particular occupations on the health of the individuals pursuing them
+and on the duration of their lives. His general impression is, that the
+employments of large manufacturing towns, such as Leeds, Manchester,
+Birmingham, and Sheffield, are decidedly unfavourable to health and
+consequently to happiness; and, he says, with regard to the town in
+which he lives, “every day we see sacrificed to the artificial state of
+society one, and sometimes two victims, whom the destinies of nature
+would have spared.” Doubtless, continued and laborious occupation in
+crowded rooms is not favourable to health; but, on the other hand, it
+should be considered that these very employments, by increasing the
+comforts of the great mass of consumers, have a direct tendency to
+secure the general health of the community; and that if the term
+“destinies of nature” is to be taken to apply to man in an uncivilized
+state, it is perfectly certain that the artisan who pursues his calling
+under the most unfavourable circumstances is far better off in his
+physical condition, and therefore in his capacity for long life, than
+the poor dweller in the forests of America or the wilds of Africa, whose
+supply of food and clothing is wholly dependent upon chance, and who is
+entirely without medical aid in sickness. It is a well-known fact, that
+in this country, a century ago, the average mortality in a year was one
+in thirty; it is now about one in sixty; that is, where one person in a
+year dies now, two died a century ago, as compared with the gross amount
+of the population. When it is considered therefore, how large a number
+of our countrymen are employed in manufactures, it would seem that, upon
+the whole, manufacturing employments are not so unfavourable to health
+as might at first be imagined. An attentive examination of Mr.
+Thackrah’s book will show, that even in the most apparently unwholesome
+employments there is a wonderful compensation in the power of habit; and
+it is beyond all doubt that cleanliness, temperance, and that habitual
+cheerfulness which leads the spirit to triumph over the most adverse
+circumstances, will enable those who would appear necessarily the most
+unfortunate, to pass through life with comparative happiness and
+comfort. Still, it is very important to examine what occupations have
+the most unfavourable influence on health,--not with the view of making
+those who follow them dissatisfied with their condition, but for the
+purpose of suggesting every preventive and remedial measure, within the
+range of human knowledge, to the attention of the capitalist, whose
+first duty is to provide for the happiness of those around him; and
+above all to show the working-man himself how much he has it in his own
+power to mitigate the evils which he cannot altogether avoid. In this
+point of view Mr. Thackrah’s book deserves the most serious
+consideration of all classes. It is most satisfactory to know, upon Mr.
+Thackrah’s authority, that “in many of our occupations the injurious
+agents might be immediately removed or diminished.”
+
+For the convenience of his inquiry the writer before us divides society
+into five great classes, viz.--I. Operatives. II. Dealers. III. Master
+Manufacturers, and Merchants. IV. Men independent of business and
+labour. V. Professional Men.--The first section of operatives he
+sub-divides into--1, those whose employments are chiefly in the open
+air; 2, those whose employments are carried on in an atmosphere confined
+and impure; 3, those whose employments produce dust, odour, or gaseous
+exhalations; 4, those whose employments injure or annoy by acting on the
+skin; 5, those whose employments expose them to wet and steam; 6, those
+who are exposed to a high temperature, or great variations of
+temperature. When we state that in these six sub-divisions of the great
+class of operatives, Mr. Thackrah describes the peculiar effects of
+about two hundred different employments, it must be evident that we
+cannot attempt even to enumerate the occupations whose influence upon
+health is here noticed. To show, however, the interesting mode in which
+this inquiry is for the most part conducted, we subjoin an abridged
+extract, descriptive of the condition of the grinders and machine-makers
+of Sheffield:--
+
+
+“Dr. Knight, in the North-of-England Medical Journal, states that the
+fork-grinders, who use a _dry_ grindstone, die at the ages of 28 or 32,
+while the table-knife grinders, who work on _wet_ stones, survive to
+between 40 and 50. Dr. K.’s paper very properly alludes to the
+combination of injurious agents and circumstances. It is not, merely the
+pernicious employment, but the want of sieve and ventilation in the
+apartments where the men now work,--the want, moreover, of that exercise
+in the open air which they formerly took in going to work and returning
+from it; and finally, the intemperance which results from their
+congregation, and still more from their desperation of life. It appears,
+that in 1822, ‘out of 2,500 grinders, there were not 35 who had arrived
+at the age of 50, and perhaps not double that number who had reached the
+age of 45; and out of more than 80 fork-grinders, exclusive of boys, it
+was reported that there was not a single individual 36 years old.’ The
+symptoms of the grinders’ disease are those of slow but certainly fatal
+consumption. The remedies judiciously recommended by Dr. Knight, are,
+1st. Dusting the machinery, before the work commences: 2nd. Great
+reduction in the time of labour: 3rd. Use of wet stones as much as
+possible; 4th. Large flues to be laid on the floor for ventilation, and
+currents of air to be forced through them by the machines: 5th.
+Fork-grinding to be confined to criminals.
+
+“_Draw-filing cast iron_ is a very injurious occupation. The dust is
+much more abundant, and the metallic particles much more minute, than in
+the filing of _wrought_ iron. The particles rise so copiously as to
+blacken the mouth and nose. The men first feel the annoyance in the
+nostrils. The lining membrane discharges copiously for some time, and
+then becomes preternaturally dry. Besides the dust there are some very
+bright scales, called _kisk_, very visible though scarcely tangible,
+which rise from the castings, as these are taken out of the moulders’
+boxes, and considerably irritate the air-tube. But these scales produce
+much less frequent annoyance than the particles detached by the file,
+notwithstanding the dust of the employ. Respiration is not promptly
+impeded. Of ten men whom I examined with reference to this point, but
+one had difficulty of breathing as a _primary_ symptom. The subsequent
+symptoms are determined chiefly by intemperance, and the constitutional
+disposition to consumption. The machine-makers earn high wages, and many
+consequently are addicted to liquor. In all, the breathing becomes, in a
+few years, more affected by exertion; but in the intemperate it is most
+affected; the morning cough is attended with retchings, disorder of the
+liver and of the other organs of digestion becomes established, and at
+length pulmonary consumption closes the list of symptoms. Scarcely a
+filer can be found in health. Few bear the employ, even modified as it
+is by frequent changes of material, for twenty-five years. Only one
+instance have I been able to find of a working filer exceeding the age
+of fifty. What can be done to prevent this lamentable waste of life?
+Magnetic mouth-pieces, which attract the particles of iron inhaled in
+respiration, and thus greatly diminish the quantity which would enter
+the air-tube, were many years ago introduced in Sheffield, and ought ere
+this to have been more extensively tried. But there is a strange apathy
+both among the men and the masters.”
+
+
+If the working-classes, in the ordinary acceptation of the term, have
+abundant evils in their employments, those who would appear to be placed
+under happier circumstances are not exempt from those corroding cares
+and unnatural excitements which injure health, and destroy life, as
+speedily as crowded rooms and extreme heat or cold. Let us take Mr.
+Thackrah’s description of the class of shopkeepers:--
+
+
+“They are generally temperate in their diet. They injure health, not by
+direct attacks, not by the introduction of injurious agents, but by
+withholding the pabulum of life--a due supply of that pure fluid, which
+nature designed as food for the constitution. Be it remembered that man
+subsists upon the air, more than upon his meat and drink. Numerous
+instances might be adduced of persons existing for months and years on a
+very scanty supply of aliment, but it is notorious that no one can exist
+for an hour without a copious supply of air. The atmosphere which
+shopkeepers breathe is contaminated and adulterated; air, with its vital
+principles so diminished, that it cannot fully decarbonize the blood,
+nor fully excite the nervous system. Hence shopkeepers are pale,
+dyspeptic, and subject to affections of the head. They often drag on a
+sickly existence, die before the proper end of human life, and leave a
+progeny like themselves.”
+
+
+The merchant and manufacturer is probably not more fortunate, though he
+may appear to have a greater command of worldly comforts:--
+
+
+“Of the causes of disease, anxiety of mind is one of the most frequent
+and important. When we walk the streets of large commercial towns, we
+can scarcely fail to remark the hurried gait, and care-worn features of
+the well-dressed passengers. Some young men, indeed, we may see, with
+countenances possessing natural cheerfulness and colour; but these
+appearances rarely survive the age of manhood. Cuvier closes an eloquent
+description of animal existence and change, with the conclusion that
+‘life is a state of force.’ What he would urge in a physical view, we
+may more strongly urge in a moral. Civilization has changed our
+character of mind as well as of body. We live in a state of unnatural
+excitement:--unnatural, because it is partial, irregular, and excessive.
+Our muscles waste for _want_ of action; our nervous system is worn out
+by _excess_ of action. Vital energy is drawn from the operations for
+which nature designed it, and devoted to operations which nature never
+contemplated. If we cannot adopt the doctrine of a foreign philosopher,
+‘that a thinking man is a depraved animal,’ we may without hesitation
+affirm, ‘that inordinate application of mind, the cares, anxieties, and
+disappointments of commercial life, greatly impair the physical
+powers.’”
+
+
+Let us see if the _idle_ man of independent fortune is placed under more
+favourable circumstances for the enjoyment of existence:--
+
+
+“A man supplied with food and comforts, without labour and care, has
+constantly full opportunity of attending to health. But man is a social
+animal. The Creator has ordained that no individual shall live to
+himself, and live in happiness. A man without an object is like a tree
+without a leading shoot. He has not the vigour of his fellows; his
+strength is either dissipated in irregular pursuits, or decays from
+listlessness. In professions and trades the nervous system is often
+exhausted by excessive application; here, as frequently it declines from
+the want of exertion. Need I add, that the vices which result from the
+want of employment, undermine the constitution and shorten life.”
+
+
+Mr. Thackrah has stated, in many instances, the modes which he conceives
+applicable to the mitigation or removal of the evils of particular
+employments. It is, of course, not within our province to follow him in
+these details. But throughout his work he notices also those habits
+which are best calculated to preserve man in health in every situation.
+These best remedies, which are in a great degree within the reach of us
+all, may be comprised in the words _temperance_, _cleanliness_,
+_exercise in the open air_, and _cheerful relaxation_. It should be the
+aim of every working-man to employ these remedies for any evils of his
+occupation, as far as he can himself; it is the duty of every employer,
+as much as in him lies, so to regulate his periods of labour, that no
+artisan shall be unable, from want of time, to take his evening walk in
+the fresh fields, to cultivate his little garden, or to afford an hour
+to that improvement of his mind which will invigorate and refresh his
+body, by the cheapest and the purest of all pleasures.
+
+
+                         ---------------------
+
+
+              GEORGE THE FOURTH’S GATE, HYDE PARK CORNER.
+
+       [Illustration: Entrance to the Green Park, St. James’s.]
+
+This fine gate, which was completed about five years since, after a
+design by Mr. Decimus Burton, was originally intended for a private
+entrance to the New Palace. Within the last few months it has been
+devoted to a purpose of more general utility, the road from Constitution
+Hill having been turned so as to allow access through the gate to those
+carriages which have the privilege of passing through the park, and also
+to foot-passengers. A new lodge has recently been erected in James
+Street, opening to the road connecting Pimlico with Great George Street,
+Westminster; and this road is free to horsemen and private carriages
+without distinction.
+
+
+                         ---------------------
+
+
+                          THE LIVERPOOL DOCKS.
+
+We are enabled, after many experiments, to present our readers with a
+plan of the Liverpool Docks, executed by a new process--namely, by a
+union of lines cut upon wood, and of moveable type. The completion of
+our wishes, in this respect, will enable us to illustrate any subject of
+geography or topography, by maps and plans, executed with more precision
+than we could have attained by any other means. We subjoin to this plan
+a short account of these extraordinary public works, which the growing
+commerce of Liverpool has created:--
+
+The town of Liverpool was originally a small fishing-village, till Henry
+the Second, in 1172, first used its port as a station for the
+embarkation of troops to Ireland. This circumstance, with the gradually
+increasing commerce consequent on the connection ever since maintained
+between the two countries, and the excellence of its port, doubtlessly
+laid the foundation of its present magnitude and prosperity. Yet its
+growth for a long period was slow, and even at times seemed to
+retrograde. In 1571 the inhabitants of the “poor decayed town of
+Liverpool” petitioned Queen Elizabeth to be relieved from a subsidy
+imposed on them; and in 1630, while Bristol was assessed at 1,000_l._
+for ship-money by Charles I., Liverpool was rated at only 26_l._
+
+ [Illustration: Map of the Liverpool docks, showing the old docks and
+                        the planned new docks]
+
+The first great increase which took place in the importance of Liverpool
+appears to have been shortly after the commencement of the war with
+France in 1778, in the first year of which one hundred and twenty
+privateers, manned by eight thousand seven hundred and fifty seamen,
+issued from this port. Since that period its increase has been constant
+and wonderfully rapid. The population, which in 1801 was 77,653, in 1831
+amounted to 165,175. In the year ending June, 1830, the number of
+vessels, entered inwards and outwards, amounted to 11,214, of which the
+tonnage was 1,411,964, and the customs duties 3,123,758_l._ 8_s._ 10_d_.
+To provide facilities for this immense traffic great exertions have been
+made, and vast expense incurred, in the construction of docks and the
+erection of warehouses. The plan we have given shows their position; and
+the following account, extracted from Lewis’s Topographical Dictionary
+of England, a valuable work recently completed in four quarto volumes,
+affords such information as may render the plan perfectly
+intelligible:--
+
+
+For the security of the shipping in the port, and for the greater
+facility of loading and unloading merchandize, an immense range of docks
+and warehouses, extending nearly two miles along the eastern bank of the
+river (the Mersey), has been constructed on a scale of unparalleled
+magnificence, and forming one of those characteristics of commercial
+greatness in which this town is unrivalled. The docks are of three
+kinds, the wet docks, the dry docks, and the graving docks; the wet
+docks are chiefly for ships of great burden employed in the foreign
+trade, and which float in them at all states of the tide, the water
+being retained by gates; the dry docks, so called because they are left
+dry when the tide is out, are chiefly appropriated to coasting vessels;
+and the graving docks, which admit or exclude the water at pleasure, are
+adapted to the repair of ships, during which they are kept dry, and when
+completed are floated out by admitting the tide. The Old Dock, which was
+the first of the kind constructed in England, and for making which, an
+act of parliament was obtained in 1708, is not now in use, its site
+having been appropriated to the erection of a new custom-house, and
+other offices connected with the trade of the port. The Dry Dock, which
+is about to be converted into a wet dock, was constructed under the
+authority of an act passed in the 11th of George II., and is chiefly
+occupied by sloops from the north coast, which import corn, provisions,
+and slate, and convey back the produce of the West Indies, the
+Mediterranean, Portugal, and Baltic: it has a quay five hundred yards in
+length, and has communication with three graving docks; it has been
+considerably enlarged, and many of the buildings surrounding it have
+been taken down with the view of obtaining more quay room. The Salthouse
+Dock, so named from some salt-works formerly contiguous to it, was
+constructed about the same time as the Dry Dock; the upper part of it is
+chiefly for ships that are laid up, and the lower part for vessels in
+the Levant, Irish, and coasting trades; the quay is seven hundred and
+fifty-nine yards in extent, and is provided with convenient warehouses,
+with arcades for foot-passengers on the east side, and extensive sheds
+on the west side; between this dock and the river are some
+ship-builders’ yards, which the corporation intend to convert into docks
+for the craft employed in the inland trade. George’s Dock was
+constructed in the 2d of George III., at an expense of 21,000_l._; it
+was originally two hundred and forty-six yards in length, and one
+hundred yards in breadth, with a quay of seven hundred yards in extent;
+but it has been enlarged, and the quay is now one thousand and one yards
+in length: on the east side is a range of extensive warehouses, in front
+of which is an arcade for foot-passengers: and on the west side are
+sheds for protecting the merchandize from the weather: at the north and
+south ends of the dock are handsome cast-iron bridges; and a parade is
+continued westward for a considerable distance into the river: this dock
+has a communication with the two preceding docks, and also with the
+Prince’s Dock, by basins, which preclude the necessity of returning into
+the river. The King’s Dock, constructed in the 25th of George III., is
+two hundred and seventy yards in length, and ninety-six in breadth, and
+is appropriated to vessels from Virginia and other parts, laden with
+tobacco, which article is exclusively landed here: the new tobacco
+warehouses extend the whole length of the quay, on the west side, and
+are five hundred and seventy-five feet in length, and two hundred and
+thirty-nine in depth; the old warehouses on the opposite side, which
+were appropriated to that purpose, have been converted into sheds for
+the security of merchandize: ships from the Baltic, freighted with
+timber and naval stores, discharge their cargoes on the quay; across the
+entrance is a handsome swivel bridge of cast-iron: this dock has a
+communication on the south with a dry dock and two graving docks. The
+Queen’s Dock, constructed at the same time, is four hundred and seventy
+yards long, and two hundred and twenty-seven and a half in breadth, with
+a spacious quay, and is chiefly occupied by vessels freighted with
+timber, and by those employed in the Dutch and Baltic trades; at the
+south end it communicates with a basin of considerable extent, called
+the Brunswick Half-Tide Dock, which is also connected with the Brunswick
+Dry Basin. On the south of the half-tide dock, a new dock of larger
+dimensions than any of the preceding, for vessels laden with timber, is
+in progress, to be called the Brunswick Dock, with a basin to the south
+of it, and patent slips for the repairing of vessels, which will
+probably terminate the range of docks at the southern extremity. The
+Prince’s Dock, constructed under an act passed in the 51st of George
+III., was opened with great pomp on the day of the coronation of his
+late Majesty, George IV.; it is five hundred yards in length, and one
+hundred and six in breadth; at the north end is a spacious basin,
+belonging to it, and at the south end it communicates with the basin of
+George’s Dock. The quays are spacious, and there are sheds for the
+protection of goods from the weather: along the west side, near the
+river, is a beautiful marine parade, seven hundred and fifty yards long,
+and eleven wide, defended by a stone parapet wall, from which is a
+delightful view of the river and the shipping; at convenient intervals
+are three flights of steps leading down to the river, where boats are in
+constant attendance. To the north of the basin belonging to this dock,
+four spacious wet docks, and a large graving dock, which latter is to be
+fitted up with patent slips, are at present in a state of rapid
+progress; and, when completed, will probably terminate the range of
+docks on the north side of the town. The Duke’s Dock, between Salthouse
+and the King’s Dock, is a small dock belonging to the trustees of the
+late Duke of Bridgewater, for the use of his flats, with commodious
+warehouses. The several carriers by water have also convenient basins on
+the river, for the use of their barges, with quays for loading and
+unloading their goods; and the Mersey and Irwell navigation company have
+a small dock, called the Manchester Dock, for the flats employed in that
+extensive trade, and for the transport to this town of the productions
+of Cheshire, and the adjoining counties. The whole range of the docks,
+when the northern and southern additions are completed, will be two
+miles and eight hundred and twenty yards in length. Spacious as they are
+they are still considered inadequate to the increasing commerce of the
+port, and measures are in contemplation for their further extension. The
+sums expended in the formation of these docks amount to more than two
+millions sterling; for clearing them from the accumulation of silt
+brought in by the tide, a dredging-machine, worked by a steam-engine of
+ten-horse power, is in constant operation, by which fifty tons per hour
+are raised into barges, and deposited where it may be washed away by the
+current of the river.
+
+
+To this we are enabled to add, from an official paper, the following
+table, showing the area of water and the quantity of quay-space of these
+splendid docks:--
+
+                                      | Area of water in | Quay-Space in
+                                      | Square Yards.    | Lineal Yards.
+      DRY BASINS.                     |                  |
+                                      |                  |
+ Prince’s Basin                       |     20,909       |      509
+ Seacombe Basin                       |      1,805       |      188
+ George’s Basin                       |     16,372       |      455
+ George’s Ferry Basin                 |      1,344       |      160
+ Old Dock Gut                         |      7,737       |      447
+ Queen’s Basin                        |     24,391       |      601
+ Brunswick Basin                      |     23,622       |      572
+ South Ferry Basin                    |      2,927       |      205
+                                      |                  |
+      WET DOCKS.                      |                  |
+                                      |                  |
+ Prince’s Dock, with its two locks    |     57,129       |     1613
+ George’s Dock, with its two passages |     26,793½      |     1001
+ Dry Dock as altered                  |     19,095       |      500
+ Salthouse Dock, with its passage     |     23,025       |      759
+ King’s Dock, with its passage        |     37,776       |      875
+ Queen’s Dock, with its two passages  |     51,501½      |     1255
+ Half-tide Dock, with its passage     |     13,185½      |      497
+                                      |                  |
+      NEW NORTH WORKS.                |                  |
+                                      |                  |
+ No. 1 Dock, with No. 1 Lock, and     |                  |
+   half of passage                    |     30,764½      |     1012
+ No. 2 Dock, with Entrance-Lock,      |                  |
+   and half of two passages           |     29,085½      |      839
+ No. 3 Dock, with No. 2 Lock, and     |                  |
+   half of passage                    |     33,642½      |     1050
+ No. 4 Dock, with its Lock            |     29,313       |      914
+   Half-tide Basin                    |     17,605       |      586
+                                      |                  |
+     NEW SOUTH DOCKS.                 |                  |
+                                      |                  |
+ Brunswick Dock, with its passage     |     60,824       |     1092
+ Half-tide Basin                      |      9,245       |      483
+                                      |  ─────────       |    ──────
+
+This forms a total of dock-room of one hundred and eleven acres; and the
+quay-space extends to the length of eight miles, within a few yards. The
+whole length of the river-wall is two miles, eight hundred and twenty
+yards, exclusive of the openings.
+
+
+                         ---------------------
+
+
+                              FELIX NEFF.
+
+  [A Memoir of Felix Neff, Pastor of the High Alps. By William Stephen
+          Gilly, M.A., Prebendary of Durham. Rivington, 1832.]
+
+This is a volume which no one can read without improvement. It contains
+the history of a young Protestant clergyman, Felix Neff, who devoted his
+life to the duty of preaching the divine word to the scattered
+inhabitants of the dreary regions called “the High Alps” of
+France[1];--and who, in the discharge of this sacred trust, felt that he
+was advancing his principal object while he was improving the physical
+condition of these poor people, and leading them to the acquirement of
+_general_ knowledge. The difficulties which this wise and pious man
+encountered could only have been overcome by the most ardent zeal. The
+labours which he underwent, and the privations which he sustained,
+ruined his health, and consigned him prematurely to the grave. But his
+career, though short, was one of permanent usefulness to the
+mountaineers in whose service he perished: and he has left behind him a
+new example of how much one man may accomplish for the benefit of his
+fellow-creatures, who goes forward in a good work with singleness of
+purpose, regardless of any other reward but the approbation of his own
+conscience.
+
+Neff was not a man in whom book-learning constituted the only knowledge.
+He received a tolerable education from the pastor of the village near
+Geneva in which he was born; and the contemplative and devout qualities
+of his mind were called forth by the grand and beautiful scenery by
+which he was surrounded in his boyhood. But he had a strong love for
+what was practically useful, and he therefore learnt the trade of a
+nursery gardener; he had a stronger passion for romantic adventure, and
+he entered as a private soldier in the service of Geneva in 1815. At
+sixteen, when he was a gardener, he published a valuable little treatise
+on the culture of trees; and, within two years after he became a soldier
+at the age of seventeen, he was promoted to be serjeant of artillery, in
+consequence of his theoretical and practical knowledge of mathematics.
+His anxious desire, however, was to be a teacher of religion; and he at
+length quitted the army to devote himself to the studies which would be
+necessary previous to his ordination as a minister. He first assumed the
+functions of what is called a pastor-catechist; and was ultimately
+called to the vocation for which he was so anxious, by one of those
+independent congregations of England, whose ministers are received in
+the Protestant churches of France. Neff adopted the resolution to be
+ordained in London, for the satisfaction of some religious scruples.
+This ceremony took place in a chapel in the Poultry, in 1823; and within
+six months after he was appointed authorized pastor of the department of
+the High Alps. To form an estimate of the labours which such an
+appointment involved, it may be sufficient to mention that, in order to
+visit his various flocks, the pastor had to travel, from his fixed
+residence, twelve miles in a western direction, sixty in an eastern,
+twenty in a southern, and thirty-three in a northern; and that Neff
+steadily persevered, in all seasons, in passing on foot from one
+district to another, climbing mountains covered with snow, forcing a way
+through valleys choked up by the masses of rocks that were hurled down
+by the winter’s storm, partaking of the coarse fare and imperfect
+shelter of the peasant’s hut, and never allowing himself any repose or
+relaxation, because the ignorance of the poor people who were intrusted
+to his charge was so great, that nothing but incessant activity on his
+part could surmount its evils. Mr. Gilly has justly observed (speaking
+in his character of an English clergyman), “it is well that we should
+see how hard some of our brethren work, and how hard they live; and that
+we should discover, to our humiliation, that it is not always where
+there is the greatest company of preachers that the word takes deepest
+root.”
+
+The course of Neff’s life, and the affection which he inspired, will be
+better understood from the following extract:--
+
+
+“When his arrival was expected in certain hamlets, whose rotation to be
+visited was supposed to be coming round, it was beautiful to see the
+cottages send forth their inhabitants, to watch the coming of the
+beloved minister. ‘Come take your dinner with us.’--‘Let me prepare your
+supper.’--‘Permit me to give up my bed to you,’--were re-echoed from
+many a voice, and though there was nothing in the repast which denoted a
+feast-day, yet never was festival observed with greater rejoicing than
+by those whose rye-bread and pottage were shared with the pastor Neff.
+Sometimes, when the old people of one cabin were standing at their
+doors, and straining their eyes to catch the first view of their ‘guide
+to heaven,’ the youngsters of another were perched on the summit of a
+rock, and stealing a prospect which would afford them an earlier sight
+of him, and give them the opportunity of offering the first invitation.
+It was on these occasions that he obtained a perfect knowledge of the
+people, questioning them about such of their domestic concerns as he
+might be supposed to take an interest in, as well as about their
+spiritual condition, and finding where he could be useful both as a
+secular adviser and a religious counsellor. ‘Could all their children
+read? Did they understand what they read? Did they offer up morning and
+evening prayers? Had they any wants that he could relieve? Any doubts
+that he could remove? Any afflictions wherein he could be a comforter?’
+
+“It was thus that he was the father of his flock, and master of their
+affections and their opinions; and when the seniors asked for his
+blessing, and the children took hold of his hands or his knees, he felt
+all the fatigue of his long journeys pass away, and became recruited
+with new strength. But for the high and holy feelings which sustained
+him, it is impossible that he could have borne up against his numerous
+toils and exposures, even for the few months in which he thus put his
+constitution to the trial. Neither rugged paths, nor the inclement
+weather of these Alps, which would change suddenly from sunshine to
+rain, and from rain to sleet, and from sleet to snow; nor snow deep
+under foot, and obscuring the view when dangers lay thick on his road;
+nothing of this sort deterred him from setting out, with his staff in
+his hand, and his wallet on his back, when he imagined that his duty
+summoned him. I have been assured by those who have received him into
+their houses at such times, that he has come in chilly, wet, and
+fatigued; or exhausted by heat, and sudden transitions from excessive
+heat to piercing cold, and that after sitting down a few minutes his
+elastic spirits would seem to renovate his sinking frame, and he would
+enter into discourse with all the mental vigour of one who was neither
+weary nor languid.
+
+“When he was not resident at the presbytery, he was the guest of some
+peasant, who found him willing to live as he lived, and to make a scanty
+meal of soup-maigre, often without salt or bread, and to retire to rest
+in the same apartment, where a numerous family were crowded together,
+amidst all the inconveniences of a dirty and smoky hovel.”
+
+
+We have already stated that the benevolent pastor of the High Alps was
+intent upon improving the condition of his people as to physical
+comfort, at the same time that he proclaimed to them the hopes and
+consolations of religion. Let us see how he set about this work:--
+
+
+“His first attempt was to impart an idea of domestic convenience.
+Chimneys and windows to their hovels were luxuries to which few of them
+had aspired, till he showed them how easy it was to make a passage for
+the smoke, and admittance for the light and air. He next convinced them
+that warmth might be obtained more healthily than by pigging together
+for six or seven months in stables, from which the muck of the cattle
+was removed but once during the year. For their coarse and unwholesome
+food, he had, indeed, no substitute, because the sterility of the soil
+would produce no other; but he pointed out a mode of tillage, by which
+they increased the quantity: and in cases of illness, where they had no
+conception of applying the simplest remedies, he pointed out the comfort
+which a sick person may derive from light and warm soups and other
+soothing assistance. So ignorant were they of what was hurtful or
+beneficial in acute disorders, that wine and brandy were no unusual
+prescriptions in the height of a raging fever. Strange enough, and still
+more characteristic of savage life, the women, till Neff taught the men
+better manners, were treated with so much disregard, that they never sat
+at table with their husbands or brothers, but stood behind them, and
+received morsels from their hands with obeisance and profound
+reverence.”
+
+
+He taught the people of the valleys how to irrigate their lands, so as
+to increase the crop of grass, which is exceedingly small. He found the
+utmost difficulty in explaining to his hearers that the water might be
+made to rise and fall, and might be dammed up and distributed
+accordingly as it might be required for use. The labour and expense
+appeared to them insuperable difficulties. In spite of their prejudices
+he accomplished his object, working with the people as a common
+labourer, and applying his knowledge as an engineer for their exclusive
+advantage. By thus teaching them how to double their crops he saved them
+from some of their most severe privations. He taught them also how to
+cultivate the potato with advantage. But he did more even than this. He
+incited the people to build a schoolhouse in one of the districts where
+knowledge was most wanted: and that proper teachers might be spread
+throughout these regions so shut out from the ordinary means of
+education, he persuaded a number of young persons to assemble together,
+one or two from each community, during the most dreary of the winter
+months, when they could not labour in the fields, and during that time
+to work hard with him in the attainment of that knowledge which they
+were afterwards to spread amongst their uninstructed friends and
+neighbours. The perseverance of these young people was worthy of their
+zealous pastor. To accomplish this good work perfectly he obtained the
+assistance of a studious young friend, who was preparing himself for a
+great public school. Neff’s own account of his progress as a
+schoolmaster is so interesting that we are sure our readers will not
+complain of its length:--
+
+
+“The short space of time which we had before us, rendered every moment
+precious. We divided the day into three parts. The first was from
+sunrise to eleven o’clock, when we breakfasted. The second from noon to
+sunset, when we supped. The third from supper till ten or eleven o’clock
+at night, making in all fourteen or fifteen hours of study in the
+twenty-four. We devoted much of this time to lessons in reading, which
+the wretched manner in which they had been taught, their detestable
+accent, and strange tone of voice, rendered a most necessary, but
+tiresome duty. The grammar, too, of which not one of them had the least
+idea, occupied much of our time. People who have been brought up in
+towns can have no conception of the difficulty which mountaineers and
+rustics, whose ideas are confined to those objects only to which they
+have been familiarized, find in learning this branch of science. There
+is scarcely any way of conveying the meaning of it to them. All the
+usual terms and definitions, and the means which are commonly employed
+in schools, are utterly unintelligible here. But the curious and novel
+devices which must be employed have this advantage,--that they exercise
+their understanding, and help to form their judgment. Dictation was one
+of the methods to which I had recourse: without it they would have made
+no progress in grammar and orthography; but they wrote so miserably, and
+slowly, that this consumed a great portion of valuable time. Observing
+that they were ignorant of the signification of a great number of French
+words, of constant use and recurrence, I made a selection from the
+vocabulary, and I set them to write down in little copy-books words
+which were in most frequent use; but the explanations contained in the
+dictionary were not enough, and I was obliged to rack my brain for new
+and brief definitions which they could understand, and to make them
+transcribe these. Arithmetic was another branch of knowledge which
+required many a weary hour. Geography was considered a matter of
+recreation after dinner; and they pored over the maps with a feeling of
+delight and amusement, which was quite new to them. I also busied myself
+in giving them some notions of the sphere, and of the form and motion of
+the earth; of the seasons and the climates, and of the heavenly bodies.
+Everything of this sort was as perfectly novel to them, as it would have
+been to the islanders of Otaheite; and even the elementary books, which
+are usually put into the hands of children, were at first as
+unintelligible as the most abstruse treatises on mathematics. I was
+consequently forced to use the simplest and plainest modes of
+demonstration; but these amused and instructed them at the same time. A
+ball made of the box-tree, with a hole through it, and moving on an
+axle, and on which I had traced the principal circles; some large
+potatoes hollowed out; a candle, and sometimes the skulls of my
+scholars, served for the instruments by which I illustrated the
+movements of the heavenly bodies, and of the earth itself. Proceeding
+from one step to another, I pointed out the situation of different
+countries on the chart of the world, and in separate maps, and took
+pains to give some slight idea, as we went on, of the characteristics,
+religion, customs, and history of each nation. These details fixed
+topics of moment in their recollection. Up to this time I had been
+astonished by the little interest they took, Christian-minded as they
+were, in the subject of Christian missions; but, when they began to have
+some idea of geography, I discovered that their former ignorance of this
+science, and of the very existence of many foreign nations in distant
+quarters of the globe, was the cause of such indifference. But as soon
+as they began to learn who the people are who require to have the Gospel
+preached to them, and in what part of the globe they dwell, they felt
+the same concern for the circulation of the Gospel that other Christians
+entertained. These new acquirements, in fact, enlarged their spirit,
+made new creatures of them, and seemed to triple their very existence.
+
+“In the end, I advanced so far as to give some lectures in geometry, and
+this too produced a happy moral development.
+
+“Lessons in music formed part of our evening employment, and those
+being, like geography, a sort of amusement, they were regularly
+succeeded by grave and edifying reading, and by such reflections as I
+took care to suggest for their improvement.”
+
+
+The unremitting labours of Neff destroyed his health, and he was at
+length obliged to quit the inclement district in which he had
+accomplished so much good. He lingered for some time in a state of great
+debility, and died at Geneva on the 12th April, 1829.
+
+We cannot better conclude this brief and imperfect notice of a truly
+valuable and delightful book, than by the following observations of its
+author on the character of the admirable individual whose noble labours
+he has recommended to the imitation, not only of every Christian
+minister, but of every one, however humble, who feels a desire to
+advance his own real happiness and that of his fellow-creatures:--
+
+
+“It was his anxiety to build up the Christian on a foundation where self
+dependence, vain-glory, and imaginary merit were to have no place
+whatever; and yet every act of his ministry proved that he set a just
+value on knowledge and attainments. It was his labour of love to show,
+that whenever any addition is made to our stock of knowledge, we not
+only gain something in the way of enjoyment, but are laying up a store
+for the improvement of our moral and religious feelings, and of our
+general habits of industry. The spiritual advancement of his flock was
+the great end and object of all his toils; but no man ever took a warmer
+interest in the temporal comforts of those about him, and this he
+evinced by instructing them in the management of their fields and
+gardens, in the construction of their cottages, and in employing all his
+own acquirements in philosophy and science for the amelioration of their
+condition.... He so condescended to things of low estate, as to become a
+teacher of a, b, c, not only to ignorant infancy, but to the dull and
+unpliant capacities of adults. Beginning with the most tiresome
+rudiments, he proceeded upwards, leading on his scholars methodically,
+kindly, and patiently, until he had made them proficients in reading,
+writing, and arithmetic, and could lead them into the pleasanter paths
+of music, geography, history, and astronomy. His mind was too enlarged
+to fear that he should be teaching his peasant boys too much. It was his
+aim to show what a variety of enjoyments may be extracted out of
+knowledge, and that even the shepherd and the goatherd of the
+mountain-side will be all the happier and the better for every piece of
+solid information that he can acquire.”
+
+
+-----
+
+Footnote 1:
+
+  The High Alps were originally peopled by Christians who fled to these
+  sterile and gloomy mountains and valleys to escape persecution for
+  their religious opinions. They were a hiding-place for centuries.
+
+
+                         ---------------------
+
+
+                      STATUE OF MAJOR CARTWRIGHT.
+
+ [Illustration: A statue of a man, seated, in short trousers and a long
+                              coat or robe]
+
+A statue to the memory of Major Cartwright has lately been erected, by
+public subscription, in Burton Crescent, where the venerable reformer
+for many years resided. It is of bronze, and was executed by Mr. Clarke,
+late of Birmingham.
+
+
+                         ---------------------
+
+
+  ⁂ The Penny Magazine will, in most cases, be delivered _weekly_ in the
+    Towns of the United Kingdom, by Booksellers and Newsvenders, to whom
+    Subscribers should address their Orders. It cannot be sent by Post
+    as a Newspaper is, being unstamped. For the convenience of those,
+    who, residing in country places, cannot obtain the Publication at
+    _regular_ weekly intervals, the Numbers published during each Month
+    will be stitched together to form a _Monthly Part_. That this Part
+    may be sold at a convenient and uniform price, a MONTHLY SUPPLEMENT,
+    consisting chiefly of Notices of such _New Books_ as we think right
+    to give a place to in ‘the Library,’ will appear with the regular
+    Number on the last Saturday in the Month. The price of the Part,
+    whether consisting of five or of six Numbers, will be SIXPENCE; each
+    Part will be neatly and strongly done up, in a wrapper. Thus, the
+    _annual_ Expense of Twelve Parts will be Six Shillings, viz.:--
+
+                                            _s._ _d._
+                    52 Regular Numbers       4    4
+                    12 Supplements           1    0
+                    12 Wrappers              0    8
+                                             ──────
+                                             6    0
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+                LONDON:--CHARLES KNIGHT, PALL-MALL EAST.
+
+  _Shopkeepers and Hawkers may be supplied Wholesale by the following
+ Booksellers, of whom, also, any of the previous Numbers may be had:--_
+
+ _London_, GROOMBRIDGE, Panyer Alley.
+ _Bath_, SIMMS.
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+ _Hull_, STEPHENSON.
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+ _Liverpool_, WILLMER and SMITH.
+ _Manchester_, ROBINSON; and WEBB and SIMMS.
+ _Newcastle-upon-Tyne_, CHARNLEY.
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+ _Edinburgh_, OLIVER and BOYD.
+ _Glasgow_, ATKINSON and Co.
+
+               Printed by WILLIAM CLOWES, Stamford Street.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+                          Transcriber’s Notes
+
+
+This file uses _underscores_ to indicate italic text. New original cover
+art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain. Itemized
+changes from the original text:
+
+ • p. 170: Added closing bracket after subtitle of article “Health and
+   Longevity.”
+ • p. 171: Added hyphen between “of” and “England” in phrase “the
+   North-of-England Medical Journal.”
+ • p. 172: Added hyphen between “foot” and “passengers” in phrase “and
+   also to foot-passengers.”
+ • p. 173: Added comma after phrase “freighted with timber and naval
+   stores.”
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77005 ***
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+  <body>   
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77005 ***</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c1'>
+<div class='nf-center c000'>
+    <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_169'>169</span>Monthly Supplement of</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <h1 class='c001' title='The Penny Magazine, June 30 to July 31 , 1832'>THE PENNY MAGAZINE</h1>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c1'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><span class='small'>OF THE</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c1'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><span class='large'>Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="full">
+<div class="masthead">
+<div class="masthead-right"></div>
+<div class="masthead-left">21.]</div>
+<div class="masthead-centre"><span class='sc'>June 30 to July 31</span>, 1832</div>
+<hr class="full">
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c003'>HUNGERFORD MARKET.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class='illo-wide'>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<a href='images/hungerford-market-full.jpg'><img src='images/hungerford-market-inline.png' alt='' class='ig001'></a>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>[River Front of Hungerford Market.]</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>An act was obtained in 1830, incorporating a company
+of proprietors for the re-establishment of <i>Hungerford
+Market</i>. The site of the old market has been purchased,
+together with the surrounding houses, those in
+Hungerford-street, and some few in the Strand, in order
+to ensure a proper frontage and secure a convenient
+access to that thoroughfare. Many of these buildings
+are pulled down. The architect of the New Market
+is Mr. C. Fowler. The front to the river is completed
+externally, and forms a very elegant structure, as represented
+in the above view. The basement of the centre
+next the river constitutes the Fish-Market. The wings
+are intended for taverns, connected by a colonnade with
+a terrace which occupies the entire front. From the
+Fish-Market the ascent is by a spacious flight of steps
+in the centre externally, and two staircases within, at the
+extremities of the portico, which is separated from the
+hall by a screen of arches. The hall, exclusive of the
+porticoes, is 157 feet long by 123 feet wide, consisting
+of a nave and two aisles, besides ranges of shops against
+the side walls, with galleries over. These galleries are
+approached by four staircases at the extremities. The
+floor of the hall will be occupied by ranges of stands
+for casual business, with convenient avenues between
+them. The galleries will be appropriated for the sale
+of such articles as require a neat display, and will be
+disposed somewhat in the manner of a bazaar, with
+a range of counters, &#38;c., and a walk in front. The roof
+of the nave, or centre compartment of the building, being
+raised above the other parts by a tier of open arches,
+ensures an ample supply of light and air; the roofs of the
+aisles are likewise open in the centre, in order still further
+to secure that important object. Underneath the whole
+of the hall is a range of arched cellars or vaults, having
+approaches in various directions. The upper court corresponds
+nearly with the lower court or Fish-Market, but
+at the level of a story above it. The colonnades are here
+combined with shops and dwellings for resident shopkeepers.
+The columns, stairs, pavement, and parts of
+the front of this important building are of granite.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>We subjoin the measurements of the different divisions
+of the Market. The width of the upper and lower
+areas is that of the uncovered space. That of the Great
+Hail is the total width:</p>
+
+<div style="max-width:40em;margin:auto;">
+<table class='table0'>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c007' colspan='2'>Length.</td>
+    <td class='c008'>Width.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='small'>feet.</span></td>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='small'>in.</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><span class='small'>feet.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Upper Area</td>
+    <td class='c009'>140</td>
+    <td class='c009'>0</td>
+    <td class='c010'>69</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>The Great Hall</td>
+    <td class='c009'>157</td>
+    <td class='c009'>0</td>
+    <td class='c010'>123</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Lower Area</td>
+    <td class='c009'>130</td>
+    <td class='c009'>0</td>
+    <td class='c010'>63</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>The two Colonnades connecting the divisions, and leading to Gallery-Staircases, each</td>
+    <td class='c009'>11</td>
+    <td class='c009'>6</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Total width of building, river front</td>
+    <td class='c009'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c009'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>126</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Total length of building from River to Hungerford-street</td>
+    <td class='c009'>475</td>
+    <td class='c009'>6</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<div><span class='pageno' id='Page_170'>170</span></div>
+<div class='c011'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c003'><span class='sc'>The</span> VILLAGE POOR-HOUSE. By a <span class='sc'>Country Curate.</span> Smith, Elder, &#38; Co. 1832.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>This little volume claims our attention by the high
+poetical talent it displays. It professes, moreover, to
+describe the actual state of feeling amongst the poor,
+or the labouring body in England—that class of society
+to whose wants and improvement our humble labours
+are mainly directed.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The author thus beautifully opens his subject:—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>Our village has a pleasant look,</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>A happy look as e’er was seen—</div>
+      <div class='line'>Right through the valley flows a brook</div>
+      <div class='line'>Which winds in many a flowery nook</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>And freshens all the green.</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>On either side, so clear and white,</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>A row of cottages you see—</div>
+      <div class='line'>And jessamine is clustered o’er</div>
+      <div class='line'>The humble trellis of each door,</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>Then left to clamber free</div>
+      <div class='line'>And shake its blossoms far and wide</div>
+      <div class='line'>O’er all the white-wash’d cottage side.</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line in2'>As dying evening sinks away,</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>The old church tow’r, erect and grey,</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>Catches far up the parting light</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>And half grows holy to the sight.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'>But from this description of the village itself the
+author passes to its inhabitants, and then would prove
+to us, that this external beauty is but a veil to cover
+what is in reality a more disgusting place than a charnel-house.
+For within the village, he says, there is
+nothing but tyranny and slavery,—pampered luxury on
+the part of the few, and the most abject poverty on the
+part of the many. There is not one family, he would
+show, in those happy circumstances, below wealth but
+above poverty and dependence—there is not a single
+industrious contented labourer. All here is misery—the
+most degrading, unrelieved suffering, and unrepented
+crime, among the poor; from the rich <em>few</em>, there is not
+to be drawn a single gleam of commiseration or charity
+to break the horrid gloom. Were all the plagues of
+Egypt busy at once on the devoted place, the village
+could not be so loathsome as it is here represented.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>We are fully prepared to admit the existence of evils
+among the labouring classes of this country, but we are
+sure that the state of things represented in this poem
+has no more foundation in truth than those poetical
+pictures of rural life which our author, justly enough,
+pronounces to be <em>only</em> poetical.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Has the “Country Curate” seen anything of the
+condition of the peasantry in other countries?—If not,
+let him ask those who have, and they will assure him
+that it is nearly every where inferior to that of the peasantry
+of England. We do not say this from any
+overweening national pride, or from any desire to make
+the people idly contented with their state as it is, and
+indifferent to future improvement. No! we would say
+to the peasantry, as to every other class, Keep your eyes
+ever open to your rights; strive to make what is indifferent—good,
+what is good—better; and persevere
+in that moral and intellectual improvement which can
+alone render you sensible of your rights, and fit you for
+their enjoyment! You are not now what you were a
+century or two ago, because you are better informed and
+more civilized than then; and a century hence your condition
+will be so much the better, as you will be more
+civilized than now. We would rescue the wealthier
+body from the insane jealousy and hatred which the
+verses of the “Country Curate” have a direct tendency
+to excite against them in the breasts of the poor; we
+would hint at the exertions now pretty generally made
+by that body to promote the welfare and instruction of
+the labouring classes, with which their own welfare is
+closely linked. But still we would not have the poor
+depend entirely on what the rich may bestow upon them,
+or assist them in obtaining. We would have the peasant
+or the artisan work out his own mental improvement,
+and then, most assuredly, will he find his moral dignity
+elevated and his comforts increased.</p>
+
+<div class='c011'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c003'>HEALTH AND LONGEVITY.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class='subtitle'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c011'>
+    <div>[The Effects of Arts, Trades, and Professions, and of Civil States and Habits of Living, on Health and Longevity; By C. Turner Thackrah, Esq. <a id='tn-longevity'></a>Second Edition. Longman, 1832.]</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'>The author of this book is a medical practitioner at
+Leeds; and the object of his work, than which there can
+be none more important, is to exhibit, in most cases
+from personal observation, the influence of particular
+occupations on the health of the individuals pursuing
+them and on the duration of their lives. His general
+impression is, that the employments of large manufacturing
+towns, such as Leeds, Manchester, Birmingham,
+and Sheffield, are decidedly unfavourable to health and
+consequently to happiness; and, he says, with regard to
+the town in which he lives, “every day we see sacrificed
+to the artificial state of society one, and sometimes
+two victims, whom the destinies of nature would have
+spared.” Doubtless, continued and laborious occupation
+in crowded rooms is not favourable to health; but,
+on the other hand, it should be considered that these
+very employments, by increasing the comforts of the
+great mass of consumers, have a direct tendency to
+secure the general health of the community; and that
+if the term “destinies of nature” is to be taken to
+apply to man in an uncivilized state, it is perfectly certain
+that the artisan who pursues his calling under the
+most unfavourable circumstances is far better off in his
+physical condition, and therefore in his capacity for
+long life, than the poor dweller in the forests of America
+or the wilds of Africa, whose supply of food and clothing
+is wholly dependent upon chance, and who is entirely
+without medical aid in sickness. It is a well-known
+fact, that in this country, a century ago, the
+average mortality in a year was one in thirty; it is now
+about one in sixty; that is, where one person in a year
+dies now, two died a century ago, as compared with the
+gross amount of the population. When it is considered
+therefore, how large a number of our countrymen are
+employed in manufactures, it would seem that, upon the
+whole, manufacturing employments are not so unfavourable
+to health as might at first be imagined. An attentive
+examination of Mr. Thackrah’s book will show,
+that even in the most apparently unwholesome employments
+there is a wonderful compensation in the
+power of habit; and it is beyond all doubt that cleanliness,
+temperance, and that habitual cheerfulness which
+leads the spirit to triumph over the most adverse circumstances,
+will enable those who would appear necessarily
+the most unfortunate, to pass through life with comparative
+happiness and comfort. Still, it is very important
+to examine what occupations have the most unfavourable
+influence on health,—not with the view of making
+those who follow them dissatisfied with their condition,
+but for the purpose of suggesting every preventive
+and remedial measure, within the range of human knowledge,
+to the attention of the capitalist, whose first duty
+is to provide for the happiness of those around him;
+and above all to show the working-man himself how
+much he has it in his own power to mitigate the evils
+which he cannot altogether avoid. In this point of view
+Mr. Thackrah’s book deserves the most serious consideration
+of all classes. It is most satisfactory to know,
+upon Mr. Thackrah’s authority, that “in many of our
+occupations the injurious agents might be immediately
+removed or diminished.”</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>For the convenience of his inquiry the writer before
+us divides society into five great classes, viz.—I. Operatives.
+II. Dealers. III. Master Manufacturers,
+and Merchants. IV. Men independent of business and
+labour. V. Professional Men.—The first section of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_171'>171</span>operatives he sub-divides into—1, those whose employments
+are chiefly in the open air; 2, those whose
+employments are carried on in an atmosphere confined
+and impure; 3, those whose employments produce dust,
+odour, or gaseous exhalations; 4, those whose employments
+injure or annoy by acting on the skin; 5, those
+whose employments expose them to wet and steam;
+6, those who are exposed to a high temperature, or great
+variations of temperature. When we state that in these
+six sub-divisions of the great class of operatives, Mr.
+Thackrah describes the peculiar effects of about two
+hundred different employments, it must be evident that
+we cannot attempt even to enumerate the occupations
+whose influence upon health is here noticed. To show,
+however, the interesting mode in which this inquiry is
+for the most part conducted, we subjoin an abridged
+extract, descriptive of the condition of the grinders and
+machine-makers of Sheffield:—</p>
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<p class='c004'>“Dr. Knight, in <a id='tn-northofengland'></a>the North-of-England Medical Journal,
+states that the fork-grinders, who use a <em>dry</em> grindstone, die
+at the ages of 28 or 32, while the table-knife grinders, who
+work on <em>wet</em> stones, survive to between 40 and 50. Dr. K.’s
+paper very properly alludes to the combination of injurious
+agents and circumstances. It is not, merely the pernicious
+employment, but the want of sieve and ventilation in the
+apartments where the men now work,—the want, moreover,
+of that exercise in the open air which they formerly took in
+going to work and returning from it; and finally, the intemperance
+which results from their congregation, and still
+more from their desperation of life. It appears, that in 1822,
+‘out of 2,500 grinders, there were not 35 who had arrived
+at the age of 50, and perhaps not double that number who
+had reached the age of 45; and out of more than 80 fork-grinders,
+exclusive of boys, it was reported that there was
+not a single individual 36 years old.’ The symptoms of the
+grinders’ disease are those of slow but certainly fatal consumption.
+The remedies judiciously recommended by Dr.
+Knight, are, 1st. Dusting the machinery, before the work
+commences: 2nd. Great reduction in the time of labour:
+3rd. Use of wet stones as much as possible; 4th. Large
+flues to be laid on the floor for ventilation, and currents of
+air to be forced through them by the machines: 5th. Fork-grinding
+to be confined to criminals.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>“<em>Draw-filing cast iron</em> is a very injurious occupation.
+The dust is much more abundant, and the metallic particles
+much more minute, than in the filing of <em>wrought</em> iron. The
+particles rise so copiously as to blacken the mouth and
+nose. The men first feel the annoyance in the nostrils.
+The lining membrane discharges copiously for some time,
+and then becomes preternaturally dry. Besides the dust
+there are some very bright scales, called <i>kisk</i>, very visible
+though scarcely tangible, which rise from the castings, as
+these are taken out of the moulders’ boxes, and considerably
+irritate the air-tube. But these scales produce much less
+frequent annoyance than the particles detached by the file,
+notwithstanding the dust of the employ. Respiration is not
+promptly impeded. Of ten men whom I examined with
+reference to this point, but one had difficulty of breathing
+as a <em>primary</em> symptom. The subsequent symptoms are
+determined chiefly by intemperance, and the constitutional
+disposition to consumption. The machine-makers earn high
+wages, and many consequently are addicted to liquor. In
+all, the breathing becomes, in a few years, more affected
+by exertion; but in the intemperate it is most affected;
+the morning cough is attended with retchings, disorder of
+the liver and of the other organs of digestion becomes
+established, and at length pulmonary consumption closes
+the list of symptoms. Scarcely a filer can be found in
+health. Few bear the employ, even modified as it is by
+frequent changes of material, for twenty-five years. Only
+one instance have I been able to find of a working filer
+exceeding the age of fifty. What can be done to prevent
+this lamentable waste of life? Magnetic mouth-pieces,
+which attract the particles of iron inhaled in respiration,
+and thus greatly diminish the quantity which would enter
+the air-tube, were many years ago introduced in Sheffield,
+and ought ere this to have been more extensively tried.
+But there is a strange apathy both among the men and the
+masters.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>If the working-classes, in the ordinary acceptation of
+the term, have abundant evils in their employments,
+those who would appear to be placed under happier
+circumstances are not exempt from those corroding cares
+and unnatural excitements which injure health, and destroy
+life, as speedily as crowded rooms and extreme
+heat or cold. Let us take Mr. Thackrah’s description
+of the class of shopkeepers:—</p>
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<p class='c004'>“They are generally temperate in their diet. They injure
+health, not by direct attacks, not by the introduction
+of injurious agents, but by withholding the pabulum of life—a
+due supply of that pure fluid, which nature designed as
+food for the constitution. Be it remembered that man subsists
+upon the air, more than upon his meat and drink.
+Numerous instances might be adduced of persons existing
+for months and years on a very scanty supply of aliment,
+but it is notorious that no one can exist for an hour without
+a copious supply of air. The atmosphere which shopkeepers
+breathe is contaminated and adulterated; air, with its vital
+principles so diminished, that it cannot fully decarbonize
+the blood, nor fully excite the nervous system. Hence shopkeepers
+are pale, dyspeptic, and subject to affections of the
+head. They often drag on a sickly existence, die before the
+proper end of human life, and leave a progeny like themselves.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>The merchant and manufacturer is probably not more
+fortunate, though he may appear to have a greater command
+of worldly comforts:—</p>
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<p class='c004'>“Of the causes of disease, anxiety of mind is one of the
+most frequent and important. When we walk the streets
+of large commercial towns, we can scarcely fail to remark
+the hurried gait, and care-worn features of the well-dressed
+passengers. Some young men, indeed, we may see, with
+countenances possessing natural cheerfulness and colour;
+but these appearances rarely survive the age of manhood.
+Cuvier closes an eloquent description of animal existence
+and change, with the conclusion that ‘life is a state of
+force.’ What he would urge in a physical view, we may
+more strongly urge in a moral. Civilization has changed
+our character of mind as well as of body. We live in a state
+of unnatural excitement:—unnatural, because it is partial,
+irregular, and excessive. Our muscles waste for <em>want</em> of
+action; our nervous system is worn out by <em>excess</em> of action.
+Vital energy is drawn from the operations for which nature
+designed it, and devoted to operations which nature never
+contemplated. If we cannot adopt the doctrine of a foreign
+philosopher, ‘that a thinking man is a depraved animal,’ we
+may without hesitation affirm, ‘that inordinate application
+of mind, the cares, anxieties, and disappointments of commercial
+life, greatly impair the physical powers.’”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>Let us see if the <em>idle</em> man of independent fortune is
+placed under more favourable circumstances for the enjoyment
+of existence:—</p>
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<p class='c004'>“A man supplied with food and comforts, without labour
+and care, has constantly full opportunity of attending to
+health. But man is a social animal. The Creator has ordained
+that no individual shall live to himself, and live in
+happiness. A man without an object is like a tree without
+a leading shoot. He has not the vigour of his fellows; his
+strength is either dissipated in irregular pursuits, or decays
+from listlessness. In professions and trades the nervous
+system is often exhausted by excessive application; here, as
+frequently it declines from the want of exertion. Need I
+add, that the vices which result from the want of employment,
+undermine the constitution and shorten life.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>Mr. Thackrah has stated, in many instances, the
+modes which he conceives applicable to the mitigation
+or removal of the evils of particular employments. It
+is, of course, not within our province to follow him in
+these details. But throughout his work he notices also
+those habits which are best calculated to preserve man
+in health in every situation. These best remedies, which
+are in a great degree within the reach of us all, may be
+comprised in the words <i>temperance</i>, <i>cleanliness</i>, <i>exercise
+in the open air</i>, and <i>cheerful relaxation</i>. It should be
+the aim of every working-man to employ these remedies
+for any evils of his occupation, as far as he can
+himself; it is the duty of every employer, as much as
+in him lies, so to regulate his periods of labour, that no
+artisan shall be unable, from want of time, to take his
+evening walk in the fresh fields, to cultivate his little
+garden, or to afford an hour to that improvement of his
+mind which will invigorate and refresh his body, by the
+cheapest and the purest of all pleasures.</p>
+
+<div><span class='pageno' id='Page_172'>172</span></div>
+<div class='c011'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c003'>GEORGE THE FOURTH’S GATE, HYDE PARK CORNER.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class='illo-wide'>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<a href='images/george-gate-full.jpg'><img src='images/george-gate-inline.png' alt='' class='ig001'></a>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>[Entrance to the Green Park, St. James’s.]</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>This fine gate, which was completed about five years
+since, after a design by Mr. Decimus Burton, was originally
+intended for a private entrance to the New
+Palace. Within the last few months it has been devoted
+to a purpose of more general utility, the road from Constitution
+Hill having been turned so as to allow access
+through the gate to those carriages which have the privilege
+of passing through the park, <a id='tn-footpassengers'></a>and also to foot-passengers.
+A new lodge has recently been erected in
+James Street, opening to the road connecting Pimlico
+with Great George Street, Westminster; and this road
+is free to horsemen and private carriages without distinction.</p>
+
+<div class='c011'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c003'>THE LIVERPOOL DOCKS.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>We are enabled, after many experiments, to present our
+readers with a plan of the Liverpool Docks, executed by
+a new process—namely, by a union of lines cut upon
+wood, and of moveable type. The completion of our
+wishes, in this respect, will enable us to illustrate any
+subject of geography or topography, by maps and plans,
+executed with more precision than we could have attained
+by any other means. We subjoin to this plan a
+short account of these extraordinary public works, which
+the growing commerce of Liverpool has created:—</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The town of Liverpool was originally a small fishing-village,
+till Henry the Second, in 1172, first used its
+port as a station for the embarkation of troops to Ireland.
+This circumstance, with the gradually increasing commerce
+consequent on the connection ever since maintained
+between the two countries, and the excellence of
+its port, doubtlessly laid the foundation of its present
+magnitude and prosperity. Yet its growth for a long
+period was slow, and even at times seemed to retrograde.
+In 1571 the inhabitants of the “poor decayed town of
+Liverpool” petitioned Queen Elizabeth to be relieved
+from a subsidy imposed on them; and in 1630, while
+Bristol was assessed at 1,000<i>l.</i> for ship-money by
+Charles I., Liverpool was rated at only 26<i>l.</i></p>
+
+<div class='illo-left'>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<a href='images/the-liverpool-docks-full.jpg'><img src='images/the-liverpool-docks-inline.png' alt='Map' class='ig001'></a>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'>The first great increase which took place in the importance
+of Liverpool appears to have been shortly after
+the commencement of the war with France in 1778, in
+the first year of which one hundred and twenty privateers,
+manned by eight thousand seven hundred and
+fifty seamen, issued from this port. Since that period
+its increase has been constant and wonderfully rapid.
+The population, which in 1801 was 77,653, in 1831
+amounted to 165,175. In the year ending June, 1830,
+the number of vessels, entered inwards and outwards,
+amounted to 11,214, of which the tonnage was
+1,411,964, and the customs duties 3,123,758<i>l.</i> 8<i>s.</i> 10<i>d</i>.
+To provide facilities for this immense traffic great exertions
+have been made, and vast expense incurred, in
+the construction of docks and the erection of warehouses.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_173'>173</span>The plan we have given shows their position; and the
+following account, extracted from Lewis’s Topographical
+Dictionary of England, a valuable work recently completed
+in four quarto volumes, affords such information
+as may render the plan perfectly intelligible:—</p>
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<p class='c004'>For the security of the shipping in the port, and for the
+greater facility of loading and unloading merchandize, an
+immense range of docks and warehouses, extending nearly
+two miles along the eastern bank of the river (the Mersey),
+has been constructed on a scale of unparalleled magnificence,
+and forming one of those characteristics of commercial
+greatness in which this town is unrivalled. The docks
+are of three kinds, the wet docks, the dry docks, and the
+graving docks; the wet docks are chiefly for ships of great
+burden employed in the foreign trade, and which float in
+them at all states of the tide, the water being retained by
+gates; the dry docks, so called because they are left dry
+when the tide is out, are chiefly appropriated to coasting
+vessels; and the graving docks, which admit or exclude the
+water at pleasure, are adapted to the repair of ships, during
+which they are kept dry, and when completed are floated
+out by admitting the tide. The Old Dock, which was the first
+of the kind constructed in England, and for making which,
+an act of parliament was obtained in 1708, is not now in use,
+its site having been appropriated to the erection of a new
+custom-house, and other offices connected with the trade of
+the port. The Dry Dock, which is about to be converted into
+a wet dock, was constructed under the authority of an act
+passed in the 11th of George II., and is chiefly occupied by
+sloops from the north coast, which import corn, provisions,
+and slate, and convey back the produce of the West Indies,
+the Mediterranean, Portugal, and Baltic: it has a quay five
+hundred yards in length, and has communication with three
+graving docks; it has been considerably enlarged, and many
+of the buildings surrounding it have been taken down with
+the view of obtaining more quay room. The Salthouse
+Dock, so named from some salt-works formerly contiguous
+to it, was constructed about the same time as the Dry Dock;
+the upper part of it is chiefly for ships that are laid up, and
+the lower part for vessels in the Levant, Irish, and coasting
+trades; the quay is seven hundred and fifty-nine yards in
+extent, and is provided with convenient warehouses, with
+arcades for foot-passengers on the east side, and extensive
+sheds on the west side; between this dock and the river are
+some ship-builders’ yards, which the corporation intend to
+convert into docks for the craft employed in the inland trade.
+George’s Dock was constructed in the 2d of George III., at
+an expense of 21,000<i>l.</i>; it was originally two hundred and
+forty-six yards in length, and one hundred yards in breadth,
+with a quay of seven hundred yards in extent; but it has
+been enlarged, and the quay is now one thousand and one
+yards in length: on the east side is a range of extensive
+warehouses, in front of which is an arcade for foot-passengers:
+and on the west side are sheds for protecting the
+merchandize from the weather: at the north and south ends
+of the dock are handsome cast-iron bridges; and a parade
+is continued westward for a considerable distance into the
+river: this dock has a communication with the two preceding
+docks, and also with the Prince’s Dock, by basins,
+which preclude the necessity of returning into the river.
+The King’s Dock, constructed in the 25th of George III., is
+two hundred and seventy yards in length, and ninety-six in
+breadth, and is appropriated to vessels from Virginia and
+other parts, laden with tobacco, which article is exclusively
+landed here: the new tobacco warehouses extend the whole
+length of the quay, on the west side, and are five hundred
+and seventy-five feet in length, and two hundred and thirty-nine
+in depth; the old warehouses on the opposite side,
+which were appropriated to that purpose, have been converted
+into sheds for the security of merchandize: ships
+from the Baltic, <a id='tn-timberstores'></a>freighted with timber and naval stores,
+discharge their cargoes on the quay; across the entrance
+is a handsome swivel bridge of cast-iron: this dock has
+a communication on the south with a dry dock and two
+graving docks. The Queen’s Dock, constructed at the
+same time, is four hundred and seventy yards long, and two
+hundred and twenty-seven and a half in breadth, with a
+spacious quay, and is chiefly occupied by vessels freighted
+with timber, and by those employed in the Dutch and Baltic
+trades; at the south end it communicates with a basin of
+considerable extent, called the Brunswick Half-Tide Dock,
+which is also connected with the Brunswick Dry Basin. On
+the south of the half-tide dock, a new dock of larger dimensions
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_174'>174</span>than any of the preceding, for vessels laden with timber,
+is in progress, to be called the Brunswick Dock, with a
+basin to the south of it, and patent slips for the repairing of
+vessels, which will probably terminate the range of docks at
+the southern extremity. The Prince’s Dock, constructed
+under an act passed in the 51st of George III., was opened
+with great pomp on the day of the coronation of his late
+Majesty, George IV.; it is five hundred yards in length,
+and one hundred and six in breadth; at the north end is a
+spacious basin, belonging to it, and at the south end it communicates
+with the basin of George’s Dock. The quays are
+spacious, and there are sheds for the protection of goods
+from the weather: along the west side, near the river, is a
+beautiful marine parade, seven hundred and fifty yards
+long, and eleven wide, defended by a stone parapet wall,
+from which is a delightful view of the river and the shipping;
+at convenient intervals are three flights of steps
+leading down to the river, where boats are in constant
+attendance. To the north of the basin belonging to this
+dock, four spacious wet docks, and a large graving dock,
+which latter is to be fitted up with patent slips, are at present
+in a state of rapid progress; and, when completed, will
+probably terminate the range of docks on the north side
+of the town. The Duke’s Dock, between Salthouse and the
+King’s Dock, is a small dock belonging to the trustees of
+the late Duke of Bridgewater, for the use of his flats, with
+commodious warehouses. The several carriers by water
+have also convenient basins on the river, for the use of
+their barges, with quays for loading and unloading their
+goods; and the Mersey and Irwell navigation company have
+a small dock, called the Manchester Dock, for the flats
+employed in that extensive trade, and for the transport to
+this town of the productions of Cheshire, and the adjoining
+counties. The whole range of the docks, when the northern
+and southern additions are completed, will be two miles and
+eight hundred and twenty yards in length. Spacious as
+they are they are still considered inadequate to the increasing
+commerce of the port, and measures are in contemplation
+for their further extension. The sums expended
+in the formation of these docks amount to more than two
+millions sterling; for clearing them from the accumulation
+of silt brought in by the tide, a dredging-machine, worked
+by a steam-engine of ten-horse power, is in constant operation,
+by which fifty tons per hour are raised into barges,
+and deposited where it may be washed away by the current
+of the river.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>To this we are enabled to add, from an official paper,
+the following table, showing the area of water and the
+quantity of quay-space of these splendid docks:—</p>
+
+<div style="max-width:40em;margin:auto;">
+<table class='table1'>
+<colgroup>
+<col class='colwidth49'>
+<col class='colwidth26'>
+<col class='colwidth23'>
+</colgroup>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c007'><span class='xsmall'>Area of water in Square Yards.</span></td>
+    <td class='c008'><span class='xsmall'>Quay-Space in Lineal Yards.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c009'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c007'><span class='sc'>Dry Basins</span>.</td>
+    <td class='c009'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c009'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Prince’s Basin</td>
+    <td class='c009'>20,909</td>
+    <td class='c010'>509</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Seacombe Basin</td>
+    <td class='c009'>1,805</td>
+    <td class='c010'>188</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>George’s Basin</td>
+    <td class='c009'>16,372</td>
+    <td class='c010'>455</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>George’s Ferry Basin</td>
+    <td class='c009'>1,344</td>
+    <td class='c010'>160</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Old Dock Gut</td>
+    <td class='c009'>7,737</td>
+    <td class='c010'>447</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Queen’s Basin</td>
+    <td class='c009'>24,391</td>
+    <td class='c010'>601</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Brunswick Basin</td>
+    <td class='c009'>23,622</td>
+    <td class='c010'>572</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>South Ferry Basin</td>
+    <td class='c009'>2,927</td>
+    <td class='c010'>205</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c009'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c007'><span class='sc'>Wet Docks</span>.</td>
+    <td class='c009'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c009'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Prince’s Dock, with its two locks</td>
+    <td class='c009'>57,129</td>
+    <td class='c010'>1613</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>George’s Dock, with its two passages</td>
+    <td class='c009'>26,793½</td>
+    <td class='c010'>1001</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Dry Dock as altered</td>
+    <td class='c009'>19,095</td>
+    <td class='c010'>500</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Salthouse Dock, with its passage</td>
+    <td class='c009'>23,025</td>
+    <td class='c010'>759</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>King’s Dock, with its passage</td>
+    <td class='c009'>37,776</td>
+    <td class='c010'>875</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Queen’s Dock, with its two passages</td>
+    <td class='c009'>51,501½</td>
+    <td class='c010'>1255</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Half-tide Dock, with its passage</td>
+    <td class='c009'>13,185½</td>
+    <td class='c010'>497</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c009'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'><span class='sc'>New North Works</span>.</td>
+    <td class='c009'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c009'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>No. 1 Dock, with No. 1 Lock, and half of passage</td>
+    <td class='c009'>30,764½</td>
+    <td class='c010'>1012</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>No. 2 Dock, with Entrance-Lock, and half of two passages</td>
+    <td class='c009'>29,085½</td>
+    <td class='c010'>839</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>No. 3 Dock, with No. 2 Lock, and half of passage</td>
+    <td class='c009'>33,642½</td>
+    <td class='c010'>1050</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>No. 4 Dock, with its Lock</td>
+    <td class='c009'>29,313</td>
+    <td class='c010'>914</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Half-tide Basin</td>
+    <td class='c009'>17,605</td>
+    <td class='c010'>586</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c009'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c007'><span class='sc'>New South Docks</span>.</td>
+    <td class='c009'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c009'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Brunswick Dock, with its passage</td>
+    <td class='c009'>60,824</td>
+    <td class='c010'>1092</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>Half-tide Basin</td>
+    <td class='c009'>9,245</td>
+    <td class='c010'>483</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'>This forms a total of dock-room of one hundred and
+eleven acres; and the quay-space extends to the length
+of eight miles, within a few yards. The whole length of
+the river-wall is two miles, eight hundred and twenty
+yards, exclusive of the openings.</p>
+
+<div class='c011'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c003'>FELIX NEFF.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class='subtitle'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c011'>
+    <div>[A Memoir of Felix Neff, Pastor of the High Alps. By William Stephen Gilly, M.A., Prebendary of Durham. Rivington, 1832.]</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'>This is a volume which no one can read without improvement.
+It contains the history of a young Protestant
+clergyman, Felix Neff, who devoted his life to
+the duty of preaching the divine word to the scattered
+inhabitants of the dreary regions called “the High Alps”
+of France<a id='r1'></a><a href='#f1' class='c012'><sup>[1]</sup></a>;—and who, in the discharge of this sacred
+trust, felt that he was advancing his principal object
+while he was improving the physical condition of these
+poor people, and leading them to the acquirement of
+<em>general</em> knowledge. The difficulties which this wise
+and pious man encountered could only have been overcome
+by the most ardent zeal. The labours which he
+underwent, and the privations which he sustained, ruined
+his health, and consigned him prematurely to the grave.
+But his career, though short, was one of permanent usefulness
+to the mountaineers in whose service he perished:
+and he has left behind him a new example of how
+much one man may accomplish for the benefit of his
+fellow-creatures, who goes forward in a good work with
+singleness of purpose, regardless of any other reward
+but the approbation of his own conscience.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Neff was not a man in whom book-learning constituted
+the only knowledge. He received a tolerable education
+from the pastor of the village near Geneva in which he
+was born; and the contemplative and devout qualities
+of his mind were called forth by the grand and beautiful
+scenery by which he was surrounded in his boyhood.
+But he had a strong love for what was practically useful,
+and he therefore learnt the trade of a nursery gardener;
+he had a stronger passion for romantic adventure, and
+he entered as a private soldier in the service of Geneva
+in 1815. At sixteen, when he was a gardener, he published
+a valuable little treatise on the culture of trees;
+and, within two years after he became a soldier at the
+age of seventeen, he was promoted to be serjeant of
+artillery, in consequence of his theoretical and practical
+knowledge of mathematics. His anxious desire, however,
+was to be a teacher of religion; and he at length
+quitted the army to devote himself to the studies which
+would be necessary previous to his ordination as a
+minister. He first assumed the functions of what is
+called a pastor-catechist; and was ultimately called to
+the vocation for which he was so anxious, by one of those
+independent congregations of England, whose ministers
+are received in the Protestant churches of France. Neff
+adopted the resolution to be ordained in London, for
+the satisfaction of some religious scruples. This ceremony
+took place in a chapel in the Poultry, in 1823;
+and within six months after he was appointed authorized
+pastor of the department of the High Alps. To form
+an estimate of the labours which such an appointment
+involved, it may be sufficient to mention that, in order
+to visit his various flocks, the pastor had to travel,
+from his fixed residence, twelve miles in a western
+direction, sixty in an eastern, twenty in a southern, and
+thirty-three in a northern; and that Neff steadily persevered,
+in all seasons, in passing on foot from one district
+to another, climbing mountains covered with snow,
+forcing a way through valleys choked up by the masses
+of rocks that were hurled down by the winter’s storm,
+partaking of the coarse fare and imperfect shelter of the
+peasant’s hut, and never allowing himself any repose or
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_175'>175</span>relaxation, because the ignorance of the poor people who
+were intrusted to his charge was so great, that nothing
+but incessant activity on his part could surmount its evils.
+Mr. Gilly has justly observed (speaking in his character
+of an English clergyman), “it is well that we should see
+how hard some of our brethren work, and how hard they
+live; and that we should discover, to our humiliation,
+that it is not always where there is the greatest company
+of preachers that the word takes deepest root.”</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The course of Neff’s life, and the affection which he
+inspired, will be better understood from the following
+extract:—</p>
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<p class='c004'>“When his arrival was expected in certain hamlets,
+whose rotation to be visited was supposed to be coming
+round, it was beautiful to see the cottages send forth their
+inhabitants, to watch the coming of the beloved minister.
+‘Come take your dinner with us.’—‘Let me prepare your
+supper.’—‘Permit me to give up my bed to you,’—were
+re-echoed from many a voice, and though there was nothing
+in the repast which denoted a feast-day, yet never was festival
+observed with greater rejoicing than by those whose
+rye-bread and pottage were shared with the pastor Neff.
+Sometimes, when the old people of one cabin were standing
+at their doors, and straining their eyes to catch the first
+view of their ‘guide to heaven,’ the youngsters of another
+were perched on the summit of a rock, and stealing a prospect
+which would afford them an earlier sight of him, and
+give them the opportunity of offering the first invitation. It
+was on these occasions that he obtained a perfect knowledge
+of the people, questioning them about such of their
+domestic concerns as he might be supposed to take an interest
+in, as well as about their spiritual condition, and finding
+where he could be useful both as a secular adviser and
+a religious counsellor. ‘Could all their children read? Did
+they understand what they read? Did they offer up morning
+and evening prayers? Had they any wants that he
+could relieve? Any doubts that he could remove? Any
+afflictions wherein he could be a comforter?’</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>“It was thus that he was the father of his flock, and
+master of their affections and their opinions; and when the
+seniors asked for his blessing, and the children took hold of
+his hands or his knees, he felt all the fatigue of his long
+journeys pass away, and became recruited with new strength.
+But for the high and holy feelings which sustained him,
+it is impossible that he could have borne up against his
+numerous toils and exposures, even for the few months in
+which he thus put his constitution to the trial. Neither
+rugged paths, nor the inclement weather of these Alps,
+which would change suddenly from sunshine to rain, and
+from rain to sleet, and from sleet to snow; nor snow deep
+under foot, and obscuring the view when dangers lay thick
+on his road; nothing of this sort deterred him from setting
+out, with his staff in his hand, and his wallet on his back,
+when he imagined that his duty summoned him. I have
+been assured by those who have received him into their
+houses at such times, that he has come in chilly, wet, and
+fatigued; or exhausted by heat, and sudden transitions from
+excessive heat to piercing cold, and that after sitting down
+a few minutes his elastic spirits would seem to renovate his
+sinking frame, and he would enter into discourse with all
+the mental vigour of one who was neither weary nor languid.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>“When he was not resident at the presbytery, he was the
+guest of some peasant, who found him willing to live as he
+lived, and to make a scanty meal of soup-maigre, often without
+salt or bread, and to retire to rest in the same apartment,
+where a numerous family were crowded together, amidst all
+the inconveniences of a dirty and smoky hovel.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>We have already stated that the benevolent pastor of
+the High Alps was intent upon improving the condition
+of his people as to physical comfort, at the same
+time that he proclaimed to them the hopes and consolations
+of religion. Let us see how he set about this
+work:—</p>
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<p class='c004'>“His first attempt was to impart an idea of domestic
+convenience. Chimneys and windows to their hovels were
+luxuries to which few of them had aspired, till he showed
+them how easy it was to make a passage for the smoke, and
+admittance for the light and air. He next convinced them
+that warmth might be obtained more healthily than by pigging
+together for six or seven months in stables, from which
+the muck of the cattle was removed but once during the year.
+For their coarse and unwholesome food, he had, indeed, no
+substitute, because the sterility of the soil would produce no
+other; but he pointed out a mode of tillage, by which they
+increased the quantity: and in cases of illness, where they
+had no conception of applying the simplest remedies, he
+pointed out the comfort which a sick person may derive
+from light and warm soups and other soothing assistance.
+So ignorant were they of what was hurtful or beneficial in
+acute disorders, that wine and brandy were no unusual prescriptions
+in the height of a raging fever. Strange enough,
+and still more characteristic of savage life, the women, till
+Neff taught the men better manners, were treated with so
+much disregard, that they never sat at table with their husbands
+or brothers, but stood behind them, and received
+morsels from their hands with obeisance and profound
+reverence.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>He taught the people of the valleys how to irrigate
+their lands, so as to increase the crop of grass, which is
+exceedingly small. He found the utmost difficulty in
+explaining to his hearers that the water might be made
+to rise and fall, and might be dammed up and distributed
+accordingly as it might be required for use. The
+labour and expense appeared to them insuperable difficulties.
+In spite of their prejudices he accomplished
+his object, working with the people as a common
+labourer, and applying his knowledge as an engineer for
+their exclusive advantage. By thus teaching them how
+to double their crops he saved them from some of their
+most severe privations. He taught them also how to
+cultivate the potato with advantage. But he did more
+even than this. He incited the people to build a schoolhouse
+in one of the districts where knowledge was most
+wanted: and that proper teachers might be spread
+throughout these regions so shut out from the ordinary
+means of education, he persuaded a number of young
+persons to assemble together, one or two from each
+community, during the most dreary of the winter months,
+when they could not labour in the fields, and during
+that time to work hard with him in the attainment of
+that knowledge which they were afterwards to spread
+amongst their uninstructed friends and neighbours. The
+perseverance of these young people was worthy of their
+zealous pastor. To accomplish this good work perfectly
+he obtained the assistance of a studious young friend,
+who was preparing himself for a great public school.
+Neff’s own account of his progress as a schoolmaster is
+so interesting that we are sure our readers will not complain
+of its length:—</p>
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<p class='c004'>“The short space of time which we had before us, rendered
+every moment precious. We divided the day into
+three parts. The first was from sunrise to eleven o’clock,
+when we breakfasted. The second from noon to sunset,
+when we supped. The third from supper till ten or eleven
+o’clock at night, making in all fourteen or fifteen hours of
+study in the twenty-four. We devoted much of this time to
+lessons in reading, which the wretched manner in which they
+had been taught, their detestable accent, and strange tone of
+voice, rendered a most necessary, but tiresome duty. The
+grammar, too, of which not one of them had the least idea,
+occupied much of our time. People who have been brought
+up in towns can have no conception of the difficulty which
+mountaineers and rustics, whose ideas are confined to those
+objects only to which they have been familiarized, find in
+learning this branch of science. There is scarcely any way
+of conveying the meaning of it to them. All the usual
+terms and definitions, and the means which are commonly
+employed in schools, are utterly unintelligible here. But
+the curious and novel devices which must be employed
+have this advantage,—that they exercise their understanding,
+and help to form their judgment. Dictation was one of
+the methods to which I had recourse: without it they would
+have made no progress in grammar and orthography; but
+they wrote so miserably, and slowly, that this consumed a
+great portion of valuable time. Observing that they were
+ignorant of the signification of a great number of French
+words, of constant use and recurrence, I made a selection
+from the vocabulary, and I set them to write down in little
+copy-books words which were in most frequent use; but
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_176'>176</span>the explanations contained in the dictionary were not enough,
+and I was obliged to rack my brain for new and brief definitions
+which they could understand, and to make them
+transcribe these. Arithmetic was another branch of knowledge
+which required many a weary hour. Geography was
+considered a matter of recreation after dinner; and they
+pored over the maps with a feeling of delight and amusement,
+which was quite new to them. I also busied myself
+in giving them some notions of the sphere, and of the form
+and motion of the earth; of the seasons and the climates,
+and of the heavenly bodies. Everything of this sort was as
+perfectly novel to them, as it would have been to the
+islanders of Otaheite; and even the elementary books,
+which are usually put into the hands of children, were at
+first as unintelligible as the most abstruse treatises on
+mathematics. I was consequently forced to use the simplest
+and plainest modes of demonstration; but these amused
+and instructed them at the same time. A ball made of the
+box-tree, with a hole through it, and moving on an axle,
+and on which I had traced the principal circles; some
+large potatoes hollowed out; a candle, and sometimes the
+skulls of my scholars, served for the instruments by which
+I illustrated the movements of the heavenly bodies, and
+of the earth itself. Proceeding from one step to another, I
+pointed out the situation of different countries on the chart
+of the world, and in separate maps, and took pains to give
+some slight idea, as we went on, of the characteristics, religion,
+customs, and history of each nation. These details
+fixed topics of moment in their recollection. Up to this
+time I had been astonished by the little interest they took,
+Christian-minded as they were, in the subject of Christian
+missions; but, when they began to have some idea of geography,
+I discovered that their former ignorance of this
+science, and of the very existence of many foreign nations
+in distant quarters of the globe, was the cause of such indifference.
+But as soon as they began to learn who the people
+are who require to have the Gospel preached to them,
+and in what part of the globe they dwell, they felt the same
+concern for the circulation of the Gospel that other Christians
+entertained. These new acquirements, in fact, enlarged
+their spirit, made new creatures of them, and seemed
+to triple their very existence.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>“In the end, I advanced so far as to give some lectures
+in geometry, and this too produced a happy moral development.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>“Lessons in music formed part of our evening employment,
+and those being, like geography, a sort of amusement,
+they were regularly succeeded by grave and edifying reading,
+and by such reflections as I took care to suggest for
+their improvement.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>The unremitting labours of Neff destroyed his health,
+and he was at length obliged to quit the inclement district
+in which he had accomplished so much good. He
+lingered for some time in a state of great debility, and
+died at Geneva on the 12th April, 1829.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>We cannot better conclude this brief and imperfect
+notice of a truly valuable and delightful book, than by
+the following observations of its author on the character
+of the admirable individual whose noble labours he
+has recommended to the imitation, not only of every
+Christian minister, but of every one, however humble,
+who feels a desire to advance his own real happiness
+and that of his fellow-creatures:—</p>
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<p class='c004'>“It was his anxiety to build up the Christian on a foundation
+where self dependence, vain-glory, and imaginary merit
+were to have no place whatever; and yet every act of his
+ministry proved that he set a just value on knowledge and
+attainments. It was his labour of love to show, that whenever
+any addition is made to our stock of knowledge, we not
+only gain something in the way of enjoyment, but are laying
+up a store for the improvement of our moral and religious
+feelings, and of our general habits of industry. The spiritual
+advancement of his flock was the great end and object
+of all his toils; but no man ever took a warmer interest in
+the temporal comforts of those about him, and this he
+evinced by instructing them in the management of their
+fields and gardens, in the construction of their cottages, and
+in employing all his own acquirements in philosophy and
+science for the amelioration of their condition.…
+He so condescended to things of low estate, as to become a
+teacher of a, b, c, not only to ignorant infancy, but to the
+dull and unpliant capacities of adults. Beginning with the
+most tiresome rudiments, he proceeded upwards, leading on
+his scholars methodically, kindly, and patiently, until he had
+made them proficients in reading, writing, and arithmetic,
+and could lead them into the pleasanter paths of music,
+geography, history, and astronomy. His mind was too
+enlarged to fear that he should be teaching his peasant boys
+too much. It was his aim to show what a variety of enjoyments
+may be extracted out of knowledge, and that even
+the shepherd and the goatherd of the mountain-side will be
+all the happier and the better for every piece of solid information
+that he can acquire.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class='c013'>
+<div class='footnote' id='f1'>
+<p class='c005'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. The High Alps were originally peopled by Christians who fled to
+these sterile and gloomy mountains and valleys to escape persecution
+for their religious opinions. They were a hiding-place for centuries.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class='c011'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c003'>STATUE OF MAJOR CARTWRIGHT.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class='illo-wide'>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<a href='images/statue-of-major-cartwright-full.jpg'><img src='images/statue-of-major-cartwright-inline.png' alt='A statue of a man, seated, in short trousers and a long coat or robe' class='ig001'></a>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>A statue to the memory of Major Cartwright has lately
+been erected, by public subscription, in Burton Crescent,
+where the venerable reformer for many years resided.
+It is of bronze, and was executed by Mr. Clarke, late
+of Birmingham.</p>
+
+<div class='c011'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+<div class='shrink'>
+
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+
+<hr class='c016'>
+<div class='colophon'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c000'>
+    <div>LONDON:—CHARLES KNIGHT, PALL-MALL EAST.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
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+      <div class='line'><i>Nottingham</i>, <span class='sc'>Wright</span>.</div>
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+      <div class='line'><i>Glasgow</i>, <span class='sc'>Atkinson</span> and Co.</div>
+    </div>
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+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>Printed by <span class='sc'>William Clowes</span>, Stamford Street.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c002'>
+</div>
+<div>
+
+<p class='c017'></p>
+
+</div>
+<div class='transcribers-notes'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c1'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div><span class='xlarge'>Transcriber’s Notes</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c018'>New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain. Itemized changes from the original text:</p>
+  <ul  class='ul_1'>
+    <li><a href='#tn-longevity'>p. 170</a>: Added closing bracket after subtitle of article “Health and 
+    Longevity.”
+    </li>
+    <li><a href='#tn-northofengland'>p. 171</a>: Added hyphen between “of” and “England” in phrase “the 
+    North-of-England Medical Journal.”
+    </li>
+    <li><a href='#tn-footpassengers'>p. 172</a>: Added hyphen between “foot” and “passengers” in phrase 
+    “and also to foot-passengers.”
+    </li>
+    <li><a href='#tn-timberstores'>p. 173</a>: Added comma after phrase “freighted with timber and naval 
+    stores.”
+    </li>
+  </ul>
+
+</div>
+
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77005 ***</div>
+  </body>
+  <!-- created with ppgen.py 3.57e (with regex) on 2025-10-07 13:23:45 GMT -->
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+
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+This book, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for book #77005
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