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+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75254 ***
+
+
+
+
+
+PHYSICO-THEOLOGY
+
+=Transcriber’s Note:= Due to the age of this book, spelling, grammar,
+hyphenation, capitalization etc do not conform to modern standards,
+and in many cases are not even consistent within the text itself.
+Text has been retained as printed. Exceptions were made for a few
+extremely obvious printer’s errors (such as RAEDER for READER in the
+heading TO THE READER, and confusion between similar-looking Hebrew
+letters).
+
+Italic text is denoted _like this_; upright text within italic passages
+~like this~; bold text =like this=.
+
+
+
+
+                           _PHYSICO-THEOLOGY_:
+                                  OR, A
+                              DEMONSTRATION
+                                  OF THE
+                       BEING and ATTRIBUTES of GOD,
+                                 FROM HIS
+                          _Works_ of _Creation_.
+
+                          Being the Substance of
+                             Sixteen SERMONS
+              Preached in St. _Mary-le-Bow-Church, London_;
+                At the Honourable Mr. _BOYLE_’s LECTURES,
+                       in the Years 1711, and 1712.
+
+             With large NOTES, and many curious OBSERVATIONS.
+
+                 By W: DERHAM, Canon of _Windsor_, Rector
+                 of _Upminster_ in _Essex_, and F. R. S.
+
+    _Mala & impia consuetudo est contra Deos disputare, sive animo id
+           fit, sive simulatè._ Cicer. de Nat. Deor. L. 2. fine.
+
+        _The FIFTH EDITION, more Correct than any of the former._
+
+                              [Illustration]
+
+              _LONDON_: Printed for W. and J. INNYS, at the
+          _Prince’~s~-Arms_ the West End of St. _Paul_’s. 1720.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+TO THE
+
+Most Reverend Father in GOD,
+
+_THOMAS_,
+
+Lord Archbishop of CANTERBURY.
+
+Primate of all _ENGLAND_, &c.
+
+The Surviving TRUSTEE of the Honourable Mr. _BOYLE_’s LECTURES.
+
+
+_May it please Your Grace_,
+
+I may justly put these LECTURES under your Graces Patronage, their
+Publication being wholly owing to You: For having the Honour to be a
+Member of the ROYAL SOCIETY, as well as a _Divine_, I was minded to try
+what I could do towards the Improvement of _Philosophical_ Matters to
+_Theological_ Uses; and accordingly laid a Scheme of what I have here
+published a Part of, and when I had little else to do, I drew up what
+I had to say, making it rather the diverting Exercises of my _Leisure
+Hours_, than more serious _Theological Studies_. This Work, (although
+I made a considerable Progress in it at first, whilst a Novelty, yet)
+having no Thoughts of Publishing, I laid aside, until your Grace,
+being informed of my Design by some of my Learned Friends, both of the
+Clergy and Laity, was pleased to call me to the unexpected Honour of
+Preaching Mr. _Boyle_’s LECTURES: An Honour I was little aware of in my
+Country-Privacy, and not much acquainted with Persons in high Stations,
+and not at all, particularly, with your Grace. So that therefore as it
+pleased your Grace, not only to confer an unsought profitable Honour upon
+me (a Stranger) but also to continue it for Two Years, out of Your good
+Opinion of my Performance, in some measure, answering Mr. _Boyle_’s End;
+so I can do no less than make this publick, grateful Acknowledgment of
+your Grace’s great and unexpected Favour.
+
+But it is not my self alone; but the whole LECTURE also is beholden to
+your _Grace_’s kind and pious Endeavours. It was You that encouraged this
+noble Charity, and assisted in the Settlement of it, in the Honourable
+_Founder_’s Life-time; and since his Death, it was You that procured a
+more certain Salary for the LECTURERS, paid more constantly and duly
+than it was before[a].
+
+These Benefits as I my self have been a Sharer of, so I should be very
+ungrateful should I not duly acknowledge, and repay with my repeated
+Thanks and good Wishes And that the infinite Rewarder of well-doing may
+give Your _Grace_ a plentiful Reward of these, and Your many other, both
+Publick and Private Benefactions, is the hearty Wish of,
+
+                              _Your GRACE’s
+                         Most Humble and Thankful
+                            Son and Servant_,
+
+                                                                W. DERHAM.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] It may not only gratify the Reader’s Curiosity, but also be of Use
+for preventing Encroachments in Time to come, to give the following
+Account of Mr. _Boyle_’s Lectures.
+
+Mr. _Boyle_, by a Codicil, dated _July 28. 1691._ and annexed to
+his Will, charged his Messuage or Dwelling-House in St. _Michael_’s
+_Crooked-Lane, London_, with the Payment of the clear Yearly Rents and
+Profits thereof, to some Learned Divine in _London_, or within the Bills
+of Mortality, to be Elected for a Term not exceeding Three Years, by his
+Grace the present _Lord Archbishop_ of _Canterbury_ (then Dr. _Tenison_),
+Sir _Henry Ashurst_, Sir _John Rotheram_, and _John Evelyn_, Esq; The
+Business he appointed those Lectures for, was, among others, _to be
+ready to satisfie real Scruples, and to answer such new Objections and
+Difficulties, as might be started: to which good Answers had not been
+made_. And also, _To Preach Eight Sermons in the Year, the first ~Monday~
+of ~January~, ~February~, ~March~, ~April~ and ~May~, and of ~September~,
+~October~ and ~November~._ The Subject of these Sermons was to be, _The
+Proof of the Christian Religion against notorious Infidels, ~viz.~
+Atheists, Theists, Pagans, Jews, and Mahometans, not descending lower to
+any Controversies that are among Christians themselves_. But by Reason
+the Lecturers were seldom continued above a Year, and that the House
+sometimes stood empty, and Tenants brake, or failed in due Payment of
+their Rent, therefore the Salary sometimes remained long unpaid, or could
+not be gotten without some Difficulty: To remedy which Inconvenience, his
+present _Grace_ of _Canterbury_ procured a Yearly Stipend of 50_l._ to be
+paid Quarterly for ever, charged upon a Farm in the Parish of _Brill_, in
+the County of _Bucks_: Which Stipend is accordingly very duly paid when
+demanded, without Fee or Reward.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+TO THE READER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: _Vid. Bp. ~Burnet~’s Funeral Serm. p. 24._]
+
+_As the noble ~Founder~ of the LECTURES I have had the Honour of
+Preaching, was a great Improver ~of Natural Knowledge~, so, in all
+Probability, he did it out of a pious End, as well as in Pursuit of his
+~Genius~. For it was his settled Opinion, that nothing tended more to
+cultivate true Religion and Piety in a Man’s Mind, than a thorough Skill
+in Philosophy. And such Effect it manifestly had in him, as is evident
+from divers of his published Pieces; from his constant Deportment in
+~never mentioning the Name of GOD without a Pause, and visible Stop in
+his Discourse~; and from the noble Foundation of his Lectures for the
+Honour of GOD, and the generous Stipend he allowed for the same._
+
+[Sidenote: _Vid. Mr. ~Boyle~’s Will._]
+
+_And forasmuch as his Lectures were appointed by him for the ~Proof of
+the Christian Religion against Atheists and other notorious Infidels~,
+I thought, when I had the Honour to be made his Lecturer, that I could
+not better come up to his Intent, than to attempt a Demonstration of
+the ~Being~ and ~Attributes of GOD~, in what I may call Mr. ~Boyle~’s
+own, that is a ~Physico-Theological~, Way. And, besides that it was
+for this very Service that I was called to this Honour, I was the
+more induced to follow this Method, by reason none of my learned and
+ingenious Predecessors in these Lectures, have done it on purpose, but
+only casually, in a transient, piece-meal manner; they having made it
+their Business to prove the great Points of Christianity in another
+Way, which they have accordingly admirably done. But considering what
+our ~Honourable Founder~’s Opinion was of ~Natural Knowledge~, and that
+his Intent was, that those Matters by passing through divers Hands, and
+by being treated of in different Methods, should take in most of what
+could be said upon the Subject, I hope my Performance may be acceptable,
+although one of the meanest._
+
+_As for others, who have before me done something of this kind; as
+~Mersenne~ on ~Genesis~; Dr. ~Cockburne~ in his ~Essays~; Mr. ~Ray~
+in his ~Wisdom of God~, &c. and I may add the first of Mr. ~Boyle~’s
+~Lecturers~, the most learned Dr. ~Bently~ in his ~Boyle~’s ~Lectures~,
+the eloquent Arch-Bishop of ~Cambray~, (and I hear, the ingenious Mons.
+~Perault~ hath something of this kind, but never saw it:) I say, as to
+these learned and ingenious Authors, as the Creation is an ample Subject,
+so I industriously endeavour’d to avoid doing over what they before had
+done; and for that Reason did not, for many Years, read their Books until
+I had finish’d my own. But when I came to compare what each of us had
+done, I found my self in many Things to have been anticipated by some or
+other of them, especially by my Friend, the late great Mr. ~Ray~. And
+therefore in some Places I shorten’d my Discourse, and referr’d to them;
+and in a few others, where the Thread of my Discourse would have been
+interrupted, I have made use of their Authority, as the best Judges; as
+of Mr. ~Ray~’s, for Instance, with Relation to the Mountains and their
+Plants, and other Products. If then the Reader should meet with any
+Thing mention’d before by others, and not accordingly acknowledged by
+me, I hope he will candidly think me no Plagiary, because I can assure
+him I have along, (where I was aware of it,) cited my Authors with their
+due Praise. And it is scarce possible, when Men write on the same, or
+a Subject near a-kin, and the Observations are obvious, but that they
+must often hit upon the same Thing: And frequently this may happen from
+Persons making Observations about one, and the same Thing, without
+knowing what each other hath done; which indeed, when the first Edition
+of my Book was nearly printed off, I found to be my own Case, having
+(for want of Dr. ~Hook~’s ~Micrography~ being at hand, it being a very
+scarce Book, and many Years since I read it,) given Descriptions of two
+or three Things, which I thought had not been tolerably well observ’d
+before, but are describ’d well by that curious Gentleman._
+
+_One is a ~Feather~, the Mechanism of which we in the main agree in,
+except in his Representation in ~Fig. 1. Scheme 22.~ which is somewhat
+different from what I have represented in my ~Fig. 18, &c.~ But I can
+stand by the Truth, though not the Elegance of my Figures. But as to
+the other Differences, they are accidental, occasion’d by our taking
+the Parts in a different View, or in a different Part of a Vane; and
+to say the Truth, (not flattering my self, or detracting from the
+admirable Observations of that great Man,) I have hit upon a few Things
+that escap’d him, being enabled to do so, not only by the Help of such
+Microscopes as he made use of; but also by those made by Mr. ~Wilson~,
+which exceed all I ever saw, whether of ~English~, ~Dutch~, or ~Italian~
+make; several of which Sorts I have seen and examined._
+
+_The other Thing we have both of us figur’d and describ’d, is, ~The
+Sting of a Bee or Wasp~; in which we differ more than in the last.
+But by a careful Re-examination, I find, that although Dr. ~Hook~’s
+Observations are more critical than any were before, yet they are not so
+true as mine. For as to the ~Scabbard~, (as he calls it,) I could never
+discover any Beards thereon; and I dare be confident there are none, but
+what are on the two Spears. And as to the Point of the ~Scabbard~, he
+hath represented it as tubular, or bluntish at the Top; but it really
+terminates in a sharp Point, and the two Spears and the Poyson come out
+at a Slit, or longish Hole, a little below the Top or Point. And as to
+the Spears, he makes them to be but one, and that the Point thereof lies
+always out of the Scabbard. But by a strict Examination, they will be
+found to be two, as I have said, and that they always lie within the
+Scabbard, except in stinging; as I have represented them, in ~Fig. 21.~
+from the transparent Sting of a Wasp. And as to the Spear being made of
+Joynts, and parted into two, as his ~Fig. 2. Scheme 16.~ represents, I
+could never upon a Review, discover it to be so, but imagine, that by
+seeing the Beards lying upon, or behind the Spears, he might take them
+for Joynts, and by seeing the Point of one Spear lie before the other, he
+might think the Spear was parted in two. But lest the Reader should think
+himself imposed upon both by Dr. ~Hook~ and my ~Self~, it is necessary
+to be observ’d, that the ~Beards~ (or ~Tenterhooks~ as Dr. ~Hook~ calls
+them) lie only on one Side of each Spear, not all round them; and are
+therefore not to be seen, unless they are laid in a due Posture in the
+Microscope, ~viz.~ sideways, not under, or atop the Spear._
+
+_The last Thing (which scarce deserves mention) is the Mechanism of the
+~Hair~, which Dr. ~Hook~ found to be solid, like a long Piece of Horn,
+not hollow, as ~Malpighi~ found it in some Animals. And I have found
+both those great Men to be in some Measure in the Right, the Hair of
+some Animals, or in some Parts of the Body being very little, if at all
+tubular; and in others, particularly ~Mice~, ~Rats~ and ~Cats~, to be as
+I have represented in my ~Fig. 14.~ &c._
+
+_And now if my Inadvertency in other Things hath no worse Effect than
+it hath had in these, namely, to confirm, correct, or clear others
+Observations, I hope the Reader will excuse it, if he meets with any
+more of the like kind. But not being conscious of any such Thing
+(although probably there may be many such) I am more sollicitous to
+beg the Reader’s Candour and Favour, with Relation both to the ~Text~
+and ~Notes~: In the former of which, I fear he will think I have much
+under-done, as in the latter over-done the Matter: But for my Excuse,
+I desire it may be consider’d, that the textual Part being Sermons, to
+be deliver’d in the Pulpit, it was necessary to insist but briefly upon
+many of the Works of GOD, and to leave out many Things that might have
+been admitted in a more free Discourse. So that I wish it may not be
+thought I have said too much rather than too little for such an Occasion
+and Place. And indeed, I had no small Trouble in expunging some Things,
+altering many, and softening the most, and, in a word, giving in some
+measure the Whole a different Dress than what I had at first drawn it up
+in, and what it now appears in._
+
+_And as for the ~Notes~, which may be thought too large, I confess I
+might have shorten’d them, and had Thoughts of doing it, by casting some
+of them into the Text, as an ingenious, learned Friend advis’d. But when
+I began to do this, I found it was in a Manner to new-make all, and
+that I should be necessitated to transcribe the greatest Part of the
+Book, which (having no Assistant) would have been too tedious for me,
+being pretty well fatigu’d with it before. I then thought it best to
+pare off from some, and to leave out others, and accordingly did so in
+many Places, and would have done it in more, particularly, in many of
+the ~Citations~ out of the ~Ancients~, both ~Poets~ and others, as also
+in many of the ~anatomical Observations~, and many of my own and others
+Observations: But then I consider’d as to the First, that those Citations
+do (many of them at least) shew the Sense of Mankind about God’s Works,
+and that the most of them may be acceptable to young Gentlemen at the
+Universities, for whose Service these Lectures are greatly intended.
+And as to the anatomical Notes, and some others of the like Nature,
+most of them serve either to the Confirmation, or the Illustration, or
+Explication of the Text, if not to the learned, yet to the unskilful,
+less learned Reader; for whose sake, if I had added more, I believe he
+would forgive me. And lastly, as to the Observations of my self and some
+others, where it happens that they are long, it is commonly where a
+Necessity lay upon me of fully expressing the Author’s Sense, or my own,
+or where the Thing was new, and never before Publish’d; in which Case, it
+was necessary to be more Express and Particular, than in Matters better
+known, or where the Author may be referr’d unto._
+
+_In the former Editions I promised ~another Part I~ Had ~relating to
+the Heavens~, if I was thereunto encouraged. And two large Impressions
+of this Book, having been sold off, so as to admit of a Third before
+the Year was gone about; and hearing that it is translated into two, if
+not three Languages; but especially being importuned by divers learned
+Persons, both known and unknown, I have thought my self sufficiently
+engaged to perform that Promise; and have accordingly published that
+Part._
+
+_So that I have now carry’d my ~Survey~ through most Parts of the visible
+Creation, except the ~Waters~, which are for the most Part omitted; and
+the ~Vegetables~, which, for want of Time, I was forced to treat of in a
+perfunctory Manner. And to the Undertaking of the former of these, having
+receiv’d divers Sollicitations from Persons unknown as well as known,
+I think my self bound in Civility to own their Favour, and to return
+them my hearty Thanks for the kind Opinion they have shewn of my other
+Performances, that they have encourag’d me to undertake this other Task.
+And accordingly I have begun it, and (as far as my Affairs will permit)
+have made some Progress in it: But Age and Avocations growing upon me,
+I begin to fear I shall scarce be able to finish it as I would, and
+therefore must recommend that ample and noble Subject to others, who have
+more leisure, and would do it better than I._
+
+_As to ~Additions~, I have been much sollicited thereto by divers curious
+and learned Persons, who would have had me to insert some of their
+Observations, and many more of my own: But in a Work of this Nature, this
+would have been endless; and although the Book would thereby be render’d
+much better, and more compleat, yet I could by no Means excuse so great
+an Injustice to the Purchasers of the former Editions. And therefore
+(except in the second Edition, where it was not easy to be avoided) few
+Additions or Alterations have been made, besides what were Typographical,
+or of small Consideration. Only in the third Edition I amended the first
+Paragraph of ~Note (a). Chap. 5. Book 1.~ concerning ~Gravity~; and in
+the Fourth, ~Page 16.~ and ~18.~ I inserted two Passages out of ~Seneca~,
+that were inadvertently left out, and corrected many Things, that upon a
+careful Review, seem’d to want amendment._
+
+_And lastly, as to the following ~Analysis~, it was added at the Request
+of some of my learned and ingenious Friends; and although it might have
+been contracted, they would not suffer it to be so._
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+AN
+
+ANALYSIS
+
+OF THE
+
+Following BOOK.
+
+
+The Works of the Creation relating to our Terraqueous Globe, are such as
+are visible in the
+
+  Outworks or Appendages of the Globe, _viz._ these three:
+    1. The Atmosphere
+      Composed of Air and Vapours,                               _Page_ 4.
+      Useful to
+        Respiration and Animal Life                                     5.
+        Vegetation of Plants                                            9.
+        Conveyance of
+          The winged Tribes.
+          Sound                                                        11.
+        The Functions of Nature.
+        Reflecting and Refracting Light                                12.
+      Containing the
+        Winds, which are of great Use and Necessity
+          To the Salubrity and Pleasure of the Air                     14.
+          In various Engines                                           18.
+          In Navigation.
+        Clouds and Rain: Of great Use to the
+          Refreshment of the Earth and the things therein              20.
+          Origine of Fountains, according to some                      23.
+    2. Light. Its
+        Fountain                                                       26.
+        Wonderful Necessity and Use.
+        Improvement by Glasses                                         28.
+        Velocity.
+        Expansion                                                      29.
+    3. Gravity.
+        Its great Benefit                                              33.
+        Cause of _Levity_, which is of great Use in the World          35.
+
+  Terraqueous Globe it self. Of which I take a View in General of.
+    Its Spherical Figure, which is the most commodious in regard of,
+      Light                                                            40.
+      Heat.
+      Lodgment of the Waters.
+      The Winds                                                        41.
+    Its Bulk                                                           43.
+    Its Motion                                                      _ibid._
+      Annual.
+      Diurnal.
+    Its Place and Distance from the Sun, and other heavenly Bodies     46.
+    Its Distribution, so as to cause all the Parts of the Globe to
+      Balance each other                                               48.
+      Be helpful to one another.
+    The great Variety and Quantity of all things serving for Food,
+        Physick, Building, and every Use and Occasion of all Ages,
+        Places, and Creatures                                          53.
+    An Objection answered                                              55.
+
+  Particular of the Earth: of its Constituent Parts, _viz._ Its
+    Soils and Moulds, necessary to the
+      Growth of various Vegetables                                     61.
+      Various Occasions of Man, and other Animals                      62.
+    Various Strata or Beds, affording Materials for
+      Tools.
+      Firing.
+      Building.
+      Dying, and thousands of other things                             64.
+      Conveyance of the sweet Fountain-Waters                          65.
+    Subterraneous Caverns and Vulcano’s; of great Use to the
+        Countries where they are                                       67.
+    Mountains and Valleys, which are not rude Ruins, but Works of
+        Design, inasmuch as this Structure of the Earth is
+    The most beautiful and pleasant.
+    The most Salubrious: to some Constitutions, the Hills; to some,
+        the Valleys                                                    71.
+    Best to skreen us, and other things                                72.
+    Beneficial to the
+      Production of various Vegetables.
+      Harbour and Maintenance of various Animals                       73.
+      Generation of Minerals and Metals                                75.
+    Absolutely necessary to the Conveyance of the Rivers; and in
+        all probability to the Origine of Fountains                 _ibid._
+    Conclusion against blaming GOD                                     81.
+
+  Its Inhabitants; which are either _Sensitive_ or _Insensitive_.
+
+  Concerning the Sensitive, some things are
+    Common to all the Tribes, particularly these Ten:
+      I. The five Senses and their Organs; the                         85.
+        Eye, an admirable Piece of Mechanism in regard of its
+          Form, for the most part Spherical, which is best for
+            The Reception of Objects.
+            Motion of the Eye                                          90.
+          Situation in the most commodious part of the Body of every
+              Creature.
+          Motion, in some Animals,
+            Every way.
+            Fixed; and the excellent Provision in that case            91.
+          Size: which is in
+            All Creatures, according to their Occasions.
+            Such as live abroad in the Light; larger.
+            Such as live under ground, less.
+          Number, in some Animals:
+            Two                                                        94.
+            More: Together with the wise Provision to prevent double
+                Vision.
+          Parts; some of which are viewed
+            Transiently, the Arteries, Veins, and some of the Muscles
+                and Tunicks.
+            More strictly some of the
+              Muscles, and the excellent Provision made for their
+                  peculiar Uses, Equilibration, _&c._                  96.
+              Tunicks: Among which the various Apertures, Forms, and
+                  Positions of the Pupil are particularly noted        99.
+              Humours, especially the prodigious Finery and
+                  Composition of the Crystalline, according to
+                  Mr. _Lewenhoeck_.
+              Nerves                                                  105.
+                Optick.
+                Motory.
+          Guard and Security, provided for by
+            The Reparation of the Aqueous Humour.
+            Covering of the Eye Lids.
+            Strong and curious Bones.
+            Hard and firm Tunicks.
+            Withdrawing them into their Heads                         109.
+        Of erect Vision                                               111.
+      Hearing. Its
+        Organ, the Ear,                                               113.
+          Double, enabling us to hear every way, and a good Provision
+              for the Loss or Hurt of one.
+          Situated in the very best place for Information, Security,
+              and near the Eye and Brain.
+          The Fabrick of the Outward Ear, which is in
+              All Creatures formed, guarded, placed, and every way
+                  accoutered according to their various Places and
+                  Occasion                                            115.
+              Man suitable to his erect Posture; and all its Parts,
+                  the _Helix_, _Tragus_, _Concha_, &c. admirably suited
+                  to the Reception and Melioration of Sounds, and the
+                  Security of the Part.
+            Inward Ear: In which I take a View of the                 121.
+              Auditory Passage, curiously tunnelled, tortuous and
+                  smooth and being always open, is lined with the
+                  nauseous Ear-wax for a Guard.
+              Tuba Eustachiana                                        122.
+              Bone, particularly hard and context for Guard, and
+                  to assist the Sound.
+              Tympanum, and its Membrane, Muscles, and four little
+                  Bones to correspond to all kinds of Sound.
+              Labyrinth, Semicircular Canals, Cochlea; all made with
+                  the utmost Art                                      127.
+              Auditory Nerves, one of which is ramified to the Eye,
+                  Tongue, Muscles of the Ear, and to the Heart;
+                  whence a great Sympathy between those Parts         128.
+        Object, Sound. Under which I consider,
+          The Improvements thereof by the Wit of Man                  129.
+          Its great Necessity, and excellent Uses                     132.
+          Its Pleasure, and the Power of Musick                       134.
+      Smelling. In which sense these things are remarkable; the
+        Nostrils, always open, cartilaginous, and endowed with
+            Muscles                                                   137.
+        Laminæ, serving for
+          A Guard against noxious Things                              138.
+          The spreading of the Olfactory Nerves.
+        Prodigious Use of it in all, especially some of the
+            Irrationals                                               139.
+      Taste. The Things most remarkable in which Sense are, the
+        Nerves spread about the Tongue and Mouth, with their Guard.
+        The Papillæ, neatly made                                      140.
+        Situation thereof to be a Centinel to the Stomach and Food.
+        Consent thereof with the other Senses, by some Branches of
+            the fifth Pair                                            141.
+      Feeling.                                                        142.
+        Whose Organ is the Nerves                                     143.
+        Which is dispersed through every Part of the Body, and the
+            admirable Benefit thereof.
+    II. Respiration the grand Act of Animal Life                      145.
+      Ministering to the Circulation of the Blood and Diastole of
+          the Heart.
+      The Parts concerned therein are
+        The Larynx, with its great Variety of Muscles, _&c._ for
+            Respiration, and forming the Voice                        148.
+        Trachea and Epiglottis, exquisitely contriv’d and made.
+        Bronchi and Lungs, with their curious Arteries, Veins and
+            Nerves                                                    150.
+        Ribs, Diaphragm, and the several Muscles concerned.
+      Its Defects in the
+        Fœtus in the Womb                                             153.
+        Amphibious Creatures                                          157.
+        Some Animals in Winter.
+    III. The Motion of Animals: Concerning which I consider
+             Transiently the
+        Muscles, and their Structure, their Size, Fastening to the
+            Joynts, Motions, _&c._                                    158.
+        Bones, and their curious Make.
+        Joynts, with their Form, Bandage and Lubricity                161.
+        Nerves, and their Origine, Ramifications and Inosculations.
+      More particularly the Loco-Motive Act it self, which is
+      Swift or slow, with Wings, Legs many or few, or none at all,
+          according to the various Occasions and Ways of Animals
+          Lives. As particularly in
+        Reptiles, whose Food and Habitation is near at hand.
+        Man and Quadrupeds, whose Occasions require a larger Range,
+            and therefore a swifter Motion                            164.
+        Birds, and Insects, whose Food, Habitation and Safety
+            require yet a larger Range, and have accordingly a yet
+            swifter Motion and direct Conveyance.
+      Geometrically and neatly performed by the nicest Rules.
+      Well provided for by the
+        Due Equipoise of the Body                                     165.
+        Motive Parts being accurately placed with regard to the
+            Center of the Body’s Gravity, and to undergo their
+            due Proportion of Weight and Exercise.
+    IV. The _Place_ allotted to the several Tribes of Animals to
+            live and act in. Concerning which I observe that
+      Their Organs are adapted to their Place                         167.
+      All Places habitable are duly stocked.
+      Various Animals have their various Places; and the Wisdom
+          thereof                                                     168.
+    V. The Balance of Animals Numbers, so that the World is not
+      Overstocked by their Increase.
+      Depopulated by their Death.
+    Which is effected in
+      The several Tribes of Animals by a due Proportion in the
+        Length of their Life                                          169.
+        Number of their Young, in
+          Useful Creatures being many.
+          Pernicious few.
+      Man very remarkably by the
+        Different Length of his Life.
+          Soon after the Creation                                     171.
+          When the World was more, but not fully peopled              171.
+          When it was sufficiently stocked, down to the present
+              time.
+        Due Proportions of Marriages, Births and Burials              174.
+        Balance of Males and Females                                  175.
+    VI. The Food of Animals. In which the Divine Management and
+            Providence appears in the                                 179.
+      Maintaining such large Numbers of all kinds of Animals on
+          the Land, in the Seas, and divers Places too unlikely
+          to afford sufficient Food.
+      Adjustment of the Quantity of Food to the Number of Devourers,
+          so that
+        There is not too much, so as to rot, and annoy the World      181.
+        The most useful is most plentiful, and easiest propagated   _ibid._
+      Delight which the various Tribes of Animals have to the
+          Varieties of Food, so that what is grateful to one, is
+          nauseous to another: Which is a wise means to cause
+        All Creatures to be sufficiently supplied.
+        All sorts of Food to be consumed.
+        The World to be kept sweet and clean by those means           183.
+      Peculiar Food, that particular Places afford to the Creatures
+          residing therein                                            184.
+      Curious Apparatus in all Animals for Gathering, and Digestion
+          of their Food, _viz._ the
+        Mouth, nicely shaped for Food, _&c._ In
+          Some, little and narrow                                     189.
+          Some, with a large deep Incisure.
+          Insects very notable to catch, hold and devour Prey; to
+              carry Burdens, to bore and build their Habitations      190.
+          Birds as notable, Horned in all. In some
+            Hooked for Rapine, climbing, _&c._                        192.
+            Sharp and strong to pierce Trees, _&c._
+            Long and slender to grope.
+            Long and broad to quaffer.
+            Thick and sharp edged to husk Grain.
+            Compressed to raise Limpets, _&c._
+        Teeth, which are peculiarly hard, firmly inserted in the
+            Jaws, variously shaped in the same, and different
+            Animals, deficient young Creatures, _&c._                 194.
+        Salival Glands, commodiously placed for Mastication and
+            Deglutition                                               196.
+        Muscles and Tendons, serving to Mastication, strong and
+            well lodged.
+        Gullet, sized according to the Food; with curious Fibres,
+            _&c._                                                     196.
+        Stomach;                                                      197.
+          Which hath a curious Mechanism of Fibres, Tunicks, Glands,
+              Nerves, Arteries and Veins.
+          Whose Faculty of Digestion by such seeming weak Menstruums
+              is admirable.
+          Whose Size and Strength is conformable to the Nature of
+              the Food, or Occasions of Animals.
+          Which is in
+            Tame Animals but one.
+            Ruminants, Birds, _&c._ more.
+        Guts, whose Tunicks, Glands, Fibres, Valves, and Peristaltick
+            Motion deserve Admiration                                201.
+        Lacteals, together with the Impregnations from the
+            Pancreas, Gall, Glands, and Lymphæducts.
+      Sagacity of all Animals in finding out, and providing Food. In
+      Man less remarkable for the sake of his Understanding           202.
+      Inferiour Creatures. In such as are
+      Come to mature Age, and are able to help themselves, by their
+        Accurate Smell                                                203.
+        Natural Craft.
+        Hunting and groping out of Sight.
+        Seeing and Smelling at great Distances                        205.
+        Climbing; the strong Tendons and Muscles acting therein.
+        Seeing in the dark.
+      Helpless. As                                                    207.
+      Young Creatures.
+        Man, born the most helpless of any, the Parents Reason,
+            Hands and Affection sufficing.
+        Irrationals: For whose Young the Creator hath made a
+            sufficient Provision partly by the
+          Parent-Animal’s own
+            Στοργὴ, and Diligence in Nursing and Defending them       207.
+            Sagacity and Care in repositing their Eggs and Young,
+                where Food and all Necessaries are to be found        209.
+          Ability of the Young themselves to shift for, and help
+              themselves, with the little Helps of their Dams         210.
+      Creatures destitute of Food at some Seasons, or likely to
+          want it, who
+        Are able to live long without Food                            211.
+        Lay up Food before-hand.
+    VII. The Cloathing of Animals, which is                           214.
+      Suited to the Place and Occasions of all. In
+        Man, it is left to his own Reason and Art, joined with
+            sufficient Materials: Which is best for him,
+          Because he may sute his Cloathing to his Quality and
+              Business                                                218.
+          For Perspiration and Health sake.
+          To exercise his Art and Industry.
+          To excite his Diligence in keeping himself sweet and clean.
+          In being the Parent of divers Callings                      219.
+        Irrationals: Who are either
+        Ready furnished with proper Cloathing.
+          On the dry Land with Hair, Fleeces, Furrs, Shells, hard
+              Skins, _&c._                                            220.
+          In the Air with Feathers, light, strong and warm.
+          In the Waters with Scales, hard for Guard; smooth for
+              Passage; or with strong Shells to guard such as move
+              more slowly                                             223.
+        Provide for themselves by their Textrine, or Architechtonick
+            Art. Of which under the next Branch.
+      Well garnished, being all Workman-like, compleat, in its kind
+          beautiful, being                                            224.
+        Adorned with gay, various and elegant Colours.
+        If sordid, yet with exact Symmetry, and full of curious
+            Mechanism.
+    VIII. The Houses and Habitations of
+      Man, who is abundantly furnished with
+        Contrivance and Art to build and garnish his Habitations      226.
+        Materials of all sorts to effect his Works.
+      Irrationals, whose marvellous Instinct is manifested by the
+      Convenience of their Nests and Habitations for the
+        Hatching and Education of their Young                         228.
+        Guard and Defence of themselves and their Young.
+      Fabrick of their Nests, scarce imitable by Man, and shewn by
+          their Contrivance and Make, being exactly suitable to
+          their Occasions, and made by
+      Putting only a few ugly Sticks, Moss, Dirt, _&c._ together      231.
+      Building Combs according to the best Rules of Mathematicks.
+      Weaving Webs, and making Cases. For which Service the Parts
+         of their Bodies, and Materials afforded by them are very
+         considerable.
+    IX. Animals Self-Preservation. For which there is always a Guard
+            in proportion to the Dangers and Occasions of their State.
+             Which is observable in
+        Man, whose Reason and Art supplies the Defect of Natural
+            Armature.
+        Irrational Creatures; who
+        As they are on one Hand sufficiently guarded by their
+          Shells, Horns, Claws, Stings, _&c._                         239.
+          Changing their Colours.
+          Wings, Feet, and Swiftness.
+          Diving in, and tinging the Waters.
+          Ejecting Juices out of their Body.
+          Accurate Smell, Sight and Hearing.
+          Natural Craft                                               243.
+          Uncouth Noise, ugly Gesticulations, and horrid Aspect.
+          Horrible Stink and Excrements.
+        So on the other Hand can by their Strength, Sagacity,
+           or natural Artifices entrap and captivate, what is
+           necessary for their Food and other Occasions.
+    X. Animal’s Generation.
+      Equivocal, is denied                                            244.
+      Univocal, Which of
+        Man, is οὐ πρέπειας ἕνεκα, passed wholly by
+        Irrational Creatures, which is remarkable for their
+        Sagacity in chusing the fittest Place for their Eggs
+            and Young: Where it is observable what a
+        Compleat Order they observe.
+        Neat Apparatus their Bodies are provided with for this
+            purpose                                                   248.
+        Natural Venom they inject with their Eggs into Vegetables
+            to pervert Nature, and produce Balls, and Cases           250.
+    Making use of the fittest Seasons, either
+      All Seasons                                                     251.
+      When Provisions are most plentiful and easiest had.
+    Due Number of Young                                               252.
+    Diligence and Concern for their Young, in point of
+      Incubation                                                      253.
+      Safety and Defence                                              254.
+    Faculty of Nursing their Young, by
+      Suckling them. In which it is observable
+        How suitable this Food is.
+        How willingly parted with by all, even the most savage.
+        What a compleat Apparatus in all Creatures of Dugs, _&c._
+      Putting Food in their Mouths, with their proper Parts
+        for catching and conveying Food                               255.
+      Neither way, but by laying in Provisions before-hand            256.
+
+  Having in the Fourth Book thus dispatched the Decad of Things in
+      common to the _Sensitive Creatures_, I take a view of their
+      particular Tribes, _viz._ of
+    _Man_; whom I consider with relation to his
+      Soul. Concerning which having cursorily mentioned divers things,
+          I insist upon two as shewing an especial divine Management,
+          the
+        Various Genii, or Inclinations of Men, which is a wise
+            Provision for the Dispatch for all the World’s Affairs,
+            and that they may be performed with Pleasure              263.
+        Inventive Faculty, In which it is remarkable that
+        Its Compass is so large, extending to all things of Use, and
+            occasioning so many several Callings.
+        Things of greatest Necessity and Use were soon and easily
+            found out; but things less useful later, and dangerous
+            things not yet. Here of divers particular Inventions,
+            with an Exhortation to exercise and improve our Gifts.
+      Body. In which the things particularly remarked upon are the
+        Erect Posture                                                 282.
+          The most convenient for a Rational Being.
+          Manifestly intended, as appears from the Structure
+            of some particular Parts mentioned                        285.
+          Nice Structure of the Parts ministring thereto.
+          Equilibration of all the Parts                              286.
+        Figure and Shape of Man’s Body most agreeable to his Place
+            and Business                                              287.
+        Stature and Size, which is much the best for Man’s State      288.
+        Structure of the Parts, which are
+          Without Botches and Blunders.
+          Of due Strength.
+          Of the best Form.
+          Most accurately accommodated to their proper Offices.
+        Lodgment of the Parts, as the
+          Five Senses                                                 297.
+          Hand.
+          Legs and Feet,
+          Heart.
+          Viscera.
+          Several Bones and Muscles, _&c._                            298.
+          Covering of all with the Skin.
+        Provision in Man’s Body to
+          Prevent Evils by the
+            Situation of the Eyes, Ears, Tongue and Hand              300.
+            Guard afforded all, especially the principal Parts.
+            Duplication of some Parts.
+          Cure Evils by means of
+            Proper Emunctories                                        301.
+            Diseases themselves making Discharges of things more
+                dangerous                                             303.
+            Pain giving Warning, and exciting our Endeavours.
+        Consent of the Parts, effected by the Nerves, a Sample
+            whereof is given in the Fifth Pair, branched to the
+            Eye, Ear, _&c._
+      Political, sociable State. For the Preservation and Security
+          of which the Creator hath taken by variety of Mens.
+        Faces                                                         308.
+        Voices.
+        Hand-writing.
+    _Quadrupeds._ Of which I take no notice, but wherein they differ
+        from Man, _viz._
+      Prone Posture, which is considerable for
+        The Parts ministering to it, especially the Legs and Feet,
+            sized and made in some for
+          Strength and slow Motion                                    315.
+          Agility and Swiftness.
+          Walking and Running.
+          Walking and Swimming.
+          Walking and Flying.
+          Walking and Digging.
+          Traversing the Plains.
+          Traversing Ice, Mountains, &c.
+        Its Usefulness to
+          Gather Food                                                 317.
+          Catch Prey.
+          Climb, Leap and Swim.
+          Guard themselves.
+          Carry Burdens, Till the Ground, and other Uses of Man.
+      Parts differing from those of Man.
+      Head, wherein I consider
+        Its Shape, commonly agreeable to the Animal’s Motion          319.
+        The Brain, which is,
+          Lesser than in Man                                          319.
+          Placed lower than the Cerebellum.
+        The Nictitating Membrane                                      321.
+        Carotid Arteries, and Rete Mirabile.
+        Nates.
+      Neck.
+        Answering the Length of the Legs                              322.
+        Strengthened by the Whitleather.
+      Stomach,                                                        324.
+        Corresponding to the several Species.
+        Suited to their Proper Food, whether Flesh, Grain, &c.
+      Heart: Its
+        Ventricles in some
+          One only                                                    325.
+          Two.
+          Three, as some think.
+        Situation nearer the midst of the Body, than in Man.
+        Want of the Fattening of the Pericardium to the Midriff       327.
+      Nervous kinds. A Sample of which is given in the different
+          Correspondence between the Head and Heart of Man and Beast
+          by the means of the Nerves.                                 329.
+    _Birds._ Concerning which I take a View of their
+      Body and Motion; where I consider
+        The Parts concerned in their Motion                           333.
+          The Shape of the Body, made exactly for swimming in, and
+              passing through the Air.
+          Feathers, which are
+            Most exactly made for Lightness and Strength.
+            All well placed in every Part, for the Covering and
+                Motion of the Body.
+            Preened and dressed                                       334.
+          Wings, which are
+            Made of the very best Materials, _viz._ of _Bones_
+                light and strong; _Joynts_ exactly opening, shutting,
+                and moving, as the Occasions of Flight require; and
+                the _Pectoral Muscles_, of the greatest Strength of
+                any in the whole Body.
+            Placed in the nicest point of the Body of every Species,
+                according to the Occasions of Flight, Swimming or
+                Diving.
+          Tail, which is well made, and placed to keep the Body
+              steady, and assist in its Ascents and Descents          337.
+          Legs and Feet, which are made light for Flight, and
+              incomparably accoutred for their proper Occasions of
+            Swimming                                                  338.
+            Walking.
+            Catching Prey.
+            Roosting.
+            Hanging.
+            Wading and Searching the Waters.
+            Lifting them upon their Wings.
+        Motion it self.
+          Performed by the nicest Laws of Mechanicks.
+          Answering every Purpose and Occasion.
+        Other Parts of the Body, _viz._ the
+          Head, remarkable for the commodious
+            Shape of it self                                          341.
+            Forms of the Bill.
+            Site of the Eye and Ear.
+            Position of the Brain.
+            Structure of the
+              Larynx.
+              Tongue.
+              Inner Ear.
+            Provision by Nerves in the Bill for tasting and
+                distinguishing Food                                   344.
+          Stomachs, one to
+            Macerate and prepare                                      345.
+            Grind and digest
+          Lungs incomparably made for
+            Respiration                                               346.
+            Making the Body buoyant.
+          Neck, which is made
+            In due Proportion to the Legs.
+            To search in the Waters, and
+            To counterpoise the Body in Flight.
+      State. Of which I take notice of three Things, _viz._ their
+      Migration remarkable for
+        The Knowledge Birds have of
+          Their Times of Passage                                      348.
+          The Places proper for them.
+        Their Accommodation for long Flights by long or else
+            strong Wings.
+      Incubation, which is considerable for
+        The Egg, and its parts                                        351.
+        Act itself; that these Creatures should betake themselves
+            to it, know this to be the Way to produce their Young,
+            and with delight and Patience fit such a due Number
+            of Days.
+        The Neglect of it in any, as the Ostrich, and the wonderful
+            Provision for the Young in that Case                      354.
+      Nidification. Of which before.
+    _Insects._ Which, altho’ a despised Tribe, doth in some Respects
+        more set forth the infinite Power and Wisdom of the Creator,
+        than the larger Animals.
+    The things in this Tribe remarked upon are their
+      Body                                                            359.
+        Shaped, not so much for long Flights, as for their Food,
+            and Condition of Life.
+        Built not with Bones, but with what serves both for Bones
+            and Covering too.
+        Eyes, reticulated to see all ways at once                     360.
+        Antennæ, and their Use                                        361.
+        Legs and Feet made for
+          Creeping                                                    363.
+          Swimming and Walking.
+          Hanging on smooth Surfaces.
+          Leaping.
+          Digging.
+          Spinning and Weaving Webs and Cases.
+        Wings, which are
+          Nicely distended with Bones                                 365.
+          Some incomparably adorned with Feathers and elegant
+              Colours.
+          Some joynted and folded up in their Elytra, and distended
+              again at pleasure.
+          In Number either
+            Two, with Poises.
+            Four, without Poises.
+        Surprizing Minuteness of some of those Animals themselves,
+            especially of their Parts, which are as numerous and
+            various as in other Animal Bodies                         367.
+      State: which sets forth a particular Concurrence of the
+          Divine Providence, in the wise and careful Provision
+          that is made for their
+      Security against Winter, by their
+        Subsisting in a different, _viz._ their Nympha or Aurelia
+            state                                                     369.
+        Living in Torpitude, without any Waste of Body or Spirits     370.
+        Laying up Provision before-hand.
+      Preservation of their Species by their
+        Chusing proper Places, to lay up their Eggs and Sperm, so
+            that the
+          Eggs may have due Incubation                                373.
+          Young sufficient Food.
+        Care and Curiosity in repositing their Eggs in neat Order,
+            and with the proper Part uppermost                        382.
+      Incomparable Art of Nidification, by being endow’d with
+        Parts proper for, and agreeable to the several Ways of
+            Nidification, and the Materials they use in it.
+        Architectonick Sagacity to build and weave their Cells,
+            or to make even Nature herself their Hand-maid            384.
+    _Reptiles._ Which agreeing with other Animals in something
+        or other before treated of, I consider only their
+      Motion, which is very remarkable, whether we consider the
+        Manner of it, as
+          Vermicular                                                  394.
+          Sinuous.
+          Snail-like.
+          Catterpillar-like.
+          Multipedous.
+        Parts ministring to it.
+      Poison, which serves to
+        Scourge Man’s Wickedness                                      398.
+        Their easy Capture and Mastery of their Prey.
+        Their Digestion.
+    Watery Inhabitants considerable for their
+      Great Variety                                                   401.
+      Prodigious Multitudes.
+      Vast bulk of some, and surprizing minuteness of others          403.
+      Incomparable Contrivance and Structure of their Bodies.
+      Supplies of Food.
+      Respiration.
+      Adjustment of their Organs of Vision to their Element.
+      Poise and Motion of the Body every Way                          402.
+
+  Insensitive Inhabitants. Among which having mentioned Fossils
+      and others, I insist only upon _Vegetables_, and that in a
+      cursory manner upon their
+    Great Variety for the several Uses of the World                   404.
+    Anatomy.
+    Leaves                                                            407.
+    Flowers and their admirable Gaiety.
+    Seed, remarkable for its
+      Generation.
+      Make.
+      Containing in it a compleat Plant                               408.
+      Preservation and Safety in the Gems, Fruit, Earth, &c.
+      Sowing, which is provided for by Down, Wings, Springy Cases,
+          carried about by Birds, sown by the Husbandman, &c.         412.
+    Growing and Standing: Some by
+      Their own Strength                                              417.
+      The Help of others, by clasping about, or hanging upon them.
+    Remarkable Use, especially of some which seem to be provided
+         for the Good of
+      All Places                                                      420.
+      Some particular Places, to
+        Heal some Local Distempers.
+        Supply some Local Wants.
+
+  Practical Inferences upon the whole are these Six, viz. That
+      GOD’s Works.
+    1. Are great and excellent                                        425.
+    2. Ought to be enquired into, with a Commendation of such as
+         do so                                                        427.
+    3. Are manifest to all, and therefore Atheism unreasonable        428.
+    4. Ought to excite Fear and Obedience                             431.
+    5. Ought to excite Thankfulness 432.
+    6. Should move us to pay God his due Homages and Worship,
+         particularly that of the Lord’s Day: which is an
+         Appointment
+       The most ancient                                               438.
+       Wisely contrived for Dispatch of Business, and to prevent
+           Carnality.
+       Whose proper Business is, to cease from Worldly, and to
+           follow Spiritual Employments; the chief of which is
+           the Publick Worship of GOD.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+A
+
+SURVEY
+
+OF THE
+
+Terraqueous Globe.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+_INTRODUCTION._
+
+
+In _Psal._ cxi. 2. The Psalmist asserts, That _the[a] Works of the Lord
+are great; sought out of all them that have Pleasure therein_. This is
+true of all _God’s Works_, particularly of his _Works of Creation_:
+Which, when _sought out_, or, as the _Hebrew_ Word [b] signifieth, when
+_heedfully_ and _deeply pried into, solicitously observ’d and enquir’d
+out_, especially when clearly discovered to us; in this Case, I say, we
+find those Works of GOD abundantly to deserve the Psalmist’s Character
+of being _Great_ and Noble; inasmuch as they are made with the most
+exquisite Art, [c] contrived with the utmost Sagacity, and ordered
+with plain wise Design, and ministring to admirable Ends. For which
+reason St. _Paul_ might well affirm of those Ποιήματα of God, [d] That
+the _invisible Things of God, even his eternal Power and Godhead, are
+understood by them_. And indeed they are the most easy, and intelligible
+Demonstrations of the _Being_ and _Attributes_ of God;[e] especially
+to such as are unacquainted with the Subtilties of Reasoning and
+Argumentation; as the greatest part of Mankind are.
+
+It may not therefore be unsuitable to the Nature and Design of
+Lectures[f] founded by one of the greatest Vertuoso’s of the last Age,
+and instituted too on purpose for the Proof of the Christian Religion
+against Atheists and other Infidels, to improve this occasion in the
+Demonstration of the _Being_ and _Attributes_ of an infinitely wise and
+powerful Creator, from a Cursory Survey of the Works of _Creation_, or
+(as often called) of _Nature_.
+
+Which Works belong either to our _Terraqueous Globe_, or the _Heavens_.
+
+I shall begin with our _own Globe_, being nearest, and falling most under
+our Senses. Which being a Subject very various and copious, for the more
+methodical and orderly proceeding upon it, I shall distribute the Works
+therein:
+
+I. Into such as are not properly Parts, but _Appendages_ or _Out-works_
+of the Globe.
+
+II. The _Globe_ it self.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] It is not unlikely that the Psalmist might mean, at least have an Eye
+to, _the Works of the Creation_ in this Text, the Word ‎‏מעשה‏‎ being the
+same that in _Psal._ 19. 1. is translated _God’s Handy-work_, which is
+manifestly applied to the Works of _Creation_, and properly signifieth
+_Factum_, _Opus_, _Opisicium_, from ‎‏עשה‏‎ _Fecit_, _Paravit_,
+_Aptavit_. And saith _Kircher_, _significat talem affectionem, quâ
+aliquid existit vel realiter, vel ornatè, velut non sit in pristino statu
+quo fuit._ Concord, p. 2. col. 931.
+
+[b] ‎‏דרש‏‎ _Quasivit_, _perquisivit_, _sciscitatus est_, Buxtor. in
+verb. _Et simul importat curam, & solicitudinem._ Conrad. Kirch. ib. p.
+1. col. 1174.
+
+[c] _Quod si omnes mundi partes ita constitute sunt, ut neque ad usum
+meliores potuerint esse, neque ad speciem pulchriores; videamus utrùm ea
+fortuita sint, an eo statu, quo cohærere nullo modo potuerint, nisi sensu
+moderante divinâque providentia. Si ergo meliora sunt ea quæ Naturâ,
+quàm illa, quæ Arte perfecta sunt, nec Ars efficit quid sine ratione; ne
+Natura quidem rationis expers est habenda. Qui igitur convenit, signum,
+aut tabulam pictam cùm adspexeris, scire adhibitam esse artem; cumque
+procul cursum navigii videris, non dubitare, quin id ratione atque arte
+moveatur: aut cùm Solarium, &c. Mundum autem, qui & has ipsas artes,
+& earum artifices, & cuncta complectatur, consilii & rationis esse
+expertem putare? Quod si in Scythiam, aut in Britanniam, Sphæram aliquis
+tulerit hanc, quam nuper familiaris noster effecit Posidonius, cujus
+singulæ conversiones idem efficiunt in Sole, &c.——quod efficitur in cœlo
+singulis diebus & noctibus; quis in illâ barbarie dubitet, quin ea Sphæra
+sit perfecta Ratione? Hi autem dubitant de Mundo, ex quo & oriuntur, &
+fiunt omnia, casune ipse sit effectus,—an Ratione, an Mente divinâ? Et
+Archimedem arbitrantur plus valuisse in imitandis Sphæræ conversionibus,
+quàm Naturam in efficiendis, præsertim cùm multis partibus sint illa
+perfecta, quam hæc simulata, solertius, ~&c.~_ Cic. de Nat. l. 2. c. 34,
+35.
+
+[d] And a little before he saith of _Nature_ it self, _Omnem ergo regit
+Naturam ipse ~[Deus]~ &c._
+
+[e] _Mundus codex est Dei, in quo jugiter legere debemus_, Bernard. Serm.
+
+_Arbitror nullam gentem, neque Hominum societatem, apud quos ulla Deorum
+est religio, quidquam habere sacris Eleusiniis aut Samothraciis simile:
+Ea tamen obscurè docent quæ profitentur: Natura verò opera in omnibus
+animantibus sunt perspicua._ Galen. de Us. Part. l. 17. c. 1.
+
+[f] _Philosophia est Catechismus ad Fidem._ Cyril. 1. contr. Jul.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+BOOK I.
+
+_Of the Out-works of the Terraqueous Globe; the Atmosphere, Light, and
+Gravity._
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+_Of the Atmosphere in general._
+
+
+The Atmosphere, or Mass of Air, Vapours and Clouds, which surrounds our
+Globe, will appear to be a matter of Design, and the infinitely wise
+Creator’s Work, if we consider its _Nature_ and _Make_[a], and its _Use_
+to the World[b].
+
+1. Its Nature and Make, a Mass of Air, of subtile penetrating Matter, fit
+to pervade other Bodies, to penetrate into the inmost Recesses of Nature,
+to excite, animate, and spiritualize; and in short, to be the very Soul
+of this lower World. A thing consequently
+
+2. Of greatest Use to the World, useful to the Life, the Health, the
+Comfort, the Pleasure, and Business of the whole Globe. It is the Air
+the whole Animal World breatheth, and liveth by; not only the Animals
+inhabiting the Earth[c] and
+
+Air[d], but those of the Waters[e] too. Without it most Animals live
+scarce half a Minute[f]; and others, that are the most accustomed to the
+want of it, live not without it many Days.
+
+And not only Animals themselves, but even Trees and Plants, and the whole
+vegetable Race, owe their Vegetation and Life to this useful Element;
+as will appear when I come to speak of them, and is manifest from their
+Glory and Verdure in a free Air, and their becoming Pale and Sickly, and
+Languishing and Dying, when by any means excluded from it[g].
+
+Thus useful, thus necessary, is the Air to the Life of the animated
+Creatures; and no less is it to the Motion and Conveyance of many of
+them. All the winged Tribes owe their Flight and Buoyancy[h] to it,
+as shall be shewn in proper place: And even the watery Inhabitants
+themselves cannot ascend and descend into their Element, well without
+it[i].
+
+But it would be tedious to descend too far into Particulars, to reckon
+up the many Benefits of this noble Appendage of our Globe in many useful
+Engines[k]; in many of the Functions and Operations of Nature[l] in the
+Conveyance of Sounds; and a Thousand Things besides. And I shall but
+just mention the admirable use of our Atmosphere in ministring to the
+enlightening of the World, by its reflecting the Light of the heavenly
+Bodies to us[m]; and refracting the Sun-beams to our Eye, before it
+ever surmounteth our Horizon[n]; by which means the Day is protracted
+throughout the whole Globe; and the long and dismal Nights are shorten’d
+in the frigid Zones, and Day sooner approacheth them; yea the Sun itself
+riseth in Appearance (when really it is absent from them) to the great
+Comfort of those forlorn Places[o].
+
+But passing by all these Things with only a bare mention, and wholly
+omitting others that might have been named, I shall only insist upon the
+excellent Use of this noble circumambient Companion of our Globe, in
+respect of two of its Meteors, the Winds, and the Clouds and Rain[p].
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] _Mundi pars est Aer, & quidem necessaria: Hic est enim qui cœlum
+terramque connectit, ~&c.~_ Senec. Nat. Qu. l. 2. c. 4.
+
+[b] _Ipse Aer nobiscum videt, nobiscum audit, nobiscum sonat; nihil enim
+eorum sine eo fieri potest, ~&c.~_ Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 33.
+
+[c] As the Air is of absolute Necessity to Animal Life, so it is
+necessary that it should be of a due Temperament or Consistence; not
+foul, by reason that suffocateth: not too rare and thin, because that
+sufficeth not; with Examples of each of which, I shall a little entertain
+the Reader. In one of Mr. _Hawksbee_’s Compressing Engines, I closely
+shut up a _Sparrow_ without forcing any Air in; and in less than an Hour
+the Bird began to pant, and be concerned; and in less than an Hour and
+half to be sick, vomit, and more out of Breath; and in two Hours time was
+nearly expiring.
+
+Another I put in and compressed the Air, but the Engine leaking, I
+frequently renewed the Compressure; by which means, (although the
+Bird panted a little after the first Hour,) yet after such frequent
+Compressures, and Immission of fresh Air, it was very little concerned,
+and taken out seemingly unhurt after three Hours.
+
+After this I made two other Experiments in compressed Air, with the
+Weight of two Atmospheres injected, the Engine holding tight and well;
+the one with the _Great Titmouse_, the other with a _Sparrow_. For near
+an Hour they seemed but little concerned; but after that grew fainter,
+and in two Hours time sick, and in three Hours time died. Another thing
+I took notice of, was, that when the Birds were sick and very restless,
+I fancied they were somewhat relieved for a short space, with the Motion
+of the Air, caused by their fluttering and shaking their Wings, (a thing
+worth trying in the _Diving-Bell_). I shall leave the ingenious Reader to
+judge what the cause was of both the Birds living longer in compressed,
+than uncompressed Air; whether a less quantity of Air was not sooner
+fouled and rendred unfit for Respiration, than a greater.
+
+From these Experiments two Things are manifested; one is, that Air,
+in some measure compressed, or rather heavy, is necessary to Animal
+Life: Of which by and by. The other, that fresh Air is also necessary:
+For pent up Air, when overcharged with the Vapours emitted our of the
+Animal’s Body, becomes unfit for Respiration. For which Reason, in the
+_Diving-Bell_, after some time of stay under Water, they are forced to
+come up and take in fresh Air, or by some such means recruit it. But
+the famous _Cornelius Drebell_ contrived not only a Vessel to be rowed
+under Water, but also a Liquor to be carried in that Vessel, that would
+supply the want of fresh Air. The Vessel was made for King _James_ I.
+It carried twelve Rowers, besides the Passengers. It was tried in the
+River of _Thames_; and one of the Persons that was in that submarine
+Navigation was then alive, and told it one, who related the Matter to
+our famous Founder, the Honourable, and most Ingenious Mr. _Boyl_. As to
+the Liquor, Mr. _Boyl_ saith, he discovered by a Doctor of Physick, who
+married _Drebell_’s Daughter, that it was used from time to time when
+the Air in the submarine Boat was clogged by the Breath of the Company,
+and thereby made unfit for Respiration; at which time, by unstopping a
+Vessel full of this Liquor, he could speedily restore to the troubled Air
+such a proportion of vital Parts, as would make it again for a good while
+fit for Respiration. The Secret of this Liquor _Drebell_ would never
+disclose to above one Person, who himself assured Mr. _Boyl_ what it was.
+_Vid._ _Boyl. Exp. Phys. Mech. of the Spring of the Air, Exp. 41._ in
+the _Digres_. This Story I have related from Mr. _Boyl_, but at the same
+time much question whether the Virtues of the Liquor were so effectual as
+reported.
+
+And as too gross, so too rare an Air is unfit for Respiration. Not to
+mention the forced Rarefactions made by the Air-Pump, in the following
+Note; it is found, that even the extraordinary natural Rarefactions, upon
+the tops of very high Hills, much affect Respiration. An Ecclesiastical
+Person, who had visited the high Mountains of _Armenia_, (on which some
+fancy the Ark rested) told Mr. _Boyl_, that whilst he was on the upper
+part of them, he was forced to fetch his Breath oftner than he was wont.
+And taking notice of it when he came down, the People told him, that it
+was what happen’d to them when they were so high above the Plane, and
+that it was a common Observation among them. The like Observation the
+same Ecclesiastick made upon the top of a Mountain in the _Cevennes_. So
+a learned Traveller, and curious Person, on one of the highest Ridges
+of the _Pyrenees_, call’d _Pic de Midi_, found the Air not so fit for
+Respiration, as the common Air, but he and his Company were fain to
+breath shorter and oftner than in the lower Air. _Vid._ _Phil. Transact._
+No. 63, or _Lowthorp’s Abridg._ Vol. 2. p. 226.
+
+Such another Relation the learned _Joseph Acosta_ gives of himself and
+his Company, that, when they passed the high Mountains of _Peru_, which
+they call _Periacaca_, (to which he saith, _the Alps themselves seemed
+to them but as ordinary Houses, in regard of high Towers,) He and his
+Companions were surprized with such extreme Pangs of Straining and
+Vomiting, (not without casting up of Blood too,) and with so violent a
+Distemper, that he concludes he should undoubtedly have died; but that
+this lasted not above three or four Hours, before they came into a more
+convenient and natural Temperature of the Air._ All which he concludes
+proceeded from the too great Subtilty and Delicacy of the Air, which is
+not proportionable to humane Respiration, which requires a more gross and
+temperate Air, _Vid._ _Boyl_, _ubi supra_.
+
+Thus it appears, that an Air too Subtile, Rare and Light, is unfit for
+Respiration: But the Cause is not the Subtilty or too great Delicacy, as
+Mr. Boyl thinks, but the too great Lightness thereof, which renders it
+unable to be a Counterbalance, or an Antagonist to the Heart, and all the
+Muscles ministring to _Respiration_, and the _Diastole_ of the Heart. Of
+which see _Book 4. Chap. 7. Note 1._
+
+And as our Inability to live in too rare and light an Air may discourage
+those vain Attempts of Flying and Whimsies of passing to the Moon, &c.
+so our being able to bear an heavier State of the Air is an excellent
+Provision for Mens Occasions in Mines, and other great Depths of the
+Earth; and those other greater Pressures made upon the Air, in the
+_Diving-Bell_, when we descend into great Depths of the Waters.
+
+[d] That the Inhabitants of the Air, (Birds and Insects,) need the Air
+as well as Man and other Animals, is manifest from their speedy dying in
+too feculent, or too much rarefied Air; of which see the preceding and
+following _Note (f)._ But yet Birds and Insects (some Birds at least)
+can live in a rarer Air than Man. Thus Eagles, Kites, Herons, and divers
+other Birds, that delight in high Flights, are not affected with the
+Rarity of the Medium, as those Persons were in the preceding Note. So
+Insects bear the Air-Pump long, as in the following _Note (f)._
+
+[e] Creatures inhabiting the Waters need the Air, as well as other
+Animals, yea, and fresh Air too. The _Hydrocanthari_ of all Sorts, the
+_Nymphæ_ of _Gnats_, and many other Water-Insects, have a singular
+Faculty, and an admirable Apparatus, to raise their back Parts to the top
+of the Waters, and take in fresh Air. It is pretty to see, for Instance,
+the _Hydrocanthari_ come and thrust their Tails out of the Water, and
+take in a Bubble of Air, at the tip of their _Vaginæ_ and Tails, and then
+nimbly carry it down with them into the Waters; and, when that is spent,
+or fouled, to ascend again and recruit it.
+
+So Fishes also are well known to use Respiration, by passing the Water
+through their Mouths and Gills. But _Carps_ will live out of the Water,
+only in the Air; as is manifest by the Experiment of their way of Fatting
+them in _Holland_, and which hath been practised herein _England_, _viz._
+they hang them up in a Cellar, or some cool Place, in wet Moss in a small
+Net, with their Heads out, and feed them with white Bread soaked in Milk
+for many Days. This was told me by a Person very curious, and of great
+Honour and Eminence, whose Word (if I had leave to name him) no Body
+would question: And it being an Instance of the Respiration of Fishes
+very singular, and somewhat out of the way, I have for the Reader’s
+Diversion taken notice of it.
+
+[f] By Experiments I made my self in the Air Pump, in _September_
+and _October_, 1704; I observed that Animals whose Hearts have two
+_Ventricles_, and no _Foramen Ovale_, as Birds, Dogs, Cats, Rats, Mice,
+_&c._ die in less than half a Minute counting from the very first
+Exsuction; especially in a small Receiver.
+
+A _Mole_ (which I suspected might have born more than other Quadrupeds)
+died in one Minute (without Recovery) in a large Receiver; and doubtless
+would hardly have survived half a Minute in a small Receiver. A _Bat_
+(although wounded) sustained the Pump two Minutes, and revived upon the
+re-admission of the Air. After that, he remained four Minutes and a half
+and revived. Lastly, After he had been five Minutes, he continued gasping
+for a time, and after twenty Minutes I re-admitted the Air, but the _Bat_
+never revived.
+
+As for _Insects_: _Wasps_, _Bats_, _Hornets_, _Grashoppers_, and
+_Lady-Cows_ seemed dead in appearance in two Minutes, but revived in the
+open Air in two or three Hours time, notwithstanding they had been in
+_Vacuo_ twenty four Hours.
+
+The _Ear-wig_, the great _Staphylinus_, the great black lowsy _Beetle_,
+and some other Insects would seem unconcerned at the _Vacuum_ a good
+while, and lie as dead; but revive in the Air, although some had lain
+sixteen Hours in the exhausted Receiver.
+
+_Snails_ bear the Air Pump prodigiously, especially those in Shells; two
+of which lay above twenty four Hours, and seemed not much affected. The
+same Snails I left in twenty eight Hours more after a second Exhaustion,
+and found one of them quite dead, but the other revived.
+
+_Frogs_ and _Toads_ bear the Pump long, especially the former. A large
+Toad, found in the House, died irrecoverably in less than six Hours.
+Another Toad and Frog I put in together, and the Toad was seemingly dead
+in two Hours, but the Frog just alive. After they had remained there
+eleven Hours, and seemingly dead, the Frog recovered in the open Air,
+only weak, but the Toad was quite dead. The same Frog being put in again
+for twenty seven Hours, then quite died.
+
+The Animalcules in _Pepper-Water_ remained in _Vacuo_ twenty four Hours.
+And after they had been exposed a Day or two to the open Air, I found
+some of them dead, some alive.
+
+[g] That the Air is the principal Cause of the Vegetation of Plants,
+_Borelli_ proves in his excellent Book _De Mot. Animal._ Vol. 2. Prop.
+181. And in the next Proposition, he assureth, _In Plantis quoque peragi
+Aeris respirationem quandam imperfectam, à quâ earum vita pendet, &
+conservatur._ But of this more when I come to survey Vegetables.
+
+_Some Lettice-Seed being sown upon some Earth in the open Air, and some
+of the same Seed at the same time upon other Earth in a Glass-Receiver of
+the Pneumatick Engine, afterwards exhausted of Air: The Seed exposed to
+the Air was grown up an Inch and half high within Eight Days; but that in
+the exhausted Receiver not at all. And Air being again admitted into the
+same emptied Receiver, to see whether any of the Seed would then come up,
+it was found, that in the Space of one Week it was grown up to the Height
+of two or three Inches._ Vid. Phil. Trans. No. 23. Lowth. Abridg. Vol. 2.
+p. 206.
+
+[h] _In volucribus pulmones perforati aerem inspiratum in totam ventris
+cavitatem admittunt. Hujus ratio, ut propter corporis truncum Aere
+repletum & quasi extensum, ipsa magis volatilia evadant, faciliusque
+ab aere externo, proper intimi penum, sustententur. Equidem pisces,
+quò leviùs in aquis natent, in Abdomine vesicas Aere inflatas gestant:
+pariter & volucres, propter corporis truncum Aere impletum & quasi
+inflatum, nudo Aeri incumbentes, minus gravantur, proindeque levius &
+expeditiùs volant._ Willis de Anim. Brut. p. 1. c. 3.
+
+[i] _Fishes by reason of the Bladder of Air within them, can sustain, or
+keep themselves in any Depth of Water: For the Air in that Bladder being
+more or less compressed, according to the Depth the Fish swims at, takes
+up more or less Space; and consequently, the Body of the Fish, part of
+whose Bulk this Bladder is, is greater or less according to the several
+Depths, and yet retains the same Weight. Now the Rule ~de Insidentibus
+humido~ is, that a Body, that is heavier than so much Water, as is equal
+in Quantity to the Bulk of it, will sink, a Body that is lighter will
+swim; a Body of equal Weight will rest in any part of the Water. By
+this Rule, if the Fish, in the middle Region of the Water, be of equal
+Weight to the Water, that is commensurate to the Bulk of it, the Fish
+will rest there, without any Tendency upwards or downwards: And if the
+Fish be deeper in the Water, the Bulk of the Fish becoming less by the
+Compression of the Bladder, and yet retaining the same Weight, it will
+sink, and rest at the Bottom. And on the other side, if the Fish be
+higher than the middle Region, the Air dilating it self, and the Bulk
+of the Fish consequently increasing, but not the Weight, the Fish will
+rise upwards and rest at the top of the Water. Perhaps the Fish by some
+Action can emit Air out of its Bladder——, and, when not enough, take in
+Air,——and then it will not be wondred, that there should be always a fit
+Proportion of Air in all Fishes to serve their Use, ~&c.~_ Then follows
+a Method of Mr. _Boyl_ to experiment the Truth of this. After which, in
+Mr. _Lowthorp_’s Abridgment, follow Mr. _Ray_’s Observations. _I think
+that——hath hit upon the true Use of the Swimming-Bladders in Fishes.
+For, 1. It hath been observed, that if the Swimming-Bladder of any Fish
+be pricked or broken, such a Fish sinks presently to the Bottom, and
+can neither support or raise it self up in the Water. 2. Flat Fishes,
+as Soles, Plaise, &c. which lie always grovelling at the Bottom, have
+no Swimming-Bladders that ever I could find. 3. In most Fishes there is
+a manifest Chanel leading from the Gullet——to the said Bladder, which
+without doubt serves for the conveying Air thereunto.——In the Coat of
+this Bladder is a musculous Power to contract it when the Fish lifts._
+See more very curious Observations relating to this Matter, of the late
+great Mr. _Ray_, as also of the curious anonymous Gentleman in the
+ingenious Mr. _Lowthorp_’s Abridgment, before cited, _p. 845._ from
+_Phil. Trans. N._ 114, 115.
+
+[k] Among the Engines in which the Air is useful, Pumps may be
+accounted not contemptible ones, and divers other Hydraulical Engines,
+which need not to be particularly insisted on. In these the Water was
+imagined to rise by the power of Suction, to avoid _a Vacuum_, and such
+unintelligible Stuff; but the justly famous Mr. _Boyl_ was the first that
+solved these Phænomena by the Weight of the Atmosphere. His ingenious and
+curious Observations and Experiments relating hereto, may be seen in his
+little Tract, _Of the Cause of Attraction by Suction_, and divers others
+of his Tracts.
+
+[l] It would be endless to specify the Uses of the Air in Nature’s
+Operations: I shall therefore, for a Sample only, name its great Use to
+the World in conserving animated Bodies, whether endowed with animal or
+vegetative Life, and its contrary Quality of dissolving other Bodies;
+by which means many Bodies that would prove Nuisances to the World,
+are put out of the Way, by being reduced into their first Principles,
+(as we say), and so embodied with the Earth again. Of its Faculty as a
+Menstruum, or its Power to dissolve Bodies; I may instance in Crystal
+Glasses, which, with long keeping, especially if not used, will in Time
+be reduced to a Powder, as I have seen. So divers Minerals, Earths,
+Stones, Fossil-Shells, Wood, _&c._ which from _Noah_’s Flood, at least
+for many Ages, have lain under Ground, so secure from Corruption, that,
+on the contrary, they have been thereby made much the stronger, have in
+the open Air soon mouldered away. Of which last, Mr. _Boyl_ gives an
+Instance (from the _Dissertation de admirandis Hungar. Aquis_) of a great
+Oak, like a huge Beam, dug out of a Salt Mine in _Transylvania_, _so
+hard, that it would not easily be wrought upon by Iron Tools, yet, being
+exposed to the Air out of the Mine, it became so rotten that in four Days
+it was easy to be broken, and crumbled between one’s Fingers_. Boyl’s
+Suspic. about some hid. Qual. in the Air, p. 28. So the Trees turned out
+of the Earth by the Breaches at _West-Thurrock_ and _Dagenham_, near
+me, although probably no other than _Alder_, and interred many Ages ago
+in a rotten oazy Mold, were so exceedingly tough, hard, and found at
+first, that I could make but little Impressions on them with the Strokes
+of an Ax; but being exposed to the Air and Water, soon became so rotten
+as to be crumbled between the Fingers. See my Observations in _Philos.
+Transact._ Nᵒ. 335.
+
+[m] _By reflecting the Light of the heavenly Bodies to us_, I mean that
+Whiteness or Lightness which is in the Air in the Day-time, caused by the
+Rays of Light striking upon the Particles of the Atmosphere, as well as
+upon the Clouds above, and the other Objects beneath upon the Earth. To
+the same Cause also we owe the Twilight, _viz._ to the Sun-beams touching
+the uppermost Particles of our Atmosphere, which they do when the Sun is
+about eighteen Degrees beneath the Horizon. And as the Beams reach more
+and more of the airy Particles, so Darkness goes off, and Day light comes
+on and encreaseth. For an Exemplification of this, the Experiment may
+serve of transmitting a few Rays of the Sun through a small Hole into
+a dark Room: By which means the Rays which meet with Dust, and other
+Particles flying in the Air, are render’d visible; or (which amounts to
+the same) those swimming small Bodies are rendered visible, by their
+reflecting the Light of the Sun-beams to the Eye, which, without such
+Reflection, would it self be invisible.
+
+The Azure Colour of the Sky Sir _Isaac Newton_ attributes to Vapours
+beginning to condense, and that are not able to reflect the other
+Colours. _V._ _Optic._ l. 2. _Par. 3. Prop. 7._
+
+[n] By the Refractive Power of the Air, the Sun, and the other heavenly
+Bodies seem higher than really they are, especially near the Horizon.
+What the Refractions amount unto, what Variations they have, and what
+Alterations in time they cause, may be briefly seen in a little Book
+called, _The Artificial Clock-Maker_, Chap. 11.
+
+_Although this inflective Quality of the Air be a great Incumbrance and
+Confusion of Astronomical Observations;——yet it is not without some
+considerable Benefit to Navigation; and indeed in some Cases, the Benefit
+thereby obtained is much greater than would be the Benefit of having the
+Ray proceed in an exact straight Line._ [Then he mentions the Benefit
+hereof to the Polar Parts of the World.] _But this by the by_ (saith he.)
+_The great Advantage I consider therein, is the first Discovery of Land
+upon the Sea; for by means hereof, the tops of Hills and Lands are raised
+up into the Air, so as to be discoverable several Leagues farther off on
+the Sea than they would be, were there no such Refraction, which is of
+great Benefit to Navigation for steering their Course in the Night, when
+they approach near Land; and likewise for directing them in the Day-time,
+much more certainly than the most exact Celestial Observations could do
+by the Help of an uninflected Ray, especially in such Places as they
+have no Soundings._ [Then he proposes a Method to find by these means
+the Distance of Objects at Sea.] V. Dr. _Hook_’s _Post. Works_. Lect. of
+Navig. p. 466.
+
+[o] _Cum Belgæ in novâ Zemblâ hybernarent, Sol illis apparuit 16 diebus
+citiùs, quàm revera in Horizonte existeret, hoc est, cùm adhuc infra
+Horizontem depressus esset quatuor circiter gradibus, & quidem aere
+sereno._ Varen. Geog. c. 19. Prop. 22.
+
+_~[These Hollanders]~ found, that the Night in that place shortened no
+less than a whole Month; which must needs be a very great Comfort to all
+such Places as live very far towards the North and South Poles, where
+length of Night, and want of seeing the Sun, cannot chuse but be very
+tedious and irksome._ Hook Ibid.
+
+_~[By means of the Refractions]~ we found the Sun to rise twenty Minutes
+before it should; and in the Evening to remain above the Horizon twenty
+Minutes (or thereabouts) longer than it should._ Captain _James_’s Journ.
+in _Boyl_ of Cold. Tit. 18. p. 190.
+
+[p] _Aer—in Nubes cogitur: humoremque colligens terram auget imbribus:
+tum effluens huc & illuc, ventos efficit. Idem annuas frigorum & calorum
+facit varietates: idemque & volatus Alitum sustinet, & spiritu ductus
+alit & sustentas animantes._ Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 39.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+_Of the Winds[a]._
+
+
+To pass by other Considerations, whereby I might demonstrate the Winds
+to be the infinite Creator’s Contrivance, I shall insist only upon their
+great usefulness to the World. And so great is their Use, and of such
+absolute Necessity are they to the Salubrity of the Atmosphere, that all
+the World would be poisoned without those Agitations thereof. We find
+how putrid, fetid, and unfit for Respiration, as well as Health and
+Pleasure, a stagnating, confined, pent up Air is. And if the whole Mass
+of Air and Vapours was always at Rest, and without Motion, instead of
+refreshing and animating, it would suffocate and poison all the World:
+But the perpetual Commotions it receives from the Gales and Storms, keep
+it pure and healthful[b].
+
+Neither are those Ventilations beneficial only to the Health, but to the
+Pleasure also of the Inhabitants of the Terraqueous Globe; witness the
+Gales which fan us in the heat of Summer; without which, even in this
+our temperate Zone, Men are scarce able to perform the Labours of their
+Calling, or not without Danger of Health and Life[c]. But especially,
+witness the perpetual Gales which throughout the whole Year do fan the
+Torrid Zone, and make that Climate an healthful and pleasant Habitation,
+which would otherwise be scarce habitable.
+
+To these I might add many other great Conveniencies of the Winds in
+various Engines, and various Businesses. I might particularly insist
+upon its great Use to transport Men to the farthest distant Regions of
+the World[d] and I might particularly speak of the general and coasting
+Trade-Winds, the Sea, and the Land-Breezes;[e] the one serving to carry
+the Mariner in long Voyages from East to West; the other serving to waft
+him to particular Places; the one serving to carry him into his Harbour,
+the other to bring him out. But I should go too far to take notice of all
+Particulars[f]. Leaving therefore the Winds, I proceed in the next Place
+to the Clouds and Rain.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] _Ventus est aer fluens_, is _Seneca_’s Definition, _Na. Qu. l. 5._
+And as Wind is a Current of the Air, so that which excites or alters its
+Currents may be justly said to be the Cause of the Winds. An Æquipoise of
+the Atmosphere produceth a Calm; but if that Æquipoise be more or less
+taken off, a Stream of Air, or Wind, is thereby accordingly produced
+either stronger or weaker, swifter or slower. And divers things there
+are that may make such Alterations in the Æquipoise or Balance of the
+Atmosphere, _viz._ Eruptions of Vapours from Sea or Land; Rarefactions
+and Condensations in one Place more than another; the falling of Rain,
+pressure of the Clouds, _&c._ _Pliny_, l. 2. c. 45. tells us of a certain
+_Cavern_ in _Dalmatia_, called _Senta_, _in quem_, saith he, _dejecto
+levi pondere, quamvis tranquillo die, turbini similis emicat procella_.
+But as to Caves it is observed, that they often emit Winds more or less.
+Dr. _Connor_, taking notice of this matter, specifies these, _In regno
+Neapolitano ex immani Cumanæ Sibyllæ antro tenuem ventum effluentem
+percepi_. The like he observed at the Caves at _Baiæ_, and in some of the
+Mines of _Germany_, and in the large Salt-Mines of _Cracow_ in _Poland_.
+_Ubi_, saith he, _opifices, & ipse fodinæ dominus Andreas Morstin, Nob.
+Polonus, mihi asseruerunt, quòd tanta aliquando Ventorum tempestas ex
+ambagiosis hujus fodinæ recessibus surgere solebat, quod laborantes
+fossores humi prosternebat, nec non portas & domiciliæ (quæ sibi in hâc
+fodinâ artifices exstruunt) penitùs evertebat_. Bern. Connor. Dissert.
+Med. Phys. p. 33. Artic. 3.
+
+And as great Caves, so great Lakes sometimes send forth Winds. So
+_Gassendus_ saith the _Lacus Legnius_ doth, _E quo dum exoritur fumus,
+nubes haud dubiê creanda est, quæ sit brevi in tempestatem sævissimam
+exoneranda_. Gassend. Vit. Peiresk. l. 5. P. 417.
+
+But the most universal and constant Alterations of the Balance of the
+Atmosphere are from Heat and Cold. This is manifest in the General
+Trade-Winds, blowing all the Year between the Tropicks from East to
+West: if the Cause thereof be (as some ingenious Men imagine) the Sun’s
+daily Progress round that part of the Globe, and by his Heat rarefying
+one part of the Air, whilst the cooler and heavier Air behind presseth
+after. So the Sea and Land Breezes in _Note (d)._ And so in our Climate,
+the Northerly and Southerly Winds (commonly esteemed the Causes of cold
+and warm Weather), are really the Effects of the Cold or Warmth of the
+Atmosphere: Of which I have had so many Confirmations, that I have no
+doubt of it. As for Instance, it is not uncommon to see a warm Southerly
+Wind, suddenly changed to the North, by the fall of Snow or Hail; to see
+the Wind in a frosty, cold Morning North, and when the Sun hath well
+warmed the Earth and Air, you may observe it to wheel about towards
+the Southerly Quarters; and again to turn Northerly or Easterly in the
+cold Evening. It is from hence also, that in Thunder-Showers the Wind
+and Clouds are oftentimes contrary to one another, (especially if Hail
+falls) the sultry Weather below directing the Wind one way; and the Cold
+above the Clouds another way. I took Notice upon _March_ the 10ᵗʰ 1710/1,
+(and divers such like Instances I have had before and since) that the
+Morning was warm, and what Wind stirred was West-South-West, but the
+Clouds were thick and black (as generally they are when Snow ensues): A
+little before Noon the Wind veered about to North by West, and sometimes
+to other Points, the Clouds at the same time flying some North by West,
+some South-West: About one of the Clock it rained apace, the Clouds
+flying sometimes North-East, then North, and at last both Wind and Clouds
+settled North by West; At which time Sleet fell plentifully, and it grew
+very cold. From all which I observe, 1. That although our Region below
+was warm, the Region of the Clouds was cold, as the black, snowy Clouds
+shewed. 2. That the struggle between the warmth of ours, and the cold of
+the cloudy Region, stopped the airy Currents of both Regions. 3. That the
+falling of the Snow through our warmer Air melted into Rain at first; but
+that it became Sleet after the superiour Cold had conquered the inferiour
+Warmth. 4. That, as that Cold prevailed by Degrees, so by Degrees it
+wheeled about both the Winds and Clouds from the Northwards towards the
+South.
+
+_Hippocrates_, l. 2. _De Vict. Orat._ _Omnes Ventos vel à nive, glacie,
+vehementi gelu, fluminibus, ~&c.~ spirare necesse judicat_, Bartholin. de
+usu Nivis, c. 1.
+
+[b] _It is well observed in my Lord ~Howard~s Voyage to ~Constantinople~,
+that at ~Vienna~ they have frequent Winds, which if they cease long in
+Summer, the Plague often ensues: So that it is now grown into a Proverb,
+that if ~Austria~ be not windy, it is subject to Contagion._ Bohun of
+Wind, _p. 213._
+
+From some such Commotions of the Air I imagine it is, that at _Grand
+Cairo_ the Plague immediately ceases, as soon as the _Nile_ begins to
+overflow; although Mr. _Boyl_ attributes it to nitrous Corpuscles.
+_Determ. Nat. of Effluv._ Chap. 4.
+
+_Nulla enim propemodum regio est, quæ non habeat aliquem flatum ex se
+nascentem, & circa se cadentem._
+
+_Inter cætera itaq; Providentiæ opera, hoc quoq; aliquis, ut dignum
+admiratione suspexerit. Non enim ex unâ causâ Ventos aut invenit, aut
+per diversa disposuit: sed primum ut aera non sinerent pigrescere, sed
+assiduâ vexatione utilem redderens, vitaiemq; tracturis._ Sen. Nat.
+Quæst. l. 5. c. 17, 18.
+
+All this is more evident, from the Cause assigned to malignant epidemical
+Diseases, particularly the Plague, by my ingenious, learned Friend, Dr.
+_Mead_; and that is, an hot and moist Temperament of the Air, which
+is observed by _Hippocrates_, _Galen_, and the general Histories of
+Epidemical Diseases, to attend those Distempers. _Vid._ _Mead of Poisons,
+Essay 5._ p. 161. But indeed, whether the Cause be this, or poisonous,
+malignant Exhalations or Animalcules, as others think, the Winds are
+however very salutiferous in such Cases, in cooling the Air, and
+dispersing and driving away the moist or pestiferous Vapours.
+
+[c] _July 8. 1707_, (called for some time after the _Hot Tuesday_,)
+was so excessively hot and suffocating, by reason there was no Wind
+stirring, that divers Persons died, or were in great Danger of Death, in
+their Harvest-Work. Particularly one who had formerly been my Servant, a
+healthy, lusty, young Man, was killed by the Heat: And several Horses on
+the Road dropped down and died the same Day.
+
+In the foregoing Notes, having Notice of some Things relating to Heat,
+although it be somewhat out of the way, I hope the Reader will excuse me,
+if I entertain him with some Observations I made about the Heat of the
+Air under the Line, compared with the Heat of our Bodies. _J. Patrick_,
+who, as he is very accurate in making Barometrical and Thermometrical
+Instruments, had the Curiosity for the nicer adjusting his Thermometers,
+to send two abroad under the Care of two very sensible, ingenious
+Men; one to the Northern Lat. of 81; the other to the Parts under the
+Æquinoctial: In these two different Climates, the Places were marked
+where the Spirits stood at the severest Cold and greatest Heat. And
+according to these Observations he graduates his Thermometers. With his
+Standard I compared my Standard Thermometer, from all the Degrees of
+Cold, I could make with _Sal Armoniack_, &c. to the greatest Degrees of
+Heat our Thermometers would reach to. And with the same Thermometer (of
+mine) I experimented the greatest Heat of my Body, in _July 1709_. First
+in an hot Day without Exercise, by patting the Ball of my Thermometer
+under my Armpits, and other hottest Parts of my Body. By which means the
+Spirits were raised 284 Tenths of an Inch above the Ball. After that, in
+a much hotter Day, and indeed nearly as hot as any Day with us, and after
+I had heated my self with strong Exercise too, as much as I could well
+bear, I again tried the same Experiment, but could not get the Spirits
+above 288 Tenths; which I thought an inconsiderable Difference, for so
+seemingly a very different Heat of my Body. But from some Experiments
+I have made (altho’ I have unfortunately forgotten them) in very cold
+Weather, I imagine the Heat of an healthy Body to be always much the same
+in the warmest Parts thereof, both in Summer and Winter. Now between
+those very Degrees of 284 and 288, the Point of the equatorial Heat
+falleth. From which Observation it appears, that there is pretty nearly
+an equal Contemperament of the Warmth of our Bodies, to that of the
+hottest Part of the Atmosphere inhabited by us.
+
+If the Proportion of the Degrees of Heat be desired from the
+Freezing-Point, to the Winter, Spring, and Summer Air, the Heat of Man’s
+Body, of heated Water, melted Metals, and so to actual Fire; an Account
+may be met with of it, by my most ingenious Friend, the great Sir _Isaac
+Newton_, in _Phil. Transact._ Nᵒ. 270.
+
+[d] _In hoc ~Providentia~ ac ~Dispositor~ ille Mundi ~Deus~, aera
+ventis exercendum dedit,——non ut nos classes partem freti occupaturas
+compleremus milite armato, ~&c.~ Dedit ille ventos ad custodiendam
+cœli terrarumq; temperiem, ad evocandas supprimendásq; aquas, ad
+alendos satorum atq; arborum fructus; quos ad maturitatem cum aliis
+causis adducit ipsa jactatio, attrahens cibum in summa, & ne torpeat,
+promovens. Dedit ventos ad ulteriora noscenda: fuisset enim imperitum
+animal, & fine magnâ experientiâ rerum Homo, si circumscriberetur natalis
+soli fine. Dedit ventos ut commoda cujusq; regionis fierent communia;
+non ut legiones equitemq; gestarent, nec ut perniciosa gentibus arma
+transveherent._ Seneca, ibid.
+
+[e] _~Sea-Breezes~ commonly rise in the Morning about nine a Clock.——They
+first approach the Shore gently, as if they were afraid to come near
+it.——It comes in a fine, small, black Curle upon the Water, whereas all
+the Sea between it and the Shore (not yet reached by it) is as smooth
+and even as Glass in Comparison. In half an Hours time after it has
+reached the Shore, it fans pretty briskly, and so encreaseth gradually
+till twelve a Clock; then it is commonly strongest, and lasts so till two
+or three, a very brisk Gale.——After three it begins to die away again,
+and gradually withdraws its force till all is spent; and about five a
+Clock——it is lulled asleep, and comes no more till next morning._
+
+_And as the Sea Breezes do blow in the Day, and rest in the Night; so on
+the contrary ~[The Land-Breezes]~ blow in the Night, and rest in the Day,
+alternately succeeding each other.——They spring up between six and twelve
+at Night, and last till six, eight, or ten in the Morning._ Dampier’s
+Disc. of Winds, _ch._ 4.
+
+[f] One Thing more I believe some of my Friends will expect from me is,
+that I shew the Result of comparing my own Observations of the Winds,
+with others they know I have from _Ireland_, _Switzerland_, _Italy_,
+_France_, _New-England_, and some of our Parts of _England_. But the
+Observations being some of them but of one Year, and most of the rest of
+but a few Years, I have not been able to determine any great Matters.
+The chief of what I have observed is, that the Winds in all these Places
+seldom agree, but when they most certainly do so, it is commonly when
+the Winds are strong, and of long continuance in the same Quarter: And
+more I think in the Northerly and Easterly, than other Points. Also a
+strong Wind in one Place, is oftentimes a weak one in another Place,
+or moderate, according as Places have been nearer or farther distant.
+_Vid._ _Phil. Trans._ Nᵒ. 297, and 321. But to give a good and tolerable
+Account of this or any other of the Weather, it is necessary to have good
+Histories thereof from all Parts; which, as yet we have but few of, and
+they imperfect, for want of longer and sufficient Observations.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. III.
+
+_Of the Clouds and Rain._
+
+
+The Clouds and Rain[a] we shall find to be no less useful Meteors than
+the last mentioned; as is manifest in the refreshing pleasant Shades
+which the Clouds afford, and the fertile Dews and Showers which they
+pour down on the Trees and Plants, which would languish and die with
+perpetual Drought, but are hereby made Verdant and Flourishing, Gay and
+Ornamental; so that (as the Psalmist saith, _Psal._ lxv. 12, 13.) _The
+little Hills rejoice on every side, and the Valleys shout for Joy, they
+also sing._
+
+And, if to these Uses, we should add the Origine of Fountains and
+Rivers, to Vapours and the Rains, as some of the most eminent modern
+Philosophers[b] have done, we should have another Instance of the great
+Use and Benefit of that Meteor.
+
+And now, if we reflect upon this necessary Appendage of the Terraqueous
+Globe, the _Atmosphere_; and consider the absolute Necessity thereof to
+many Uses of our Globe, and its great Convenience to the whole: And in
+a Word, that it answereth all the Ends and Purposes that we can suppose
+there can be for such an Appendage: Who can but own this to be the
+Contrivance, the Work of the great Creator? Who would ever say or imagine
+such a Body, so different from the Globe it serves, could be made by
+Chance, or be adapted so exactly to all those forementioned grand Ends,
+by any other Efficient than by the Power and Wisdom of the infinite God!
+Who would not rather, from so noble a Work, readily acknowledge the
+Workman[c] and as easily conclude the Atmosphere to be made by GOD, as an
+Instrument wrought by its Power, any Pneumatick Engine, to be contrived
+and made by Man!
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] Clouds and Rain are made of Vapours raised from Water, or Moisture
+only. So that I utterly exclude the Notion of Dry, Terrene Exhalations,
+or Fumes, talked much of by most Philosophers; Fumes being really no
+other than the humid Parts of Bodies respectively Dry.
+
+These Vapours are demonstratively no other than small Bubbles, or
+Vesiculæ detached from the Waters by the Power of the Solar, or
+Subterraneous Heat, or both. Of which see _Book 2. Chap. 5. Note (b)._
+And being lighter than the Atmosphere, are buoyed up thereby, until they
+become of an equal Weight therewith, in some of its Regions aloft in the
+Air, or nearer the Earth; in which those Vapours are formed into Clouds,
+Rain, Snow, Hail, Lightning, Dew, Mists, and other Meteors.
+
+In this Formation of Meteors the grand Agent is Cold, which commonly, if
+not always, occupies the superior Regions of the Air; as is manifest from
+those Mountains which exalt their lofty Tops into the upper and middle
+Regions, and are always covered with Snow and Ice.
+
+This Cold, if it approaches near the Earth, presently precipitates the
+Vapours, either in _Dews_; or if the Vapours more copiously ascend, and
+soon meet the Cold, they are then condensed into _Misting_, or else into
+Showers of _small Rain_, falling in numerous, thick, small Drops: But if
+those Vapours are not only copious, but also as heavy as our lower Air it
+self, (by means their Bladders are thick and fuller of Water,) in this
+Case they become visible, swim but a little Height above the Earth, and
+make what we call a _Mist_ or _Fog_. But if they are a Degree lighter, so
+as to mount higher, but not any great Height, as also meet not with Cold
+enough to condense them, nor Wind to dissipate them, they then form an
+heavy, thick, _dark Sky_, lasting oftentimes for several Weeks without
+either Sun or Rain. And in this Case, I have scarce ever known it to
+Rain, till it hath been _first Fair, and then Foul_. And Mr. _Clarke_,
+(an ingenious Clergyman of _Norfolk_, who in his Life-time, long before
+me, took notice of it, and kept a Register of the Weather for thirty
+Years, which his learned Grandson, Dr. _Samuel Clarke_ put into my Hands,
+he, I say) saith, he scarce ever observed the Rule to fail in all that
+Time; only he adds, _If the Wind be in some of the easterly Points_. But
+I have observed the same to happen, be the Wind where it will. And from
+what hath been said, the Case is easily accounted for, _viz._ whilst
+the Vapours remain in the same State, the Weather doth so too. And such
+Weather is generally attended with moderate Warmth, and with little or no
+Wind to disturb the Vapours, and an heavy Atmosphere to support them, the
+Barometer being commonly high then. But when the Cold approacheth, and
+by condensing drives the Vapours into Clouds or Drops, then is way made
+for the Sun-beams, till the same Vapours, being by further Condensation
+formed into Rain, fall down in Drops.
+
+The Cold’s approaching the Vapours, and consequently the Alteration of
+such dark Weather I have beforehand perceived, by some few small Drops
+of Rain, Hail, or Snow, now and then falling, before any Alteration hath
+been in the Weather; which I take to be from the Cold meeting some of the
+straggling Vapours, or the uppermost of them, and condensing them into
+Drops, before it arrives unto, and exerts it self upon the main Body of
+Vapours below.
+
+I have more largely than ordinary insisted upon this part of the Weather,
+partly, as being somewhat out of the way; but chiefly, because it gives
+Light to many other _Phænomena_ of the Weather. Particularly we may
+hence discover the Original of Clouds, Rain, Hail and Snow; that they
+are Vapours carried aloft by the Gravity of the Air, which meeting
+together so as to make a Fog above, they thereby form a _Cloud_. If the
+Cold condenseth them into Drops, they then fall in _Rain_, if the Cold
+be not intense enough to freeze them: But if the Cold freezeth them in
+the Clouds, or in their Fall through the Air, they then become _Hail_ or
+_Snow_.
+
+As to _Lightning_, and other enkindled Vapours, I need say little in this
+Place, and shall therefore only observe, that they owe also their Rise
+to Vapours; but such Vapours as are detached from mineral Juices, or at
+least that are mingled with them, and are fired by Fermentation.
+
+Another _Phænomenon_ resolvable from what hath been said is, why a
+_cold_, is always a _wet_ Summer, _viz._ because the Vapours rising
+plentifully then, are by the Cold soon collected into Rain. A remarkable
+Instance of this we had in the Summer of 1708, part of which, especially
+about the _Solstice_, was much colder than usually. On _June 12_, it
+was so cold, that my Thermometer was near the Point of hoar Frost, and
+in some Places I heard there was an hoar Frost; and during all the cool
+Weather of that Month, we had frequent and large Rains, so that the
+whole Month’s Rain amounted to above two Inches Depth, which is a large
+Quantity for _Upminster_, even in the wettest Months. And not only with
+us at _Upminster_, but in other Places, particularly at _Zurich_ in
+_Switzerland_, they seem to have had as unseasonable Cold and Wet as we.
+_Fuit hic mensis——præter modum humidus, & magno quidem vegetabilibus
+hominibusque damno. Multum computruit Fœnum, ~&c.~_ complains the
+industrious and learned Dr. _J. J. Scheuchzer_: Of which, and other
+Particulars, I have given a larger Account in _Phil. Trans._ Nᵒ. 321.
+
+In which _Transaction_ I have observed farther, that about the Equinoxes
+we (at _Upminster_ at least) have oftentimes more Rain than at other
+Seasons. The Reason of which is manifest from what hath been said,
+_viz._ in Spring, when the Earth and Waters are loosed from the brumal
+Constipations, the Vapours arise in great Plenty: And the like they do in
+Autumn, when the Summer Heats, that both dissipated them, and warmed the
+superior Regions, are abated; and then the Cold of the superior Regions
+meeting them, condenseth them into Showers, more plentifully than at
+other Seasons, when either the Vapours are fewer, or the Cold that is to
+condense them is less.
+
+The manner how Vapours are precipitated by the Cold, or reduced into
+Drops, I conceive to be thus: Vapours being, as I said, no other than
+inflated _Vesiculæ_ of Water; when they meet with a colder Air than what
+is contained in them, the contained Air is reduced into a less Space, and
+the watery Shell or Case rendered thicker by that means, so as to become
+heavier than the Air, by which they are buoyed up, and consequently must
+needs fall down. Also many of those thickned _Vesiculæ_ run into one, and
+so form Drops, greater or smaller, according to the Quantity of Vapours
+collected together.
+
+As to the Rain of different Places, I have in some of our _Transactions_
+assigned the Quantities; particularly in the last cited _Transaction_, I
+have assigned these, _viz._ the Depth of the Rain one Year with another,
+in _English_ Measure, if it was to stagnate on the Earth, would amount
+unto, at _Townely_ in _Lancashire_, 42½ Inches; at _Upminster_ in _Essex_
+19¼ Inches; at _Zurich_ in _Switzerland_ 32¼ Inches; at _Pisa_ in
+_Italy_ 43¼ Inches; at _Paris_ in _France_ 19 Inches; and at _Lisle_ in
+_Flanders_ 24 Inches.
+
+It would be endless to reckon up the _bloody_ and other _prodigious
+Rains_ taken notice of by Historians, and other Authors, as præternatural
+and ominous Accidents; but, if strictly pried into, will be found owing
+to natural Causes: Of which, for the Reader’s Satisfaction, I will
+give an Instance or two. A bloody Rain was imagined to have fallen in
+_France_, which put the Country People into so great a Fright, that
+they left their Work in the Fields, and in great haste flew to the
+Neighbouring Houses. _Peirise_ (then in the Neighbourhood) strictly
+enquiring into the Cause, found it to be only red Drops coming from a
+sort of Butterfly that flew about in great Numbers at that Time, as
+he concluded from seeing such red Drops come from them; and because
+these Drops were laid, _Non supra ædificia, non in devexis lapidum
+superficiebus, uti debuerat contingere, si è cœlo sanguine pluisset;
+sed in subcavis potius & in foraminibus.——Accessit, quòd parietes iis
+tingebantur, non qui in mediis oppidis, sed qui agrorum vicini erant,
+neque secundum partes elatiores, sed ad mediocrem solùm altitudinem,
+quantam volitare Papiliones solent._ Gassend in vit. Peiresk. L. 2. p.
+156.
+
+So Dr. _Merret_ saith also, _Pluvia Sanguinis quàm certissimè constat
+esse tantùm Insectorum excrementa: Pluvia Tritici quàm nihil aliud esse
+quàm Hederæ bacciferæ grana à Sturnis devorata excretaque comparanti
+liquidissimè patet_. Pinax rerum, _&c._ _p. 220._
+
+The curious _Worm_ tells of the raining of Brimstone, _An. 1646. Maii
+16._ _Hic Hafniæ cùm ingenti pluviâ tota urbs, omnesque ita inundarentur
+plateæ, ut gressus hominum impediret, Sulphureoque odore aërem inficeret,
+dilapsis aliquantulum aquis, quibusdam in locis colligere licuit
+Sulphureum pulverem, cujus portionem servo, colore, odore, & aliis verum
+Sulphur ferentem._ Mus. Worm. L. 1. c. 11. Sect. 1.
+
+Together with the Rain we might take notice of other Meteors,
+particularly _Snow_; which although an irksome Guest, yet hath its
+great Uses, if all be true that the famous _T. Bartholin_ saith of
+it, who wrote a Book _de Nivis usu Medico_. In which he shews of what
+great Use Snow is in fructifying the Earth, preserving from the Plague,
+curing Fevers, Colicks, Head-Aches, Tooth-Aches, Sore Eyes, Pleurisies,
+(for which Use he saith his Country-Women of _Denmark_ keep Snow-Water
+gathered in _March_), also in prolonging Life, (of which he instanceth in
+the _Alpine_ Inhabitants, that live to a great Age,) and preserving dead
+Bodies; Instances of which he gives in Persons buried under the Snow in
+passing the _Alps_, which are found uncorrupted in the Summer, when the
+Snow is melted; which sad Spectacle he himself was an Eye-Witness of. And
+at _Spitzberg_ in _Greenland_, dead Bodies remain entire and uncorrupted
+for thirty Years. And lastly, concerning such as are so preserv’d when
+slain, he saith they remain in the same Posture and Figure: Of which
+he gives this odd Example, _Visum id extra urbem nostram ~[Hafniam]~
+quum, 11 Feb. 1659. oppugnantes hostes repellerentur, magnâque strage
+occumberent; alii enim rigidi iratum vultum ostendebant, alii oculos
+elatos, alii ore diducto ringentes, alii brachiis extensis Gladium
+minari, alii alio situ prostrati jacebant_. Barthol. de usu Niv. c. 12.
+
+But although Snow be attended with the Effects here named, and others
+specified by the learned _Bartholin_; yet this is not to be attributed to
+any peculiar Virtue in the Snow, but some other Cause. Thus when it is
+said to _fructify the Earth_, it doth so by guarding the Corn or other
+Vegetables against the intenser cold of the Air, especially the cold
+piercing Winds; which the Husbandmen observe to be the most injurious to
+their Corn of all Weathers. So for _Conserving dead Bodies_, it doth it
+by constipating such Bodies, and preventing all such Fermentations or
+internal Conflicts of their Particles, as would produce Corruption.
+
+Such an Example as the preceding is said to have happened some Years
+ago at _Paris_, in digging in a Cellar for supposed hidden Treasure;
+in which, after digging some Hours, the Maid going to call her Master,
+found them all in their digging Postures, but dead. This being noised
+abroad, brought in not only the People, but Magistrates also, who found
+them accordingly; _Ille qui ligone terram effoderat, & socius qui palâ
+effossam terram removerat, ambo pedibus stabant, quasi sua quisque
+operâ affixus incubuisset; uxor unius quasi ab opere defessa in scamno,
+solicito quodam vultu, sedebat, inclinato in palmam manûs genibus
+innitentis capite; puerulus laxatis braccis in margine excavatæ foveæ
+defixis in terram oculis alvum exonerabat; omnes in naturali situ, carneæ
+tanquam statuæ rigidi, apertis oculis & vultu vitam quasi respirante,
+exanimes stabant._ Dr. Bern. Connor, Dissert. Med. Phys. _p. 15._
+
+The Doctor attributes all this to Cold; but I scarce think there could
+be Cold enough to do all this at _Paris_, and in a Cellar too. Bur his
+following Stories are not improbable, of Men and Cattle killed with Cold,
+that remained in the very same Posture in which they died; of which he
+gives, from a _Spanish_ Captain, this Instance, that happened two Years
+before, of a Soldier who unfortunately straggled from his Company that
+were foraging, and was killed with the Cold, but was thought to have
+fallen into the Enemies Hands. But soon after their return to their
+Quarters, they saw their Comrade returning, sitting on Horseback, and
+coming to congratulate him, found him dead, and that he had been brought
+thither in the same Posture on Horseback, notwithstanding the jolting of
+the Horse. _Ibid. p._ 18.
+
+[b] Of this Opinion was my late most ingenious and learned Friend, Mr.
+_Ray_, whose Reasons see in his _Physico-Theolog. Discourses_, Disc. 2.
+ch. 2. p. 89, _&c_. So also my no less learned and ingenious Friends,
+Dr. _Halley_, and the late Dr. _Hook_, many of the _French_ Vertuoso’s
+also, and divers other very considerable Men before them, too many to be
+specified here.
+
+[c] _An Polycletum quidem admirabimur propter partium
+Statuæ—convenientiam ac proportionem? Naturam autem non modò non
+laudabimus, sed omni etiam arte privabimus, quæ partium proportionem non
+solùm extrinsecus more Statuariorum, sed in profundo etiam servavit?
+Nonne & Polycletus ipse Naturæ est imitator, in quibus saltem eam
+potuit imitari? Potuit autem in solis externis partibus in quibus artem
+consideravit._ With much more to the like Purpose, _Galen. de Us. Part.
+l. 17. c. 1._
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. IV.
+
+_Of Light._
+
+
+Thus much for the first Thing ministring to the Terraqueous Globe, the
+Atmosphere and its Meteors; the next Appendage is _Light_.[a] Concerning
+which I have in my Survey of the Heavens[b] shewed what admirable
+Contrivances the infinitely wise Creator hath for the affording this
+noble, glorious and comfortable Benefit to other Globes, as well as
+ours; the Provision he hath made by Moons, as well as by the Sun, for the
+Communication of it.
+
+And now let us briefly consider the great Necessity and Use thereof to
+all our Animal World. And this we shall find to be little less than the
+very Life and Pleasure of all those Creatures. For what Benefit would
+Life be of, what Pleasure, what Comfort would it be for us to live
+in perpetual Darkness? How could we provide ourselves with Food and
+Necessaries? How could we go about the least Business, correspond with
+one another, or be of any Use in the World, or any Creatures be the same
+to us, without Light, and those admirable Organs of the Body, which the
+great _Creator_ hath adapted to the Perception of that great Benefit?
+
+But now by the help of this admirable, this first-made[c], because most
+necessary, Creature of God, by this, I say, all the Animal World is
+enabled to go here and there, as their Occasions call; they can transact
+their Business by Day, and refresh and recruit themselves by Night,
+with Rest and Sleep. They can with Admiration and Pleasure, behold the
+glorious Works of God; they can view the Glories of the Heavens, and
+see the Beauties of the flowry Fields, the gay Attire of the feathered
+Tribe, the exquisite Garniture of many Quadrupeds, Insects, and other
+Creatures; they can take in the delightsome Landskips of divers Countries
+and Places; they can with Admiration see the great Creator’s wonderful
+Art and Contrivance in the Parts of Animals and Vegetables: And in a
+word, behold the Harmony of this lower World, and of the Globes above,
+and survey God’s exquisite Workmanship in every Creature.
+
+To all which I might add the Improvements which the Sagacity of Men hath
+made of this noble Creature of God, by the Refractions and Reflections of
+Glasses. But it would be endless to enumerate all its particular Uses and
+Benefits to our World.
+
+But before I leave this Point, there are two Things concerning Light,
+which will deserve an especial Remark; and that is, its swift and almost
+instantaneous Motion, and its vast Extension.
+
+1. It is a very great Act of the Providence of God, that so great a
+Benefit as Light is, is not long in its Passage from Place to Place. For
+was the Motion thereof no swifter than the Motion of the swiftest Bodies
+on Earth, such as of a Bullet out of a great Gun, or even of a Sound[d]
+(which is the swiftest Motion we have next Light), in this Case Light
+would take up, in its Progress from the Sun to us above thirty two Years
+at the rate of the first, and above seventeen Years at the rate of the
+latter Motion.
+
+The Inconveniencies of which would be, its Energy and Vigour would
+be greatly cooled and abated; its Rays would be less penetrant; and
+Darkness would with greater Difficulty and much Sluggishness, be
+dissipated, especially by the fainter Lights of our sublunary, luminous
+Bodies. But passing with such prodigious Velocity, with nearly the
+instantaneous Swiftness of almost Two hundred thousand _English_ Miles in
+one Second of Time,[e] or (which is the same Thing) being but about seven
+or eight Minutes of an Hour in coming from the Sun to us, therefore with
+all Security and Speed, we receive the kindly Effects and Influences of
+that noble and useful Creature of God.
+
+2. Another Thing of great Consideration about Light is, its vast
+Expansion, it’s almost incomprehensible, and inconceivable Extension,
+which as a late ingenious Author[f] saith, “Is as boundless and
+unlimited as the Universe it self, or the Expansum of all material
+Beings: The vastness of which is so great, that it exceeds the
+Comprehensions of Man’s Understanding. Insomuch that very many have
+asserted it absolutely infinite, and without any Limits or Bounds.”
+
+And that this noble Creature of God is of this Extent,[g] is manifest
+from our seeing some of the farthest distant Objects, the heavenly
+Bodies, some with our naked Eye, some with the help of Optical
+Instruments, and others in all Probability farther and farther, with
+better and better Instruments: And had we Instruments of Power equivalent
+to the Extent of Light, the luminous Bodies of the utmost Parts of the
+Universe, would for the same Reason be visible too.
+
+Now as Light is of greatest Use to impower us to see Objects at all, so
+the Extension thereof is no less useful to enable us to see Objects afar
+off. By which means we are afforded a Ken of those many glorious Works
+of the infinite Creator, visible in the Heavens, and can improve them to
+some of the noblest Sciences, and most excellent Uses of our own Globe.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] It is not worth while to enumerate the Opinions of the
+_Aristotelians_, _Cartesians_, and others, about the Nature of Light,
+_Aristotle_ making it a Quality; _Cartes_ a Pulsion, or Motion of the
+Globules of the second Element, _Vid._ _Cartes Princip._ p. 3. §. 55,
+_&c._ But with the Moderns, I take _Light_ to consist of material
+Particles, propagated from the Sun, and other luminous Bodies, not
+instantaneously, but in time, according to the Notes following in this
+Chapter. But not to insist upon other Arguments for the Proof of it, our
+noble Founder hath proved the Materiality of Light and Heat, from actual
+Experiments on Silver, Copper, Tin, Lead, Spelter, Iron, Tutenage, and
+other Bodies, exposed (both naked and closely shut up) to the Fire: All
+which were constantly found to receive an Increment of Weight. I wish he
+could have met with a favourable Season to have tried his Experiments
+with the Sun-beams as he intended. _Vid._ _Boyl Exp. to make Fire and
+Flame ponderable_.
+
+[b] Astro-Theol. Book 7.
+
+[c] Gen. i. 3. _And God said, Let there be Light, and there was Light._
+
+[d] It may not be ungrateful to the Curious, to take notice of the
+Velocity of these two Things.
+
+According to the Observations of _Mersennus_, a Bullet-shot out of
+a great Gun, flies 92 Fathom in a Second of Time, (_Vid._ _Mersen.
+Balist._) which is equal to 589½ Feet _English_, and according to the
+Computation of Mr. _Huygens_, it would be 25 years in passing from the
+Earth to the Sun. But according to my own Observations made with one
+of her Majesty’s _Sakers_, and a very accurate Pendulum-Chronometer, a
+Bullet, at its first Discharge, flies 510 Yards in five half Seconds,
+which is a Mile in a little above 17 half Seconds. And allowing the Sun’s
+Distance to be, as in the next Note, a Bullet would be 32½ Years in
+flying with its utmost Velocity to the Sun.
+
+As to the Velocity of Sound, see _Book 4. Chap. 3. Note 28._ according
+to which rate there mentioned, a Sound would be near 17½ Years in flying
+as far as the distance is from the Earth to the Sun. Confer here the
+Experiments of the _Acad. del Ciment._ p. 140, _&c._
+
+[e] Mr. _Romer_’s ingenious Hypothesis about the Velocity of Light, hath
+been established by the _Royal Academy_, and in the _Observatory_ for
+eight Years, as our _Phil. Trans._ Nᵒ. 136. observe from the _Journ.
+des Scavans_; our most eminent Astronomers also in _England_ admit
+it: But Dr. _Hook_ thinks with Monsieur _Cartes_, the Motion of Light
+Instantaneous, _Hook Post. Works, pag. 77._ And this he endeavours to
+explain, _pag. 130_, &c.
+
+What Mr. _Romer_’s Hypothesis is, may be seen in the _Phil. Transact._
+before-cited: As also in the before commended Sir _Isaac Newton_’s
+_Opticks_: _Light is propagated from luminous Bodies in time, and spends
+about seven or eight Minutes of an Hour in passing from the Sun to the
+Earth. This was first observed by ~Romer~, and then by others, by means
+of the Eclipses of the Satellites of ~Jupiter~. For these Eclipses, when
+the Earth is between the Sun and ~Jupiter~, happen about seven or eight
+Minutes sooner than they ought to do by the Tables; and when the Earth is
+beyond the ☉, they happen about seven or eight Minutes later than they
+ought to do: The reason being, that the Light of the Satellites hath
+farther to go in the latter Case than in the former, by the Diameter of
+the Earth’s Orbit._ Newt. Opt. L. 2. Part. 3. Prop. 11.
+
+Now forasmuch as the Distance between the Sun and the Earth (according
+to the Computations in my _Astro-Theology_, _B. 1. ch. 3. Note 2._) is
+86051398 _English_ Miles; therefore, at the rate of 7½ Minutes, or 450
+Seconds in passing from the Sun, Light will be found to fly above 191225
+Miles in one Second of Time.
+
+[f] Dr. _Hook_ Post. Works. Lect. of Light, _pag. 76._
+
+[g] For the proof of this vast Extent of Light, I shall take the
+Computation of the same great Man, _pag. 77_. _If_, saith he, _we
+consider first the vast Distance between us and the Sun, which from the
+best and latest Observations in Astronomy, is judged to be about 10000
+Diameters of the Earth, each of which It about 7925 ~English~ Miles;
+therefore the Sun’s distance is 7925000 Miles; and if we consider that
+according to the Observations, which I published to prove the Motion of
+the Earth, ~[which were Observations of the Parallax of some of the fixt
+Stars in the Head of _Draco_, made in 1699]~ the whole Diameter of the
+Orb, ~viz.~ 20000, made the Subtense but of one Minute to one of the fixt
+Stars, which cannot therefore be less distant than 3438 Diameters of this
+great Orb, and consequently 68760000 Diameters of the Earth: And if this
+Star be one of the nearest, and that the Stars that are of one Degree
+lesser in Magnitude (I mean not of the Second Magnitude, because there
+may be many Degrees between the first and second) be as much farther;
+and another sort yet smaller be three times as far; and a fourth four
+times as far, and so onward, possibly to some 100 Degrees of Magnitude,
+such as may be discovered by longer and longer Telescopes, that they may
+be 100 times as far; then certainly this material Expansion, a part of
+which we are, must be so great, that ’twill infinitely exceed our shallow
+Conception to imagine. Now, by what I last mentioned, it is evident that
+Light extends it self to the utmost imaginable Parts, and by the help
+of Telescopes we collect the Rays, and make them sensible to the Eye,
+which are emitted from some of the almost inconceivably remote Objects,
+~&c.~——Nor is it only the great Body of the Sun, or the vast Bodies of
+the fixt Stars, that are thus able to disperse their Light through the
+vast Expansum of the Universe; but the smallest Spark of a lucid Body
+will do the very same Thing, even the smallest Globule struck from a
+Steel by a Flint, ~&c.~_
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. V.
+
+_Of Gravity._
+
+
+The last Thing subservient to our Globe, that I shall take notice of, is
+_Gravity_[a], or that Tendency which Bodies have to the Centre of the
+Earth.
+
+In my _Astro-Theology_, _Book 6. Ch. 2._ I have shewn of what absolute
+Necessity, and what a noble Contrivance this of Gravity is, for keeping
+the several Globes of the Universe from shattering to Pieces, as they
+evidently must do in a little Time by their swift Rotation round their
+own Axes[b]. The Terraqueous Globe particularly, which circumvolves at
+the rate of above 1000 Miles an Hour[c], would by the centrifugal force
+of that Motion, be soon dissipated and spirtled into the circumambient
+Space, was it not kept together by this noble Contrivance of the Creator,
+this natural inherent Power, namely, the Power of Attraction or Gravity.
+
+And as by this Power our Globe is defended against Dissipation, so all
+its Parts are kept in their proper Place and Order. All material Things
+do naturally gravitate thereto, and unite themselves therewith, and so
+preserve its Bulk intire[d]. And the fleeting Waters, the most unruly
+of all its Parts, do by this means keep their constant æquipoise in the
+Globe[e], and remain in _that Place which_, the Psalmist saith, _God had
+founded for them; a bound he had set, which they might not pass; that
+they turn not again to cover the Earth_, Psal. civ. 8, 9. So, that even
+in a natural Way, by virtue of this excellent Contrivance of the Creator,
+the Observation of the Psalmist is perpetually fulfilled, _Psal._ lxxxix.
+9. _Thou rulest the raging of the Sea; when the Waves thereof arise, thou
+stillest them._
+
+To these, and an hundred other Uses of Gravity that I might have
+named, I shall only just mention another Thing owing to it, and that
+is _Levity_[f], that, whereby what we call light Bodies swim, a Thing
+no less useful to the World than its opposite, _Gravity_, is in many
+Respects, to divers Tribes of Animals, but particularly serviceable to
+the raising up of Vapours[g], and to their Conveyance about the World.
+
+And now from this transient View of no other than the Out-works, than
+the bare Appendages of the Terraqueous Globe, we have so manifest a
+Sample of the Wisdom, Power, and Goodness of the infinite Creator, that
+it is easy to imagine the whole Fabrick is of a Piece, the Work of at
+least a skilful Artist. A Man that should meet with a Palace[h], beset
+with pleasant Gardens, adorned with stately Avenues, furnished with
+well-contrived Aqueducts, Cascades, and all other Appendages conducing
+to Convenience or Pleasure, would easily imagine, that proportionable
+Architecture and Magnificence were within: But we should conclude the
+Man was out of his Wits that should assert and plead that all was the
+Work of Chance, or other than of some wise and skilful Hand. And so when
+we survey the bare Out-works of this our Globe, when we see so vast a
+Body, accouter’d with so noble a Furniture of Air, Light and Gravity;
+with every Thing, in short, that is necessary to the Preservation and
+Security of the Globe it self, or that conduceth to the Life, Health, and
+Happiness, to the Propagation and Increase of all the prodigious Variety
+of Creatures the Globe is stocked with; when we see nothing wanting,
+nothing redundant or frivolous, nothing botching or ill-made, but that
+every thing, even in the very Appendages alone, exactly answereth all
+its Ends and Occasions: What else can be concluded, but that all was
+made with manifest Design, and that all the whole Structure is the Work
+of some intelligent Being; some Artist, of Power and Skill equivalent to
+such a Work?
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] That there is such a Thing as _Gravity_, is manifest from its Effects
+here upon Earth; and that the Heavenly Bodies attract or gravitate to
+one another, when placed at due Distances, is made highly probable by
+Sir _Isaac Newton_. This attractive or gravitating Power, I take to be
+congenial to Matter, and imprinted on all the Matter of the Universe
+by the Creator’s _Fiat_ at the Creation. What the _Cause_ of it is,
+the _Newtonian Philosophy_ doth not pretend to determine for want of
+Phænomena, upon which Foundation it is that that Philosophy is grounded,
+and not upon chimerical and uncertain Hypotheses: But whatever the Cause
+is, that _Cause penetrates even to the Centers of the Sun and Planets,
+without any Diminution of its Virtue; and it acteth not according to the
+Superficies of Bodies (as Mechanical Causes do) but in proportion to
+the Quantity of their solid Matter; ~and lastly~, it acteth all round
+it at immense Distances, decreasing in duplicate proportion to those
+Distances_, as Sir _Isaac Newton_ saith, _Princip._ pag. ult. What useful
+Deductions, and what a rational Philosophy have been drawn from hence,
+may be seen in the same Book.
+
+This Attraction, or Gravity, as its Force is in a certain proportion, so
+makes the Descent of Bodies to be at a certain rate. And was it not for
+the Resistence of the Medium, all Bodies would descend to the Earth at
+the same rate; the lightest Down, as swiftly as the heaviest Mineral: As
+is manifest in the _Air-Pump_, in which the lightest Feather, Dust, _&c._
+and a piece of Lead, drop down seemingly in the same Time, from the top
+to the bottom of a tall exhausted Receiver.
+
+The rate of the Descent of heavy Bodies, according to _Galileo_, Mr.
+_Huygens_, and Dr. _Halley_ (after them) is 16 Feet one Inch in one
+Second of Time; and in more Seconds, as the Squares of those Times.
+But in some accurate Experiments made in St. _Paul_’s _Dome_, June 9.
+1710, at the Height of 220 Feet, the Descent was scarcely 14 Feet in
+the first Second. The Experiments were made in the Presence of some
+very considerable Members of the Royal Society, by Mr. _Hawksbee_,
+their Operator, with glass, hollow Balls, some empty, some filled with
+Quick-silver, the Barometer at 297, the Thermometer 60 Degrees above
+Freezing. The Weight of the Balls, their Diameters, and Time of the
+Descent is in this Table.
+
+  +----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
+  |       Balls filled with ☿.       |            Empty Balls.           |
+  +---------+-------------+----------+---------+--------------+----------+
+  | Weight. |  Diameter.  |  Time.   | Weight. |   Diameter.  |  Time.   |
+  +---------+-------------+----------+---------+------+-------+----------+
+  | Grains. | Tenth inch. | ½ Secᵈˢ. | Grains. | Inch.| Tenth.| ½ Secᵈˢ. |
+  +---------+-------------+----------+---------+------+-------+----------+
+  |   908   |    8        | 8        |   510   |   5  |   1   |  17      |
+  |         |             |          |         |      |       |          |
+  |   993   |    8        | 8 less.  |   642   |   5  |   2   |  16      |
+  |         |             |          |         |      |       |          |
+  |   866   |    8        | 8        |   599   |   5  |   1   |  16      |
+  |         |             |          |         |      |       |          |
+  |   747   |    7½       | 8 more.  |   515   |   5 nearly   |  16½     |
+  |         |             |          |         |      |       |          |
+  |   808   |    7½       | 8        |   483   |   5 nearly   |  17      |
+  |         |             |          |         |      |       |          |
+  |   784   |    7½       | 8 more.  |   641   |   5  |   2   |  16      |
+  +---------+-------------+----------+---------+------+-------+----------+
+
+The Reason why the heavy, full Balls fell in half the Time of the hollow
+ones, was the Resistence of the Air: Which Resistence is very ingeniously
+and accurately assigned by Dr. _Wallis_, in _Philos. Trans._ Nᵒ. 186. And
+the cause of the Resistence of all Fluids, (as Sir _Isaac Newton_, _Opt._
+Q. 20.) is partly from the _Friction_ of the Parts of the Fluid, partly
+from the _Inertia_ thereof. The Resistence a spherical Body meets with
+from Friction, is as the right Angle under the Diameter, and the Velocity
+of the moving Body: And the Resistence from the _Vis Inertia_, is as the
+Square of that Product.
+
+For a farther Account of the Properties and Proportions, _&c._ of Gravity
+in the Fall or Projection of Bodies, I shall refer to the larger Accounts
+of _Galilæus_, _Torricellius_, _Huygens_, Sir _Isaac Newton_, &c. or to
+the shorter Accounts of Dr. _Halley_ in Philos. Trans. abridged by Mr.
+_Lowthorp_, Vol. I. p. 561. or Dr. _Clarke_ in his Notes on _Rohault_,
+_Phys._ 2. c. 28. §. 13, 16. And for the Resistence of Fluids, I refer to
+Dr. _Wallis_ before-cited, and the _Act. Erudit. Lips._ May 1693. where
+there is a way to find the Force of Mediums upon Bodies of different
+Figures.
+
+[b] That the heavenly Bodies move round their own Axes, is, beyond all
+doubt, manifest to our Eye, in some of them, from the Spots visible on
+them. The Spots on the Sun (easily visible with an ordinary Glass) do
+manifest him to revolve round his own Axis in about 25¼ Days. The Spots
+on ♃ and ♂ prove those two Planets to revolve also from East to West, as
+Dr. _Hook_ discover’d in 1664, and 1665. And ♀ also (although near the
+strong Rays of the Sun) hath, from some Spots, been discovered by Mr.
+_Cassini_, in 1666, and 1667, to have a manifest Rotation. _V._ _Lowth.
+Abridg._ Vol. 1. p. 382, and 423, 425. And such Uniformity hath the
+_Creator_ observ’d in the Works of Nature, that what is observable in
+one, is generally to be found in all others of the same kind. So that
+since ’tis manifest the Sun, and three of his Planets whirl round, it is
+very reasonable to conclude all the rest do so too, yea, every Globe of
+the Universe.
+
+[c] The Earth’s Circumference being 25031½ Miles, (according to _Book II.
+Chap. 2. Note (a)._) if we divide that into 24 Hours, we shall find the
+Motion of the Earth to be nearly 1043 Miles in an Hour. Which, by the by,
+is a far more reasonable and less rapid Rate, than that of the Sun would
+be, if we suppose the Earth to stand still, and the Sun to move round the
+Earth. For according to the Proportions in _Note (e)_, of the preceding
+Chapter, the Circumference of the _Magnus Orbis_ is 540686225 _English_
+Miles, which divided by 24 Hours, gives 22528364 Miles in an Hour. But
+what is this to the Rapidity of the fixt Stars, if we suppose them; not
+the Earth, to move? Which is a good Argument for the Earth’s Motion.
+
+[d] _Nihil majus, quàm quòd ita stabilis est Mundus, atque ita cohæret
+ad permanendum, ut nihil nè excogitari quidem possit aptius. Omnes
+enim partes ejus undique medium locum capessentes, nituntur æqualiter:
+maximè autem corpora inter se juncta permanent, cum quodam quasi vinculo
+circumdata colligantur: quod facit ea natura, quæ per omnem mundum omnia
+Mente, & Ratione conficiens, funditur, & ad medium rapit, & convertit
+extrema_, Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 45.
+
+[e] _Eâdem ratione Mare, cùm supra terram sit, medium tamen terræ locum
+expetens, conglobatur undique æqualiter, neque redundat unquam, neque
+effunditur._ Id. paulo post.
+
+[f] That there is no such Thing as _positive Levity_, but that Levity is
+only a less Gravity, is abundantly manifested by the acute _Seig. Alph.
+Borelli de Mot. à Grav. pend._ cap. 4. See also the Annotations of the
+learned and ingenious Dr. Clark on _Rohaulti Phys._ p. 1. c. 16. Note 3.
+Also the Exper. of the _Acad. del Cimento_, p. 118, &c. Dr. _Wallis_’s
+_Disc. of Gravity and Gravitation before the Royal Society_, Nov. 12.
+1674. p. 28, _&c._
+
+[g] I have before in _Note (a), Chap. 3._ shewn what _Vapours_ are, and
+how they are rais’d. That which I shall here note, is their Quantity:
+Concerning which the before-commended Dr. _Halley_ hath given us some
+curious Experiments in our _Phil. Transact._ which may be met with
+together in Mr. _Lowthorp_’s _Abridg._ Vol. II. _p. 108._ and _126._ Mr.
+_Sedileau_ also at _Paris_ observed it for near three Years. By all their
+Observations it appears, that in the Winter Months the Evaporations are
+least, and greatest in Summer, and most of all in windy Weather. And by
+_Monsieur Sedileau_’s Observations it appears, that what is raised in
+Vapours, exceeds that which falleth in Rain. In the seven last Months of
+the Year 1688, the Evaporations amounted to 22 Inches 5 Lines; but the
+Rain only to Inches 6⅓ Lines: In 1689, the Evaporations were 32 Inches
+10½ Lines; but the Rain 18 Inches 1 Line: In 1690, the Evaporations 30
+Inches 11 Lines; the Rain 21 Inches ⅓ of a Line. _Vid._ _Mem. de Math.
+Phys. Ann. 1692._ p. 25.
+
+If it be demanded, What becomes of the Overplus of Exhalations that
+descend not in Rain? I answer, They are partly tumbled down and spent by
+the Winds, and partly descend in Dews, which amount to a greater quantity
+than is commonly imagined. Dr. _Halley_ found the descent of Vapours in
+Dews so prodigious at St. _Helena_, that he makes no doubt to attribute
+the Origine of Fountains thereto. And I my self have seen in a still,
+cool Evening, large thick Clouds hanging, without any Motion in the Air,
+which in two or three Hours Time have been melted down by Degrees, by the
+cold of the Evening, so that not any the least Remains of them have been
+left.
+
+[h] See _Book II. Chap. 3. Note (c)._
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+BOOK II.
+
+_Of the Terraqueous Globe it self in general._
+
+
+In the foregoing Book having dispatch’d the Out-works, let us take a
+Survey of the Principal Fabrick, _viz._ the _Terraqueous Globe_ it self;
+a most stupendious Work in every particular of it, which doth no less
+aggrandize its Maker[a], than every curious, complete Work, doth its
+Workman. Let us cast our Eyes here and there, let us ransack all the
+Globe, let us with the greatest Accuracy inspect every part thereof,
+search out the inmost Secrets of any of the Creatures; let us examine
+them with all our Gauges, measure them with our nicest Rules, pry into
+them with our Microscopes, and most exquisite Instruments[b] still we
+find them to bear Testimony to their infinite Workman; and that they
+exceed all humane Skill so far, as that the most exquisite Copies and
+Imitations of the best Artists, are no other than rude bungling Pieces
+to them. And so far are we from being able to espy any Defect or Fault
+in them, that the better we know them, the more we admire them; and the
+farther we see into them, the more exquisite we find them to be.
+
+And for a Demonstration of this; I shall,
+
+I. Take a general Prospect of the Terraqueous Globe.
+
+II. Survey its Particulars.
+
+I. The Things which will fall under a general Prospect of the Globe, will
+be its _Figure_, _Bulk_, _Motion_, _Place_, _Distribution_ into Earth and
+Waters, and the great _Variety_ of all Things upon it and in it.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] _Licet——oculis quodammodo contemplari pulchritudinem earum rerum,
+quas Divinâ Providentiâ dicimus constitutas. Ac principio Terra universa
+cernatur, locata in media mundi sede, solida, & globosa——vestita
+floribus, herbis, arboribus, frugibus. Quorum omnium incredibilis
+multitudo, insatiabili varietate distinguitur. Adde huc Fontium gelidas
+perennitates, liquores perlucidos Amnium, Riparum vestitus viridissimos,
+Speluncarum concavas altitudines, Saxorum asperitates, impendentium
+Montium altitudines, immensitatesque Camporum: Adde etiam reconditas
+Auri——venas——Qua verò, & quàm varia genera Bestiarum?——Qui Volucrum
+lapsus, atque cantus? Qui Pecudum pastus?——Quid de Hominum genere dicam?
+Qui quasi cultores terra constituti, ~&c.~——Qua si, ut animis, sic
+oculis videre possemus, nemo cunctam intuens terram, de Divinâ Ratione
+dubitaret._ Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 39.
+
+[b] _I cannot here omit the Observations that have been made in
+these later Times, since we have had the Use and Improvement of the
+~Microscope~, concerning the great Difference, which by the help of
+that, doth appear betwixt ~Natural~ and ~Artificial~ Things. Whatever is
+Natural, doth by that appear adorned with all imaginable Elegance and
+Beauty.——Whereas the most curious Works of Art, the sharpest, finest
+Needle doth appear as a blunt, rough Bar of Iron, coming from the Furnace
+or the Forge. The most accurate Engravings or Embossments seem such rude,
+bungling, deformed Works, as if they had been done with a Mattock, or a
+Trowel. So vast a Difference is there betwixt the Skill of Nature, and
+the Rudeness and Imperfection of ~Art~._ _Bp._ Wilk. Nat. Rel. L. 1. Ch.
+6.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+_Of the Figure of the Terraqueous Globe._
+
+
+This I suppose I may take for granted to be Spherical, or nearly so[a].
+And this must be allowed to be the most commodious, apt Figure for a
+World on many Accounts; as it is most capacious, as its Surface is
+equi-distant from the Center, not only of the Globe, but at least
+(nearly) of Gravity and Motion too, and as some have thought, of the
+central Heat and Waters. But these, and divers other Things I shall pass
+over, and insist only upon two or three other Benefits of this globous
+Figure of the Earth and Waters.
+
+1. This Figure is the most commodious in regard of Heat, and I may add of
+Light also in some measure. For by this means, those two great Benefits
+are uniformly and equally imparted to the World: They come harmoniously
+and gradually on, and as gradually go off again. So that the daily and
+yearly Returns of Light and Darkness, Cold and Heat, Moist and Dry,
+are Regular and Workman-like, (we may say,) which they would not be,
+especially the former, if the Mass of Earth and Waters were (as some
+fancied[b] it) a large Plain; or as others, like a large Hill in the
+midst of the Ocean; or of a multangular Figure; or such like.
+
+2. This Figure is admirably adapted to the commodious and equal
+Distribution of the Waters in the Globe. For since, by the Laws of
+Gravity, the Waters will possess the lowest Place; therefore, if the
+Mass of the Earth was cubick, prismatick, or any other angular Figure,
+it would follow, that one (too vast a Part) would be drowned; and
+another be too dry. But being thus orbicular, the Waters are equally
+and commodiously distributed here and there, according as the Divine
+Providence saw most fit; of which I shall take notice by and by.
+
+3. The orbicular Figure of our Globe, is far the most beneficial to
+the Winds and Motions of the Atmosphere. It is not to be doubted, if
+the Earth was of some other, or indeed any other Figure, but that the
+Currents of Air would be much retarded, if not wholly stopped. We find
+by Experience what Influence large and high Mountains, Bays, Capes, and
+Head-lands have upon the Winds; how they stop some, retard many, and
+divert and change (near the Shores) even the _general_ and _constant
+Winds_[c], that blow round the Globe in the Torrid Zone. And therefore,
+since this is the effect of such little Excrescences, which have but
+little Proportion to our Globe, what would be the Consequences of much
+vaster Angles, which would equal a Quarter, Tenth, or but an Hundredth
+Part of the Globe’s Radius? Certainly these must be such a Barricade,
+as would greatly annoy, or rather absolutely stop the Currents of the
+Atmosphere, and thereby deprive the World of those salutiferous Gales
+that I have said keep it sweet and clean.
+
+Thus the Figure of our Globe doth manifest it to be a Work of
+Contrivance, inasmuch as it is of the most commodious Figure; and all
+others would be liable to great and evident Inconveniences.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] Although the Terraqueous Globe be of an orbicular Figure, yet it is
+not strictly so, 1. On account of its Hills and Vallies. But there are
+inconsiderable to the Earth’s Semidiameter; for they are but as the Dust
+upon a common Globe. But, 2. Our modern Astronomers assign a much greater
+Variation from a globous Form, namely, that of a prolate Sphæroid, making
+the Polar about 34 Miles shorter than the Equatorial Diameter. The Cause
+of which they make to be the centrifugal Force of the diurnal Rotation of
+the Globe.
+
+This Figure they imagine is in _Jupiter_, his Polar being to his
+Equatorial Diameter, as 39⅗ to 40⅗. But whether it be so or no, I confess
+I could never perceive, although I have often viewed that Planet through
+very good, and long Glasses, particularly a tolerable good one of 72 Feet
+in my Hands: And although by Reason of cloudy Weather, and (at present)
+_Jupiter_’s Proximity to the Sun, I have not been of late able to take a
+review of that Planet; yet _Saturn_ (so far as his Ring would permit,)
+and _Mars_ appear perfectly round thro’ Mr. _Huygens_’s long Glass of
+126 Feet, which by Will he bequeathed, with its whole Apparatus, to our
+_R. S._ by whose Favour it is now in my Hands. And moreover, I believe
+it difficult, next to impossible, to measure the two Diameters to a 40ᵗʰ
+Part, by reason of the smallness of _Jupiter_’s apparent Diameter, and by
+reason he is moving all the time of measuring him.
+
+As to what is alledged from lengthening the Pendulums of Clocks, to make
+them keep the same Time under the Equator, as they do in our Climes; I
+have shewn from the like Variations in the Air-Pump, that this may arise
+from the rarity of the Air there, more than here. _V._ _Phil. Trans._
+Nᵒ. 294. But if the Degrees of a Meridian grow larger, the more we go
+towards the Line, (as Mr. _Cassini_ affirms they do, by an 800ᵗʰ Part in
+every Degree, in _Phil. Trans._ Nᵒ. 278.) then there is great reason to
+conclude in behalf of this Sphæroidal Form.
+
+The natural Cause of this Sphericity of our Globe, is (according to
+Sir _Isaac Newton_’s Principles) that _Attraction_, which the infinite
+Creator hath stamp’d on all the Matter of the Universe, whereby all
+Bodies, and all the Parts of Bodies mutually attract themselves and one
+another. By which means, as all the Parts of Bodies tend naturally to
+their Center, so they all betake themselves to a globous Figure, unless
+some other more prevalent Cause interpose. Thus Drops of Quick-silver put
+on a spherical Form, the Parts thereof strongly attracting one another.
+So Drops of Water have the same Form, when falling in the Air; but are
+Hemispherical only when they lie on a hard Body, by reason their Gravity
+doth so far over-power their self-attracting Power, as to take off one
+half of their Sphericity. This Figure is commonly attributed to the
+Pressure of the circumambient Air: But that this can’t be the cause, is
+manifest from the Air-Pump; the case being the very same in an exhausted
+Receiver, as in the open Air, and not any the least Alteration of the
+Figure that I could perceive, in all the Trials I have made.
+
+[b] It would be frivolous as well as endless to reckon up the various
+Opinions of the Ancients about the Figure of the Terraqueous Globe; some
+of them may be seen in _Varen. Geogr._ l. 1. _c. 3. init._ or _Johnston’s
+Thaumat. c. 1. Artic. 3._ But among the variety of Opinions, one of the
+principal was, That the visible Horizon was the Bounds of the Earth, and
+the Ocean the Bounds of the Horizon, that the Heavens and Earth above
+this Ocean, was the whole visible Universe; and that all beneath the
+Ocean was _Hades_, or the _invisible World_. Hence, when the Sun set, he
+was said _tingere se Oceano_; and when any went to _Hades_, they must
+first pass the Ocean. Of this Opinion were not only the ancient Poets,
+and others among the Heathens, but some of the Christian Fathers too,
+particularly _Lactantius_, St. _Augustine_, and others, who thought their
+Opinion was favoured by the Psalmist, in _Psal._ xxiv. 2. and cxxxvi. 6.
+See _Bp. Usher’s Ans. to a Jes. Chall._ p. 366. _&c._
+
+[c] _Neither do these constant ~Trade-Winds~ usually blow near the Shore,
+but only on the Ocean, at least 30 or 40 Leagues off at Sea, clear from
+any Land; especially on the West Coast, or Side of any Continent: For
+indeed on the East Side, the Easterly Wind being the true Trade-Wind,
+blows almost home to the Shore, so near as to receive a check from the
+Land-Wind._ Dampier’s Winds, Ch. 1.
+
+And not only the _general Trade-Winds_, but also the _constant coasting
+Trade-Winds_, are in like manner affected by the Lands. Thus, for
+Instance, on the Coast of _Angola_ and _Peru_. But this, saith the
+curious Captain _Dampier_, the Reader must take notice of, _That the
+Trade-Winds that blow on any Coast, except the North Coast of ~Africa~,
+whether they are constant, and blow all the Year, or whether they are
+shifting Winds, do never blow right in on the Shore, nor right along
+Shore, but go slanting, snaking an acute Angle of about 22 Degrees.
+Therefore, as the Land tends more East or West, from North or South on
+the Coast; so the Winds do alter accordingly._ Ibid. Ch. 2.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+_Of the Bulk of the Terraqueous Globe._
+
+
+The next Thing remarkable in the Terraqueous Globe, is the prodigious
+Bulk thereof[a]. A Mass of above 260 Thousand Million of Miles solid
+Content. A Work too grand for any thing less than a God to make. To which
+in the next Place we may add,
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] It is not difficult to make a pretty near Computation of the Bulk
+of the Terraqueous Globe, from those accurate Observations of a Degree
+made by Mr. _Norwood_ in _England_, and Mr. _Picart_, and Mr. _Cassini_
+in _France_. Whose Measures do in a surprizing manner agree. But Mr.
+_Cassini_’s seeming to be the most accurate (as I have shewn in my
+_Astro-Theology_, _B. 1. Ch. 2. Note (a)._) I have there made use of
+his Determinations. According to which the Diameter of the Earth being
+7967,72 _English_ Miles, its Ambit will be 25031½ Miles; and (supposing
+it to be Spherical) its Surface will be 199444220 Miles; which being
+multiplied into ⅓ of its Semidiameter, gives the Solid Content, _viz._
+264856000000 Miles.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. III.
+
+_The Motions of the Terraqueous Globe._
+
+
+The Motions the Terraqueous Globe hath, are round its own Axis, and round
+its Fountain of Light and Heat, the Sun[a]. That so vast a Body as the
+Earth and Waters should be moved at all[b], that it should undergo two
+such different Motions, as the Diurnal and Annual are, and that these
+Motions should be so constantly and regularly[c] performed for near 6000
+Years, without any the least Alteration ever heard of (except some Hours
+which we read of in _Josh._ x. 12, 13. and in _Hezekiah_’s Time, which,
+if they cannot be accounted for some other way, do greatly encrease
+the Wonder[d]; these Things, I say,) do manifestly argue some divine
+infinite Power to be concerned therein[e]: But especially, if to all
+this we add the wonderful Convenience, yea absolute Necessity of these
+Circumvolutions to the Inhabitants, yea all the Products of the Earth
+and Waters. For to one of these we owe the comfortable Changes of Day
+and Night; the one for Business, the other for Repose;[f] the one for
+Man, and most other Animals to gather and provide Food, Habitation,
+and other Necessaries of Life; the other to rest, refresh, and recruit
+their Spirits[g], wasted with the Labours of the Day. To the other of
+those Motions we owe the Seasons of Summer and Winter, Spring and Autumn,
+together with the beneficial Instances and Effects which these have on
+the Bodies and State of Animals, Vegetables, and all other Things, both
+in the Torrid, Temperate, and Frigid Zones.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] With the _Copernicans_, I take it here for granted, that the Diurnal
+and Annual Revolutions are the Motions of the Terraqueous Globe, not of
+the Sun, _&c._ but for the Proof thereof I shall refer the Reader to the
+Preface of my _Astro-Theology_, and _B. 4. Chap. 3._
+
+[b] _Every thing that is moved, must of Necessity be moved by something
+else; and that thing is moved by something that is moved either by
+another Thing, or not by another Thing. If it be moved by that which is
+moved by another, we must of Necessity come to some ~prime Mover~, that
+is not moved by another. For it is impossible, that what moveth, and is
+moved by another, should proceed_ in infinitum. Aristot. Phys. l. 8. c. 5.
+
+_Solum quod seipsum movet, quia nunquam deseritur à se, nunquam ne moveri
+quidem definit; quinetiam cæteris quæ moventur, hic fons: hoc principium
+est movendi. Principii autem nulla est origo: nam ex principio oriuntur
+omnia; ipsum autem nullâ ex re aliâ nasciepotest: nec enim esset id
+principium, quod gigneretur aliunde._ Cicer. Tusc. Quest. l. 1. c. 23.
+
+_Cogitemus qui fieri possit, ut tanta magnitudo, ab aliquâ possit naturâ,
+tanto tempore circumferri? Ego igitur assero Deum causam esse, nec aliter
+posse fieri._ Plato in Epinom.
+
+[c] Among the Causes which _Cleanthes_ is said in _Tully_ to assign for
+Men’s Belief of a Deity, one of the chief is, _Æquabilitatem motûs,
+conversionem Cœli, Solis, Lunæ, Siderumque omnium distinctionem,
+varietatem, pulchritudinem, ordinem: quarum rerum aspectus ipse satis
+indicaret, non esse ea fortuita. Ut siquis in domum aliquam, aut in
+gymnasium, aut in forum venerit; cùm videat omnium rerum rationem, modum,
+disciplinam, non possit ea sine causâ fieri judicare, sed esse aliquem
+intelligat, qui præsit, & cui pareatur: multo magis in tantis motibus,
+tantisque vicissitudinibus, tam multarum rerum atque tanrarum ordinibus,
+in quibus nihil unquam immmensa & infinita vetustas mentita sit, statuat
+necesse est ab aliquâ Mente tantos naturæ motus gubernari._ Cir. de Nat.
+Deor. l. 1. c. 5.
+
+_Homines cœperunt Deum agnoscere, cùm viderent Stellas, tantam
+concinnitatem efficere; ac dies, noctesque, æstate, & hyeme, suos servare
+statos ortus, atque obitus._ Plutarch de placit. l. 1. c. 6.
+
+[d] We need not be sollicitous to elude the History of these Miracles,
+as if they were only poetical Strains, as _Maimonides_, and some others
+fancy _Joshua_’s Day to have been, _viz._ only an ordinary Summer’s
+Day; but such as had the Work of many Days done in it; and therefore
+by a poetical Stretch made, as if the Day had been lengthened by the
+Sun standing still. But in the History they are seriously related, as
+real Matters of Fact, and with such Circumstances as manifest them to
+have been miraculous Works of the Almighty; And the Prophet _Habakkuk_,
+iii. 11. mentions that of _Joshua_ as such. And therefore taking
+them to be miraculous Perversions of the Course of Nature, instead
+of being Objections, they are great Arguments of the Power of God:
+For in _Hezekiah_’s Case, to wheel the Earth it self backward, or by
+some extraordinary Refractions, to bring the Sun’s Shadow backward 10
+Degrees: Or in _Joshua_’s Case, to stop the diurnal Course of the Globe
+for some Hours, and then again give it the same Motion; to do, I say,
+there Things, required the same infinite Power which at first gave the
+Terraqueous Globe its Motions.
+
+[e]
+
+  _Nam cùm dispositi quasissem fœdera Mundi,_
+  _Præscriptosque Maris fines, Annique meatus,_
+  _Et Lucis, Noctisque vices: tunc omnia rebar_
+  _Consilio firmata Dei, qui lege moveri_
+  _Sidera, qui fruges diverso tempore nasci,_
+  _Qui variam Phœben alieno jusserit igne_
+  _Compleri, Solemque suo; porrexerit undis_
+  _Littora; Tellurem medio libraverat axe._
+
+               Claudian in Rufin. L. 1. initio.
+
+[f] _Diei noctisque vicissitudo conservat animantes, tribuens aliud
+agendi tempus, aliud quiescendi. Sic undique omni ratione concluditur,
+Mente, Consilioque divino omnia in hoc mundo ad salutem omnium,
+conservationemque admirabiliter administrari._ Cicer. de Nat. Deor. l. 2.
+c. 53.
+
+[g] The acute Dr. _Cheyne_, in his ingenious _Philos. Princ. of Natural
+Religion_, among other uses of Day and Night, saith, the Night is most
+proper for Sleep; because when the Sun is above the Horizon, Sleep is
+prejudicial, by reason the Perspirations are then too great. Also that
+Nutrition is mostly, if not altogether, performed in Time of Rest; the
+Blood having too quick a Motion in the Day: For which Reason, weak
+Persons, Children, _&c._ are nourished most, and recruit best by Sleep.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. IV.
+
+_Of the Place and Situation of the Terraqueous Globe, in respect of the
+Heavenly Bodies._
+
+
+Another Thing very considerable in our Globe, is its Place and Situation
+at a due Distance from the Sun[a], its Fountain of Light and Heat; and
+from its neighbouring Planets of the solar System, and from the fixt
+Stars. But these Things I have spoken more largely of in my Survey of the
+Heavens[b], and therefore only barely mention them now; to insist more
+largely upon,
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] It is a manifest Sign of the Creator’s Management and Care, in
+placing the Terraqueous Globe at that very Distance it is from the Sun,
+and contempering our own Bodies and all other Things so duly to that
+Distance. For was the Earth farther from the Sun, the World would be
+starved and frozen with Cold: And was it nigher we should be burnt, at
+least the most combustible Things would be so, and the World would be
+vexed with perpetual Conflagrations. For we see that a few of the Rays of
+the Sun, even no more than what fall within the Compass of half an Inch
+or an Inch in a Burning-Glass, will fire combustible Bodies, even in our
+own Climate.
+
+[b] _Astro-Theology_, Book vii. Chap. 7.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. V.
+
+_The Distribution of the Earth and Waters._
+
+
+The Distribution of the Waters and the dry Land, although it may seem
+rude and undesigned to a careless View, and is by some taxed as such[a],
+yet is admirably well adjusted to the Uses and Conveniences of our World.
+
+For in the first Place, the Distribution is so well made, the Earth and
+Waters so handsomely, so Workman-like laid, every where all the World
+over, that there is a just æquipoise of the whole Globe. The _Northern_
+balanceth the _Southern Ocean_, the _Atlantick_ the _Pacifick Sea_. The
+_American dry Land_, is a Counterpoise to the _European_, _Asiatick_ and
+_African_.
+
+In the next Place, the Earth and the Waters are so admirably well placed
+about in the Globe, as to be helpful to one another, to minister to one
+another’s Uses. The great Oceans, and the lesser Seas and Lakes, are
+so admirably well distributed throughout the Globe[b], as to afford
+sufficient Vapours[c] for Clouds and Rains, to temperate the Cold[c] of
+the Northern frozen Air, to cool and mitigate the Heats[d] of the Torrid
+Zone, and to refresh the Earth with fertile Showers; yea, in some measure
+to minister fresh Waters to the Fountains and Rivers. Nay, so abundant
+is this great Blessing, which the most indulgent Creator hath afforded
+us by means of this Distribution of the Waters I am speaking of, that
+there is more than a scanty, bare Provision, or mere Sufficiency; even a
+Plenty, a Surplusage of this useful Creature of God, (the fresh Waters)
+afforded to the World; and they so well ordered, as not to drown the
+Nations of the Earth, nor to stagnate, stink, and poison, or annoy them;
+but to be gently carried through convenient Chanels back again to their
+grand Fountain[e] the Sea; and many of them through such large Tracts
+of Land, and to such prodigious Distances, that it is a great Wonder
+the Fountains should be high enough[f], or the Seas low enough, ever
+to afford so long a Conveyance. Witness the _Danube_[g] and _Wolga_ of
+_Europe_, the _Nile_[h] and the _Niger_[i] of _Africk_, the _Ganges_[k]
+and _Euphrates_ of _Asia_, and the _Amazons River_[l] and _Rio de la
+Plata_ of _America_, and many others which might be named; some of which
+are said to run above 5000 Miles, and some no less than 6000 from their
+Fountains to the Sea. And indeed such prodigious Conveyances of the
+Waters make it manifest, that no accidental Currents and Alterations of
+the Waters themselves, no Art or Power of Man, nothing less than the
+_Fiat_ of the Almighty, could ever have made, or found, so long and
+commodious Declivities, and Chanels for the Passage of the Waters.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] The most eminent Author I have met with, that finds fault with the
+Distribution of the Earth and Waters, and indeed with the whole present
+Structure of the Globe, is the learned and eloquent Theorist, Dr.
+_Burnet_, who frequently exclaims on this Point, _Tellus nostra, si totam
+simul complectamur, non est ordinata & venusta rerum compages——sed moles
+aggesta vario, incertoque situ partium, nullâ ordinis aut venustatis
+habitâ ratione._ Theor. Sacr. l. 1. c. 7. _Ecquis autem à Deo hæc ita
+facta? ~&c.~_ ib. _Quo autem Herculeo labore opus effet ad excavandum
+terram in tantum hiatum?——Si immediatè à causâ primâ effectus fuisset
+hic alveus, aliquem saltem ordinem, mensuram, & proportionem notare
+voluisset in ipsius formâ, & partium dispositione;——sed confusa omnia,
+~&c.~_ ib. c. 8. _Tellus nostra cùm exigua sit, est etiam rudis: Et in
+illâ exiguitate multa sunt superflua, multa inelegantia. Dimidiam terræ
+superficiem inundat Oceanus; magnâ ex parte, ut mihi videtur, inutilis._
+And then he goes on to shew how this Part of the Creation might be
+mended, _ib._ c. 10. All this is to me surprizing from an Author of
+great Ingenuity, who seems in his Book to have a just Opinion of, and
+due Veneration for God. But certainly such Notions are very inconsistent
+with the Belief of God’s creating, especially his governing and ordering
+the World. But suppose the Terraqueous Globe was such a rude, confused,
+inconvenient Mass, as he pretends, yet it is well enough for a sinful
+World. But besides, what others have long ago abundantly answered, the
+following Survey, will, I hope, sufficiently manifest it to be the Work
+of a wise and beneficent, as well as omnipotent Creator.
+
+[b] Some have objected against the Distribution of the Earth and Waters,
+as if the Waters occupied too large a part of the Globe, which they
+think would be of greater Use, if it was dry Land. But then they do not
+consider that this would deprive the World of a due Quantity of Vapours
+and Rain. For if the Cavities which contain the Sea, and other Waters,
+were deeper, although the Waters were no less in Quantity, only their
+Surfaces narrower and lesser, the Evaporations would be so much the
+less, inasmuch as those Evaporations are made from the Surface, and are,
+consequently, in proportion to the Surface, not the Depth or Quantity of
+Water.
+
+[c] I took notice before in _Book I. Chap. 3. Note (a)._ That the Vapours
+constituting Clouds and Rain, are _Vesiculæ_ of Water detached by Heat.
+The manner of which I conceive to be thus; Heat being of an agile Nature,
+or the lightest of all Bodies, easily breaks loose from them; and if they
+are humid, in its Passage, carries along with it Particles, or little
+Cases of the Water; which being lighter than Air, are buoyed up thereby,
+and swim in it; until by knocking against one another, or being thickened
+by the Cold, (as in the Note before-cited,) they are reduced into Clouds
+and Drops.
+
+Having mentioned the manner how Vapours are raised, and there being more
+room here than in the Note before-cited, I shall, for the Illustration of
+Natures Process, take notice of three Things observable to our purpose,
+in Water over the Fire. 1. That the Evaporations are proportional to the
+Heat ascending out of the Water. A small Heat throws off but few Vapours,
+scarce visible: A greater Heat, and ascending in greater Quantities,
+carries off grosser, larger, and more numerous _Vesiculæ_, which we call
+a _Steam_: And if the Heat breaks through the Water with such a Fury, as
+to lacerate and lift up great Quantities or Bubbles of Water, too heavy
+for the Air to carry or buoy up, it causeth what we call _Boyling_. And
+the Particles of Water thus mounted up by the Heat, are visible Sphærules
+of Water, if viewed with a Microscope, as they swim about in a Ray of
+the Sun let into a dark Room, with warm Water underneath; where some of
+the Vapours appear large, some smaller Sphærules, according (no doubt)
+to the larger and lesser Quantities of Heat blowing them up and carrying
+them off. 2. If these Vapours be intercepted in their Ascent by any
+Context, especially cold Body, as Glass, Marble, _&c._ they are thereby
+reduced into Drops, and Masses of Water, like those of Rain, _&c._ 3.
+These Vapours in their Ascent from the Water, may be observed, in cold
+frosty Weather, either to rise but a little above the Water, and there
+to hang, or to glide on a little above its Surface: Or if the Weather be
+very cold, after a little ascent, they may be seen to fall back again
+into the Water; in their Ascent and Descent describing a Curve somewhat
+like that of an Arrow from a Bow. But in a warmer Air, and still, the
+Vapours ascend more nimbly and copiously, mounting up aloft, till they
+are out of Sight. But if the Air be warm and windy too, the Vapours are
+sooner carried out of Sight, and make way for others. And accordingly
+I have often observed, that hot Liquors, if not set too thin, and not
+frequently stirred, cool slower in the greatest Frosts, than in temperate
+Weather, especially if windy. And it is manifest by good Experiments,
+that the Evaporations are less at those times than these; less by far in
+the Winter than the warmer Months.
+
+[c] As our Northern Islands are observed to be more temperate than our
+Continents, (of which we had a notable Instance in the great Frost in
+1708/9, which _Ireland_ and _Scotland_ felt less of, than most Parts
+of _Europe_ besides; of which see _Book IV. Chap. 12. Note (c)._) so
+this Temperature is owing to the warm Vapours afforded chiefly by the
+Sea, which by the preceding Note must necessarily be warm, as they are
+Vapours, or Water inflated by Heat.
+
+The Cause of this Heat I take to be partly that of the Sun, and partly
+Subterraneous. That it is not wholly that of the Sun, is manifest from
+Vapours, being as, or more copiously raised when the Sun Beams are
+weakest, as when strongest, there being greater Rains and Winds at the
+one time than the other. And that there is such a thing as _Subterraneous
+Heat_, (whether Central, or from the meeting of Mineral Juices; or
+such as is Congenial or Connatural to our Globe, I have not Time to
+enquire; but I say, that such a Thing is,) is evident not only from the
+Hot-Baths, many fiery Erruptions and Explosions, _&c._ but also from the
+ordinary Warmth of Cellars and Places under Ground, which are not barely
+comparatively warm, but of sufficient Heat to raise Vapours also: As is
+manifest from the smoking of perennial Fountains in frosty Weather, and
+Water drawn out of Pumps and open Wells at such a Time. Yea, even Animals
+themselves are sensible of it, as particularly _Moles_, who dig before
+a Thaw, and against some other Alterations of the Weather; excited, no
+doubt, thereunto by the same warm Vapours arising in the Earth, which
+animate them, as well as produce the succeeding Changes of the Weather.
+
+[d] Besides the _Trade-Winds_, which serve to mitigate the excessive
+Heats in the Torrid Zone; the Clouds are a good Screen against the
+scorching Sun-Beams, especially when the Sun passeth their Zenith; at
+which Time is their Winter, or coolest Season, by reason they have then
+most Clouds and Rain. For which Service, that which _Varene_ takes notice
+of, is a great Providence of God, _viz._ _Pleraque loca Zonæ Torridæ
+vicinum habent mare, ut India, Insulæ Indicæ, Lingua Africæ, Guinea,
+Brasilia, Peruvia, Mexicana, Hispania: Pauca loca Zonæ Torridæ sunt
+Mediterranea._ Varenii. Geogr. l. 2. c. 26. Prop. 10. §. 7.
+
+[e] That Springs have their Origine from the Sea, and not from Rains and
+Vapours, among many other strong Reasons, I conclude from the Perennity
+of divers Springs, which always afford the same quantity of Water. Of
+this sort there are many to be found every where. But I shall, for an
+Instance, single out one in the Parish of _Upminster_, where I live,
+as being very proper for my purpose, and one that I have had better
+Opportunities of making Remarks upon above twenty Years. This in the
+greatest Droughts is little, if at all diminished, that I could perceive
+by my Eye, although the Ponds all over the Country, and an adjoining
+Brook have been dry for many Months together; as particularly in the dry
+Summer Months of the Year 1705. And in the wettest Seasons, such as the
+Summer and other Months were, preceding the violent Storm in _November_
+1703. (_Vid._ _Philos. Trans._ Nᵒ. 289.) I say, in such wet Seasons I
+have not observed any Increment of its Stream, excepting only for violent
+Rains falling therein, or running down from the higher Land into it;
+which discoloureth the Waters oftentimes, and makes an increase of only
+a Day’s, or sometimes but a few Hours Continuance. But now, if this
+Spring had its Origine from Rain and Vapours, there would be an increase
+and decrease of the one, as there should happen to be of the other: As
+actually it is in such temporary Springs as have undoubtedly their Source
+from Rain and Vapours.
+
+But besides this, another considerable Thing in this _Upminster_ Spring
+(and Thousands of others) is, that it breaks out of so inconsiderable
+an Hillock, or Eminence of Ground, that can have no more Influence in
+the Condensation of the Vapours, or stopping the Clouds, (which the
+Maintainers of this Hypothesis suppose) than the lower Lands about it
+have. By some Critical Observations I made with a very nice portable
+Barometer, I found that my House stands between 80 and 90 Feet higher
+than the Low-Water Mark in the River of _Thames_, nearest me; and that
+part of the River being scarce thirty Miles from the Sea, I guess, (and
+am more confirmed from some later Experiments I made nearer the Sea)
+that we cannot be much above 100 Feet above the Sea. The Spring I judge
+nearly level with, or but little higher than where my House stands; and
+the Lands from whence it immediately issues, I guess about 15 or 20 Feet
+higher than the Spring: and the Lands above that, of no very remarkable
+Height. And indeed, by actual Measure, one of the highest Hills I have
+met with in _Essex_, is but 363 Feet high; (_Vid._ _Phil. Trans._ Nᵒ.
+313. _p. 16._) and I guess by some very late Experiments I made, neither
+that, nor any other Land in _Essex_, to be above 400 Feet above the Sea.
+Now what is so inconsiderable a rise of Land to a perennial Condensation
+of Vapours, fit to maintain even so inconsiderable a Fountain, as what I
+have mentioned is? Or indeed the High-lands of the whole large County of
+_Essex_, to the maintaining of all its Fountains and Rivulets?
+
+But I shall no farther prosecute this Argument, but refer to the late
+learned, curious and industrious Dr. _Plot_’s _Tentamen Phil. de Orig.
+Font._ in which he hath fully discussed this Matter.
+
+As to the manner how the Waters are raised up into the Mountains and
+Higher Lands, an easy and natural Representation may be made of it, by
+putting a little Heap of Sand, Ashes, or a little Loaf of Bread, _&c._
+in a Bason of Water; where the Sand will represent the dry Land, or an
+Island, and the Bason of Water the Sea about it. And as the Water in the
+Bason riseth to, or near the top of the Heap in it, so doth the Waters
+of the Sea, Lakes, _&c._ rise in the Hills. Which case I take to be the
+same with the ascent of Liquids in capillary Tubes, or between contiguous
+Planes, or in a Tube filled with Ashes: Of which the industrious and
+compleat Artificer in Air-Pumps, Mr. _Hawksbee_, hath given us some, not
+contemptible Experiments, in his _Phys. Mech. Exp._ pag. 139.
+
+Among the many Causes assigned for this ascent of Liquors, there are two
+that bid the fairest for it, _viz._ _the Pressure of the Atmosphere_,
+and the _Newtonian Attraction_. That it is not the former, appears from
+the Experiments succeeding, as well, or better in _Vacuo_, than in the
+open Air, the ascent being rather swifter in _Vacuo_. This then being not
+the Cause, I shall suppose the other is; but for the Proof thereof, I
+shall refer to some of our late _English_ Authors, especially some very
+late Experiments made before our most famous _R. S._ which will be so
+well improved by some of that illustrious Body, as to go near to put the
+Matter out of doubt.
+
+[f] See _Book III. Chap. 4._
+
+[g] _The ~Danube~ in a sober Account, performs a Course of above 1500
+Miles, ~(_i.e._ in a strait Line)~ from its Rise to its Fall._ Bohun’s
+Geogr. Dict.
+
+[h] _Tractus_ sc. _Longitudo ~[Nili]~ est milliarium circiter 630 Germ.
+sive Ital. 2520, pro quibus ponere licet 3000 propter curvaturas._ Varen.
+Geogr. l. 1. c. 16. p. 27.
+
+[i] _Varene_ reckons the Course of the _Niger_, at a middle Computation,
+600 _German_ Miles, that is 2400 _Italian_.
+
+[k] That of the _Ganges_ he computes at 300 _German_ Miles. But if we add
+the Curvatures to these Rivers, their Chanels are of a prodigious Length.
+
+[l] _Oritur, flumen (quod plerumque Amazonum, ~&c.~) haud procul Quito
+in montibus——Cùm per leucas Hispanicas 1356. cursum ab occidente in
+orientem continuârit, ostio 84 leucas lato——in Oceanum præcipitatur._
+Chr. D’Acugna Relatio de flumine Amaz. in Act. Erud. Aug. 1683.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VI.
+
+_The great Variety and Quantity of all Things upon, and in the
+Terraqueous Globe, provided for the Uses of the World._
+
+
+The last Remark I shall make about the Terraqueous Globe in general is,
+the great Variety of Kinds, or Tribes, as well as prodigious Number of
+Individuals of each various Tribe, there is of all Creatures[a]. There
+are so many Beasts, so many Birds, so many Insects, so many Reptiles, so
+many Trees, so many Plants upon the Land; so many Fishes, Sea-Plants, and
+other Creatures in the Waters; so many Minerals, Metals, and Fossiles in
+the Subterraneous Regions; so many _Species_ of these _Genera_, so many
+_Individuals_ of those _Species_, that there is nothing wanting to the
+Use of Man, or any other Creature of this lower World. If every Age doth
+change its Food, its way of Cloathing, its way of Building; if every
+Age[b] hath its Variety of Diseases; nay, if Man, or any other Animal,
+was minded to change these Things every Day, still the Creation would
+not be exhausted, still nothing would be wanting for Food, nothing for
+Physick, nothing for Building and Habitation, nothing for Cleanliness and
+Refreshment, yea, even for Recreation and Pleasure. But the Munificence
+of the Creator is such, that there is abundantly enough to supply the
+Wants, the Conveniencies, yea, almost the Extravagancies of all the
+Creatures, in all Places, all Ages, and upon all Occasions.
+
+And this may serve to answer an Objection against the Excellency of, and
+Wisdom shewed in the Creation; namely, What need of so many Creatures[c]?
+Particularly of so many Insects, so many Plants, and so many other
+Things? And especially of some of them, that are so far from being
+useful, that they are very noxious; some by their Ferity, and others by
+their poisonous Nature, _&c._?
+
+To which I might answer, that in greater Variety, the greater Art is
+seen; that the fierce, poisonous, and noxious Creatures serve as Rods and
+Scourges to chastise us[d], as means to excite our Wisdom, Care, and
+Industry, with more to the same purpose. But these Things have been fully
+urged by others; and it is sufficient to say, that this great Variety is
+a most wise Provision for all the Uses of the World in all Ages and all
+Places. Some for Food, some for Physick[e], some for Habitation, some for
+Utensils, some for Tools and Instruments of Work, and some for Recreation
+and Pleasure, either to Man, or to some of the inferior Creatures
+themselves; even for which inferior Creatures, the liberal Creator hath
+provided all Things necessary, or any ways conducing to their happy,
+comfortable living in this World, as well as for Man.
+
+And it is manifest, that all the Creatures of God, Beasts, Birds,
+Insects, Plants, and every other _Genus_ have, or may have, their
+several Uses even among Men. For although in one Place many Things may
+lie neglected, and out of Use, yet in other Places they may be of great
+Use. So what hath seemed useless in one Age, hath been received in
+another; as all the new Discoveries in Physick, and all the Alterations
+in Diet do sufficiently witness. Many Things also there are which in one
+Form may be pernicious to Man; but in another, of great Use. There are
+many Plants[f], many Animals, many Minerals, which in one Form destroy,
+in another heal. The _Cassada Plant_ unprepared poisoneth, but prepared,
+is the very Bread of the _West-Indies_[g]. _Vipers_ and _Scorpions_, and
+many Minerals, as destructive as they are to Man, yet afford him some of
+his best Medicines.
+
+Or if there be many Things of little, immediate Use to Man, in this, or
+any other Age; yet to other Creatures they may afford Food or Physick,
+or be of some necessary Use. How many Trees and Plants, nay, even the
+very Carcases of Animals, yea, the very Dust of the Earth[h], and the
+most refuse, contemptible Things to be met with; I say, how many such
+Things are either Food, or probably Medicine to many Creatures, afford
+them Retreat, are Places of Habitation, or Matrixes for their Generation,
+as shall be shewed in proper Place? The prodigious Swarms of Insects in
+the Air, and in the Waters, (many of which may be perhaps at present of
+no great Use to Man) yet are Food to Birds, Fishes, Reptiles, Insects
+themselves, and other Creatures[i], for whose happy and comfortable
+Subsistence, I have said the bountiful Creator hath liberally provided,
+as well as for that of Man.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] _Non dat Deus beneficia? Unde ergò ista qua possides?——Unde hæc
+innumerabilia, oculos, aures & animum mulcentia? Unde illa luxuriam
+quoque instruens copia? Neque enim necessitatibus tantummodò nostris
+provisum est: usque in delicias amamur. Tot arbusta, non uno modo
+frugifera, tot herba salutares, tot varietates ciborum, per totum annum
+digestæ, ut inerti quoque fortuita terræ alimenta præberent. Jam animalia
+omnis generis, alia in sicco, ~&c.~——ut omnis rerum naturæ pars tributum
+aliquod nobis conferret._ Senec. de Benef. l. 4. c. 5. ubi plura vide.
+
+_Hic, ubi habitamus non intermittit suo tempore Cœlum nitescere, arbores
+frondescere——cum multitudinem pecudum partim ad vescendum, partim
+ad cultus agrorum, partim ad vehendum, partim ad corpora vestienda;
+hominemque ipsum quasi contemplatorem cœli ad deorum, ipsorumque
+cultorem.——Hæc igitur, & alia innumerabilia cùm cernimus, possumusne
+dubitare, quin his præsit aliquis vel Effector, si hæc nata sunt, ut
+Platoni videtur: vel si semper fuerint, ut Aristoteli placet, Moderator
+tanti operis & muneris?_ Cicer. Tusc. Quæst. l. 1. c. 28, 29.
+
+[b] _Sunt & gentium differentiæ non mediocres——quæ contemplatio aufert
+rursus nos ad ipsorum animalium naturas, ingenitasque iis vel certiores
+morborum omnium medicinas. Enim verò rerum omnium Parens, nullum animal
+ad hoc tantum ut pasceretur, aut alia satiaret nasci voluit: artesque
+salutares iis inseruerit._ Plin. N. H. l. 27. c. 13.
+
+[c] This was no very easy Question to be answered by such as held,
+that _all Things were made for Man_, as most of the Ancients did; as
+_Aristotle_, _Seneca_, _Cicero_ and _Pliny_, (to name only some of the
+chief). And _Cicero_ cites it as the celebrated _Chrysippus_’s Opinion,
+_Præclare enim Chrysippus, Cætera nata esse Hominum Causâ, & Deorum._
+_De fin. bon. & mal. l. 3._ And in his _De Nat. Deor. l. 2. fin._ he
+seriously proves the World it self to have been made for the Gods and
+Man, and all Things in the World to have been made and contrived for the
+Benefit of Man (_parata & inventa ad fructum Hominum_, are his Words).
+So _Pliny_ in his Preface to his 7ᵗʰ Book saith, Nature made all Things
+for Man; but then he makes a doubt, whether she shewed her self a more
+indulgent Parent, or cruel Step-Mother, as in _Book IV. Chap. 12. Note
+(b)._ But since the Works of God have been more discovered, and the
+Limits of the Universe have been found to be of infinitely greater Extent
+than the Ancients supposed them; this narrow Opinion hath been exploded.
+And the Answer will be found easy to these Questions, Why so many useless
+Creatures? In the Heavens, Why so many fixt Stars, and the greatest part
+of them scarce visible? Why such Systems of Planets, as in _Jupiter_,
+_Saturn_, &c. (See my _Astro-Theology_.) In the Earth and Waters, Why so
+many Creatures of no use to Man?
+
+[d] _Nec minùs clara exitii documenta sunt etiam ex contemnendis
+animalibus. M. Varro author est, à cuniculis suffossum in Hispaniâ
+opidum, à talpis in Thessaliâ: ab ranis civitatem in Galliâ pulsam, ab
+locustis in Africâ: ex Gyaro, Cycladum insulâ, incolas à muribus fugatos;
+In Italiâ Amyclas à serpentibus delatas. Citra Cynamolgos Æthiopas
+latè deserta regio est, à scorpionibus & solpugis gente sublatâ: & à
+scolopendris abactos Trerienses, author est Theophrastus._ Plin. Nat.
+Hist. l. 8. c. 29.
+
+To these Instances may be added, the Plague they sometimes suffer from a
+kind of Mice (they call _Leming_, _Leminger_, _Lemmus_, &c.) in _Norway_,
+which eat up every green Thing. They come in such prodigious Numbers,
+that they fancy them to fall from the Clouds; but _Ol. Magnus_, rather
+thinks they come from some of the Islands. _Hist. l. 8. c. 2._ If the
+Reader hath a mind to see a large Account of them, with a Dispute about
+their Generation, a handsome Cut of them, with the Prayers, and an
+Exorcism against them used in the Church of _Rome_, I shall refer him,
+(it being too tedious to recite in these Notes) to _Musæum Wormian._ l.
+3. c. 23.
+
+_Quare patimur multa mala à creaturâ quam fecit Deus, nisi quia
+offendimus Deum?——De pœnâ tuâ peccatum tuum accusa, non judicem. Nam
+propter Superbiam instituit Deus creaturam istam minimam & abjectissimam,
+ut ipsa nos torqueret, ut cùm superbus fuerit homo, & se jactaverit
+adversus Deum,——cùm se erexerit, Pulicibus subdatur. Quid est, quòd te
+inflas humanâ superbiâ?——Pulicibus resiste, ut dormias. Cognosce qui sis.
+Nam propter superbiam nostram domandam——creata illa quæ molesta sunt:
+populum Pharaonis superbum potuit Deus domare de Ursis, de ~&c.~ Muscas &
+Ranas illis immisit, ut rebus vilissimis superbia domaretur. Omnia ergo
+per ipsum——facta sunt; & fine ipso factum est nihil._ August. Tract. 1.
+in S. Johan.
+
+But although the infinitely wise Creator hath put it in the Power of
+such vile Animals to chastise us, yet hath he shewed no less Wisdom and
+Kindness in ordering many, if not most of them so, as that it shall be in
+the Power of Man, and other Creatures to obviate or escape their Evils.
+For, besides the noble Antidotes afforded by Minerals, Vegetables, _&c._
+many, if not most of our _European_ venemous Animals carry their Cure,
+as well as Poison, in their own Bodies. The Oil, and I doubt not, the
+Body of _Scorpions_ too, is a certain Remedy against its Stroke. A _Bee_,
+_Wasp_, or _Hornet_ crushed and rubbed, and bound upon the Place, I have
+always found to be a certain Cure for the Sting of those Creatures. And
+I question not, but the Flesh, especially the Head of _Vipers_, would be
+found a Remedy for their Bites.
+
+_Our Viper-Catchers have a Remedy in which they place so great
+Confidence, as to be no more afraid of the Bite ~[of a Viper]~, than
+of a common Puncture, immediately curing themselves by the Application
+of their Specifick. This though they keep a great Secret, I have upon
+strict Enquiry found to be no other than ~Axungia Viperina~, presently
+rubbed into the Wound._ This Remedy the learned Doctor tried himself with
+good Success in a young Dog that was bitten in the Nose. _Vid._ _Mead of
+Poisons_, p. 29.
+
+And as to the means to escape the Mischief of such noxious Animals,
+besides what may be effected by the Care, Industry and Sagacity of Man;
+some of them are so contrived and made, as to give Warning or Time to
+Creatures in danger from them. Thus, for Instance, the _Rattle-Snake_,
+the most poisonous of any Serpent, who darts its poisonous Vapours to
+some distance, and in all Probability was the _Basilisk_ of the Ancients,
+said to kill with its Eyes, this involuntarily gives warning by the
+Rattle in its Tail. So the _Shark_, the most rapacious Animal of the
+Waters, is forced to turn himself on his Back, (and thereby gives an
+Opportunity of Escape) before he can catch his Prey.
+
+[e] _Hæc sola Naturæ placuerat esse remedia parata vulgo, inventu
+facilia, ac sine impendio, ex quibus vivimus. Posteà fraudes hominum &
+ingeniorum capturæ officinas invenire istas, in quibus sua cuique homini
+vœnalis promittitur vita. Statim compositiones & misturæ inexplicabiles
+decantantur. Arabia atque India in medio æstimantur, ulcerique parvo
+medicina à Rubro mari imputatur, cùm remedia vera quotidie pauperrimus
+quisque cœnet._ Plin. l. 24. c. 1.
+
+_Non sponte suâ ex tellure germinant Herbæ, quæ contra quoscunque morbos
+accommodæ sunt; sed eæ voluntate Opisicis, ad nostram utilitatem producta
+sunt._ Basil. Ascet. Tom. 2.
+
+Consult here, _Book X. Note (z), (aa), (bb)._
+
+[f] Among poisonous Vegetables, none more famous of old than _Hemlock_,
+accounted at this Day also very dangerous to Man, of which there are some
+dismal Examples in our _Phil. Trans. Wepfer_, &c. But yet this Plant is
+Food for _Goats_, and its Seeds to _Bustards_; and as _Galen_ saith, to
+_Starlings_ also. Neither is this, so pernicious a Plant, only Food, but
+also Physick to some Animals. An Horse troubled with the _Farcy_, and
+could not be cured with the most famed Remedies, cured himself of it
+in a short Time, by eating _Hemlock_, of which he eat greedily. _Vid._
+_Phil. Trans._ Nᵒ. 231. _And a Woman which was cured of the Plague, but
+wanted Sleep, did with very good Effect eat ~Hemlock~ for some time; till
+falling ill again of a Fever, and having left off the Use of this Remedy,
+he ~[Nic. Fontanus]~ endeavoured to procure her Rest by repeated Doses
+of ~Opium~, which had no Operation, till the Help of ~Cicuta~ was again
+called in with desired Success._ Mead of Pois. p. 144.
+
+And not only _Hemlock_, but many other, if not most Plants accounted
+poisonous, may have their great Use in Medicine: Of which take the
+Opinion of an able Judge, my ingenious and learned Friend Dr. _Tancred
+Robinson_, in a Letter I have of his to the late great Mr. _Ray_, of
+Nov. 7. 1604, viz. _According to my Promise, I here send you a few
+Observations concerning some Plants, seldom used in Medicine, being
+esteemed poisonous, which if truly corrected, or exactly dosed, may
+perhaps prove the most powerful and effectual Medicines yet known._
+Having then given an Account of some of their Correctives, he gives
+these following Examples, _viz._ _1. The Hellebores incorporated with
+a Sapo, or Alkaly-Salts alone, are successful Remedies in Epilepsies,
+Vertigo’s, Palsies, Lethargies, and Mania’s. Dos. a ℈j. to ʒss. 2. The
+Radic. Assari, Cicutæ, and the Napellus, in Agues and periodical Pains.
+Dos. ℈j. to ʒss. 3. The Hyoscyamus in Hæmorrhagies, violent Heats and
+Perturbation of the Blood, and also in all great Inflammations. Dos.
+℈j. to ʒss. 4. The Semen Stramonia is a very good Anodyne, useful in
+Vigilia’s, Rheumatisms, Hysterick Cases, in all the Orgasms of the Blood
+or Spirits, and where-ever there is an Indication for a Paregorick. Dos.
+℈j. to ʒss. 5. Elaterium thus corrected, may be given from gr. x. to xv.
+in Hydropical Cases, without any sensible Evacuation or Disturbance. So
+may the Soldanella and Gratiola in greater Doses. 6. Opium corrected
+as afore-mentioned, loses its Narcotick Faculty, and may be given
+very safely in great Doses, and proves more than usually prevalent in
+Convulsive Cases, Fluxes, Catarrhs, and all painful Paroxysms, ~&c.~_
+
+[g] _It is of the most general Use of any Provision all over the
+~West-Indies~, especially in the hotter Parts, and is used to Victual
+Ships._ _Dr. ~Sloan~’s_ Nat. Hist. of _Jamaica_, Vol. 1. Chap. 5. §. 12.
+
+[h] I have shewn in the _Phil. Trans._ that the _Pediculus fatidicus_,
+_Mortisaga_, _Pulsatorius_, or _Death-Watch_ there described, feedeth
+upon Dust; but that this Dust they eat, is powdered Bread, Fruits, or
+such like Dust, not powdered Earth; as is manifest from their great
+Diligence and Curiosity in hunting among the Dust. See more in _Phil.
+Trans._ Nᵒ. 291.
+
+[i] _Vid._ _Book IV. Chap. 11._
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+BOOK III.
+
+_Of the Terraqueous Globe in particular, more especially the Earth._
+
+
+Having thus taken a general Prospect of our Terraqueous Globe, I shall
+in this Book come to its Particulars. But here we have such an immense
+Variety presenting it self to our Senses, and such amazing Strokes of
+Power and Wisdom, that it is impossible not to be at a Stand, and very
+difficult to know where to begin, how to proceed, or where to end. But we
+must however attempt.
+
+And for the more clear and regular proceeding on this copious Subject, I
+shall distribute the Globe into its own grand constituent Parts.
+
+I. The _Earth_ and its Appurtenances.
+
+II. The _Waters_ and Theirs.
+
+The first of these only, is what at present I shall be able to take into
+this Survey.
+
+And in Surveying the _Earth_, I intend,
+
+1. To consider its constituent Parts, or Things peculiar to its self.
+
+2. The Inhabitants thereof, or the several Kinds of Creatures that have
+their Habitation, Growth, or Subsistence thereon.
+
+1. As to the Earth it self, the most remarkable Things that present
+themselves to our View, are,
+
+1. Its various Moulds and Soils.
+
+2. Its several Strata, or Beds.
+
+3. Its very Subterraneous Passages, Grotto’s and Caverns.
+
+4. Its Mountains and Vallies.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+_Of the Soils and Moulds in the Earth._
+
+
+The various Soils and Moulds are an admirable and manifest Contrivance
+of the All-wise Creator, in making this Provision for the various
+Vegetables[a], and divers other Uses of the Creatures. For, as some
+Trees, some Plants, some Grains dwindle and die in a disagreeable Soil,
+but thrive and flourish in others; so the All-wise Creator hath amply
+provided for every Kind a proper Bed.
+
+If some delight in a warm, some a cold Soil; some in a lax or sandy,
+some a heavy or clayie Soil; some in a Mixture of both, some in this, and
+that and the other Mould, some in moist, some in dry Places[b]; still we
+find Provision enough for all these Purposes: Every Country abounding
+with its proper Trees and Plants[c], and every Vegetable flourishing and
+gay, somewhere or other about the Globe, and abundantly answering the
+Almighty Command of the Creator, when the Earth and Waters were ordered
+to their peculiar Place, _Gen._ i. 11. _And God said, Let the Earth bring
+forth Grass, the Herb yielding Seed, and the Tree yielding Fruit after
+his kind._ All which we actually see is so.
+
+To this Convenience which the various Soils that coat the Earth are of to
+the Vegetables, we may add their great Use and Benefit to divers Animals,
+to many Kinds of Quadrupeds, Fowls, Insects, and Reptiles, who make in
+the Earth their Places of Repose and Rest, their Retreat in Winter, their
+Security from their Enemies, and their Nests to repose their Young; some
+delighting in a lax and pervious Mould, admitting them an easy Passage;
+and others delighting in a firmer and more solid Earth, that will better
+secure them against Injuries from without.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] It is not to be doubted, that although Vegetables delight in peculiar
+Soils, yet they owe not their Life and Growth to the Earth it self, but
+to some agreeable Juices or Salts, _&c._ residing in the Earth. Of this
+the great Mr. _Boyl_ hath given us some good Experiments. He ordered his
+Gardener to dig up, and dry in an Oven some Earth fit for the Purpose,
+to weigh it, and to set therein some _Squash Seeds_, (a kind of _Indian_
+Pompion). The Seeds when sown were watered with Rain or Spring-water
+only. But although a Plant was produced in one Experiment of near 3 _l._
+and in another of above 14 _l._ yet the Earth when dried, and weighed
+again, was scarce diminished at all in its Weight.
+
+Another Experiment he alledges is of _Helmont_’s, who dried 200 _l._ of
+Earth, and therein planted a Willow weighing 5 _l._ which he watered with
+Rain or distilled Water: And to secure it from any other Earth getting
+in, he covered it with a perforated Tin Cover. After five Years, weighing
+the Tree with all the Leaves it had born in that time, he found it to
+weigh 169 _l._ 3 Ounces, but the Earth to be diminished only about 2
+Ounces in its weight. _Vid._ _Boyl’s Scept. Chym._ Part 2. _pag. 114._
+
+[b] Τοὺς δὲ τόπους ζητεῖ τοὺς ὀικείους, οὐ μόνον τὰ περιττὰ——Τῶν
+δένδρων, &c. Τὰ μὲν γὰρ φιλεῖ ξηροὺς, τὰ δὲ ἐνύδρους, τὰ δὲ χειμερινοὺς,
+τὰ δὲ προσήλους, τὰ δὲ παλισκίους, καὶ ὅλως, τὰ μὲν ὀρεινοὺς, τὰ δὲ
+ἑλώδεις.——Ζητεῖ γὰρ τὰ πρόσφορὰ κατὰ τὴν κράσιν, ἕτι δὲ ἀσθενῆ, καὶ
+ἰσχυρὰ, καὶ βαθύῤῥιζα, καὶ ἐπιπολαιόῤῥιζα, καὶ ἔστις ἄλλη διαφορὰ κατὰ τὰ
+μέρη·——Πάντα γὰρ ταῦτα, ἔτι δὲ τὰ ὅμοια ζητεῖ τὸ ὅμοιον, καὶ τὰ ἀνόμοια
+μὴ τὸν αὐτὸν, ὅταν ᾖ τις παραλλαγὴ τῆς φύσεως. _Theophrast. de Caus.
+Plant._ l. 2. c. 9.
+
+[c]
+
+  _Nec verò Terræ ferre omnes omnia possunt._
+  _Fluminibus Salices, crassisque paludibus Alni_
+  _Nascuntur; steriles saxosis montibus Orni:_
+  _Littora Myrtetis lætissima: denique apertos_
+  _Bacchus amat colles: Aquilonem & frigora Taxi._
+  _Aspice & extremis domitum cultoribus orbem,_
+  _Eoasque domos Arabum, pictosque Gelonos:_
+  _Divisa arboribus patriæ, ~&c.~_
+
+                                Vir. Georg. L. 2
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+_Of the various Strata or Beds observable in the Earth._
+
+
+The various _Strata_ or _Beds_, although but little different from the
+last, yet will deserve a distinct Consideration.
+
+By the _Strata_ or _Beds_, I mean those Layers of Minerals[a], Metals[b],
+Earth, and Stone[c], lying under that upper _Stratum_, or Tegument of
+the Earth last spoken of, all of a prodigious Use to Mankind: Some being
+of great Use for Building; some serving for Ornament; some furnishing
+us with commodious Machines, and Tools to prepare our Food, and for
+Vessels and Utensils, and for multitudes of other Uses; some serving
+for Firing to dress our Food, and to guard us against the Insults of
+Cold and Weather; some being of great Use in Physick, in Exchange and
+Commerce, in manuring and fertilizing our Lands, in dying and colouring,
+and ten thousand other Conveniences, too many to be particularly spoken
+of: Only there is one grand Use of one of these Strata or Beds, that
+cannot easily be omitted, and that is, those subterraneous Strata of
+Sand, Gravel, and laxer Earth that admit of, and facilitate the Passage
+of the sweet Waters[d], and may probably be the Colanders whereby they
+are sweetened, and then at the same time also convey’d to all Parts of
+the habitable World, not only through the temperate and torrid Zones, but
+even the farthest Regions of the frozen Poles.
+
+That these Strata are the _principal Passages_ of the sweet
+Fountain-Waters, is, I think not to be doubted, considering that in them
+the Waters are well known to pass, and in them the Springs are found by
+those that seek for them. I say, the principal Passages, because there
+are other subterraneous Guts and Chanels, Fissures and Passages, through
+which many Times the Waters make their way.
+
+Now that which in a particular manner doth seem to me to manifest a
+special Providence of God in the repositing these watery Beds is, that
+they should be dispersed all the World over, into all Countries, and
+almost all Tracts of Land: That they should so entirely, or for the
+most part, consist of lax, incohering Earth, and be so seldom blended
+with other impervious Moulds, or if they are so, it is commonly but
+accidentally; and that they are interposed between the other impervious
+Beds, and so are as a Prop and Pillar to guard them off, and to prevent
+their sinking in and shutting up the Passages of the Waters.
+
+The Time when those Strata were laid, was doubtless at the Creation, when
+_God said_ (Gen. i. 9.) _Let the Waters under the Heaven be gathered
+together unto one Place, and let the dry Land appear_; or else at the
+Deluge, if, with some sagacious Naturalists, we suppose the Globe of
+Earth to have been dissolved by the Flood[e]. At that Time (whatever it
+was) when the terraqueous Globe was in a chaotick State, and the earthy
+Particles subsided, then those several Beds were in all Probability
+reposited in the Earth, in that commodious Order in which they now are
+found; and that, as is asserted, according to the Laws[f] of Gravity.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] Altho’ Minerals, Metals and Stones lie in Beds, and have done so
+ever since _Noah_’s Flood, if not from the Creation; yet it is greatly
+probable that they have Power of _growing_ in their respective Beds:
+That as the Beds are robbed and emptied by Miners, so after a while they
+recruit again. Thus _Vitriol_, Mr. _Boyl_ thinks, will grow by the Help
+of the Air. So _Alum_ doth the same. _We are assured_ (he saith) _by the
+experienced ~Agricola~, That the Earth or Ore of ~Alum~, being robbed of
+its Salt, will in tract of Time recover it, by being exposed to the Air._
+_~Boyl~’s_ Suspic. about some Hid. Qual. in the Air, p. 18.
+
+[b] As to the Growth of _Metals_, there is great Reason to suspect that
+also, from what Mr. _Boyl_ hath alledged in his _Observations about the
+Growth of Metals_: And in his _Scept. Chym. Part 6. pag. 362._ Compare
+also _Hakewil_’s _Apol. pag. 164._
+
+And particularly as to the Growth of _Iron_, to the Instances he gives
+from _Pliny_, _Fallopius_, _Cæsalpinus_, and others; we may add, what
+is well known in the _Forest of Dean_ in _Gloucestershire_: That the
+best Iron, and most in Quantity, that is found there, is in the old
+Cinders, which they melt over again. This is the Author of the _Additions
+to Gloucestershire in Cambd. Brit._ of the last Edition, _p. 245._
+attributes to the Remissness of the former Melters, in not exhausting
+the Ore: But in all Probability it is rather to be attributed to the new
+Impregnations of the old Ore, or Cinders, from the Air, or from some
+seminal Principle, or plastick Quality in the Ore it self.
+
+[c] As for the Growth of _Stone_, Mr. _Boyl_ gives two Instances. One
+is that famous Place in _France_, called _Les Caves Goutieres: Where
+the Water falling from the upper Parts of the Cave to the Ground, doth
+presently there condense into little Stones, of such Figures as the
+Drops, falling either severally, or upon one another, and coagulating
+presently into Stones, chance to exhibit_. Vid. Scept. Chym. pag. 360.
+
+Such like Caves as these I have my self met with in _England_;
+particularly on the very Top of _Bredon-Hill_ in _Worcestershire_,
+near the _Precipice_, facing _Pershore_, in or near the old Fortress,
+called _Bembsbury-Camp_; I saw some Years ago such a Cave, which (if I
+mis-remember not) was lined with those _Stalactical Stones_ on the Top
+and Sides. On the Top they hung like Icicles great and small, and many
+lay on the Ground. They seemed manifestly to be made by an Exsudation,
+or Exstillation of some petrifying Juices out of the rocky Earth there.
+On the Spot, I thought it might be from the Rains soaking through, and
+carrying with it Impregnations from the Stone, the Hill being there all
+rocky. Hard by the Cave is one or more vast Stones, which (if I mistake
+not) are incrustated with this Sparry, Stalactical Substance, if not
+wholly made of it. But it is so many Years ago since I was at the Place,
+and not being able to find my Notes about it, I cannot say whether the
+whole Stone is (in all Probability) Spar, (as I think it is,) or whether
+I found it only cased over with it, notwithstanding I was very nice in
+examining it then, and have now some of the Fragments by me, consisting,
+among other shining Parts, of some transparent angular ones.
+
+The other Instance of Mr. _Boyl_, is from _Linschoten_, who saith, that
+in the _East-Indies_, when they have cleared the Diamond Mines of all the
+Diamonds, _In a few Years Time they find in the same Place new Diamonds
+produced._ Boyl. Ibid.
+
+[d] It is not only agreeable to Reason, but I am told by Persons
+conversant in digging of Wells throughout this County of _Essex_, where
+I live, that the surest Beds in which they find Water, are _Gravel_, and
+a coarse, dark coloured _Sand_; which Beds seldom fail to yield Plenty
+of sweet Water: But for _Clay_, they never find Water therein, if it be
+a strong, stiff _Clay_; but if it be lax and sandy, sometimes Springs
+are found in it; yet so weak, that they will scarcely serve the Uses
+of the smallest Family. And sometimes they meet with those Beds lying
+next, under a loose, black Mould, (which, by their Description, I judged
+to be a sort of oazy, or to have the Resemblance of an ancient, rushy
+Ground,) and in that Case the Water is always naught, and stinks. And
+lastly, Another sort of Bed they find in _Essex_, in the clayie-Lands,
+particularly that part called the _Rodings_, which yields Plenty of sweet
+Water, and that is a Bed of white Earth, as though made of Chalk and
+white Sand. This they find, after they have dug through forty, or more
+Feet of Clay; and it is so tender and moist, that it will not lie upon
+the Spade, but they are forced to throw it into their Bucket with their
+Hands, or with Bowls; but when it comes up into the Air, it soon becomes
+an hard white Stone.
+
+Thus much for the Variety of Beds wherein the Waters are found. That it
+is in these Beds only or chiefly the Springs run, is farther manifest
+from the forcible Eruption of the Waters sometimes out of those watery
+Beds. Of which see _Chap. 4. Note (k)._ This Eruption shews, that the
+Waters come from some Eminence or other, lying at a Distance, and being
+closely pent up within the _watery Stratum_, by the clayie Strata, the
+Waters with force mount up, when the Strata above are opened.
+
+[e] _V._ Dr. _Woodward_’s Essay, Part 2. _Steno_’s Prodr. _&c._
+
+[f] Id. ib. _pag. 28._ and _74._ But Dr. _Leigh_ in his _Nat. History
+of Lancashire_, speaking of the Coal-pits, denies the Strata to lie
+according to the Laws of Gravitation, saying the Strata are a Bed of
+_Marle_, afterwards _Free-Stone_, next _Iron-Stone_, then _Coal_, or
+_Kennel-Mine_, then some other Strata, and again _Coal_, _&c._
+
+But upon a stricter Enquiry into the Matter, finding I had reason to
+suspect that few, if any, actually had tried the Experiment, I was minded
+to bring the Thing to the Test of Experiment my self; and having an
+Opportunity, on _April 11. 1712._ I caused divers Places to be bored,
+laying the several _Strata_ by themselves; which afterwards I weighed
+with all Strictness, first in Air, then in Water, taking Care that no
+Air-bubbles, _&c._ might obstruct the Accuracy of the Experiment. The
+Result was, that in my Yard, the Strata were gradually specifically
+heavier and heavier, the lower and lower they went; and the upper which
+was Clay, was considerably specifically lighter than the lower _Stratum_;
+which was first a loose Sand, then a Gravel. In which _Stratum_
+principally the Springs run that supply my Well.
+
+But in my Fields, where three Places were bored (to no great Depth) I
+found below the upper (superficial _Stratum_) a deep Bed of Sand only,
+which was of different Colours and Consistence, which I weighed as
+before, together with the Virgin-Mould; but they were all of the same,
+or nearly the same specifick Gravity, both out of the same Hole, and out
+of different Holes, although the Sand was at last so gravelly, that it
+hinder’d our boring any deeper.
+
+Upon this, fearing lest some Error might be in the former Experiments, I
+try’d them over again; and that with the same Success.
+
+After this, I made some Experiments in some deep Chalk-Pits, with the
+Flints, Chalk, _&c._ above and below; but the Success was not so uniform
+as before.
+
+Acquainting our justly renowned _R. S._ with these Experiments, they
+ordered their Operator to experiment the _Strata_ of a Coal-Pit; the
+Success whereof may be seen in _Philos. Trans. Nr. 336_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. III.
+
+_Of the Subterraneous Caverns, and the Vulcano’s._
+
+
+I shall take notice of the subterraneous Caverns, Grotto’s and Vulcano’s,
+because they are made an Objection[a] against the present Contrivance
+and Structure of the Globe. But, if well considered, they will be found
+to be wise Contrivances of the Creator, serving to great Uses of the
+Globe, and Ends of God’s Government. Besides many secret, grand Functions
+and Operations of Nature in the Bowels of the Earth, that in all
+Probability these Things may minister unto, they are of great Use to the
+Countries where they are[b]. To instance in the very worst of the Things
+named, _viz._ the _Vulcano’s_ and ignivomous Mountains; although they
+are some of the most terrible Shocks of the Globe, and dreadful Scourges
+of the sinful Inhabitants thereof, and may serve them as Emblems, and
+Presages of Hell it self; yet even these have their great Uses too, being
+as Spiracles or Tunnels[c] to the Countries where they are, to vent the
+Fire and Vapours that would make dismal Havock, and oftentimes actually
+do so, by dreadful Succussions and Convulsions of the Earth. Nay, if the
+Hypothesis of a central Fire and Waters be true, these Outlets seem to
+be of greatest Use to the Peace and Quiet of the terraqueous Globe, in
+venting the subterraneous Heat and Vapours; which, if pent up, would make
+dreadful and dangerous Commotions of the Earth and Waters.
+
+It may be then accounted as a special Favour of the divine Providence,
+as is observed by the Author before praised[d], “That there are scarcely
+any Countries, that are much annoyed with Earthquakes, that have not one
+of these fiery Vents. And these, (saith he) are constantly all in Flames
+whenever any Earthquake happens, they disgorging that Fire, which whilst
+underneath, was the Cause of the Disaster. Indeed, (saith he,) were it
+not for these _Diverticula_, whereby it thus gaineth an _Exit_, ’twould
+rage in the Bowels of the Earth much more furiously, and make greater
+Havock than now it doth. So, that though those Countries, where there are
+such _Vulcano_’s, are usually more or less troubled with Earthquakes;
+yet, were these _Vulcano_’s wanting, they would be much more annoyed with
+them than now they are; yea, in all Probability to that Degree, as to
+render the Earth, for a vast Space around them, perfectly uninhabitable.
+In one word, (saith he) so beneficial are these to the Territories where
+they are, that there do not want Instances of some which have been
+rescued, and wholly delivered from Earthquakes by the breaking forth of
+a new _Vulcano_ there; this continually discharging that Matter, which
+being till then barricaded up, and imprisoned in the Bowels of the Earth,
+was the occasion of very great and frequent Calamities”. Thus far that
+ingenious Author.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] _Nemo dixerit terram pulchriorem esse quòd cavernosa sit, quòd
+dehiscat in multis locis, quòd disrupta caveis & spatiis inanibus; iisque
+nullo ordine dispositis, nullâ formâ: nec quæ aliud contineant quàm
+tenebras & sordes; unde graves & pestifera exhalationes, terræ motus,
+~&c.~_ Burnet ubi supr. c. 7.
+
+[b] The _Zirchnitzer_ Sea in _Carniola_, is of great Use to the
+Inhabitants of that Country, by affording them Fish, Fowls, Fodder,
+Seeds, Deer, Swine, and other Beasts, Carriage for their Goods, _&c._
+_Vid._ _Phil. Trans. Nr. 191_, &c. or _Lowth. Abridg. Vol. 2. p. 306_,
+&c. where you have put together in one View, what is dispersed in divers
+of the _Transactions_. This Sea or Lake proceeds from some subterraneous
+Grotto, or Lake, as is made highly probable by Mr. _Valvasor_, _Ibid._
+
+The _Grotto Podpetschio_ may be another Instance, that the very
+subterraneous Lakes may be of Use, even to the Inhabitants of the
+Surface above: Of which see _Lowth. ubi supr. pag. 317._ _Sturmius_
+also may be consulted herein his _Philos. Eclect. Exercit. 11. de Terræ
+mot._ particularly in _Chap. 3._ some of the most eminent Specus’s are
+enumerated, and some of their Uses.
+
+[c] _Crebri specus ~[remedium]~ præbent. Præconceptum enim spiritum
+exhalant: quod in certis notatur oppidis, quæ minùs quatiuntur, crebris
+ad eluviem cuniculis cavata._ Plin. Hist. Nat. lib. 2. cap. 82.
+
+[d] _Woodward_’s Essay, _Part 3. Consect. 13._
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. IV.
+
+_Of the Mountains and Valleys._
+
+
+The last Thing I shall take notice of relating to the Earth, shall be the
+_Hills_ and _Valleys_. These the eloquent _Theorist_ owns to “contain
+somewhat august and stately in the beholding of them, that inspireth
+the Mind with great Thoughts and Passions, that we naturally on such
+Occasions think of God and his Greatness”. But then, at the same Time
+he saith, “The Hills are the greatest Examples of Ruin and Confusion;
+that they have neither Form nor Beauty, nor Shape, nor Order, any more
+than the Clouds in the Air; that they consist not of any proportion of
+Parts, referable to any Design, nor have the least Footsteps of Art or
+Counsel”. Consequently one grand Part of this lower Creation, even the
+whole present Face of our terraqueous Globe, according to this ingenious
+Author, is a Work of mere Chance, a Structure in which the Creator did
+not concern himself.
+
+Part of this Charge I have already briefly answered, and my Survey now
+leads me to shew, that the Mountains are so far from being a Blunder of
+Chance, a Work without Design, that they are a noble, useful, yea, a
+necessary part of our Globe[a].
+
+And in the first Place, as to the Business of Ornament, Beauty, and
+Pleasure, I may appeal to all Men’s Senses, whether the grateful Variety
+of Hills and Dales, be not more pleasing than the largest continued
+Planes. Let those who make it their Business to visit the Globe, to
+divert their Sight with the various Prospects of the Earth; let these, I
+say, judge whether the far distant Parts of the Earth would be so well
+worth visiting, if the Earth was every where of an even, level, globous
+Surface, or one large Plane of many 1000 Miles; and not rather, as now it
+is, whether it be not far more pleasing to the Eye, to view from the Tops
+of the Mountains the subjacent Vales and Streams, and the far distant
+Hills; and again from the Vales to behold the surrounding Mountains. The
+elegant Strains and lofty Flights, both of the ancient and modern Poets
+on these Occasions, are Testimonies of the Sense of Mankind on this
+Configuration of the Earth.
+
+But be the Case as it will as to Beauty, which is the least valuable
+Consideration, we shall find as to Convenience, this Configuration of the
+Earth far the most commodious on several Accounts.
+
+1. As it is the most salubrious, of great use to the Preservation or
+Restoration of the Health of Man. Some Constitutions are indeed of so
+happy a Strength, and so confirmed in Health, as to be indifferent to
+almost any Place or Temperature of the Air: But then others are so weakly
+and feeble, as not to be able to bear one, but can live comfortably in
+another Place. With some, the finer and more subtile Air of the Hills
+doth best agree, who are languishing and dying in the feculent and
+grosser Air of great Towns, or even the warmer, and vaporous Air of the
+Valleys and Waters: But contrarywise, others languish on the Hills, and
+grow lusty and strong in the warmer Air of the Valleys.
+
+So that this Opportunity of shifting our Abode from the warmer and more
+vaporous Air of the Valleys, to the colder and mote subtile Air of
+the Hills, or from the Hills to the Vales, is an admirable Easement,
+Refreshment, and great Benefit to the valetudinarian, feeble part
+of Mankind, affording those an easy and comfortable Life, who would
+otherwise live miserably, languish and pine away.
+
+2. To this salutary Conformation of the Earth, we may add another great
+Convenience of the Hills, and that is, in affording commodious Places for
+Habitation; serving (as an eminent Author[b] wordeth it) “as Skreens to
+keep off the cold and nipping Blasts of the northern and easterly Winds,
+and reflecting the benign and cherishing Sun-Beams, and so rendering
+our Habitations both more comfortable and more chearly in Winter; and
+promoting the Growth of Herbs and Fruit-Trees, and the Maturation of the
+Fruits in Summer.”
+
+3. Another Benefit of the Hills is, that they serve for the Production
+of great Varieties of Herbs and Trees[c]. And as there was not a better
+Judge of those Matters, so I cannot give a better Account of this
+Convenience, than in the Words of the last cited famous Author, the late
+most eminent and learned Mr. _Ray_[d], (who hath so fully discussed this
+Subject I am upon, that it is scarce possible to tread out of his Steps
+therein). His Observation is, “That the Mountains do especially abound
+with different Species of Vegetables, because of the great Diversity of
+Soils that are found there, every _Vertex_ or Eminence almost, affording
+new Kinds. Now these Plants, (saith he,) serve partly for the Food and
+Sustenance of such Animals as are proper to the Mountains, partly for
+medicinal Uses; the chief Physick, Herbs and Roots, and the best in their
+Kinds growing there: It being remarkable, that the greatest and most
+luxuriant Species in most Genera of Plants are native of the Mountains.”
+
+4. Another Convenience which my last named learned Friend observes[e]
+is, “That the Mountains serve for the Harbour, Entertainment, and
+Maintenance of various Animals; Birds, Beasts and Insects, that breed,
+feed and frequent there. For, (saith he) the highest Tops and Pikes of
+the _Alps_ themselves are not destitute of their Inhabitants, the _Ibex_
+or _Stein-buck_, the _Rupicapra_ or _Chamois_, among Quadrupeds; the
+_Lagopus_ among Birds. And I my self (saith he) have observed beautiful
+_Papilio_’s, and Store of other Insects upon the Tops of some of the
+_Alpine_ Mountains. Nay, the highest Ridges of many of these Mountains,
+serve for the Maintenance of Cattle, for the Service of the Inhabitants
+of the Valleys.”
+
+5. Another Thing he observes is, “That those long Ridges and Chains of
+lofty and topping Mountains, which run through whole Continents East and
+West[f], serve to stop the Evagation of the Vapours to the North and
+South in hot Countries, condensing them like Alembick Heads into Water
+and so (according to his Opinion) by a kind of external Distillation
+giving original to Springs and Rivers; and likewise by amassing, cooling
+and constipating of them, turn them into Rain, by those Means rendring
+the fervid Regions of the torrid Zone habitable.”
+
+To these might be added some other Uses and Conveniences[g]; as that the
+Hills serve to the Generation of Minerals and Metals[h], and that in
+them principally are the most useful Fossiles found; or if not found and
+generated only in them, yet at least all these subterraneous Treasures
+are most easily come at in them: Also their Use to several Nations of the
+Earth, in being Boundaries and Bullwarks to them. But there is only one
+Use more that I shall insist on, and that is,
+
+6. And lastly, That it is to the Hills that the Fountains owe their Rise,
+and the Rivers their Conveyance. As it is not proper, so neither shall
+I here enter into any Dispute about the Origine of Springs, commonly
+assigned by curious and learned Philosophers. But whether their Origine
+be from condensed Vapours, as some think[i]; or from Rains falling, as
+others; or whether they are derived from the Sea by way of Attraction,
+Percolation, or Distillation; or whether all these Causes concur, or only
+some, still the Hills are the grand Agent in this prodigious Benefit to
+all the Earth: Those vast Masses and Ridges of Earth serving as so many
+huge _Alembicks_ or _Cola_ in this noble Work of Nature.
+
+But be the _Modus_, or the Method Nature takes in this great Work as it
+will, it is sufficient to my Purpose, that the Hills are a grand Agent
+in this so noble and necessary a Work: And consequently, that those vast
+Masses and lofty Piles are not as they are charged, such rude and useless
+Excrescences of our ill-formed Globe; but the admirable Tools of Nature,
+contrived and ordered by the infinite Creator, to do one of its most
+useful Works, and to dispense this great Blessing to all Parts of the
+Earth; without which neither Animals could live, nor Vegetables scarcely
+grow, nor perhaps Minerals, Metals, or Fossiles receive any Increase.
+For was the Surface of the Earth even and level, and the middle Parts of
+its Islands and Continents, not mountainous and high, (as now it is) it
+is most certain there could be no Descent for the Rivers, no Conveyance
+for the Waters; but instead of gliding along those gentle Declivities
+which the higher Lands now afford them quite down to the Sea, they would
+stagnate, and perhaps stink, and also drown large Tracts of Land.
+
+But indeed, without Hills, as there could be no Rivers, so neither could
+there be any Fountains, or Springs about the Earth; because, if we could
+suppose a Land could be well watered (which I think not possible) without
+the higher Lands, the Waters could find no Descent, no Passage through
+any commodious Out-lets, by Virtue of their own Gravity; and therefore
+could not break out into those commodious Passages and Currents, which
+we every where almost find in, or near the Hills, and seldom, or never
+in large and spacious Planes; and when we do find them in them, it is
+generally at great and inconvenient Depths of the Earth; nay, those very
+subterraneous Waters, that are any where met with by digging in these
+Planes, are in all Probability owing to the Hills, either near or far
+distant: As among other Instances may be made out, from the forcible
+Eruption of the subterraneous Waters in digging Wells, in the _lower
+Austria_, and the Territories of _Modena_, and _Bologna_ in _Italy_,
+mentioned by my fore-named learned Friend Mr. _Ray_[k]. Or if there be
+any such Place found throughout the Earth, that is devoid of Mountains,
+and yet well watered, as perhaps some small Islands may; yet in this
+very Case, that whole Mass of Land is no other than as one Mountain
+descending, (though unperceivedly) gently down from the Mid-land Parts to
+the Sea, as most other Lands do; as is manifest from the Descent of their
+Rivers, the Principal of which in most Countries have generally their
+Rise in the more lofty Mid-land Parts.
+
+And now considering what hath been said concerning this last Use of the
+Hills, there are two or three Acts of the divine Providence observable
+therein. One is, that all Countries throughout the whole World, should
+enjoy this great Benefit of Mountains, placed here and there, at due and
+proper Distances, to afford these several Nations this excellent and most
+necessary Element the Waters. For according to Nature’s Tendency, when
+the Earth and Waters were separated, and order’d to their several Places,
+the Earth must have been of an even Surface, or nearly so. The several
+component Parts of the Earth, must have subsided according to their
+several specifick Gravities, and at last have ended in a large, even,
+spherical Surface, every where equi-distant from the Center of the Globe.
+But that instead of this Form, so incommodious for the Conveyance of the
+Waters, it should be jetted out every where into Hills and Dales, so
+necessary for that purpose, is a manifest Sign of an especial Providence
+of the wise Creator.
+
+So another plain Sign of the same especial Providence of God, in this
+Matter, is, that generally throughout the whole World, the Earth is
+so dispos’d, so order’d, so well laid; I may say, that the Mid-land
+Parts, or Parts farther from the Sea, are commonly the highest: Which
+is manifest, I have said, from the Descent of the Rivers. Now this is
+an admirable Provision the wise Creator hath made for the commodious
+Passages of the Rivers, and for draining the several Countries, and
+carrying off the superfluous Waters from the whole Earth, which would be
+as great an Annoyance, as now they are a Convenience.
+
+Another providential Benefit of the Hills supplying the Earth with Water,
+is, that they are not only instrumental thereby, to the Fertility of
+the Valleys, but to their own also[l]; to the Verdure of the Vegetables
+without, and to the Increment and Vigour of the Treasures within them.
+
+Thus having vindicated the present Form and Fabrick of the Earth, as
+distributed into Mountains and Valleys, and thereby shewn in some Measure
+the Use thereof, particularly of the Mountains, which are chiefly found
+fault with: I have, I hope, made it in some Measure evident, that God was
+no idle Spectator[m], nor unconcerned in the ordering of the terraqueous
+Globe, as the former bold Charges against it do infer; that he did
+not suffer so grand a Work, as the Earth, to go unfinish’d out of his
+almighty Hand; or leave it to be ordered by Chance, by natural Gravity,
+by casual Earthquakes, _&c._ but that the noble Strokes, and plain
+Remains of Wisdom and Power therein, do manifest it to be his Work. That
+particularly the Hills and Vales, though to a peevish weary Traveller,
+they may seem incommodious and troublesome; yet are a noble Work of the
+great Creator, and wisely appointed by him for the Good of our sublunary
+World.
+
+And so for all the other Parts of our terraqueous Globe, that are
+presumed to be found fault with by some, as if carelessly order’d, and
+made without any Design or End; particularly the Distribution of the dry
+Land and Waters; the laying the several Strata, or Beds of Earth, Stone,
+and other Layers before spoken of; the Creation of noxious Animals, and
+poisonous Substances, the boisterous Winds; the Vulcano’s, and many other
+Things which some are angry with, and will pretend to amend: I have
+before shewn, that an infinitely wise Providence, an almighty Hand was
+concerned even in them; that they all have their admirable Ends and Uses,
+and are highly instrumental and beneficial to the Being, or Well-being of
+this our Globe, or to the Creatures residing thereon.
+
+So also for humane Bodies, it hath been an ancient[n], as well as modern
+Complaint, that our Bodies are not as big as those of other Animals; that
+we cannot run as swift as Deer, fly like Birds, and that we are out-done
+by many Creatures in the Accuracy of the Senses, with more to the same
+Purpose. But these Objections are well answered by _Seneca_[o], and will
+receive a fuller Solution from what I shall observe of animal Bodies
+hereafter.
+
+But indeed, after all, it is only for want of our knowing these Things
+better, that we do not admire[p] them enough; it is our own Ignorance,
+Dulness or Prejudice, that makes us charge those noble Works of the
+Almighty, as Defects or Blunders, as ill-contriv’d, or ill-made.
+
+It is therefore fitter for such finite, weak, ignorant Beings as we, to
+be humble and meek, and conscious of our Ignorance, and jealous of our
+own Judgment, when it thus confronteth infinite Wisdom. Let us remember
+how few Things we know, how many we err about, and how many we are
+ignorant of: And those, many of them, the most familiar, obvious Things:
+Things that we see and handle at Pleasure; yea, our own very Bodies,
+and that very Part of us whereby we understand at all, our Soul. And
+should we therefore pretend to censure what God doth! Should we pretend
+to amend his Work! Or to advise infinite Wisdom! Or to know the Ends and
+Purposes of his infinite Will, as if we were of his Council! No, let us
+bear in Mind, that there Objections are the Products, not of Reason,
+but of Peevishness. They have been incommoded by Storms and Tempests;
+they have been terrify’d with the burning Mountains, and Earthquakes;
+they have been annoy’d by the noxious Animals, and fatigu’d by the
+Hills; and therefore are angry, and will pretend to amend these Works
+of the Almighty. But in the Words of St. _Paul_[q], we may say, _Nay,
+but O Man, who art thou that repliest against God? Shall the Thing
+formed say to him that formed it, Why hast thou made me thus? Hath not
+the Potter power over the Clay, of the same Lump to make one Vessel to
+honour, and another to dishonour?_ If the Almighty Lord of the World,
+had for his own Pleasure, made this our World more inconvenient for Man,
+it would better become us to sit still, and be quiet; to lament our own
+great Infirmities and Failings, which deserve a worse Place, a more
+incommodious Habitation, than we meet with in this elegant, this well
+contriv’d, well formed World; in which we find every Thing necessary for
+the Sustentation, Use and Pleasure, both of Man, and every other Creature
+here below; as well as some Whips, some Rods to scourge us for our
+Sins[r]. But yet so admirably well temper’d is our State, such an Accord,
+such an Harmony is there throughout the Creation, that if we will but
+pursue the Ways of Piety and Virtue, which God hath appointed; if we will
+form our Lives according to the Creator’s Laws, we may escape the Evils
+of this our frail State, and find sufficient Means to make us happy while
+we are in the Body. The natural Force and Tendency of our Virtue, will
+prevent many of the Harms[s], and the watchful Providence of our Almighty
+Benefactor, will be a Guard against others; and then nothing is wanting
+to make us happy, as long as we are in this World, there being abundantly
+enough to entertain the Minds of the most contemplative; Glories enough
+to please the Eye of the most curious and inquisitive; Harmonies and
+Conforts of Nature’s own, as well as Man’s making, sufficient to delight
+the Ear of the most harmonious and musical; All Sorts of pleasant Gusto’s
+to gratify the Taste and Appetite, even of the most luxurious; And
+fragrant Odours to please the nicest and tenderest Smell: And in a Word,
+enough to make us love and delight in this World, rather too much, than
+too little, considering how nearly we are ally’d to another World, as
+well as this.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] _Though there are some that think Mountains to be a Deformity to
+the Earth, ~&c.~ yet if well considered, they will be found as much
+to conduce to the Beauty and Conveniency of the Universe, as any of
+the other Parts. Nature_ (saith _Pliny_) _purposely framed them for
+many excellent Uses; partly to tame the Violence of greater Rivers, to
+strengthen certain Joints within the Veins and Bowels of the Earth,
+so break the Force of the Sea’s Inundation, and for the Safety of the
+Earth’s Inhabitants, whether Beasts or Men. That they make much for the
+Protection of Beasts, the Psalmist testifies, ~The highest Hills are a
+Refuge for the wild Goats, and the Rocks for Conies.~ The Kingly Prophet
+had likewise learnt the Safety of those by his own Experience, when he
+also was fain to make a Mountain his Refuge from the Fury of his Master
+~Saul~, who prosecuted him in the Wilderness. True indeed, such Places
+as these keep their Neighbours poor, as being most barren, but yet they
+preserve them safe, at being most strong; witness our unconquered ~Wales~
+and ~Scotland~.——Wherefore a good Author doth rightly call them ~Natures
+Bulwarks~, cast up at God Almighty’s Charges, the Scorns and Curbs of
+victorious Armies; which made the ~Barbarians~ in ~Curtius~ so confident
+of their own Safety, ~&c.~_ Bishop _Wilkin_’s World in the Moon, _pag.
+114._
+
+[b] _~Ray~’s Wisdom of God, ~&c.~ pag. 251. Dissolution of the World,
+pag. 35._
+
+[c] _Theophrastus_ having reckoned up the Trees that delight most in the
+Hills, and others in the Valleys, observeth, Ἅπαντα δὲ ὅσα κοινὰ τῶν ὀρῶν
+καὶ τῶν πεδίων, μείζω μὲν καὶ καλλίω τῄ ὅψες τὰ ἐν τοῖς πεδιοις γινε ται.
+κρείττω δὲ χρήσες τῶν ξύλων καὶ τῶν καρπῶν, τὰ ὀρεινά. _Theoph. Hist. Pl.
+l. 3. c. 4._ Ἅπαντα δὲ ἐν τοῖς ὀικείοις τόποις καλλίω γίνεται, καὶ μᾶλλον
+ἐυσθενεῖ·——Τὰ μὲν γαρ φιλει τοὺς ἐφίδρους καὶ ἑλώδεις.——Τὰ δὲ, τοὺς
+ἐυτκεπεῖς καὶ ἐυηλιους. _Ib. l. 4. c. 1._
+
+[d] _Wisdom of God_, p. 252.
+
+[e] _Ubi supra._
+
+[f] Many have taken Notice, that some of the greatest Eminences of the
+World run generally East and West, of which take the late ingenious and
+learned Dr. _Nichols_’s Account, [_Confer. with a Theist_, Part 2. pag.
+191.] _To go no farther than our own Country, all our great Ridges of
+Hills in ~England~ run East and West; so do the ~Alps~ in ~Italy~, and in
+some Measure the ~Pyrenees~; so do the Mountains of the Moon in ~Africk~,
+and so do Mount ~Taurus~ and ~Caucasus~._ This he saith _is a wise
+Contrivance to prevent the Vapours, which would all run Northwards, and
+leave no Rains in the ~Mediterranean~ Countries._
+
+[g] That the Generation of many of the Clouds is owing to the Hills,
+appears from the Observations of the ingenious and learned Dr. _Joh. Jam.
+Scheuchzer_ of _Zurich_, and Mr. _Joach. Frid. Creitlovius_ cited by
+him. They observed at Sun-rising, divers Clouds detached by the Heat of
+the Sun, from some of the Tops of the _Alps_, &c. upon all which their
+Observations, the Conclusion is, _Mirati summam Creatoris sapientiam,
+qui & id quod paulò antè nulli nobis usui esse videbatur, maximis rebus
+destinaverat, adeóque ex illo tempore dubitare cœpi, num Nubes essent
+futura, si istiusmodi Montes & Petræ non darentur. Hypothesi hâc stante,
+elucesceret permagna utilitas, imò necessitas, quam ~Helviticæ Alpes~
+non nobis tantùm accolis sed & vicinis aliis regionibus præstant,
+dispensando, quas gignunt Nubes, Ventos, Aquas_. Scheuch. Iter. Alpin. 2.
+p. 20.
+
+[h] Let us take here _Ol. Mag._ Observation of his Northern Mountains,
+_Montes excelsi sunt, sed pro majori parte steriles, & aridi; in quibus
+ferè nil aliud pro incolarum commoditate & conservatione gignitur,
+quàm inexhausta pretiosorum Metallorum ubertas, quâ satìs opulenti,
+fertilesque sunt in omnibus vitæ necessariis, forsitan & superfluis
+aliunde si libet conquirendis, unanimique robore, ac viribus, ubi vis
+contra hæc naturæ dona intentata fuerit, defendendis. Acre enim genus
+hominum est, ~&c.~_ _Ol. Mag._ Hist. L. 6. Præf. See also Sir _Robert
+Sibbald_’s Prodr. Nat. Hist. Scot. p. 47.
+
+[i] See _Book I. Chap. 3. Note (b)._
+
+[k] _Monsieur ~Blundel~, related to the ~Parisian~ Academy, what Device
+the Inhabitants the lower ~Austria~, (which is encompassed with the
+Mountains of ~Stiria~) are wont to use to fill their Wells with Water.
+They dig in the Earth to the Depth of 25 and 20 Feet, till they come to
+an Argilla ~[clammy Earth]~——which they bore through so deep, till the
+Waters break forcibly out; which Water it is probable comes from the
+neighbouring Mountains in subterraneous Chanels. And ~Cassinus~ observed,
+that in many Places of the Territory of ~Modena~ and ~Bologna~ in
+~Italy~, they make themselves Wells by the like Artifice, ~&c.~ By this
+Means the same ~Seig. Cassini~ made a Fountain at the Castle of ~Urbin~,
+that cast up the Water five Foot high above the level of the Ground._
+_~Ray~’s_ Disc. 1. pag. 40. _ubi plura_.
+
+Upon Enquiry of some skilful Workmen, whose Business it is to dig Wells,
+_&c._ whether they had ever met with the like Case, as these in this
+Note, they told me they had met with it in _Essex_, where after they had
+dug to 50 Foot Depth, the Man in the Well observed the clayie Bottom to
+swell and begin to send out Water, and stamping with his Foot to stop
+the Water, he made way for so suddain and forcible a Flux of Water, that
+before he could get into his Bucket, he was above his Waste in Water;
+which soon ascended to 17 Feet height, and there stayed: And although
+they often with great Labour endeavoured to empty the Well, in order to
+finish their Work, yet they could never do it, but were forced to leave
+it as it was.
+
+[l] As the Hills being higher, are naturally disposed to be drier than
+the Valleys; so kind Nature hath provided the greater Supplies of
+Moisture for them, such at least of them as do not ascend above the
+Clouds and Vapours. For, besides the Fountains continually watering them,
+they have more Dews and Rains commonly than the Valleys. They are more
+frequently covered with Fogs; and by retarding, stopping, or compressing
+the Clouds, or by their greater Colds condensing them, they have larger
+Quantities of Rain fall upon them. As I have found by actual Experience,
+in comparing my Observations with those of my late very curious and
+ingenious Correspondent, _Richard Townley_, Esq; of _Lancashire_, and
+some others, to be met with before, _Chap. 2. Note (a)._ From which it
+appears, that above double the Quantity of Rain falleth in _Lancashire_,
+than doth at _Upminster_. The Reason of which is, because _Lancashire_
+hath more, and much higher Hills than Essex hath. See _Book II. Chap. 5.
+Note (e)._
+
+[m] _Accusandi sanè meâ sententiâ hìc sunt Sophistæ, qui cùm nondum
+invenire, neque exponere opera Naturæ queant, eam tamen inertiâ atque
+inscitiâ condemnant, ~&c.~_ Galen. de Us. Part 1. l. 10. c. 9.
+
+[n] _Vide quàm iniqui sint divinorum munerum astimatores, etiam quidam
+professi sapientiam. Queruntur quòd non magnitudine corporis æquemus
+Elephantes, velocitate Cervos, levitate Aves, impetu Tauros; quòd
+solidior sit cutis Belluis, decentior Damis, densior Ursis, mollior
+Fibris; quòd sagacitate nos narium Canes vincant, quòd acie luminum
+Aquilæ, spatio ætatis Corvi, multa Animalia nandi facilitate. Et cùm
+quædam nè coire quidem in idem Natura patiatur, ut velocitatem corporis
+& vires pares animalibus habeamus; ex diversis & dissidentibus bonis
+Hominem non esse compositum, injuriam vocant; & in negligentes nostri
+Deos querimoniam jaciunt, quòd non bona valetudo, & vitiis inexpugnabilis
+data sit, quòd non futuri scientia. Vix sibi temperant quin eousque
+impudentiæ provehantur, ut Naturam oderint, quòd infra Deos sumus, quòd
+non in æquo illis stetimus._ Seneca de Benef. l. 2. c. 29.
+
+[o] _Quanto satiùs est ad contemplationem tot tantorumque beneficiorum
+reverti, & agere gratias, quòd nos in hoc pulcherrimo domicilio voluerunt
+~(Dii)~ secundos fortiri, quòd terrenis præfecerunt._ Then having
+reckoned up many of the Privileges and Benefits, which the Gods, he
+saith, have conferred upon us, he concludes, _Ita est: carissimos nos
+habuerunt Dii immortales, habentque. Et qui maximus tribui honos potuit,
+ab ipsis proximos collocaverunt. Magna accepimus, majora non cepimus._
+Senec. Ibid.
+
+[p] _Naturam maximè admiraberis, si omnia ejus opera perlustraris._
+Galen. de Us. Part. I. 11. conclus.
+
+[q] Rom. ix. 20, 21.
+
+[r] _Neither are they ~[noxious Creatures]~ of less Use to amend our
+Minds, by teaching us Care and Diligence, and more Wit. And so much the
+more, the worse the Things are we see, and should avoid. ~Weezels~,
+~Kites~, and other mischievous Animals, induce us to a Watchfulness:
+~Thistles~ and ~Moles~ to good Husbandry; ~Lice~ oblige us to Cleanliness
+in our Bodies; ~Spiders~ in our Houses; and the ~Moth~ in our Clothes.
+The Deformity and Filthiness of ~Swine~, make them the Beauty-Spot of the
+Animal Creation, and the Emblems of all Vice——The truth is, Things are
+hurtful to us only by Accident; that is, not of Necessity, but through
+our own Negligence or Mistake. Houses decay, Corn is blasted, and the
+Weevel breeds in Mault, soonest towards the South. Be it so, it is then
+our own Fault, if we use not the Means which Nature and Art have provided
+against these Inconveniencies_. Grew’s Cosmol. c. 2. §. 49, 50.
+
+[s]
+
+  _Non est gemendus, nec gravi urgendus nece,_
+  _Virtute quisquis abstulit fatis iter._
+
+       Senec. Hercul. Oet. Act. 5. Car. 1833.
+
+  _Nunquam Stygias fertur ad umbras_
+  _Inclyta virtus._
+
+                         Id. Ibid. Car. 1982.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+BOOK IV.
+
+_Of Animals in general._
+
+
+In the last BOOK, having survey’d the Earth it self in Particular, I
+shall next take a View of the Inhabitants thereof; or the several Kinds
+of Creatures[a], that have their Habitation, Growth, or Subsistence
+thereon.
+
+These Creatures are either Sensitive, or Insensitive Creatures.
+
+In speaking of those endow’d with Sense, I shall consider:
+
+I. Some Things common to them all.
+
+II. Things peculiar to their Tribes.
+
+I. The Things in common, which I intend to take Notice of, are these Ten:
+
+1. The five _Senses_, and their Organs.
+
+2. The great Instrument of Vitality, _Respiration_.
+
+3. The _Motion_, or Loco-motive Faculty of Animals.
+
+4. The _Place_, in which they live and act.
+
+5. The _Balance_ of their Numbers.
+
+6. Their _Food_.
+
+7. Their _Cloathing_.
+
+8. Their _Houses_, _Nests_ or _Habitations_.
+
+9. Their Methods of _Self-Preservation_.
+
+10. Their _Generation_, and _Conservation_ of their Species by that Means.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a]
+
+  _Principio cœlum, ac terras, camposque liquentes,_
+  _Lucentemque globum Lunæ, Titaniaque astra_
+  _Spiritus intùs alit, totamque infusa per artus_
+  _Mens agitat molem, & magno se corpore miscet._
+  _Inde hominem, pecudumque genus, vitæque volantum,_
+  _Et quæ marmoreo fert monstra sub æquore pontus._
+  _Igneus est illis vigor, & cœlestis origo_
+  _Seminibus._
+
+                     Virgil. Æneid. L. 6. Carm. 724.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+_Of the five Senses in general._
+
+
+The first Thing to be consider’d, in common to all the Sensitive
+Creatures, is, their Faculty of _Seeing_, _Hearing_, _Smelling_,
+_Tasting_ and _Feeling_; and the _Organs_ ministring to there five
+_Senses_, together with the exact Accommodation of those Senses, and
+their Organs, to the State and Make of every Tribe of Animals[a].
+The Consideration of which Particulars alone, were there no other
+Demonstrations of God, is abundantly sufficient to evince the infinite
+Wisdom, Power and Goodness, of the great Creator. For, Who can but stand
+amaz’d at the Glories of these Works! At the admirable Artifice of them!
+And at their noble Use and Performances! For suppose an Animal, as
+such, had Breath and Life, and could move it self hither and thither;
+yet how could it know whither to go, what it was about, where to find
+its Food, how to avoid thousands of Dangers[b], without Sight! How
+could Man, particularly, view the Glories of the Heavens, survey the
+Beauties of the Fields, and enjoy the Pleasure of beholding the noble
+Variety of diverting objects, that do, above us in the Heavens, and
+here in this lower World, present themselves to our View every where;
+how enjoy this, I say, without that admirable Sense of _Sight_[c]! How
+could also the Animal, without _Smell_ and _Taste_, distinguish its Food,
+and discern between wholsome and unwholsome; besides the Pleasures of
+delightful Odours, and relishing Gusto’s! How, without that other Sense
+of _Hearing_, could it discern many Dangers that are at a Distance,
+understand the Mind of others, perceive the harmonious Sounds of Musick,
+and be delighted with the Melodies of the winged Choir, and all the rest
+of the Harmonies the Creator hath provided for the Delight and Pleasure
+of his Creatures! And lastly, How could Man, or any other Creature
+distinguish Pleasure from Pain, Health from Sickness, and consequently be
+able to keep their Body sound and entire, without the Sense of _Feeling_!
+Here, therefore, we have a glorious Oeconomy in every Animal, that
+commandeth Admiration, and deserveth our Contemplation: As will better
+appear by coming to Particulars, and distinctly considering the Provision
+which the Creator hath made for each of these Senses.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] _Ex sensibus ante cætera Homini Tactus, deinde Gustatus: reliquis
+superatur à multis. Aquilæ clariùs cernunt: Vultures sagaciùs ordorantur,
+liquidiùs audiunt Talpæ obrutæ terrâ, tam denso atque surdo naturæ
+elemento._ Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 10. c. 69.
+
+[b] _Subjacent Oculi, pars corporis pretiosissima, & qui lucis usu vitam
+distinguant à morte._ Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 11. c. 37.
+
+[c] _Fœminæ aliquæ Megarenses solis oculis discernere valebant inter Ova
+quæ ex Gallinâ nigrâ, & quæ ex albâ nata sunt_, is what is affirmed (how
+truly I know not) by _Grimald. de Lumin. & Color. Pr._ 43. §. 60.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+_Of the Eye._
+
+
+For our clearer Proceeding in the Consideration of this noble Part[a],
+and understanding its Oeconomy, I shall consider:
+
+1. The _Form_ of the Eye.
+
+2. Its _Situation_ in the Body.
+
+3. Its _Motions_.
+
+4. Its _Size_.
+
+5. Its _Number_.
+
+6. Its _Parts_.
+
+7. The _Guard_ and _Security_ Nature hath provided for this so useful a
+Part.
+
+As this eminent Part hath not been pretermitted by Authors, that have
+made it their particular Design and Business to speak of the Works of
+God; so divers of the aforesaid Particulars have been touched upon by
+them. And therefore I shall take in as little as possible of what they
+have said, and as near as I can, mention chiefly what they have omitted.
+And,
+
+1. For the _Form_ of the Eye; which is for the most part Globous, or
+somewhat of the sphæroidal Form: Which is far the most commodious optical
+Form, as being fittest to contain the Humours within, and to receive the
+Images of Objects from without[b]. Was it a Cube, or of any multangular
+Form, some of its Parts would lie too far off[c], and some too nigh
+those lenticular Humours, which by their Refractions cause Vision.
+But by Means of the Form before-mentioned, the Humours of the Eye are
+commodiously laid together, to perform their Office of Refraction; and
+the _Retina_, and every other Part of that little darkned Cell, is neatly
+adapted regularly to receive the Images from without, and to convey them
+accordingly to the common Sensory in the Brain.
+
+To this we may add the aptitude of this Figure to the Motion of the Eye,
+for it is necessary for the Eye to move this way, and that way, in order
+to adjust it self to the Objects it would view; so by this Figure it is
+well prepared for such Motions, so that it can with great Facility and
+Dexterity direct it self as occasion requires.
+
+And as the Figure, so no less commodious is,
+
+2. The _Situation_ of the Eye, namely in the Head[d], the most erect,
+eminent Part of the Body, near the most sensible, vital Part, the Brain.
+By its Eminence in the Body, it is prepar’d to take in the more[e]
+Objects. And by its Situation in the Head, besides its Proximity to the
+Brain, it is in the most convenient Place for Defence and Security.
+In the Hands, it might indeed (in Man) be render’d more eminent than
+the Head, and be turned about here and there at pleasure. But then it
+would be exposed to many Injuries in that active Part, and the Hands[f]
+render’d a less active and useful Part. And the like may be said to its
+Sight, in any other Part of the Body, but where it is. But in the Head,
+both of Man, and other Animals, it is placed in a Part that seems to be
+contrived, and made chiefly for the Action of the principal Senses.
+
+Another Thing observable in the Sight of the Eye, is the Manner of its
+Situation in the Head, in the Fore-part, or Side-part thereof; according
+to the particular Occasions of particular Animals. In Man, and some other
+Creatures, it is placed to look directly forward chiefly; but withal it
+is so order’d, as to take in near the Hemisphere before it. In Birds, and
+some other Creatures, the Eyes are so seated, as to take in near a whole
+Sphere, that they may the better seek their Food, and escape Dangers. And
+in some Creatures they are seated, so as to see best behind them[g], or
+on each Side, whereby they are enabled to see their Enemy that pursues
+them that way, and so make their Escape.
+
+And for the Assistance of the Eyes, and some of the other Senses in their
+Actions; the Head is generally made to turn here and there, and move as
+Occasion requires. Which leads me to the
+
+3. Thing to be remarked upon, the _Motions_ of the Eye it self. And this
+is generally upwards, downwards, backwards, forwards, and every way[h],
+for the better, more easy, and distinct Reception of the visual Rays.
+
+But where Nature any way deviateth from this Method, either by denying
+Motion to the Eyes, or the Head[i], it is a very wonderful Provision
+she hath made in the Case. Thus for a Remedy of this Inconvenience, in
+some Creatures their Eyes are set out at a Distance[k] from the Head,
+to be circumvolved here and there, or one this, the other that way,
+at Pleasure. And in Creatures, whose Eyes are without Motion, as in
+divers Insects; in this Case, either they have more than two Eyes, or
+their Eyes are nearly two protuberant Hemispheres, and each Hemisphere
+often consisting of a prodigious number of other little Segments of a
+Sphere[l]. By which Means those Creatures are so far from being deny’d
+any Benefit, of that noble and most necessary Sense of Sight, that
+they have probably more of it than other Creatures, answerable to the
+Rapidity of their Flight, and brisk Motion; and to their Inquests after
+Food, Habitation, or Repositories of Generation, or such other Necessity
+of the Animal.
+
+4. Another admirable Provision in the Eye, is, its Size; in some Animals
+large, in some little. It would be endless here to enumerate Particulars;
+as thole of Quadrupeds, Birds, Insects, and other terrestrial Animals.
+And as for Fishes, they will fall under another Part of my Survey.
+
+I shall therefore only take Notice of its Size in one Creature,
+the _Mole_[m]. As the Habitation of that uncouth Animal is wholly
+subterraneous, its Lodging, its Food, its Exercises, nay, even all its
+Pastimes and Pleasures, are in those subterraneous Recesses and Passages,
+which its own Industry hath made for it self; so it is an admirable
+Provision made in the Size of the Eye of that little Creature, to answer
+all its Occasions, and at the same time to prevent Inconveniences. For
+as a little Light will suffice an Animal living always under Ground; so
+the smallest Eye will abundantly supply that Occasion. And as a large
+protuberant Eye, like that of other Animals, would much annoy this
+Creature in its principal Business, of digging for its Food and Passage;
+so it is endow’d with a very small one, commodiously seated in the Head,
+and well fenced and guarded against the Annoyances of the Earth.
+
+5. Another Thing remarkable in this noble Part of Animals, is, its
+_Numbers_; no less than two[n] in any Instance, that I know of; and in
+some Animals more, as I have already hinted[o].
+
+Now this is an admirable Provision; first, for the Convenience of taking
+in the larger Angle or Space: And in the next Place, the Animal is by
+this Provision, in some Measure prepar’d for the Misfortune of the Loss
+of one of these noble, and necessary Organs of its Body.
+
+But then besides all this, there is another Thing considerable in this
+multiplicate Number of the Eye; and that is, that the Object seen is
+not multiplied as well as the Organ, and appears but one, though seen
+with two or more Eyes[p]. A manifest Sign of the infinite Skill of the
+Contriver of this so noble a Part, and of the exquisite Art he employed
+in the Formation thereof. But the Design and Skill of the infinite
+Workman, will best be set forth by
+
+6. Surveying the _Parts_ and _Mechanism_ of this admirable Organ the Eye.
+And here indeed we cannot but stand amazed, when we view its admirable
+Fabrick, and consider the prodigious Exactness, and the exquisite Skill
+employed in every part ministring to this noble and necessary Sense.
+To pass by its Arteries and Veins, and such other Parts common to the
+rest of the Body, let us cast our Eye on its _Muscles_. These we shall
+find exactly and neatly placed for every Motion of the Eye. Let us view
+its _Tunicks_, and these we shall find so admirably seated, so well
+adapted, and of so firm a Texture, as to fit every Place, to answer
+every Occasion, and to be Proof against all common Inconveniences and
+Annoyances. Let us examine its three _Humours_, and these we shall find
+all of exquisite Clearness and Transparency, for an easy Admission of the
+Rays; well placed for the refracting of them, and formed (particularly
+the _Crystalline Humour_) by the nicest Laws of Opticks, to collect the
+wandring Rays into a Point. And to name no more, let us look into its
+darkned Cell, where those curious Humours lie, and into which the Glories
+of the Heavens and the Earth are brought, and exquisitely pictured; and
+this Cell we shall find, without, well prepared by Means of its Texture,
+Aperture, and Colour, to fence off all the useless or noxious Rays; and
+within, as well coated with a dark Tegument, that it may not reflect,
+dissipate, or any way confuse or disturb the beneficial Rays[q].
+
+But to descend to Particulars, although it would be a great Demonstration
+of the Glory of God, yet would take up too much Time, and hath been in
+some Measure done by others that have written of God’s Works. Passing
+over therefore what they have observed, I shall under each principal Part
+take a transient Notice of some Things they have omitted, or but slightly
+spoken of.
+
+And my first Remark shall be concerning the _Muscles_ of the Eye, and
+their Equilibration. Nothing can be more manifestly an act of Contrivance
+and Design, than the _Muscles_ of the Eye, admirably adapted to move
+it any, and every way; upwards, downwards, to this side or that, or
+howsoever we please, or there is occasion for, so as to always keep
+that Parallelism of the Eye, which is necessary to true Vision. For
+the Performance of which Service, the Form, the Position, and the
+due Strength of each Muscle is admirable. And here I might Instance
+the peculiar and artificial Structure of the _Trochlearis_, and the
+Augmentation of its Power by the _Trochlea_[r]; the Magnitude and
+Strength of the _Attollent Muscle_, somewhat exceeding that of its
+Antagonist; the peculiar Muscle, called the _Seventh_, or _Suspensory
+Muscle_[s], given to Brutes, by reason of the prone Posture of their
+Bodies, and frequent Occasions to hang down their Heads: And I might
+speak also of the peculiar Origine and Insertion of the _lower Oblique
+Muscle_[t], which is very notable, and many other Things relating to
+these Parts; but it would be tedious to descend too much to those
+admirable Particulars. And therefore to close up these Remarks, all I
+shall farther take Notice of, shall be only the exquisite Equilibration
+of all these _Opposite_ and _Antagonist Muscles_, affected partly by
+the Equality of the Strength; which is the Case of the _Adducent_ and
+_Abducent Muscles_; partly by their peculiar Origine, or the Addition of
+the _Trochlea_, which is the Case of the _Oblique Muscles_[u]: and partly
+by the natural Posture of the Body, and the Eye, which is the Case of
+the _Attollent_ and _Depriment Muscles_. By this so curious and exact
+a Libration, not only unseemly Contortions, and incommodious Vagations
+of the Eye are prevented, but also it is able with great Readiness and
+Exactness to apply it self to every Object.
+
+As to the _Tunicks_ of the Eye, many Things might be taken notice of,
+the prodigious Fineness of the _Arachnoïdes_, the acute Sense of the
+_Retina_, the delicate Transparency of the _Cornea_[w], and the firm and
+strong Texture of that and the _Sclerotica_ too; and each of them, in
+these and every other respect, in the most accurate manner adapted to
+the Place in which it is, and the Business it is there to perform. But
+for a Sample, I shall only take notice of that part of the _Uvea_ which
+makes the _Pupil_. It hath been observed by others, particularly by our
+Honourable Founder[x], That as we are forced to use various Apertures to
+our Optick Glasses, so Nature hath made a far more compleat Provision in
+the Eyes of Animals, to shut out too much, and to admit sufficient Light,
+by the Dilatation and Contraction of the Pupil[y]. But it deserveth our
+especial Remark, that these Pupils are in divers Animals of divers Forms,
+according to their peculiar Occasions. In some (particularly in Man) it
+is round; that being the most proper Figure for the Position of our Eyes,
+and the Use we make of them both by Day and Night. In some other Animals
+it is of a longish Form; in some Transverse[z], with its Aperture large,
+which is an admirable Provision for such Creatures to see the better
+laterally, and thereby avoid Inconveniencies, as well as help them to
+gather their Food on the Ground, both by Day and Night. In other Animals
+the Fissure of the Pupil is erect[aa], and also capable of opening
+wide, and shutting up close. The latter of which serveth to exclude the
+brighter Light of the Day, and the former to take in the more faint Rays
+of the Night, thereby enabling those Nocturnal Animals (in whom generally
+this erect Form of the Pupil is) to catch their Prey with the greater
+Facility in the dark[bb], to see upwards and downwards, to climb, _&c_.
+Thus much for the _Tunicks_.
+
+The next Thing I shall take notice of, will relate to the _Humours_ of
+the Eye, and that only concerning the Mechanism of the _Crystalline
+Humour_; not its incomparable Transparency; nor its exact lenticular
+Form; nor its curious araneous Membrane[cc], that constringeth and
+dilateth it, and so varieth its _Focus_, (if any such Variation there
+be, as some affirm with great Probability,) nor lastly, its admirable
+Approach to or from the _Retina_, by help of the _Ciliar Ligament_[dd],
+according as Objects are far off or near, because these Things are what
+are usually taken notice of; but that which I shall observe is, the
+prodigious Art and Finery of its constituent Parts, it being, according
+to some late nice Microscopical Observations[ee], composed of divers
+thin Scales, and these made up of one single minutest Thread or Fibre,
+wound round and round, so as not to cross one another in any one Place,
+and yet to meet, some in two, and some in more different Centers; a Web
+not to be woven, an _Optick Lens_, not to be wrought by any Art less than
+infinite Wisdom.
+
+_Lastly_, To conclude the Parts of this admirable Organ, I shall make
+only one Remark more, and that is about its _Nerves_. And here, among
+others, the admirable Make of the _Optick Nerves_ might deserve to
+be taken notice of in the first Place, their _Medullary_ Part[ff]
+terminating in the Brain it self, the Teguments propagated from the
+_Meninges_, and terminating in the Coats of the Eye, and their commodious
+Insertions into the Ball of the Eye, in some directly opposite to the
+Pupil of the Eye, in others obliquely towards one Side[gg]. But most of
+these Things have been treated of, and the Convenience hereof set forth
+by others that have written of God’s Works. I shall therefore take notice
+only of one wise Provision the Creator hath made about the Motion of the
+Eye, by uniting into one the _Third Pair_ of Nerves, called the _Motory
+Nerves_[hh], each of which sending its Branches into each Muscle of each
+Eye, would cause a Distortion in the Eyes; but being united into one,
+near their Insertion into the Brain, do thereby cause both Eyes to have
+the same Motion; so that when one Eye is moved this way and that way, to
+this and that Object, the other Eye is turned the same way also.
+
+Thus from this transient and slight View (I may call it) of the Parts of
+the Eye, it appears what an admirable Artist was the Contriver thereof.
+And now in the
+
+_Seventh_ and last Place, Let us consider what Provision this admirable
+Artist hath made for the _Guard_ and _Security_ of this so well formed
+Organ[ii]. And here we shall find the Guard equivalent to the Use and
+Excellency of the Part. The whole Organ fortified and fenced with strong,
+compact Bones, lodged in a strong, well made Socket, and the Eye it self
+guarded with a nice made Cover[kk]. Its Humours, and its inward Tunicks,
+are indeed tender, proportionate to their tender, curious Uses; but the
+Coats without, are context and callous, firm and strong. And in some
+Animals, particularly Birds[ll], some Part of those Tunicles have the
+Nature and Hardness of Bone or Horn.
+
+But for Creatures, whose Eyes, like the rest of their Body, are tender,
+and without the Guard of Bones; there Nature hath provided for this
+necessary and tender Sense, a wonderful kind of Guard, by endowing the
+Creature with a Faculty of withdrawing its Eyes into its Head[mm], and
+lodging them in the same Safety with the Body.
+
+Thus have I survey’d this first Sense of Animals, I may say in a cursory,
+not accurate, strict manner, considering the prodigious Workmanship
+thereof; but so, as abundantly to demonstrate it to be the Contrivance,
+the Work of no less a Being than the infinite Wise, Potent, and Indulgent
+Creator[nn]. For none less could compose so admirable an Organ, so adapt
+all its Parts, so adjust it to all Occasions, so nicely provide for every
+Use, and for every Emergency: In a word, none less than GOD, could, I
+say, thus contrive, order, and provide an Organ, as magnificent and
+curious as the Sense is useful; a Sense without which, as all the Animal
+World would be in perpetual Darkness, so it would labour under perpetual
+Inconveniencies, be exposed to perpetual Harms, and suffer perpetual
+Wants and Distresses. But now by this admirable Sense, the great GOD, who
+hath placed us in this World, hath as well provided for our comfortable
+Residence in it; enabled us to see and chuse wholsome, yea delicate Food,
+to provide our selves useful, yea gaudy Cloathing, and commodious Places
+of Habitation and Retreat. We can now dispatch our Affairs with Alacrity
+and Pleasure, go here and there as our Occasions call us. We can, if need
+be, ransack the whole Globe, penetrate into the Bowels of the Earth,
+descend to the bottom of the Deep, travel to the farthest Regions of this
+World, to acquire Wealth, to encrease our Knowledge, or even only to
+please our Eye and Fancy. We can now look about us, discern and shun the
+Precipices and Dangers which every where enclose us, and would destroy
+us. And those glorious Objects which fill the Heavens and the Earth,
+those admirable Works of God which every where surround us, and which
+would be as nothing to us, without being seen, do by means of this noble
+Sense present their Glories to us[oo], and fill us with Admiration and
+Pleasure. But I need not expatiate in the Usefulness and Praises of this
+Sense, which we receive the Benefit of every Moment, and the want, or any
+defect of which, we lament among our greatest Misfortunes.
+
+Leaving then this Sense, I shall proceed to the other four, but more
+briefly treat of them, by reason we have so ample a Sample of the divine
+Art in the last, and may presume that the same is exerted in all as well
+as one. For a Demonstration of which, let us in the next Place carry our
+Scrutiny to the Sense of _Hearing_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] _In Dissectionibus anatomicis vix aliquid admirabilius, aut
+artificiosius structurâ Oculi humani, meo quidem judicio, occurrit: ut
+meritò, per excellentiam, Creatoris appelletur Miraculum._ Gul. Fabr.
+Hildan. Cent. 2. Observ. 1.
+
+So likewise that accurate Surveyor of the Eye, Dr. _Briggs_, whose
+_Ophthalmography_ I have met with since my penning this part of my
+Survey. His Character of this curious piece of God’s Work is, _Inter
+præcipuas corporis animati partes, quæ magni Conditoris nostri sapientiam
+ostendunt, nulla sanè reperitur, quæ majori pompâ elucet quàm ipse
+Oculus, aut quæ elegantiori formâ concinnatur. Deum enim aliæ partes vel
+minori satellitio stipantur, vel in tantam venustatem haud assurgunt;
+Ocelli peculiarem honorem & decus à supremo Numine efflatum referunt, &
+nunquam non stupendæ suæ Potentia characteres repræsentant. Nulla sanè
+pars tam divino artificio & ordine, ~&c.~_ Cap. 1. §. 1.
+
+[b] It is a good Reason _Frier Bacon_ assigns for the Sphæricity of the
+Eye: _Nam si esset planæ figuræ, species rei majoris oculo non posset
+cadere perpendiculariter super eum——Cùm ergò Oculus videt magna corpora,
+ut ferè quartam cœli uno aspectu, manifestum est, quòd non potest esse
+planæ figuræ, nec alicujus nisi sphæricæ, quoniam super sphæram parvam
+possunt cadere perpendiculares infinitæ, quæ à magno corpore veniunt, &
+tendunt in centrum Sphæræ: Et sic magnum corpus potest ab oculo parvo
+videri._ For the Demonstration of which he hath given us a Figure. _Rog.
+Bacon. Perspect. Distinct. 4. Cap. 4._
+
+Dr. _Briggs_ saith, _Pars antica, (sive Cornea,) convexior est posticâ:
+hâc enim ratione radii meliùs in pupillam detorquentur, & Oculi fundus
+ex altarâ parte in majorem (propter imagines rerum ibidem delineandos)
+expanditur._ Ibid. §. 2.
+
+[c] Suppose the Eye had the _Retina_, or back part flat for the Reception
+of the Images, as in _Fig. 1._ ABA: it is manifest, that if the Extremes
+of the Image AA were at a due focal distance, the middle B would be too
+nigh the Crystalline, and consequently appear confused and dim; but all
+Parts of the _Retina_ lying at a due focal distance from the Crystalline,
+as at ACA, therefore the Image painted thereon is seen distinct and
+clear. Thus in a dark Room, with a Lens at a Hole in the Window, (which
+_Sturmius_ calls his Artificial Eye, in his _Exercit. Acad._ one of which
+he had made for his Pupils, to run any where on Wheels). In this Room, I
+say, if the Paper that receives the Images be too nigh, or too far off
+the Lens, the Image will be confused and dim; but in the Focus of the
+Glass, distinct, clear, and a pleasant Sight.
+
+[d] _Blemmyis traduntur capita abesse, Ore & Oculis pectori affixis._
+Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 5. c. 8. _Occidentem versus quosdam sine cervice
+Oculos in humeris habentes._ Ib. l. 7. c. 2. From these, and other such
+like Fables, in this last cited Chapter of _Pliny_, no doubt our famous
+Romancer Sir _J. Mandevile_, had his Romnantick Stories related in his
+Travels.
+
+[e] See _Book V. Chap. 2. Note (e)._
+
+[f] _Galen_ deserves to be here consulted, who in his Book _De Usu
+Partium_, from many Considerations of the Hand, such as what is here
+mentioned, as also its Structure, Site and Use, largely proves and
+reflects upon the Wisdom and Providence of the Contriver and Maker of
+that Part.
+
+[g] Thus in _Hares_ and _Conies_, their Eyes are very protuberant, and
+placed so much towards the sides of their Head, that their two Eyes take
+in nearly a whole Sphere: Whereas in _Dogs_, (that pursue them) the Eyes
+are set more forward in the Head, to look that way more than backward.
+
+[h] _Sed lubricos Oculos fecit ~[Natura]~ & mobiles, ut & declinarent
+siquid noceret; & aspectum, quo vellent, facile converterent_. Cicer. de
+Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 57.
+
+[i] _The Eyes of ~Spiders~, ~(in some four, in some six, and in some
+eight)~ are placed all in the fore-front of their Head, (which is round,
+and without any Neck) all diaphanous and transparent, like a Locket of
+Diamonds, ~&c.~ neither wonder why Providence should be so anomalous
+in this Animal, more than in any other we know of. For, 1. Since they
+wanting a Neck, cannot move their Head, it is requisite that Defect
+should be supplied by the multiplicity of Eyes. 2. Since they were to
+live by catching so nimble a Prey as a Fly is, they ought to see her
+every way, and to take her ~per saltum~, (as they do) without any Motion
+of the Head to discover her: Which Motion would have scared away so
+timorous an Insect._ _~Power~’s_ Micros. Observ. pag. 11.
+
+_The Eyes of the ~Cameleon~ resemble a Lens, or Convex Glass, set in
+a versatile globular Socket, which she turneth backward, or any way,
+without moving her Head; and ordinarily the one a contrary, or quite
+different way from the other._ Dr. _Goddard_ in Phil. Tran. Nᵒ. 137.
+
+_But what is more extraordinary in this Motion ~[of the Cameleon’s Eye]~
+is to see one of the Eyes move, whilst the other remains immoveable; and
+the one to turn forward, at the same time that the other looketh behind;
+the one to look up to the Sky, when the other is fixed on the Ground.
+And these Motions to be so extreme, that they do carry the ~Pupilla~
+under the Crest which makes the Eye-brow, and so far into the ~Canthi~,
+or Corners of the Eyes, that the Sight can discern whatever is done
+just behind it, and directly before, without turning the Head, which is
+fastned to the Shoulders._ Mem. for a Nat. Hist. in Anatom. Dissect. at
+Paris. Diss. of Camel. pag. 22.
+
+[k] _Snails_ send out their Eyes at a distance, they being contained in
+their four Horns, _like atramentous Spots, fitted to the end of their
+Horns, or rather to the ends of those black Filaments or optick Nerves,
+which are sheathed in her Horns_, as Dr. _Power_ wordeth it. _Obs. 31.
+pag. 36._ So the ingenious Dr. _Lister_. _Exercit. Anat. Cochl. & Limac._
+
+[l] _Vid._ _l. 8. c. 3. Note (a)._
+
+[m] _Severinus_ is of _Aristotle_’s, _Pliny_’s, and _Alb. Magnus_’s
+Opinion, that the _Mole_ hath no Sight; _G. Seger_ denies any Humour to
+be therein, but thinks they may probably see, because Nature made nothing
+in vain. But _Borrichius_ saith, their Eyes have _appendiculam nerveam in
+cerebrum euntem, cujus beneficio globuli illi ~[the little Eyes]~ extra
+pellem facilè poterant exseri, retrahique pro arbitrio——In illis oculorum
+globulis humor aqueus copiose satis natabat; cæterorum non nisi tenue
+vestigiem._ Blas. Anat. Anim. c. 35.
+
+_Et quoniam Natura hoc vitæ genus ipsi destinavit, etiam perquàm exiguos
+Oculos——dedit eo concilio, ut ii, pretiosissima corporis pars, à terræ
+pulvere nè affligerentur. Ii insuper pilis recti, ~&c.~ Humores illis
+oculis insunt, & tunica nigra, uvea, se prodit. Ad hos tramite alio
+nervus venit._ Schneider in Blas. ibid.
+
+Some time since I made divers accurate Dissections of the _Eyes_ of
+_Moles_, with the help of Microscopes, having a doubt whether what we
+take to be Eyes, were such or no. And upon a strict Scrutiny I plainly
+could distinguish the _Vitreous_ and _Crystalline_ Humours, yea, the
+_Ligamentum Ciliare_, and the atramentaceous _Mucus_. The _Pupil_ I could
+manifestly discern to be round, and the _Cornea_ copped, or conical: The
+Eye is at a great distance from the Brain, the Optick Nerve very slender
+and long, reaching from the Eye through the intermediate Flesh, and so
+passeth to the Brain, along with the pair of Nerves reaching to the Nose,
+which are much the largest that are in all the Animal. These Creatures,
+I imagine, have the Faculty of withdrawing their Eyes, if not quite into
+the Head, (as _Snails_) yet more or less within the Hair, as they have
+more or less Occasion to use or guard their Eyes.
+
+_Galen_ saith, _Moles_ have Eyes, the _Crystalline_ and _Vitreous_
+Humours, encompassed with _Tunicks_. _De Us. Part. l. 14. c. 6._ So
+accurate an Anatomist was he for his Time.
+
+[n] _Pliny_ tells us of a sort of _Heron_ with but one Eye, but ’twas
+only by hear-say. _Inter Aves Ardeolarum genere, quos Leucos vocant,
+altero oculo carere tradunt._ Nat. Hist. l. 11. c. 37. So the King of the
+_Nigræ_ that hath but one Eye, and that in his Forehead, _l. 6. c. 30._
+Which Fables I take notice of more for the Reader’s Diversion, than any
+Truth in them.
+
+[o] _Supra_, _Note (i)._
+
+[p] The most celebrated Anatomists differ greatly about the Reason why
+we see not double with two Eyes. This _Galen_, and others after him,
+generally thought to be from a Coalition or Decussation of the Optick
+Nerves, behind the _Os Sphenoïdes_. But whether they decussate, coalesce,
+or only touch one another, they do not well agree. The _Bartholines_
+expressly assert they are united, _non per simplicem contactum vel
+intersectionem in homine, sed totalem substantiæ confusionem_, Anat.
+l. 3. c. 2. And whereas _Vesalius_, and some others had found some
+Instances of their being disunited; they say, _sed in plerisque ordinarie
+confunditur interior substantia, ut accuratâ disquisitione deprehendi_.
+
+But our Learned Dr. _Gibson_, (_Anat. l. 3. c. 10._) saith, they _are
+united by the closest Conjunction, but not Confusion of their Fibres_.
+
+But others think the Reason is not from any Coalescence, Contact, or
+crossing of the Optick Nerves, but from a Sympathy between them. Thus
+Monsieur _Cartes_ is of Opinion, that the _Fibrillæ_ constituting the
+medullary Part of those Nerves, being spread in the _Retina_ of each Eye,
+have each of them corresponding Parts in the Brain; so that when any of
+those _Fibrillæ_ are struck by any part of an Image, the corresponding
+Parts of the Brain are thereby affected, and the Soul thereby informed,
+_&c._ but see more hereafter under _Note (oo)_, from _Cartes_ himself.
+
+Somewhat like this is the Notion of our judicious Dr. _Briggs_, who
+thinks the Optick Nerves of each Eye consist of _Homologous Fibres_,
+having their rise in the _Thalamus Nervorum Opticorum_, and thence
+continued to both the _Retinæ_, which are made of them; And farther, that
+those _Fibrillæ_ have the same Parallelism, Tension, _&c._ in both Eyes;
+and consequently when an Image is painted on the same corresponding,
+sympathizing Parts of each _Retina_, the same Effects are produced, the
+same Notice or Information is carried to the _Thalamus_, and so imparted
+to the Soul, or judging Faculty. That there is such an Ὁμοιοπάθεια
+between the _Retina_, &c. he makes very probable from the ensuing of
+double Vision upon the Interruption of the Parallelism of the Eyes; as
+when one Eye is depressed with the Finger, or their Symphony interrupted
+by Disease, Drunkenness, _&c._ And lastly, That simple Vision is not
+made in the former way, _viz._ by a Decussation or Conjunction of the
+Optick Nerves, he proves, because those Nerves are but in few Subjects
+decussated, and in none conjoined otherwise than by a bare Contact, which
+is particularly manifest in Fishes; and in some Instances it hath been
+found, that they have been separated without any double Vision ensuing
+thereupon. _Vid._ _Brig. Ophthalmogr._ cap. 11. & 5. and _Nov. Vis.
+Theor._ _passim_.
+
+What the Opinion of our justly eminent Sir _Isaac Newton_ is, may be
+seen in his _Opticks_, Qu. 15. _Are not the Species of Objects seen with
+both Eyes, united where the Optick Nerves meet before they come into the
+Brain, the Fibres on the right side of both Nerves uniting there, ~&c.~
+For the Optick Nerves of such Animals as look the same way with both
+Eyes, (as of Men, Dogs, Sheep, Oxen, ~&c.~) meet before they come into
+the Brain; but the Optick Nerves of such Animals as do not look the same
+way with both Eyes, (as of Fishes and of the Cameleon) do not meet, if I
+am rightly informed._ Newt. Opt. Q. 15.
+
+[q] _Nigra est ~[Uvea]~ ut radios (ab Oculi fundo ad anteriorem ejus
+partem reflexos) obumbret; nè hi (ut ait clar. Cartesius) ad Oculi fundum
+retorti ibidem confusam visionem efficerent. Alia forsan ratio hujus
+nigredinis statuatur, quòd radii in visione superflui, qui ab objectis
+lateralibus proveniunt hoc ritu absorbeantur. Ita enim è loco obscuro
+interdiu objecta optimè intuemur, quia radii tunc temporis circumfuso
+lumine non diluuntur._ Brigg’s Ophthal. c. 3. §. 5.
+
+[r] _Admirandum Dei artificium ex diversorum animalium comparatione
+indies evadit manifestiùs. Mirantur omnes Trochlearem in oculis Hominum
+& Quadrupedum, & quidem jure: sed admirationem omnem superat, quòd sine
+Trochleâ oculum movens in Avibus novum genus Trochleæ longè artificiosiùs
+Nictitandi Membranæ dederit._ Blas. Anat. Animal. p. 2. c. 4. _ex Stenon._
+
+_~[Musculum Trochlearem]~ per intermedium trochleam traductum, nunquam
+intueor, quin admirabundus mecum, Ὁ Θεὸς, exclamem ὀυ μόνον ἀεὶ
+γεωμετρεῖ, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀεὶ μηχανᾶται._ _I. C. Sturmii Exercit. Acad. 9. de
+Vis. Org. & Rat._ c. 3. §. 4. p. 446.
+
+[s] _Observare est quod Quadrupedes, qui oculos in terram pronos,
+ac pendulos gerunt, Musculum peculiarem habent, quo Oculi globus
+suspenditur——Hoc Musculo Bos, Equus, Ovis, Lepus, Porcus, &c. præditi
+sunt: hoc etiam Canis instruitur, sed alio modo conformatum habet._
+Willis de An. Brut. p. 1. c. 15.
+
+Of this Opinion also was _Bartholine Anat._ l. 3. c. 8. and divers other
+eminent Anatomists.
+
+But Dr. _Briggs_ is of Opinion that the _Adnata_, and the other Muscles
+sufficiently answer all those Ends ascribed to that Muscle by former
+Anatomists, and thinks _Probabiliùs itaque esse hunc Musculum nervi
+Optici actionem (per vices) confirmare, nè à prono Brutorum incessu &
+copioso affluxu humorum debilitetur_, Ophthal. c. 2. §. 2.
+
+The _Musculus Suspensorius_ being in the _Porpess_, as well as Brutes,
+Dr. _Tyson_ thinks the Use of it is not to suspend the Bulk of the
+Eye; but rather by its equal Contraction of the _Sclerotis_, to render
+the Ball of the Eye more or less Spherical, and so fitter for Vision.
+_Tyson’s Anat. of the Porpess_, p. 39.
+
+[t] _Musculus obliquus inferior oritur à peculiari quodam foramine in
+latere Orbitæ ocularis facto, (contra quam in cæteris, ~&c.~) quo fit
+ut ex unâ parte à Musculo trochleari, ex alterâ verò ab hujus Musculi
+commodissimâ positione, Oculus in æquilibrio quodam constitutus,
+irretorto obtutu versus objecta feratur, nec plus justo accedat versus
+internum externumve canthum; quæ quidem Libratio omnino nulla fuisset,
+absque hujus Musculi peculiari originatione (cujus ratio omnes hucusque
+Anatomicos latuit)._ And so this curious Anatomist goes on to shew
+farther the stupendous Artifice of the great Creator in this Position of
+the _Oblique Muscles_. Brigg’s _Nova Vis. Theor._ p. 11. _meo libro_.
+
+[u] Besides those particular Motions which the Eye receives from the
+_Oblique Muscles_, and I may add its Libration also in some Measure, some
+Anatomists ascribe another no less considerable Use to them; namely, to
+lengthen and shorten the Eye (by squeezing and compressing it) to make it
+correspond to the Distances of all Objects, according as they are nigh
+or far off. Thus the ingenious Dr. _Keil_; _The Aqueous Humour being the
+thinnest and most liquid, easily changeth its Figure, when either the
+~Ligamentum Ciliate~ contracts, or both the ~Oblique Muscles~ squeeze the
+middle of the Ball of the Eye, to render it Oblong when Objects are too
+near us._ _~Keil~’s Anat. Chap. 4. Sect. 4._ See _Note (y)._
+
+[w] _Quis verò opifex præter Naturam, quâ nihil potest esse callidiùs,
+tantam solertiam persequi potuisset in Sensibus? quæ primùm Oculos
+membranis tenuissimis vestivit, & sepiit; quas primum perlucidas fecit,
+ut per eas cerni posset: firmas aurem, ut continerentur._ Cic. de Nat.
+Deor. l. 2. c. 57.
+
+[x] _Boyl_ of _Final Causes._
+
+[y] It is easy to be observed, that the _Pupil_ openeth in dark Places;
+as also when we look at far distant Objects, but contracts by an Increase
+of Light, and when the Objects are nigh. This Motion of the _Pupil_
+some say, is effected by the circular and strait Fibres of the _Uvea_,
+and some attribute it to the _Ligamentum Ciliare_. Yet I have no great
+doubt but that they both concur in that Action, and that the _Ligamentum
+Ciliare_ doth, at the same time the Pupil opens or shuts, dilate or
+compress the _Crystalline_, and bring it nigher unto, or carry it farther
+off the _Retina_. For the Structure of the _Ligamentum Ciliare_, and its
+two Sorts of Fibres, drawn with the Help of a Microscope, I shall refer
+to Mr. _Cowper’s Anat._ T. 11.
+
+[z] _In Bove, Caprâ, Equo, Ove, & quibusdam aliis elliptica est
+~(Pupilla)~ ut eo magis in hisce forsan animalibus, quæ prono incessu
+victum in agris quæritant, radios laterales ad mala & incommoda utrinque
+devitanda admittat._ _~Briggs~’s Ophthal._ c. 7. §. 6.
+
+_Homini erecto, aliisque, ~&c.~ caput erigere, & quaquaversus
+circumspicere solitis, plurima simul objecta, tum suprà, tum infrà, tum è
+latere utroque——visu excipiuntur; quapropter Oculi Pupilla rotunda esse
+debet.——Attamen bovi, ~&c.~ caput ferè semper pronum——gerentibus, tantùm
+quæ coràm, & paulo à latere obversantur, intuitu opus est: quapropter
+Pupilla——oblonga est, ~&c.~_ Willis _de Anim. Brut._ p. 1. c. 15.
+
+[aa] Thus _Cats_ (their Pupils being erect, and the shutting of their
+Eye-lids transverse thereunto) can so close their Pupil, as to admit of,
+as it were, one only single Ray of Light; and by throwing all open, they
+can take in all the faintest Rays. Which is an incomparable Provision for
+these Animals, that have occasion to watch and way-lay their Prey both by
+Day and Night.
+
+[bb] There is besides this large opening of the Pupil, in some nocturnal
+Animals, another admirable Provision, enabling them to catch their Prey
+in the Dark; and that is a Radiation of the Eyes: Of which Dr. _Willis_
+thus; _Hujus usus est Oculi Pupillam, quasi jubare insito, illuminare,
+ut res noctu, & in tenebris positas conspicere valeat: quare in Fele
+plurimùm illustris est: at Homini, Avibus, & Piscibus deest._ This
+Illumination he speaks of, is from the _Tapetum_, in the Bottom of the
+Eye, or the shining of the _Retina_, round the optick Nerve.
+
+Besides which, he saith, the _Iris_ hath a Faculty also, in some, of
+darting out Rays of Light, so as to enable them to see in the Dark: Of
+which he tells this Story; _Novi quendam cerebro calidiori præditum,
+qui post uberiorem vini generosi potum in nocte atratâ, sive tenebris
+profundis, literas distincte legere potuit. Cujus ratio videtur esse,
+quòd spiritus animales velut accensi, adeòque ab hâc Iride irradiantes,
+jubare infito Medium illuminabant._ Willis Ibid.
+
+Such another Thing, _Pliny_ tells us, was reported of _Tiberius Cæsar_:
+_Ferunt Tib. Cæs. nec alii genitorum mortalium, fuisse naturam,
+ut expergefactus noctu paulisper, haud alio modo quam luce clarâ,
+contueretur omnia._ Nat. Hist. l. 11. c. 37.
+
+So Dr. _Briggs_: _Virum sanè calidæ indolis novi in Comitatu Bedfordiensi
+degentem, qui oculis felineis——donatus est: adeò ut epistolam——mirè
+admodùm in loco obscuro (ubi eadem mihi vix apparuit) perlegit. Hujus
+verò Oculi (nisi quod Pupillas insigniores obsinuere) ab aliorum
+formatione neutiquam discrepabant._ Ophthal. c. 5. §. 12.
+
+[cc] The _Tunica Aranea_ is taken notice of by _Frier Bacon_, who
+calls it, _Tela Aranea_, and saith, _in hâc continetur——glaciale vel
+Crystallinum_. _~Rog. Bacon~’s Perspect. Distinct. 2. c. 3._ The
+wrinkling of this, and the _Cornea_ (as the Skin is of old Persons)
+he thinks is the Cause of the Obscurity of the Sight in such Persons.
+_Bacon_ Ib. par. 2. cap. 2. But this _Tunick_ some deny, and others
+allow of: Dr. _A. M._ of _Trinity-College, Dublin_, (in his _Relat. of
+Anat. Obs._ in the Eyes of Animals, in a Letter to Mr. _Boyl_, _Ann.
+1682._ annexed to his _Anat. Account of the Elephant burnt in ~Dublin~_,
+p. 57.) affirms the _Tunica Aranea_, and saith, _I have often seen it
+before ’twas exposed to the Air one Minute, notwithstanding what Dr.
+~Briggs~ saith to the contrary, ~&c.~_ But Dr. _Briggs_ his Opinion is,
+_Humor Crystallinus, nisi aeri diutiùs expositus, vel lenitèr coctus
+(instar lactis) cuticulam non acquirit: quæ verò impropriè, Tunica Aranea
+dicitur, cùm si tantùm adventitia, ut in Oculo Bovis recens execto
+appareat._ _~Briggs~’s Ophthalm. c. 3._
+
+The _Crystalline Humour_ being of a double Substance, outwardly like
+a Gelly, towards the Center as consistent as hard Suet, upon occasion
+whereof its Figure may be varied; which Variation may be made by the
+_Ligamentum Ciliare_; Dr. _Grew_ doth, upon these Accounts, not doubt to
+ascribe to the _Ligamentum Ciliare_, a Power of making the _Crystalline_
+more Convex, as well as of moving it to, or from the _Retina_. See
+_Grew_’s _Cosmolog. Sacr._ l. 1. c. 4. Now it is certain by the Laws
+of Opticks, that somewhat of this is absolutely necessary to distinct
+Vision, inasmuch as the Rays proceeding from nigh Objects do more
+diverge, and those from distant Objects less: Which requires either that
+the _Crystalline Humour_ should be made more Convex, or more flat; or
+else an Elongation, or shortning of the Eye, or of the Distance between
+the _Crystalline Humour_ and the _Retina_.
+
+But although Dr. _Briggs_ (so good a Judge) denies the _Tunica
+Crystallina_, contrary to the Opinion of most former Anatomists; yet
+there is great Reason to conclude he was in a Mistake, in my Opinion,
+from the Observations of the _French Anatomists_, of the _Crystalline_ of
+the Eye, of the _Gemp_ or _Chamois_, who say, _The Membrana Arachnoïdes
+was very thick, and hard, so that it was easily separated from the
+Crystallinus_, p. 145.
+
+The same Anatomists also favour the Surmise of Dr. _Grew_, This
+[Contraction of the Fibres of the _Ligamentum Ciliare_ on one side,
+and Dilatation on the other] _would make us think that these Fibres of
+the ~Ligamentum Ciliare~, are capable of Contraction, and voluntary
+Dilatation, like that of the Fibres of the Muscles; and that this Action
+may augment, or diminish the Convexity of the ~Crystallinus~, according
+as the Need which the Distance of the Objects may make it to have on the
+Eye, to see more clearly and distinctly._ Anat. Descrip. of a _Bear_, p.
+49.
+
+Since my penning the foregoing Notes, having as critically as I could,
+dissected many Eyes of Birds, Beasts and Fishes, I manifestly found the
+_Membrana Arachnoïdes_, and will undertake to shew it any one, with
+great Ease and Certainty. It is indeed so transparent, as not to be seen
+distinct from the _Crystalline_. But if the _Cornea_ and _Uvea_ be taken
+off before, or the _vitreous Humour_ behind it, and the out-side of the
+_Crystalline_ be gently cut, the _Arachnoïdes_ may be seen to open, and
+the _Crystalline_ will easily leap out, and part from the _Ligamentum
+Ciliare_; which otherwise it would not do: For it is by the _Arachnoïdes_
+braced to the _Ligamentum Ciliare_. This Membrane or Tunick, in the Ox,
+is so substantial and strong, though thin, that it yields to, or sinks
+under the sharpest Lancet, and requires (for so thin and weak a Membrane
+in appearance) a strong Pressure to pierce it.
+
+[dd] As Birds and Fishes are in divers Things conformable, so in some
+sort they are in their Eye; to enable it to correspond to all the
+Convergences, and Divergences of the Rays, which the Variations of each
+of the Mediums may produce. For this Service the _Tunica Choroeides_,
+(in Fishes) hath a musculous Substance at the Bottom of it, lying round
+the optick Nerve, at a small Distance from it; by which Means I imagine
+they are able to contract, and dilate the _Choroeides_, and thereby to
+lengthen and shorten the Eye: For the helping in which Service, I imagine
+it is that the _Choroeides_, and _Sclerotica_, are in a great Measure
+parted, that the _Choroeides_ may have the greater Liberty of acting upon
+the Humours within.
+
+But in Birds, I have my self found, that although the _Choroeides_ be
+parted from the _Sclerotica_; yet the _Choroeides_ hath no Muscle,
+but instead thereof, a curious pectinated Work, seated on the optick
+Nerve, represented in _Fig. 2._ In which _c.a.e.b.d._ represents the
+_Choroeides_ and _Sclerotica_: _a.b._ the Part of the _optick Nerve_,
+that is within the Eye: _v.v.v._ the _vitreous Humour_: _a.f.g.b._ the
+_Pecten_: _h.i._ the _Crystalline_. For the Reception of this _Pecten_,
+the _optick Nerve_ comes farther within the Eye, than in other Creatures.
+The Structure of this _Pecten_, is very like that of the _Ligamentum
+Ciliare_; and in the Eye of a _Magpy_, and some others, I could perceive
+it to be musculous towards the Bottom. This _Pecten_ is so firmly fixed
+unto, or embodied in the _vitreous Humour_, that the _vitreous Humour_
+hangs firmly to it, and is not so easily parted from it. By which
+Means all the Motions of the _Pecten_ are easily communicated to the
+_vitreous Humour_, and indeed to all contained in the _Choroeides_. And
+forasmuch as the _Crystalline_ is connected to the _vitreous Humour_,
+therefore also the Alterations in the _vitreous Humour_ affect also the
+_Crystalline_; and the _Crystalline_ is hereby brought nearer unto, or
+farther from the _Retina_, as occasion is. Besides all which Observables
+in the _Choroeides_, and inner Eye, I have also found this farther
+remarkable in the _Sclerotica_, and outer-part of the Eye of Birds,
+_viz._ That the fore-part of the _Sclerotica_ is horny and hard, the
+middle-part thin and flexible, and _Braces_ intervene between the fore
+and hind-part, running between the _Choroeides_ and _Sclerotica_; by
+which Means the _Cornea_, and back-part of the Eye, are brought to the
+same Conformity, that the rest of the Eye hath.
+
+The great End and Design of this singular and curious _Apparatus_ in
+the Eyes, both of Birds and Fishes, I take to be, 1. To enable those
+Creatures to see at all Distances, far off, or nigh; which (especially in
+the Waters) requireth a different Conformation of the Eye. In Birds also,
+this is of great Use, to enable them to see their Food at their Bill’s
+End, or to reach the utmost Distances their high Flights enable them
+to view; as to see over great Tracts of Sea or Land, whither they have
+occasion to fly; or to see their Food or Prey, even small Fishes in the
+Waters, and Birds, Worms, _&c._ on the Earth, when they sit upon Trees,
+high Rocks, or are hovering high in the Air. 2. To enable those Animals
+to adapt their Eye to all the various Refractions of their _Medium_.
+Even the Air it self varies the Refractions, according as it is rarer
+or denser, more or less compressed; as is manifest from the learned and
+ingenious Mr. _Lowthorp_’s Experiment in _Phil. Trans._ Nᵒ. 257. and some
+other Experiments since of the before-commended Mr. _Hawksbee_, both in
+natural, rarify’d and compressed Air; in each of which, the Refractions
+constantly varied in exact Proportion to the Rarity or Density of the
+Air. _Vid._ _Hawksbee_’s _Exp._ pag. 175, _&c._
+
+Besides this Conformity in general, between the Eyes of Birds and Fishes,
+_Du Hamel_ tells us of a singular Conformity in the _Cormorant_’s Eye,
+and that is, that the _Crystalline_ is globous, as in Fishes, to enable
+it to see and pursue its Prey under Water: Which _J. Faber_, in Mr.
+_Willoughby_ saith, they do _with wonderful Swiftness, and for a long
+Time_. Will. Ornithol. p. 329.
+
+[ee] The _Crystalline Humour_, when dry’d, doth manifestly enough appear
+to be made up of many very thin spherical _Laminæ_, or Scales lying one
+upon another. Mr. _Lewenhock_ reckons there may be 2000 of them in one
+_Crystalline_, from the outermost to the Center. Every one of these
+Scales, he saith, he hath discovered to be made up of one single Fibre,
+or finest Thread wound, in a most stupendous Manner, this way, and that
+way, so as to run several Courses, and meet in as many Centers, and yet
+not to interfere, or cross one another, in any one Place. In _Oxen_,
+_Sheep_, _Hogs_, _Dogs_ and _Cats_, the Thread spreads into three several
+Courses, and makes as many Centers: In _Whales_ five; but in _Hares_ and
+_Rabbets_ only two. In the whole Surface of an _Ox_’s _Crystalline_, he
+reckons there are more than 12000 Fibres juxtaposited. For the right and
+clear Understanding of the Manner of which admirable Piece of Mechanism,
+I shall refer to his Cuts and Descriptions in _Philos. Trans._ Nᵒ. 165.
+and 293. The Truth hereof I have heard some ingenious Men question; but
+it is what I my self have seen, and can shew to any Body, with the Help
+of a good Microscope.
+
+[ff] _S. Malpighi_ observed the Middle of the _optick Nerve_ of the
+_Sword-Fish_, to be nothing else but a large Membrane, folded according
+to its Length in many Doubles, almost like a Fan, and invested by the
+_Dura mater_; whereas in Land-Animals it is a Bundle of Fibres. _V._
+_Phil. Trans._ Nᵒ. 27.
+
+[gg] _Certissimum est, quòd in omnibus Oculis humanis (quos saltem mihi
+dissecare contigit) Nervus opticus Pupillæ è diametro apponitur, ~&c.~
+Briggs_’s Ophthal. c. 3. §. 15. Ita _Willis de Anim. Brut._ p. 1. c. 15.
+
+_Nervi Optici in nobis, item in Cane, Fele (& in cateris forsan
+animalibus calidis) ad fundum Oculi delati Pupilla regioni prospiciunt,
+dum interim in aliis Quadrupedibus, uti etiam in Piscibus & Volueribus,
+obliquè semper Tunica Sclerotidi inseruntur. Unde, ~&c.~_ _Willis Ib._ c.
+7. §. 11.
+
+[hh] _This Pair is united at its Rise; whence is commonly drawn a Reason
+why one Eye being mov’d towards an Object, the other is directed also to
+the same._ Gibson’s Anat. _Book III. Chap. 11._ So _Bartholine Anat._
+Libellus 3. c. 2.
+
+[ii] Among all the other Security the Eye hath, we may reckon the
+Reparation of the _aqueous Humour_; by which Means the Eye when
+wounded, and that in all Appearance very dangerously too, doth often
+recover its Sight: Of which _Bern. Verzascha_ gives divers Examples
+ancient and modern. One is from _Galen_, of a Boy so wounded, that the
+_Cornea_ fell, and became flaccid, but yet recovered his Sight. Other
+such like Instances also he gives from _Realdus Columbus_, _Rhodius_,
+and _Tulpius_; and one that he cured himself in these Words, _Ego in
+Nobilissimi viri filiolâ similem casum observavi: hæc dum levibus
+de causis cum fratre altercaret, iste iracundiâ percitus cultellum
+Scriptorium apprehendit, & sororis oculo vulnus infligit, inde humor
+aqueus effluxit. Vocatus præsentem Chirurgum jussi sequens collyrium
+anodynum & exsiccans tepidè sæpiùs admovere. ~℞~ aq. Plantag. ~℥iv.~
+Rosar. Sanicul. Euphras. ~ana~ Trochisc. alb. Rhaf. cum Opio ~℈ii.~
+Tutiæ pp. ~℈i.~ Croci orient. ~℈ss. M.~ Hoc Collyrium inflammationem
+compescuit, vulnus siccavit & sanavit. Hinc post aliquot menses Humor
+aqueus succrevit. Nam visus, sed dibilior, cum summo parentum gaudio
+redivit._ B. Verzaschæ Observ. Medicæ. Obs. 14.
+
+Another Cure of this kind, was experimented by Dr. _Daniel Major_, upon a
+Goose, Ann. 1670, the _aqueous Humour_ of both whose Eyes they let out,
+so that the Eyes fell, and the _Goose_ became quite blind: But without
+the Use of any Medicine, in about two Days Time, Nature repaired the
+watery Humour again, the Eyes returned to their Former Turgency, and the
+_Goose_ was in a Week after produced seeing before twenty eight or thirty
+Spectators. _Ephem. Germ._ T. 1. Add. ad. Obs. 117.
+
+From the same Cause, I doubt not, it was that the Eye of a Gentleman’s
+Daughter, and those of a Cock, when wounded, so that the _Cornea_ sunk,
+were restored by a _Lithuanian_ Chymist, that passed for a Conjurer, by
+the Use of a Liquor found in _May_, in the Vesiculæ of _Elm_. Of which
+see Mr. _Ray’s Catal. Cantab._ in _Ulmus_ from _Henr. ab Heers_.
+
+[kk] _Palpebræ, quæ sunt tegumenta Oculorum, mollissimæ tactu, nè
+lederent aciem, aptissimæ factæ, & ad claudendas Pupillas, nè quid
+incideret, & ad aperiendas; idque providit, ut identidem fieri posset cum
+maximâ celeritate. Munitæque sunt Palpebræ tanquàm vallo pilorum: quibus
+& apertis Oculis, si quid incideret, repelleretur, & somno conniventibus,
+cùm Oculis ad cernendum non egerimus, ut qui, tanquàm involuti,
+quièscerent. Latent prætereà utiliter, & excelsis undique partibus
+sepiuntur. Primùm enim superiora Superciliis obducta sudorem à capitæ,
+& fronte destuentem repellunt. Genæ deinde ab inferiore parte tutantur
+subjectæ, leviterque eminentes._ Cicer. de Nat. Deor. L. 2. c. 57.
+
+_Tully_, in the Person of a _Stoick_, having so well accounted for
+the Use of the _Eye-Lids_, I shall for a further Manifestation of the
+Creator’s Contrivance and Structure of them, take notice of two or three
+Things: 1. They consist of a thin and flexible, but strong Skin, by which
+means they the better wipe, clean, and guard the _Cornea_. 2. Their Edges
+are fortified with a soft _Cartilage_, by which means they are not only
+enabled the better to do their Office, but also to close and shut the
+better. 3. Out of these Cartilages grow a Pallisade of stiff Hairs, of
+great Use to warn the Eye of the Invasion of Dangers, to keep off Motes,
+and to shut out too excessive Light, _&c._ and at the same time to admit
+of (through their Intervals) a sufficient Passage for Objects to approach
+the Eye. And it is remarkable, that these Hairs grow but to a certain,
+commodious Length, and need no cutting, as many other Hairs of the Body
+do: Also, that their Points stand out of the way, and in the upper-lid
+bend upwards, as they do downwards in the lower lid, whereby they are
+well adapted to their Use. From which last Observables, we may learn how
+critical and nice the great Author of Nature hath been, in even the least
+and most trivial Conveniencies belonging to Animal Bodies; for which
+Reason I have added it to _Tully_’s Remarks. And more might have been
+added too, as particularly concerning the curious Structure and Lodgment
+of the _Right Muscle_, which opens the Eye-Lids; and the _Orbicularis_,
+or _Circular_ one, that shuts them; the nice _Apparatus_ of Glands that
+keep the Eye moist, and serve for _Tears_; together with the Reason why
+Man alone, who is a social Animal, doth exhibit his social Affections
+by such outward Tokens as _Tears_; the _Nerves_ also, and other Organs
+acting in this Ministry. I might also speak of the Passages for
+discharging the superfluous Moisture of the Eyes through the Nostrils,
+and much more of the like kind. But it would take up too much Room in
+these Notes; and therefore it shall suffice to give only such Hints as
+may create a Suspicion of a noble Œconomy and Contrivance in this (I had
+almost said) least considerable part of the Eye. But for Particulars I
+shall refer to the Anatomists; and for some of these Things, particularly
+to Dr. _Willis_’s _Cereb. Anat._ and _de Anim. Brut._ and Mr. _Cowper_’s
+Elegant Cuts in the 11ᵗʰ _Tab._ of his _Anatomy_.
+
+To the Eye-Lids we may add another Guard afforded the Eyes of most
+Quadrupeds, Birds, and Fishes, by the _nictitating Membrane_, which Dr.
+_Willis_ gives this Account of, _Plurimis ~[Animalibus]~ quibus Musculus
+suspensorius adest_ (which Limitation he needed not to have added)
+_etiam alter Membranosus conceditur, qui juxta interiorem oculi canthum
+situs, quando elevatur, Oculi globum ferè totum obtegit. Hujus usus esse
+videtur, ut cùm Bestiæ inter gramina, ~&c.~ capita sua propter victum
+capessendum demergunt, hic Musculus Oculi Pupillam, nè à stipularum
+incursu seriatur, oculit, munitque._ De Anim. Brut. p. 1. c. 15.
+
+This Membrane Man hath not, he having little Occasion to thrust his
+Head into such Places of Annoyance, as Beasts and other Animals; or if
+he hath, he can defend his Eyes with his Hands. But Birds (who frequent
+Trees and Bushes) and Quadrupeds, (Hedges and long Grass) and who have no
+part ready, like the Hand, to fence off Annoyances; these, I say, have
+this incomparable Provision made for the Safety of their Eyes. And for
+Fishes, as they are destitute of Eye-Lids, because in the Waters there is
+no occasion for a Defensative against Dust and Motes, offensive to the
+Eyes of Land Animals, nor to moisten and wipe the Eyes, as the Eye-Lids
+do, so the _Nictitating-Membrane_ is an abundant Provision for all their
+Occasions, without the Addition of the Eye-Lids.
+
+And now, if we reflect, are these the Works of any Thing but a wise and
+indulgent Agent?
+
+[ll] Although the Hardness and Firmness of the _Adnata_, or _Sclerotica_
+in Birds, is a good Guard to their Eyes, yet I do not think it is made
+thus, so much for a Defence, as to minister to the lengthning and
+shortning the Eye, mentioned before in _Note (cc)._
+
+[mm] _Cochleis oculorum vicem Cornicula bina pratentu implent._ Plin.
+Nat. Hist. l. 11. c. 37. See more of the Eyes of _Snails_ before in _Note
+(k)_; and in _Note (l)_, I said that I suspected _Moles_ also might
+thrust out, or withdraw their Eyes more or less within the Hair or Skin.
+
+[nn] The diligent _Sturmius_ was fully persuaded there could not be any
+speculative Atheism in any one that should well survey the Eye. _Nobis_,
+saith he, _fuit persuasissimum. Atheismum, quem vocant speculativum, h.
+e. obsirmatam de Deitate in Universo nullâ persuasionem, habere locum
+aut inveniri non posse in eo homine, qui vel unius corporis organici, &
+speciatim Oculi fabricam attento animo aspexerit._ Sturm. Exerc. Acad. 9.
+De Vis. Organ. & Rat. in Epilogo.
+
+[oo] The glorious Landskips, and other Objects that present themselves
+to the Eye, are manifestly painted on the _Retina_, and that not erect,
+but inverted as the Laws of Opticks require; and is manifest to the Eye
+from _Monsieur Cartes_’s Experiment, of laying bare the vitreous Humour
+on the back part of the Eye, and clapping over it a Bit of white Paper,
+or the Skin of an Egg; and then placing the fore-part of the Eye to the
+Hole of the Window of a darkned Room. By which means we have a pretty
+Landskip of the Objects abroad invertedly painted on the Paper, on the
+back of the Eye. But now the Question is, How in this Case the Eye comes
+to see the Objects erect? _Monsieur Cartes_’s Answer is, _Notitia illius
+ex nullâ imagine pendet, nec ex ullâ actione ab objectis veniente, sed ex
+solo situ exiguarum partium cerebri, è quibus Nervi expullulant.——E.g.
+cogitandum in Oculo——situm capillamenti nervi optici——respondere ad
+alium quendam partis cerebri——qui facit ut Anima singula loca cognoscat,
+quæ jacent in rectâ, aut quasi rectâ lineæ; ut ita mirari non debeamus
+corpora in naturali situ videri, quamvis imago in oculo delineata
+contrarium habeat._ Dioptr. c. 6. But our most ingenious Mr. _Molyneux_
+answereth thus, _The Eye is only the Organ or Instrument, ’tis the Soul
+that sees by means of the Eye. To enquire then how the Soul perceives
+the Object erect, by an inverted Image, is to enquire into the Soul’s
+Faculties——But erect and inverted are only Terms of Relation to up and
+down; or farther from, or nigher to the Center of the Earth, in Parts
+of the same Thing.——But the Eye, or visive Faculty takes no notice of
+the internal Posture of its own Parts, but useth them as an Instrument
+only, contrived by Nature for the Exercise of such a Faculty.——Let us
+imagine, that the Eye ~(on its lower Part)~ receives an Impulse ~[by a
+Ray from the upper part of the Object]~ must not the visive Faculty be
+necessarily directed hereby to consider this Stroke, as coming from the
+top rather than the bottom ~[of the Object]~ and consequently be directed
+to conclude it the Representation of the top? Hereof we may be satisfied,
+by supposing a Man standing on his Head. For here, though the upper Parts
+of Objects are painted on the upper Parts of the Eye, yet the Objects are
+judged to be erect. What is said of Erect and Reverse, may be understood
+of Sinister and Dexter._ Molyneux’s Dioptr. Nov. Part I. Prop. 28.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. III.
+
+_Of the Sense of Hearing._
+
+
+Concerning the Sense of _Hearing_, I shall take notice of two Things, the
+Organ, the _Ear_; and its Object, _Sound_.
+
+I. For the Organ, the _Ear_; I shall pass by its convenient Number of
+being double, which (as in the last Sense) serves for the commodious
+Hearing every way round us; as also a wise Provision for the utter Loss
+or Injury[a] of one of the Ears. But I shall a little insist upon its
+Situation, and its admirable Fabrick and Parts.
+
+1. It is situated in the most convenient Part of the Body, (like as I
+said the Eye is) in a Part near the common Sensory in the Brain, to give
+the more speedy Information; in a Part where it can be best guarded, and
+where it is most free from Annoyances and Harms it self, and where it
+gives the least Annoyance and Hindrance to the Exercises of any other
+Part; in a Part appropriated to the peculiar Use of the principal Senses,
+in the most lofty, eminent Part of the Body, where it can perceive the
+most Objects, and receive the greatest Information: And lastly, in a
+Part in the Neighbourhood of its Sister Sense the Eye, with whom it
+hath peculiar and admirable Communication by its Nerves, as I intend to
+shew in its proper Place. In respect then of its Situation and Place in
+the Body, this Sense is well designed and contrived, and may so far be
+accounted the Work of some admirable Artist. But,
+
+2. If we survey its Fabrick and Parts, it will appear to be an admirable
+Piece of the Divine Wisdom, Art, and Power. For the Manifestation of
+which, let us distinctly survey the outward and the inward Part of its
+curious Organ.
+
+1. For the _outward Ear_: If we observe its Structure in all Kinds of
+Animals, it must needs be acknowledged to be admirably Artificial,
+it being so nicely prepared, and adjusted to the peculiar Occasions
+of each respective Animal. In Man[b], it is of a Form proper for the
+erect Posture of his Body. In Birds, of a Form proper for Flight; not
+protuberant, because that would obstruct their Progress, but close and
+covered, to afford the easier Passage through the Air. In Quadrupeds,
+its Form is agreeable to the Posture, and slower Motion of their Bodies;
+and in these too, various, according to their various Occasions. In some
+large, erect, and open, to hear the least Approaches of Dangers[c],
+in others covered, to keep out noxious Bodies. In the Subterraneous
+Quadrupeds, who are forced to mine, and dig for their Food and
+Habitation, as a protuberant Ear, like that of other Quadrupeds, would
+obstruct their Labours, and be apt to be torn and injured; so they have
+the contrary[d], their Ears short, lodged deep and backward in their
+Head, and passing to the under Part thereof, and all sufficiently fenced
+and guarded. And as for Insects, Reptiles, and the Inhabitants of the
+Waters, if they enjoy this Sense, (as there is great Reason to think they
+do,) it may probably be lodged commodiously under the same Security and
+Guard, as the Smelling, or some other Sense is.
+
+And moreover, as the Form of this Organ is various in various Animals,
+so in each of them its Structure is very curious and observable, being
+in all admirably contrived to collect the wandering, circumambient
+Impressions, and Undulations of Sound, and to convey them to the Sensory
+within. If I should run over the several _Genera_ of Animals, we might
+find a notable Prospect of the handy-work of God[e], even in this so
+inconsiderable Part of Animals. But I shall only carry my Survey to that
+of Man. And here the first Thing that offereth it self to our View, is
+the _Helix_, with its tortuous Cavities, made to stop, and collect the
+sonorous Undulations, to give them a gentle Circulation and Refraction,
+and so convey them to the _Concha_, or larger and more capacious round
+Cell at the Entrance of the Ear. And to bridle the Evagation of the
+Sound, when arrived so far, but withal not to make a Confusion thereof,
+by any disagreeable Repercussions, we may take notice of a very curious
+Provision in those little Protuberances, called the _Tragus_, and
+_Antitragus_ of the outward Ear, of a commodious Form and Texture[f], and
+conveniently lodged for this Use. The great Convenience and Benefit of
+this Form and Contrivance of the outward Ear, is sufficiently manifest
+by the want thereof, which causeth a _Confusion in the Hearing, with a
+certain Murmur, or Swooing like the Fall of Waters_[g].
+
+Another wise Provision of the Creator, is in the Substance of the outward
+Ear, which is cartilaginous, the fittest for this Place. For (as an
+ingenious Anatomist[h] observes) “If it had been Bone, it would have been
+troublesome, and might by many Accidents have been broken off: If Flesh,
+it would have been subject to Contusion”. But indeed a worse Consequence
+than this would have ensu’d such a Softness as that of Flesh, and that
+is, it would neither have remain’d expanded, neither would it so kindly
+receive and circulate the Sounds, but absorb, retard, or blunt their
+Progress into the inward Organ. But being hard, and curiously smooth and
+tortuous, Sounds find an easie Passage, with a regular Volutation and
+Refraction: As in a well-built Arch, Grotto, or musical Instrument, which
+magnify and meliorate Sounds; and some of which convey even a Whisper to
+a large Distance[i]: But from the outward, let us carry our Survey,
+
+2. To the inward Part of this admirable Organ. And here we find the
+most curious and artful Provision for every Emergency and Occasion. The
+_auditory Passage_, in the first Place, curiously tunnelled, and artfully
+turned, to give Sounds an easie Passage, as well as a gentle Circulation
+and Refraction; but withal, so as to prevent their too furious rushing
+in, and assaulting the more tender Parts within.
+
+And forasmuch as it is necessary that this Passage should be always
+open, to be upon the Watch[k]; therefore to prevent the Invasion of
+noxious Insects, or other Animals, (who are apt to make their retreat in
+every little Hole), Nature hath secured this Passage[l], with a bitter
+nauseous Excrement[m], afforded from the Glands[n] appointed for that
+Purpose.
+
+From hence let us approach the most inward Parts, in which we shall see
+Strokes of the most exquisite Art. To pass over the _innate Air_, that
+most Authors talk of[o], (because there is no such) the passage to the
+Palate[p], and their Uses, with divers other curious Things that might
+be named; let us stop a little at the Part containing the rest, namely,
+the Bone[q]. The particular Texture and Hardness of which, above other
+Bones of the Body, is very remarkable; whereby it serves not only as a
+substantial Guard to the Sensory, but also to oppose the Impulses of the
+ætherial Matter, that there may be no loss, nor Confusion in the Sound;
+but that it may be conveyed regularly, and intirely to the auditory
+Nerves.
+
+The next Part I shall take Notice of, may be that fine Membrane, called
+the _Tympanum_, or _Membrana Tympani_[r], with its inner Membrane[s];
+together with the four little appendent Bones[t], and the three inner
+Muscles to move them, and adjust the whole _Compages_ to the several
+Purposes of Hearing, to hear all Manner of Sounds, loud or languid,
+harsh or grateful[u].
+
+From this Region of the _Tympanum_, I might pass to that of the
+_Labyrinth_[w], and therein survey the curious and admirable Structure
+of the _Vestibulum_, the _Semicircular Canals_[x], and _Cochlea_;
+particularly the artificial Gyrations, and other singular Curiosities
+observable in the two latter.
+
+But I shall not expatiate on these recluse Parts; only there is one
+special Contrivance of the Nerves, ministring to this Sense of Hearing,
+which must not be passed by; and that is, the Branches of one of the
+_auditory Nerves_[y], spread partly to the Muscles of the Ear, partly to
+the Eye, partly to the Tongue and Instruments of Speech, and inosculated
+with the Nerves to go to the Heart and Breast. By which Means there is an
+admirable, and useful Content between these Parts of the Body; it being
+natural for most Animals, upon the Hearing any uncouth Sound, to erect
+their Ears, and prepare them to catch every Sound; to open their Eyes
+(those constant faithful Sentinels) to stand upon their Watch; and to
+be ready with the Mouth to call out, or utter what the present Occasion
+shall dictate. And accordingly it is very usual for most Animals, when
+surpriz’d, and terrify’d with any Noise, presently to shriek and cry out.
+
+But there is besides this, in Man, another great Use of this nervous
+Commerce between the Ear and Mouth: And that is, (as one of the best
+Authors on this Subject expresseth it)[z], “That the Voice may correspond
+with the Hearing, and be a kind of Echo thereof, that what is _heard_
+with _one_ of the two Nerves, may be readily expressed with the Voice, by
+the help of the _other_.”
+
+Thus much shall suffice to have spoken concerning the Organ. Let us,
+
+II. Take Notice of the _Object_ of this admirable Sense, namely, _Sound_;
+and so conclude this Chapter. I shall not here enquire into the Nature
+and Properties of _Sound_, which is in a great Measure intricate, and
+hath puzzelled the best Naturalists: Neither shall I shew how this
+admirable Effect of the divine Contrivance, may be improv’d to divers
+Uses[aa] and Purposes in humane Life; but my Business will be to shew
+that this Thing, of so admirable Use in the animal World, is the Work of
+God. And this will appear, let the subject Matter of Sounds be what it
+will; either the Atmosphere[bb] in Gross, or the ætherial Part thereof,
+or soniferous Particles of Bodies, as some fancy, or whatever else the
+Philosopher may think it. For who but an intelligent Being, what less
+than an omnipotent and infinitely wise God could contrive, and make
+such a fine Body, such a Medium, so susceptible of every Impression,
+that the Sense of Hearing hath occasion for, to empower all Animals to
+express their Sense and Meaning to others; to make known their Fears,
+their Wants, their Pains and Sorrows in melancholick Tones; their Joys
+and Pleasures in more harmonious Notes; to send their Minds at great
+Distances[cc], in a short Time[dd], in loud Boations; or to express their
+Thoughts near at hand with a gentle Voice, or in secret Whispers! And to
+say no more, who less than the same most wise and indulgent Creator,
+could form such an Oeconomy, as that of Melody and Musick is! That the
+_Medium_ should (as I said) so readily receive every Impression of
+Sound, and convey the melodious Vibration of every musical String, the
+harmonious Pulses of every animal Voice, and of every musical Pipe; and
+the Ear be as well adapted, and ready to receive all these Impressions,
+as the _Medium_ to convey them: And lastly, that by Means of the curious
+Lodgment, and Inosculations of the _auditory Nerves_ before-mentioned,
+the Orgasms of the Spirits should be allay’d, and Perturbations of the
+Mind, in a great Measure quieted and stilled[ee]: Or to express it in
+the Words of the last-cited famous Author[ff], “That Musick should not
+only affect the Fancy with Delight; but also give Relief to the Grief and
+Sadness of the Heart; yea, appease all those turbulent Passions, which
+are excited in the Breast by an immoderate Ferment, and Fluctuation of
+the Blood”.
+
+And now, who can reflect upon all this curious Apparatus of the _Sense of
+Hearing_, and not give the great Creator his due Praise! Who can survey
+all this admirable Work, and not as readily own it to be the Work of an
+omnipotent, and infinitely wise and good _GOD_[gg], as the most artful
+Melodies we hear, are the Voice or Performances of a living Creature!
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] I presume it will not be ungrateful to take notice here of the
+admirable, as well as useful Sagacity of some deaf Persons, that have
+learnt to supply their want of _Hearing_ by understanding what is said
+by the Motion of the Lips. My very ingenious Friend Mr. _Waller_, _R. S.
+Secr._ gives this Account, _There live now and have from their Birth,
+in our Town, a Man and his Sister, each about fifty Years old, neither
+of which have the least Sense of Hearing,——yet both of these know, by
+the Motion of the Lips only, whatever is said to them, and will answer
+pertinently to the Question proposed to them——The Mother told me they
+could hear very well, and speak when they were Children, but both lost
+that Sense afterwards, which makes them retain their Speech; though
+that, to Persons not used to them, is a little uncouth and odd, but
+intelligible enough._ Phil. Trans. No. 312.
+
+Such another Instance is that of Mr. _Goddy_, Minister of St. _Gervais_
+in _Geneva_, his Daughter. _She is now about sixteen Years old. Her Nurse
+had an extraordinary Thickness of Hearing; at a Year old, the Child spake
+all those little Words that Children begin to speak at that Age.——At two
+Years old, they perceived she had lost her Hearing, and was so Deaf, that
+ever since, though she hears great Noises, yet she hears nothing that one
+can speak to her.——But by observing the Motions of the Mouth and Lips
+of others, she hath acquired so many Words, that out of these she hath
+formed a sort of Jargon, in which she can hold Conversation whole Days
+with those that can speak her own Language. I could understand some of
+her Words, but could not comprehend a Period, for it seemed to be but a
+confused Noise. She knows nothing that is said to her, unless she seeth
+the Motion of their Mouths that speak to her; so that in the Night, when
+it is necessary to speak to her, they must light a Candle. Only one thing
+appeared the strangest part of the whole Narration: She hath a Sister,
+with whom she hath practised her Language more than with any other: And
+in the Night, by laying her Hand on her Sister’s Mouth, she can perceive
+by that what she saith, and so can discourse with her in the Night._
+Bishop _Burnet_’s Let. 4. p. 248.
+
+[b] I cannot but admire that our most eminent modern Anatomists should
+not agree, whether there be any Muscles in the outward Ear of Man or
+not. Dr. _Keil_ saith there are two; Dr. _Drake_ the same Number; and
+Dr. _Gibson_ makes them to be four. So also doth _Monsieur Dionis_, and
+so did the ancient Anatomists: But Dr. _Schelhammer_ expressly denies
+there are any, and saith, _Seduxit autem reliquos Brutorum Anatome,
+in quorum plerisque tales Musculi plures inveniuntur; putârunt autem
+fortassis ignominiosum Homini, si non & his instructus esset, & minùs
+inde perfectum animal fore._ Schel. de Auditu p. 1. c. 1. §. 7. But
+_Valsalva_, who wrote very lately, and is very accurate in his Survey
+of the Ear, saith, _Musculi auriculæ posteriores quandoque quatuor,
+quandoque duo; sed ut plurimùm tres adnotantur; & quando solùm duo se
+manifestant, tunc unus ex illis duplicato tendine versùs Concham deferri
+solet. Horum musculorum in numero varietatem non solùm in diversis; verùm
+etiam in eodem subjecto quandoque vidi——Ex quibus differentiis subortæ
+sunt Auctorum discrepantiæ in horum Musculorum numero, & positu:——quod
+non evenisset, si pluries in diversis Corporibus iidem Musculi quæsiti
+essent._ Ant. Mar. _Valsalva de Aur. Human._ c. 1. §. 6. But Dr. _Drake_
+thinks some of _Valsalva_’s Muscles the Product of Fancy. Mr. _Cowper_
+makes them to be three, one _Attollent_, and two _Retrabent Muscles_. See
+_Anat._ Tab. 12.
+
+[c] _Inter cætera ~[animalia aurita]~ maximè admirabilis est auris
+leporinæ fabrica, quod cùm timidissimum animal sit, & prorsus inerme,
+natura id tum auditu acurissimo, tanquam hostium exploratore ad
+perfentienda pericula, tum pedibus ceu armis ad currendum aptis munisse
+videtur._ A. Kircher’s _Phonurg._ l. 1. §. 7. Technas. 2.
+
+[d] _Moles_ have no protuberant Ear, but only a round Hole between the
+Neck and Shoulder; which Situation of it, together with the thick,
+short Fur that covers it, is a sufficient Defensative against external
+Annoyances. The _Meatus Auditorius_ is long, round and cartilaginous,
+reaching to the under part of the Skull. Round the inside runs a little
+Ridge, resembling two Threads of a Skrew; at the Bottom whereof is a
+pretty Inlet, leading to the Drum, made, on one side with the aforesaid
+cochleous Ridge, and on the other, with a small Cartilage. I observed
+there was _Cerumen_ in the _Meatus_.
+
+As to the _inner Ear_, it is somewhat singular, and different from that
+of the other Quadrupeds, and much more from Birds, although I have met
+with some Authors that make it agreeing with that of Birds. There are
+three small Bones only (all hollow) by which the _Drum_ (to use the
+old Appellation) or the _Membrana Tympani_ (as others call it) acteth
+upon the _Auditory Nerve_. The first is the _Malleus_, which hath two
+Processes nearly of equal Length; the longer of which is braced to
+the _Membrana Tympani_, the shorter to the side of the _Drum_ or _Os
+Petrosum_; the back part of it resembles the Head and Stalk of a small
+_Mushroom_, such as are pickled. On the back of the _Malleus_ lies the
+next small Bone, which may be called the _Incus_, long, and without any
+Process, having somewhat the Form of the short Scoop wherewith Water-men
+throw the Water out of their Wherries. To the end of this the third and
+last small Bone is tacked by a very tender Brace. This little Bone bears
+the Office of the _Stapes_, but is only forked without any Base. One of
+these Forks is at one _Fenestra_, or _Foramen_, the other at another; in
+which _Fenestra_ I apprehend the Forks are tacked to the Auditory Nerve.
+These _Fenestra_ (equivalent to the _Fenestra Ovalis_, and _Rotunda_ in
+others) are the Inlets into the _Cochlea_ and _Canales Semicirculares_,
+in which the _Auditory Nerve_ lieth. The _Semicircular Canales_ lie at a
+distance from the _Drum_, and are not lodged (as in other Animals) in a
+strong, thick Body of Bone, but are thrust out, within the Skull, making
+an _Antrum_, with an handsome _Arch_ leading into it, into which a part
+of the Brain enters.
+
+One Leg of the _Malleus_ being fastned to the _Membrana Tympani_, and the
+_Incus_ to the back of the _Malleus_, and the top of that to the top of
+the _Stapes_, and the Forks or Branches of the _Stapes_ to the _Auditory
+Nerve_, I observed that whenever I moved the Membrane, all the little
+Bones were at the same time moved, and consequently the _Auditory Nerve_
+thereby affected also.
+
+I hope the Reader will excuse me for being so particular in this Organ
+only of the _Mole_, a despised Creature, but as notable an Example of
+_God_’s Work, as its Life is different from that of other Quadrupeds; for
+which Reason it partly is that I have enlarged on this part differing
+from that of others, and which no Body that I know of, hath taken much
+notice of, and which is not discoverable without great Patience and
+Application; and partly because by comparing these Observations with
+_Book VII. Chap. 2. Note (d)_, we may judge how the Sense of Hearing is
+performed.
+
+[e] _Among many Varieties, both in the inner and outer Ear, those which
+appear in the Passage into the Rock-Bone, are remarkable. For in an ~Owl~,
+that perches on a Tree or Beam, and hearkens after the Prey beneath
+her, it is produced farther out above than it is below, for the better
+Reception of the least Sound. But in a Fox, that scouteth underneath the
+Prey at Roost; it is for the same Reason, produced farther out below. In
+a ~Pole-Cat~, which hearkens strait forward, it is produced behind, for
+the taking of a forward Sound. Whereas in a ~Hare~, which is very quick
+of Hearing, and thinks of nothing but being pursued, it is supplied with
+a bony Tube, which as a natural Otocoustick, is so directed backward, as
+to receive the smallest and most distant Sound that comes behind her._
+Grew’s Cosmolog. Sacr. _lib. 1. c. 5. §. 6_.
+
+[f] The Texture of the _Tragus_ and _Antitragus_, is softer than that of
+the _Helix_, which serveth gently to blunt, not forcibly to repel the
+Sound in the _Concha_.
+
+[g] Dr. _Gibson_’s Anatomy, _Chap. 22. Book III_.
+
+_Those whose Ears are cut off, have but a confused way of Hearing, and
+are obliged either to form a Cavity round the Ear with their own Hands,
+or else to make use of a Horn, and apply the end of it to the inner
+Cavity of the Ear, on order to receive the agitated Air. ’Tis likewise
+observed, that those whose Ears jut out, hear better than flat-eared
+Persons_. Monsieur Dionis’s _Anat. Demonstr. 8_.
+
+[h] _Gibs._ Ibid.
+
+[i] It would nauseate the Reader to reckon up the Places famed for the
+Conveyance of Whispers, such as the Prison of _Dionysius_ at _Syracuse_,
+which is said to encrease a Whisper to a Noise; the clapping ones Hands
+to the Sound of a Cannon, &c. Nor the _Aquaducts_ of _Claudius_, which
+carry a Voice sixteen Miles, and many others both Ancient and Modern. If
+the Reader hath a mind to be entertained in this way, he may find enough
+in _Kircher_’s _Phonurgia_. But it may not be irksome to mention one or
+two of our own in _England_. Among which, one of the most famed is the
+_Whispering-Place_ in _Gloucester Cathedral_, which is no other than a
+Gallery above the East-end of the Choir, leading from one side thereof
+to the other. It consisteth, (if I mistake not) of five Angles, and six
+Sides, the middle-most of which is a naked, uncovered Window, looking
+into a Chapel behind it. I guess the two Whisperers stand at about twenty
+five Yards Distance from one another. But the _Dome_ of St. _Paul_’s,
+_London_, is a more considerable _Whispering-Place_, where the ticking
+of a Watch (when no Noise is in the Streets) may be heard from Side to
+Side; yea, a Whisper may be sent all round the _Dome_. And not only in
+the Gallery below, but above, upon the Scaffold, I tried, and found that
+a Whisper would be carried over one’s Head round the top of the Arch,
+notwithstanding there is a large Opening in the middle of it into the
+upper part of the _Dome_.
+
+[k] _Auditus autem semper patet: ejus enim sensu etiam dormientes egemus:
+A quo cùm sonus est acceptus, etiam è somno excitamur. Flexuosum iter
+habet, nè quid intrare possit, si simplex, & directum pateret; provisum
+etiam, ut siqua minima bestiola conaretur irrumpere, in sordibus aurium,
+tanquàm in visco, inhæresceret._ Cicer. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 57.
+
+It deserves a particular Remark here, that in Infants in the Womb, and
+newly born, the _Meatus Auditorius_ is shut up very closely, partly by
+the Constriction of the Passage, and partly by a glutinous Substance,
+whereby the _Tympanum_ is guarded against the Water in the _Secundine_,
+and against the Injuries of the Air as soon as the Infant is born.
+
+[l] It is remarkable, that in most, if not all Animals, whose Ears are
+tunnelled, or where the _Meatus Auditorius_ is long enough to afford
+Harbour to _Ear-wigs_, or other Insects; that, I say, in the Ears of
+such, _Ear-wax_ is constantly to be found. But in Birds, whose Ears are
+covered with Feathers, and where the _Tympanum_ lies but a little way
+within the Skull, no _Ear-wax_ is found, because none is necessary to the
+Ears so well guarded, and so little tunnelled.
+
+[m] The _Ear-wax_ was thought by the old Anatomists to be an Excrement of
+the Brain: _Humor biliosus à cerebro expugnatus_, the _Bartholines_ say
+of it, l. 3. _c. 9._ But as _Schelhammer_ well observes, _Nil absurdius,
+quàm cerebri excrementum hoc statuere. Nam & ratio nulla suadet, ut in
+cerebro fieri excrementum tale credamus:——neque viæ patent per quas ab eo
+seclusum in meatum auditorium possit inde penetrare._ As to its Taste,
+_Casserius_ gives Instances of its being sweet in some Creatures. But
+_Schelhammer_ says, _Ego verò semper, cum amaritie aliquid dulcedinis in
+illo deprehendi_. Vid. Schel. de Audit. _p. 1. c. 2. §. 10_. But I could
+never distinguish any Sweetness in it; but think it insipid mixed with a
+Bitterness.
+
+[n] _Cerumina amara Arteriolis exudantia._ Willis de Anim. Brut. _par.
+1. c. 14_. _In the Skin——are little Glands, which furnish a yellow and
+bitter Humour._ Monsieur Dionis’s Dem. 18. An handsome Cut of those
+_Glandulæ ceruminosæ_ is in Dr. _Drake_, from _Valsalva_.
+
+_Pliny_ attributes a great Virtue to the _Ear-wax_; _Morsus hominis inter
+asperrimos numeratur: medentur sordes ex auribus: ac ne quis miretur,
+etiam Scorpionum ictibus Serpentiumque statim impositæ._ Plin. Nat. Hist.
+_l. 28. c. 4_. And that it hath an healing Quality, and may be accounted
+a good Balsam, I my self have experienced.
+
+[o] That there is such a Thing as the _innate Air_, (talked of much by
+most Authors on this Subject) _Schelhammer_ very justly, I think, denies,
+by Reason there is a Passage into the inner Ear from the Throat, through
+which the _innate Air_ may pass out, and the outward Air enter in. _V._
+_Par. Alt._ p. 2. c. 1. §. 10. When by stopping our Breath, and Straining,
+we force the external Air into the Ear, it may be heard rushing in; and
+if much be forced in, it may be felt also to beat against the _Tympanum_.
+When the Passage to the Throat is by any Means stopp’d, as by a Cold in
+the Head, &c. the Hearing thereby becomes dull and blunt; by Reason the
+Communication between the outward and inward Air are obstructed: But when
+by strong Swallowing, or such-like Motion of the Throat, the Passage is
+opened, we perceive it by a sudden Smack or Crack, and we immediately
+hear very clearly; the load of feculent Air being at that Time discharged
+from the inner Ear.
+
+It is a wise Provision, that the Passage for the Air into the Ear, is
+from the Throat; _Ut non statim quivis aer externus irrumpere queat_ (as
+_Schelhammer_ saith, _Par. Ult. c. 4. §. 8._) _sed nonnihil immutatus, ac
+temperatus, calore ex medio ventre exspirante; imò fortassis non facilè
+alius, nisi ex pulmonibus._
+
+[p] _Valsalva_ hath given us a more accurate Description of the _Tuba
+Eustachiana_, or _Passage to the Palate_, than any other Author, to whom
+I therefore refer, _De Aur. Human._ c. 2. §. 16, _&c._
+
+The chief Use hereof, he thinks, is to give way to the inner Air, upon
+every Motion of the _Membrana Tympani_, the _Malleus_, _Incus_ and
+_Stapes_. This Passage, if it be shut up, Deafness ensues: Of which he
+gives two Instances: One a Gentleman, who lost his Hearing by a Polypus
+in the Nose reaching to the _Uvula_; the other a Yeoman, labouring with
+an Ulcer above the left Side of the _Uvula_; which when he stopt with
+a Tent dipped in Medicine, he lost his Hearing in the left Ear, and
+recovered it, as soon as the Tent was out. _Ibid. c. 5. §. 10._
+
+[q] Os [petrosum] _ex quo interiores ~[Labyrinthi]~ cavitatum parietes
+conflati sunt, album, durissimum, necnon maximè compactum. Id autem à
+Naturâ ita comparatum esse videtur, ut materia ætherea Sonorum objectorum
+impressionibus onusta, dum prædictis impingitur Parietibus, nihil aut
+saltem ferè nihil motûs sui amittat, atque adeò illum qualem ab Objectis
+sonoris accepit, talem communicet spiritui animali contento intra
+expansiones rami mollioris Nervorum auris._ Dr. _Raym. Vieussens_ of
+_Montpellier_, in Phil. Trans. Nᵒ. 258.
+
+[r] The _Tympanum_ of the Ear, or as _Valsalva_ and the Moderns, the
+_Membrana Tympani_ was taken notice of as early as _Hippocrates_’s Time.
+In Birds, it is strained towards the outward Parts; in other Animals
+towards the Brain, or inner Parts. Monsieur _Dionis_ saith, _It is not
+equally fastened to the whole Circumference of the bony Circle, in which
+it is inchased; for on the upper Side it hath a free disengaged Part,
+by which some can give vent to the Smoak in their Mouth._ Demonstr. 8.
+That there is some Passage I doubt not, but I question whether Monsieur
+_Dionis_ ever saw the disengaged Part he mentions. I have my self
+carefully searched divers Subjects, and do not remember to have seen any
+such Passage; and I perceive it escaped the diligent _Schelhammer_’s Eye.
+_Valsalva_ also by injecting in through the _Tuba Eustachiana_, could
+not force any Liquor into the _Meatus Auditorius_; but yet he imagines
+he found the Passage out in another Place of the Drum, in some morbid,
+and one sound Head. _Valsalv. de Aur. Hum._ c. 2. §. 8. Mr. _Cowper_ also
+affirms there is a Passage by the upper Part of the Membrane. _Anat. Ap._
+Fig. 8.
+
+[s] Dr. _Vieussens_, before-named, discovered a Membrane,
+_tenuissimæ raræque admodùm texturæ intra cavitatem Tympani_; as
+he describes it. Whose use he saith is, _1. Occludens Labyrinthi
+januam impedit nè naturalis purissimus ac subtilissimus Aer intra
+cavitates——communicationem——habeat cum aere crasso. 2. Labyrinthi basin
+calefacit, ~&c.~ ubi supra._ Probably this double Membrane may be such,
+or after the same Manner as it is in the _Tympanum_ of Birds: Of which
+see my Observations in _Book VII. Chap. 2. Note (d)._
+
+[t] The four little Bones being treated of by all that have concerned
+themselves about this Sense of Hearing, since their Discovery, I shall
+take Notice of only two Things concerning them. 1. The Discovery of them
+is owing wholly to the Diligence and Sagacity of the latter Ages; of
+which _Schelhammer_ gives this Account from _Fallopius_, _Hæc Officula
+antiquis Anatomicis——ignota fuere; primusque qui in lucem produxit
+~[Malleum & Incum]~ fuit Jac. Carpensis; primus quoque procul omni dubio
+Anatomicæ artis, quam Vesalius posteà perfecit, restaurator. Tertium
+~[Stapedem]~ invenit ac promulgavit primus Joh. Phil. ab Ingrassia,
+Siculus, Philosophus ac Medicus doctissimus. Quartum, Thomâ Bartholin.
+teste, viro longè celeberrimo, Fran. Sylvio debetur_ Schel. _ubi supr._
+c. 3. §. 9. 2. Their Difference in Animals: In _Man_, and _Quadrupeds_,
+they are four, curiously inarticulated with one another; with an external
+and internal Muscle to draw, or work them, in extending, or relaxing the
+_Drum_; but in _Fowls_ the Case is very different: _His unum Ossiculum
+solùm largita est Natura, quod Collumellam fortè appellaveris: teres enim
+est & subtilissimum, basi innitens latiori, rotundæ. Huic adnexa est
+cartilago valde mobilis, quæ in Tympanum videtur terminari._ Id. Ib. §.
+8. _In the Ears of all the Fowl that I could examine, I never found any
+more than one Bone, and a Cartilage, making a Joynt with it, that was
+easily moveable. The Cartilage had generally an Epiphyse, or two, one on
+each Side.——The Bone was very hard and small, having at the end of it a
+broad Plate, of the same Substance, very thin, upon which it rested, as
+on its Basis._ Dr. _Al. Moulen_ in Phil. Trans. Nᵒ. 100.
+
+These are the most material Things I find observed by others, concerning
+the Ears of Fowls, and some of them hardly, I believe, observed before.
+To which I shall subjoyn some other Things I have my self discovered,
+that I presume escaped the Eyes of those most curious and inquisitive
+Anatomists. Of which the last cited _Book VII. Chap. 2. Note (d)._
+
+[u] _Videtur quòd Tympanum Auditionis instrumentum præliminare, & quasi
+præparatorium fuerit, quad Soni impressionem, sive species sensibiles
+primo suscipiens, eas in debitâ proportione, & aptâ conformitate, versùs
+Sensorium, quod adhuc interiùs situm est, dirigat: simili officio
+fungitur respectu Auditûs, ac tunicæ Oculi Pupillam constituentes,
+respectu Visûs; utræque Membranæ Species sensibiles refringunt & quasi
+emolliunt, easque Sensorio non nisi proportionatas tradunt, cui nudo si
+adveniant, teneriorem ejus crasin facilè lædant, aut obruant. Reverà
+Tympanum non audit, sed meliori tutiorique Auditioni confert. Si hæc pars
+destruatur, Sensio adhuc aliquamdiu, rudi licèt modo, peragi possit;
+quippe experimento olim in Cane facto, ~&c.~——Janitoris officio ut
+Tympanum rectè defungi possit, expansum ejus pro datâ occasione stringi,
+aut relaxari debet, veluti nimirùm Oculi Pupilla——Quapropter huic Auris
+Tympano, non secus ac bellico, machinæ sive tæniæ quædam apponuntur,
+quæ superficiem ejus modò tensiorem, modò laxiorem reddant: hoc enim
+efficiunt tria Ossicula, cum Musculo, ~&c.~_ _Willis_’s de Anim. Brut. c.
+14.
+
+For this Opinion of Dr. _Willis_, Dr. _Schelhammer_ is very severe upon
+him, deriding the Refractions he speaks of; and therefore seriously
+proves that they are the Humours, not Tunicks of the Eye, that refract
+the Rays of Light; and then jeeringly demandeth, Whether the sonorous
+Rays are refracted by passing through a different Medium? Whether the
+Convexity or Concavity of the Drum collects those Rays into a focal
+Point, or scatters them? _&c._ And then saith, _Ob has rationes à
+clariss. Viri, ac de re Medicâ præclarè meriti, sententiâ non possumus
+non esse alieniores; in quo uti ingenium admiror, quoties medicamentorum
+vires, aut morborum causas explicat, sic ubi forum suum egressus,
+Philosophum agit, ac vel Partium usum, vel Chymicarum rerum naturam
+scrutetur, ejus haud semel non modò judicium desidero, verùm aliquando
+etiam fidem._ This is so severe and unjust a Censure of our truly
+famous Countryman, (a Man of known Probity) that might deserve a better
+Answer; but I have only Time to say, that although Dr. _Schelhammer_
+hath out-done all that wrote before him, in his Book _de Auditu_, and
+shewed himself a Man of Learning and Industry; yet as our Countryman
+wrote more than he, (though perhaps not free from Errors too) so he hath
+manifested himself to have been as curious and sagacious an Anatomist,
+as great a Philosopher, and as learned and skilful a Physician, as any
+of his Censurers, and his Reputation for Veracity and Integrity, was no
+less than any of theirs too. But after all this terrible Clamour, Dr.
+_Schelhammer_ prejudicately mistaketh Dr. _Willis_’s Meaning, to say no
+worse. For by _utræque Membranæ refringunt_, Dr. _Willis_ plainly enough,
+I think, means no more than a Restriction of the Ingress of too many
+Rays; as his following explicatory Words manifest, _viz. refringunt, &
+quasi emolliunt, easque Sensorio non nisi proportionatas tradunt_. But
+indeed Dr. _Schelhammer_ hath shewn himself a too rigid Censor, by making
+Dr. _Willis_ say, the _Ear-Drum_ hath such like Braces as the _War-Drum_,
+viz. _Quod porrò de machinis seu tæniis Tympani bellici adducit, dicitque
+idem in Tympano auditorio conspici, id prorsus falsissimum est._ I wonder
+Dr. _Schelhammer_ did not also charge Dr. _Willis_ with making it a
+Porter, since he saith in the same Paragraph, _Janitoris officio, ~&c.~_
+But Dr. _Willis_’s Meaning is plain enough, that the little Bones and
+Muscles of the _Ear-Drum_ do the same Office in straining and relaxing
+it, as the Braces of the _War-Drum_ do in that. And considering how
+curious and solemn an Apparatus there is of Bones, Muscles, and Joynts,
+all adapted to a ready Motion; I am clearly of Dr. _Willis_’s Opinion,
+that one great Use of the _Ear-Drum_ is for the proportioning Sounds, and
+that by its Extension and Retraction, it corresponds to all Sounds, loud
+or languid, as the Pupil of the Eye doth to several Degrees of Light: And
+that they are no other than secondary uses assigned by Dr. _Schelhammer_,
+as the principal or sole Uses of keeping out the external colder Air,
+Dust, and other Annoyances; but especially that, _ob solius aerís interni
+potissimùm irrumpentis vim, hunc motum Tympani ac Mallei esse conditum,
+ut cedere primùm, deinde sibi restitui queat_; as his Words are, _P.
+ult._ c. 6. §. 13.
+
+It was no improbable thought of _Rohault, nos attentos præbere, nil aliud
+est, nisi ~Tympanum~, ubi ita opus est facto, contendere aut laxare, &
+operam dare ut illud in eâ positione intentum stet, in quâ tremulum aeris
+externi motum commodissimè excipere possit._ Roh. Phys. p. 1. c. 26. §.
+48.
+
+The Hearing of deaf Persons more easily by Means of loud Noises, is
+another Argument of the Use of the Straining or Relaxation of the
+_Tympanum_ in Hearing. Thus Dr. _Willis_ (ubi supra) _Accepi olim à viro
+fide digno, se mulierem novisse, quæ licèt surda fuerit, quousque tamen
+intra conclave Tympanum pulsaretur, verba quævis clarè audiebat: quare
+Maritus ejus Tympanistam pro servo domestico conducebat, ut illius ope,
+colloquia interdum cum Uxore suâ haberet. Etiam de alio Surdastro mihi
+narratum est, qui prope Campanile degens, quoties unà plures Campanæ
+resonarent, vocem, quamvis facilè audire, & non aliàs, potuit._
+
+_Abscisso Musculo ~[Processus majoris Mallei]~ in recenti aure, relaxatur
+~[Tympani Membrana]~._ _Valsalv. de Aur. Hum._ c. 2. §. 5.
+
+Upon considering the great Difference in Authors Opinions, about the
+Use of the Parts, and Manner how Hearing is performed, as also what a
+curious Provision there is made in the Ear, by the four little Bones, the
+Muscles, Membrane, _&c._ I was minded (since I penned this Note) to make
+enquiry my self into this Part, and not to rely upon Authority. And after
+a diligent search of various Subjects, I find we may give as rational and
+easie an Account of Hearing, as of Seeing, or any other Sense; as I have
+shewn in my last cited _Note (d) Book VII. Chap. 2._ with relation to
+Birds. And as to Man and Beasts, the Case is the same, but the Apparatus
+more complex and magnificent. For whereas in Birds, the _auditory Nerve_
+is affected by the Impressions made on the _Membrane_, by only the
+Intermediacy of the _Collumella_; in Man, it is done by the Intervention
+of the four little Bones, with the Muscles acting upon them; his Hearing
+being to be adjusted to all kinds of Sounds, or Impressions made upon
+the _Membrana Tympani_. Which Impressions are imparted to the _auditory
+Nerve_, in this Manner, _viz._ First they act upon the _Membrane_ and
+_Malleus_, the _Malleus_ upon the _Incus_, and the _Incus_ upon the _Os
+Orbiculare_ and _Stapes_; and the _Stapes_ upon the _auditory Nerve_:
+For the Base of the _Stapes_ (the same as the _Operculum_ in Birds) not
+only covers the _Fenestra Ovalis_, within which the _auditory Nerve_
+lieth, but hath a Part of the _auditory Nerve_ spread upon it too. It
+is manifest that this is the true Process of Hearing; because, if the
+_Membrane_ be mov’d, you may see all the Bones move at the same Time, and
+work the Base of the _Stapes_ up and down in the _Fenestra Ovalis_, as I
+shewed in this Chapter, _Note (d)_ concerning the _Mole_; and as it may
+be seen in other Ears carefully opened, if the Parts remain _in situ_.
+
+[w] I do not confine the _Labyrinth_ to the _Canales Semicirculares_,
+or any other Part, as the elder Anatomists seem to have done, who by
+their erroneous and blind Descriptions seem not well to have understood
+there Parts; but with those much more curious and accurate Anatomists,
+_Monsieur de Vernay_, and Dr. _Valsalva_; under the _Labyrinth_, I
+comprehend the _Canales Semicirculares_, and the _Cochlea_, together with
+the intermediate Cavity, called by them the _Vestibulum_.
+
+[x] In the _semicircular Canals_, two Things deserve to be noted. 1.
+That the three Canals are of three different Sizes, _Major_, _Minor_,
+and _Minimus_. 2. Although in different Subjects, they are frequently
+different; yet in the same Subject they are constantly the same. The
+Reason of all which, together with their Uses, _Valsalva_ ingeniously
+thinks is, that as a Part of the tender _auditory Nerve_ is lodged in
+these Canals, so they are of three Sizes, the better to suit all the
+Variety of Tones; some of the Canals suiting some, and others, other
+Tones. And although there be some Difference as to the Length and Size of
+these Canals, in different Persons; yet, lest there should be any discord
+in the auditory Organs of one and the same Man, those Canals are always
+in exact Conformity to one another in one and the same Man. _V._ _Valsal._
+_ubi supr._ c. 3. §. 7. and c. 6. §. 4. 9.
+
+[y] _Hic posterior Nervus extra cranium delatus, in tres ramos dividitur,
+qui omnes motibus patheticis——inserviunt. Primus——musculis Auris
+impenditur. Proculdubio hujus actione efficitur, ut animalia quævis, à
+subito soni impulsu, aurs, quasi sonum nimis citò transeuntem captaturas
+erigant. Ramus alter——versus utrumque oculi angulum surculos emittit: qui
+musculis palpebrarum attollentibus inseruntur; quorum certè munus est ad
+subitum soni appulsum oculos confestim aperire, eosque velut ad Excubias
+vocare.——Tertius——ramus versus Linguæ radicem descendens, musculis ejus &
+ossis Hyoeideos distribuitur, adeóque organa quædam vocis edendæ actuat,
+~&c.~_ _Willis_’s Cereb. Anat. c. 17.
+
+[z] _Hujusmodi Nervorum conformatio in Homine usum alium insigniorem
+præstas, nempe ut Vox, ~&c.~_ _Willis Ibid._
+
+[aa] Among the Uses to which the Wit of Man hath employ’d Sounds, we
+may reckon the Instruments useful in convocating Assemblies, managing
+Armies, and many other Occasions, wherein Bells, Trumpets, Drums, Horns,
+and other sounding Instruments are used; the Particularities of which
+it would be tedious to recount: As that the biggest _Bell_ in _Europe_
+is reckoned to be at _Erfurt_ in _Germany_, which they say may be heard
+twenty four Miles; with much more to the same Purpose. I shall therefore
+only for a Sample take notice of the _Speaking-Trumpet_; the Invention
+of which is commonly ascribed to our eminent Sir _Samuel Morland_; but
+was more probably _Ath. Kircher_’s; at least he had contrived such an
+Instrument, before Sir _Samuel_ hit upon his. _Kircher_ in his _Phonurg._
+saith, the _Tromba_ published last Year in _England_, he had invented
+twenty four Years before, and published in his _Misurgia_; that _Jac.
+Albanus Ghibbesius_, and _Fr. Eschinardus_ ascribe it to him; and that
+_G. Schottus_ testifieth he had such an Instrument in his Chamber in the
+_Roman College_, with which he could call to, and receive Answers from
+the Porter. And considering how famed _Alexander_ the _Great_’s Tube was,
+which is said might be heard 100 _Stadia_, it is somewhat strange that
+no Body sooner hit upon the Invention. Of this _Stentorophonick Horn_
+of _Alexander_, there is a Figure preserved in the _Vatican_, which for
+Curiosity sake, I have from _Kircher_ represented in _Fig. 3._ He saith
+its Diameter was five Cubits, and that it was suspended on a Supporter.
+
+For the Make of the _Speaking-Trumpet_, and the Reason why it magnifies
+Sounds, I shall refer to _Kircher_; especially to Sir _Samuel Morland_’s
+_Tuba Stentorophonica_, Published in 1672.
+
+[bb] That the Air is the Subject, or _Medium_ of Sound, is manifest
+from the Experiments in rarefied and condensed Air. In an unexhausted
+Receiver, a small Bell may be heard at the Distance of some Paces; but
+when exhausted, it can scarce be heard at the nearest Distance: And if
+the Air be compressed, the Sound will be louder, proportionably to the
+Compression or Quantity of Air crouded in, as I have often tried my self,
+and may be seen in Mr. _Hawksbee_’s curious Experiments, p. 97. Also his
+Experiments in _Phil. Trans._ Nᵒ. 321.
+
+_Kircher_ saith, he took one of these Trumpets of fifteen Palms length,
+along with him to the _Mons Eustachianus_, where he convocated 2200
+Persons to Prayers, by means of the unusual Sound, at two, three, four,
+and five _Italian_ Miles Distance.
+
+With these _Bellowing Trumpets_, I shall join some _Bellowing-Caves_
+for the Reader’s Diversion. _Ol. Magnus_ describes a Cave in _Finland_,
+near _Viburg_, called _Smellen_, into which, if a Dog, or other Living
+Creature be cast, it sends forth so dreadful a Sound, that knocks
+down every one near it. For which Reason they have guarded the Cave
+with high Walls, to prevent the Mischiefs of its Noise. _Vid._ _Ol.
+Magn. Histor._ l. 11. c. 4. Such another _Peter Martyr_ saith is in
+_Hispaniola_, which, with a small Weight cast into it, endangers Deafness
+at five Miles Distance. And in _Switzerland_, _Kircher_ saith, in the
+_Cucumer-Mountain_ is a Pit that sends out both a dreadful Noise and
+a great Wind therewith; and that there is a Well in his Country 3000
+Palms deep, whose Sound is equal to that of a great Gun. _Vid._ _Kirch.
+Phonurg._
+
+_Ol. Magnus_ speaking of the vast high Mountains of a Northern Province,
+call’d _Angermannia_ saith, _Ubi bases eorum in profundissimo gurgite
+stantes, casu aliquo, vel proposito Nautæ accesserint, tantum horrorem
+ex altâ fluctuum collisione percipiunt, ut nisi præcipiti remigio,
+aut valido vento evaserint, solo pavore ferè exanimes fiant, multoque
+dierum curriculo, ob capitis turbationem, pristinæ mentis, & sanitatis
+compotes vix evadant. Habent bases illorum montium in fluctuum ingressu &
+regressu tortuosas rimas, sive scissuras, satis stupendo naturæ opificio
+fabricatas, in quibus longâ varagine formidabilis ille Sonitus quasi
+subterraneum tonitru generatur._ Ol. Magn. l. 2. c. 4. See also _Chap.
+12._
+
+Neither doth this succeed only in forced Rarefactions and Condensations
+of the Air, but in such also as are natural; as is evident from _David
+Frœdlichius_ in _Varenius_, upon the highest Eminencies of _Carpathus_,
+near _Kesmarckt_ in _Hungary_. The Story of _Frœdlichius_ is this, _Ego
+Mense Junii 1615. tum adolescens, sublimitatem horum montium, cum duobus
+comitibus Scholaribus, experiri volens, ubi, cùm in primæ rupis vertice,
+magno labore, me summum terminum assecutum esse putarem, demum sese
+obtulit alia multo altior cautes, ubi pervasta eaque vacillantia saxa
+(quorum unum, si loco à viatore dimovetur——aliquot centena——rapit, &
+quidem tanto cum fragore, ut illi metuendum sit nè totus Mons corruat,
+eumque obruat) enixus essem, iterum alia sublimior prodiit, ~&c.~ donec
+summo vitæ periculo ad supremum cacumen penetraverim. Ex declivioribus
+montibus cùm in subjectas valles,——nil nisi obscuram noctem, aut cœruleum
+quid, instar profundi aeris, quod vulgò sudum cœlum appellatur, observare
+potui, mihique videbar, si de monte caderem, non in terram, sed recte in
+solum me prolapsurum. Nimiá enim declivitate, species visibiles extenuatæ
+& hebetatæ fuerunt. Cum verò altiorem montem peterem, quasi intra
+nebulas densissimas hærebam——Et cùm non procul à summo vertice essem de
+sublimi quiescens prospexi & animadverti iis in locis, ubi mihi antea
+videbar intra nebulas hæsisse, compactas atque albas sese movere nubes,
+supra quas, per aliquot milliaria, & ultra terminos Sepusi commodus
+mihi prospectus patuit. Alias tamen etiam nubes altiores, alias item
+humiliores, necnon quasdam æqualiter à terrâ distantes vidi. Atque hinc
+tria intellexi, 1. Me tum transivisse principium media Aeris regionis. 2.
+Distantiam nubium à terrâ, non esse æqualem.——3. Distantiam nubium——non
+72 Mill. Ger. ut quidam——sed tantum dimidiatum Mill. Ger. In summum
+montis verticem cùm pervenissem, adeò tranquillum & subtilem aërem ibi
+offendi, ut nè pili quidem motum sentirem, cùm tamen in depressioribus
+ventum vehementem expertus sim: unde collegi summum cacumen istius montis
+Carpathici ad Mill. Germ. à radicibus suis imis exsurgere, & ad supremam
+usque aëris regionem, ad quam Venti non ascendunt, pertingere. Explosi
+in eâ summitate Sclopetum: quod non majorem sonitum primò præ se tulit,
+quàm si ligillum vel bacillum confregissem; post intervallum autem
+temporis murmur prolixum invaluit, inferioresque montis partes, convalles
+& sylvas opplevit. Descendendo per nives annosas intra convalles, cùm
+iterum Sclopetum exonerarem, major & horribilior fragor, quàm ex tormento
+capacissimo inde exoriebatur: hinc verebar nè totus mons concussus
+mecum corrueret: duravitque hic sonus per semiquadrantem horæ usque dum
+abstrusissmas cavernas penetrâsset, ad quas aër undiq; multiplicatus
+resiliit.——In his celsis montibus, plerumq; ningit grandinatve mediâ
+astate, quoties nempe in subjectâ & vicinâ planitie pluit, utì hoc ipsum
+expertus sum. Nives diversorum annorum ex colore & cortice duriore
+dignosci possunt._ Varen. Georg. Gen. l. 1. c. 19. Prop. ult.
+
+The Story being diverting, and containing divers Things remarkable,
+I have chosen to note the whole of it (altho’ somewhat long) rather
+than single out the Passages only which relate to the diminishing the
+Sound of his Pistol, by the Rarity of the Air at that great Ascent into
+the Atmosphere; and the magnifying the Sound by the Polyphonisms or
+Repercussions of the Rocks, Caverns, and other Phonocamptick Objects
+below in the Mount.
+
+But ’tis not the Air alone that is capable of the Impressions of Sound,
+but the Water also, as is manifest by striking a Bell under Water, the
+Sound of which may plainly enough be heard, but it is much duller, and
+not so loud; and it is also a fourth deeper, by the Ear of some great
+Judges in Musical Notes, who gave me their Judgments in the matter. But
+_Mersenne_ saith, a Sound made under Water, is of the same Tone or Note,
+if heard under Water; as are also Sounds made in the Air, when heard
+under Water. _Vid._ _Mersen. Hydraul._
+
+Having mentioned the hearing of Sounds under Water, there is another
+Curiosity worth mentioning, that also farther proves Water to be
+susceptible of the Impressions of Sound, _viz._ _Divers_ at the bottom
+of the Sea, can hear the Noises made above, only confusedly. But, on
+the contrary, those above cannot hear the Divers below. Of which an
+Experiment was made, that had like to have been fatal: One of the Divers
+blew an Horn in his Diving-Bell, at the bottom of the Sea; the Sound
+whereof (in that compressed Air) was so very loud and irksome, that
+stunned the Diver, and made him so giddy, that he had like to have dropt
+out of his Bell, and to have been drowned. _Vid._ _Sturmii Colleg. Cur.
+Vol. 2. Tentam. 1._
+
+[cc] As to the Distance to which Sound may be sent, having some doubt,
+whether there was any Difference between the Northern and Southern Parts,
+by the Favour of my learned and illustrious Friend Sir _Henry Newton_,
+her Majesty’s late Envoy at _Florence_: I procured some Experiments to be
+made for me in _Italy_. His most Serene Highness the _Great Duke_, was
+pleased to order great Guns to be fir’d for this purpose at _Florence_,
+and Persons were appointed on purpose to observe them at _Leghorne_,
+which they compute is no less than 55 Miles in a strait Line. But
+notwithstanding the Country between being somewhat hilly and woody, and
+the Wind also was not favouring, only very calm and still, yet the Sound
+was plainly enough heard. And they tell me, that the _Leghorne_ Guns are
+often heard 66 Miles off, at _Porto Ferraio_; that when the _French_
+bombarded _Genoa_, they heard it near _Leghorne_, 90 Miles distant: and
+in the _Messina Insurrection_, the Guns were heard from thence as far
+as _Augusta_ and _Syracuse_, about 100 _Italian_ Miles. These Distances
+being so considerable, give me Reason to suspect, that Sounds fly as
+far, or nearly as far in the Southern, as in the Northern Parts of the
+World, notwithstanding we have a few Instances of Sounds reaching farther
+Distances. As Dr. _Hearn_ tells us of Guns fired at _Stockholm_ in 1685,
+that were heard 180 _English_ Miles. And in the _Dutch_ War, 1672, the
+Guns were heard above 200 Miles. _Vid._ _Phil. Trans._ Nᵒ. 113. Also
+there is this farther Reason of Suspicion, that the _Mercury_ in the
+_Barometer_ riseth higher without than within the Tropicks, and the more
+Northerly, still the higher, which may encrease the Strength of Sounds,
+by _Note (bb)._
+
+[dd] As to the Velocity of Sounds, by Reason the most celebrated Authors
+differ about it, I made divers nice Experiments my self, with good
+Instruments; by which I found, 1. That there is some, although a small
+Difference in the Velocity of Sounds, with or against the Wind: which
+also is, 2. Augmented or diminished by the Strength or Weakness of
+the Wind. But that nothing else doth accelerate or retard it, not the
+Differences of Day or Night, Heat or Cold, Summer or Winter, Cloudy or
+Clear, Barometer high or low, _&c._ 3. That all kinds of Sounds have the
+same Motion, whether they be loud or languid, of Bells, Guns, great or
+small, or any other sonorous Body. 4. That they fly equal Spaces in equal
+Times. Fifthly and Lastly, That the Mean of their Flight is at the Rate
+of a Mile in 9¼ half Seconds, or 1142 Feet in one Second of Time. _Vid._
+_Phil. Trans. Ibid._
+
+[ee] _Timothy_ a Musician could excite _Alexander the Great_ to Arms with
+the _Phrygian_ Sound, and allay his Fury with another Tone, and excite
+him to Merriment. So _Ericus_ King of _Denmark_, by a certain Musician,
+could be driven to such a Fury, as to kill some of his best and most
+trusty Servants. More of this Power of Musick over the Affections, may
+be seen in _Ath. Kirch. Phonurg. L. 2. §. 1._ Also in _Is. Vossius de
+Poematum cantu, & Rythmi viribus_.
+
+And not only upon the Affections, but also on the Parts of the Body.
+Musick is able to exert its Force, as appears from the _Gascoigne_
+Knight, _Cui Phormingis sono audito Vesica statim ad Urinam reddendam
+vellicabatur_. Such another we have in Aᵒ. 1. _Ephem. Nat. Curios.
+Observ. 134_. Also _Morhoff de Scyph. vitr. per cert. human. vocis
+sonum fracto_: where there is not only the Account of the _Dutchman_ at
+_Amsterdam_, one _Nich. Peter_, that brake Romer-Glasses with the Sound
+of his Voice; but also divers other Instances of the Powers and Effects
+of Sound. But to the Story of the _Gascoigne_ Knight, Mr. _Boyl_, from
+_Scaliger_, adds a pleasant Passage, That one he had disobliged, to be
+even with him, caused at a Feast, a Bag-pipe to be played, when he was
+hemmed in with the Company; which made the Knight bepiss himself, to the
+great Diversion of the Company, as well as Confusion of himself. _Boyl_’s
+_Essay of the Effect of Lang. Motion._ In the same Book are other Matters
+that may be noted here. One whose Arm was cut off, was exceedingly
+tormented with the discharge of the great Guns at Sea, although he was
+at a great Distance on Land. And a great Ship-Commander observed his
+wounded Men, with broken Limbs, suffered in like manner at the Enemies
+Discharges. An ingenious Domestick of his own would have his Gums bleed
+at the tearing of Brown-Paper. And an ingenious Gentleman of Mr. _Boyl_’s
+Acquaintance confessed to him, that he was inclined to the _Knight of
+Gascoigne_’s Distemper, upon hearing the Noise of a Tap running. The
+dancing to certain Tunes, of Persons bit with the _Tarantula_, he was
+assured of by an ingenious Acquaintance at _Tarentum_, who saw several,
+among the rest a Physician, affected with that Distemper. And many other
+Accounts of this kind, seemingly credible, are related in _Morhoff_,
+_Kircher_, and many others; although Dr. _Cornelio_ questions the Matters
+of Fact relating to the cure of the _Tarantula_-bite, in _Phil. Trans._
+Nᵒ. 83. Mr. _Boyl_ also saith, a sober Musician told him, he could make
+a certain Woman weep, by playing one Tune, which others would be little
+affected at. And he saith, that he himself had a kind of shivering at the
+repeating two Verses in _Lucan_. And I add, that I very well know one
+to have a sort of chill about his _Præcordia_ and Head, upon reading or
+hearing the 53ᵈ Chapter of _Isaiah_; as also _David_’s Lamentations for
+_Saul_ and _Jonathan_, 1 Sam. i.
+
+Neither are our own Minds and Bodies only affected with Sounds, but
+inanimate Bodies are so also. Of which many Stories may be met with in
+_Kircher_, particularly a large Stone that would tremble at the Sound
+of one particular Organ-Pipe; in _Morhoff_ also, who among many other
+Relations hath this, _Memini cùm ipsi [clarif. Willisio] de experimento
+Vitri per vocem fracti narrarem, ex eo audivisse, quod in adibus Musicis
+sibi vicinis aliquoties collapsum pavimentum fuerit; quod ipse sonis
+continuis adscribere non dubitavit._ Morhoff. cap. 12. _Mersenne_ also,
+among many Relations in his _Harmon._ and other Books, tells a far
+more probable Story, of a particular Part of a Pavement, that would
+shake, as if the Earth would open, when the Organs played, than what he
+relates about _Antipathy_, in his _Quæst. Comment. in Genes._ viz. That
+the Sound of a Drum made of a Wolf’s Skin, will break another made of
+Sheep’s Skin: That Hens will fly at the Sound of an Harp strung with
+Fox-Gut-Strings, and more to the same purpose. Mr. _Boyl_ also, in his
+last cited Book tells us, Seats will tremble at the Sound of Organs; and
+that he hath felt his Hat do so too under his hand, at certain Notes both
+of Organs, and in Discourse, that he tried an Arch that would answer to
+C fa-ut, and had done so an 100 Years; and that an experienced Builder
+told him any well-built Vault will answer some determinate Note. And at
+_Eastbury-House_ near _Barking_, I my self discovered the Porch, (having
+firm Brick-Walls,) not only to sound when struck on the Bottom, but also
+to give almost as loud a Sound, when I sounded the same Note with my
+Voice.
+
+[ff] _Willis_, ubi supra.
+
+[gg] _Ille Deus est——qui non calamo tantùm cantare, & agreste, atque
+inconditum carmen ad aliquam tantùm oblectationem modulari docuit, sed
+tot artes, tot vocum varietates, tot sonos, alios spiritu nostro, alios
+externo cantu edituros commentus est._ Senec. de Benef. l. 4. cap. 6.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. IV.
+
+_Of the Sense of Smelling._
+
+
+This Sense I shall dispatch in less Compass than the two last, because
+its Apparatus (although sufficiently grand and admirable, yet) is not
+so multiplicious as of the Eye and Ear; it being sufficient in this
+Sense, that the odoriferous Effluvia of Bodies[a] can have an easy, free
+Passage to the olfactory Nerves, without the Formalities of Refractions,
+and other Preparations necessary to the Perfection of the two former
+Senses. Accordingly the all-wise Creator hath made sufficient Provision
+for the Reception of Smells, by the Apertures of the Nostrils[b]; made
+not of Flesh, or Bone, but cartilaginous, the better to be kept open,
+and withal, to be dilated or contracted, as there is occasion: For which
+Service it hath several proper and curious Muscles[c].
+
+And forasmuch as it is by Breathing[d], that the odorant Particles are
+drawn in, and convey’d to the Sensory; therefore there is a very wise
+Provision made in the _Laminæ_, with which the upper Part of the Nose is
+barricaded, which serve to two excellent Uses: Partly, to fence out any
+noxious Substances from entering the breathing Passages in our Sleep,
+or when we cannot be aware[e]; and partly, to receive the Divarications
+of the _olfactory Nerves_, which are here thick spread, and which do by
+these Means meet the Smells entring with the Breath, and striking upon
+them.
+
+And accordingly, the more accurate this Sense is in any Animal, the
+longer we may observe those _Laminæ_ are; and more of them in number
+folded up, and crouded together, to contain the more nervous Filaments,
+and to detain and fetter the odoriferous Particles in their Windings and
+Turnings.
+
+And an admirable Provision this is, which the great Creator hath made
+for the good of brute Creatures[f]; the chief Acts of many of whose
+Lives, are perform’d by the Ministry of this Sense. In insects, and many
+other Creatures, it is of great Use in the Propagation of their Kind;
+as particularly in helping them to safe and convenient Places for the
+Incubation of their Eggs, and breeding up their Young. Others are by the
+Accuracy of this Sense, of Use to Mankind, which would be otherwise of
+little or no Use[g]. And most of the irrational Animals, Birds, Beasts,
+and creeping Things, do, by their Smell, find out their Food; some at
+great Distances, and some at Hand. With what Sagacity do some discover
+their Food in the Midst of Mud and Dirt[h]? With what Curiosity do the
+herbaceous Kind pick and chuse such Plants as afford them wholsome Food,
+or sometimes such as are Medicinal[i], and refute such as would hurt and
+destroy them? And all by the Help principally, if not only, of the Smell,
+assisted by its near Ally the Taste. Of which I shall in the next Place
+speak very briefly.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] Piece of _Ambergrease_ suspended in a Pair of Scales, that would turn
+with a very small Part of a Grain, lost nothing of its Weight in 3½ Days;
+neither did _Assa fœtida_ in 5½ Days; but an Ounce of _Nutmegs_ lost 5½
+Grains in 6 Days; and _Cloves_ 7⅘ Grains. _Boyl’s Subtil. of Effluv._ c.
+5.
+
+[b] _Nares, eò quòd omnis Odor ad superiora fertur, rectè sursum sunt:
+Et quòd Cibi & Potionis judicium magnum earum est, non sine causâ
+vicinitatem Oris secutæ sunt._ Cicero de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 56.
+
+[c] Had not the Contriver of Animal Bodies been minded that his Work
+should have all the Signatures of Accuracy, this Sense might have been
+performed with a bare Aperture of the Nose; but that nothing might
+go imperfect out of his Hand, he hath made a part of the Nose easily
+moveable, and given a Set of Muscles to lift up, and open and shut the
+Nostrils; and so adjust it to every Occasion of this Sense.
+
+[d] _Odorem non aliud, quàm infectum Aera, intelligi posse._ Plin. Nat.
+Hist. l. 9. c. 7.
+
+[e] For a further Guard against the Ingress of noxious Things, the
+_Vibrissi_, or Hairs placed at the Entrance of the Nostrils serve, which,
+in some measure, stop the Entrance of Things improper, or however give
+Warning of them, but at the same Time allow an easy Passage to the Breath
+and Odours.
+
+[f] _Multò præclarius emicat [Olfactus] in brutis animalibus, quàm in
+homine: ista namque hoc solo indice, herbarum, aliorumque corporum priùs
+ignotorum virtutes certissimè dignoscunt, quin & victum suum absentem,
+vel in abstruso positum, Odoratu venantur, ac facillimè investigant. Quòd
+autem minùs sagaces sunt hominum nares, illud non facultatis hujus abusui
+(prout nonnulli volunt) ascribi debet, verùm in causâ est ipsius Organi
+defectus: hoc enim circa victûs humani criteria (ubi ratio, & intellectus
+adsunt) non ita accuratum requiritur: Proptereà enim inferiores potentiæ
+in homine, à naturâ minùs perfectæ existunt, ut superiorum cultui &
+exercitio relinqueretur locus._ Willis de Anim. Brut. _cap. 13._
+
+[g] Thus the chief Use of Hounds is to hunt; and other Dogs, to be a
+Watch and Guard to our Houses by Night. For which Services (particularly
+in Hounds) their _Olfactory Nerves_ are not only remarkably large, (like
+as they are in other Brutes,) but their Branches and Filaments are, in
+the _Laminæ_ of the Nostrils, both more and larger than I have seen in
+any other Creature whatsoever. Also there are more Convulsions of the
+_Laminæ_ than I ever remember to have found in any other Animal.
+
+The Sagacity of Hounds is prodigious, of which see an Instance in _Book
+IV. Chap. 11. Note (hhh)._
+
+[h] See _Book VII. Chap. 2. Note (e)._
+
+[i] _Vid._ _Plin. Hist. Nat._ l. 8. cap. 27. _Quæ animalia quas herbas
+ostenderunt._
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. V.
+
+_Of the Taste[a]._
+
+
+In this, as in the last Sense, we have an _Apparatus_ abundantly
+sufficient to the Sense; Nerves curiously divaricated about the
+Tongue[b], and Mouth, to receive the Impressions of every Gusto; and
+these Nerves guarded with a firm and proper Tegument to defend them from
+Harms; but withal, so perforated in the papillary Eminences, as to give a
+free Admission to Tastes.
+
+But I shall say no more of this Sense; only a Word or two of its Consent
+with the Smell, and the Situation of them both: Their Situation is
+in the most convenient Place imaginable, for the Discharge of their
+Offices; at the first Entrance[c], in the Way to the grand Receptacle
+of our Food and Nourishment; to survey what is to be admitted therein;
+to judge between what is wholsome, and fit for Nourishment, and what is
+unsavoury and pernicious. And for this End, the all-wise Creator seems to
+have establish’d a great Consent between the Eye, the Nose, and Tongue,
+by ordering the Branches of the same Nerves[d], to each of those three
+Parts; as also indeed to divers other Parts of the Body, which I may have
+occasion to mention in a more proper Place[e]. By which Means, there is
+all the Guard that can be, against pernicious Food; forasmuch as before
+it is taken into the Stomach, it is to undergo the Trial of three of
+the Senses; the Scrutiny of the Eye, the strict Surveyor of its outward
+Appearance; and the Probation of the Smell and Taste, the two severest
+Judges of its natural Constitution and Composition.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] τὰ δὲ εἴδη τῶν χυλῶν, &c. _Saporum genera,——dulcis, pinguis,
+austerus, acerbus, acris, salsus, amarus, acidus._ Theophr. de Caus.
+Plant. l. 6. c. 1. What may the Cause of the difference of Tastes,
+he saith is hard to assign, πότερον γὰρ τοῖς πάθεσι, &c. _Utrum
+affectionibus Sensuum——an figuris, quibus singuli constant, ut Democritus
+censet._ id. ib. Δημόκριτος δὲ, &c. _Democritus——dulcem esse saporem qui
+rotundus: acerbum qui figurâ magnâ; asperum qui multis angulis, ~&c.~_
+id. ib. &c. But of the Diversities and Causes of Tastes, see Dr. _Grew_,
+_Lect._ 6. and Dr. _Willis de Anim. Brut._ c. 12.
+
+[b] _Intellectus Saporum est cæteris in primâ linguâ: Homini, & in
+palato._ Plin. l. 11. c. 37.
+
+The Opinions of Anatomists concerning the Organ of _Taste_, are various.
+_Bauhin_, _T. Bartholin_, _Bartholette_, _Vestinge_, _Deusinge_, &c.
+place it in the laxer, fleshy Parts of the Tongue. Our famous _Wharton_,
+in the Gland at the Root of the Tongue: _Laurentius_ in the thin Tunick
+covering the Tongue; but the Learned _Malpighi_ with great Probability
+concludes, because the outward Cover of the Tongue is perforated, under
+which lie papillary Parts, (of which Mr. _Cowper_, hath very good Cuts
+in his _Anat. Tab. 13._) that in these the Taste lieth. _Malpighi_’s
+Words are, _Quare cùm dictis meatibus insignibus occurrant papillaria
+corpora, probabilius est in his ultimo, ex subintranti sapido humore
+titillationem, & mordicationem quandam fieri, quæ Gustum efficiat._
+Malpig. Op. Tom. 2. De Linguâ, pag. 18.
+
+_Præcipuum ac ferè solum Gustatûs organon est Lingua; cui aliquatenus
+subobscure tamen Palatum, & superior Gulæ pars consentiunt: in omnibus
+verò fibræ nervosæ immediata sensionis instrumenta sunt. Quare observare
+est, Linguam præ aliâ quâvis parte insigniter fibrosam esse, etiam
+texturâ valdè porosâ constare, in eum nempe finem, ut particulæ rei
+sapidæ copiosiùs ac penitiùs intra Sensorii meatus admittantur——Nervi
+autem qui fibris Linguæ densissimè intertextis famulantur, ac saporum
+impressiones τῷ πρώτῳ αἰσθητηρίῳ communicant, sunt——Nervi è paribus tum
+quinto, tum nono; & ubique cum densâ propaginum serie per totam ejus
+compagem distributi._ Willis ibid.
+
+[c] _Gustatus, qui sentire eorum quibus vescimur genera debet, habitat in
+eâ parte Oris, quâ esculentis & poculentis iter natura patefecit._ Cicer.
+de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 56. _Vid._ _quoque supr._ _Note (b), Chap. 4._
+
+[d] _Multa hujus ~[quinti paris]~ Nervi propagines Masticationis operi
+destinantur; ideoque quoniam alimenta ingerenda non modo Gustus, ast
+etiam Olfactûs & Visûs examen subire debent, ab eodem Nervo, cujus rami
+ad Palatum & Fauces missi, Manducationis negotium peragunt, propagines
+aliæ, velut exploratrites, ad Nares & Oculos feruntur, nempe ut isthæc
+aliorum sensuum organa, etiam ad objecta Gustûs melius dignoscenda
+probationum auxiliis quibusdam instruantur._ Willis Nerv. Descrip. &
+Usus. _cap. 22._
+
+[e] See _Book V. chap. 8._
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VI.
+
+_Of the Sense of Feeling[a]._
+
+
+Having spent so much Time upon the other Senses, and therein given such
+ample Proofs of the infinite Creator’s Wisdom; I shall but briefly take
+Notice of two Things relating to this last Sense.
+
+One is its Organ, the Nerves. For as all Sensation is performed by the
+Nerves[b], and indeed the other Senses (performed by Nerves) are a kind
+of Feeling; so is this Sense of _Feeling_ performed by Nerves likewise,
+spread in the most incomparable, curious Manner throughout the whole
+Body. But to describe their Origine in the Brain, and Spinal-Marrow,
+their Ramifications to all the Parts; their Inosculations with one
+another; and other Matters; whereby not only the Sense of _Feeling_ is
+perform’d, but also animal Motion, and an admirable Consent and Harmony
+of all the Parts of the Body is effected: (To describe, I say, these
+Things) would take up too much Time, and I have already, and shall, as I
+go along, give some Hints thereof.
+
+The other Thing I shall take Notice of, is, the Dispersion of this Sense
+throughout the Body, both without, and within. The other Senses, I have
+observ’d, are seated in the very best Place for the Relief and Comfort,
+the Guard and Benefit of the Animal. And forasmuch as it is necessary to
+the Being, and well-being of the Body, that every Part should be sensible
+of Things safe, or Things prejudicial to it self; therefore it is an
+admirable Contrivance of the great Creator, to disperse this Sense of
+_Feeling_ throughout every Part[c]; to distinguish between Pleasure and
+Pain; Things salutary, and Things hurtful to the Body.
+
+Thus in the five Senses of Animals, we have an Œconomy worthy of the
+Creator, and manifestly demonstrating his Power, Wisdom and Indulgence.
+For whether we consider the Mechanism of the Organs, or the great Use
+and Convenience of each Sense, we find it noble and grand, curious and
+artificial; and every way worthy of its infinite Maker, and beyond the
+Wit and Power of any Thing but a GOD: And therefore we must even deny our
+Senses, by denying them to be God’s handy-work.
+
+And now from those chief Machines of animal Performances and Enjoyments,
+the five Senses; let us pass to another Thing in common to all the
+Sensitive Creatures, which is Respiration.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] _Malpighi_ is of this Opinion, that as _Taste_ is performed by the
+_Papillæ_ in the Tongue, so is _Feeling_ by such like _Papillæ_ under
+the Skin. From several Dissections, and other Observations, he thus
+concludes, _Ex his & similibus videbatur animus abundè certior redditus,
+earundem Papillarum pyramidalium copiam, quas aliàs in Linguâ descripsi,
+in locis præcipuè acquisitiori Tactui dicatis reperiri, eodem progigni
+nervoso & cuticulari corpore, simulque circumvolvi reticulari involucro,
+& extimam cuticulam, veluti ultimum terminum attingere.——Microscopio
+quilibet in manûs dorso pro sudore orificia quædam miro ordine dispersa
+intueri potest, circa quæ frequentia quædam capitula assurgunt; hæc verò
+sunt Papillarum fines, dum à cute assurgentes interpositum superant rete,
+simulque extimam cuticulam. Hæc repetitis sectionibus deprehendi; ex
+quibus non improbabiliter deducam, sicuti ex elatioribus——papillis——in
+Linguâ, Gustûs Organon elicitur,——ita ex copiosâ harum Papillarum
+congerie——in organis, ubi maximè animalia Tactûs motione
+afficiuntur,——adæquatum Tactûs organum sufficientèr haberi._ Malpig. de
+extern. Tact. Org. _p. 26._ _Consul. quoque ejusd. Vit._ p. 28.
+
+These Observations of _Malpighi_, our late curious and diligent Mr.
+_Cowper_ hath confirmed, and given us very elegant Cuts both of the
+Skin, and the _Papillæ_, and the Nerves, Glands, _&c._ under it, from
+Microscopical Observations. _Vid._ _Cowper’s Anat._ Introd. and Tab. 4.
+
+[b] Although the Eye be the usual Judge of Colours, yet some have been
+able to distinguish them by their Feeling. _Quidam fuit qui venit ad M.
+Duc. ~Hetruriæ~ aulam qui colores per Tactum cognoscebat. Pro experimento
+velum sericum, uniformiter textum, & pluribus coloribus tinctum,
+offerebatur, & veracitèr de colore to singulis partibus judicabat._
+Grimald. de Lum. & Col. prop. 43. §. 59.
+
+[c] _Tactus autem toto corpore æquabilitèr fusus est, ut omnes ictus,
+omnesque nimios & frigoris, & caloris appulsus sentire possimus._ Cicer.
+_ubi supr._
+
+_Tactus sensus omnibus est, etiam quibus nullus alius; nam & Ostreis, &
+terrestribus Vermibus quoque. Existimaverim omnibus sensum & Gustatûs
+esse. Cur enim alios alia sapores appetunt? in quo vel præcipua Naturæ
+architectio._ Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 10. c. 71.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VII.
+
+_Of Respiration._
+
+
+Of all the Acts of Animal Life, this is one of the chief, and most
+necessary. For whatsoever hath Animal Life, hath also the Faculty of
+Respiration, or somewhat equivalent thereto[a]. Indeed so congenial
+is this with Life, that _Breath_ and _Life_ are in Scripture Phrase
+and Common Speech taken as synonymous Things, or at least necessary
+Concomitants of one another. _Moses_[b] expresseth animal Life, by [_The
+Breath of Life_]. Saith he, _Gen._ vii. 21, 22. _All Flesh that moved on
+the Earth, Fowl, Cattle, Beast, creeping Things, and Man; all in whose
+Nostrils was the Breath of Life in the dry Land died._ So the Psalmist,
+_Psal._ civ. 29. _Thou takest away their Breath, they die._ So grand an
+Act therefore in common to all Animals, may justly deserve a Place in
+this Survey of the Works of God in the animal Kingdom.
+
+And here I might launch out into an ample Description of all the Parts
+ministering to this necessary Act, and shew the curious Contrivance and
+artificial Structure of them; but a transient View shall suffice. I
+might begin with the outward Guards, the Nose and Mouth; but these have
+been already touched upon. But the exquisite Mechanism of the _Larynx_,
+its Variety of Muscles, its Cartilages, all so exquisitely made for the
+Purpose of Respiration, and forming the Voice[c], are very admirable:
+And no less so is the Tongue[d], which ministers to that, and many other
+Uses too.
+
+Next, the Fabrick of the[e] _Trachea_ deserves especial Remark. Its
+Valve, the _Epiglottis_ on the Top, to fence against all Annoyances;
+its cartilaginous Rings[f] nearly environing it, with its membranous
+Part next the Gullet, to give the freer Passage to the Descent of the
+Food. And Lastly, Its inner Tegument of exquisite Sense to be readily
+affected with, and to make Efforts against every Thing that is hurtful or
+offensive; these, I say, do all justly deserve our Admiration.
+
+And no less prodigious are the Parts farther within; the _Bronchi_, the
+_Vesiculæ_[g], with their muscular Fibres[h], as some assert they have,
+together with the Arteries and Veins, which every where accompany the
+airy Passages, for the Blood to receive there its Impregnations from the
+Air.
+
+From hence I might proceed to the commodious Form of the Ribs[i], the
+curious Mechanism of the Intercostal-Muscles[k], the Diaphragm, and all
+the other Muscles[l] ministring both to the ordinary, and extraordinary
+Offices of Respiration. But passing them by, I shall stop at one
+prodigious Work of Nature, and manifest Contrivance of the Almighty
+Creator, which although taken notice of by others[m], yet cannot be
+easily passed by in the Subject I am upon; and that is the Circulation
+of the Blood in the _Fœtus in the Womb_, so different from the Method
+thereof after it is Born. In the Womb, whilst it is as one Body with the
+Mother, and there is no Occasion, nor Place for Respiration, there are
+two Passages[n] on purpose for the Transmission of the Blood without
+passing it through the Lungs. But as soon as the _Fœtus_ is Born, and
+become thereby a perfectly distinct Being, and breathes for it self, then
+these two Passages are shut up: one nearly obliterated, the other becomes
+only a Ligament, except in some Creatures that are Amphibious, or are
+forced to lie long under Water, in whom these Passages probably remain
+open[o].
+
+And now what Action of any rational Creature, what is there in a Man’s
+Life, that doth more plainly shew Design, Reason, and Contrivance, than
+this very Act of Nature doth the Contrivance and Design of the great GOD
+of Nature? What is Thought and Contrivance, if this be not? Namely, That
+there should be a temporary Part in the Body, made just for the present
+Exigence; to continue whilst there is occasion for it, and to cease when
+there is none; in some Creatures to remain always, by Reason of their
+amphibious Way of Living, and in Land-animals (purely such) to cease?
+
+Another excellent Contrivance, a-kin to the last, is, for the
+Preservation of such Creatures whose occasions frequently necessitate
+them to live without, or with but little Respiration: Fishes might
+be named here, whose Habitation is always in the Waters; but these
+belong to an Element which I cannot at present engage in. But there
+are many Animals of our own Element, or partly so, whose Organs of
+Respiration, whose Blood, whose Heart, and other Instruments of Life, are
+admirably accommodated to their Method of Living: Thus many amphibious
+Creatures[p], who live in Water as well as Air; many quadrupeds, Birds,
+Insects, and other Animals, who can live some Hours, Days, yea, whole
+Winters, with little or no Respiration, in a Torpitude, or sort of Sleep,
+or middle State between Life and Death: The Provision made for these
+peculiar Occasions of Life, in the Fabrick of the Lungs, the Heart, and
+other Parts of such Creatures[q], is manifestly the Work of him, who as
+St. _Paul_ saith[r], _giveth to all Breath, and Life, and all Things_.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] The Uses assign’d to _Respiration_ by all the Anatomists before
+_Malpighi_’s Discoveries of the Structure of the Lungs, are so various,
+and many of them so improbable, that it would be frivolous to recount
+them. But the more eminent modern Anatomists assign these Uses. _Willis_
+thus sums up his Opinion, _Præcipua Pulmonum functio, & usus sunt,
+sanguinem & aerem per totas partium compages, intimosque recessus, atq;
+ductus quosque minutissimos traducere, & ubique invicem committere; in
+cum nempe finem, ut sanguis venosus à circuitu redux, & chymo recenti
+dilutus,——tum perfectiùs misceatur & velut subigatur, tum potissimùm
+ut secundùm omnes suas partes ab aëre nitroso de novo accendatur._
+Pharmaceut. p. 2. S. 1. c. 2. §. 2. _Mayow_ saith rightly, that one grand
+Use of _Expiration_ is, _Ut cum aëre expulso, etiam vapores è sanguine
+exhalantes, simul exsufflentur._ And as for _Inspiration_, that it
+coveyeth a nitro-aerial ferment to the Blood, to which the Animal-Spirits
+are owing, and all Muscular-Motion. _Mayow de Respir._ p. 22. _&c._ _meâ
+Edit_.
+
+Somewhat of the Opinion of these two last cited, if I mistake not (it
+being long since I read their Tracts, and have them not now at hand,)
+were _Ent_, _Sylvius_, _Swammerdam_, _Diemerbroek_, and my Friend Mr.
+_Ray_ in an unpublished Tract of his, and in his Letters now in my Hands.
+
+But our Dr. _Thurston_, for good Reasons, rejects these from being
+principal Uses of Respiration, and thinks, with great Reason, the
+principal Uses to be to move, or pass the Blood from the right to
+the left Ventricle of the Heart. Upon which account Persons hanged,
+drowned, or strangled by Catarrhs, so suddenly die, namely, because
+the Circulation of their Blood is stopped. For the same Reason also it
+is, that Animals die so soon in the Air-Pump. Among other Proofs he
+instanceth in an Experiment of Dr. _Croon_, _Profess. Gresh._ which he
+made before our _R. S._ by strangling a Pullet, so that not the least
+Sign of Life appear’d; but by blowing Wind into the Lungs through the
+_Trachea_, and so setting the Lungs a playing, he brought the Bird to
+Life again. Another Experiment was once tried by Dr. _Walter Needham_,
+before Mr. _Boyl_, and others at _Oxford_, by hanging a Dog, so that
+the Heart ceased moving. But hastily opening the Dog, and blowing Wind
+into the _Ductus Pecquetianus_, he put the Blood in Motion, and by that
+means the Heart, and so recovered the Dog to Life again. _V._ _Thurston
+de Respir. Us._ p. 60, and 63. _meâ Edit_.
+
+Such an Experiment as Dr. _Croon_’s my Friend, the late justly renowned
+Dr. _Hook_ shewed also our _R. S._ He cut away the _Ribs_, _Diaphragm_,
+and _Pericardium_, of a Dog; also the top of the Wind-Pipe, that he might
+tie it on to the Nose of a Pair of Bellows; and by blowing into the
+Lungs, he restored the Dog to Life; and then ceasing blowing, the Dog
+would soon fall into dying Fits; but by blowing again, he recovered; and
+so alternately would die, and recover, for a considerable Time, as long,
+and often as they pleased. _Philos. Trans._ Nᵒ. 28.
+
+For the farther Confirmation of Dr. _Thurston_’s Opinion, the ingenious
+Dr. _Musgrave_ cut off, and close stopped up the Wind-Pipe of a Dog
+with a Cork, and then threw open the _Thorax_; where he found the Blood
+stagnating in the _Lungs_, the _Arteria Pulmonaris_ the _right Ventricle_
+and _Auricle_ of the _Heart_, and the two great Trunks of the _Cava_,
+distended with Blood to an immense Degree; but at the same Time, the
+_Vena Pulmonaris_, the _left Ventricle_ and _Auricle_ of the _Heart_ in
+a manner empty, hardly a spoonful of Blood therein. _Philos. Trans._ Nᵒ.
+240. Or both the Experiments may be together met with in _Lowth. Abridg.
+Vol. 3. p. 66, 67._
+
+This Opinion of our learned _Thurston_, the late learned _Etmullerus_
+espoused, who being particular in reckoning up the Uses of Respiration,
+I shall therefore the more largely cite him. Respiration, saith
+he, serves, _1. Ad Olfactum. 2. Ad Screatum & Sputationem. 3. Ad
+Oscitationem, Tussim, Sternutationem, Emunctionemque. 4. Ad liquidorum
+Sorbitionem, Suctionemve. 5. Ad Loquelam, Cantum, Clamorem, Risum,
+Fletum, Flatum, ~&c.~ 6. Ad facum Alvi, Urinæ, Fœtûs Molæve, necnon
+Secundinarum expulsionem. 7. Ad promovendi Ventriculi, Intestinorum,
+Lacteorumque vasorum, ~&c.~ contenta. 8. Ad halitus aqueos Sanguinis è
+pulmonibus, aëris ope, exportandos. 9. Ad Diapnoën. 10. Ad exactiorem
+Chyli, Lymphaque, necnon Sanguinis——miscelam. 11. Ad conciliandum
+sanguini——coccineam rubedinem, ~&c.~ 12. Nec merosè negabimus,
+aërem——pulmones, & sanguinem illos transcurrentem, minùs calida reddere,
+~&c.~ 13. Quod denique aër sanguini singulis Respirationibus aliquantillâ
+sui parte, admixtus, paucissimas quasdam in spiritum animalium
+elaboratione particulas simul contribuat._ All these Uses, although of
+great Consequence, yet he thinks rather conduce to the _Well-Being_, than
+the Being of the Animal; because without any of them, the Animal would
+not so speedily die, as it doth by Strangling, or in the Air-Pump. He
+therefore assigns a 14ᵗʰ, and the principal Use of Respiration to be,
+_For the passing of the Blood through the Lungs, that is thrown into them
+by the Heart._ Etmull. Dissert. 2. c. 10. §. 1. & 16.
+
+But the late Dr. _Drake_, with great Ingenuity and Address, (like a
+Person so considerable for his Years, as he was in his Time,) not only
+establish’d this Notion of Respiration, but also carries it farther,
+making it the true Cause of the _Diastole_ of the Heart; which neither
+_Borelli_, _Lower_, or _Cowper_, much less any before those great Men,
+have well accounted for. That the Heart is a Muscle, is made evident
+beyond all doubt by Dr. _Lower_. And that the Motion of all Muscles
+consists in Constriction, is not to be doubted also. By which means the
+_Systole_ is easily accounted for. But forasmuch as the Heart hath no
+_Antagonist-Muscle_, the _Diastole_ hath puzzled the greatest Wits. But
+Dr. _Drake_ with great Judgment, and much Probability of Reason, maketh
+the Weight of the Incumbent Atmosphere to be the true _Antagonist_
+to all the Muscles which serve both for ordinary Inspiration and the
+Constriction of the Heart. The Particulars of his Opinion may be seen in
+his _Anatomy_, l. 2. c. 7. And in _Philos. Trans. 281._
+
+And I remember when I was at the University, my most ingenious and
+learned Tutor Dr. _Wills_, when he read Anatomy to us, was of Opinion,
+that the Lungs were blown up by the Weight of the incumbent Air, and
+represented the manner of Respiration in this manner, _viz._ He put a
+Bladder into a Pair of Bellows, turning back the Neck of the Bladder,
+and tying it fast, so that no Air might enter in between the Bladder
+and Bellows. This being done, when the Bellows were opened, the Bladder
+would be blown up by the Weight of the incumbent Air; and when shut,
+the Air would be thereby pressed forcibly out of the Bladder, so as to
+blow the Fire. This Experiment I take Notice of here; because (besides
+the Illustration it gives to Respiration) that great _Genius_ seems to
+have had a truer Notion of this _Phænomenon_, than was very common then,
+_viz._ about the Year 1677 or 78; as also, because I have in some Authors
+met with the same Experiment, without mention of Dr. _Wills_, whose I
+take it to have been.
+
+Another Use of great Consideration, the already commended Dr. _Cheyne_
+assigns; namely, to form the elastick Globules of which the Blood
+principally consists, without which there would be a general Obstruction
+in all the capillary Arteries. _Cheyne_’s _Phil. Prin. of Nat. Rel._ or
+_Harris_’s _Lex. Tech. in Lungs._
+
+[b] _Gen._ ii. 7. vi. 17. _and_ vii. 15.
+
+[c] Because it would be endless to specify the curious Mechanism of all
+the Parts, concurring to the Formation of the Voice; I shall therefore
+for a Sample note only two Things, 1. There are thirteen Muscles provided
+for the Motion of the five Cartilages of the _Larynx_, _Gibs. Anat. l. 2.
+c. 14_, a Sign of the careful and elaborate Provision that is made for
+the Voice. 2. It is a prodigious Faculty of the _Glottis_, in contracting
+and dilating itself with such Exquisiteness, as to form all Notes. For
+(as the ingenious Dr. _Keil_ saith) _supposing the greatest Distance
+of the two Sides of the ~Glottis~, to be one tenth Part of an Inch in
+sounding 12 Notes, (to which the Voice easily reaches;) this Line must
+be divided into 12 Parts, each of which gives the Aperture requisite for
+such a Note, with a certain Strength. But if we consider the Sub-division
+of Notes, into which the Voice can run, the Motion of the Sides of the
+~Glottis~ is still vastly nicer. For if two Chords sounding exactly
+Unisons, one be shortened, ⅟₂₀₀₀ Part of its Length, a just Ear will
+perceive the Disagreement, and a good Voice will sound the Difference,
+which is ⅟₁₉₆ Part of a Note. But suppose the Voice can divide a Note
+into 100 Parts, it follows that the different Apertures of the ~Glottis~
+actually divide the tenth Part of an Inch into 1200 Parts, the Effect
+of each of which produces a sensible Alteration upon a good Ear. But
+because each Side of the ~Glottis~ moves just equally, therefore the
+Divisions are just double, or the Sides of the ~Glottis~, by their Motion
+do actually divide one tenth Part of an Inch into 2400 Parts._ _Keil_’s
+Anat. c. 3. Sect. 7.
+
+[d] Among the Instruments of Speech, the Tongue is a necessary one; and
+so necessary, that it is generally thought no Speech can be without it.
+But in the third Tome of the _Ephem. Germ._ is published, _Jac. Rolandi
+Aglossostomographia, sive Descriptio Oris sine Linguâ, quod perfecte
+loquitur, & reliquas suas functiones naturalitèr exercet._ The Person
+described is one _Pet. Durand_, a _French_ Boy of eight or nine Years
+old, who at five or six lost his Tongue by a _Gangrene_, occasioned the
+Small-Pox. Notwithstanding which, he could (as the Title saith) speak
+perfectly, as also taste, spit, swallow, and chew his Food; but this
+latter he could do only on that Side he put it into, not being able to
+turn it to the other Side his Mouth.
+
+In the same Tract, _Chap. 6._ is this Observation of _ventriloquous_
+Persons, _Memini me à quodam sat celebri Anatomico audivisse, dum de
+duplicaturâ Mediastini ageret, si Membrana ista duplex naturalitèr
+unita in duas partes dividatur, loquelam quasi ex pectore procedere, ut
+circumstantes credant Dæmoniacum hunc, aut Sternomythum._
+
+[e] _The Variation of the Wind-pipe is observable in every Creature,
+according as it is necessary for that of the Voice. In an ~Urchin~, which
+hath a very small Voice, ’tis hardly more than membranous. And in a
+~Pigeon~, which hath a low and soft Note, ’tis partly cartilaginous, and
+partly membranous. In an ~Owl~, which hath a good audible Note, ’tis
+more cartilaginous; but that of a ~Jay~, hath hard Bones instead of
+Cartilages; and so of a ~Linnet~: Whereby they have both of them a louder
+and stronger Note, ~&c.~_
+
+_The Rings of the Wind-pipe are fitted for the Modulation of the Voice:
+For in ~Dogs~ and ~Cats~, which in the Expression of divers Passions use
+a great many Notes, (as Men do,) they are open and flexible, as in Man.
+Whereby all, or any of them are dilated, or contracted, more or less, as
+is convenient for a higher or deeper Note, ~&c.~ whereas in some other
+Animals, as in the ~Japan-Peacock~, which useth hardly more than one
+single Note, they are entire, ~&c.~_ _Grew_’s Cosmolog. Sacr. _Book I.
+Chap. 5. §. 9, 10._
+
+[f] It is a farther manifest Indication of singular Design in the
+cartilaginous Rings of the _aspera Arteria_, that all the Way where they
+are contiguous to the _Oesophagus_, they are membranous, to afford an
+easie Passage to the Food; but after that, in the _Bronchi_; they are,
+some compleatly annular, some triangular, _&c._ And another observable
+is, the lower Parts of the superior Cartilages, receive the upper Parts
+of the inferior, in the _Bronchi_; whereas in the _aspera Arteria_, the
+Cartilages run and remain parallel to one another; which is a noble
+Difference or Mechanism in this (in a Manner) one and the same Part,
+enabling the Lungs and _Bronchi_ to contract themselves in Expiration,
+and to extend and dilate themselves in Inspiration.
+
+[g] I shall not here intrench so much upon the Anatomist’s Province, to
+give a Description of the _Lungs_, although it be a curious Piece of
+God’s Workmanship; but refer to Seignior _Malpighi_, the first Discoverer
+of their _Vesiculæ_ in 1660, in his two Letters to _Borelli de Pulmon_.
+Also to Dr. _Willis_’s _Pharm. Rat._ p. 2. S. 1. c. 1. _de Respir.
+Orig. & Us._ who as he wrote after _Malpighi_, so hath more accurately
+described those parts; and to Mr. _Cowper_’s _Anat._ Tab. 24, 25. And
+if the Reader hath a Mind to see what Opposition Seignior _Malpighi_’s
+Discoveries met with at Home and Abroad, and what Controversies he had
+on that Account, as also his Censures of Dr. _Willis_’s Descriptions and
+Figures, he may consult _Malpighi_’s Life written by himself, _pag. 4 to
+21_.
+
+That the _Lungs_ consist of _Vesiculæ_, or _Lobuli_ of _Vesiculæ_
+admitting of Air from the _Bronchi_, is visible, because they may be
+blown up, cleansed of Blood, and so dried. But Mr. _Cowper_ saith, he
+could never part the _Lobuli_, (so as to make Dr. _Willis_’s _Fig.
+1. Tab. 3. & 4._) so that probably the _Vesiculæ_ are contiguous to
+one another throughout each Lobe of the Lungs. And not only Air; but
+_Diemerbroeck_ proves, that the _Vesiculæ_ admit of Dust also, from two
+asthmatick Persons he opened; one a Stonecutter’s Man, the _Vesiculæ_ of
+whose Lungs were so stuffed with Dust, that in cutting, his Knife went as
+if through an Heap of Sand; the other was a Feather-driver, who had these
+Bladders filled with the fine Dust or Down of Feathers.
+
+[h] There is a considerable Difference between Dr. _Willis_, and
+_Etmuller_, _viz._ Whether the _Vesiculæ_ of the Lungs have any muscular
+Fibres or not? _Etmuller_ expressly saith, _Nullas Fibras musculosas,
+multo minùs rubicundam Musculorum compagem (sunt enim Vesiculæ albidæ &
+fere diaphanæ) in ipsis reperiri._ ubi supr. c. 6. §. 2. And afterwards,
+§. 3. _Pulmones esse molles flexilesque musculosis fibris ceu propriæ
+explicationis organis destitutos._ But Dr. _Willis_ as expressly alerts
+they have musculous Fibres, and assigns an excellent Use of them;
+_Cellulæ istæ vesiculares, ut nixus pro expiratione contractivos edant,
+etiam fibras, utì per Microscopium planè conspicere est, musculares
+obtinent_, ubi supr. §. 16. And in the next §, _Ut pro datâ occasione
+majorem aëris copiam exsufflent, aut materiam extussiendam ejiciant,
+fibris muscularibus donatæ, sese arctiùs contrahunt, contentaque sua
+penitùs exterminant. Et enim ordinariæ pectoris Systolæ, quas musculorum
+relaxationes ex parte efficiunt, aërem forsan totum à Tracheâ &
+Bronchiis, haud tamen à Vesiculis, quâque vice ejiciunt: propter has
+(quoties opus erit) inaniendas, & totius Pectoris cavitas plurimùm
+angustatur, & cellulæ ipsæ vesiculures à propriis fibris constrictis
+coarctantur._
+
+[i] _Circa hos motus [Scil. Pectoris dilatationem, &c.] divini Conditoris
+mechanicen, ad regulas Mathematicas planè adaptaram, satis admirari non
+possumus; siquidem nullâ aliâ in re manifestùs Ὁ Θεὸς γεωμετρεῖν videtur.
+Quippe cùm pectoris, tum ampliato, tum coarctatio à quibusdam Musculis
+(quorum munus unicum est contrahere) perfici debeat; res ita instituitur,
+ut Costæ quæ thoracis, volut parallelogrammi oblongi versus cylindrum
+incurvati, latera efformant, in figuram modò quadratam, cum angulis
+rectis, pro pectoris ampliatione; modò in rhomboeidem, cum angulis acutis
+pro ejusdem contractione, ducantur, ~&c.~_ Willis, _ubi supr._ §. 28.
+
+_Galen_ having spoken of the Parts ministring to Respiration, concludeth,
+_Nihil usquam à Naturâ ullo pacto per incuriam, fuisse præteritum,
+qua cùm omnia præsentiret & provideret, quæ sunt necessaria illa, quæ
+causa alicujus extiterunt, confecutura, omnibus instaurationes parare
+occupavit, cujus apparatus copiosa facultas admirabilem Sapientiam
+testantur._ De us. part. l. 5. c. 15. See also _l. 6. c. 1._
+
+[k] For the Structure of the _Intercostals_, _Midriff_, &c. I shall
+refer to Dr. _Willis_, and other Anatomists. Bur Dr. _Drake_ taxeth Dr.
+_Willis_ with an Error in fancying there is an Opposition in the Office
+of the _Intercostals_, by reason that the Fibres of the _external_ and
+_internal Intercostals_ decussate; that therefore the _external_ serve
+to raise the Ribs, the _internal_ to draw them down. But Dr. _Drake_
+is of _Steno_’s, and Dr. _Mayow_’s Opinion, that notwithstanding the
+Decussation of their Fibres, the Power they exert upon, and the Motion
+they effect in the Ribs, is one and the same. _Drake_’s _Anat._ l. 2. c.
+7. and l. 4. c. 5. _Mayow de Respir._ c. 7.
+
+[l] Although Dr. _Drake_ and some others deny the _Intercostals_ being
+Antagonist-Muscles, as in the preceding Note, yet they, and most other
+Anatomists that I have met with, attribute a considerable Power to them
+in the act of Respiration, as they do also to the _Subclavian_ and
+_Triangular Muscles_: but the learned _Etmuller_ denies it for these
+three Reasons, _1. Quia respirando nullam in illis contractionem sentio.
+2. Quia——sibi invicem non adducuntur, ~&c.~ 3. Quia Costæ omnes ab aliis
+modò enarratis musculis moventur, idque simul, ~&c.~ Intercostales
+itaque, necnon Subclavios Musculos Costis, parietum instar, ad complenda
+interstitia intercostalia, pectusque integrandum, ac Costas connectendas,
+intertectos esse, probabiliter concludo; quo munere triangulares
+etiam——fungi, rationi consentaneum est._ Etmul. Dissert. 2. cap. 4. §. 6.
+
+But as to the Use of the _Triangular Muscle_ in Respiration, we may
+judge of it, from its remarkable Size, and Use in a Dog; of which Dr.
+_Willis_ gives this Account from _Fallopius_: _In Homine parvus adeò &
+subtilis iste ~[Musculus]~ est, ut vix pro Musculo accipi queat: in Cane
+per totum os pectoris protenditur, & cartilagines omnes, etiam verarum
+Costarum sterno inosculatas, occupat: Cujus discriminis ratio divinam
+circa Animalium fabricas Providentiam planè indigitat. Quippe cùm hoc
+animal, ad cursus velocissimos & diu continuandos natum, quo sanguis, dum
+intensiùs agitatur, ritè accendatur eventileturque, aërem celerrimè &
+fortiter uti inspirare, ita etiam exspirare debet——idcirco propter hunc
+actum firmiùs obeundum (cujus in Homine haud magnus est usus) musculus
+caninas molem ingentem & tanto operi parem fortitur._ Willis _ubi supr._
+§. 32.
+
+[m] _Ray_’s Wisdom of God in the Creation, p. 343.
+
+[n] Mr. _Cheselden_, an ingenious and most accurate Anatomist, having
+somewhat particular in his Observations about the Circulation of the
+Blood through the Heart of the _Fœtus_, I shall present the Reader with
+some of his Observations, which he favoured me with the Sight of. _The
+Blood_ (saith he) _which is brought to the Heart by the ascending Cava,
+passes out of the right Auricle into the left, through a Passage called
+~Foramen Ovale~, in the ~Septum~ ~[common to them both]~ without passing
+through the right Ventricle (as after the Birth) while the Blood from
+the descending Cava passeth through the right Auricle and Ventricle into
+the pulmonary Artery, and thence into the ~Aorta~ through the Duct,
+betwixt that and the pulmonary Artery, called ~Ductus Arteriosus~, whilst
+a small Portion of the Blood, thrown into the pulmonary Artery passeth
+through the Lungs, no more than is sufficient to keep open the pulmonary
+Vessels. Thus both Ventricles are employed in driving the Blood through
+the ~Aorta~ to all Parts of the ~Fœtus~, and to the Mother too. But after
+the Birth, the Blood being to be driven from the ~Aorta~ through the
+~Fœtus~ alone, and not the Mother too, one Ventricle becomes sufficient,
+whilst the other is employed in driving the Blood through the Lungs,
+the ~Ductus Arteriosus~ being shut up by means of the Alteration of its
+Position, which happens to it from the raising the ~Aorta~ by the Lungs
+when they become inflated. After that the Blood is thus driven into the
+Lungs, in its return it shuts the ~Valve~ of the ~Foramen Ovale~ against
+the ~Foramen~ it self, to whose Sides it soon adheres, and so stops up
+the Passage. The ~Ductus Arteriosus~, or ~Ductus Arteriosus in Ligamentum
+versus~, is seldom to be discerned in adult Bodies, but the Figure of the
+Foramen ~Ovale~ is never obliterated._
+
+[o] It hath been generally thought to be not improbable, but that on some
+Occasions the _Foramen Ovale_ may remain open in Man. In a Girl of four
+or five Years of Age, Dr. _Connor_ found it but half closed, and in the
+Form of a Crescent. And he thinks somewhat of this kind might be in the
+Person whose Skeleton was found to have no Joynts in the Back-Bone, Ribs,
+_&c._ Of which a Description, with Cuts, may be found in _Phil. Trans._
+Nᵒ. 215. and more largely in his _Dissert. Med. Phys. de stupendo Ossium
+coalitu_, where he adds to the Girl, in whom the _For. Ov._ was not shut,
+a like Observation of another Girl he opened at _Oxford_ of three Years
+Old, _In quâ Foramen Ovals ferè erat occlusum, in medio tamen, exili
+foramine, per quod Turundam facilè transmisi, erat pervium_, pag. 30. So
+Mr. _Cowper_ (than whom none more accurate and a better Judge) saith, _I
+have often found the ~Foramen Ovale~ open in the Adult._ Anat. Append.
+Fig. 3. But Mr. _Cheselden_ is of a different Opinion. Of which in the
+following Note.
+
+From somewhat of this Cause I am apt to think it was that the
+_Tronningholm Gardiner_ escaped drowning, and some others mentioned
+by _Pechlin_. His Stories are, _Hortulanus Tronningholmensis etiamnum
+vivens, annos natos 65, pro illâ ætate satis adhuc valens & vegetus, cùm
+ante 18 annos, alii in aquas delapso opem ferre vellet, forte fortunâ &
+ipse per glaciem incautiùs procedens, aquas incidet 18 ulnas profundas:
+ubi ille, corpore erecto quasi ad perpendiculum, pedibus fundo adhæsit.
+Constitit sic per 16 horas, antequàm produceretur in auras. Dixit autem,
+simul ac infra aquarum superficiem fuit demersus, statim obriguisse
+totum, &, si quem tum habuit motum & sensum, amisisse, nisi quod sonantes
+Stockolmii campanas etiam sub aquis obscuriùs percipere sibi sit visus.
+Sensit etiam, statim sese velut vesiculam ori applicâsse, adeò ut aqua
+nulla os penetraverit, in aures verò transitum, etiam sentiente illo,
+habuerit; atque inde auditum suum debilitatum aliquandiu esse. Hoc statu
+dum 16 horas permansit frustrà quæsitus, tandem repertum, conto in
+caput infixo, cujus etiam sensum se habuisse dixit, fundo extraxerunt,
+sperantes ex more aut persuasione gentis revicturum esse. Itaque pannis
+linteisque productum obvolvunt, ne aër admitti possit perniciosus
+futurus subito illapsu: custoditum sic satis ab aëre sensim sensimque
+tepidiori loco admovent mox calidis adoriuntur fasciis, fricant, radunt,
+& sufflaminatum tot horis sanguinis corporisque motum negotiosâ illâ
+operâ reducunt: denique antapoplecticis & genialibus liquoribus vitæ
+reddunt & pristinæ mobilitati. Retulit is atque ostendit se etiamnum in
+capite circumferre vestigia violentiæ à conto illatæ, & cephalalgiis
+vexari gravissimis. Et propter hunc ipsum casum, religiosè à popularibus,
+& hujusce rei testibus probatum, Serenissimæ Reginæ matris munificentiâ
+& annuo stipendio est donatus——& Serenis. Principi——oblatus, vivus sui
+testis——Consignatam manu habes Historiam D. Tilasii, Biblioth. Reg.
+Præfecti, qui testatus est se prænovisse mulierem, quæ tres ipsos dies
+sub aquis hæsit, & similem in modum, quo Hortulanus ille, resuscitata,
+adhuc dum lucis plenâ fruitur usurâ. Accedit Nob. Burmanni——fides.
+qui confessus est,——se in pago ~Boness~ parochiæ ~Pithoviæ~ concionem
+frequentâsse funebrem, in quâ, dum acta recenseret Præco Senis cujusdam
+septuagenarii Laur. Jonæ——audiverit ex ore Concionatoris, vivum eum,
+adolescentum 17 annorum, aquis submersum, 7 demum hebdomadâ (rem
+prodigiosam!) extractum ad se rediisse vivum & incolumem._ Pechlin. de
+Aer. & Alim. def. c. 10.
+
+Shall we to this Cause, or to the Ossification, or more than ordinary
+Strength of the Wind-Pipe, attribute the Recovery to Life of Persons
+hanged? Of which _Pechlin_ gives an Instance that fell under his own
+Knowledge, of a Woman hanged, and in all Appearance dead, but recovered
+by a Physician accidentally coming in, with a plentiful Administration
+of _Spir. Sal. Armon. Pechl. ib._ c. 7. And the Story of _Anne Green_,
+executed at _Oxford_, _Dec. 14. 1650._ is still well remembered among the
+Seniors there. _She was hanged by the Neck near half an Hour, some of
+her Friends in the mean Time thumping her on the Breast, others hanging
+with all their Weight upon her Legs, sometimes lifting her up, and then
+pulling her down again with a sudden Jirk, thereby the sooner to dispatch
+her out of her Pain_: as her printed Account wordeth it. After she was in
+her Coffin, being observed to breath, a lusty Fellow stamped with all his
+Force on her Breast and Stomach, to put her out of her Pain. But by the
+assistance of Dr _Peity_, Dr. _Willis_, Dr. _Bathurst_, and Dr. _Clark_,
+she was again brought to Life. I my self saw her many Years after, after
+that she had (I heard) born divers Children. The Particulars of her
+Crime, Execution and Restauration, see in a little Pamphlet, called _News
+from the Dead_, written, as I have been informed, by Dr. _Bathurst_,
+(afterwards the most vigilant and learned President of _Trinity-College,
+Oxon_,) and published in 1651. with Verses upon the Occasion.
+
+[p] The Sea-Calf hath the _Foramen Ovale_, by which means it is enabled
+to stay long under the Water, as the _Paris. Anatomists_. Of which see in
+_Book VI. Chap. 5. Note (c)._
+
+But the fore-commended Mr. _Cheselden_ thinks the _Foramen Ovale_ is
+neither open in amphibious Creatures, nor any adult Land-Animals. _When
+I first_ (saith he) _applied my self to the Dissection of Human Bodies,
+I had no distrust of the frequent Accounts of the ~Foramen Ovale~ being
+open in Adults: but I find since, that I mistook the ~Ostium Venarum
+Coronariarum~ for the ~Foramen~. The like I suppose Authors have done,
+who assert that it is always open in amphibious Animals: for we have made
+diligent Enquiry into those Animals, and never found it open. Neither
+would that (as they imagine) serve these Creatures to live under Water,
+as the ~Fœtus~ doth in ~Utero~, unless the ~Ductus Arteriosus~ was open
+also._
+
+This Opinion of Mr. _Cheselden_ hath this to render it probable, that
+the _Ostium Venarum Coronariarum_ is so near the _Foramen Ovale_, that
+without due regard, it may be easily mistaken for it. Such therefore as
+have Opportunity of examining this Part in amphibious Animals, or any
+other Subject, ought to seek for the _Ostium_, whenever they suspect they
+have met with the _Foramen_.
+
+[q] Of the singular Conformation of the Heart and Lungs of the
+_Tortoise_, which is an amphibious Animal. See _Book VI. Chap. 5. Note
+(b)._
+
+[r] _Acts_ xvii. 25.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VIII.
+
+_Of the Motion of Animals._
+
+
+Next to the two grand Acts of animal Life, their Sense or Respiration,
+I shall consider their _Motion_, or _locomotive Faculty_; whereby they
+convey themselves from Place to Place, according to their Occasions,
+and Way of Life: And the admirable Apparatus to this Purpose, is a
+plain Demonstration of God’s particular Foresight, Care, and especial
+Providence towards all the animal World.
+
+And here I might view in the first Place the Muscles, their curious
+Structure[a], the nice tacking them to every Joynt, to pull it this
+Way, and that Way, and the other Way, according to the special Purpose,
+Design, and Office of every such Joint: Also their various Size and
+Strength; some large and corpulent, others less, and some scarce visible
+to the naked Eye; all exactly fitted to every Place, and every use of
+the Body. And lastly, I might take Notice of the muscular Motions, both
+involuntary and spontaneous[b].
+
+Next, I might survey the special Fabrick of the Bones[c], ministring
+to animal Motion. Next, I might take notice of the Joynts[d], their
+compleat Form adjusted to the Place, and Office they are employed in;
+their Bandage, keeping them from Luxations; the oily Matter[e] to
+lubricate them, and their own Smoothness to facilitate their Motion.
+
+And lastly, I might trace the various Nerves throughout the Body;
+sent about to minister to its various Motions[f]. I might consider
+their Origine[g], their Ramifications to the several Parts, and their
+Inosculations with one another, according to the Harmony and Accord of
+one Part with another, necessary for the Benefit of the Animal. But some
+of those Things I have given some Touches upon already, and more I shall
+mention hereafter[h], and it would be tedious here to insist upon them
+all.
+
+I shall therefore only speak distinctly to the Locomotive Act it self, or
+what directly relates to it.
+
+And here it is admirable to consider the various Methods of Nature[i],
+suited to the Occasions of various Animals. In some their Motion is
+swift, in others slow. In some performed with two, four, or more Legs: in
+some with two, or four Wings: in some with neither[k].
+
+And first for swift or slow Motion. This we find is proportional to the
+Occasions of each respective Animal. _Reptiles_, whose Food, Habitation,
+and Nests, lie in the next Clod, Plant, Tree, or Hole, or can bear
+long Hunger and Hardship, they need neither Legs nor Wings for their
+Transportation; but their vermicular or sinuous Motion (performed with
+no less Art, and as curiously provided for as the Legs or Wings of other
+Creatures: This, I say,) is sufficient for their Conveyance.
+
+_Man_ and _Beasts_, whose Occasions require a large Room, have
+accordingly a swifter Motion, with proper Engines for that Service;
+answerable to their Range for Food, their Occupation of Business, or
+their want of Armature, and to secure them against Harms[l].
+
+But for the winged Creatures (Birds and Insects,) as they are to traverse
+large Tracts of Land and Water, for their Food, for their commodious
+Habitation, or Breeding their Young, to find Places of Retreat and
+Security from Mischiefs; so they have accordingly the Faculty of flying
+in the Air; and that swiftly or slowly, a long or short a Time, according
+to their Occasions and Way of Life. And accordingly their Wings, and
+whole Body, are curiously prepared for such a Motion; as I intend to shew
+in a proper Place[m].
+
+Another remarkable Thing in the motive Faculty of all Creatures, is the
+neat, geometrical Performance of it. The most accurate Mathematician, the
+most skilful in mechanick Motions, can’t prescribe a nicer Motion (than
+what they perform) to the Legs and Wings of those that walk or fly[n],
+or to the Bodies of those that creep[o]. Neither can the Body be more
+compleatly poised for the Motion it is to have in every Creature, than
+it already actually is. From the largest Elephant, to the smallest Mite,
+we find the Body artfully balanced[p]. The Head not too heavy, nor too
+light for the rest of the Body, nor the rest of the Body for it[q]. The
+_Viscera_ are not let loose, or so placed, as to swag, over-balance,
+or over-set the Body; but well-braced, and distributed to maintain the
+æquipoise of the Body. The motive Parts also are admirably well fixed
+in respect to the Center of Gravity; placed in the very Point, fittest
+to support and convey the Body. Every Leg beareth his true Share of the
+Body’s Weight. And the Wings so nicely are set to the Center of Gravity,
+as even in that fluid _Medium_, the Air, the Body is as truly balanced,
+as we could have balanced it with the nicest Scales.
+
+But among all Creatures, none more elegant than the sizing the Body of
+_Man_, the gauging his Body so nicely, as to be able to stand erect, to
+stoop, to sit, and indeed to move any way, only with the Help of so small
+a Stay as the Feet[r]: whose Mechanism of Bones, Tendons and Muscles to
+this purpose, is very curious and admirable.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] That the Muscles are compounded of Fibres, is visible enough. Which
+Fibres, the curious and ingenious _Borelli_ saith, are cylindraceous; not
+hollow, but filled with a spungy, pithy Substance, after the manner of
+Elder, as he discovered by his Microscopes. _Borel. de Mot. Animal._ Part
+1. These Fibres, he saith, are naturally white; but derive their Redness
+only from the Blood in them.
+
+These Fibres do in every Muscle, (in the Belly at least of the Muscle,)
+run parallel to one another, in a neat orderly Form. But they do not
+at all tend the same Way, but some run aslant, some longways, _&c._
+according to the Action or Position of each respective Muscle. The
+Particulars of which, and of divers other Observables in the Muscles,
+would, besides Figures, take up too much room in these Notes; and
+therefore I must refer to the Anatomists, particularly _Steno_,
+_Borelli_, _Cowper_, &c.
+
+[b] The infinite Creator hath generally exerted his Art and Care, in
+the Provision made by proper Muscles and Nerves, for all the different
+Motions in animal Bodies, both involuntary, and voluntary. It is a noble
+Providence that most of the vital Motions, such as of the Heart, Stomach,
+Guts, _&c._ are involuntary, the Muscles acting whether we sleep or wake,
+whether we will or no. And it is no less providential that some, even
+of the vital Motions, are partly voluntary, partly involuntary, as that
+for Instance, of Breathing, which is performed both sleeping and waking;
+but can be intermitted for a short Time on occasion, as for accurate
+hearing any Thing, _&c._ or can be encreased by a stronger Blast, to make
+the greater Discharges of the Blood from the Lungs, when that any Thing
+overcharges them. And as for the other Motions of the Body, as of the
+Limbs, and such as are voluntary, it is a no less Providence, that they
+are absolutely under the Power of the Will; so as that the Animal hath it
+in his Power to command the Muscles and Spirits of any part of its Body,
+to perform such Motions and Actions as it hath Occasion for.
+
+[c] _Quid dicam de Ossibus? quæ subjecta corpori mirabiles commissuras
+habent, & ad stabilitatem aptas, & ad artus finiendos accommodatas, & ad
+motum, & ad omnem corporis actionem._ Cicer. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 55.
+
+By Reason it would be endless to mention all the Curiosities observable
+in the Bones, I shall for a Sample, single out only an Instance or two,
+to manifest that Design was used in the Structure of these Parts in Man.
+
+The first shall be in the _Back-Bone_, which (among many others) hath
+these two Things remarkable. 1. Its different Articulations from the
+other Joynts of the Body. For here most of the Joynts are flat, and
+withal guarded with Asperities and Hollows, made for catching and
+holding; so as firmly to lock and keep the Joynts from Luxations, but
+withal to afford them such a Motion, as is necessary for the Incurvations
+of the Body. 2. The difference of its own Joynts in the Neck, Back
+and Loins. In the Neck, the _Atlas_, or upper _Vertebra_, as also the
+_Dentata_, are curiously made, and joynted (differently from the rest)
+for the commodious and easie bending and turning the Head every way. In
+the _Thorax_, or Back, the Joynts are more close and firm; and in the
+Loins, more lax and pliant; as also the Spines are different, and the
+Knobs and Sockets turned the quite contrary way, to answer the Occasions
+the Body hath to bend more there, than higher in the Back. I shall close
+this Remark with the ingenious Dr. _Keil_’s Observation.
+
+_The Structure of the ~Spine~ is the very best that can be contrived; for
+had it been all Bone, we could have had no Motion in our Backs; had it
+been of two or three Bones articulated for Motion, the ~Medulla Spinalis~
+must have been necessarily bruised at every Angle or Joynt; besides,
+the whole would not have been so pliable for the several Postures we
+have occasion to put our selves in. If it had been made of several Bones
+without intervening Cartilages, we should have had no more Use of it,
+than if it had been but one Bone. If each ~Vertebra~ had had its own
+distinct Cartilages, it might have been easily ~dislocated~. And lastly,
+The oblique Processes of each superior and inferior ~Vertebra~, keep
+the middle one that it can neither be thrust backwards nor forwards to
+compress the ~Medulla Spinalis~._ _Keil_’s _Anat._ c. 5. §. 8.
+
+Compare here what _Galen_ saith of the Articulations, Ligaments,
+Perforation, _&c._ of the _Spine_, to prove the Wisdom and Providence of
+the Maker of animal Bodies, against such as found fault with Nature’s
+Works; among which he names _Diagoras_, _Anaxagoras_, _Asclepiades_ and
+_Epicurus_. _V._ _Galen. de Us. Part. L. 12. init._ and _Chap. 11_, _&c._
+also _L. 13. init._
+
+2. The next Instance shall be in one or two Things, wherein the Skeletons
+of Sexes differ. Thus the _Pelvis_ made in the Belly by the _Ilium_,
+_Ossa Coxendicis_ and _Pubis_, is larger in a Female than Male Skeleton,
+that there may be more room for the lying of the _Viscera_ and _Fœtus_.
+So the Cartilage bracing together the two _Ossa Pubis_, or _Sharebones_,
+_Bartholine_ saith, is twice thicker and laxer in Women than Men: As also
+is the Cartilage that tieth the _Os Sacrum_ to its _Vertebra_; and all to
+give way to the Passage of the _Fœtus_.
+
+Another considerable Difference is in the cartilaginous Production of the
+seven long Ribs, whereby they are braced to the Breast-Bone. These are
+harder and firmer in Women than in Men; the better to support the Weight
+of the Breasts, the sucking Infant, _&c._
+
+[d] It is remarkable in the Joynts, and a manifest Act of Caution and
+Design, 1. That altho’ the Motion of the Limbs be circular, yet the
+Center of that Motion is not in a Point, but an ample Superficies. In
+a Point, the Bones would wear and penetrate one another; the Joynts
+would be exceedingly weak, _&c._ but the Joynts consisting of two large
+Superficies, Concave and Convex, some furrowed and ridged, some like a
+Ball and Socket, and all lubricated with an oily Substance, they are
+incomparably prepared both for Motion and Strength. 2. That the Bones
+next the Joynt are not spungy, as their Extremities commonly are, nor
+hard and brittle, but capped with a strong, tough, smooth, cartilaginous
+Substance, serving both to Strength and Motion.
+
+But let us here take notice of what _Galen_ mentions on this Subject.
+_Articulorum unusquisque Eminentiam Cavitati immissam habet: Veruntamen
+hoc fortasse non adeò mirabile est: Sed si, consideratâ omnium totius
+corporis ossium mutuâ connexione, Eminentias cavitatibus suscipientibus
+æquales semper inveneris; Hoc mirabile. Si enim justo amplior esset
+Cavitas, laxus sanè & infirmus fieret Articulus; si strictior, motus
+difficulter fieret, ut qui nullam versionem haberet; ac periculum esset
+non parvum, eminintias ossium arctatas frangi: sed horum neutrum factum
+est.——Sed quoniam ex tam securâ constructione periculum erat, nè motiones
+difficiliùs fierent, & eminentiæ ossium extererentur, duplex rursus
+auxilium in id Natura molita est. 1. Cartilagine os utrumque subungens,
+atque oblinens: alterum, ipsis Cartilaginibus humorem unctuosum, velut
+oleum, superfundens; per quem facilè mobilis, & attritu contumax omnis
+articulatio Ossium facta est.——Ut undique diligenter Articulus omnis
+custodiretur, Ligamenta quædam ex utroque osse produxit Natura._ Galen de
+Us. Part. l. 1. c. 15.
+
+[e] For the affording this oily or mucilaginous Matter, there are
+_Glandules_ very commodiously placed near the Joynts, so as not to suffer
+too great Compression by the Motion of the neighbouring Bones, and yet
+to receive a due Pressure, so as to cause a sufficient Emission of the
+Mucilage into the Joynts. Also another Thing considerable is, that the
+excretory Ducts of the _mucilaginous Glands_ have some Length in their
+Passage from the Glands to their Mouths; which is a good Contrivance, to
+prevent their Mouths being oppressed by the Mucilage, as also to hinder
+the too plentiful Effusion thereof, but yet to afford a due Expressure
+of it at all Times, and on all Occasions, as particularly in violent
+and long-continued Motions of the Joynts, when there is a greater than
+ordinary Expence of it. See _Cowper_’s _Anat. Tab._ 79.
+
+[f] There is no doubt to be made, but that the Muscles receive their
+Motion from the Nerves. For if a Nerve be cut, or straightly bound, that
+goes to any Muscle, that Muscle shall immediately lose its Motion. Which
+is doubtless the case of Paralyticks; whose Nerves are some of them by
+Obstructions, or such like Means, reduced to the same State as if cut or
+bound.
+
+And this also is the cause of that _Numness_ or _Sleepiness_ we find
+oftentimes, by long sitting or lying on any Part.
+
+Neither is this a modern Notion only: For _Galen_ saith, _Principium
+Nervorum omnium Cerebrum est, & spinalis Medulla.——Et Nervi à Cerebro
+animalem virtutem accipiunt——Nervorum utilitas est facultatem Sensûs &
+Motûs à principio in partes diducere._ And this he intimates to have been
+the Opinion of _Hippocrates_ and _Plato_. De Us. Part. l. 1. c. 16. _&
+passim_.
+
+[g] Dr. _Willis_ thinks, that in the _Brain_ the Spirits are elaborated
+that minister to voluntary Motion; but in the _Cerebellum_, such as
+effect involuntary, or natural Motions; such as that of the Heart, the
+Lungs, _&c._ _Cerebri Anat._ c. 15.
+
+[h] See _Book V. Chap. 8._
+
+[i] To the foregoing, I shall briefly add some Examples of the special
+Provision made for the Motion of some Animals by _Temporary Parts_.
+_Frogs_ and _Toads_, in their _Tadpole-state_, have Tails, which fall off
+when their Legs are grown out. The _Lacerta aquatica_, or _Water-Newt_,
+when Young, hath four neat ramified Fins, two on a Side, growing out a
+little above its Fore-Legs, to poise and keep its Body upright, (which
+gives it the Resemblance of a young Fish,) which fall off when the Legs
+are grown. And the _Nymphæ_ and _Aureliæ_, of all or most of the Insects
+bred in the Waters, as they have particular Forms, different from the
+Insects they produce; so have also peculiar Parts afforded them for their
+Motion in the Waters: Oars, Tails, and every Part adapted to the Waters,
+which are utterly varied in the Insects themselves, in their mature State
+in the Air.
+
+[k] _Jam verò alia animalia gradiendo, alia serpendo ad pastum accedunt,
+alia volando, alia nando._ Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 47.
+
+Compare also what _Galen_ excellently observes concerning the Number of
+Feet in Man, and in other Animals; and the wise Provision thereby made
+for the Use and Benefit of the respective Animals. _De Us. Part._ in the
+beginning of the third Book.
+
+[l] As I shall hereafter shew, that the indulgent Creator hath
+abundantly provided for the Safety of Animals by their Cloathing,
+Habitations, Sagacity and Instruments of Defence; so there appears to be
+a Contemperament of their _Motion_ with these Provisions. They that are
+well armed and guarded, have commonly a slower Motion; whereas they that
+are destitute thereof, are swifter. So also timid helpless Animals are
+commonly swift; thus Deer and Hares: But Animals endowed with Courage,
+Craft, Arms, _&c._ commonly have a slower Motion.
+
+[m] See _Book VII. Chap. 1._
+
+[n] See _Book VII. Chap. 1._ the end.
+
+[o] See _Book IX. Chap. 1. Note (c)._
+
+[p] _Siquis unquam alius Opifex, æqualitatis & proportionis magnam habuit
+providentiam, certè Natura habuit in animalium corporibus conformandis;
+unde Hippocrates eam rectissimè justam nominat._ Galen. de Us. Part. l.
+2. c. 16.
+
+[q] The Make of the Bodies of some Water-fowl, seems to contradict what
+I here say, the Heads and long Necks of some, as of Swans, Ducks and
+Geese; and the hinder Parts of others, as of the Doucker and More-hen,
+and some other Kinds, seeming to be too heavy for the rest of their Body.
+But instead of being an Argument against, it is a notable Instance of,
+the divine Art and Providence, these Things being nice Accommodations to
+their way of Life. Of such as have long Necks, see _Book VII. Chap. 2.
+Note (i)._
+
+And as for such whose hinder Parts seem to over-balance their foremost
+Parts, whereby they fly with their Bodies in a manner erect, this also is
+an excellent Accommodation to their way of Life, which is Diving rather
+than Flying. _Vid._ _Book VII. Chap. 4. Note (k)._
+
+[r] See _Book V. Chap. 2. Note (h)._
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. IX.
+
+_Of the Place allotted to the several Tribes of Animals._
+
+
+Having dispatched the Motion of Animals, let us in the next Place
+consider the _Place_ which the infinitely wise Creator hath appointed
+them to move and act, and perform the Offices of the Creation in. And
+here we find every Particular well ordered. All Parts of our Terraqueous
+Globe fit for an Animal to live and act in, are sufficiently stocked
+with proper Inhabitants: The watery Element (unfit, one would think,
+for Respiration and Life) abounding with Creatures fitted for it; its
+Bowels abundantly stored, and its Surface well bespread. The Earth also
+is plentifully stocked in all its Parts, where Animals can be of any
+Use; not probably the deepest Bowels thereof indeed, being Parts in all
+likelihood unfit for Habitation and Action, and where a living Creature
+would be useless in the World; but the Surface every where abundantly
+stored.
+
+But that which is most considerable in this Matter, and plainly sheweth
+the divine Management in the Case, is, that those Creatures are
+manifestly designed for the Place in which they are, and the Use and
+Services they perform therein. If all the Animals of our Globe had been
+made by Chance, or placed by Chance, or without the divine Providence,
+their Organs would have been otherwise than they are, and their Place
+and Residence confused and jumbled. Their Organs (for Instance) of
+Respiration, of Vision, and of Motion, would have fitted any _Medium_, or
+have needed none; their Stomachs would have served any Food, and their
+Blood, and Covering of their Bodies been made for any Clime, or only one
+Clime. Consequently all the Animal World would have been in a confused,
+inconvenient, and disorderly Commixture. One Animal would have wanted
+Food, another Habitation, and most of them Safety. They would have all
+flocked to one, or a few Places, taken up their Rest in the Temperate
+Zones only, and coveted one Food, the easiest to be come at, and most
+specious in shew; and so would have poisoned, starved, or greatly
+incommoded one another. Bur as the Matter is now ordered, the Globe is
+equally bespread, so that no Place wanteth proper Inhabitants, nor any
+Creature is destitute of a proper Place, and all Things necessary to its
+Life, Health, and Pleasure. As the Surface of the Terraqueous Globe is
+covered with different Soils, with Hills and Vales, with Seas, Rivers,
+Lakes and Ponds, with divers Trees and Plants, in the several Places; so
+all these have their Animal Inhabitants, whole Organs of Life and Action
+are manifestly adapted to such and such Places and Things; whose Food
+and Physick, and every other Convenience of Life, is to be met with in
+that very Place appointed it. The watery, the amphibious[a], the airy
+Inhabitants, and those on the dry Land Surface, and the Subterraneous
+under it, they all live and act with Pleasure, they are gay, and flourish
+in their proper Element and allotted Place, they want neither for Food,
+Cloathing, or Retreat; which would dwindle and die, destroy, or poison
+one another, if all coveted the same Element, Place, or Food.
+
+Nay, and as the Matter is admirably well ordered, yet considering the
+World’s increase, there would not be sufficient Room, Food, and other
+Necessaries for all the living Creatures, without another grand Act of
+the divine Wisdom and Providence, which is the _Balancing the Number
+of Individuals_ of each Species of Creatures, in that Place appointed
+thereto: Of which in the next Chapter.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] _Est etiam admiratio nonnulla in bestiis aquatilibus iis, quæ
+gignuntur in terrâ: veluti Crocodili, fluviatilesque Testudines,
+quædamque Serpentes ortæ extra aquam, simul ac primùm niti possunt, aquam
+persequuntur. Quin etiam Anatum ova Gallinis sæpe supponimus——~[Pulli]~
+deinde eas ~[matres]~ relinquunt——& effugiunt, cùm primùm aquam, quasi
+naturalem domum, videre potuerunt._ Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 48.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. X.
+
+_Of the Balance of Animals, or the due Proportion in which the World is
+flocked with them._
+
+
+The whole Surface of our Globe can afford Room and Support only to such a
+Number of all Sorts of Creatures. And if by their doubling, trebling, or
+any other Multiplication of their Kind, they should encrease to double or
+treble that Number, they must starve, or devour one another. The keeping
+therefore the Balance even, is manifestly a Work of the divine Wisdom
+and Providence. To which end, the great Author of Life hath determined
+the Life of all Creatures to such a Length, and their Increase to such
+a Number, proportional to their Use in the World. The Life of some
+Creatures is long, and their Increase but small, and by that means they
+do not over-stock the World. And the same Benefit is effected, where the
+Increase is great, by the Brevity of such Creatures Lives, by their great
+Use, and the frequent Occasions there are of them for Food to Man, or
+other Animals. It is a very remarkable Act of the Divine Providence, that
+useful Creatures are produced in great Plenty[a], and others in less.
+The prodigious and frequent Increase of Insects, both in and out of the
+Waters, may exemplify the one; and ’tis observable in the other, that
+Creatures less useful, or by their Voracity pernicious, have commonly
+fewer Young, or do seldomer bring forth: Of which many Instances might
+be given in the voracious Beasts and Birds. But there is one so peculiar
+an Animal, as if made for a particular Instance in our present Case, and
+that is the _Cuntur_ of _Peru_[b]: A Fowl of that Magnitude, Strength and
+Appetite, as to seize not only on the Sheep, and lesser Cattle, but even
+the larger Beasts, yea, the very Children too. Now these, as they are the
+most pernicious of Birds, so are they the most rare, being seldom seen,
+or only one, or a few in large Countries; enough to keep up the Species;
+but not to over-charge the World.
+
+Thus the Balance of the animal World, is, throughout all Ages, kept even;
+and by a curious Harmony, and just Proportion between the Increase of all
+Animals, and the Length of their Lives, the World is through all Ages
+well; but not over-stored: _One Generation passeth away, and another
+Generation cometh_[c]; so equally in its Room, to balance the Stock of
+the terraqueous Globe in all Ages, and Places, and among all Creatures;
+that it is an actual Demonstration of our Saviour’s Assertion, _Mat._ x.
+29. that the most inconsiderable, common Creature, _Even a Sparrow (two
+of which are sold for a Farthing) doth not fall on the Ground without our
+heavenly Father._
+
+This Providence of God is remarkable in every Species of living
+Creatures: But that especial Management of the Recruits and Decays
+of Mankind, so equally all the World over, deserves our especial
+Observation. In the Beginning of the World, and so after _Noah_’s
+Flood, the Longævity of Men, as it was of absolute Necessity to the
+more speedy peopling of the new World; so is a special Instance of the
+divine Providence in this Matter[d]. And the same Providence appears in
+the following Ages, when the World was pretty well peopled, in reducing
+the common Age of Man then to 120 Years, (_Gen._ vi. 3.) in Proportion
+to the Occasions of the World at that Time. And lastly, when the World
+was fully peopled after the Flood, (as it was in the Age of _Moses_, and
+so down to our present Time) the lessening the common Age of Man to 70
+or 80 Years[e], (the Age mentioned by _Moses_, _Psal_. xc. 10. this, I
+say,) is manifestly an Appointment of the same infinite Lord that ruleth
+the World: For, by this Means, the peopled World is kept at a convenient
+Stay; neither too full, nor too empty. For if Men (the Generality of
+them, I mean) were to live now to _Methusalah_’s Age of 969 Years, or
+only to _Abraham_’s, long after the Flood, of 175 Years, the World would
+be too much over-run; or if the Age of Man was limited to that of divers
+other Animals, to ten, twenty, or thirty Years only; the Decays then of
+Mankind would be too fast: But at the middle Rate mentioned, the Balance
+is nearly even, and Life and Death keep an equal Pace. Which Equality
+is so great and harmonious, and so manifest an Instance of the divine
+Management, that I shall spend some Remarks upon it.
+
+It appears from our best Accounts of these Matters, that in our
+_European_ Parts[f], and I believe the same is throughout the World;
+that, I say, there is a certain Rate and Proportion in the Propagation of
+Mankind: Such a Number marry[g], so many are born, such a Number die; in
+Proportion to the Number of Persons in every Nation, County, or Parish.
+And as to Births, two Things are very considerable: One is the Proportion
+of Males and Females[h], not in a wide Proportion, not an uncertain,
+accidental Number at all Adventures; but nearly equal. Another Thing is,
+that a few more are born than appear to die, in any certain Place[i].
+Which is an admirable Provision for the extraordinary Emergencies and
+Occasions of the World; to supply unhealthful Places, where Death
+out-runs Life; to make up the Ravages of great Plagues, and Diseases, and
+the Depredations of War, and the Seas; and to afford a sufficient Number
+for Colonies in the unpeopled Parts of the Earth. Or on the other Hand,
+we may say, that sometimes those extraordinary Expences of Mankind, may
+be not only a just Punishment of the Sins of Men; but also a wise Means
+to keep the Balance of Mankind even; as one would be ready to conclude,
+by considering the _Asiatick_, and other the more fertile Countries,
+where prodigious Multitudes are yearly swept away with great Plagues, and
+sometimes War; and yet those Countries are so far from being wasted, that
+they remain full of People.
+
+And now upon the whole Matter, What is all this but admirable and plain
+Management? What can the maintaining throughout all Ages, and Places,
+these Proportions of Mankind, and all other Creatures; this Harmony in
+the Generations of Men be, but the Work of one that ruleth the World? Is
+it possible that every Species of Animals should so evenly be preserved,
+proportionate to the Occasions of the World? That they should be so well
+balanced in all Ages and Places, without the Help of almighty Wisdom and
+Power? How is it possible by the bare Rules, and blind Acts of Nature,
+that there should be any tolerable Proportion; for Instance, between
+Males and Females, either of Mankind, or of any other Creature[k];
+especially such as are of a ferine, not of a domestick Nature, and
+consequently out of the Command and Management of Man? How could Life
+and Death keep such an even Pace through all the animal World? If we
+should take it for granted, that, according to the Scripture History, the
+World had a Beginning, (as who can deny it[l]; or if we should suppose
+the Destruction thereof by _Noah_’s Flood: How is it possible, after
+the World was replenished,) that in a certain Number of Years, by the
+greater Increases and Doublings of each Species of Animals; that, I say,
+this Rate of Doubling[m] should cease; or that it should be compensated
+by some other Means? That the World should be as well, or better stocked
+than now it is, in 1656 Years (the Time between the Creation and the
+Flood; this) we will suppose may be done by the natural Methods of each
+Species Doubling or Increase: But in double that Number of Years, or at
+this Distance from the Flood, of 4000 Years, that the World should not
+be over stock’d, can never be made out, without allowing an infinite
+Providence.
+
+I conclude then this Observation with the Psalmist’s Words, _Psal._ civ.
+29, 30. _Thou hidest thy Face, all Creatures are troubled; thou takest
+away their Breath, they die, and return to their Dust. Thou sendest forth
+thy Spirit, they are created; and thou renewest the Face of the Earth._
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] _Benigna circa hoc Natura, innocua & esculenta animalia fœcunda
+generavit._ Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 8. c. 55.
+
+[b] _Captain ~J. Strong~ gave me this Account, together with a
+Quill-Feather of the ~Cuntur~ or ~Condor~ of ~Peru~. On the Coast
+of ~Chili~, they met with this Bird in about 33° S. Lat. not far from
+~Mocha~, an Island in the South-Sea,——they shot it sitting on a Cliff, by
+the Sea-side; that it was 16 Feet from Wing to Wing extended; that the
+~Spanish~ Inhabitants told them they were afraid of these Birds, lest
+they should prey upon their Children. And the Feather he gave me_ (saith
+the Doctor) _is 2 Feet, 4 Inches long; the Quill-part 5¾ Inches long, and
+1½ Inch about in the largest Part. It weighed 3 dr. 17½ gr. and is of a
+dark brown Colour._ Dr. _Sloane_ in Phil. Trans. Nᵒ. 208.
+
+To this Account, the Doctor, (in a Letter to Mr. _Ray_, _March 31, 1694_,
+with other Papers of Mr. _Ray_’s, in my Hands,) adds the Testimony
+of _Jos. Acosta_, l. 4. c. 7. and _Garcilass. de la Vega_, who l. 8.
+c. 19. saith, _There are other Fowls, call’d ~Cuntur~, and by the
+~Spaniards~ corruptly ~Condor~. Many of these Fowls having been kill’d
+by the ~Spaniards~, had their Proportion taken, and from End to End of
+their Wings measured 15 or 16 Feet.——Nature, to temper and allay their
+Fierceness, deny’d them the Talons which are given to the ~Eagle~; their
+Feet being tipp’d with Claws like a Hen: However, their Beak is strong
+enough to tear off the Hide, and rip up the Bowels of an ~Ox~. Two of
+them will attempt a ~Cow~ or ~Bull~, and devour him: And it hath often
+happened, that one of then alone hath assaulted Boys of ten or twelve
+Years of Age, and eaten them. Their Colour is black and white, like a
+~Magpie~. It is well there are but few of them; for if they were many,
+they would very much destroy the Cattle. They have on the forepart of
+their Heads, a Comb, not pointed like that of a ~Cock~; but rather even,
+in the Form of a Razor. When they come to alight from the Air, they make
+such an humming Noise, with the fluttering of their Wings, as is enough
+to astonish, or make a Man deaf._
+
+[c] _Eccles._ i. 4.
+
+[d] The Divine Providence doth not only appear in the Longævity of Man,
+immediately after the Creation and Flood; but also in their different
+Longævity at those two Times. Immediately after the Creation, when
+the World was to be peopled by one Man, and one Woman, the Age of the
+greatest Part of those on Record, was 900 Years, and upwards. But after
+the Flood, when there were three Persons by whom the World was to be
+peopled, none of those Patriarchs, except _Shem_, arriv’d to the Age
+of 500; and only the three first of _Shem_’s Line, _viz._ _Arphaxad_,
+_Salah_, and _Eber_, came near that Age; which was in the first Century
+after the Flood. But in the second Century, we do not find any reached
+the Age of 240. And in the third Century, (about the latter End of which
+_Abraham_ was born,) none, except _Terah_, arriv’d to 200 Years: By which
+Time the World was so well peopled, (that Part of it, at least where
+_Abraham_ dwelt,) that they had built Cities, and began to be cantoned
+into distinct Nations and Societies, under their respective Kings; so
+that they were able to wage War, four Kings against five, _Gen._ xiv.
+Nay, if the Accounts of _Anian_, _Berosus_, _Manetho_, and others, yea,
+_Africanus_ be to be credited; the World was so well peopled, even before
+the Times we speak of, as to afford sufficient Numbers for the great
+Kingdoms of _Assyria_, _Ægypt_, _Persia_, &c. But learned Men generally,
+with great Reason, reject these as legendary Accounts. If the Reader
+hath a Mind to see a Computation of the Increase of Mankind, in the
+three first Centuries after the Flood, he may find two different Ones
+of the most learned Archbishop _Usher_, and _Petavius_; together with a
+Refutation of the so early Beginning of the _Assyrian Monarchy_; as also
+Reasons for placing _Abraham_ near 1000 Years after the Flood, in our
+most learned Bishop _Stillingfleet_’s _Orig. Sacr._ Book III. Chap. 4. §.
+9.
+
+[e] That the common Age of Man hath been the same in all Ages since the
+World was peopled, is manifest from prophane, as well as sacred History.
+To pass by others: _Plato_ lived to the Age of 81, and was accounted
+an old Man. And those which _Pliny_ reckons up, _l. 7. c. 48._ as rare
+Examples of long Life, may for the most Part be match’d by our modern
+Histories; especially such as _Pliny_ himself gave Credit unto. Dr.
+_Plot_ hath given us divers Instances in his History of _Oxfordshire_,
+c. 2. §. 3. and c. 8. §. 54. and History of _Staffordshire_, c. 8. §.
+91, _&c._ Among others, one is of twelve Tenants of Mr. _Biddulph_’s,
+that together made 1000 Years of Age. But the most considerable Examples
+of aged Persons among us, is of old _Parre_ of _Shropshire_, who lived
+152 Years 9 Months, according to the learned Dr. _Harvey_’s Account; and
+_Henry Jenkins_ of _Yorkshire_, who lived 169 Years, according to the
+Account of my learned and ingenious Friend Dr. _Tancred Robinson_; of
+both which, with others, see _Lowth. Abridg. Phil. Trans._ V. 3. p. 306.
+The great Age of _Parre_ of _Shropshire_, minds me of an Observation of
+the Reverend Mr. _Plaxton_, that in his two Parishes of _Kinardsey_ and
+_Donington_ in _Shropshire_, every sixth Soul was 60 Years of Age, or
+upwards, _Phil. Trans._ Nᵒ. 310.
+
+And if we step farther North into _Scotland_, we shall find divers
+recorded for their great Age: Of which I shall present the Reader with
+only one modern Example of one _Laurence_, who married a Wife after he
+was 100 Years of Age, and would go out to Sea a Fishing in his little
+Boat, when he was 140 Years old; and is lately dead of no other Distemper
+but mere old Age, saith Sir _Rob. Sibbald_, _Prodr. Hist. Nat. Scot._ p.
+44. _and_ l. 3. p. 4.
+
+As for Foreigners, the Examples would be endless; and therefore that of
+_Joh. Ottele_ shall suffice, who was as famous for his Beard, as for
+being 115 Years of Age. He was but two _Brabant_ Ells ³⁄₉ high; and his
+long grey Beard was one Ell ¼ long. His Picture and Account may be seen
+in _Ephem. Germ. T. 3. Obs. 163._
+
+As for the Story _Roger Bacon_ tells, of one that lived 900 Years by the
+Help of a certain Medicine, and many other such Stories, I look upon
+them as fabulous. And no better is that of the _Wandring Jew_, named
+_Joh. Buttadæus_, said to have been present at our Saviour’s Crucifixion;
+although very serious Stories are told of his being seen at _Antwerp_,
+and in _France_, about the Middle of the last Century but one; and
+before in _Ann. 1542_, conversed with by _Paul_ of _Eitsen_, Bishop of
+_Sleswick_; and before that, _viz._ in 1228, seen and convers’d with by
+an _Armenian Archbishop_’s _Gentleman_; and by others at other Times.
+
+If the Reader hath a Mind to see more Examples, he may meet with some
+of all Ages, in the learned _Hakewill’s Apol. p. 181._ where he will
+also find that learned Author’s Opinion of the Causes of the Brevity and
+Length of humane Life. The Brevity thereof he attributeth to a too tender
+Education, sucking strange Nurses, too hasty Marriages; but above all, to
+Luxury, high Sauces, strong Liquors, _&c._ The Longævity of the Ancients
+he ascribes to Temperance in Meat and Drink, anointing the Body, the
+Use of Saffron and Honey, warm Clothes, lesser Doors and Windows, less
+Physick and more Exercise.
+
+[f] The Proportions which Marriages bear to Births, and Births to
+Burials, in divers Parts of Europe, may be seen at an easy View in this
+Table:
+
+  +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
+  | Names of the Places.                    | Marriages to |  Births to  |
+  |                                         | Births: As   | Burials: as |
+  +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
+  |_England_ in general.                    |   1 to 4.63  | 1.12 to 1   |
+  +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
+  |_London_.                                |   1 to 4.    | 1    to 1.1 |
+  +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
+  |_Hantshire_, from 1569, to 1658.         |   1 to 4.    | 1.2  to 1   |
+  +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
+  |_Tiverton_ in _Devon_, 1560, to 1649.    |   1 to 3.7   | 1.26 to 1   |
+  +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
+  |_Cranbrook_ in _Kent_, 1560, to 1649.    |   1 to 3.9   | 1.6  to 1   |
+  +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
+  |_Aynho_ in _Northamptonshire_ for 118 Y. |   1 to 6     | 1.6  to 1   |
+  +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
+  |_Leeds_ in _Yorkshire_ for 122 Years.    |   1 to 3.7   | 1.07 to 1   |
+  +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
+  |_Harwood_ in _Yorkshire_ 57 Years.       |   1 to 3.4   | 1.23 to 1   |
+  +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
+  |_Upminster_ in _Essex_ 100 Years.        |   1 to 4.6   | 1.08 to 1   |
+  +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
+  |_Frankfort_ on the _Main_ in 1695.       |   1 to 3.7   | 1.2  to 1   |
+  +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
+  | Old middle and lower _Marck_ in 1698.   |   1 to 3.7   | 1.9  to 1   |
+  +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
+  | Domin. of the K. of _Prussia_ in 1698.  |   1 to 3.7   | 1.5  to 1   |
+  +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
+  |_Breslaw_ in _Silesia_ from 1687 to 1691.|              | 1.6  to 1   |
+  +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
+  |_Paris_ in 1670, 1671, 1672.             |   1 to 4.7   | 1    to 1.6 |
+  +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
+
+Which Table I made from Major _Graunt_’s Observations on the Bills of
+Mortality; Mr. _King_’s Observations in the first of Dr. _Davenant_’s
+_Essays_; and what I find put together by my ingenious Friend Mr.
+_Lowthorp_, in his _Abridgment_, Vol. 3. p. 668. and my own Register of
+_Upminster_. That from _Aynho_ Register in _Northamptonshire_, I had
+from the present Rector, the learned and ingenious Mr. _Wasse_: And I
+was promised some Accounts from the North, and divers others Parts of
+this Kingdom; but have not yet received them: Only those of _Leeds_
+and _Harwood_ in _Yorkshire_, from my curious and ingenious friend Mr.
+_Thoresby_.
+
+[g] The preceding Table shews, that Marriages, one with another, do each
+of them produce about four Births; not only in _England_, but in other
+Parts of _Europe_ also.
+
+And by Mr. _King_’s Estimate, (the best Computations I imagine of any,
+being derived from the best Accounts; such as the Marriage, Birth,
+Burial-Act, the Poll Books, _&c._ by his Estimate, I say,) about 1 in
+104 marry. For he judgeth the Number of the People in _England_, to be
+about five Millions and a half; of which about 41000 annually marry. As
+to what might be farther remarked concerning Marriages, in regard of the
+Rights and Customs of several Nations, the Age to which divers Nations
+limited Marriage, _&c._ it would be Endless, and too much out of the Way
+to mention them: I shall only therefore, for the Reader’s Diversion,
+take Notice of the Jeer of _Lactantias_, _Quare apud Poetas salacissimus
+~Jupiter~ desiit liberos tollere? Utrum sexagenarius factus, & ei Lex
+Papia fibulam imposuit?_ Lactant. Instit. l. 1. c. 16. By which _Lex
+Papia_, Men were prohibited to marry after 60, and Women after 50 Years
+of Age.
+
+[h] _Major Graunt_, (whose Conclusions seem to be well-grounded,) and Mr.
+_King_, disagree in the Proportions they assign to Males and Females.
+This latter makes in _London_, 10 Males to be to 13 Females; in other
+Cities and Market-Towns, 8 to 9; and in the Villages and Hamlets, 100
+Males to 99 Females. But Major _Graunt_, both from the _London_, and
+_Country_ Bills, saith, there are 14 Males to 13 Females: From whence he
+justly infers, _That Christian Religion, prohibiting Polygamy, is more
+agreeable to the Law of Nature than_ Mahumetism, _and others that allow
+it_, Chap. 8.
+
+This Proportion of 14 to 13, I imagine is nearly just, it being agreeable
+to the Bills I have met with, as well as those in Mr. _Graunt_. In the
+100 Years, for Example, of my own Parish-Register, although the Burials
+of Males and Females were nearly equal, being 636 Males, and 623 Females
+in all that Time; yet there were baptized 709 Males, and but 675 Females,
+which is 13 Females to 13.7 Males. Which Inequality shews, not only,
+that one Man ought to have but one Wife; but also that every Woman may,
+without Polygamy, have an Husband, if she doth not bar her self by the
+want of Virtue, by Denial, _&c._ Also this Surplusage of Males is very
+useful for the Supplies of War, the Seas, and other such Expences of the
+Men above the Women.
+
+That this is a Work of the Divine Providence, and not a Matter of Chance,
+is well made out by the very Laws of Chance, by a Person able to do it,
+the ingenious and learned Dr. _Arbuthnot_. He supposeth _Thomas_ to lay
+against _John_, that for eighty two Years running, more Males shall
+be born than Females; and giving all Allowances in the Computation to
+_Thomas_’s side, he makes the Odds against _Thomas_, that it doth not
+happen so, to be near five Millions of Millions, of Millions, of Millions
+to one; but for Ages of Ages (according to the World’s Age) to be near an
+infinite Number to one against _Thomas_. _Vid._ _Phil. Trans._ Nᵒ. 328.
+
+[i] The foregoing Table shews, that in _England_ in general fewer die
+than are born, there being but 1 Death to 1¹²⁄₁₀₀ Births. But in _London_
+more die than are born. So by Dr. _Davenant_’s Table, the Cities likewise
+and Market-Towns bury ⁷⁄₁₀₀ to one Birth. But in _Paris_ they out-do
+_London_, their Deaths being 1½ to one Birth: The Reason of which I
+conceive is, because their Houses are more crowded than in _London_. But
+in the Villages of _England_, there are fewer die than are born, there
+being but 1 Death to 1¹⁷⁄₁₀₀ Births. And yet Major _Graunt_, and Dr.
+_Davenant_, both observe, that there are more Breeders in _London_, and
+the Cities and Market-Towns, than are in the Country, notwithstanding the
+_London_-Births are fewer than the Country; the Reason of which see in
+_Graunt_, _Chap. 7._ and _Davenant ubi supr. p. 21._
+
+The last Remark I shall make from the foregoing Table, shall be, that we
+may from thence judge of the Healthfulness of the Places there mentioned.
+If the Year 1698 was the mean Account of the three _Marcks_, those Places
+bid the fairest for being most healthful; and next to them, _Aynho_ and
+_Cranbrook_ for _English_ Towns.
+
+[k] _Quid loquar, quanta ratio in bestiis ad perpetuam conservationem
+earum generis appareat? Nam primum aliæ Mares, aliæ Fœminæ sunt, quod
+perpetuitatis causâ machinata natura est._ Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 51.
+
+[l] Altho’ _Aristotle_ held the Eternity of the World, yet he seems to
+have retracted that Opinion, or to have had a different Opinion when he
+wrote his _Metaphysicks_; for in his first Book he affirms, that _God
+is the Cause and Beginning of all Things_; and in his Book _de Mundo_
+he saith, _There is no doubt, but God is the Maker and Conservator of
+all Things in the World_. And the _Stoicks_ Opinion is well known, who
+strenuously contended that the Contrivance and Beauty of the Heavens and
+Earth, and all Creatures was owing to a wise, intelligent Agent. Of which
+_Tully_ gives a large Account in his second Book _de Nat. Deor._ in the
+Person of _Balbus_.
+
+[m] I have before in _Note (g)_, observed, that the ordinary rate of
+the Doubling or Increase of Mankind is, that every Marriage, one with
+another, produces about four Births; but some have much exceeded that.
+_Babo_, Earl of _Abensperg_, had thirty two Sons and eight Daughters,
+and being invited to hunt with the Emperor _Henry_ II. and bring but few
+Servants, brought only one Servant, and his thirty two Sons. To these
+many others might be added; but one of the most remarkable Instances
+I have any where met with, is that of Mrs. _Honywood_, mentioned by
+_Hakewill_, _Camden_, and other Authors; but having now before me the
+Names, with some Remarks (which I received from a pious neighbouring
+Descendant of the same Mrs. _Honywood_) I shall give a more particular
+Account than they. Mrs. _Mary Honywood_ was Daughter, and one of the
+Co-Heiresses of _Robert Atwaters_, Esq; of _Lenham_ in _Kent_. She was
+born in 1527, married in _February_ 1543, at sixteen Years of Age, to her
+only Husband _Robert Honywood_, of _Charing_ in _Kent_, Esq; She died in
+the ninety third Year of her Age, in _May 1620_. She had sixteen Children
+of her own Body, seven Sons and nine Daughters; of which one had no
+issue, three died young, and the youngest was slain at _Newport Battle_,
+_June 20, 1600_. Her Grand-Children in the second Generation, were one
+hundred and fourteen; in the third two hundred and twenty eight; and nine
+in the fourth Generation. So that she could say the same that the Distick
+doth, made of one of the _Dalburg_’s Family of _Basil_:
+
+       1         2         3           4
+    _Mater ait Natæ, dic Natæ, filia Natam_
+
+                  5                 6
+    _Ut moneat, Natæ, plangere Filiolam._
+
+      1         2                       3
+    _Rise up Daughter, and go to thy Daughter,_
+
+                4         5               6
+    _for her Daughters Daughter hath a Daughter._
+
+Mrs. _Honywood_ was a very pious Woman, afflicted, in her declining
+Age, with Despair, in some measure; concerning which, some Divines once
+discoursing with her, she in a Passion said, _She was as certainly damned
+as this Glass is broken_, throwing a _Venice_-Glass against the Ground,
+which she had then in her Hand. But the Glass escaped breaking, as
+credible Witnesses attested.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XI.
+
+_Of the Food of Animals._
+
+
+The preceding Reflection of the _Psalmist_, mindeth me of another Thing
+in common to Animals, that pertinently falleth next under Consideration,
+which is the _Appointment of Food_, mentioned in Verse 27, 28, of the
+last cited _Psalm_ civ. _These ~[Creatures]~ wait all upon thee, that
+thou may’st give them their Meat in due Season. That thou givest them,
+they gather; thou openest thy Hand, they are filled with Good._ The same
+is again asserted in _Psal_. cxlv. 15, 16. _The Eyes of all wait upon
+thee, and thou givest them their Meat in due Season. Thou openest thy
+Hand, and satisfiest the Desire of every living Thing._
+
+What the _Psalmist_ here asserts, affords us a glorious Scene of the
+divine Providence and Management. Which, (as I have shew’d it to concern
+it self in other lesser Things;) so we may presume doth exert it self
+particularly in so grand an Affair as that of Food, whereby the animal
+World subsists: And this will be manifested, and the _Psalmist_’s
+Observations exemplified, from these six following Particulars:
+
+I. From the subsisting and maintaining such a large Number of Animals,
+throughout all Parts of the World.
+
+II. From the proportionate Quantity of Food to the Eaters.
+
+III. From the Variety of Food suited to the Variety of Animals: Or the
+Delight which various Animals have in different Food.
+
+IV. From the peculiar Food which peculiar Places afford to the Creatures
+suited to those Places.
+
+V. From the admirable and curious Apparatus made for the gathering,
+preparing, and Digestion of the Food. And,
+
+VI. _and lastly_, From the great Sagacity of all Animals, in finding out
+and providing their Food.
+
+I. It is a great Act of the divine Power and Wisdom, as well as Goodness,
+to provide Food for such a World of Animals[a], as every where possess
+the terraqueous Globe; on the dry Land; and in the Sea and Waters; in the
+torrid and frozen Zones, as well as the temperate. That the temperate
+Climates, or at least the fertile Valleys, and rich and plentiful Regions
+of the Earth, should afford Subsistence to many Animals, may appear less
+wonderful perhaps: But that in all other the most likely Places for
+Supplies sufficient Food should be afforded to such a prodigious Number,
+and so great Variety of Beasts, Birds, Fishes and Insects; is owing to
+that Being, who hath as wisely adapted their Bodies to their Place and
+Food, as well as carefully provided Food for their Subsistence there.
+
+But I shall leave this Consideration, because it will be illustrated
+under the following Points; and proceed,
+
+II. To consider the Adjustment of the Quantity of Food, in Proportion
+to the Eaters. In all Places there is generally enough; nay, such a
+Sufficiency, as may be styled a Plenty; but not such a Superfluity,
+as to waste and corrupt, and thereby annoy the World. But that which
+is particularly remarkable here, is, that among the great Variety of
+Foods, the most useful is the most plentiful, most universal, easiest
+propagated, and most patient of Weather, and other Injuries. As the
+herbaceous Eaters, (for Instance) are many, and devour much; so the
+dryland Surface we find every where almost naturally carpeted over with
+Grass, and other agreeable wholsome Plants; propagating themselves in a
+Manner every where, and scarcely destroyable by the Weather, the Plough,
+or any Art. So likewise for Grain, especially such as is most useful,
+how easily is it cultivated, and what a large Increase doth it produce?
+_Pliny_’s Example of Wheat[b], is a sufficient Instance in this Matter;
+which (as that curious Heathen observes) being principally useful to the
+Support of Man, is easily propagated, and in great Plenty: And an happy
+Faculty that is of it, that it can bear either extreams of Heat or Cold,
+so as scarce to refuse any Clime.
+
+III. Another wise Provision the Creator hath made relating to the Food
+of Animals, is, that various Animals delight in various Food[c]; some
+in Grass and Herbs; some in Grain and Seeds; some in Flesh; some in
+Insects; some in this[d], some in that; some more delicate and nice; some
+voracious and catching at any Thing. If all delighted in, or subsisted
+only with one Sort of Food, there would not be sufficient for all; but
+every Variety chusing various Food, and perhaps abhorring that which
+others like, is a great and wise Means that every Kind hath enough, and
+oftentimes somewhat to spare.
+
+It deserves to be reckoned as an Act of the divine Appointment, that what
+is wholesome Food to one, is nauseous, and as a Poyson to another; what
+is a sweet and delicate Smell and Taste to one, is fœtid and loathsome
+to another: By which Means all the Provisions the Globe affords are
+well dispos’d of. Not only every Creature is well provided for, but a
+due Consumption is made of those Things that otherwise would encumber
+the World, lie in the Way, corrupt, rot, stink and annoy, instead of
+cherishing and refreshing it. For our most useful Plants, Grain and
+Fruits, would mould and rot; those Beasts, Fowls and Fishes, which are
+reckoned among the greatest Dainties, would turn to Carrion, and poyson
+us: Nay, those Animals which are become Carrion, and many other Things
+that are noysome, both on the Dry-land, and in the Waters, would be
+great Annoyances, and breed Diseases, was it nor for the Provision which
+the infinite Orderer of the World hath made, by causing these Things
+to be sweet, pleasant, and wholsome Food to some Creature or other, in
+the Place where those Things fall: To Dogs, Ravens, and other voracious
+Animals, for Instance, on the Earth; and to rapacious Fishes, and other
+Creatures inhabiting the Waters.
+
+Thus is the World in some Measure kept sweet and clean, and at the same
+Time, divers Species of Animals supply’d with convenient Food. Which
+Providence of God, particularly in the Supplies afforded the _Ravens_, is
+divers Times taken Notice of in the Scriptures[e]; but whether for the
+Reasons now hinted, or any other special Reasons, I shall not enquire.
+Thus our Saviour, _Luke_ xii. 24. _Consider the Ravens; for they neither
+sow nor reap, which neither have Storehouse, nor Barn, and God feedeth
+them._ It is a manifest Argument of the divine Care and Providence,
+in supplying the World with Food and Necessaries, that the _Ravens_,
+accounted as unclean, and little regarded by Man, destitute of Stores,
+and that live by Accidents, by what falleth here and there; that such a
+Bird, I say, should be provided with sufficient Food; especially if that
+be true, which _Aristotle_[f], _Pliny_[g], and _Ælian_[h], report of
+their unnatural Affection and Cruelty to their Young: “That they expel
+them their Nests as soon as they can fly, and then drive them out of the
+Country”.
+
+Thus having considered the wise Appointment of the Creator, in suiting
+the Variety of Food, to Variety of Animals: Let us in the
+
+IV. Place, Take a View of the peculiar Food, which particular Places
+afford to the Creatures inhabiting therein.
+
+It hath been already observed[i], that every Place on the Surface of
+the terraqueous Globe, is stocked with proper Animals, whose Organs of
+Life and Action are curiously adapted to each respective Place. Now it
+is an admirable Act of the divine Providence, that every Place affords a
+proper Food to all the living Creatures therein. All the various Regions
+of the World, the different Climates[k], the various Soils, the Seas,
+the Waters, nay our very Putrefactions, and most nasty Places about the
+Globe, as they are inhabited by some or other Animal, so they produce
+some proper Food or other, affording a comfortable Subsistence to the
+Creatures living there. I might for Instances[l] of this, bring the
+great Variety of Herbs, Fruits and Grains on the Earth, the large Swarms
+of Insects in the Air, with every other Food of the Creatures residing
+in the Earth, or flying in the Air. But I shall stop at the _Waters_,
+because the _Psalmist_, in the fore-cited civᵗʰ _Psalm_, speaks with
+relation to the especial Provision for the Inhabitants of the Waters; and
+also by reason that many Land Animals have their chief Maintenance from
+thence.
+
+Now one would think, that the Waters were a very unlikely Element
+to produce Food for so great a Number of Creatures, as have their
+Subsistence from thence. But yet how rich a Promptuary is it, not only
+to large multitudes of Fishes, but also to many amphibious Quadrupeds,
+Insects, Reptiles, and Birds! From the largest _Leviathan_, which the
+_Psalmist_ saith[m] _playeth in the Seas_, to the smallest Mite in the
+Lakes and Ponds, all are plentifully provided for; as is manifest from
+the Fatness of their Bodies, and the Gaiety of their Aspect and Actions.
+
+And the Provision which the Creator hath made for this Service in the
+Waters is very observable; not only by the Germination of divers aquatick
+Plants there, but particularly by appointing the Waters to be the Matrix
+of many Animals, particularly of many of the Insect-Kind, not only of
+such as are peculiar to the Waters, but also of many appertaining to the
+Air and the Land, who, by their near Alliance to the Waters, delight to
+be about them, and by that means become a Prey, and plentiful Food to the
+Inhabitants of the Waters. And besides these, what prodigious Shoals do
+we find of minute Animals, even sometimes discolouring the Waters[n]! Of
+these (not only in the Water, but in the Air and on Land) I have always
+thought there was some more than ordinary Use intended by the All-wise
+Creator. And having bent many of my Observations that way, I have
+evidently found it accordingly to be. For be they never so numberless or
+minute, those Animals serve for Food to some Creatures or other. Even
+those Animalcules in the Waters, discoverable only with good Microscopes,
+are a Repast to others there, as I have often with no less Admiration
+than Pleasure seen[o].
+
+But now the usual Objection is, that Necessity maketh Use[p]. Animals
+must be fed, and they make use of what they find: In the desolate
+Regions, and in the Waters, for Instance, they feed upon what they can
+come at; but, when in greater Plenty, they pick and chuse.
+
+But this Objection hath been already in some measure answered by what
+hath been said; which plainly argues Design, and a super-intending
+Wisdom, Power and Providence in this special Business of Food.
+Particularly the different Delight of divers Animals in different Food,
+so that what is nauseous to one, should be Dainties to another, is a
+manifest Argument, that the Allotment of Food is not a Matter of mere
+Chance, but entailed to the very Constitution and Nature of Animals; that
+they chuse this, and refuse that, not by Accident, or Necessity, but
+because the one is a proper Food, agreeable to their Constitution, and
+so appointed by the infinite Contriver of their Bodies; and the other is
+disagreeable and injurious to them.
+
+But all this Objection will be found frivolous, and the Wisdom and Design
+of the great Creator will demonstratively appear, if we take a Survey,
+
+V. Of the admirable and curious Apparatus in all Animals, made for the
+Gathering, Preparing and Digestion of their Food. From the very first
+Entrance, to the utmost Exit of the Food, we find every Thing contrived,
+made and disposed with the utmost Dexterity and Art, and curiously
+adapted to the Place the Animal liveth in, and the Food it is to be
+nourished with.
+
+Let us begin with the _Mouth_. And this we find, in every Species of
+Animals, nicely conformable to the Use of such a Part; neatly sized and
+shaped for the catching of Prey, for the gathering or receiving Food[q],
+for the Formation of Speech, and every other such like Use[r]. In some
+Creatures it is wide and large, in some little and narrow: in some with
+a deep Incisure up into the Head[s], for the better catching and holding
+of Prey, and more easy Comminution of hard, large and troublesome Food;
+in others with a much shorter Incisure, for the gathering and holding of
+herbaceous Food.
+
+In _Insects_ it is very notable. In some forcipated; to catch hold and
+tear their Prey[t]. In some aculeated, to pierce and wound Animals[u],
+and suck their Blood. And in others strongly rigged with Jaws and Teeth,
+to gnaw and scrape out their Food, to carry Burdens[w] to perforate the
+Earth, yea the hardest Wood, yea even Stones themselves, for Houses[x]
+to themselves, and Nests for their young.
+
+And lastly, in _Birds_ it is no less remarkable. In the first Place,
+it is neatly shaped for piercing the Air, and making Way for the Body
+thro’ the airy Regions. In the next Place, it is hard and horny, which
+is a good Supplement for the want of Teeth, and causeth the Bill to have
+the Use and Service of the Hand. It’s hooked Form is of great Use to
+the rapacious Kind[y], in catching and holding their Prey, and in the
+Comminution thereof by tearing; to others it is no less serviceable to
+their Climbing, as well as neat and nice Comminution of their Food[z].
+Its extraordinary Length and Slenderness is very useful to some, to
+search and grope for their Food in moorish Places[aa]; as its Length
+and Breadth is to others to hunt and search in muddy Places[bb]: And
+the contrary Form, namely, a thick, short, and sharp-edg’d Bill, is as
+useful to other Birds, who have occasion to husk and flay the Grains
+they swallow. But it would be endless, and tedious, to reckon up all
+the various Shapes, and commodious Mechanism of all; the Sharpness and
+Strength of those who have Occasion to perforate Wood and Shells[cc]; the
+Slenderness and Neatness of such as pick up small Insects; the Cross-form
+of such as break up Fruits[dd]; the compressed Form of others[ee], with
+many other curious and artificial Forms, all suited to the Way of Living,
+and peculiar Occasions of the several Species of Birds. Thus much for the
+Mouth.
+
+Let us next take a short View of the _Teeth_[ff], In which their
+peculiar Hardness[gg] is remarkable, their Growth[hh] also, their firm
+Insertion and Bandage in the Gums and Jaws, and their various Shape and
+Strength, suited to their various Occasion and Use[ii]; the foremost
+weak and farthest from the Center, as being only Preparers to the rest;
+the others being to grind and mince, are accordingly made stronger,
+and placed nearer the Center of Motion and Strength. Likewise their
+various Form[kk], in various Animals is considerable, being all curiously
+adapted to the peculiar Food[ll], and Occasions of the several Species
+of Animals[mm]. And lastly, the temporary Defect of them[nn], is no less
+observable in Children, and such young Creatures, where there is no
+Occasion for them; but they would be rather an Annoyance to the tender
+Nipples and Breasts.
+
+From the Teeth, the grand Instruments of Mastication; let us proceed
+to the other ministerial Parts. And here the _Parotid_, _Sublingual_,
+and _maxillary Glands_; together with those of the Cheeks and Lips, are
+considerable; all lodged in the most convenient Places about the Mouth
+and Throat to afford that noble digestive salival Liquor, to be mixed
+with the Food in Mastication, and to moisten and lubricate the Passages,
+to give an easie descent to the Food. The commodious Form also of the
+Jaws, deserves our Notice; together with the strong Articulation of
+the lowermost, and its Motion. And lastly, the curious Form, the great
+Strength, the convenient Lodgment and Situation of the several Muscles
+and Tendons[oo], all ministring to this so necessary an Act of Life, as
+Mastication is; they are such Contrivances, such Works, as plainly set
+forth the infinite Workman’s Care and Skill.
+
+Next to the Mouth, the _Gullet_ presenteth it self; in every Creature
+well-siz’d to the Food it hath occasion to swallow; in some but narrow,
+in others as large and extensive[pp]; in all exceedingly remarkable for
+the curious Mechanism of its Muscles, and the artificial Decussation and
+Position of their Fibres[qq].
+
+And now we are arriv’d to the grand Receptacle of the Food, the
+_Stomach_; for the most Part as various as the Food to be convey’d
+therein. And here I might describe the admirable Mechanism of its
+Tunicks, Muscles, Glands, the Nerves, Arteries and Veins[rr]; all
+manifesting the super-eminent Contrivance and Art of the infinite
+Workman[ss]; they being all nicely adjusted to their respective Place,
+Occasion and Service. I might also insist upon that most necessary
+Office of _Digestion_; and here consider that wonderful Faculty of the
+Stomachs of all Creatures, to dissolve[tt] all the several Sorts of Food
+appropriated to their Species; even sometimes Things of that Consistency
+as seem insoluble[uu]; especially by such seemingly simple and weak
+_Menstruums_ as we find in their Stomachs: But I shall only give these
+Things a bare mention, and take more peculiar Notice of the Special
+Provision made in the particular Species of Animals, for the Digestion of
+that special Food appointed them.
+
+And in the first Place it is observable, that, in every Species of
+Animals, the Strength and Size of their Stomach[ww] is conformable to
+their Food. Such whose Food is more delicate, tender, and nutritive, have
+commonly this Part thinner, weaker, and less bulky; whereas such whose
+Aliment is less nutritive, or whose Bodies require larger Supplies to
+answer their Bulk, their Labours, and waste of Strength and Spirits, in
+them it is large and strong.
+
+Another very remarkable Thing in this Part, is, the Number of Ventricles
+in divers Creatures. In many but one; in some two or more[xx]. In such as
+make a sufficient Comminution of the Food in the Mouth, one suffices. But
+where Teeth are wanting, and the Food dry and hard, (as in granivorous
+Birds,) there the Defect is abundantly supply’d by one thin membranaceous
+Ventricle, to receive and moisten the Food, and another thick, strong,
+muscular one, to grind and tear[yy] it. But in such Birds, and other
+Creatures, whose Food is not Grain, but Flesh, Fruits, Insects, or
+partly one, partly the other, there their Stomachs are accordingly
+conformable to their Food[zz], stronger or weaker, membranaceous or
+muscular.
+
+But as remarkable a Thing, as any in this Part of Animals, is, the
+curious Contrivance and Fabrick of the several Ventricles of ruminating
+Creatures. The very Act it self of _Rumination_, is an excellent
+Provision for the compleat Mastication of the Food, at the Resting,
+leisure Times of the Animal. But the Apparatus for this Service, of
+divers Ventricles for its various Uses and Purposes, together with their
+curious Mechanism, deserves great Admiration[aaa].
+
+Having thus far pursu’d the Food to the Place, where by its Reduction
+into Chyle, it becomes a proper Aliment for the Body; I might next trace
+it through the several Meanders of the _Guts_, the _Lacteals_, and so
+into the _Blood_[bbb], and afterwards into the very Habit of the Body:
+I might also take Notice of the Separation made in the _Intestines_, of
+what is nutritive, (which is received,) and what is feculent, (being
+ejected;) and the Impregnations there from the _Pancreas_ and the
+_Gall_; and after it hath been strained through those curious Colanders,
+the _lacteal Veins_, I might also observe its Impregnations from the
+_Glands_ and _Lymphæducts_; and, to name no more, I might farther view
+the exquisite Structure of the Parts ministring to all these delicate
+Offices of Nature; particularly the artificial Conformation of the
+Intestines might deserve a special Enquiry, their Tunicks, Glands, Fibres
+traversing one another[ccc], and peristaltick Motion in all Creatures;
+and their cochleous Passage[ddd] to retard the Motion of the Chyle, and
+to make amends for the Shortness of the Intestines, in such Creatures who
+have but one Gut; together with many other Accommodations of Nature in
+particular Animals that might be mention’d. But it shall suffice to have
+given only a general Hint of those curious and admirable Works of God.
+From whence it is abundantly manifest how little weight there is in the
+former atheistical Objection. Which will receive a further Confutation
+from the
+
+VI. and last Thing relating to Food, that I shall speak of, namely, _The
+great Sagacity of all Animals, in finding out and providing their Food._
+In Man perhaps we may not find any Thing very admirable, or remarkable in
+this Kind, by Means of his Reason and Understanding, and his Supremacy
+over the inferior Creatures; which answereth all his Occasions relating
+to this Business: But then even here the Creator hath shewed his Skill,
+in not over-doing the Matter; in not providing Man with an unnecessary
+Apparatus, to effect over and over again what is feasible, by the Reach
+of his Understanding, and the Power of his Authority.
+
+But for the inferior Creatures, who want Reason, the Power of that
+natural Instinct, that Sagacity[eee] which the Creator hath imprinted
+upon them, do amply compensate that Defect. And here we shall find a
+glorious Scene of the divine Wisdom, Power, Providence and Care, if
+we view the various Instincts of Beasts, great and small, or Birds,
+Insects and Reptiles[fff]. For among every Species of them, we may find
+notable Acts of Sagacity, or Instinct, proportional to their Occasions
+for Food. Even among those whose Food is near at Hand, and easily come
+at; as Grass and Herbs; and consequently have no great need of Art to
+discover it; yet, that Faculty of their accurate Smell and Taste, so
+ready at every turn, to distinguish between what is salutary, and what
+pernicious[ggg], doth justly deserve Praise. But for such Animals, whose
+Food is not so easily come at, a Variety of wonderful Instinct may be
+met with, sufficient to entertain the most curious Observer. With what
+entertaining Power, and Artifice do some Creatures hunt[hhh], and pursue
+their Game and Prey! And others watch and way-lay theirs[iii]! With what
+prodigious Sagacity do others grope for it under Ground, out of Sight,
+in moorish Places, in Mud and Dirt[kkk]; and others dig and delve for it,
+both above[lll], and under the Surface of the drier Lands[mmm]! And how
+curious and well designed a Provision is it of particular large Nerves in
+such Creatures, adapted to that especial Service!
+
+What an admirable Faculty is that of many Animals, to discover their
+Prey at vast Distances; some by their Smell some Miles off[nnn]; and
+some by their sharp and piercing Sight, aloft in the Air, or at other
+great Distances[ooo]! An Instance of the latter of which GOD himself
+giveth, (_Job_ xxxix. 27, 28, 29.) in the Instinct of the _Eagle_:
+_Doth the Eagle mount up at thy Command, and make her Nest on high? She
+dwelleth and abideth on the Rock, upon the Crag of the Rock, and the
+strong Place[ppp]. From thence she seeketh her Prey, and her Eyes behold
+afar off._ What a commodious Provision hath the Contriver of Nature made
+for Animals, that are necessitated to climb for their Food; not only
+in the Structure of their Legs and Feet, and in the Strength of their
+Tendons and Muscles, acting in that particular Office[qqq]; but also in
+the peculiar Structure of the principal Parts, acting in the Acquest of
+their Food[rrr]! What a Provision also is that in nocturnal Birds and
+Beasts, in the peculiar Structure of their Eye[sss], (and we may perhaps
+add the Accuracy of their Smell too) whereby they are enabled to discover
+their Food in the Dark? But among all the Instances we have of natural
+Instinct, those Instincts, and especial Provisions made to supply the
+Necessities of Helpless Animals, do in a particular Manner demonstrate
+the great Creator’s Care. Of which I shall give two Instances.
+
+1. The Provision made for young Creatures. That Στοργὴ, that natural
+Affection, so connatural to all, or most Creatures towards their
+Young[ttt], what an admirable noble Principle is it, implanted in them
+by the wise Creator? By Means of which, with what Alacrity do they
+transact their parental Ministry? With what Care do they nurse up their
+Young; think no Pains too great to be taken for them, no Dangers[uuu] too
+great to be ventured upon for their Guard and Security? How carefully
+will they lead them about in Places of Safety, carry them into Places
+of Retreat and Security; yea, some of them admit them into their own
+Bowels[www]? How will they caress them with their affectionate Notes,
+lull and quiet them with their tender parental Voice, put Food into their
+Mouths, suckle them, cherish and keep them warm, teach them to pick, and
+eat, and gather Food for themselves; and, in a word, perform the whole
+Part of so many Nurses, deputed by the Sovereign Lord and Preserver of
+the World, to help such young and shiftless Creatures, till they are come
+to that Maturity, as to be able to shift for themselves?
+
+And as for other Animals (particularly Insects, whose Sire is partly
+the Sun, and whose numerous Off-spring would be too great for their
+Parent-Animal’s Care and Provision) these are so generated, as to need
+none of their Care, by Reason they arrive immediately to their Ἡλικία,
+their perfect, adult State, and are able to shift for themselves. But
+yet, thus far their parental Instinct (equivalent to the most rational
+Care and Fore-sight) doth extend, that the old ones do not wildly drop
+their Eggs and Sperm any where, at all Adventures, but so cautiously
+reposit it in such commodious Places (some in the Waters, some on Flesh,
+some on Plants proper and agreeable to their Species[xxx]; and some shut
+up agreeable Food in their Nests, partly for Incubation, partly for
+Food[yyy],) that their young in their _Aurelia_, or _Nympha_ State, may
+find sufficient and agreeable Food to bring them up, till they arrive to
+their Maturity.
+
+Thus far the Parental Instinct and Care.
+
+Next we may observe no less in the young themselves, especially in those
+of the irrational Animals. Forasmuch as the Parent-Animal is not able to
+bear them about, to cloath them, and to dandle them, as Man doth; how
+admirably hath the Creator contrived their State, that those poor young
+Creatures can soon walk about, and with the little Helps of their Dam,
+shift for, and help themselves? How naturally do they hunt for their
+Teat, suck, pick[zzz], and take in their proper Food?
+
+But for the young of Man, their Parents Reason, joined with natural
+Affection, being sufficient to help, to nurse, to feed, and to cloath
+them; therefore they are born helpless, and are more absolutely than
+other Creatures, cast upon their Parents Care[aaaa]. A manifest Act and
+Designation of the Divine Providence.
+
+2. The other Instance I promised, is the Provision made for the
+Preservation of such Animals as are sometimes destitute of Food, or in
+Danger of being so. The Winter is a very inconvenient, improper Season,
+to afford either Food or Exercise to Insects, and many other Animals.
+When the flowry Fields are divested of their Gaiety; when the fertile
+Trees and Plants are stripp’d of their Fruits, and the Air, instead of
+being warmed with the cherishing Beams of the Sun, is chilled with rigid
+Frost; what would become of such Animals as are impatient of Cold? What
+Food could be found by such as are subsisted by the Summer-Fruits? But
+to obviate all this Evil, to stave off the Destruction and Extirpation
+of divers Species of Animals, the infinitely wise Preserver of the World
+hath as wisely ordered the matter; that, in the first Place, such as are
+impatient of Cold, should have such a special Structure of their Body,
+particularly of their Hearts, and Circulation of their Blood[bbbb],
+as during that Season, not to suffer any waste of their Body, and
+consequently not to need any Recruits; but that they should be able to
+live in a kind of sleepy, middle State, in their Places of safe Retreat,
+until the warm Sun revives both them and their Food together.
+
+The next Provision is for such as can bear the Cold, but would want
+Food then; and that is in some by a long Patience of Hunger[cccc], in
+others by their notable Instinct in laying up Food beforehand against
+the approaching Winter[dddd]. Of this many entertaining Examples may
+be given; particularly we may, at the proper Season, observe not only
+the little Treasures and Holes well-stocked with timely Provisions, but
+large Fields[eeee] here and there throughout bespread with considerable
+Numbers of the Fruits of the neighbouring Trees, laid carefully up in
+the Earth, and covered safe, by the provident little Animals inhabiting
+thereabouts. And not without Pleasure have I seen and admired the
+Sagacity of other Animals, hunting out those subterraneous Fruits, and
+pillaging the Treasures of those little provident Creatures.
+
+And now from this bare transient View of this Branch of the Great
+Creator’s Providence and Government, relating to the _Food_ of his
+Creatures, we can conclude no less, than that since this grand Affair
+hath such manifest Strokes of admirable and wise Management, that since
+this is demonstrated throughout all Ages and Places, that therefore it is
+God’s Handy-Work. For how is it possible that so vast a World of Animals
+should be supported, such a great Variety equally and well supplied with
+proper Food, in every Place fit for Habitation, without an especial
+Superintendency and Management, equal to, at least, that of the most
+prudent Steward and Housholder? How should the Creatures be able to find
+out their Food when laid up in secret Places? And how should they be able
+to gather even a great deal of the common Food, and at last to macerate
+and digest it, without peculiar Organs adapted to the Service? And what
+less than an infinitely Wise God could form such a Set of curious Organs,
+as we find every Species endowed with, for this very Life? Organs so
+artificially made, so exquisitely fitted up, that the more strictly we
+survey them, the more accurately we view them (even the meanest of them
+with our blest Glasses) the less Fault we find in them, and the more
+we admire them: Whereas the best polished, and most exquisite Works,
+made by human Art, appear through our Glasses, as rude and bungling,
+deformed and monstrous; and yet we admire them, and call them Works of
+Art and Reason. And lastly, What less than Rational and Wise could endow
+irrational Animals with various Instincts, equivalent, in their special
+Way, to Reason it self? Insomuch that some from thence have absolutely
+concluded, that those Creatures had some Glimmerings of Reason. But
+it is manifestly Instinct, not Reason they act by, because we find no
+varying, but that every Species doth naturally pursue at all Times the
+same Methods and Way, without any Tutorage or Learning: Whereas _Reason_,
+without Instruction, would often vary, and do that by many Methods, which
+_Instinct_ doth by one alone. But of this more hereafter.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] _Pastum animantibus largè & copiosè natura eum, qui cuique aptus
+erat, comparavit._ Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 47.
+
+_Ille Deus est,——qui per totum orbem armenta dimisit, qui gregibus ubique
+passim vagantibus pabulum præstat._ Senec. de Benef. l. 4. c. 6.
+
+[b] _Tritico nihil est fertilius: hoc ei natura tribuit, quoniam eo
+maximè alat hominem; utpote cùm è modio, si sit aptum solum——150 modii
+reddantur. Misit D. Augusto procurator—ex uno grano (vix credibile dictu)
+400 paucis minùs germina. Misit & Neroni similiter 340 stipulas ex uno
+grano._ Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 18. c. 10.
+
+[c] _Sed illa quanta benignitas Natura, quòd tam multa ad vescendum,
+tam varia, tam jucunda gignit: neque ea uno tempore anni, ut semper &
+novitate delectemur & copiâ._ Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 53.
+
+[d] _Swammerdam_ observes of the _Ephemeron Worms_, that their Food is
+Clay, and that they make their Cells of the same. Upon which occasion
+he saith of _Moths_, that eat Wool and Fur, _There are two Things very
+considerable, 1. That the Cells they make to themselves, wherein they
+live, and with which (as their House, Tortoise-like) they move from Place
+to Place, they make of the Matter next at hand. 2. That they feed also on
+the same, therefore when you find their Cells, or rather Coats or Cases
+to be made of yellow, green, blue or black Cloth, you will also find
+their Dung of the same Colour._ Swammerd. Ephem. vita. Published by Dr.
+_Tyson_, _Chap. 3._
+
+[e] _Job_ xxxviii. 41. _Psal._ cxlvii. 9.
+
+[f] _Aristot. l. 9. c. 31. Hist. Animal._
+
+[g] _Pliny_ affirms this of the _Crow_ as well as _Raven_: _Cæteræ omnes
+~[i.e. Cornices]~ ex eodem genere pellunt nidis pullos, ac volare cogunt,
+sicut & Corvi, qui——robustos suos fœtus fugant longiùs._ Nat. Hist. l.
+10. c. 12.
+
+[h] _Var. Hist._
+
+[i] _Chap. 9._
+
+[k] _Admiranda Naturæ dispensatio est, ut aliter, alioque modo, tempore,
+& industriâ colatur terra septentrionalis, aliter Æthiopia, ~&c.~ Quoad
+Aquilonares, hoc certum est, in plerisque agris Vestrogothorum, parte
+objectâ Meridionali plagæ, Hordeum spatio 36 Dierum à femine projecto
+maturum colligi, hoc est à fine Junii usque medium Augusti, aliquando
+celerius. Ea namque maturitas ex soli naturâ, aërisque clementiâ,
+ac humore lapillorum fovente radices, Soleque torrente, necessariò
+provenit, ut ita nascatur, ac maturetur, talesque spicæ sex ordines in
+numero aristæ habent._ Ol. Mag. Hist. l. 15. c. 8. _Prata & pascua tantâ
+luxuriant graminum ubertate ac diversitate, ut necessum sit inde arcere
+jumenta, nè nimio herbarum esu crepent, ~&c.~_ Id. ib. l. 19. c. 36.
+
+[l] Among the many noble Contrivances for Food, I cannot but attribute
+that universal Aliment, _Bread_, to the Revelation, or at least the
+Inspiration of the Creator and Conservator of Mankind; not only because
+it is a Food used in all, or most Parts of the World; but especially
+because it is of incomparable Use in the great Work of Digestion, greatly
+assisting the Ferment, or whatever causes the Digestion of the Stomach.
+Of which take this Example from the noble Mr. _Boyle_. “He extracted a
+_Menstruum_ from Bread alone, that would work on Bodies more Compact
+than many hard Minerals, nay even on Glass it self, and do many Things
+that _Aqua-fortis_ could not do——Yet by no means was this so corrosive
+a Liquor as _Aq. fort._ or as the other _acid Menstruum_”. _Vid._ the
+ingenious and learned Dr. _Harris_’s _Lex. Tech. verbo Menstruum_, where
+the way of preparing it may be met with.
+
+[m] _Psal._ civ. 26.
+
+[n] The Insects that for the most part discolour the Waters, are the
+small Insects of the _Shrimp-kind_, called by _Swammerdam_, _Pulex
+aquaticus arborescens_. These I have often seen so numerous in stagnating
+Waters in the Summer-Months, that they have changed the Colour of the
+Waters to a pale or deep Red, sometimes a Yellow, according to the Colour
+they were of. Of this _Swammerdam_ hath a pretty Story told him by Dr.
+_Florence Schuyl_, viz. _Se aliquando Studiis intentum, magno quodam &
+horrifico rumore fuisse turbatum, & simul ad causam ejus inquirendam
+excitatum; verùm se vix eum in finem surrexisse, cùm Ancilla ejus pœne
+exanimis adcurreret, & multo cum singultu referret, omnem Lugduni
+~[Batavorum]~ aquam esse mutatam in sanguinem_. The Cause of which,
+upon Examination he found to be only from the numerous Swarms of those
+_Pulices_. V. Swamm. Hist. Insect. p. 70.
+
+The Cause of this great Concourse, and Appearance of those little
+Insects, I have frequently observed to be to perform their Coït; which
+is commonly about the latter end of _May_, and in _June_. At that Time
+they are very venereous, frisking and catching at one another; and many
+of them conjoined Tail to Tail, with their Bellies inclined one towards
+another.
+
+At this Time also they change their Skin or _Slough_; which I conceive
+their rubbing against one another mightily promoteth. And what if at this
+Time they change their Quarters? _Vid._ _Book VIII. Chap. 4. Note (f)._
+
+These small Insects, as they are very numerous, so are Food to many
+Water-Animals. I have seen not only _Ducks_ shovel them up as they swim
+along the Waters, but divers Insects also devour them, particularly some
+of the middle-sized _Squillæ aquaticæ_, which are very voracious Insects.
+
+[o] Besides the _Pulices_ last mentioned, there are in the Waters other
+Animalcules very numerous, which are scarce visible without a Microscope.
+In _May_, and the Summer Months, the green Scum on the top of stagnating
+Waters, is nothing else but prodigious Numbers of these Animalcules: So
+is likewise the green Colour in them, when all the Water seems green.
+Which Animalcules, in all Probability, serve for Food to the _Pulices
+Aquatici_, and other the minuter Animals of the Waters. Of which I gave
+a pregnant Instance in one of the _Nymphæ_ of _Gnats_, to my Friend the
+late admirable Mr. _Ray_, which he was pleased to publish in the last
+Edition of his _Wisdom of God in the Creation_, p. 430.
+
+[p]
+
+    _Nil adeò quoniam natum’st in Corpore, ut uti_
+    _Possemus, sed quod natum’st, id procreat usum._
+
+And afterwards,
+
+    _Propterea capitur Cibus, ut suffulciat artus,_
+    _Et recreet vireis interdatus, atque patentem_
+    _Per membra ac venas ut amorem obturet edendi._
+
+And after the same manner he discourseth of Thirst, and divers other
+Things. _Vid._ _Lucret. l. 4. v. 831, &c._
+
+Against this Opinion of the _Epicureans_, _Galen_ ingeniously argues in
+his Discourse about the Hand. _Non enim Manus ipsæ_ (saith he) _hominem
+artes docuerunt, sed Ratio. Manus autem ipsæ sunt artium organa; sicut
+Lyra musici——Lyra musicam non docuit, sed est ipsius artifex per eam, quâ
+præditus est, Rationem: agere autem non potest ex arte absque organis,
+ita & una quælibet anima facultates quasdam à suâ ipsius substantiâ
+obtinet,——Quòd autem corporis particulæ animam non impellunt,——manifeste
+videre licet, si animalia recèns nata confideres, quæ quidem priùs agere
+conantur, quàm perfectas habeant particulas. Ego namque Bovis vitulum
+cornibus petere conantem sæpenumero vidi, antequam ei nata essent
+cornua; Et pullum Equi calcitrantem, ~&c.~ Omne enim animal suæ ipsius
+Animæ facultates, ac in quos usus partes suæ polleant maximè, nullo
+doctore, præsentit.——Quâ igitur ratione dici potest, animalia partium
+usus à partibus doceri, cùm & antequam illas habeant, hoc cognoscere
+videantur? Si igitur Ova tria acceperis, unum Aquilæ, alterum Anatis,
+reliquum Serpentis, & calore modico foveris, animaliaque excluseris; illa
+quidem alis volare conantia, antequàm volare possint; hoc autem revolvi
+videbis, & serpere affectans, quamvis molle adhuc & invalidam fuerit.
+Et si, dum perfecta erunt, in unâ eâdemque domo nutriveris, deinde ad
+locum subdialem ducta emiseris, Aquila quidem ad sublime; Anas autem in
+paludem;——Serpens verò sub terrâ irrepet——Animalia quidem mihi videntur
+Naturâ magis quàm Ratione artem aliquam ~[τεχνικὰ artificiosa]~ exercere:
+Apes fingere alveolos, ~&c.~_ Galen de usu. Part I. c. 3.
+
+[q] _Alia dentibus prædantur, alia unguibus, alia rostri aduncitate
+carpunt, alia latitudine ~[ejusdem]~ ruunt, alia acumine excavant, alia
+sugunt, alia lambunt, sorbent, mandunt, vorant. Nec minor varietas in
+Pedum ministerio, ut rapiant, distrahant, teneant, premant, pendeant,
+tellurem scabere non cessent._ Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 10. c. 71.
+
+[r] Because it would be tedious to reckon up the Bones, Glands, Muscles,
+and other Parts belonging to the Mouth, it shall suffice to observe,
+that, for the various Services of Man’s Mouth, besides the Muscles in
+common with other Parts, there are five Pair, and one single one proper
+to the Lips only, as Dr. _Gibson_ reckons them: But my most diligent
+and curious Friend the late Mr. _Cowper_, discovered a sixth Pair. And
+accordingly Dr. _Drake_ reckons six Pair, and one single one proper to
+the Lips, _l. 3._ c. 13.
+
+[s] _Galen_ deserves to be here consulted, who excellently argues against
+the casual Concourse of the Atoms of _Epicurus_ and _Asclepiades_, from
+the provident and wise Formation of the Mouths of Animals, and their
+Teeth answerable thereto. In Man, his Mouth without a deep Incisure,
+with only one canine Tooth on a side, and flat Nails, because, saith he,
+_Hic Natura certò sciebat, se animal mansuetum ac civile effingere, cui
+robur & vires essent ex sapientiâ, non ex corporis fortitudine_. But for
+_Lions_, _Wolfs_ and _Dogs_, and all such as are called Καρχαρόδοντες,
+(or having sharp, serrated Teeth) their Mouths are large, and deep cut;
+Teeth strong and sharp, and their Nails sharp, large, strong and round,
+accommodated to holding and tearing. _Vid._ _Galen. de Us. Part. l. 11.
+c. 9._
+
+[t] Among Insects the _Squillæ aquaticæ_, as they are very rapacious,
+so are accordingly provided for it: Particularly the _Squilla aquatica
+maxima recurva_ (as I call it) who hath somewhat terrible in its very
+Aspect, and in its Posture in the Water, especially its Mouth, which is
+armed with long, sharp Hooks, with which it boldly, and greedily catcheth
+any thing in the Waters, even one’s Fingers. When they have seized their
+Prey, they will so tenaciously hold it with their forcipated Mouth, that
+they will not part therewith, even when they are taken out of the Waters,
+and jumbled about in one’s Hand. I have admired at their peculiar way of
+taking in their Food; which is done by piercing their Prey with their
+_Forcipes_ (which are hollow) and sucking the Juice thereof through them.
+
+The _Squilla_ here mentioned, is the first and second in _Mouffet_’s
+_Theat. Insect. l. 2. c. 37._
+
+[u] For an Instance of Insects endued with a Spear, I shall, for its
+Peculiarity, pitch upon one of the smallest, if not the very smallest of
+all the _Gnat_-kind, which I call, _Culex minimus nigricans maculatus
+sanguisuga_. Among us in _Essex_, they are called _Nidiots_, by _Mouffet
+Midges_. It is about ⅒ of an Inch, or somewhat more long, with short
+_Antennæ_, plain in the Female, in the Male feather’d, somewhat like a
+Bottle-Brush. It is spotted with blackish Spots, especially on the Wings,
+which extend a little beyond the Body. It comes from a little slender
+Eel-like Worm, of a dirty white Colour, swimming in stagnating Waters by
+a wrigling Motion; as in _Fig. 5._
+
+Its _Aurelia_ is small, with a black Head, little short Horns, a spotted,
+slender, rough Belly, _Vid._ _Fig. 6._ It lies quietly on the top of the
+Water, now and then gently wagging it self this way and that.
+
+These _Gnats_ are greedy Blood-Suckers, and very troublesome, where
+numerous, as they are in some Places near the _Thames_, particularly in
+the Breach-Waters that have lately befallen near us, in the Parish of
+_Dagenham_; where I found them so vexatious, that I was glad to get out
+of those Marshes. Yea, I have seen Horses so stung with them, that they
+have had Drops of Blood all over their Bodies, where they were wounded by
+them.
+
+I have given a Figure (in _Fig. 7._) and more particular Description of
+the _Gnats_, because, although it be common, it is no where taken notice
+of by any Author I know, except _Mouffet_, who, I suppose, means these
+_Gnats_, which he calls _Midges_, _c. 13. p. 82._
+
+[w] _Hornets_ and _Wasps_ have strong Jaws, toothed, wherewith they can
+dig into Fruits, for their Food; as also gnaw and scrape Wood, whole
+Mouthfuls of which they carry away to make their Combs. _Vid._ _infr._
+_Chap. 13. Note (c)._
+
+[x] _Monsieur de la Voye_ tells of an ancient Wall of Free-Stone in
+the _Benedictines-Abby_ at _Caen_ in _Normandy_, so eaten with Worms,
+that one may run ones Hand into most of the Cavities: That these Worms
+are small and black, lodging in a greyish Shell, that they have large
+flattish Heads, a large Mouth, with four black Jaws, _&c._ _Phil. Trans._
+Nᵒ. 18.
+
+[y] _Pro iis ~[Labris]~ cornea & acuta Volucribus Rostra. Eadem rapto
+viventibus adunca: collecto, recta: herbas ruentibus limumque lata, ut
+Suum generi. Jumentis vice manûs ad colligenda pabula: ora apertiora
+laniatu viventibus._ Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 11. c. 37.
+
+[z] _Parrots_ have their Bills nicely adapted to these Services, being
+hooked, for climbing and reaching what they have occasion for; and the
+lower Jaw being compleatly fitted to the Hooks of the upper, they can as
+minutely break their Food, as other Animals do with their Teeth.
+
+[aa] Thus in _Woodcocks_, _Snipes_, _&c._ who hunt for Worms in moorish
+Ground, and, as Mr. _Willughby_ saith, live also on the fatty unctuous
+Humour they suck out of the Earth. So also the Bills of _Curlews_, and
+many other Sea-Fowl, are very long, to enable them to hunt for the Worms,
+_&c._ in the Sands on the Sea-shore, which they frequent.
+
+[bb] _Ducks_, _Geese_, and divers others, have such long broad Bills, to
+quaffer and hunt in Water and Mud; to which we may reckon the uncouth
+Bill of the _Spoon-Bill_: but that which deserves particular Observation
+in the Birds named in these two last Notes is, the Nerves going to the
+end of their Bills, enabling them to discover their Food out of Sight; of
+which see _Book VII. Chap. 2. Note (e)._
+
+[cc] The _Picus viridis_, or _Green-Woodspite_, and all the
+_Wood-Peckers_ have Bills, curiously made for digging Wood, strong, hard,
+and sharp. A neat Ridge runs along the top of the green _Wood-Pecker_’s
+Bill, as if an Artist had designed it for Strength and Neatness.
+
+[dd] The _Loxia_, or _Cross-Bill_, whose Bill is thick and strong,
+with the Tips crossing one another; with great Readiness breaks open
+Fir-cones, Apples, and other Fruit, to come at their Kernels, which are
+its Food, as if the crossing of the Bill was designed for this Service.
+
+[ee] The _Sea-Pie_ hath a long, sharp, narrow Bill, compressed side-ways,
+and every way so well adapted to the raising _Limpets_ from the Rocks
+(which are its chief, if not only Food) that Nature (or rather the Author
+of Nature) seems to have framed it purely for that Use.
+
+[ff] _Those animals which have Teeth on both Jaws, have but one Stomach;
+but most of those which have no upper Teeth, or none at all, have three
+Stomachs; as in Beasts, the Paunch, the Read, and the Feck; and in all
+granivorous Birds, the Crop, the Echinus and the Gizard. For as chewing
+is to an easie Digestion, so is swallowing whole to that which is more
+laborious._ Dr. _Grew_’s Cosmol. Sacr. c. 5. §. 24.
+
+[gg] _J. Peyer_ saith, the Teeth are made of convolved Skins hardened;
+and if we view the Grinders of _Deer_, _Horses_, _Sheep_, _&c._ we shall
+find great Reason to be of his Mind. His Observations are, _Mirum autem
+eos ~(_i.e._ Dentes)~ cùm primùm è pelliculis imbricatim convolutis & muco
+viscido constarent, in tantam dirigescere soliditatem, quæ ossa cuncta
+superet. Idem fit etiam in Ossiculis Ceraforum, ~&c.~——Separatione factâ,
+per membranas conditur Magma locellis, quos formant laminæ tenues,
+ac duriusculæ ad Dentis figuram anteà divinitùs compositæ._ J. Peyer
+Merycol. l. 2. c. 8.
+
+[hh] _Qui autem ~(_i.e._ Dentes)~ renascuntur, minimè credendi sunt à
+facultate aliquâ plasticâ Brutorum denuò formari, sed latentes tantummodo
+in conspectum producuntur augmento molis ex effluente succo._ Id. ibid.
+
+[ii] From these, and other like Considerations of the Teeth, _Galen_
+infers, that they must needs be the Work of some wise, provident _Being_;
+not _Chance_, nor a fortuitous Concourse of _Atoms_. For the Confirmation
+of which he puts the Case, That suppose the order of the Teeth should
+have been inverted, the _Grinders_ set in the room of the _Incisors_,
+_&c._ (which might as well have been, had not the Teeth been placed by
+a wise Agent) in this case, what Use would the Teeth have been of? What
+Confusion by such a slight Error in their Disposal only? Upon which he
+argues, _At siquis choream hominum 32_ (the Number of the Teeth) _ordine
+disposuit, eum ut hominem industrium laudaremus; cùm verò Dentium choream
+Natura tam bellè exornârit, nonne ipsam quoque laudabimus?_ And then
+he goes on with the Argument, from the Sockets of the Teeth, and their
+nice fitting in them, which being no less accurately done, than what is
+done by a Carpenter, or Stone-Cutter, in fitting a Tenon into a Mortice,
+doth as well infer the Art and Act of the wise _Maker_ of Animal Bodies,
+as the other doth the Act and Art of Man. And so he goes on with other
+Arguments to the same Effect. _Galen. de Us. Part. l. 11. c. 8._
+
+[kk] A curious Account of this may be found in an _Extract of a Letter
+concerning the Teeth of divers Animals_. Printed at _Paris_, in _M.
+Vaugnion_’s Compleat Body of Chirurg. Oper. Chap. 53.
+
+[ll] As it hath been taken notice of, that various Animals delight
+in various Food; so it constantly falls out, that their Teeth are
+accordingly fitted to their Food; the rapacious to catching, holding
+and tearing their Prey; the herbaceous to Gathering and Comminution
+of Vegetables: And such as have no Teeth, as Birds, their Bill, Craw
+and Gizard, are assisted with Stones, to supply the defect of Teeth.
+But the most considerable Example of this Kind is in some Families of
+the Insect-Tribes, as the _Papilio-Kind_, _&c._ who have Teeth, and
+are voracious, and live on tender Vegetables in their _Nympha_, or
+_Caterpillar-State_, when they can only creep; but in their mature
+_Papilio-State_, they have no Teeth, but a _Proboscis_, or _Trunk_ to
+suck up Honey, _&c._ their Parts for gathering Food, as well as their
+Food being changed, as soon as they have Wings to enable them to fly to
+it.
+
+[mm] It is remarkable in the Teeth of Fishes, that in some they are
+sharp, as also jointed, so as to fall back, the better to catch and
+hold their Prey, and to facilitate its Passage into the Stomach: So in
+others they are broad and flat, made to break the Shells of Snails and
+Shell-Fish devoured by them. These _Teeth_, or _Breakers_, are placed, in
+some, in the Mouth; in some, in the Throat; and in _Lobsters_, _&c._ in
+the Stomach it self; in the bottom of whose Stomachs are three of those
+_Grinders_, with peculiar Muscles to move them.
+
+[nn] What is there in the World can be called an Act of Providence and
+Design, if this temporary Defect of Teeth be not such; that Children, for
+Instance, should have none whilst they are not able to use them, but to
+hurt themselves; or the Mother; and that at the very Age when they can
+take in more substantial Food, and live without the Breast, and begin to
+need Teeth, for the sake of Speech; that then, I say, their Teeth should
+begin to appear, and gradually grow, as they more and more stand in need
+of ’em.
+
+[oo] It would be endless to particularize here, and therefore I shall
+refer to the Anatomists; among the rest, particularly to _Galen_, for the
+sake of his Descant upon this Subject. For having described the great
+Accuracy of the Contrivance and Make of these Parts, he saith, _Haud
+scio an hominum sit sobriorum ad Fortunam opificem id revocare: alioqui
+quid tandem erit, quod cum Providentiâ atque Arte efficitur? Omnino enim
+hoc ei contrariaum esse debet, quod casu ac fortuitè fit._ Galen. de Us.
+Part. l. 11. c. 7. _ubi plura._
+
+[pp] _The Bore of the Gullet is not in all Creatures alike answerable
+to the Body or Stomach. As in the ~Fox~, which both feeds on Bones, and
+swallows whole, or with little chewing; add next in a ~Dog~, and other
+ossivorous Quadrupeds, ’tis very large, ~viz.~ to prevent a Contusion
+therein. Next in a ~Horse~, which though he feeds on Grass, yet swallows
+much at once, and so requires a more open Passage. But in a ~Sheep~,
+~Rabbit~, or ~Ox~, which bite short, and swallow less at once, ’tis
+smaller. But in a ~Squirrel~, still lesser, both because he eats fine,
+and to keep him from disgorging his Meat upon his descending Leaps. And
+so in ~Rats~ and ~Mice~, which often run along Walls with their Heads
+downwards._ Dr. _Grew_’s Comp. Anat. of Stom. and Guts. _Chap. 5._
+
+[qq] Of this see Dr. _Willis_’s _Pharm. Rat._ Part 1. Sect. 1. c. 2.
+_Steno_ also, and _Peyer Mery_, l. 2.
+
+The Description these give of the muscular Part of the Gullet, the late
+ingenious and learned Dr. _Drake_ saith is very exact in Ruminants, but
+not in Men. _In Men, this Coat ~(the second of the Gullet)~ consists
+of two fleshy ~Lamellæ~, like two distinct Muscles. The outward being
+compared of strait longitudinal Fibres.——The inner Order of Fibres
+is annular, without any observable Angles.——The Use of this Coat,
+and these Orders of Fibres is to promote Deglutition; of which the
+Longitudinal,——shorten the ~Oesophagus~, and so make its Capacity larger,
+to admit of the Matter to be swallowed. The Annular, on the contrary,
+contract the Capacity, and closing behind the descending Aliment, press
+it downwards._ Drake’s Anat. vol. 1. l. 1. c. 9.
+
+[rr] See _Willis_, ibid. _Cowper_’s _Anat. Tab. 35._ and many other
+Authors.
+
+[ss] _Promptuarium autem hoc, alimentum universum excipiens, ceu Divinum,
+non Humanum sit opificium._ Galen. de Us. Part. l. 4. c. 1.
+
+[tt] _How great a Comprehension of the Nature of Things, did it require,
+to make a ~Menstruum~, that should corrode all sorts of Flesh coming into
+the Stomach, and yet not the Stomach it self, which is also Flesh?_ Dr.
+_Grew_’s Cosmol. Sacr. c. 4.
+
+[uu] The Food of the _Castor_ being oftentimes, if not always, dry
+Things, and hard of Digestion, such as the Roots and Bark of Trees,
+’tis a wonderful Provision made in that Creature’s Stomach, by the
+digestive Juice lodged in the curious little Cells there. A Description
+of whose admirable Structure and Order may be found in _Blasius_ from
+_Wepser_; concerning which he saith, _In quibus Mucus reconditus, non
+secus ac Mel in Favis.——Nimiram quia Castoris alimentum exsuccum, & coctu
+difficillimum est, sapientissimus & summè admirandus in suis operibus
+rerum Conditor, D. O. M. ipsi pulcherrimâ istâ & affabrè factâ structurâ
+benignissimè prospexit, ut nunquam deesset Fermentum, quod ad solvendum,
+& comminuendum alimentum durum & asperum par foret._ Vid. Blas. Anat.
+Animal. c. 10. _Confer etiam Act. Erud. Lips._ Ann. 1684. p. 360.
+
+Most of our modern Anatomists and Physicians attribute Digestion to
+a dissolving _Menstruum_; but Dr. _Drake_ takes it to be rather from
+fermentative, dissolving Principles in the Aliment it self, with the
+Concurrence of the Air and Heat of the Body; as in Dr. _Papin_’s
+_Digester_. _Vid._ _Dr. Anat. vol. 1. c. 14._
+
+[ww] _All carnivorous Quadrupeds have the smallest Ventricles, Flesh
+going farthest. Those that feed on Fruits, and Roots, have them of a
+middle Size. Yet the ~Mole~, because it feeds unclean, hath a very great
+one. ~Sheep~ and ~Oxen~, which feed on Grass, have the greatest. Yet
+the ~Horse~ (and for the same Reason the ~Coney~ and ~Hare~) though
+Graminivorous, yet comparatively have but little ones. For that a
+~Horse~ is made for Labour, and both this, and the ~Hare~, for quick
+and continued Motion; for which, the most easie Respiration, and so the
+freest Motion of the Diaphragme is very requisite; which yet could not
+be, should the Stomach lie big and cumbersome upon it, as in ~Sheep~ and
+~Oxen~ it doth_, Grew, ib. Chap. 6.
+
+[xx] The _Dromedary_ hath four Stomachs, one whereof is peculiarly
+endowed with about twenty Cavities, like Sacks, in all Probability for
+the holding of Water. Concerning which, see _Book VI. Chap. 4. Note (a)._
+
+[yy] To assist in which Office, they swallow small angular Stones, which
+are to be met with in the Gizards of all granivorous Birds; but in the
+Gizard of the _Iynx_, or _Wryneck_, which was full only of _Ants_, I
+found not one Stone. So in that of the _Green Wood-Pecker_ (full of
+_Ants_ and _Tree-maggots_) there were but few Stones.
+
+[zz] _In most carnivorous Birds, the third Ventricle is Membranous; where
+the Meat is concocted, as in a Man: Or somewhat Tendinous, as in an
+~Owl~; as if it were made indifferently for Flesh, or other Meat, as he
+could meet with either. Or most thick and tendinous, called the Gizard;
+wherein the Meat, as in a Mill, is ground to Pieces._ Grew, _ubi supra_,
+Chap. 9.
+
+[aaa] It would be much too long a Task to insist upon it here as it
+deserves, and therefore concerning the whole Business of Rumination,
+I shall refer to _J. Conr. Peyeri Merycolog. seu de Ruminantibus &
+Ruminatione Commentar._ where he largely treateth of the several
+Ruminating Animals, of the Parts ministring to this Act, and the great
+Use and Benefit thereof unto them.
+
+[bbb] There are too many Particulars to be insisted on, observable in the
+Passages of the _Chyle_, from the Guts to the _Left Subclavian Vein_,
+where it enters into the Blood; and therefore I shall only, for a Sample
+of this admirable Oeconomy, take notice of some of the main and more
+general Matters. And,
+
+1. After the Food is become Chyle, and gotten into the Guts, it is an
+excellent Provision made, not only for its Passage through the Guts, but
+also for its Protrusion into the _Lacteals_, by the _Peristaltick_ Motion
+and _Valvulæ conniventes_ of the Guts. 2. It is an admirable Provision,
+that the Mouths of the _Lacteals_, and indeed the _Lacteals primi
+generis_ themselves are small and fine, not wider than the _Capillary
+Arteries_ are, lest by admitting Particles of the Nourishment grosser
+than the _Capillaries_, dangerous Obstructions might be thereby produced.
+3. After the Reception of the Aliment into the _Lacteals primi generis_,
+it is a noble Provision for the Advancement of its Motion, that in the
+_Mesenterick Glands_, it meets with some of the _Lymphæ-Ducts_, and
+receives the Impregnations of the _Lympha_. And passing on from thence,
+it is no less Advantage. 4. That the _Lacteals_, and _Lymphæ-Ducts_
+meet in the _Receptaculum Chyli_, where the Aliment meeting with more
+of the _Lympha_, is made of a due Consistence, and Temperament, for its
+farther Advancement through the _Thoracick Duct_, and so into the _Left
+Subclavian Vein_ and Blood. Lastly, This _Thoracick Duct_ it self is a
+Part of great Consideration. For (as Mr. _Cowper_ saith) _If we consider
+in this Duct its several Divisions and Inosculations, its numerous Valves
+looking from below upwards, its advantagious Situation between the great
+Artery and ~Vertebræ~ of the Back, together with the Ducts discharging
+their refluent ~Lympha~ from the Lungs, and other neighbouring Parts,
+we shall find all conduce to demonstrate the utmost Art of Nature used
+in furthering the steep and perpendicular Ascent of the Chyle._ Anat.
+Introduct.
+
+[ccc] These, although noble Contrivances and Works of God, are too
+many to be insisted on, and therefore I shall refer to the Anatomists,
+particularly Dr. _Willis_ _Pharmaceut._ Dr. _Cole_, in _Phil. Trans._ Nᵒ.
+125. and Mr. _Cowper_’s elegant Cuts in _Anat. Tab._ 34, 35. and _Append.
+Fig._ 39, 40.
+
+[ddd] In the _Thornback_, and some other Fishes, it is a very curious
+Provision that is made to supply the Paucity and Brevity of the Guts; by
+the Perforation of their single Gut, going not strait along, but round
+like a Pair of Winding Stairs; so that their Gut, which seems to be but
+a few Inches long, hath really a Bore of many Inches. But of these, and
+many other noble Curiosities and Discoveries in Anatomy, the Reader will,
+I hope, have a better and larger Account from the curious and ingenious
+Dr. _Dowglas_, who is labouring in those Matters.
+
+[eee] _Quibus bestiis erat is cibus, ut alius generis bestiis
+vescerentur, aut vires natura dedit, aut celeritatem: data est quibusdam
+etiam machinatio quædam, atque solertia, &c._ Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c.
+48.
+
+[fff] Among Reptiles that have a strange Faculty to shift for Food, _&c._
+may be reckoned _Eels_, which, although belonging to the Waters, can
+creep on the Land from Pond to Pond, _&c._ Mr. _Mosely_ of _Mosely_, saw
+them creep over the Meadows, like so many Snakes from Ditch to Ditch;
+which he thought, was not only for bettering their Habitation, but also
+to catch Snails in the Grass. _Plot_’s _Hist. of Staffordshire_, c. 7. §.
+32.
+
+And as early as the Year 1125, the Frost was so very intense, that the
+_Eels_ were forced to leave the Waters, and were frozen to Death in the
+Meadows. _Vid._ _Hakewill_’s _Apol_. _l. 2. Chap. 7. S. 2._
+
+[ggg] _Enumerare possum, ad pastum capessendum conficiendúmque, quæ sit
+in figuris animantium & quam solers, subtilisque descriptio partium,
+quámque admirabilis fabrica membrorum. Omnia enim quæ intus inclusa sunt,
+ita nata, atque ita locata sunt, ut nihil eorum supervacaneum sit, nihil
+ad vitam retinendam non necessarium. Dedit autem eadem Natura belluis
+& sensum, & appetitum, ut altero conatum haberent ad naturales pastus
+capessendos; altero secernerent pestifera à salutaribus._ Cic. de Nat.
+Deor. l. 2. c. 37. See _Book IV. Chap. 4._
+
+[hhh] It would be endless to give Instances of my own and others
+Observations of the prodigious Sagacity of divers Animals in Hunting,
+particularly Hounds, Setting-Dogs, _&c._ one therefore shall suffice
+of Mr. _Boyl_’s, viz. _A Person of Quality——to make a Trial, whether a
+young Blood-Hound was well instructed,——caused one of his Servants——to
+walk to a Town four Miles off, and then to a Market-Town three Miles from
+thence.——The Dog, without seeing the Man he was to pursue, followed him
+by the Scent to the abovementioned Places, notwithstanding the Multitude
+of Market-People that went along in the same Way, and of Travellers that
+had occasion to cross it. And when the Blood-Hound came to the chief
+Market-Town, he passed through the Streets, without taking notice of any
+of the People there, and left not till he had gone to the House, where
+the Man he sought rested himself, and found him in an upper Room, to the
+wonder of those that followed him._ Boyl. Determ. Nat. of Effluv. Chap. 4.
+
+[iii] There are many Stories told of the Craft of the _Fox_, to compass
+his Prey; of which _Ol. Magnus_ hath many such, as, feigning the barking
+of a _Dog_, to catch Prey near Houses; feigning himself dead, to catch
+such Animals as come to feed upon him; laying his Tail on a Wasp-Nest,
+and then rubbing it hard against a Tree, and then eating the _Wasps_
+so killed: Ridding himself of _Fleas_, by gradually going into Water,
+with a Lock of Wool in his Mouth, and so driving the _Fleas_ up into
+it, and then leaving it in the Water; By catching _Crab_-Fish with his
+Tail, which he saith he himself was an Eye-Witness of; _Vidi & ego in
+Scopulis Norvegia Vulpem, inter rupes immissâ caudâ in aquas, plures
+educere Cancros, ac demum devorare._ Ol. Mag. Hist. l. 18. c. 39, 40.
+But _Pliny_’s fabulous Story of the _Hyæna_ out-does these Relations of
+the _Fox_, _Sermonem humanum inter pastorum stabula assimulare, nomenque
+alicujus addiscere, quem evocatum foràs laceret. Item Vomitionem hominis
+imitari ad sollicitandos Canes quos invadat._ Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 8. c.
+30.
+
+[kkk] This do _Ducks_, _Woodcocks_, and many other Fowls, which seek
+their Food in dirty, moorish Places. For which Service they have very
+remarkable Nerves reaching to the end of their Bills. Of which see _Book
+VII. Chap. 2. Note (e)._
+
+[lll] _Swine_, and other Animals that dig, have their Noses made more
+tendinous, callous, and strong for this Service, than others that do not
+dig. They are also edged with a proper, tough Border, for penetrating and
+lifting up the Earth; and their Nostrils are placed well, and their Smell
+is very accurate, to discover whatsoever they pursue by digging.
+
+[mmm] The _Mole_, as its Habitation is different from that of other
+Animals, so hath its Organs in every respect curiously adapted to that
+way of Life; particularly its Nose made sharp, and slender, but withal
+tendinous and strong, _&c._ But what is very remarkable, it hath such
+Nerves reaching to the end of its Nose and Lips, as _Ducks_, _&c_. have,
+mentioned above in _Note (kkk)._ Which Pair of Nerves I observed to be
+much larger in this Animal than any other Nerves proceeding out of its
+Brain.
+
+[nnn] Predacious Creatures, as _Wolfs_, _Foxes_, _&c._ will discover Prey
+at great Distances; so will _Dogs_ and _Ravens_ discover Carrion a great
+way off by their Smell. And if (as the Superstitious imagine) the latter
+flying over and haunting Houses be a sign of Death, it is no doubt from
+some cadaverous Smell, those Ravens discover in the Air by their accurate
+Smell, which is emitted from those diseased Bodies, which have in them
+the Principles of a speedy Death.
+
+[ooo] Thus _Hawks_ and _Kites_ on Land, and _Gulls_ and other Birds that
+prey upon the Waters, can at a great Height in the Air see _Mice_, little
+Birds and Insects on the Earth, and small Fishes, _Shrimps_, _&c._ in the
+Waters, which they will dart down upon, and take.
+
+[ppp] Mr. Ray gives a good Account of the Nidification of the _Chrysaëtos
+caudâ annulo albo cinctâ. Hujus Nidus Ann. 1668. in sylvosis prope
+Derwentiam, ~&c.~ inventus est è bacillis seu virgis ligneis grandioribus
+compositus, quorum altera extremitas rupis cujusdam eminentiæ, altera
+duabus Betulis innitebatur,—Erat Nidus quadratus, duas ulnas latus.—In
+eo pullus unicus, adjacentibus cadaveribus unius agni, unius leporis, &
+trium Grygallorum pullorum._ Synops. Method. Avium, p. 6. And not only
+_Lambs_, _Hares_, and _Grygalli_, but Sir _Robert Sibbald_ tells us, they
+will seize _Kids_ and _Fawns_, yea, and Children too: Of which he hath
+this Story of an _Eagle_ in one of the _Orcades_ Islands, _Quæ Infantulum
+unius anni pannis involutum arripuit (quem Mater tessellas ustibiles pro
+igne allatura momento temporis deposuerat in loco ~Houton-Hed~ dicto)
+cumque deportâsse per 4 milliaria passuum ad ~Hoiam~; quâ re ex matris
+ejulatibus cognitâ, quatuor viri illuc in naviculâ profecti sunt, &
+scientes ubi Nidus esset, infantulum illæsum & intactum deprehenderunt._
+Prod. Nat. Hist. Scot. l. 3. p. 2. p. 14.
+
+[qqq] See in _Book VII. Chap. 1. Note (l)._ the Characteristicks of the
+_Wood-Pecker-kind_.
+
+[rrr] _The Contrivance of the Legs, Feet and Nails [of the ~Opossum]~
+seems very advantagious to this Animal in climbing Trees (which it doth
+very nimbly) for preying upon Birds._ But that which is most singular
+in this Animal, is the Structure of its Tail, to enable it to hang on
+Boughs. _The Spines, or Hooks——in the middle of the under side of the
+~Vertebræ~ of the Tail; are a wonderful Piece of Nature’s Mechanism. The
+first three ~Vertebræ~ had none of these Spines, but in all the rest they
+were to be observed.——They were placed just at the Articulation of each
+Joynt, and in the middle from the Sides.——For the performing this Office
+~[of hanging by the Tail]~ nothing, I think, could be more advantagiously
+contrived. For when the Tail is twirled or wound about a Stick, this Hook
+of the ~Spinæ~ easily sustains the Weight, and there is but little labour
+of the Muscles required, only enough for bowing or crooking the Tail._
+This, and more to the same purpose, see in Dr. _Tyson_’s _Anat._ of the
+_Oposs._ in _Phil. Trans._ No. 239.
+
+[sss] See before _Chap. 2. Note (z), (aa), (bb)._
+
+[ttt] _Quid dicam quantus amor bestiarum sit in educandis custodiendisque
+iis, qua procreaverint, usque ad eum finem, dum possint seipsa
+defendere?_ And having instanced in some Animals, where this Care is not
+necessary, and accordingly is not employed, he goes on, _Jam Gallinæ,
+avesque reliquæ, & quietum requirunt ad pariendum locum, & cubilia sibi,
+nidosque construunt, eosque quàm possunt mollissimè substernunt, ut quàm
+facillime ova serventur. Ex quibus pullos cùm excluserint, ita tuentur,
+ut & pennis foveant, ne frigore lædantur, & si est calor, à sole se
+opponant._ Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 51, 52.
+
+To this natural Care of Parent-Animals to their young, we may add the
+Returns made by the young of some towards the old ones. _Pliny_ saith
+of _Rats_, _Genitores suos fesses senectâ, alunt insigni pietate._ Nat.
+Hist. l. 8. c. 57. So _Cranes_, he saith, _Genitricum senectam invicem
+educant._ L. 10. c. 23.
+
+This St. _Ambrose_ takes Notice of in his _Hexameron_, and _Ol. Magnus_
+after him, _Depositi patris artus, per longævum senectutis plumis
+nudatos circumstans soboles pennis propriis fovet,——collatitio cibo
+pascit, quando etiam ipsa naturæ reparat dispendia, ut hinc inde senem
+sublevantes, fulcro alarum suarum ad volandum exerceant, & in pristinos
+usus desueta membra reducant._ For which Reason this Bird is denominated
+_Pia. Vid. Ol. Mag. Hist. l. 19. c. 14._
+
+Hereto may be added also the conjugal Στοργὴ of the little green
+_Æthiopian Parrot_, which Mr. _Ray_ describes from _Clusius_. _Fœmellea
+senescentes (quod valdè notabile) vix edere volebant, nisi cibum jam à
+mare carptum, & aliquandiu in prolobo retentum, & quasi coctum rostro suo
+exciperent, ut Columbarum pulli à matre ali solent._ Synops. Meth. Av. p.
+32.
+
+[uuu] The most timid Animals, that at other Times abscond, or hastily
+fly from the Face of Man, Dogs, _&c._ will, for the sake of their young,
+expose themselves. Thus among Fowls, _Hens_ will assault, instead of fly
+from such as meddle with their Brood. So _Partridges_, before their young
+can fly, will drop frequently down, first at lesser, and then at greater
+Distances, to dodge and draw off Dogs from pursuing their young.
+
+[www] The _Opossum_ hath a curious Bag on purpose for the securing and
+carrying about her young. There are belonging to this Bag two Bones (not
+to be met with in any other Skeleton) and four Pair of Muscles; and
+some say Teats lie therein also. Dr. _Tyson_, _Anat._ of the _Oposs._
+in _Phil. Trans._ Nᵒ. 239. where he also, from _Oppian_, mentions the
+_Dog-Fish_, that upon any Storm or Danger, receives the young Ones into
+her Belly, which come out again when the Fright is over. So also the
+_Squatina_ and _Glaucus_, the same Author saith, have the same Care for
+their young, but receive them into different Receptacles.
+
+[xxx] See _Book VIII. Chap. 6._
+
+[yyy] See _Chap. 13. Note (c)._
+
+[zzz] There is manifestly a superintending Providence in this Case, that
+some Animals are able to suck as soon as ever they are born, and that
+they will naturally hunt for the Teat before they are quite gotten out
+of the Secundines, and parted from the Navel-String, as I have seen. But
+for _Chickens_, and other young Birds, they not being able immediately
+to pick till they are stronger, have a notable Provision made for such
+a Time, by a part of the Yolk of the Egg being inclosed in their Belly,
+a little before their Exclusion or Hatching, which serves for their
+Nourishment, till they are grown strong enough to pick up Meat. _Vid._
+_Book VII. Chap. 4. Note (a)._
+
+[aaaa] _Qui ~[Infantes]~ de ope nostrâ ac de divinâ misericordia plus
+merentur, qui in primo statim nativitatis sua ortu plorantes ac stentes,
+nil aliud faciunt quam deprecantur._ Cypr. Ep. ad Fid.
+
+[bbbb] I might name here some of the Species of Birds, the whole Tribe
+almost of Insects, and some among other Tribes, that are able to subsist
+for many Months without Food, and some without Respiration too, or very
+little; But it may suffice to instance only in the _Land-Tortoise_, of
+the Structure of whose Heart and Lungs: See _Book VI. Chap. 5. Note (b)._
+
+[cccc] _Inediam diutissimè tolerat Lupus, ut & alia omnia carnivora,
+licèt voracissima; magnâ utique naturæ providentiâ; quoniam esca non
+semper in promptu est._ _~Ray~’s_ Synops. Quadr. p. 174.
+
+To the long Abstinence mentioned of Brute-Animals, I hope the Reader
+will excuse me if I add one or two Instances of extraordinary Abstinence
+among Men. One _Martha Taylor_, born in _Derbyshire_, by a Blow on the
+Back fell into such a Prostration of Appetite, that she took little
+Sustenance, but some Drops with a Feather, from _Christmas 1667._
+for thirteen Months, and slept but little too all the Time. See Dr.
+_Sampson_’s Account thereof in _Ephem. Germ. T. 3. Obs. 173._
+
+To this we may add the Case of _S. Chilton_, of _Tinsbury_, near _Bath_,
+who in the Years 1693, 1696, and 97, slept divers Weeks together. And
+although he would sometimes, in a very odd manner, take Sustenance, yet
+would lie a long Time without any, or with very little, and all without
+any considerable Decay. See _Phil. Trans._ Nᵒ. 304.
+
+[dddd] They are admirable Instincts which the _Sieur de Beauplan_
+relates of his own Knowledge, of the little Animals called _Bohaques_ in
+_Ukraine_. _They make Burroughs like ~Rabbets~, and in ~October~ shut
+themselves up, and do not come out again till ~April~.——They spend all
+the Winter under Ground, eating what they laid up in Summer.——Those that
+are lazy among them, they lay on their Backs, then lay a great handful
+of dry Herbage upon their Bodies, ~&c.~ then others drag those Drones to
+the Mouths of their Burroughs, and so those Creatures serve instead of
+Barrows, ~&c.~ I have often seen them practise this, and have had the
+Curiosity to observe them whole Days together.——Their Holes are parted
+like Chambers; some serve for Store-Houses, others for Burying-Places,
+~&c.~ Their Government is nothing inferior to that of ~Bees~, ~&c.~ They
+never go abroad without posting a Centinel upon some high Ground, to give
+notice to the others whilst they are feeding. As soon as the Centinel
+sees any Body, it stands upon his Hind-Legs and whistles._ Beauplan’s
+_Description of ~Ukraine~_, _in_ Vol. I. _of the_ Collection of Voyages,
+_&c._
+
+A like Instance of the Northern _Galli Sylvestres_, see in _Chap. 13.
+Note (g)._
+
+As for the Scriptural Instance of the _Ant_, see hereafter _Book VIII.
+Chap. 5. Note (d)._
+
+[eeee] I have in _Autumn_, not without Pleasure observed, not only the
+great Sagacity and Diligence of _Swine_, in hunting out the Stores of the
+_Field-Mice_; but the wonderful Precaution also of those little Animals,
+in hiding their Food beforehand against Winter. In the Time of Acorns
+falling, I have, by means of the _Hogs_, discovered, that the Mice had,
+all over the neighbouring fields, treasured up single Acorns in little
+Holes they had scratched, and in which they had carefully covered up the
+Acorn. These the _Hogs_ would, Day after Day, hunt out by their Smell.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XII.
+
+_Of the Cloathing of Animals._
+
+
+Having in the foregoing Chapter somewhat largely taken a view of the
+Infinite Creator’s Wisdom and Goodness towards his Creatures, in ordering
+their Food, I shall be more brief in this Chapters in my View of their
+_Cloathing_[a]; another necessary Appendage of Life, and in which
+we have plain Tokens of the Creator’s Art, manifested in these two
+Particulars; the _Suitableness of Animals Cloathing to their Place and
+Occasions_; and the _Garniture and Beauty thereof_.
+
+I. The Cloathing of Animals is suited to their Place of Abode, and
+Occasions there; a manifest Act of Design and Skill. For if there was
+a Possibility, that Animals could have been accoutred any other Way,
+than by God that made them, it must needs have come to pass, that their
+Cloathing would have been at all Adventures, or all made the same Mode
+and Way, or some of it, at least, inconvenient and unsuitable. But on the
+contrary, we find all is curious and compleat, nothing too much, nothing
+too little, nothing bungling, nothing but what will bear the Scrutiny of
+the most exquisite Artist; yea, and so far out-do his best Skill, that
+his most exquisite Imitations, even of the meanest Hair, Feather, Scale,
+or Shell, will be found only as so many ugly, ill-made Blunders and
+Botches, when strictly brought to the Test of good Glasses. But we shall
+find an Example remarkable enough in the present Case, if we only compare
+the best of Cloathing which Man makes for himself, with that given by the
+Creator for the Covering of the irrational Creatures. Of which it may be
+said, as our _Saviour_ doth of the Flowers of the Field, _Mat_. vi. 29.
+_That even Solomon, in all his Glory, was not arrayed like one of these._
+
+But let us come to Particulars, and consider the Suitableness of the
+different Method the Creator hath taken in the Cloathing of Man, and of
+the irrational Animals. This _Pliny_[b] pathetically laments, and says,
+_It is hard to judge, whether Nature hath been a kinder Parent, or more
+cruel Step-Mother to Man._ For, says he, _Of all Creatures, he alone is
+covered with other’s Riches, whereas Nature hath given various Cloathing
+to other Animals, Shells, Hides, Prickles, Shag, Bristles, Hair, Down,
+Quills, Scales, Fleeces; and Trees she hath fenced with a Bark or two
+against the Injuries of Cold and Heat. Only poor naked Man_, says he, _is
+in the Day of his Birth cast into the wide World, to immediate crying and
+squalling; and none of all Creatures besides, so soon to Tears in the
+very beginning of their Life._
+
+But here we have a manifest Demonstration of the Care and Wisdom of God
+towards his Creatures; that such should come into the World with their
+Bodies ready furnished and accommodated, who had neither Reason nor
+Forecast to contrive, nor Parts adapted to the Artifices and Workmanship
+of Cloathing; but for Man, he being endowed with the transcending Faculty
+of Reason, and thereby made able to help himself, by having Thoughts
+to contrive, and withal Hands to effect, and sufficient Materials[c]
+afforded him from the Skins and Fleeces of Animals, and from various
+Trees and Plants: Man, I say, having all this Provision made for him,
+therefore the Creator hath wisely made him naked, and left him to shift
+for himself, being so well able to help himself.
+
+And a notable Act this is of the Wisdom of God, not only as the more
+setting forth his Care and Kindness to them that most needed his Help,
+the helpless irrational Animals, and in his not over-doing his Work; but
+also as it is most agreeable to the Nature and State of Man[d], both on
+natural and political Accounts. That Man should cloath himself is most
+agreeable to his Nature, particularly (among other Things,) as being
+most salutary, and most suitable to his Affairs. For by this Means, Man
+can adapt his Cloathing to all Seasons, to all Climates, to this, or to
+any Business. He can hereby keep himself sweet and clean, fence off many
+Injuries; but above all, by this Method of Cloathing, with the natural
+Texture of his Skin adapted to it, it is that grand Means of Health,
+namely, _insensible Perspiration_[e] is perform’d, at least greatly
+promoted, without which an human Body would be soon over-run with Disease.
+
+In the next Place, there are good political Reasons for Man’s cloathing
+himself, inasmuch as his Industry is hereby employ’d in the Exercises
+of his Art and Ingenuity; his Diligence and Care are exerted in keeping
+himself sweet, cleanly, and neat; many Callings and Ways of Life arise
+from thence, and, (to name no more,) the Ranks and Degrees of Men are
+hereby in some Measure render’d visible to others, in the several Nations
+of the Earth.
+
+Thus it is manifestly best for Man that he should cloath himself.
+
+But for the poor shiftless Irrationals, it is a prodigious Act of the
+great Creator’s Indulgence, that they are all ready furnished with such
+Cloathing, as is proper to their Place and Business[f]. Some covered
+with Hair[g], some with Feathers[h], some with Scales, some with
+Shells[i], some only Skin, and some with firm and stout Armature; all
+nicely accommodated to the Element in which the Creature liveth, and
+its occasions there[k]. To _Quadrupeds_ Hair is a commodious Cloathing;
+which, together with the apt Texture of their Skin, fitteth them for
+all Weathers, to lie on the Ground, and to do the Offices of Man; and
+the thick and warm Furs and Fleeces of others, are not only a good
+Defensative against the Cold and Wet; but also a soft Bed to repose
+themselves in; and to many of them, a comfortable covering, to nurse and
+cherish their tender Young.
+
+And as Hair to Quadrupeds; so Feathers are as commodious a Dress to such
+as fly in the Air, to Birds, and some Insects; not only a good Guard
+against Wet and Cold, and a comfortable Covering to such as hatch and
+brood their Young; but also most commodious for their Flight. To which
+purpose they are nicely and neatly placed every where on the Body, to
+give them an easie Passage through the Air[l], and to assist in the
+wafting their Body through that thin Medium. For which Service, how
+curious is their Texture for Lightness, and withal for Strength? Hollow
+and thin for Lightness, but withal, context and firm for Strength. And
+where ’tis necessary they should be filled, what a light and strong
+medullary Substance is it they are filled with? By which curious
+Contrivances, even the very heaviest Parts made for Strength, are so
+far from being a Load to the Body, that they rather assist in making
+it light and buoyant, and capacitate it for Flight. But for the Vanes,
+the lightest part of the Feather, how curiously are they wrought with
+capillary Filaments, neatly interwoven together[m], whereby they are
+not only light, but also sufficiently close and strong, to keep the
+Body warm, and guard it against the Injuries of Weather, and withal, to
+impower the Wings, like so many Sails, to make strong Impulses upon the
+Air in their Flight[n]. Thus curious, thus artificial, thus commodious
+is the Cloathing of Beasts and Birds: Concerning which, more in proper
+Place.
+
+And no less might I shew that of Reptiles and Fishes[o] to be, if it was
+convenient to enlarge upon this Branch of the Creator’s Works. How well
+adapted are the _Annuli_ of some Reptiles, and the Contortions of the
+Skin of others, not only to fence the Body sufficiently against outward
+Injuries; but to enable them to creep, to perforate the Earth[p], and in
+a word, to perform all the Offices of their Reptile State, much better
+than any other Tegument of the Body would do? And the same might be said
+of the Covering of the Inhabitants of the Waters, particularly the Shells
+of some, which are a strong Guard to the tender Body that is within, and
+consistent enough with their slower Motion; and the Scales and Skins of
+others, affording them an easie and swift Passage through the Waters.
+But it may be sufficient to give only a Hint of these Things, which more
+properly belong to another Place.
+
+Thus hath the indulgent Creator furnish’d the whole animal World with
+convenient, suitable Cloathing.
+
+II. Let us in the next Place take a short View of the _Garniture_[q],
+and _Beauty_ thereof. And here we shall thus far, at least, descry it to
+be beautiful; that it is compleat and workman-like. Even the Cloathing
+of the most sordid Animals, those that are the least beautified with
+Colours, or rather whose Cloathing may regrate the Eye[r]; yet when we
+come strictly to view them, and seriously consider the nice Mechanism of
+one Part, the admirable Texture of another, and the exact Symmetry of the
+Whole; we discern such Strokes of inimitable Skill, such incomparable
+Curiosity, that we may say with _Solomon_, Eccl. iii. 11. [God] _hath
+made every Thing beautiful in his Time_.
+
+But for a farther Demonstration, of the super-eminent Dexterity of his
+almighty Hand, he hath been pleas’d, as it were on Purpose, to give
+surprizing Beauties to divers Kinds of Animals. What radiant Colours are
+many of them, particularly some Birds and Insects[s], bedeck’d with!
+What a prodigious Combination is there often of these, yea, how nice
+an Air frequently of meaner Colours[t], as to captivate the Eye of all
+Beholders, and exceed the Dexterity of the most exquisite Pencil to copy?
+
+And now, when we thus find a whole World of Animals, cloathed in the
+wisest Manner, the most suitable to the Element in which they live,
+the Place in which they reside, and their State and Occasions there;
+when those that are able to shift for themselves, are left to their own
+Discretion and Diligence, but the Helpless well accouter’d and provided
+for; when such incomparable Strokes of Art and Workmanship appear in all,
+and such inimitable Glories and Beauties in the Cloathing of others;
+who can, without the greatest Obstinacy and Prejudice, deny this to be
+_GOD_’s Handy-work? The gaudy, or even the meanest Apparel which Man
+provideth for himself, we readily enough own to be the Contrivance, the
+Work of Man: And shall we deny the Cloathing of all the Animal World
+betides (which infinitely surpasseth all the Robes of earthly Majesty;
+shall we, dare we, deny that) to be the Work of any Thing less than of
+an infinite, intelligent Being, whose Art and Power are equal to such
+glorious Work!
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] Concerning the Cloathing of Animals, _Aristotle_ observes, _That such
+Animals have Hair as go on Feet and are viviparous; and that such are
+covered with a Shell, as go on Feet, and are oviparous_, Hist. Anim. l.
+3. c. 10.
+
+[b] _Cujus ~[Hominis]~ causâ videtur cuncta alia genuisse Natura, magnâ &
+sævâ mercede contra tanta sua munera: ut non sit satìs æstimare, Parens
+melior homini, an tristior Noverca fuerit. Ante omnia unum Animantium
+cunctorum alienis velat opibus: cæteris variè tegumenta tribuit, testas,
+cortices, coria, spinas, villos, setas, pilos, plumam, pennas, squamas,
+vellera. Truncos etiam arboresque cortice, interdum gemino, à frigoribus,
+& calore tutata est. Hominem tantum nudum, & in nudâ humo, natali die
+abjicit ad vagitus statim & ploratum, nullumque tot animalium aliud ad
+lacrymas, & has protinus vita principio._ Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 7. Proœm.
+
+Let _Seneca_ answer this Complaint of _Pliny_, although perhaps what
+he saith might be more properly noted in another Place: _Quisquis es
+iniquus æstimator fortis humana, cogita quanta nobis tribuerit Parens
+noster, quanto valentiora animalia sub jugum miserimus, quanto velociora
+assequamur, quàm nihil sit mortale non sub ictu nostro positum. Tot
+virtutes accepimus, tot artes, animum denique cui nihil non eodem quo
+intendit momento pervium est, Sideribus velociorem, ~&c.~_ Senec. de
+Benef. l. 2. c. 29.
+
+[c] _Mirantur plurimi quomodo tutè, & sanè vivant homines in horrendis
+frigoribus plagæ Septentrionalis; hancque levem quæstionem ultra 30 annos
+audieram in Italia, præsertim ab Æthiopibus, & Indis, quibus onerosus
+videtur vestitus sub Zonâ terridâ.——Quibus respondetur,——Gaudet Indus
+multiplici plumarum genere, magìs forsan pro tegumento, quàm necessitate:
+rursus Scytha villoso vestitu——Ita sub polo Arctico adversùs asperrimas
+hyemes——opportuna remedia faciliter administrat ~[Natura]~. Ligna
+videlicet in maxima copia, & levissimo pretio, & demum Pelles diversorum
+animalium, tam sylvestrium quàm domesticorum._ Then he gives a Catalogue
+of them, and saith, _Quarum omnium experti pellifices ita ingeniosè
+noverunt mixturas componere, ut pulcherrimum decorum ostendat varietas, &
+calidissimum fomentum adjuncta mollities._ Ol. Mag. Hist. l. 6. c. 20.
+
+To this Guard against the Cold, namely, of Fire and Cloathing; I hope
+the Reader will excuse me, if I take this Opportunity of adding some
+other Defensatives Nature, (or rather the great Author of Nature,)
+hath afforded these northern Regions: Such are their high Mountains,
+abounding, as _Ol. Magnus_ saith, through all Parts; also their numerous
+Woods, which besides their Fire, do, with the Mountains, serve as
+excellent Screens against the Cold, piercing Air and Winds. Their
+prodigious Quantities of Minerals, and Metals, also afford Heat, and warm
+Vapours, _Mineræ septentrionalium regionum satìs multæ, magnæ, diversæ,
+& opulentæ sunt_, saith the same curious, and (for his Time,) learned
+Archbishop, _l. 6. c. 1._ and in other Places. And for the Warmth they
+afford, the _Volcano_’s of those Parts are in Evidence; as are also their
+terrible Thunder and Lightning, which are observ’d to be the most severe
+and mischievous in their metalline Mountains, in which large Herds of
+Cattle are sometimes destroy’d; the Rocks so rent and shatter’d, that new
+Veins of Silver are thereby discover’d; and a troublesome Kind of Quinsie
+is produc’d in their Throats, by the stench, and poisonous Nature of
+the sulphureous Vapours, which they dissolve, by drinking warm Beer and
+Butter together, as _Olaus_ tells us in the same Book, _Chap. 11._
+
+To all which Defensatives, I shall, in the last Place add, the warm
+Vapours of their Lakes, (some of which are prodigiously large, of 130
+_Italian_ Miles in Length, and not much less in Breadth;) also of their
+Rivers, especially the Vapours which arise from the Sea. Of which Guard
+against severe Cold, we have lately had a convincing Proof in the _great
+Frost_, in 1708, wherein, when _England_, _Germany_, _France_, _Denmark_;
+yea, the more southerly Regions of _Italy_, _Switzerland_, and other
+Parts suffer’d severely, _Ireland_ and _Scotland_ felt very little of
+it, hardly more than in other Winters; of the Particulars of which,
+having given an Account in the _Phil. Trans._ Nᵒ. 324. I shall thither
+refer the Reader. But it seems this is what doth ordinarily befal those
+northern Parts; particularly the _Islands_ of _Orkney_, of which the
+learned Dr. _Wallace_ gives this Account: _Here the Winters are generally
+more subject to Rain than Snow; nor doth the Frost and Snow continue so
+long here, as in other Parts of ~Scotland~; but the Wind in the mean
+Time will often blow very boisterously; and it Rains sometimes, not by
+Drops, but by spouts of Water, as if whole Clouds fell down at once. In
+the Year 1680, in the Month of ~June~, after great Thunder, there fell
+Flakes of Ice near a Foot thick._ _Wall._ Account of _Ork._ Chap. 1. _p.
+4._ From which last Passage I observe; That although in those Parts, the
+Atmosphere near the Earth be warm, it is excessively cold above; so as to
+freeze some of those Spouts of Water in their Descent, into such great,
+and almost incredible Masses of Hail. And whence can this Warmth proceed,
+but from the Earth, or Sea, emitting Heat sufficient to stave off the
+Cold above? Consult _Book II. Chap. 5. Note (c)._
+
+[d] _Sicut enim si innata sibi ~[i.e. Homini]~ aliqua haberat arma, illa
+ei sola semper adessent, ita & si artem aliquam Natura fortitus esset,
+reliquas sanè non haberet. Quia verò ei melius erat omnibus armis,
+omnibusque artibus uti, neutrum eorum à naturâ ipsi propterea datum est._
+Galen. de Us. Part. l. 1. c. 4.
+
+[e] Concerning _insensible Perspiration_, _Sanctorius_ observes, That it
+much exceeds all the Sensible put together. _De Stat. Med. Aph. 4._ That
+as much is evacuated by _insensible Perspiration_ in one Day, as is by
+_Stool_ in fourteen Days. Particularly, that, in a Night’s Time, about
+sixteen Ounces is commonly sent out by _Urine_, four Ounces by Stool; but
+above forty Ounces by _insensible Perspiration_, Aphor. 59, 60. That if a
+Man eats and drinks 8 _l._ in a Day, 5 _l._ of it is spent in _insensible
+Perspiration_, §. 1. Aph. 6. And as to the Times, he saith, _Ab assumpto
+cibo 5 horis 1 l. circiter perspirabilis——exhalare solet, à 5a ad 12am 3
+l. circiter; à 12a ad 16am vix selibram_, Aph. 56.
+
+And as to the wonderful Benefits of _insensible Perspiration_, they are
+abundantly demonstrated by the same learned Person, _ubi supra_; as also
+by _Borelli_ in his second Part, _De Mot. Animal_, Prop. 168. who saith,
+_Necessaria est insensibilis Transpiratio, ut vita Animalis conservetur._
+
+[f] _Animantium verò quanta varietas est? Quanta ad cam rem vis, ut in
+suo quæque genere permaneant? Quaram aliæ coriis tectæ sunt, aliæ villis
+vesticæ, aliæ spinis hirsutæ: plumâ alias, alias squamâ videmus obductas,
+alias esse cornibus armatas, alias habere effugia pennarum._ Cic. de Nat.
+Deor. l. 2. c. 47.
+
+[g] From _Malpighi_’s curious Observations of the _Hair_, I shall
+note three Things. 1. Their Structure is fistulous, or tubular; which
+hath long been a Doubt among the curious. _Fistulosum ~[esse Pilum]~
+demonstrant lustratio pilarum à caudâ & collo Equorum, ~&c.~——præcipuè
+setarum Apri, quæ patentiorem ex fistulis compositionem exhibent. Est
+autem dictus Apri pilus Cylindricum corpus quasi diaphanum——fistularum
+aggere conflatum, & speciem columnæ striatæ præ se fert. Componentes
+fistulæ in gyrum situatæ in apice patentiores redduntur; nam hians pilus
+in geminas dividitur partes, & componentes minimæ fistulæ——libersores
+redditæ manifestantur, ita ut enumerari possunt; has autem 20, & ultra
+numeravi.——Expositæ fistulæ——tubulosæ sunt, & frequentibus tunicis
+transversaliter situatis, veluti valvulis pollent. Et quoniam Spinæ, in
+Erinaceis præcipui, ~&c.~ nil aliud sunt, quam duri & rigidi pili, ideo,
+~&c.~_ And then he describes the _Hedgehog_’s Spines, in which those
+Tubes manifestly appear; together, with medullary Valves and Cells; not
+inelegant, which he hath figur’d in _Tab. 16._ at the End of his Works.
+
+That which this sagacious, and not enough to be commended Observer, took
+notice of in the Structure of Hair, and its Parity to the Spines; I have
+my self observ’d in some Measure to be true, in the Hair of _Cats_,
+_Rats_, _Mice_, and divers other Animals; which look very prettily
+when view’d with a good Microscope. The Hair of a _Mouse_, (the most
+transparent of any I have view’d,) seems to be one single transparent
+Tube, with a Pith made up of a fibrous Substance, running in dark Lines;
+in some Hairs tranversly, in others spirally, as in _Fig. 14, 15, 16,
+17._ These darker medullary Parts, or Lines, I have observ’d, are no
+other than small Fibres convolved round, and lying closer together than
+in other Parts of the Hair. They run from the Bottom, to the Top of
+the Hair; and I imagine, serve to the gentle Evacuation of some Humour
+out of the Body; perhaps the Hair serves as well for the _insensible
+Perspiration_ of hairy Animals, as to fence against Cold and Wet. In
+_Fig. 14, 16_, is represented the Hair of a _Mouse_, as it appears
+through a small Magnifier; and in _Fig. 15, 17_, as it appears when
+view’d with a larger Magnifier.
+
+Upon another Review, I imagine, That although in _Fig. 14, 15_, the dark
+Parts of the Pith seem to be transverse; that they, as well as in the two
+other Figures, run round in a screw-like Fashion.
+
+[h] See _Book VII. Chap. 1. Note (d) (e)._
+
+[i] See _Chap. XIV. Note (c)._
+
+[k] It is a Sign some wise Artist was a Contriver of the Cloathing of
+Animals; not only as their Cloathing varies, as their Way of Living doth;
+but also because every Part of their Bodies is furnish’d with proper
+suitable Cloathing. Thus divers Animals, that have their Bodies cover’d
+for the most Part with short, smooth Hair; have some Parts left naked,
+where Hair would be an Annoyance: And some Parts beset with long Hair;
+as the Mane and Tail; And some with stiff, strong Bristles; as about the
+Nose; And sometimes within the Nostrils; to guard off, or give warning of
+Annoyances.
+
+[l] The Feathers being placed from the Head towards the Tail, in close
+and neat Order, and withal preened and dressed by the Contents of the
+Oil-Bag, afford as easie a Passage through the Air, as a Boat new cleaned
+and dressed finds in its Passage through the Waters. Whereas, were the
+Feathers placed the contrary, or any other way (as they would have been,
+had they been placed by Chance, or without Art) they would then have
+gathered Air, and been a great Encumbrance to the Passage of the Body
+through the Air. See _Book VII. Chap. 1. Note (b)._
+
+[m] In _Book VII. Chap. 1. Note (e)._ there is a particular Account of
+the Mechanism of their Vanes, from some nice Microscopical Observations,
+and therefore I shall take no farther Notice of it here.
+
+[n] _Vid._ _Borell. de Mot. Animal._ Prop. 182. Vol. I.
+
+[o] See _Book IX._
+
+[p] For a Sample of this Branch of my Survey, let us chuse the Tegument
+of _Earth-Worms_, which we shall find compleatly adapted to their Way
+or Life and Motion, being made in the most compleat Manner possible for
+terebrating the Earth, and creeping where their Occasions lead them.
+For their Body is made throughout of small Rings, and these Rings have
+a curious _Apparatus_ of Muscles, enabling those Creatures with great
+Strength to dilate, extend, or contract their _Annuli_, and whole Body;
+those _Annuli_ also are each of them armed with small, stiff, sharp
+_Beards_, or _Prickles_, which they can open, to lay hold on, or shut
+up close to their Body: And lastly, Under the Skin there lies a _slimy
+Juice_, that they emit, as Occasion is, at certain Perforations between
+the _Annuli_, to lubricate the Body, and facilitate their Passage into
+the Earth. By all which Means they are enabled with great Speed, Ease,
+and Safety, to thrust and wedge themselves into the Earth; which they
+could not do, had their Bodies been covered with Hair, Feathers, Scales,
+or such like Cloathing of the other Creatures. See more concerning this
+Animal, _Book IX. Chap. 1. Note (a)._
+
+[q] _Aristotle_, in his _Hist. Anim. l. 3. c. 12._ names several Rivers,
+that by being drank of, change the Colour of the Hair.
+
+[r] For an Example; Let us take the Cloathing of the _Tortoise_ and
+_Viper_; because, by an incurious View, it rather regrateth, than
+pleaseth the Eye: But yet, by an accurate Survey, we find the Shells
+of the Former, and the Scales of the Latter, to be a curious Piece of
+Mechanism, neatly made; and so compleatly, and well put, and tack’d
+together, as to exceed any human Composures: Of the Latter see more in
+_Book IX. Chap. 1. Note (c)._
+
+[s] It would be endless to enter into the Particulars of the beautiful
+_Birds_ and _Insects_ of our _European_ Parts; but especially those
+inhabiting the Countries between the Tropicks, which are observed as much
+to exceed our Birds in their Colours, as ours do theirs in their Singing.
+
+[t] The _Wryneck_, at a Distance, is a Bird of mean Colour; neither are
+indeed its Colours radiant, or beautiful, singly considered: But when it
+is in the Hand we see its light and darker Colours so curiously mixed
+together, as to give the Bird a surprizing Beauty. The same is also
+observable in many Insects, particularly of the _Phalæna kind_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XIII.
+
+_Of the Houses and Habitation of Animals._
+
+
+Having in the last Chapter, as briefly as well I could, surveyed the
+_Cloathing_ of Animals, I shall in this take a View of their _Houses_,
+_Nests_, their _Cells_ and _Habitations_; another Thing no less
+necessary to their Well-being than the last; and in which the Great
+Creator hath likewise signalized his Care and Skill, by giving Animals
+an architectonick Faculty, to build themselves convenient Places of
+Retirement, in which to repose and secure themselves, and to nurse up
+their Young.
+
+And here, as before, we may consider the case of Man, and that of the
+irrational Animals. Man having (as I said) the Gift of Reason and
+Understanding, is able to shift for himself, to contrive and build, as
+his Pleasure leads him, and his Abilities will admit of. From the meanest
+Huts and Cottages, he can erect himself stately Buildings, bedeck them
+with exquisite Arts of Architecture, Painting, and other Garniture,
+ennoble them, and render them delightful with pleasant Gardens,
+Fountains, Avenues, and what not? For Man therefore the Creator hath
+abundantly provided in this respect, by giving him an Ability to help
+himself. And a wise Provision this is, inasmuch as it is an excellent
+Exercise of the Wit, the Ingenuity, the Industry and Care of Man.
+
+But since Ingenuity, without Materials, would be fruitless, the Materials
+therefore which the Creator hath provided the World with, for this
+very Service of Building, deserves our Notice. The great Varieties of
+Trees[a], Earth, Stones and Plants, answering every Occasion and Purpose
+of Man for this Use, in all Ages and Places all the World over, is a
+great Act of the Creator’s Goodness; as manifesting, that since he has
+left Man to shift for himself, it should not be without sufficient Help
+to enable him to do so, if he would but make use of them, and the Sense
+and Reason which God hath given him.
+
+Thus sufficient Provision is made for the Habitation of Man.
+
+And no less shall we find is made for the rest of the Creatures; who
+although they want the Power of Reason to vary their Methods, and cannot
+add to, or diminish from, or any way make Improvements upon their natural
+Way; yet we find that natural Instinct, which the Creator’s infinite
+Understanding hath imprinted in them, to be abundantly sufficient, nay,
+in all Probability, the very best or only Method they can take, or that
+can be invented for the respective Use and Purpose of each peculiar
+Species of Animals[b]. If some Creatures make their Nests in Holes, some
+in Trees, some in Shrubs, some in the Earth[c], some in Stone, some in
+the Waters, some here, and some there, or have none at all; yet we find,
+that that Place, that Method of Nidification doth abundantly answer the
+Creatures Use and Occasions. They can there sufficiently and well repose,
+and secure themselves, lay, and breed up their Young. We are so far from
+discovering any Inconvenience in any of their respective Ways, from
+perceiving any Loss befal the Species, any decay, any perishing of their
+Young; that in all Probability, on the contrary, in that particular
+Way they better thrive, are more secure, and better able to shift for,
+and help themselves. If, for Instance, some Beasts make to themselves
+no Habitation, but lie abroad in the open Air, and there produce their
+Young; in this case we find there is no need it should be otherwise, by
+Reason they are either taken care of by Man [d], or in no Danger, as
+other Creatures, from Abroad. If others reposite their Young in Holes[e]
+and Dens, and secure themselves also therein, it is, because such
+Guard, such Security is wanting, their Lives being sought either by the
+Hostility of Man, or to satisfie the Appetite of rapacious Creatures[f].
+If among Birds, some build their Nests close, some open, some with this,
+some with another Material, some in Holes, some in Trees, some on the
+Ground[g], some on Rocks and Crags on high (of which God himself hath
+given an Instance in the _Eagle_, Job xxxix. 27, 28.) And so among the
+Insect and Reptile Kinds, if some reposite their Eggs or Young in the
+Earth, some in Wood, some in Stone, some on one Kind of Plant, some on
+another, some in warm and dry Places, some in the Water and moist Places,
+and some in their own Bodies only, as shall be shewn in proper Place; in
+all these Cases it is in all Probability, the best or only Method the
+Animal can take for the Hatching and Production of its Young, for their
+Supplies, Safety, or some other main Point of their Being or Well-being.
+This is manifest enough in many Cases, and therefore probable in all.
+It is manifest that such Animals, for Instance, as breed in the Waters
+(as not only Fish, but divers Insects, and other Land-Animals do) that
+their Young cannot be hatched, fed, or nursed up in any other Element. It
+is manifest also, that Insects, which lay their Eggs on this, and that,
+and the other agreeable Tree, or Plant, or in Flesh, _&c._ that it is
+by that Means their Young are fed and nursed up. And it is little to be
+doubted also, but that these Matrixes may much conduce to the Maturation
+and Production of the Young. And so in all other the like Cases of
+Nidification, of Heat or Cold, Wet or Dry, Exposed or Open, in all
+Probability this is the best Method for the Animal’s Good, most salutary
+and agreeable to its Nature, most for its Fecundity, and the Continuance
+and Increase of its Species; to which every Species of Animals is
+naturally prompt and inclined.
+
+Thus admirable is the natural Sagacity and Instinct[h] of the irrational
+Animals in the Convenience and Method of their Habitations. And no less
+is it in the Fabrick of them. Their architectonick Skill, exerted in
+the Curiosity and Dexterity of their Works, and exceeding the Skill of
+Man to imitate; this, I say, deserves as much or more Admiration and
+Praise, than that of the most exquisite Artist among Men. For with what
+inimitable Art[i] do these poor untaught Creatures lay a parcel of rude
+and ugly Sticks and Straws, Moss and Dirt together, and form them into
+commodious Nests? With what Curiosity do they line them within, wind and
+place every Hair, Feather, or Lock of Wool, to guard the tender Bodies of
+themselves and their Young, and to keep them warm? And with what Art and
+Craft do many of them thatch over, and coat their Nests without, to dodge
+and deceive the Eye of Spectators, as well as to guard and fence against
+the Injuries of Weather[k]? With what prodigious Subtilty do some
+foreign Birds[l] not only plat and weave the fibrous Parts of Vegetables
+together, and curiously tunnel them, and commodiously form them into
+Nests, but also artificially suspend them on the tender Twigs of Trees,
+to keep them out of the reach of rapacious Animals?
+
+And so for _Insects_, those little, weak, those tender Creatures; yet,
+what admirable Artists are they in this Business of Nidification! With
+what great Diligence doth the little _Bee_ gather its Combs from various
+Trees[m] and Flowers, the _Wasp_ from solid[n] Timber! And with what
+prodigious geometrical Subtilty do those little Animals work their deep
+hexagonal Cells, the only proper Figure that the best Mathematician could
+chuse for such a Combination of Houses[o]! With what Accuracy do other
+Insects perforate the Earth[p], Wood, yea, Stone it self[q]! For which
+Service, the compleat Apparatus of their Mouths[r], and Feet[s], deserves
+particular Observation, as hath been, and will be hereafter observ’d.
+And further yet; With what Care and Neatness do most of those little
+sagacious Animals line those their Houses within, and seal them up, and
+fence them without[t]! How artificially will others fold up the Leaves of
+Trees and Plants[u]; others house themselves in Sticks and Straws; others
+glue light and floating Bodies together[w], and by that Artifice make
+themselves floating Houses in the Waters, to transport themselves at
+Pleasure after their Food, or other necessary Occasions of Life! And for
+a Close, let us take the scriptural Instance of the _Spider_, Prov. xxx.
+28. which is one of the four little Things, which, v. 44. _Agur_ says, is
+_exceeding Wise: The Spider taketh hold with her Hands, and is in Kings
+Palaces_[x]. I will not dispute the Truth of our _English_ Translation
+of this Text, but supposing the Animal mention’d to be that which is
+meant; it is manifest, that the Art of that Species of Creatures, in
+spinning their various Webs, and the Furniture their Bodies afford to
+that Purpose, are an excellent Instinct, and Provision of Nature, setting
+forth its glorious Author.
+
+And now from this short and transient View of the architectonick Faculty
+of Animals, especially the Irrationals; we may easily perceive some
+superiour and wise Being was certainly concern’d in their Creation or
+Original. For, how is it possible that an irrational Creature should,
+with ordinary and coarse, or indeed any Materials, be ever able to
+perform such Works, as exceed even the Imitation of a rational Creature?
+How could the Bodies of many of them, (particularly the last mention’d,)
+be furnish’d with architective Materials? How could they ever discover
+them to be in their Bodies, or know what Use to make of them? We must
+therefore necessarily conclude, That the Irrationals either have Reason
+and Judgment, not only Glimmerings thereof, but some of its superiour
+Acts, as Wisdom and Foresight, Discretion, Art and Care; or else, that
+they are only passive in the Case, and act by Instinct, or by the Reason
+of some superiour Being imprinted in their Nature, or some Way or other,
+(be it how it will,) congenial with them. That they are Rational, or
+excel Man in Art and Wisdom, none surely will be so foolish as to say:
+And therefore we must conclude, That those excellent Ends they pursue,
+and that admirable Art they exert, is none of their own, but owing
+to that infinitely wise and excellent Being, of whom it may be said,
+with reference to the irrational, as well as rational Creatures, as it
+is, _Prov_. ii. _6_. _The Lord giveth Wisdom; out of his Mouth cometh
+Knowledge and Understanding._
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a]
+
+                      _——Dant utile lignum_
+  _Navigiis Pinos, domibus Cedrosque, Cupressosque:_
+  _Hinc radios trivere Rotis, hinc tympana plaustris_
+  _Agricolæ, & pandas ratibus posuere carinas._
+  _Viminibus Salices fœcundæ, frondibus Ulmi;_
+  _At Myrtus validis hastilibus, & bona bello,_
+  _Cornus; Ityræos Taxi torquentur in arcus._
+  _Nec Tiliæ leves, aut torno rasile Buxum,_
+  _Non formam accipiunt, ferroque cavantur acuto:_
+  _Necnon & torrentum undam levis innatat Alnus_
+  _Missa Pado: necnon & apes examina condunt_
+  _Corticibusque cavis, vitiosæque Ilicis alveo._
+
+                        Virg. Georg. l. 2. carm. 442.
+
+[b] See _Chap. 15._ and _Book VIII. Chap. 6._
+
+[c] Many of the _Vespæ-Ichneumones_ are remarkable enough for their
+Nidification and Provision for their Young. Those that build in Earth
+(who commonly have golden and black Rings round their _Alvi_) having
+lined the little Cells, they have perforated, lay therein their Eggs,
+and then carry into them Maggots from the Leaves of Trees, and seal them
+up close and neatly. And another _Ichneumon_, more of the _Vespa_ than
+_Musca-Ichneumon_ Kind (having a little Sting in its Tail, of a black
+Colour) gave me the Pleasure, one Summer, of seeing it build its Nest
+in a little Hole in my Study-Window. This Cell was coated about with an
+odoriferous, resinous Gum, collected, I suppose, from some Fir-Trees
+near; after which it laid two Eggs (I think the Number was) and then
+carried in divers Maggots, some bigger than it self. These it very
+sagaciously sealed close up into the Nest, leaving them there doubtless,
+partly to assist the Incubation; and especially for Food to the future
+Young when hatched.
+
+Of this Artifice of these _Ichneumons_, _Aristotle_ himself takes Notice,
+(but I believe he was scarce aware of the Eggs sealed up with the
+Spiders). Ὁι δὲ Σφῆκες Ιχνεύμονες καλούμενοι, &c. _As to the ~Vespæ~,
+called ~Ichneumones~, (less than others) they kill ~Spiders~, and carry
+them into their Holes, and having sealed them up with Dirt, they therein
+hatch, and produce those of the same Kind._ Hist. Anim. l. 5. c. 20.
+
+To what hath been said about these _Ichneumon Wasps_, I shall add one
+Observation more, concerning the providential Structure of their Mouth in
+every of their Tribes, _viz._ their Jaws are not only very strong, but
+nicely sized, curved and placed for gnawing and scraping those compleat
+little Holes they perforate in Earth, Wood, yea in Stone it self.
+
+[d] _Tully_ having spoken of the Care of some Animals towards their
+Young, by which they are nursed and brought up, saith, _Accedit etiam ad
+nonnulloram animantium, & earum rerum quas terra gignit, conservationem,
+& salutem, hominum etiam solertia & diligentia. Nam multæ & pecudes, &
+stirpes sunt, quæ fine procuratione hominum salvæ esse non possunt._ Cic.
+de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 52.
+
+[e] Prov. xxx. 26. _The Conies are but a feeble Folk, yet make they their
+Houses in the Rocks._
+
+[f] See _Note (l)._
+
+[g] It is a notable Instinct which _Ol. Magnus_ tells of the _Galli
+Sylvestres_ in his Northern Country, to secure themselves against
+the Cold and Storms of the Winter. _Cùm nives instar collium terræ
+superficiem ubique cooperiunt, ramosque arborum diutiùs deprimunt &
+condensant, certos fructus Betulæ arboris——in formâ longi Piperis
+vorant, & glutiunt indigestos; idque tantâ aviditate, ac quantitate, ut
+repletum guttur toto corpore majus appareat. Deinde partitis agminibus
+sese inter medios nivium colles immergunt, præfortim in Jan. Febr.
+Martio, quando nives ut turbines, typhones, vel tempestates gravissimæ
+è nubibus descendunt. Cumque coopertæ sunt, certis hebdomadis cibo in
+gutture collecto, egesto, & resumpto vivunt. Venatorum canibus non
+produntur.——Quod si præsentiunt nivem imminere majorem, prædicto fructu,
+iterum devorato, aliud domicilium captant, in eoque manent usque ad sinem
+Martii, ~&c.~_ Ol. Mag. Hist. l. 19. c. 33.
+
+[h] It is a very odd Story (which I rather mention for the Reader’s
+Diversion, than for its Truth) which Dr. _Lud. de Beaufort_ relates,
+_Vir fide dignus narravit mihi, quod cùm semel, animi gratiâ, nidum
+aviculæ ligno obturâsset, seque occultâsset, cupidus videndi, quid in
+tali occasione præstaret; illa cùm frustra sæpiùs tentâsset rostro illud
+auferre, casus admodum impatiens, abiit, & post aliquod temporis spatium
+reversa est, rostro gerens plantulam, quâ obturamento applicatâ, paulò
+post, illud veluti telum eripuit tantâ vi, ut dispersa impetu herbula, ac
+occasionem ipsi, ab aviculâ ejus virtutem discendi, præripuerit._ Cosmop.
+divina, Sect. 5. C. 1. Had he told us what the Plant was, we might have
+given better Credit to this Story.
+
+[i] Of the Subtilty of Birds in Nidification, see _Plin. Nat. Hist. l.
+10. c. 33._
+
+[k] Among many Instances that might be given of this Subtilty of birds,
+and other Creatures, that of the _long-tailed Titmouse_ deserves
+Observation, who with great Art builds her Nest with Mosses, Hair, and
+the Webs of _Spiders_, cast out from them when they take their Flight
+(see _Book VIII. Chap. 4. Note (e)_) with which the other Materials are
+strongly tied together. Having neatly built, and covered her Nest with
+these Materials without; she thatcheth it on the top with the _Muscus
+arboreus ramosus_, or such like broad, whitish Moss, to keep out Rain,
+and to dodge the Spectator’s Eye; and within she lineth it with a great
+Number of soft Feathers; so many, that I confess I could not but admire
+how so small a Room could hold them, especially that they could be laid
+so close and handsomely together, to afford sufficient Room for a Bird
+with so long a Tail, and so numerous an Issue as this Bird commonly hath,
+which Mr. _Ray_ saith (_Synops. Method. Avium_, p. 74.) _Ova inter omnes
+aviculas numerosissima ponit._ See more of the Nest of this Bird, from
+_Aldrovand._ in _Willugh. Ornith._ p. 243.
+
+[l] The Nest of the _Guira tangeima_, the _icterus minor_, and the
+_Jupujuba_, or whatever other Name the _American Hang-Nests_ may be
+called by, are of this Kind. Of which see _Willughby_’s _Ornith. Lib. 2.
+Chap. 5. Sect. 12, 13._ Also Dr. _Grew_’s _Museum Reg. Soc. Part 1. Sect.
+4. Chap. 4._ These Nests I have divers Times seen, particularly in great
+Perfection in our _R. S._ Repository, and in the noble and well-furnished
+_Museum_ of my often-commended Friend Sir _Hans Sloane_; and at the
+same Time I could not but admire at the neat Mechanism of them, and the
+Sagacity of the Bird, in hanging them on the Twigs of Trees, to secure
+their Eggs and Young from the _Apes_.
+
+[m] I mention Trees, because I have seen _Bees_ gather the Gum of
+Fir-Trees, which at the same Time gave me the Pleasure of seeing their
+way of loading their Thighs therewith; performed with great Art and
+Dexterity.
+
+[n] _Wasps_, at their first Coming, may be observ’d to frequent Posts,
+Boards, and other Wood that is dry and sound; but never any that is
+rotten. There they may be heard to scrape and gnaw; and what they so gnaw
+off, they heap close together between their Chin and Fore-Legs, until
+they have gotten enough for a Burden, which they then carry away in their
+Mouths, to make their Cells with.
+
+[o] Circular Cells would have been the most capacious; but this would
+by no Means have been a convenient Figure, by Reason much of the Room
+would have been taken up by Vacancies between the Circles; therefore
+it was necessary to make Use of some of the rectilinear Figures. Among
+which only three could be of Use; of which _Pappus Alexandrin_. thus
+discourseth; _Cùm igitur tres figuræ sunt, quæ per seipsas locum circa
+idem punctum consistentem replere possunt, Triangulum seil. Quadratum
+& Hexagonum, Apes illam quæ ex pluribus angulis constat sapienter
+delegerunt, utpote suspicantes eam plus mellis capere quàm utramvis
+reliquarum. At Apes quidem illud tantùm quod ipsis utile est cognoscunt,
+viz. Hexagonum Quadrato & Triangulo esse majus & plus Mellis capere
+posse, nimirum æquali materiâ in constructionem uniuscujusque consumptâ.
+Nos verò qui plus sapientiæ quàm Apes habere profitemur, aliquid etiam
+magìs insigne investigabimus._ Collect. Math. l. 5.
+
+[p] See before _Note (c)._
+
+[q] See _Chap. 11. Note (x)._
+
+[r] See _Chap. 11. Note (y)._
+
+[s] Among many Examples, the Legs and Feet of the _Mole-Cricket_,
+(_Gryllotalpa_,) are very remarkable. The Fore-Legs are very brawny and
+strong; and the Feet armed each with four flat strong Claws, together
+with a small Lamina, with two larger Claws, and a third with two little
+Claws: Which Lamina is joynted to the Bottom of the Foot, to be extended,
+to make the Foot wider, or withdrawn within the Foot. These Feet are
+placed to scratch somewhat sideways as well as downward, after the Manner
+of _Moles_ Feet; and they are very like them also in Figure.
+
+Somewhat of this Nature, _Swammerdam_ observes of the Worms of the
+_Ephemeron_. _To this Purpose, ~[to dig their Cells,]~ the wise Creator
+hath furnish’d them_, (saith he,) _with fit Members. For, besides that
+their two Fore-Legs are formed somewhat like those of the ordinary
+~Moles~, or ~Gryllotalpa~; he hath also furnish’d them with two toothy
+Cheeks, somewhat like the Sheers of ~Lobsters~, which serve them more
+readily to bore the Clay._ Swammerdam’s Ephem. Vit. Publish’d by Dr.
+_Tyson_, Chap. 3.
+
+[t] See the before-cited _Note (c)._
+
+[u] They are for the most Part, some of the _Phalænæ_-Tribe, which
+inhabit the tunnelled, convolved Leaves, that we meet with on Vegetables
+in the Spring and Summer. And it is a somewhat wonderful Artifice, how
+so small and weak a Creature, as one of those newly-hatch’d Maggots,
+(for doubtless it is they, not the Parent-Animal, because she emits no
+Web, nor hath any tectrine Art,) can be able to convolve the stubborn
+Leaf, and then bind it in that neat round Form, with the Thread or Web
+it weaves from its own Body; with which it commonly lines the convolved
+Leaf, and stops up the two Ends, to prevent its own falling out; and
+_Earwigs_, and other noxious Animals getting in.
+
+[w] The several Sorts of _Phryganea_, or _Cadews_, in their _Nympha_, or
+_Maggot-state_, thus house themselves; one Sort in Straws, call’d from
+thence _Straw-Worms_; others in two or more Sticks, laid parallel to one
+another, creeping at the Bottom of Brooks; others with a small Bundle of
+Pieces of Rushes, Duck-weed, Sticks, _&c._ glu’d together, where-with
+they float on the Top, and can row themselves therein about the Waters,
+with the Help of their Feet: Both these are call’d _Cob-bait_. Divers
+other Sorts there are, which the Reader _may_ see a Summary of, from
+Mr _Willughby_, in _Raii Method. Insect._ p. 12. together with a good,
+though very brief Description of the _Papilionaceous_ Fly, that comes
+from the _Cod-bait Cadew_. It is a notable architectonick Faculty,
+which all the Variety of these Animals have, to gather such Bodies as
+are fittest for their Purpose, and then to glue them together; some to
+be heavier than Water, that the Animal may remain at the Bottom, where
+its Food is; (for which Purpose they use Stones, together with Sticks,
+Rushes, _&c._) and some to be lighter than Water, to float on the Top,
+and gather its Food from thence. These little Houses look coarse and shew
+no great Artifice outwardly; but are well tunnelled, and made within with
+a hard tough Paste; into which the hinder Part of the Maggot is so fix’d,
+that it can draw its Cell after it any where, without Danger of leaving
+it behind; as also thrust its Body out, to reach what it wanteth; or
+withdraw it into its Cell, to guard it against Harms.
+
+[x] Having mention’d the _Spider_, I shall take this Occasion, (although
+it be out of the Way,) to give an Instance of the Poyson of some of them.
+_Scaliger Exerc. 186. relates, That in ~Gascony~, his Country, there are
+~Spiders~ of that virulency, that if a Man treads upon them, to crush
+them, their Poyson will pass through the very Soles of his Shoe._ Boyl.
+Subtil. of Effluv. c. 4.
+
+Mr. _Leewenhoek_ put a _Frog_ and a _Spider_ together into a Glass, and
+having made the _Spider_ sting the _Frog_ divers Times, the _Frog_ dy’d
+in about an Hour’s Time. _Phil. Trans._ Nᵒ. 272.
+
+In the same _Transaction_, is a curious Account of the Manner how
+_Spiders_ lay, and guard their eggs, _viz._ they emit them not out of the
+hindermost Part of the Body, but under the upper Part of her Belly, near
+the Hind-Legs, _&c._ Also there is an Account of the Parts from which
+they emit their Webs, and divers other Things worth Observation, with
+Cuts illustrating the Whole.
+
+But in _Phil. Trans._ Nᵒ. 22. Dr. _Nath. Fairfax_, from _S. Redi_, and
+his own Observations, thinks _Spiders_ not venomous; several Persons, as
+well as Birds, swallowing them without Hurt: Which I my self have known
+in a Person of Learning, who was advis’d to take them medicinally at
+first, and would at any Time swallow them, affirming them to be sweet,
+and well tasted: And not only innocuous, but they are very salutiferous
+too, in some of the most stubborn Diseases, if the pleasant Story in
+_Mouffet_ be true; of a rich _London_ Matron, cur’d of a desperate
+_Tympany_, by a certain Debauchee, that hearing of her Case, and that she
+was given over by the Doctors, went to her, pretending to be a Physician,
+and confidently affirming he would cure her; which she being willing to
+believe, agrees with him for so much Money, one half to be paid down, the
+other upon Cure. Upon which he gives her a _Spider_, promising her Cure
+in three Days. Upon which, (not doubting but that he had poison’d her,
+and fearing he might be call’d to account for it,) he gets out of Town
+as fast as he could. But instead of being poison’d, she soon recover’d.
+After some Months, the Quack gets privately to Town, when he thought the
+Bustle might be over; and enquiring how his Patient did, was inform’d
+of her Cure; and thereupon visiting her, and making an Excuse for his
+Absence, he receiv’d his Pay with great Applause and Thanks. _Mouff.
+Insect. l. 2. c. 15._
+
+Having said so much of _Spiders_, I might here add their Flight: But of
+this, see _Book VIII. Chap. 4. Note (e)._
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XIV.
+
+_Of Animals Self-Preservation._
+
+
+Having thus consider’d the Food, Cloathing, and Houses of Animals; let us
+in this Chapter take a Glance of another excellent Provision, the wise
+Creator hath made for the Good of the animal World; and that is, the
+Methods which all Animals naturally take for their _Self-Preservation_
+and _Safety_. And here it is remarkable, (as in the Cases before,)
+that _Man_, who is endow’d with Reason, is born without Armature, and
+is destitute of many Powers, which irrational Creatures have in a much
+higher Degree than he, by Reason he can make himself Arms to defend
+himself, can contrive Methods for his own Guard and Safety, can many Ways
+annoy his Enemy, and stave off the Harms of noxious Creatures.
+
+But for others, who are destitute of this super-eminent Faculty; they are
+some Way or other provided with sufficient Guard[a], proportionate to
+their Place of Abode, the Dangers they are like to incur there[b]; and in
+a Word, to their greatest Occasions, and Need of Security. Accordingly,
+some are sufficiently guarded against all common Dangers, by their
+natural Cloathing, by their Armature of Shells, or such like hard, and
+impregnable Covering of their Body[c]. Others destitute of this Guard,
+are armed, some with Horns[d], some with sharp Quills and Prickles[e],
+some with Claws, some with Stings[f]; some can shift and change their
+Colours[g]; some can make their Escape by the Help of their Wings, and
+others by the Swiftness of their Feet; some can screen themselves by
+diving in the Waters, others by tinging and disordering the Waters[h],
+can make their Escape; and some can guard their Bodies, even in the very
+Flames, by the Ejection of the Juice of their Bodies[i]; and some by
+their accurate Smell, Sight or Hearing, can foresee Dangers[k]; others
+by their natural Craft, can prevent or escape them[l]; others by their
+Uncouth Noise[m]; by the horrid Aspect, and ugly Gesticulations of their
+Body[n]; and some even by the Power of their Excrements, and their
+Stink[o], can annoy their Enemy, and secure themselves; and against
+some[p], the divine Providence it self hath provided a Guard.
+
+By such Shifts and Means as these, a sufficient Guard is ministred to
+every Species of Animals, in its proper respective Place; abundantly
+enough to secure the Species from Destruction, and to keep up that
+Balance, which I have formerly shew’d, is in the World among every, and
+all the Species of Animals; but yet not enough to secure Individuals,
+from becoming a Prey to Man, or to other Creatures, as their Necessities
+of Life require. To which Purpose, the natural Sagacity and Craft of the
+one intrapping[q], and captivating, being in some Measure equivalent to
+that of the other in evading, is as excellent a Means for the maintaining
+the one, as preserving the other; and if well consider’d, argues the
+Contrivance of the infinitely wise Creator and Preserver of the World.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] _Callent in hoc cuncta animalia, sciuntque non sua modò commoda,
+verum & hostium adversa; nôrunt sua cela, nôrunt occasiones, partesque
+dissidentium imbellis. In ventre mollis est tenuisque cutis Crocodilo:
+ideoque se, ut territi, mergent Delphini, subcuntesque alvum illâ secant
+spinâ._ Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 8. c. 25.
+
+[b] _Omnibus aptum est Corpus Animæ moribus & facultatibus: Equo fortibus
+ungulis & juba est ornatum (etenim velox & superbum & generosum est
+animal.) Leoni autem, utpose animoso & feroci, dentibus & unguibus
+validum. Ita autem & Tauro & Apro; illi enim Cornua, huic exerti
+Dentes.—— Cervo autem & Lepori (timida enim animalia) velox corpus, sed
+inerme. Timidis enim velocitas, arma audacibus conveniebant——Homini
+autem (sapiens enim est——) manus dedit, instrumentum ad omnes artes
+necessarium, paci non minùs quàm bello idoneum. Non igitur indiguit
+Cornu sibi innato cùm meliora Cornibus arma manibus, quandocunque volet,
+possit accipere: Etenim Ensis & Hasta majora sunt Arma, & ad incidendum
+promptiora.——Neque Cornu, neque Ungulæ quicquam nisi cominùs agere
+possunt; Hominum verò arma eminùs juxtà ac cominùs agunt: telum quidem
+& sagitta magis quàm cornua.——Non igitur est nudus, neque inermis.——sed
+ipsi est Thorax ferreus, quandocunque libet, omnibus Coriis difficilius
+sauciatu organum.——Nec Thorax solùm sed & Domus, & Murus, & Turris,
+~&c.~_ Galen. de Us. Part. l. 1. c. 2.
+
+[c] Shells deserve a Place in this Survey, upon the Account of their
+great Variety; the curious and uncouth Make of some, and the beautiful
+Colours, and pretty Ornaments of others; but it would be endless to
+descend to Particulars. Omitting others, I shall therefore only take
+Notice of the _Tortoiseshell_, by Reason a great deal of Dexterity
+appears, even in the Simplicity of that Animal’s Skeleton. For, besides
+that the Shell is a stout Guard to the Body, and affords a safe Retreat
+to the Head, Legs and Tail, which it withdraws within the Shell upon
+any Danger; besides this, I say, the Shell supplieth the Place of all
+the Bones in the Body, except those of the extreme Parts, the Head and
+Neck, and the four Legs and Tail. So that at first Sight, it is somewhat
+surprizing to see a compleat Skeleton consisting of so small a Number of
+Bones, and they abundantly sufficient for the Creature’s Use.
+
+[d]
+
+  _Dente timentur Apri: defendunt cornua Tauros:_
+  _Imbelles Dame quid nisi præda sumus!_
+
+                      Martial. l. 13. Epigr. 94.
+
+[e] The _Hedgehog_ being an helpless, slow, patient Animal, is
+accordingly guarded with Prickles, and a Power of rolling it self up in
+them. _Clavis terebrari sibi pedes, & discindi viscera patientissimè
+ferebat, omnes cultri ictus sine gemitu plusquam Spartanâ nobilitate
+concoquens._ Borrichius in Blas. de Echino. _Panniculum carnosum
+amplexabatur Musculus panè circularis, admirandæ fabricæ, lacinius suas
+ad pedes, caudam, caput, variè exporrigens, cujus minsterio Echinus se ad
+arbitrium in orbem contrahit._ Act. Dan. in Blasio.
+
+  _Iste licèt digitos restudine pungat acutâ,_
+      _Cortice deposito mollis Echinus erit._
+
+                       Mart. l. 13. Epig. 86.
+
+[f] The _Sting_ of a _Wasp_, or _Bee_, &c. is so pretty a Piece of Work,
+that it is worth taking Notice of, so far as I have not found others to
+have spoken of it. Others have observ’d the Sting to be an hollow Tube,
+with a Bag of sharp penetrating Juices, (its Poison,) joined to the End
+of it, within the Body of the _Wasp_, which is, in Stinging, injected
+into the Flesh through the Tube. But there are besides this, two small,
+sharp, bearded Spears, lying within this Tube or Sting, as in a Sheath.
+In a _Wasp_’s Sting, I counted eight Beards on the Side of each Spear,
+somewhat like the Beards of Fish-hooks. These Spears in the Sting, or
+Sheath, lie one with its Point a little before that of the other; as is
+represented in _Fig. 21._ to be ready, (I conceive,) to be first darted
+into the Flesh; which being once fix’d, by Means of its foremost Beard,
+the other then strikes in too, and so they alternately pierce deeper and
+deeper, their Beards taking more and more hold in the Flesh; after which
+the Sheath or Sting follows, to convey the Poison into the Wound. Which,
+that it may pierce the Better, it is drawn into a Point, with a small
+Slit a little below that Point, for the two Spears to come out at. By
+Means of this pretty Mechanism in the Sting, it is, that the Sting when
+out of the Body, and parted from it, is able to pierce and sting us:
+And by Means of the Beards being lodged deep in the Flesh, it comes to
+pass that _Bees_ leave their Stings behind them, when they are disturbed
+before they have Time to withdraw their Spears into their Scabbard. In
+_Fig. 21._ is represented the two Spears as they lie in the Sting. In
+_Fig. 22._ the two Spears are represented when squeez’d out of the Sting,
+or the Scabbard; in which Latter, _Fig. A c b_, is the Sting, _c d_, and
+_b e_, the two bearded Spears thrust out.
+
+[g] The _Camelion_ is sufficiently fam’d on this Account. Besides which,
+_Pliny_ tells us of a Beast as big as an _Ox_, called the _Tarandus_,
+that when he pleaseth, assumes the Colour of an _Ass_, and _Colorem
+omnium fruticum, arborum, florum, locorumgue reddit, in quibus latet
+metuens, ideoque rarò capitur._ Plin. l. 8. c. 34.
+
+How true this is, there may be some Reason to doubt; but if any Truth
+be in the Story, it may be from the Animal’s chusing such Company,
+or Places, as are agreeable to its Colour: As I have seen in divers
+_Caterpillars_, and other Insects, who I believe were not able to change
+their Colour, from one Colour to another; yet I have constantly observ’d,
+do fix themselves to such Things as are of the same Colour; by which
+Means they dodge the Spectator’s Eye. Thus the _Caterpillar_ that feeds
+on _Elder_, I have more than once seen, so cunningly adhering to the
+small Branches of the same Colour, that it might be easily mistaken for
+a small Stick, even by a careful View. So a large green _Caterpillar_,
+that feeds on _Buckthorn_, and divers others. To which I may add the
+prodigious Sagacity of the _Ichneumon Flies_, that make the _Kermes_,
+(for of that Tribe all the _Kermes_ I ever saw was;) how artificially
+they not only inclose their Eggs within that gummy Skin, or Shell; but
+also so well humour the Colour of the Wood they adhere to, by various
+Streaks and Colours, that it is not easie to distinguish them from the
+Wood it self.
+
+[h] _Contra metum & vim, suis se armis quæque defendit. Cornibus Tauri,
+Apri dentibus, morsu Leones, aliæ fugâ se, aliæ occultatione tutantur:
+atramenti effusione Sepia, torpore Topedines. Multa etiam insectantes
+odoris intolerabili, fœditate depellunt._ Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 50.
+
+[i] A Knight call’d _Corvini_ at _Rome_, cast a _Salamander_ into the
+Fire, which presently swell’d, and then vomited Store of thick slimy
+Matter, which put out the Coals; to which the _Salamander_ presently
+retir’d, putting them out again in the same Manner, as soon as they
+re-kindled, and by this Means sav’d it self from the Force of the Fire
+for the Space of two Hours: After which it liv’d nine Months. _Vid._
+_Philos. Transact._ Nᵒ. 21. in _Lowth. Abridg. Vol. 2._ p. 816.
+
+[k] _Pliny_ gives an Instance in each. _L. 10. c. 69._ _Aqullæ clariùs
+cernunt ~[quàm homines;]~ Vultures sagaciùs odorantur: liquidiùs audiunt
+Talpæ obrutæ terrâ, tam denso atque surdo naturæ elemento._
+
+[l] The _Doubling_ of the _Hare_, before she goes to Form, thereby to
+dodge and deceive the _Dogs_, although a vulgar Observation, is a notable
+Instinct for an Animal, less fam’d for Cunning than the _Fox_, and some
+others.
+
+[m] It is natural for many Quadrupeds, Birds and Serpents, not only to
+put on a torvous angry Aspect, when in _Danger_; but also to snarl, hiss,
+or by some other Noise deter their Adversary.
+
+[n] The _Iynx_, or _Wryneck_, although a Bird of very beautiful Feathers,
+and consequently far enough off from being any way terrible; yet being
+in Danger, hath such odd Contortions of its Neck, and Motions of its
+Head, that I remember have scar’d me, when I was a Boy, from taking their
+Nests, or touching the Bird; daring no more to venture my Hand into their
+Holes, than if a Serpent had lodged in it.
+
+[o] _Bonasus tuetur se calcibus & stercore, quòd ab se quaternis passibus
+~[trium jugerum longitudine. _Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 8. c. 15._] ~ejaculatur,
+quod sæpe comburit adeò ut deglabrentur canes._ Ray’s Synops. Quadr. p.
+71.
+
+_Camelus Peruvianus Clama dictus neminem offendit, sed miro admodum
+ingenio se ab iliatâ vindicat injuriâ, nimirum vomitæ vel cibi, vel
+humoris in vexantem retrarsum cum impetu ejaculato, ob protensam colli
+longitudinem._ Id. ib. p. 146.
+
+_Tzquiepatl_ (Anglicè _Squnck_ Præf. and one that I saw they call’d
+a _Stonck_.) _Cùm quis eam insectatur, fundit cum ventris crepitu
+halitum fœtidissimum: quin ipsa tota teterrimum exhalat odorem, & urina
+stercusque est fœtidissimum, atque adeò pestilens, ut nihil sit reperire
+in nostro orbe, cui in hâc re possit comparari: quo fit, ut in periculo
+constituta, urinam & fæces ad 8 pluriumve passuum intervallum ejiciat,
+hoc modo se ab omnibus vindicans injuriit, ac vestes inficiens maculis
+luteis indelibilibus, & nunquam satis perspirante odore: aliàs innoxium
+Animal eduleque, hæc solâ ratione horrendissimum._ Id. ib. p. 182.
+
+_Si Accipiter Ardeam in sublimi molestat, stercore immisso in pennas
+ejus, eas putrescere facit: utì Solinus scribis de Bonaso, ~&c.~ Ita &
+Lupus urinam spargit in persequentem._ Ol. Mag. Hist. l. 19. c. 14.
+
+[p] Thus against the _Crocodile_, which can catch its Prey only before
+it, not on one Side. So the _Shark_, of which take my often-commended
+Friend Sir _Hans Sloane_’s Observation: _It hath this particular to it,
+with some others of its own Tribe; that the Mouth is in its under Part,
+so that it must turn the Belly upwards to Prey. And was it not for that
+Time it is in turning, in which the pursu’d Fishes escape, there would
+be nothing that could avoid it; for it is very quick in Swimming, and
+hath a vast Strength, with the largest Swallow of any Fish, and is very
+devouring._ Sloane’s _Voyage to_ Jamaica, p. 23.
+
+[q] See _Chap. 11. Note (iii)._
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XV.
+
+_Of the Generation of Animals._
+
+
+There remains now only one Thing more of the ten Things in common
+to Animals, and that is what relates to their Generation[a], and
+Conservation of their Species[b], by that Means. It would not be
+seemly to advance far in this admirable Work of God; neither shall I
+at all insist upon that of Man for the same Reason. And as for the
+Irrationals[c], I shall confine my self to these five Matters.
+
+I. Their natural Sagacity in chusing the fittest Places to reposite their
+Eggs and Young.
+
+II. The fittest Times and Seasons they make use of for their Generation.
+
+III. The due and stated Number of their Young.
+
+IV. Their Diligence and earnest Concern in their Breeding up.
+
+V. Their Faculty of Feeding them, and their Art and Sagacity exerted
+therein.
+
+I. The natural Sagacity of irrational Animals, in chusing the fittest
+Places to reposite their Eggs and Young. Of this I have given larger
+Hints already than I needed to have done, when I spake of the
+Architecture[d] of Animals, intending then to have wholly pass’d by this
+Business of Generation; I shall therefore now only superadd a few other
+Instances, the more to illustrate this Matter.
+
+It hath been already shewn, and will hereafter[e] farther appear, that
+the Places in which the several Species of Animals lay up their Eggs,
+and Young, are the best for that Purpose; Waters[f] for one; Flesh
+for another; Holes in Wood[g], Earth, or Stone[h], for others; and
+Nests for others; and we shall find, that so ardent is the Propensity
+of all Animals, even of the meanest Insects, to get a fit Place for
+the Propagation of their Young; that, as will hereafter appear, there
+is scarce any Thing that escapeth the Inquest of those little subtile
+Creatures. But besides all this, there are two or three Things more
+observable, which plainly argue the Instinct of some superior rational
+Being. As,
+
+1. The compleat and neat Order which many Creatures observe in laying up
+their Seed, or Eggs, in proper Repositories: Of which I shall speak in
+another Place[i].
+
+2. The suitable Apparatus in every Creature’s Body, for the laying-up its
+Eggs, Seed, or Young, in their proper Place. It would be as endless as
+needless to name all Particulars, and therefore an Instance or two of the
+Insect-Tribe may serve for a Specimen in this Place, till I come to other
+Particulars. Thus Insects, who have neither Feet adapted to scratch, nor
+Noses to dig, nor can make artificial Nests to lay up their Young; yet
+what abundant Amends is there made them, in the Power they have either to
+extend the _Abdomen_[k], and thereby reach the commodious Places they
+could not otherwise come at; or else they have some aculeous Part or
+Instrument to terebrate, and make Way for their Eggs into the Root[l],
+Trunk[m], Fruit[n], Leaves[o], and the tender Buds of Vegetables[p], or
+some other such curious and secure Method they are never destitute of. To
+which we may add,
+
+3. The natural Poison[q], (or what can I call it?) which many or most of
+the Creatures, last intended, have, to cause the Germination of such
+Balls, Cases, and other commodious Repositories, as are an admirable
+Lodgment to the Eggs and Young; that particularly in the Incubation and
+Hatching the Young, and then afford them sufficient Food and Nourishment
+in all their _Nympha-State_, in which they need Food; and are afterwards
+commodious Houses and Beds for them in their _Aurelia-State_, till they
+are able to break Prison, fly abroad, and shift for themselves. But this
+shall be taken Notice of, when I come to treat of Insects.
+
+II. As irrational Animals chuse the fittest Place, so also the fittest
+Times and Seasons for their Generation. Some indeed are indifferent
+to all Times, but others make use of peculiar Seasons[r]. Those, for
+Instance, whose Provisions are ready at all Seasons, or who are under
+the Tuition of Man, produce their Young without any great regard to Heat
+or Cold, Wet or Dry, Summer or Winter. But others, whose Provisions
+are peculiar, and only to be met with at certain Seasons of the Year,
+or who, by their Migration and Change of Place, are tied up to certain
+Seasons; these (as if endowed with a natural Care and Foresight of what
+shall happen) do accordingly lay, hatch and nurse up their Young in the
+most proper Seasons of all the Year for their Purpose; as in Spring,
+or Summer, the Times of Plenty of Provisions, the Times of Warmth for
+Incubation, and the most proper Seasons to breed up their Young, till
+they are able to shift for themselves, and can range about for Food, and
+seek Places of Retreat and Safety, by flying long Flights as well as
+their Progenitors, and passing into far distant Regions, which (when
+others fail) afford those helpless Creatures the Necessaries of Life.
+
+III. To the special Seasons, I may add the peculiar Number of Young
+produced by the irrational Creatures. Of which I have already taken some
+Notice, when I spake of the Balance of Animals[s]. Now, if there was not
+a great deal more than Chance in this Matter, even a wise Government of
+the Creation, it could never happen that every Species of Animals should
+be tied up to a certain Rate and Proportion of its Increase; the most
+useful would not be the most fruitful, and the most pernicious produce
+the fewest Young, as I have observed it commonly is. Neither would every
+Species produce such a certain Rote as it is only able to breed up: But
+all would be in a confused, huddled State. Instead of which, on the
+contrary, we find every Thing in compleat Order; the Balance of _Genera_,
+Species and Individuals always proportionate and even; the Balance of
+Sexes the same; most Creatures tied up to their due Stint and Number
+of Young, without their own Power and Choice, and others (particularly
+of the winged[t] Kind) producing their due Number at their Choice and
+Pleasure; some large Numbers, but not more than they can cover, feed and
+foster; others fewer, but as many as they can well nurse and breed up.
+Which minds me,
+
+IV. Of the Diligence and earnest Concern which irrational Animals have of
+the Production and Breeding up their Young. And here I have already taken
+Notice of their Στοργὴ, or natural Affection, and with what Zeal they
+feed and defend, their Young. To which may be added these two Things.
+
+1. The wonderful Instinct of Incubation. It is utterly impossible,
+that ever unthinking, untaught Animals should take to that only Method
+of hatching their Young, was it not implanted in their Nature by the
+infinitely wise Creator. But so ardent is their Desire, so unwearied is
+their Patience when they are ingaged in that Business, that they will
+abide their Nests for several Weeks, deny themselves the Pleasures, and
+even the Necessaries of Life; some of them even starving themselves
+almost, rather than hazard their Eggs, to get Food, and others either
+performing the Office by Turns[u], or else the one kindly seeking out,
+and carrying Food to the other[w], engaged in the office of Incubation.
+But of these Matters in a more proper Place[x].
+
+2. When the young ones are produced, not only with what Care do they feed
+and nurse them, but with what surprizing Courage do all or most Creatures
+defend them! It is somewhat strange to see timid Creatures[y], who at
+other Times are cowardly, to be full of Courage, and undaunted at that
+Time; to see them furiously and boldly encounter their Enemy, instead
+of flying from him, and expose themselves to every Danger, rather than
+hazard and forsake their Young.
+
+With this earnest Concern of the irrational Animals for their Young, we
+may join in the
+
+V. And last Place, Their Faculty and Sagacity of feeding them. About
+which I shall take notice of three Things.
+
+1. The Faculty of suckling the Young, is an excellent Provision
+the Creator hath made for those helpless Creatures. And here the
+Agreeableness and Suitableness of that Food to young Creatures, deserves
+particular Observation, as also their Delight in it, and Desire and
+Endeavours after it, even as soon as born[z], together with the
+Willingness of all, even the most savage and fierce Animals, to part
+with it, and to administer it to their Young, yea, to teach and institute
+them in the Art of taking it.
+
+And lastly, to name no more, the curious _Apparatus_ which is made
+for this Service in the divers Species of Animals, by a due Number of
+Breasts, proportionable to the Occasions of each Animal, by curious
+Glands in those Breasts, to separate that nutritive Juice, the Milk,
+by Arteries and Veins to convey it to them, and proper Rivulets and
+Channels to convey it from them, with Dugs and Nipples, placed in the
+most convenient Part of the Body[aa] of each Animal, to administer it to
+their Young; all these Things, I say, do manifestly proclaim the Care and
+Wisdom of the great Creator.
+
+2. As for such Animals as do in another manner breed up their Young, by
+finding out Food, and putting it into their Mouth, the Provision made in
+them for this Service, to strike, catch, to pouch and convey their Prey
+and Food to their Young[bb], is very considerable. And so is also their
+Sagacity in equally distributing it among them, that among many, all
+shall be duly, equally, and in good Order, fed.
+
+3. There is yet another Instinct remaining, of such Animals as can
+neither administer Suck to their Young, neither lay them in Places
+affording Food, nor can convey and bring them Food, but do with their
+Eggs, lay up Provisions for their future Young. Somewhat of this is
+reported of some Birds[cc]; but I have my self with Pleasure, frequently
+seen some of the Species of Insects to carry ample Provisions into
+their dry and barren Cells, where they have seal’d them carefully and
+cautiously up with their Eggs, partly, ’tis like, for Incubation sake,
+and partly as an easy Bed to lodge their Young; but chiefly for future
+Provision for their Young, in their _Nympha-State_, when they stand in
+need of Food[dd].
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] _Spontaneous Generation_, is a Doctrine so generally exploded, that
+I shall not undertake the Disproof of it. It is so evident, that all
+Animals, yea, Vegetables too, owe their Production to Parent-Animals and
+Vegetables; that I have often admir’d at the Sloath and Prejudices of the
+ancient Philosophers, in so easily taking upon Trust the _Aristotelian_,
+or rather, the _Ægyptian_ Doctrine of _equivocal Generation_; that
+when they saw _Flies_, _Frogs_ and _Lice_, for Instance, to be Male
+and Female, and accordingly to ingender, lay Eggs, _&c._ they could
+ever imagine any of these Creatures should be spontaneously produc’d,
+especially in so romantick a Manner, as in the Clouds: as they
+particularly thought _Frogs_ were, and that they dropp’d down in Showers
+of Rain. For an Answer to this Case of _Frogs_, I shall refer to a
+Relation of my own, which my late most ingenious, and learned Friend, the
+great Mr. _Ray_, requested of me, and was pleas’d to publish in his last
+Edition of his _Wisdom of God manifested_, &c. _p. 365_.
+
+But some will yet assert the Raining of _Frogs_; among which the curious
+Dr. _Plot_ is somewhat of this Opinion; telling us of _Frogs_ found on
+the Leads of the Lord _Aston_’s Gatehouse, at _Tixal_ in _Staffordshire_,
+which he thinks by some such Means came there; as also on the
+Bowling-Green, frequently after a Shower of Rain. _Plot_’s _Hist. Staff._
+c. 1. §. 47.
+
+But we may take a Judgment of this, and an Hundred such like Reports, to
+be met with in considerable Authors, from other the like Reports that
+have been better inquir’d into. In a Scarcity in _Silesia_, a mighty
+Rumour was spread of its _raining Millet-Seed_; but the Matter being
+inquir’d into, ’twas found to be only the Seeds of the _Ivy-leaved
+Speedwell_, or _small Henbit_, growing in the Place in great Plenty.
+_Eph. Germ. An. 3. Obs. 40._ So in the _Archipelago_, it was thought
+Ashes were rain’d, Ships being cover’d therewith at a hundred Leagues
+Distance; but in all Probability, it was from an Eruption of _Vesuvius_,
+that then happen’d. About _Warminster_ in _Wilts_, ’twas reported it
+_rain’d Wheat_; but a curious Observer, Mr. _Cole_, found it to be only
+_Ivy-Berries_, blown thither in a considerable Quantity by a Tempest. In
+the Year 1696, at _Cranstead_ near _Wrotham_ in _Kent_, a Pasture-Field
+was over-spread with little young _Whitings_, suppos’d to fall from the
+Clouds, in a Tempest of Thunder and Rain; but doubtless they were brought
+thither with Waters from the Sea by the Tempest. See the before-commended
+Mr. _Lowth_. _Abridg. Philos. Trans. Vol. 2._ p. 143, 144.
+
+Neither needeth it seem strange, that _Ashes_, _Ivy-Berries_, small
+_Fishes_, or young _Frogs_, (which yet may have some other Conveyance,)
+should be thus transported by tempestuous Winds, considering to what
+Distance, and in what Quantities the Sea-Waters were carry’d by the
+_Great-Storm_, _Nov. 26. 1703_, of which an ingenious Friend sent
+me these Accounts from _Lewes_ in _Sussex_, viz. _That a Physician
+travelling soon after the Storm, to ~Tisehurst~, twenty Miles from the
+Sea, as he rode along pluck’d some Tops of Hedges, and chewing them,
+found them Salt: That some ~Grapes~ hanging on the Vines at ~Lewes~ were
+so too. That Mr. ~Williamson~ Rector of ~Ripe~, found the Twigs in his
+Gardens Salt the ~Monday~ after the Storm; and others observ’d the same
+a Week after. That the Grass of the Downs about ~Lewes~, was so Salt,
+that the Sheep would not feed till Hunger compell’d them: And that the
+~Miller~ of ~Berwick~, (three Miles from the Sea,) attempting with his
+Man to secure his Mill, were so wash’d with Flashes of Sea-Water, like
+the Breakings of Waves against the Rocks, that they were almost strangled
+therewith, and forced to give over their Attempt._
+
+I call’d this Doctrine of _equivocal Generation_, an _Ægyptian Doctrine_;
+because probably it had its Rise in _Ægypt_, to salve the Hypothesis, of
+the Production of Men, and other Animals, out of the Earth, by the Help
+of the Sun’s Heat. To prove which, the _Ægyptians_, (as _Diod. Sicul._
+saith,) _produce this Observation, That about ~Thebes~, when the Earth is
+moistened by the ~Nile~, by the Intense Heat of the Sun, an innumerable
+Number of ~Mice~ do spring out._ From whence he infers, That all Kinds of
+Animals, might as well at first come likewise out of the Earth. And from
+these the learned Bishop _Stillingfleet_ thinks other Writers, as _Ovid_,
+_Mela_, _Pliny_, &c. have, without examining its Truth, taken up the same
+Hypothesis. _V._ _Stillingfleet_’s _Orig. Sacr._ Part 2. Book 1. Chap. 1.
+
+The before-commended Dr. _Harris_, from the Observations of Dr. _Harvey_,
+Sr. _Malpighi_, Dr. _de Graaf_, and Mr. _Leewenhoeck_, infers three
+Things concerning _Generation_ as highly probable. _1. That Animals
+are ~ex Animalculo~. 2. That the Animalcules are originally ~in femine
+Marium, & non in Fœminis~. 3. That they can never come forward, or
+be formed into Animals of the respective Kind, without the ~Ova in
+Fœminis~._ His Proofs and Illustrations, see under the Word _Generation_,
+in his _Lex. Techn. Vol. 2._
+
+[b] _At certè Natura, si fieri potuisset, maximè optasset suum opificium
+esse immortale: quod cùm per materiam non liceret (nam quod——ex carne
+est compositum, incorruptibile esse non potest) subsidium quod potuit
+ipsi ad immortalitatem est sacricata, sapientis cujusdam urbis conditoris
+exemplo, ~&c.~ Nam mirabilem quondam rationem invenit, quomodo in
+demortui animalis locum, novum aliud sufficiat._ Galen. de Usu. Part. l.
+14. c. 22.
+
+[c] _Animantia Bruta Obstetricibus non indigent in edendo Partu, cùm
+inditâ Naturæ vi Umbilicus seipsum occludat._ Ol. Rudbeck in Blasii Anat.
+Felis.
+
+[d] _Chap. 13._
+
+[e] _Book VIII. Chap. 6._
+
+[f] The _Ephemeron_, as it is an unusual and special Instance of the
+Brevity of Life; so I take to be a wonderful Instance of the special Care
+and Providence of God, in the Conservation of the Species of that Animal.
+For, 1. As an Animal, whose Life is determin’d in about five or six Hours
+Time, (_viz._ from about six in the Evening, till about eleven a Clock
+at Night,) needs no Food; so neither doth the _Ephemeron_ eat, after it
+is become a _Fly_. 2. As to its Generation; in those five Hours of its
+Life, it performs that, and all other necessary Offices of Life: For in
+the Beginning of its Life, it sheds its Coat; and that being done, and
+the poor little Animal thereby render’d light and agile, it spends the
+rest of its short Time in striking over the Waters, and at the same Time
+the Female droppeth her Egg on the Waters, and the Male his Sperm on them
+to impregnate them. These Eggs are spread about by the Waters; descend
+to the Bottom by their own Gravity; and are hatch’d by the Warmth of the
+Sun, into little Worms, which make themselves Cases in the Clay, and feed
+on the same without any Need of parental Care. _Vid._ _Ephem. vita_,
+translated by Dr. _Tyson_ from _Swammerdam_. See also _Book VIII. Chap.
+6. Note (r)._
+
+[g] See _Chap. 13. Note (c)_, and _Book VIII. Chap. 6._
+
+[h] The _Worms_ in _Chap. 11. Note (x)_, breed in the Holes they gnaw in
+Stone, as manifest from their Eggs found therein.
+
+[i] See _Book VIII. Chap. 6. Note (q)._
+
+[k] Many, if not most Flies, especially those of the _Flesh-Fly_-kind,
+have a Faculty of extending their _Uropygia_, and thereby are enabled to
+thrust their Eggs into convenient Holes, and Receptacles for their Young,
+in Flesh, and whatever else they Fly-blow. But none more remarkable
+than the _Horse-Fly_, called by _Pennius_, in _Mouffet_, (p. 62.)
+Σκολιοῦρος, i.e. _Curvicauda_, and the _Whame_ or _Burrel-Fly_, which is
+vexatious to Horses in Summer, not by stinging them, but only by their
+bombylious Noise, or tickling them in sticking their Nits, or Eggs on the
+Hair; which they do in a very dexterous Manner, by thrusting out their
+_Uropygia_, bending them up, and by gentle, slight Touches, sticking the
+Eggs to the Hair of the Legs, Shoulders, and Necks, commonly of Horses;
+so that Horses which go abroad, and are seldom dressed, are somewhat
+discoloured by the numerous Nits adhering to their Hair.
+
+Having mentioned so much of the Generation of this Insect, although it
+be a little out of the Way, I hope I shall be excused for taking Notice
+of the long-tailed Maggot, which is the Product of these Nits or Eggs,
+called by Dr. _Plot_, _Eruca glabra_, [or rather _Eula Scabra_, it should
+be] _caudata aquatico-arborea_, it being found by him in the Water of an
+hollow Tree, but I have found it in Ditches, Saw-Pits, Holes of Water in
+the High-way, and such-like Places where the Waters are most still and
+foul. This Maggot I mention, as being a singular and remarkable Work of
+God, not so much for its being so utterly unlike as it is to its Parent
+_Bee_-like-Fly, as for the wise Provision made for it by its long Tail;
+which is so joynted at certain Distances from the Body, as that it can
+be withdrawn, or sheathed, one Part within another, to what Length the
+Maggot pleaseth, so as to enable it to reach the Bottom of very shallow,
+or deeper Waters, as it hath Occasion, for the gathering of Food. At the
+end of this tapering is a Ramification of _Fibrillæ_, or small Hairs
+representing, when spread, a Star; with the help of which, spread out on
+the top of the Waters, it is enabled to hang making by that means a small
+Depression or Concavity on the Surface of the Water. In the midst of this
+Star, I imagine the Maggot takes in Air, there being a Perforation, which
+with a Microscope I could perceive to be open, and by the Star to be
+guarded against the Incursion of the Water.
+
+[l] The Excrescences on the Root of _Cabbages_, _Turneps_, and divers
+other Plants, have always a Maggot in them; but what the Animal is
+that thus makes its way to the Root under Ground, whether _Ichneumon_,
+_Phalæna_, _Scarab_, or _Scolopendra_, I could never discover, being not
+able to bring them to any thing in Boxes.
+
+[m] I presume they are only of the _Ichneumon-Fly-kind_, that have their
+Generation in the Trunks of Vegetables. In _Malpighi de Gallis_, _Fig.
+61._ is a good Cut of the gouty Excrescences, or rather Tumours of the
+_Briar-stalk_: From which proceeds a small black _Ichneumon-Fly_, with
+red _Legs_; black, smooth jointed _Antennæ_; pretty large _Thorax_; and
+short, round _Belly_, of the Shape of an Heart. It leapeth as a _Flea_.
+The _Male_, (as in other Insects,) is lesser than the _Female_, and very
+venereous, in spite of Danger, getting upon the Female, whom they beat
+and tickle with their Breeches and Horns, to excite them to a _Coït_.
+
+Another Example of the Generation in the Trunks of Vegetables, shall be
+from the Papers of my often-commended Friend Mr. _Ray_, which are in my
+Hands, and that is an Observation of the ingenious Dr. _Nath. Wood_: _I
+have_ (said he) _lately observed many Eggs in the common Rush. One sort
+are little transparent Eggs, in Shape somewhat like a Pear, or Retort,
+lying within the Skin, upon, or in the ~Medulla~, just against a brownish
+Spot on the out-side of the Rush; which is apparently the Creatrix of the
+Wound made by the Fly, when she puts her Eggs there. Another Kind is much
+longer, and not so transparent, of a long oval, or rather cylindrical
+Form; six, eight, or more, lie commonly together, across the Rush,
+parallel to each other, like the Teeth of a Comb, and are as long as the
+Breadth of the Rush._ Letter from _Kilkenny_ in _Ireland_, Apr. 28. 1697.
+
+[n] See _Book VIII. Chap. 6. Note (d)._
+
+[o] I have in _Chap. 13. Note (u)_, and _Book VIII. Chap. 6. Note (c),
+(f)_, taken Notice of the Nidification and Generation of some Insects
+on the Leaves of Vegetables, and shall therefore, for the Illustration
+of this Place, chuse an uncommon Example out of the _Scarab-kind_ (the
+Generation of which Tribe hath not been as yet mentioned) and that
+is of a small _Scarab_ bred in the very Tips of _Elm-Leaves_. These
+Leaves, in Summer, may be observed to be, many of them, dry and dead, as
+also turgid; in which lieth a dirty, whitish, rough Maggot. From which
+proceeds a _Beetle_ of the smallest kind, of a light, _Weesle_ Colour,
+that leapeth like a _Grashopper_, although its Legs are but short. Its
+Eyes are blackish, _Elytra_ thin, and prettily furrowed, with many
+Concavities in them; small club-headed _Antennæ_, and a long _Rostrum_
+like a _Proboscis_.
+
+The same, or much like this, I have met with on Tips of _Oaken_ and
+_Holly-Leaves_. How the _Scarab_ lays its Eggs in the Leaf, whether by
+terebrating the Leaf, or whether the _Maggot_, when hatched, doth it, I
+could never see. But with great Dexterity, it makes its Way between the
+upper and under Membranes of the Leaf feeding upon the parenchymous Part
+thereof. Its Head is slenderer and sharper than most of _Maggots_, as if
+made on purpose for this Work; but yet I have often wondered at their
+Artifice in so nicely separating the Membranes of the _Elm-Leaf_, without
+breaking them, and endangering their own tumbling out of ’em, considering
+how thin and very tender the Skins of that Leaf (particularly) are.
+
+[p] See _Book VIII. Chap. 6. Note (z)._
+
+[q] See _Book VIII. Chap. 6._ to _Note (bb)_, &c.
+
+[r] Πολλὰ δὲ καὶ πρὸς τὰς ἐκτροφὰς τῶν τέκνων στοχαζέμενα, ποιοῦνται τὸν
+συνδυασμὸν ἐν τῇ ἀπαρτιζούσῃ ὥρᾳ. Arist. Hist. An. l. 5. c. 8 ubi plura.
+
+[s] _Chap. 10._
+
+[t] Mr. _Ray_ alledges good Reasons to conclude, that although Birds have
+not an exact Power of numbering, yet, that they have of distinguishing
+many from few, and knowing when they come near to a certain Number; and
+that they have it in their Power to lay many or few Eggs. All which he
+manifesteth from _Hens_, and other domestick Fowls, laying many more Eggs
+when they are withdrawn, than when not. Which holds in wild as well as
+domestick Birds, as appears from Dr. _Lister_’s Experiment in withdrawing
+a _Swallow_’s Eggs, which by that Means laid nineteen Eggs successively
+before she gave over. _V._ _~Ray~’s Wisdom of God_, &c. p. 137.
+
+[u] _Palumbes incubat fœmina post meridiana in matutinum, cætero mas.
+Columbæ incubant ambo, interdiu Mas, noctu Fœmina. Plin._ Nat. Hist. l.
+10. c. 58.
+
+[w] Of the common _Crow_, Mr. _Willughby_ saith, _The Females only sit,
+and that diligently, the Males in the mean time bring them Victuals, as_
+Aristotle _saith. In most other Birds, which pair together, the Male
+and Female sit by Turns._ Ornithol. l. 2. §. 1. c. 2. §. 2. And I have
+observed the Female-Crows to be much fatter than the Males, in the Time
+of Incubation, by Reason the Male, out of his conjugal Affection, almost
+starves himself, to supply the Female with Plenty.
+
+[x] See _Book VII. Chap. 4._
+
+[y] _Volucribus Natura novam quandam, Pullos educandi, rationem
+excogitavit: ipsis enim præcipuum quendam amorem in ea quæ procrearent,
+ingeneravit, quo impulsu bellum pro pullis cum ferocibus animalibus, quæ
+ante declinârunt, intrepide suscipiunt, victúmque ipsis convenientem
+suppeditant._ Galen. de Us. Part. l. 14. c. 4.
+
+[z] _In iis animanatibus quæ lacte aluntur, omnis ferè cibus matrum
+lactescere incipit; eaque, quæ paulo antè nata sunt, sine magistro,
+duce naturâ, mammas appetunt, earumque ubertate saturantur. Atque ut
+intelligamus nihil horum esse fortutitum, & hæc omnia esse provida,
+solertisque naturæ, quæ multiplices fœtus procreant, ut Sues, ut Canes,
+his Mammarum data est multitudo; quas easdam paucas habent eæ bestiæ, quæ
+pauca gignunt._ Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 51. _Consule quoque_ Galen de
+Us. Part. l. 4. c. 4. _&_ l. 15. c. 7.
+
+[aa] _Animalia solidipeda, & ruminantia, vel cornigera, inter femora
+Mammas habent, quorum Fœtus statim à partu pedibus insistunt, quòd matres
+inter lactandum non decumbant, ut Equa, Asina, ~&c.~ Animalia digitata
+& multipara in medio ventre, scil. spatio ab inguine ad pectus (in
+Cuniculo usque ad jugulum) duplicem mammarum seriem fortita sunt, quæ
+omnia decumbentia ubera fœtibus admovent, ut Ursa, Leæna, ~&c.~ Si verò
+hæc in solo inguine Mammas gererent, propria cura inter decumbendum fœtus
+accessum ad mammas nonnihil præpedirent. Mulieribus Mammæ binæ sunt, ut &
+Papillæ, nimirum ut latus lateri conformitèr respondeat, & ut alternatim
+infans à latere in latus inter sugendum tranferatur, ne corpus ejus uni
+lateri nimis assuescens quoquo modo incurvetur. Simia, homo Sylvestris,
+~&c.~_ Blas. Anat. Animal. Par. 1. Cap. 6. _de Cane ex Whartono_. See
+here what _Pliny_ hath also, L. 11. _Cap. 40._
+
+In the _Elephant_, the Nipples are near the Breast, by Reason the old one
+is forced to suck her self, and by the help of her Trunk conveys the Milk
+into the Mouth of her Young. _Vid._ _Phil. Trans._ No. 336.
+
+[bb] For an Exemplification, I might name many Animals, particularly
+Birds, whole Parts are compleatly suited to this Service. They are
+Characteristicks of rapacious Birds, to have aduncous Bills and Talons
+to hold and tear, and strong brawny Thighs to strike and carry their
+Prey, as well as a sharp piercing Sight to spy it afar off. _Raii Synops.
+Method. Av._ p. 1. The _Pelecane_ also might be here named, for its
+prodigious Bag under its Bill and Throat, big enough to contain thirty
+Pints. _Id. ibid._ p. 122. And to name no more, the common _Heron_ hath
+its most remarkable Parts adapted to thus Service; long Legs for wading,
+and a long Neck answerable thereto to reach Prey, a wide, extensive
+Throat to pouch it; long Toes, with strong hooked Talons, (one of which
+is remarkably serrate on the Edge) the better to hold their Prey; a long
+sharp Bill to strike their Prey, and serrate towards the Point, with
+sharp hooked Beards standing backward, to hold their Prey fast when
+struck; and lastly, large, broad, concave Wings (in Appearance much too
+large, heavy and cumbersome for so small a Body, but) of greatest Use to
+enable them to carry the greater Load to their Nests at several Miles
+Distance; as I have seen them do from several Miles beyond me, to a large
+Heronry above three Miles distant from me. In which I have seen _Plaise_,
+and other Fish, some Inches long, lying under the high Trees in which
+they build; and the curious and ingenious Owner thereof, _D’Acre Barret_,
+Esq; hath seen a large Eel convey’d by them, notwithstanding the great
+Annoyance it gave them in their Flight, by its twisting this Way and that
+Way about their Bodies.
+
+[cc] This is reported of the _American Ostrich_, mentioned by _Acarette_,
+in _Phil. Trans._ Nᵒ. 89. Of which see _Book VII. Chap. 4. Note (e)._
+
+[dd] _Hornets_, _Wasps_, and all the Kinds of _Bees_ provide Honey; and
+many of the _Pseudosphecæ_, and _Ichneumon Wasps_ and _Flies_, carry
+_Maggots_, _Spiders_, _&c._ into their Nests; of which see above, _Note
+(c) Chap. 13._
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XVI.
+
+_The Conclusion._
+
+
+Thus I have, as briefly as well I could (and much more briefly than the
+Matters deserved) dispatched the Decad of Things I proposed in common
+to the sensitive Creatures. And now let us pause a little, and reflect.
+And upon the whole Matter, what less can be concluded than that there is
+a Being infinitely Wise, Potent, and Kind, who is able to contrive and
+make this glorious Scene of Things, which I have thus given only a Glance
+of? For what less than Infinite, could stock so vast a Globe with such a
+noble Set of Animals? All so Contrived, as to minister to one another’s
+Help some Way or other, and most of them serviceable to Man peculiarly,
+the Top of this lower World, and who was made, as it were, on purpose to
+observe, and survey, and set forth the Glory of the infinite _Creator_,
+manifested in his Works! Who! What but the Great _GOD_ could so admirably
+provide for the whole Animal World every Thing serviceable to it, or that
+can be wished for, either to conserve its Species, or to minister to
+the Being or Well-being of Individuals! Particularly, who could _Feed_
+so spacious a World, who could please so large a Number of Palates, or
+suit so many Palates to so great a Variety of Food, but the infinite
+Conservator of the World! And who but the same great _HE_, could provide
+such commodious _Cloathing_ for every Animal; such proper _Houses_,
+_Nests_ and _Habitations_; such suitable _Armature_ and _Weapons_; such
+_Subtilty_, _Artifice_ and _Sagacity_, as every Creature is more or less
+armed and furnished with, to fence off the Injuries of the Weather, to
+rescue it self from Dangers, to preserve it self from the Annoyances
+of its Enemies; and, in a word, to conserve its Self, and its Species!
+What but an infinite superintending Power could so equally _balance_ the
+several Species of Animals, and conserve the _Numbers_ of the individuals
+of every Species so even, as not to over or under-people the terraqueous
+Globe! Who, but the infinite wise Lord of the World, could allot every
+Creature its most suitable _Place_ to live in, the most suitable Element
+to _breath_, and _move_, and _act_ in. And who but _HE_ could make so
+admirable a Set of Organs, as those of Respiration are, both in Land and
+Water-Animals! Who could contrive so curious a Set of Limbs, Joynts,
+Bones, Muscles, and Nerves, to give to every Animal the most commodious
+_Motion_ to its State and Occasions! And to name no more, what Anatomist,
+Mathematician, Workman, yea Angel, could contrive and make so curious,
+so commodious, and every way so exquisite a Set of Senses, as the _five
+Senses_ of Animals are; whole Organs are so dexterously contrived, so
+conveniently placed in the Body, so neatly adjusted, so firmly guarded,
+and so compleatly suited to every Occasion, that they plainly set forth
+the Agency of the infinite Creator and Conservator of the World.
+
+So that here, upon a transient View of the Animal World in general only,
+we have such a Throng of Glories, such an enravishing Scene of Things as
+may excite us to admire, praise, and adore the infinitely wise, powerful,
+and kind _CREATOR_; to condemn all atheistical Principles; and with holy
+_David_, _Psalm_ xiv. 1. to conclude that he is in good earnest a _Fool_,
+that dares to say, _There is no God_, when we are every where surrounded
+with such manifest Characters, and plain Demonstrations of that infinite
+Being.
+
+But in the next Book we shall still find greater Tokens, if possible,
+when I come to take a View of Animals in particular.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+A
+
+SURVEY
+
+Of the Particular
+
+Tribes of _ANIMALS_.
+
+
+In the foregoing Book, having taken a View of the Things in common to
+Animals, my Business in the next, will be to inspect the particular
+Tribes, in order to give further Manifestations of the Infinite Creator’s
+Wisdom, Power and Goodness towards the Animal World.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+BOOK V.
+
+_A SURVEY of MAN._
+
+
+The first _Genus_ of Animals that I shall take Notice of, shall be _Man_,
+who may justly claim the Precedence in our Discourse, inasmuch as God
+hath given him the Superiority in the Animal World; _Gen._ i. 26. _And
+God said, Let us make Man in our Image, after our Likeness; and let them
+have Dominion over the Fish of the Sea, and over the Fowl of the Air, and
+over the Cattle, and over all the Earth, and over every creeping Thing
+that creepeth upon the Earth._
+
+And as to Man, we have so excellent a Piece of Workmanship, such a
+Microcosm, such an Abridgment of the Creator’s Art in him, as is alone
+sufficient to demonstrate the Being and Attributes of _GOD_. Which will
+appear by considering the _Soul_ and the _Body_ of Man.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+_Of the SOUL of Man._
+
+
+My Survey of Man, I shall begin with the Soul of Man, by Reason it is
+his most noble Part[a], the Copy of the Divine Image in us[b], in which
+we have enough to fill us with Admiration of the Munisence, Power,
+and Wisdom of the Infinite Creator[c], when we contemplate the noble
+Faculties of this our superiour Part, the vast Reach and Compass of
+its _Understanding_, the prodigious Quickness and Piercingness of its
+_Thought_, the admirable Subtilty of its _Invention_, the commanding
+Power of its _Wisdom_, the great Depth of its _Memory_[d], and in a word,
+its Divine Nature and Operations.
+
+But I shall not dwell on this, tho’ the superiour Part of Man, because
+it is the least known. Only there are two Things I can’t easily pass
+by, because they manifest the especial Concurrence and Design of the
+infinitely Wise Creator, as having a particular and necessary Tendency to
+the Management and good Order of the World’s Affairs. The
+
+I. Of which is the various _Genii_, or _Inclinations of Men’s Minds_
+to this, and that, and the other Business[e]. We see how naturally
+Men betake themselves to this and that Employment: Some delight most
+in Learning and Books, some in Divinity, some in Physick, Anatomy and
+Botany, some in Critical Learning and Philology, some in Mathematicks,
+some in Metaphysicks, and deep Researches; and some have their Delight
+chiefly in Mechanicks, Architecture, War, Navigation, Commerce,
+Agriculture; and some have their Inclinations lie even to the servile
+Offices of the World, and an hundred Things besides.
+
+Now all this is an admirably wise, as well as most necessary Provision,
+for the easy and sure transacting the World’s Affairs; to answer every
+End and Occasion of Man, yea, to make Man Helpful to the poor, helpless
+Beasts, as far as his Help is needful to them; and all, without any great
+Trouble, Fatigue, or great Inconvenience to Man; rather as a Pleasure,
+and Diversion to him. For so far it is from being a Toil, that the
+greatest Labours[f], Cares, yea, and Dangers too, become pleasant to him
+who is pursuing his _Genius_; and whose Ardour of Inclination eggs him
+forward, and buoys him up under all Opposition, and carrieth him through
+every Obstacle, to the End of his Designs and Desires.
+
+II. The next is, The _inventive_ Power of the Soul[g]. Under which I
+might speak of many Things; but I shall take Notice only of two, because
+they manifest the particular Concern and Agency of the infinitely wise
+Creator. The
+
+1. Is, That _Man’s Invention_ should reach to such a great Variety of
+Matters; that it should hit upon every Thing, that may be of any Use,
+either to himself, or to human Society; or that may any Ways promote,
+(what in him lies,) the Benefit of this lower Part of the Creation.
+
+For the Illustration of this, I might take a View of all the Arts and
+Sciences, the Trades, yea, the very Tools they perform their Labours,
+and Contrivances with, as numerous as their Occasions and Contrivances
+are various. Indeed, What is there that falleth under the Reach of
+Man’s Senses, that he doth not employ to some Use and Purpose, for the
+World’s Good? The celestial Bodies, the Sun, the Moon, with the other
+Planets, and the fix’d Stars, he employs to the noble Uses of Astronomy,
+Navigation and Geography. And, What a noble Acumen, what a vast Reach
+must the Soul be endow’d with, to invent those curious Sciences of
+Geometry and Arithmetick, both Specious, and in Numbers; and those nice
+and various Instruments, made use of by the Geometrician, Astronomer,
+Geographer and Sailor? And lastly, What a wonderful Sagacity is shewn in
+the Business of Optics, and particularly in the late Invention of the
+Telescope; wherewith new Wonders are discover’d among God’s Works, in
+the Heavens, as there are here on Earth, with the Microscope, and other
+Glasses.
+
+And as for this lower World, What Material is here to be found; what kind
+of Earth, or Stone, or Metal; what Animal, Tree, or Plant, yea, even the
+very Shrubs of the Field; in a Word, what of all the excellent Variety,
+the Creator has furnish’d the World with, for all its Uses and Occasions,
+in all Ages; what, I say, that Man’s Contrivance doth not extend unto,
+and make some Way or other advantagious to himself, and useful for
+Building, Cloathing, Food, Physick, or for Tools or Utensils, or for even
+only Pleasure and Diversion?
+
+But now considering the great Power and Extent of human Invention.
+
+2. There is another Thing, that doth farther demonstrate the
+Super-intendence of the great Creator, and Conservator of the World; and
+that is, That Things of great, and absolutely necessary Use, have soon,
+and easily occurr’d to the Invention of Man; but Things of little Use, or
+very dangerous Use, are rarely and slowly discover’d, or still utterly
+undiscover’d. We have as early as the _Mosaick_ History, an Account of
+the Inventions of the more useful Crafts and Occupations: Thus _Gen._
+iii. 23. Adam _was sent forth from the Garden of ~Eden~, by God himself,
+to till the Ground._ And in the next Chapter, his two Sons _Cain_ and
+_Abel_; the one was of the same Occupation, a Tiller of the Ground, the
+other a Keeper of Sheep[h]. And the Posterity of these, are in the latter
+End of _Gen._ iv. recorded, _~Jabal~ to have been the Father of such as
+dwell in Tents_[i]; _i.e._ He was the _Inventor of Tents_, and pitching
+those moveable Houses in the Fields, for looking after, and depasturing
+their Cattel in the Desarts, and uncultivated World. _~Tubal-Cain~ was an
+Instructer of every Artificer in Brass and Iron_[k], or the First that
+found out the Art of _melting, and malleating[l] Metals_, and making
+them useful for Tools, and other necessary Implements. And his Sister
+_Naamah_, whose Name is only mentioned, is by some thought to have been
+the Inventor of _Spinning_ and _Cloathing_. Yea, the very Art of _Musick_
+is thus early ascribed to _Jubal_[m]; so indulgent was the Creator, to
+find a Means to divert Melancholy, to cheer the Spirits, and to entertain
+and please Mankind. But for Things of no Use, or but little Use, or of
+pernicious Consequence; either they have been much later thought of, and
+with great Difficulty, and perhaps Danger too, brought to pass; or else
+they still are, and perhaps will always remain, Exercises of the Wit and
+Invention of Men.
+
+Of this we might give divers Instances: In Mathematicks, about squaring
+the Circle[n]; in Mechanicks[o], about the Art of Flying; and in
+Navigation, about finding the Longitude. These Things, although some of
+them in Appearance innocent, yea, perhaps very useful, yet remain for
+the most Part secret; not because the Discovery of most of them is more
+impossible, or difficult than of many other Things, which have met with a
+Discovery; nor is it for want of Man’s Diligence therein, or his careful
+Pursuit and Enquiry after them, (for perhaps, nothing already discover’d
+hath been more eagerly sought after;) but with much better Reason, (I
+am sure with greater Humility and Modesty,) we may conclude it is,
+because the infinitely wise Creator, and Ruler of the World, hath been
+pleas’d to lock up these Things from Man’s Understanding and Invention,
+for some Reasons best known to himself, or because they might be of ill
+Consequence, and dangerous amongst Men.
+
+As in all Probability the Art of Flying would particularly be: An
+Art which in some Cases might be of good Use, as to the Geographer
+and Philosopher; but in other Respects, might prove of dangerous and
+fatal Consequence: As for instance, By putting it in Man’s Power to
+discover the Secrets of Nations and Families, more than is consistent
+with the Peace of the World, for Man to know; by giving ill Men greater
+Opportunities to do Mischief, which it would not lie in the Power of
+others to prevent; and, as one[p] observes, by making Men less sociable:
+“For upon every true or false Ground of Fear, or Discontent, and other
+Occasions, he would have been fluttering away to some other Place; and
+Mankind, instead of cohabiting in Cities, would, like the Eagle, have
+built their Nests upon Rocks”.
+
+That this is the true Reason of these Matters, is manifest enough from
+holy Scripture, and Reason[q] also gives its Suffrage thereto. The
+_Scripture_ expressly tells us, That _every good Gift, and every perfect
+Gift, is from above, and cometh down from the Father of Lights_, _S._
+James i. 17. _Solomon_, Prov. ii. 6. saith, _The Lord giveth Wisdom; out
+of his Mouth cometh Knowledge and Understanding._ And _Elihu_ is very
+express, Job xxxii. 8. _But there is a Spirit in Man, and the Inspiration
+of the Almighty giveth them Understanding_, Πνοὴ παντοκράτορός ἐστιν ἡ
+διδάσκουσα, as the LXX render it, _The Inspiratus, the Afflatus of the
+Almighty, is their Instructor, Mistress or Teacher._ And in Scripture,
+not only the more noble, superiour Acts of Wisdom or Science; but much
+inferiour also, bear the Name of Wisdom, Knowledge and Understanding,
+and are ascrib’d unto GOD. ’Tis well known that _Solomon_’s Wisdom is
+wholly ascrib’d unto GOD; and the Wisdom and Understanding which GOD is
+said to have given him, 1 _Kings_ iv. 29. is particularly set forth in
+the following Verses, by his great Skill in moral and natural Philosophy,
+in Poetry, and probably in Astronomy, Geometry, and such other of the
+politer Sciences, for which _Ægypt_, and the _eastern Nations_ were
+celebrated of old[r]: _And ~Solomon~’s Wisdom excell’d the Wisdom of all
+the Children of the east Country, and all the Wisdom of ~Ægypt~. For he
+was wiser than all Men, than ~Ethan~, &c. And he spake 3000 Proverbs:
+And his Songs were 1005. And he spake of Trees, from the Cedar to the
+Hyssop of the Wall, ~(_i.e._ of all Sorts of Plants;)~ also of Beasts,
+Fowl, creeping Things, and Fishes._ So likewise the Wisdom of _Daniel_,
+and his three Companions, is ascrib’d unto GOD, _Dan._ i. 17. _As for
+these four Children, God gave them Knowledge, and Skill in all Learning
+and Wisdom; and ~Daniel~ had Understanding in all Visions and Dreams._
+And accordingly in the next Chapter, _Daniel_ acknowledgeth and praiseth
+God. ℣. 20. 21. _~Daniel~ answered and said, Blessed be the Name of God
+for ever and ever, for Wisdom and Might are his.——He giveth Wisdom unto
+the Wise, and Knowledge to them that know Understanding._ But not only
+Skill in the superiour Arts and Sciences; but even in the more inferiour
+mechanick Art, is call’d by the same Names, and ascrib’d unto GOD: Thus
+for the Workmanship of the Tabernacle, _Exod._ xxxi. 2. to ℣. 6. _See,
+I have call’d ~Bezaleel~; and I have fill’d him with the Spirit of God,
+in Wisdom, and in Understanding, and in all Manner of Workmanship: To
+devise cunning Works, to work in Gold, Silver and Brass; and in cutting
+of Stones, to set them; and in carving of Timber, to work in all Manner
+of Workmanship._ So the _Spinsters_, _Weavers_, and other Crafts-people,
+are call’d wise-hearted, _Exod._ xxxiv. 10. 25. and other Places. And
+in _Exod._ xxxvi. 1. &c. the LORD is said to have put this Wisdom in
+them, and Understanding to know how to work all these Manner of Works,
+for the Service of the Sanctuary. And lastly, to name no more Instances,
+_Hiram_ the chief Architect of _Solomon_’s _Temple_, is in 1 _Kings_ vii.
+14. and 2 _Chron._ ii. 14. call’d _a cunning Man, fill’d with Wisdom
+and Understanding, to work in Gold, Silver, Brass, Iron, Stone, Timber,
+Purple, Blue, fine Linen, and Crimson; also to grave, and find out every
+Device which should be put to him._
+
+Thus doth the Word of _God_, ascribe the Contrivances and Crafts of
+Men, to the Agency, or Influence of the _Spirit_ of _God_, upon that
+of Man. And there is the same Reason for the Variety of _Genii_, or
+_Inclinations_ of Men also; which from the same Scriptures, may be
+concluded to be a Designation, and Transaction of the same almighty
+Governour of the World’s Affairs. And who indeed but HE, could make
+such a divine Substance, endow’d with those admirable Faculties, and
+Powers, as the rational Soul hath; a Being to bear the great Creator’s
+Vicegerency in this lower World; to employ the several Creatures; to make
+Use of the various Materials; to manage the grand Businesses; and to
+survey the Glories of all the visible Works of God? A Creature, without
+which this lower World would have been a dull, uncouth, and desolate kind
+of Globe. Who, I say, or what less than the _infinite GOD_, could make
+such a rational Creature, such a divine Substance as the Soul? For if we
+should allow the Atheist any of his nonsensical Schemes, the _Epicurean_
+his fortuitous Concourse of Atoms, or the _Cartesian_[s] his created
+Matter put in Motion; yet with what tolerable Sense could he, in his Way,
+produce such a divine, thinking, speaking, contriving Substance as the
+Soul is; endow’d exactly with such Faculties, Power, and Dispositions
+as the various Necessities and Occasions of the World require from such
+a Creature? Why should not rather all the Acts, the Dispositions and
+Contrivances of such a Creature as Man, (if made in a mechanical Way,
+and not contriv’d by God,) have been the same? Particularly, Why should
+he not have hit upon all Contrivances of equal Use, early as well as
+many Ages since? Why not that Man have effected it, as well as this,
+some thousands of Years after? Why also should not all Nations, and
+all Ages[t], improve in every Thing, as well as this, or that Age, or
+Nation[u] only? why should the _Greeks_, the _Arabians_, the _Persians_,
+or the _Ægyptians_ of old, so far exceed those of the same Nations now?
+Why the _Africans_ and _Americans_ so generally ignorant and barbarous,
+and the _Europeans_, for the most part, polite and cultivated, addicted
+to Arts and Learning? How could it come to pass that the Use of the
+Magnet[w], Printing[x], Clocks[y], Telescopes[z], and all hundred Things
+besides, should escape the Discovery of _Archimedes_, _Anaximander_,
+_Anaximenes_, _Posidonius_, or other great Virtuoso’s of the early Ages,
+whose Contrivances of various Engines, Spheres, Clepsydræ and other
+curious Instruments are recorded[aa]? And why cannot the present or past
+Age, so eminent for polite Literature, for Discoveries and Improvements
+in all curious Arts and Businesses (perhaps beyond any known Age of the
+World; why cannot it, I say) discover those hidden _Quæsita_, which
+may probably be reserved for the Discovery of future and less learned
+Generations?
+
+Of these Matters, no satisfactory Account can be given by any mechanical
+Hypothesis, or any other Way, without taking in the Superintendence of
+the great Creator and Ruler of the World; who oftentimes doth manifest
+himself in some of the most considerable of those Works of Men, by some
+remarkable Transactions of his Providence, or by some great Revolution
+or other happening in the World thereupon. Of this I might instance in
+the Invention of Printing[bb], succeeded first by a train of Learned Men,
+and the Revival of Learning, and soon after that by the Reformation,
+and the much greater Improvements of Learning at this Day. But the most
+considerable Instance I can give is, the Progress of Christianity, by
+means of the civilized Disposition, and large Extent of the _Roman
+Empire_. The latter of which, as it made way for human Power; so the
+former made way for our most excellent Religion into the Minds of Men.
+And so I hope, and earnestly pray, that the Omnipotent and All-wise
+Ruler of the World will transact the Affairs of our most Holy Religion,
+e’er it be long, in the Heathen World; that the great Improvements made
+in the last, and present Age, in Arts and Sciences, in Navigation and
+Commerce, may be a Means to transport our Religion, as well as Name,
+through all the Nations of the Earth. For we find that our Culture of the
+more polite and curious Sciences, and our great Improvements in even the
+Mechanick Arts, have already made a Way for us into some of the largest
+and farthest distant Nations of the Earth; particularly into the great
+Empire of _China_[cc].
+
+And now, before I quit this Subject, I cannot but make one Remark, by way
+of practical Inference, from what has been last said; and that is, Since
+it appears that the Souls of Men are ordered, disposed and actuated by
+God, even in secular, as well as spiritual Christian Acts; a Duty ariseth
+thence on every Man, to pursue the Ends, and answer all the Designs of
+the divine Providence, in bestowing his Gifts and Graces upon him. Men
+are ready to imagine their Wit, Learning, Genius, Riches, Authority, and
+such like, to be Works of Nature, Things of Course, or owing to their own
+Diligence, Subtilty, or some Secondary Causes; that they are Masters of
+them, and at Liberty to use them as they please, to gratifie their Lust
+or Humour, and satsifie their depraved Appetites. But it is evident, that
+these Things are the Gifts of God, they are so many Talents entrusted
+with us by the infinite Lord of the World, a Stewardship, a Trust
+reposed in us; for which we must give an Account at the Day when our Lord
+shall call; according to the parabolical Representation of this Matter by
+our Blessed Saviour, _Matt._ xxv. 14.
+
+Our Duty then is not to abuse these Gifts of God, _not to neglect the
+Gift that is in us_, not to _hide our Talent in the Earth_; but as St.
+_Paul_ exhorteth _Timothy_, _2 Tim._ i. _6._ we must _stir up the Gift
+of God which is in us_, and not let it lie idle, concealed or dead; but
+we must ἀναζωπυρεῖν τὸ χάρισμα, _blow it up, and enkindle it_, as the
+Original imports; we must improve and employ our Gift to the Glory of the
+Giver; or in that Ministration, that Use and Service of the World, for
+which he gave it. Our Stewardship, our Craft, our Calling, be it that
+of Ambassadors of Heaven, committed to us, as ’twas to _Timothy_,[dd]
+by the laying on of Hands; or be it the more secular Business of the
+Gentleman, Tradesman, Mechanick, or only Servant; nay, our good Genius,
+our Propensity to any Good, as suppose to History, Mathematicks, Botany,
+Natural Philosophy, Mechanicks, _&c._ I say all these Occupations, in
+which the Providence of God hath engaged Men, all the Inclinations to
+which his Spirit hath disposed them, ought to be discharged with that
+Diligence, that Care and Fidelity, that our great Lord and Master may not
+say to us, as He said to the unfaithful Steward, _Luke_ xvi. 2. _Give an
+Account of thy Stewardship, for thou mayest be no longer Steward_; but
+that he may say, as ’tis in the Parable before cited, _Mat._ xxv. 21.
+_Well done thou good and faithful Servant, thou hast been faithful over
+a few Things, I will make thee Ruler over many Things, enter thou into
+the Joy of thy Lord_. Since now the Case is thus, let us be persuaded
+to follow _Solomon_’s Advice, _Eccles._ ix. 10. _Whatsoever thy Hand
+findeth to do, do it with thy Might_[ee]: “Lay hold on every Occasion
+that presents it self, and improve it with the utmost Diligence; because
+now is the Time of Action, both in the Employments of the Body, and of
+the Mind; now is the Season of studying either Arts and Sciences, or
+Wisdom and Virtue, for which thou wilt have no Opportunities in the Place
+whither thou art going in the other World. _For there is no Work, nor
+Device, nor Knowledge, nor Wisdom in the Grave whither thou goest._”
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] _Fam verò, Animum ipsum, Mentemque homines, Rationem, Consilium,
+Prudentiam, qui non divinâ curá perfecta esse perspicit, is his ipsis
+rebus mihi videtur carere._ Cic. de Nat, Deor. l. 2. c. 59.
+
+[b]
+
+  _Sensum à Cælesti demissum traximus arce,_
+  _Cujus egent prona, & terram spectantia: mundi_
+  _Principio indulsit communis Conditur, illis_
+  _Tantùm Animas; nobis Animum quoque._
+
+                          Juven. Sat. xv. v. 144.
+
+  _Es cum non aliter possent mortalia singi._
+  _Adjunxit geminas, illæ cum corpore lapsæ_
+  _Intereunt: hæc sola manet, bustoque superstes_
+  _Evolat._
+
+                         Claud. de 4 Consul. Hon.
+
+[c] _Nam siquis nulli sectæ addictus, sed liberâ sententiâ rerum
+considerationem inierit, conspicatus in tantâ carnium ac succorum
+colluvie tantam mentem habitare; conspicatus item & cujusvis animalis
+constructionem (omnia enim declarans Opisicis Sapientiam) Mentis, quæ
+homini inest, excellentiam intelliget, tum opus de partium utilitate,
+quod prius exiguum esse sibi videbatur, perfectissimæ Theologiæ verum
+principium constituet; quæ Theologia multò est major atque præstantior
+totâ Medicinâ._ Galen. de usu Part. L. 17. c. 1.
+
+[d] Among many Examples that I could give of Persons famous for
+_Memory_, _Seneca_’s Account of himself may be one, _Hanc [Memoriam]
+aliquando in me floruisse, ut non tantùm ad usum sufficeret, sed in
+miraculum usque procederet, non nego. Nam & 2000 nominum recitata, quo
+ordine erant dicta, reddebam: & ab his qui ad audiendum præceptorem
+nostrum convenerunt, singulos versus à singulis datos, cùm plures quàm
+200 efficerentur, ab ultimo incipiens usque ad primum recitabam._
+After which, mention is made of the great Memory of _Latro Porcius_
+(_charissimi mihi sodalis_, _Seneca_ calls him) who retained in his
+Memory all the Declamations he had ever spoken, and never had his Memory
+fail him, not so much as in one single Word. Also he takes Notice of
+_Cyneas_, Ambassador to the _Romans_ from King _Pyrrhus_, who in one Day
+had so well learnt the Names of his Spectators, that _postero die novus
+homo & Senatum, & omnem urbanam circumfusam Senatui plebem, nominibus
+suis persalutavit_. Senec. controvers. L. 1. init. Vid. quoque Plin. L.
+7. c. 24. where he also adds other Examples, viz. _Cyrus rex omnibus in
+exercitu suo militibus nomina reddidit; L. Scipio populo Rom. Mithidrates
+22 gentium rex, totidem linguis jura dedit, pro concione singulas sine
+interprete affatus. Charmidas (seu potiùs Carneades)——quæ quis exegerat
+volumina in bibliothecis, legentis modo repræsentavit._
+
+[e]
+
+  _Diversis etenim gaudet natura ministris,_
+  _Ut fieri diversa queant ornantia terras._
+  _Nec patitur cunctos ad eandem currere metam,_
+  _Sed varias jubet ire vias, variosque labores_
+  _Suscipere, ut vario cultu sit pulchrior orbis._
+
+                                Paling. in Scorp.
+
+Οἵτως ὀυ παντεπι Θεὸς χαρίεντα δίδωσι Ἀνδράσιν, &c. _Ita non omnibus
+hominibus sua dona dat Deus, neque bonam indolem, neque prudentiam,
+nec eloquentiam: alius namque vultum habet deformem; sed Deus formam
+eloquentiâ ornat, ~&c.~_ Homer. Odys. 8. The like also in _Iliad. L. 13._
+
+[f] Although _Solomon_ declares, _Eccles._ xii. 12. _That much Study is a
+Weariness to the Flesh_; yet we see with what Pleasure and Assiduity many
+apply themselves to it. Thus _Cicero_ tells of _Cato_, whom he casually
+found in _Lucullus_’s Library, _M. Catonem vidi in Bibliothecâ sedentem,
+multis circumfusum Stoicorum libris. Erat enim, ut scis, in eo inexhausta
+aviditas legendi, nec satiari poterat: quippe ne reprehensionem quidem
+vulgi inanem reformidans, in ipsa curiâ soleret legere sæpe, dum senatus
+cogeretur——ut Heluo librorum——videbatur._ Cicer. de finib. L. 3. c. 2.
+
+[g] _Mentem hominis, quamvis eam non videas, ut Deum non vides, tamen
+ut Deum agnoscis ex operibus ejus, sic ex memoriâ rerum, & Inventione,
+& celeritate motûs, omnique pulchritudine virtutis vim divinam mentis
+agnoscito._ Cicer. Tusc. Quæst. L. 1. c. 29.
+
+[h] _Gen._ iv. 2.
+
+[i] ℣. 20.
+
+[k] ℣. 22.
+
+[l] Σφυροκόπος, the LXX call him, _i.e._ A Worker with an Hammer.
+
+[m] ℣. 21.
+
+[n] Although the _Quadrature of the Circle_, hath in former Ages
+exercis’d some of the greatest mathematical Wits; yet nothing has been
+done in that Way so considerable, as in, and since the Middle of the
+last Century; when in the Year 1657, those very ingenious and great Men,
+Mr _William Neile_, and my Lord _Brounker_, and Sir _Christopher Wren_
+afterwards, in the same Year, geometrically demonstrated the Equality
+of some Curves to a strait Line. Soon after which, others at Home, and
+Abroad, did the like in other Curves. And not long afterwards, this was
+brought under an _analytical Calculus_: The first Specimen whereof, that
+was ever publish’d. Mr. _Mercator_ gave in 1688, in a Demonstration of
+my Lord _Brounker_’s Quadrature of the _Hyperbola_, by Dr _Wallis_’s
+Reduction of a Fraction, into an infinite Series by Division. But
+the penetrating Genius of Sir _Isaac Newton_, had discover’d a Way
+of attaining the Quantity of all quadrible Curves analytically, by
+his Method of _Fluxions_, some Time before the Year 1668, as I find
+very probable from an historical Account, in a long Letter of Mr.
+_Collins_, written in his own Hand, and sent to _Richard Townley_, Esq;
+of _Lancashire_, whose Papers are in my Hands. In that Letter, Mr.
+_Collins_ saith, That _in ~September 1668~, Mr. ~Mercator~ publish’d
+his ~Logarithmotechnia~, one of which he soon sent to Dr. ~Barrow~, who
+thereupon sent him up some Papers of Mr. ~Newton~’s, ~[now Sir _Isaac_;]~
+by which, and former Communications made thereof by the Author, to the
+Doctor; it appears that the said Method was invented some Years before,
+by the said Mr. ~Newton~, and generally apply’d._ And then he goes on
+to give some Account of the Method; what it performs in the Circle,
+_&c._ what Mr. _Gregory_ had done in that kind, _who intended to publish
+somewhat in ~Latin~ about it, but would not anticipate Mr. ~Newton~, the
+first Inventor thereof_; with much more of this Nature. The Design, I
+find, of that indefatigable Promoter of Mathematicks, Mr. _Collins_, was
+to acquaint Mr. _Townley_, in his Letter, with what had been done; and to
+get the Assistance of that ingenious Gentleman, towards the compleating a
+Body of _Algebra_.
+
+[o] I do not mention here the _perpetual Motion_, which hath exercis’d
+the mechanical Wits for many Ages; because it is a Thing impossible, if
+not a Contradiction: As the before-commended Dr. _Clarke_ asserts in
+_Rohaul. Phys._ p. 133.
+
+[p] _~Grew~’s Cosmol. Sacr. l. 1. c. 5. §. 25._
+
+[q] _Nemo igitur vir magnus sine aliquo afflatu divino unquam fuit._ Cic.
+de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 66.
+
+[r] _Ægypt_, and some of the _eastern_ Nations, are celebrated for their
+Skill in polite Literature: both in Scripture and profane story: _Job_
+was of those Parts; so were the Σοφοὶ and Μάγοι, the _Brachmans_ and
+_Gymnosophists_. _Moses_ and _Daniel_ had their Education in these Parts:
+And _Pythagoras_, _Democritus_, and others, travell’d into these Parts
+for the Sake of their Learning.
+
+[s] As we are not to _accuse_ any _falsly_; so far be it from me to
+detract from so great a Man as _Monsieur Cartes_ was: Whose Principles,
+although many have perverted to atheistical Purposes, and whose Notions
+have, some of them, but an ill Aspect; yet I am unwilling to believe
+he was an Atheist; since in his _Principia Philosiphiæ_, and other
+of his Works, he vindicates himself from this Charge; and frequently
+shews seemingly a great Respect for Religion: Besides, That many of
+his suspicious Opinions are capable of a favourable Interpretation,
+which will make them appear in a better Form: Thus when he discardeth
+_final Causes_ from his Philosophy, it is not a Denial of them; but only
+excluding the Consideration of them, for the Sake of free philosophising;
+it being the Business of a Divine, rather than a Philosopher, to treat of
+them.
+
+[t] For Ages of _Learning_ and _Ignorance_, we may compare the present,
+and some of the Ages before the Reformation. The last Century, and the
+few Years of this, have had the Happiness to be able to vie with any Age
+for the Number of learned Men of all Professions, and the Improvement
+made in all Arts and Sciences; too many, and too well known to need a
+Specification.
+
+But for Ignorance, we may take the ninth Age, and so down to the
+Reformation; even as low as Queen _Elizabeth_, although Learning
+began to flourish; yet we may guess how Matters stood, even among the
+Clergy, by her 53 _Injunct._ Nᵒ. 1559, _Such as are but mean Readers,
+shall peruse over before, once or twice, the Chapters and Homilies, to
+the Intent they may read to the better Understanding of the People,
+the more Encouragement of Godliness._ Spar. Collect. p. 82. But this
+is nothing, in comparison to the Ages before, when the Monk said,
+_Græcum non est legi_; or as _Espencæus_ more elegantly hath it,
+_Gracè nôsse suspectum, Hebraicè prope Hæreticum_. Which Suspicion,
+(said the learned _Hakewill_,) _Rhemigius_ surely was not guilty of,
+in commenting upon _diffamatus_, 1 _Thes._ i. 8. who saith, that St.
+_Paul_ somewhat improperly put that for _divulgatus_, not being aware
+that St. _Paul_ wrote in _Greek_, and not in _Latin_. Nay, so great was
+their Ignorance, not only of _Greek_, but of _Latin_ too, that a Priest
+baptiz’d _in nomine Patria, & Filia, & Spiritua sancta_. Another suing
+his Parishioners for not paving his Church, prov’d it from _Jer._ xvii.
+18. _Paveant illi, non paveam ego_. Some Divines in _Erasmus_’s Time,
+undertook to prove Hereticks ought to be burnt, because the Apostle said,
+_Hæreticum devita_. Two Fryars disputing about a Plurality of Worlds, one
+prov’d it from _Annon decem sunt facti mundi?_ The other reply’d, _Sed
+ubi sunt novem?_ And notwithstanding their Service was read in _Latin_,
+yet so little was that understood, that an old Priest in _Hen._ VIII.
+read _Mumpsimus Domine_, for _Sumpsimus_: And being admonish’d of it,
+he said, he had done so for thirty Years, and would not leave his old
+_Mumpsimus_ for their new _Sumpsimus_. Vid. _Hakew. Apol._ L. 3. c. 7.
+_Sect. 2._
+
+[u] _There is (it seems) in Wits and Arts, as in all Things beside, a
+kind of circular Progress: They have their Birth, their Growth, their
+Flourishing, their Failing, their Fading; and within a while after,
+their Resurrection, and Reflourishing again. The Arts flourished for a
+long Time among the ~Persians~, the ~Chaldæans~, the ~Ægyptians~.——But
+afterwards the ~Grecians~ got the start of them, ~and are now become as
+barbarous themselves, as formerly they esteemed all besides themselves
+to be~._ About the Birth of _Christ_, Learning began to flourish in
+_Italy_, and spread all over _Christendom_; till the _Goths_, _Huns_, and
+_Vandals_ ransacked the Libraries, and defaced almost all the Monuments
+of Antiquity: so that the Lamp of Learning seemed to be put out for near
+the Space of 1000 Years, till the first _Mansor_, king of _Africa_ and
+_Spain_, raised up, and spurred forward the _Arabian_ Wits, by great
+Rewards and Encouragement. Afterwards _Petrarch_ opened such Libraries as
+were undemolished. He was seconded by _Boccace_, and _John_ of _Ravenna_,
+and soon after by _Aretine_, _Philelphus_, _Valla_, &c. And those were
+followed by _Æneas Sylvius_, _Angelus Politianus_, _Hermolaus Barbarus_,
+_Marsilius Ficinus_, and _Joh. Picus_, of _Mirandula_. These were backed
+by _Rud. Agricola_, _Reucline_, _Melancthon_, _Joach. Camerarius_,
+_Wolphlazius_, _Beat. Rhenanus_, Almaines; By _Erasmus_ of _Rotterdam_;
+_Vives_ a _Spaniard_; _Bembus_, _Sadoletus_, _Eugubinus_, Italians:
+_Turnebus_, _Muretus_, _Ramus_, _Pithæus_, _Budæus_, _Amiot_, _Scaliger_,
+Frenchmen; Sir _Tho. More_ and _Linaker_, Englishmen. And about this
+Time, even those Northern Nations yielded their great Men; _Denmark_
+yielded _Olaus Magnus_, _Holster_, _Tycho Brahe_, and _Hemingius_; and
+_Poland_, _Hosius_, _Frixius_, and _Crumerus_. But to name the Worthies
+that followed these, down to the present Time, would be endless, and next
+to impossible. See therefore _Hakewill_’s _Apolog._ L. 3. c. 6. §. 2.
+
+[w] Dr. _Gilbert_, the most learned and accurate Writer on the _Magnet_,
+shews, that its _Attractive_ Virtue was known as early as _Plato_ and
+_Aristotle_: but its _Direction_ was a Discovery of later Ages. He saith,
+_Superiori ævo 300 aut 400 labentibus annis, Motus Magneticus in Boream
+& Austrum repertus, aut ab hominibus rursus recognitus fuit._ De Mag.
+L. 1. c. 1. But who the happy Inventer of this lucky Discovery was,
+is not known. There is some, not inconsiderable, Reason, to think our
+famous Country-man, _Rog. Bacon_, either discovered, or at least knew
+of it. But for its Use in Navigation, Dr. _Gilbert_ saith, _in regno
+Neapolitano Melphitani omnium primi (utì ferunt) pyxidem instruebant
+nauticam.——edocti à cive quodam Jol. Goia_ A. D. 1300. ibid. If the
+Reader hath a mind to see the Arguments for the Invention, being as old
+as _Solomon_’s or _Plautus_’s Time, or of much younger Date, he may
+consult _Hakewill._ ib. c. 10. §. 4. or _Purchas Pilgr._ L. 1. c. 1. §. 1.
+
+As to the Magnetick Variation, Dr. _Gilbert_ attributes the Discovery
+of it to _Sebastian Cabott_. And the Inclination, or Dipping of the
+Needle, was the Discovery of our ingenious _Rob. Norman_. And lastly, The
+Variation of the Variation was first found out by the ingenious Mr. _H.
+Gellibrand_. Astr. Prof. of _Gresham-Col._ about 1634. _Vid._ _Gellibr.
+Disc. Math. on the Variat. of the Mag. Need. and its Variat._ Anno 1635.
+
+But since that, the before commended Dr. _Halley_, having formerly, in
+_Philos. Trans._ Nᵒ. 148, and 195, given a probable Hypothesis of the
+Variation of the Compass, did in the Year 1700, undertake a long and
+hazardous Voyage, as far as the Ice near the South Pole, in order to
+examine his said Hypothesis, and to make a System of the Magnetical
+Variations: Which being soon after published, has been since abundantly
+confirmed by the _French_, as may be seen in several of the late _Memoirs
+de Physique & de Mathematique_, publish’d by the French _Academie des
+Sciences_.
+
+To these Discoveries, I hope the Reader will excuse me, if I add one of
+my own, which I deduced some Years ago, from some magnetical Experiments
+and Observations I made; which Discovery I also acquainted our Royal
+Society with some time since, _viz._ That as the common, horizontal
+Needle is continually varying up and down, towards the E. and W. so
+is the Dipping-Needle varying up and down, towards or fromwards the
+Zenith, with its Magnetick Tendency, describing a Circle round the Pole
+of the World, as I conceive, or some other Point. So that if we could
+procure a Needle so nicely made, as to point exactly according to its
+Magnetick Direction, it would, in some certain Number of Years, describe
+a Circle, of about 13 _gr._ Radius round the Magnetick Poles Northerly
+and Southerly. This I have for several Years suspected, and have had
+some Reason for it too, which I mentioned three or four Years ago at a
+Meeting of our Royal Society, but I have not yet been so happy to procure
+a tolerable good Dipping-Needle, or other proper one to my Mind, to bring
+the Thing to sufficient Test of Experience; as in a short Time I hope to
+do, having lately hit upon a Contrivance that may do the Thing.
+
+[x] It is uncertain who was the Inventer of the Art of _Printing_, every
+Historian ascribing the Honour thereof to his own City or Country.
+Accordingly some ascribe the Invention of it to _John Guttenburg_, a
+_Knight_ of _Argentine_, about 1440, and say, that _Faustus_ was only
+his Assistant. _Bertius_ ascribes it to _Laurence John_, of _Harlem_,
+and saith, _Fust_ or _Faust_, stole from him both his Art and Tools.
+And to name no more, some attribute it to _John Fust_ or _Faust_, and
+_Peter Schoeffer_ (called by _Fust_ in some of his _Imprimaturs_, _Pet.
+de Gerneshem puer meus_.) But there is now to be seen at _Haerlem_, a
+Book or two printed by _Lau. Kofter_, before any of these, _viz._ in
+1430, and 1432. (_See Mr. ~Ellis~’s Letter to Dr. ~Tyson~_, in _Phil.
+Trans._ Nᵒ. 286.) But be the first Inventer who it will, there is however
+great Reason to believe, the Art receiv’d great improvements from
+_Faust_ and his Son-in-Law _Schoeffer_, the latter being the Inventer of
+metalline Types, which were cut in Wood before, first in whole Blocks,
+and afterwards in single Types or Letters. See my learned Friend Mr.
+_Wanley_’s Observations, in _Philos. Trans._ Nᵒ. 288, and 310.
+
+[y] Concerning the Antiquity and Invention of _Clocks_ and _Clock Work_,
+I refer the Reader to a little Book, called _the Artificial Clock-maker_,
+chap. 6. Where there is some Account of the Ancients Inventions in
+Clock-Work, as _Archimedes_’s _Sphere_, _Cresibius_’s _Clock_, _&c._
+
+[z] The Invention of _Telescopes_, _Hieron. Syrturus_ gives this
+Account of, _Prodiit_ Anno 1609, _Seu Genius, seu alter vir adhuc
+incognitus, Hollandi specie, qui Middelburgi in Zelandiâ convenit Job.
+Lippersein——Jussit perspicilla plura tam cava quam convexa, confeci.
+Condicto die rediit, absolutum opus cupiens, atque ut statim habuit
+præ manibus, bina suscipiens, cavum scil. & convexum, unum & alterum
+oculo admovebat, & sensim dimovebat sive ut punctum concursûs, sive ut
+artificis opus probaret, postea abiit. Artifex, ingenii minimè expers, &
+novitatis curiosus cœpit idem facere & imitari, ~&c.~_ Vid. Mus. Worm. L.
+4. c. 7.
+
+[aa] Among the curious Inventions of the Ancients _Archytas_’s _Dove_
+was much famed; of which _Aul. Gellius_ gives this Account: _Scripserunt
+Simulachrum Columbæ è ligno ab Archytâ ratione quâdam disciplinâque
+mechanicâ factum, volâsse: Ita erat scilicet libramentis suspensum, &
+aurâ spiritûs inclusâ atque occultâ concitum._ Noct. Attic. L. 10. c. 12.
+The same eminent _Pythagoræan_ Philosopher (as _Favorinus_ in _Gellius_
+calls him) is by _Horace_ accounted a noble Geometrician too, _Te maris
+& terræ, numeroque carentis arenæ Mensorum Archyta._ Among the rest of
+his Inventions, _Children’s Rattles_ are ascribed to him. _Aristotle_
+calls them Ἀρχύτου πλαταγὴ, _Polit._ 8. i.e. _Archytas_’s _Rattle_. And
+_Diogenianus_ the Grammarian, gives the Reason of his Invention, Ἀρχύτου
+πλαταγὴ ἐπὶ τῶν, &c. _That ~Archytas’s Rattle~ was to quiet Children; for
+he having Children, contrived the Rattle, which he gave them to prevent
+their [tumbling, διασαλεύσωσι] other Things about the House._
+
+To these Contrivances of _Archytas_, we may add _Regiomontanus’s Wooden
+Eagle, which flew forth of the City aloft in the Air, met the Emperor a
+good Way off, coming towards it, and having saluted him, return’d again,
+waiting on him to the City Gates_. Also his _Iron-fly_, which at a Feast
+_flew forth off his Hands, and taking a Round, returned thither again_.
+Vid. Hakewill ub. supr. c. 10. §. 1.
+
+As to other Inventions of the Ancients, such as of Letters, Brick and
+Tiles, and building Houses, with the Saw, Rule, and Plumber, the Lath,
+Augre, Glue, _&c._ also the making Brass, Gold, and other Metals; the
+use of Shields, Swords, Bows and Arrows, Boots, and other Instruments of
+War; the Pipe, Harp, and other Musical Instruments; the building of Ships
+and Navigation, and many other Things besides; the Inventors of these
+(as reported by ancient Heathen Authors) may be plentifully met with in
+_Plin. Nat. Hist._, L. 7. c. 56.
+
+But in this Account of _Pliny_, we may observe whence the Ancients (even
+the _Romans_ themselves in some measure) had their Accounts of these
+Matters, _viz._ from the fabulous _Greeks_, who were fond of ascribing
+every Thing to themselves. _The Truth is_ (saith the most learned Bishop
+_Stillingfleet_) _there is nothing in the World useful or beneficial
+to Mankind, but they have made a shift to find the Author of it among
+themselves. If we enquire after the Original of Agriculture, we are
+told of ~Ceres~ and ~Triptolemus~; if of Pasturage, we are told of an
+~Arcadian Pan~; if of Wine, we presently hear of a ~Liber Pater~; if
+of iron Instruments, then who but ~Vulcan~? if of Musick, none like to
+~Apollo~. If we press them then with the History of other Nations, they
+are as well provided here; if we enquire an Account of ~Europe~, ~Asia~,
+or ~Libya~; for the first we are told a fine Story of ~Cadmus~’s Sister;
+for the second of ~Prometheus~’s Mother of that Name; and for the third
+of a Daughter of ~Epaphus~._ And so the learned Author goes on with other
+particular Nations, which they boasted themselves to be the Founders of.
+_Only the grave ~Athenians~ thought Scorn to have any Father assigned
+them, their only Ambition was to be accounted ~Aborigines & genuini
+Terræ~._ But the Ignorance and Vanity of the _Greek_ History, that
+learned Author hath sufficiently refuted. _Vid._ _Stilling. Orig. Sacr._
+Part. 1. B. 1. c. 4.
+
+[bb] Whether _Printing_ was invented in 1440, as many imagine, or was
+sooner practised, in 1430, or 1432, as Mr. _Ellis_’s Account of the
+_Dutch_ Inscription in _Phil. Trans._ Nᵒ. 286. doth import; it is however
+manifest, how great an Influence (as it was natural) this Invention had
+in the promoting of Learning soon afterwards, mentioned before in _Note
+(x)._ After which followed the Reformation about the Year 1517.
+
+[cc] The _Chinese_ being much addicted to Judicial Astrology, are great
+Observers of the Heavens, and the Appearances in them. For which Purpose
+they have an _Observatory_ at _Pekin_, and five Mathematicians appointed
+to watch every Night; four towards the four Quarters of the World, and
+one towards the Zenith, that nothing may escape their Observation.
+Which Observations are the next Morning brought to an Office to be
+registred. But notwithstanding this their Diligence for many Ages, and
+that the Emperor hath kept in his Service above 100 Persons to regulate
+the Kalendar, yet are they such mean Astronomers, that they owe the
+Regulation of their Kalendar, the Exactness in calculating Eclipses,
+_&c._ to the _Europeans_; which renders the _European_ Mathematicians so
+acceptable to the Emperor, that Father _Verbiest_ and divers others, were
+not only made Principals in the Observatory, but put into Places of great
+Trust in the Empire, and had the greatest Honours paid them at their
+Deaths. _Vid._ _La Comte Mem. of China._ Letter 2d. _&c._
+
+[dd] 1 Tim. iv. 14. 2 Tim. i. 6.
+
+[ee] Bishop _Patrick_ in loc.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+_Of Man’s BODY, particularly its POSTURE._
+
+
+Having thus, as briefly as well I could, surveyed the _Soul_, let us next
+take a View of _Man’s Body_. Now here we have such a Multiplicity of
+the most exquisite Workmanship, and of the best Contrivance, that if we
+should strictly survey the Body from Head to Foot, and search only into
+the known Parts (and many more lie undiscovered) we should find too large
+and tedious a Task to be dispatched. I shall therefore have Time only to
+take a transient and general Kind of View of this admirable Machine, and
+that somewhat briefly too, being prevented by others, particularly two
+excellent Authors of our own[a], who have done it on the same Account as
+my self. And the
+
+I. Thing that presents itself to our View, is the _Erect Posture_[b] of
+Man’s Body; which is far the most, if not the only commodious Posture for
+a rational Creature, for him that hath Dominion over the other Creatures,
+for one that can invent useful Things, and practise curious Arts. For
+without this erect Posture, he could not have readily turned himself to
+every Business, and on every Occasion. His Hand[c] particularly could
+not have been in so great a Readiness to execute the Commands of the
+Will, and Dictates of the Soul. His Eyes would have been the most prone,
+and incommodiously situated of all Animals; but by this Situation, he
+can cast his Eyes upwards, downwards, and round about him; he hath a
+glorious Hemisphere of the Heavens[d], and an ample Horizon on Earth[e],
+to entertain his Eye.
+
+And as this Erection of Man’s Body is the most compleat Posture for
+him; so if we survey the Provision made for it, we find all done with
+manifest Design, the utmost Art and Skill being employ’d therein. To pass
+by the particular Conformation of many of the Parts, the Ligaments and
+Fastnings to answer this Posture; as the Fastning, for Instance, of the
+_Pericardium_ to the _Diaphragm_, (which is peculiar to Man[f]; I say,
+passing by a deal of this Nature, manifesting this Posture to be an Act
+of Design,) let us stop a little at the curious Fabrick of the Bones,
+those Pillars of the Body. And how artificially do we find them made,
+how curiously plac’d from the Head to Foot! The _Vertebræ_ of the Neck
+and Back-bone[g], made short and complanated, and firmly braced with
+Muscles and Tendons, for easy Incurvations of the Body; but withal for
+greater Strength, to support the Body’s own Weight, together with other
+additional Weights it may have Occasion to bear. The _Thigh-bones_ and
+Legs long, and strong, and every Way well fitted for the Motion of the
+Body. The _Feet_ accommodated with a great Number of Bones, curiously
+and firmly tack’d together, to which must be added the Ministry of the
+Muscles[h], to answer all the Motions of the Legs and Thighs, and at the
+same Time to keep the Body upright, and prevent its falling, by readily
+assisting against every Vacillation thereof, and with easy and ready
+Touches keeping the _Line of Innixion_, and _Center of Gravity_ in due
+Place and Posture[i].
+
+And as the Bones are admirably adapted to prop; so all the Parts of the
+Body are as incomparably plac’d to poise it. Not one Side too heavy for
+the other; but all in nice Æquipoise: The Shoulders, Arms, and Side
+æquilibrated on one Part; on the other Part the _Viscera_ of the Belly
+counterpois’d with the Weight of the scapular Part, and that useful
+Cushion of Flesh behind.
+
+And lastly, To all this we may add the wonderful Concurrence, and
+Ministry of the prodigious Number and Variety of Muscles, plac’d
+throughout the Body for this Service; that they should so readily answer
+to every Posture; and comply with every Motion thereof, without any
+previous Thought or Reflex act, so that (as the excellent _Borelli_[k]
+saith), “It is worthy of Admiration, that in so great a Variety of
+Motions, as running, leaping, and dancing, Nature’s Laws of Æquilibration
+should always be observed; and when neglected, or wilfully transgressed,
+that the Body must necessarily and immediately tumble down.”
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] _Mr. ~Ray~ in his Wisdom of God manifested in the Works of Creation_,
+Part 2. and _Dr. ~Cockburn~’s Essays on Faith_, Part 1. Essay 5.
+
+[b] _Ad hanc providentiam Naturæ tam diligentera ~[of which he had
+been before speaking]~ tamque solertem adjungi multa possunt, è quibus
+intelligatur, quantæ res hominibus à Deo, quamque eximiæ tributæ sunt:
+qui primùm eos humo excitaros, celsos & erectos constituit, ut Deorum
+cognitionem, cœlum intuentes, capere possunt. Sunt enim è terra homines
+non ut incolæ, atque habitatores, sed quasi spectatores superarum rerum,
+atque cœlestium, quarum spectaculum ad nullum aliud genus animantium
+pertinet._ Cic. de Nat. Deor. L. 2. c. 56.
+
+[c] _Ut autem sapientissimum animalium est Homo, sic & Manus sunt organa
+sapienti animali convenientia. Non enim quia Manus habuit, propterea est
+sapientissimum, ut Anaxagoras dicebat; sed quia sapientissimum erat,
+propter hoc Manus habuit, ut rectissimè censuit Aristoteles. Non enim
+Manus ipse hominem artes docuerunt, sed Ratio. Manus autem ipsa sunt
+artium organa, ~&c.~_ Galen. de Us. Part. L. 1. c. 3. After which, in
+the rest of this first Book, and part of the second, he considers the
+Particulars of the _Hand_, in order to enquire, as he saith, ch. 5. _Num
+eam omnino Constitutionem habeas ~[manus]~ quâ meliorem aliam habere non
+potuit._
+
+Of this Part, (and indeed of the other Parts of human Bodies) he gives
+so good an Account, that I confess I could not but admire the Skill
+of that ingenious and famed Heathen. For an Example, (because it is a
+little out of the Way,) I shall pitch upon his Account of the different
+Length of the Fingers, _L. 1. 2. 24._ The Reason of this Mechanism, he
+saith, is, That the Tops of the Fingers may come to an Equality, _cùm
+magnas aliquas moles in circuitu comprehendunt, & cùm in seipsis humidum
+vel parvum corpus continere conantur.——Apparent verò in unam circuli
+circumferentiam convenire Digiti quinque in actionibus hujusmodi maximè
+quando exquisitè sphæricum corpus comprehendunt._ And this Evenness of
+the Fingers Ends, in grasping sphærical, and other round Bodies, he truly
+enough saith, makes the Hold the firmer. And it seems a noble and pious
+Design he had in so strictly surveying the Parts of Man’s Body, which
+take in his own translated Words, _Cùm multa namque esset apud veteres,
+tam Medicos, quàm Philosophos de utilitate particularum dissensio (quidam
+enim corpora nostra nullius gratiâ esse facta existimant, nullâque omnino
+arte; alii autem & alicujus gratiâ, & artificiosè,——) primum quidem tantæ
+hujus dissensionis κριτήριον invenire studui: deinde verò & unam aliquam
+universalem methodum constituere, quâ singularum partium corporis, &
+eorum quæ illis accidunt utilitatem invenire possemus._ Ibid. cap. 8.
+
+[d]
+
+  _Pronaque cum spectant animalia cætera terram,_
+  _Os Homini sublime dedit, cœlumque tueri_
+  _Jussit, & erectos ad sidera tollere vultus._
+
+                     Ovid. Metam. L. 1. car. 84.
+
+[e] If any should be so curious, to desire to know how far a Man’s
+Prospect reacheth, by Means of the Height of his Eye, supposing the Earth
+was an uninterrupted Globe; the Method is a common Case of right-angled
+plain Triangles, where two Sides, and an opposite Angle are given: Thus
+in Fig. 4. _A H B_ is the Surface, or a great Circle of the terraqueous
+Globe; _C_ the Center, _H C_ its Semidiameter, _E_ the _Height_ of the
+Eye; and foreasmuch as _H E_ is a Tangent, therefore the Angle at _H_ is
+a right Angle: So that there are given _H C_ 398,386 Miles, or 21034781
+_English_ Feet, (according to _Book II. Chap. 2. Note (a)_;) _C E_ the
+same Length with the Height of the Eye, on the Mast of a Ship, or at only
+a Man’s Height, _&c._ added to it; and _E H C_ the opposite right Angle.
+By which three Parts given, it is easy to find all the other Parts of
+the Triangle. And first, the Angle at _C_, in order to find the Side _H
+E_, the Proportion is, As the Side _C E_, to the Angle at _H_; so the
+Side _H C_, to the Angle at _E_, which being substracted out of 90 _gr._
+the Remainder is the Angle at _C_. And then, As the Angle at _E_, is to
+its opposite Side _H C_, or else as the Angle at _H_ is to its opposite
+Side _C E_; so the Angle at _C_, to its opposite Side _E H_, the visible
+Horizon. Or the Labour may be shortned, by adding together the Logarithm
+of the Sum of the two given Sides, and the Logarithm of their Difference;
+the half of which two Logarithms, is the Logarithm of the Side requir’d,
+nearly. For an Example, We will take the two Sides in Yards, by Reason
+scarce any Table of Logarithms will serve us farther. The Semidiameter of
+the Earth is 7011594 Yards; the Height of the Eye is two Yards more, the
+Sum of both Sides, is 14023190.
+
+  Logar. of which Sum is,               7,1468468
+  Logar. of two Yards (the Differ.) is, 0,3010300
+                                        ---------
+  Sum of both Logar.                    7,4478768
+                                        ---------
+  The half Sum,                         3,7239384
+
+is the Logar. of 5296 Yards = three Miles, which is the Length of the
+Line _E H_, or Distance the Eye can reach at six Feet Height.
+
+This would be the Distance, on a perfect Globe, did the visual Rays come
+to the Eye in a strait Line; but by Means of the Refractions of the
+Atmosphere, distant Objects on the Horizon, appear higher than really
+they are, and may be seen at a greater Distance, especially on the
+Sea; which is a Matter of great Use, especially to discover at Sea the
+Land, Rocks, _&c._ and it is a great Act of the divine Providence, in
+the Contrivance and Convenience of the Atmosphere, which by this Means
+enlargeth the visible Horizon, and is all one, as if the terraqueous
+Globe was much larger than really it is. As to the Height of the Apparent
+above the true Level, or how much distant Objects are rais’d by the
+Refractions, the ingenious and accurate Gentlemen of the _French Academy
+Royal_, have given us a Table in their _Measure of the Earth_, Art. 12.
+
+[f] See _Book VI. Chap. 5. Note (g)._
+
+[g] See _Book IV. Chap. 8. Note (c)._
+
+[h] The Mechanism of the Foot, would appear to be wonderful, if I should
+descend to a Description of all its Parts; but that would be too long
+for these Notes; therefore a brief Account, (most of which I owe to
+the before-commended Mr. _Cheselden_,) may serve for a Sample: In the
+first Place, It is necessary the Foot should be concave, to enable us
+to stand firm, and that the Nerves and Blood-Vessels may be free from
+Compression when we stand or walk. In order hereunto, the long _Flexors_
+of the Toes cross one another at the Bottom of the Foot, in the Form of a
+St. _Andrew_’s Cross, to incline the lesser Toes towards the great One,
+and the great One towards the lesser. The _short Flexors_ are chiefly
+concern’d in drawing the Toes towards the Heel. The _transversalis Pedis_
+draws the Outsides of the Foot towards each other; and by being inserted
+into one of the _sesamoid_ Bones, of the great Toe, diverts the Power
+of the _abductor Muscle_, (falsly so call’d,) and makes it become a
+_Flexor_. And lastly, the _peronæus Longus_ runs round the outer Ankle,
+and obliquely forwards cross the Bottom of the Foot, and at once helps
+to extend the _Tarsus_, to constrict the Foot, and to direct the Power
+of the other _Extensors_ towards the Ball of the great Toe: Hence the
+Loss of the _great Toe_, is more than of all the other Toes. See also Mr.
+_Cowper_’s _Anat._ Tab. 28. _&c._
+
+[i] It is very well worth while to compare here what _Borelli_ saith, _de
+motu Animal._ Par. 1. cap. 18. _De statione Animal._ Prop. 132, _&c._ To
+which I refer the Reader, it being too long to recite here.
+
+[k] Borel. ibid. Prop. 142.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. III.
+
+_Of the FIGURE and SHAPE of Man’s BODY._
+
+
+The Figure and Shape of Man’s Body, is the most commodious that could
+possibly be invented for such an Animal; the most agreeable to his
+Motion, to his Labours, and all his Occasions. For had he been a rational
+Reptile, he could not have moved from Place to Place fast enough for
+his Business, nor indeed have done any almost. Had he been a rational
+Quadrupede, among other Things, he had lost the Benefit of his Hands,
+those noble Instruments of the most useful Performances of the Body.
+Had he been made a Bird, besides many other great Incoveniencies, those
+before-mentioned of his Flying would have been some. In a word, any other
+Shape of Body, but that which the All-wise Creator hath given Man, would
+have been as incommodious, as any Posture but that of erect; it would
+have rendered him more helpless, or have put it in his Power to have been
+more pernicious, or deprived him of Ten thousand Benefits, or Pleasures,
+or Conveniences, which his present Figure capacitates him for.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. IV.
+
+_Of the STATURE and SIZE of Man’s BODY._
+
+
+As in the Figure, so in the Stature and Size of Man’s Body, we have
+another manifest Indication of excellent Design. Not too Pygmean[a],
+nor too Gigantick[b], either of which Sizes would in some particular
+or other, have been incommodious to Himself, or to his Business, or
+to the rest of his Fellow-Creatures. Too Pygmean would have rendered
+him too puny a Lord of the Creation; too impotent and unfit to manage
+the inferiour Creatures, would have exposed him to the Assaults of the
+weakest Animals, to the ravening Appetite of voracious Birds, and have
+put him in the Way, and endangered his being trodden in the Dirt by the
+larger Animals. He would have been also too weak for his Business, unable
+to carry Burdens, and in a word, to transact the greater part of his
+Labours and Concerns.
+
+And on the other hand, had Man’s Body been made too monstrously strong,
+too enormously Gigantick[c], it would have rendered him a dangerous
+Tyrant in the World, too strong[d] in some Respects, even for his own
+Kind, as well as the other Creatures. Locks and Doors might perhaps
+have been made of sufficient Strength to have barricaded our Houses; and
+Walls, and Ramparts might perhaps have been made strong enough to have
+fenced our Cities. But these Things could not have been without a great
+and inconvenient Expence of Room, Materials, and such Necessaries, as
+such vast Structures and Uses would have occasioned; more perhaps than
+the World could have afforded to all Ages and Places. But let us take the
+Descant of a good Naturalist and Physician on the Case[e]. “Had Man been
+a Dwarf (said he) he had scarce been a reasonable Creature. For he must
+then have had a Jolt Head; so there would not have been Body and Blood
+enough to supply his Brain with Spirits; or he must have had a small
+Head, answerable to his Body, and so there would not have been Brain
+enough for his Business—Or had the Species of Mankind been Gigantick, he
+could not have been so commodiously supplied with Food. For there would
+not have been Flesh enough of the best edible Beasts, to serve his Turn.
+And if Beasts had been made answerably bigger, there would not have been
+Grass enough.” And so he goeth on. And a little after, “There would not
+have been the same Use and Discovery of his Reason; in that he would have
+done many Things by mere Strength, for which he is now put to invent
+innumerable Engines—. Neither could he have used an Horse, nor divers
+other Creatures. But being of a middle Bulk, he is fitted to manage and
+use them all. For (saith he) no other cause can be aligned why a Man was
+not made five or ten Times bigger, but his Relation to the rest of the
+Universe.” Thus far our curious Author.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] What is here urged about the Size of Man’s Body, may answer one of
+_Lucretius_’s Reasons why _Nil ex nihilo gignitur_. His Argument is
+
+  _Denique cur Homines ramos natura parare_
+  _Non potuit, pedibus qui pontum per vada possent_
+  _Transire, & magnos manibus divellere monteis?_
+
+                          Lucret. _L. 1. Carm. 200._
+
+[b] _Haud facile fit ut quisquam & ingentes corporis vires, & ingenium
+subtile habeat._ Diodor. Sic. L. 17.
+
+[c] Altho’ we read of _Giants_ before _Noah_’s Flood, _Gen._ vi. 4. and
+more plainly afterwards in _Numb._ xiii. 33. Yet there is great Reason to
+think the Size of Man was always the same from the Creation. For as to
+the _Nephilim_ or _Giants_, in _Gen._ vi. the Ancients vary about them;
+some taking them for great Atheists, and Monsters of Impiety, Rapine,
+Tyranny, and all Wickedness, as well as of monstrous Stature, according
+as indeed the _Hebrew_ Signification allows.
+
+And as for the _Nephilim_ in _Numb._ xiii. which were evidently Men of
+a Gigantick Size, it must be considered, that it is very probable, the
+Fears and Discontentments of the Spies might add somewhat thereunto.
+
+But be the Matter as it will, it is very manifest, that in both these
+Places, _Giants_ are spoken of as Rarities, and Wonders of the Age,
+not of the common Stature. And such Instances we have had in all
+Ages; excepting some fabulous Relations; such as I take to be that of
+_Theutobotchus_, who is said to have been dug up, _Anno_ 1613, and to
+have been higher than the Trophies, and 26 Feet long; and no better I
+suppose the Giants to have been, that _Ol. Magnus_ gives an Account
+of in his 5ᵗʰ Book, such as _Harthen_, and _Starchater_, among the
+Men; and among the Women, _reperta est_ (saith he) _puella——in capite
+vulnerata, ac mortua, induta chlamyde purpureâ, longitudinis cubitorum
+50, latitudinis inter humeros quatuor._ Ol. Mag. Hist. L. 5. c. 2.
+
+But as for the more credible Relations of _Goliath_ (_whose height was 6
+Cubits and a Span_, 1 Sam. xvii. 4. which according to the late curious
+and learned _Lord Bishop of ~Peterborough~_ is somewhat above 11 Feet
+_English_, _vid._ Bishop _Cumberland of Jewish Weights and Measures_) of
+_Maximinus_ the Emperor, who was 9 Feet high, and others in _Augustus_,
+and other Reigns, of about the same Height: To which we may add the
+Dimensions of a _Skeleton_, dug up lately in the Place of a _Roman_ Camp
+near St. _Albans_, by an Urn inscribed, _Marcus Antoninus_; of which an
+Account is given by Mr. _Cheselden_, who judgeth by the Dimensions of the
+Bones, that the Person was 8 Foot high, _vid._ _Philos. Trans._ Nᵒ. 333.
+These antique Examples and Relations, I say, we can match, yea, out-do,
+with modern Examples; of which we have divers in _J. Ludolph. Comment. in
+Hist. Æthiop._ L. 1. c. 2. §. 22. _Magus_, _Conringius_, Dr. _Hakewill_,
+and others. Which later relates from _Nannez_, of Porters and Archers
+belonging to the Emperor of _China_, of 15 Feet high; and others from
+_Purchas_, of 10 and 12 Feet high, and more. See the learned Author’s
+_Apolog._ p. 208.
+
+These indeed exceed what I have seen in _England_; but in 1684, I my self
+measur’d an _Irish_ Youth, said to be not 19 Years old, who was 7 Feet
+near 8 Inches, and in 1697, a Woman who was 7 Feet 3 inches in Height.
+
+But for the ordinary size of Mankind, in all Probability, it was always
+(as I said) the same, as may appear from the Monuments, Mummies, and
+other ancient Evidences to be seen at this Day. The most ancient Monument
+at this Day, I presume is that of _Cheops_, in the first and fairest
+Pyramid of _Ægypt_; which was, no doubt, made of Capacity every Way
+sufficient to hold the Body of so great a Person as was intended to be
+laid up in it. But this we find by the nice Measures of our curious Mr.
+_Greaves_, hardly to exceed our common Coffins. _The hollow Part within_
+(saith he) _is in Length ~only~ 6,488 Feet, ~and~ in Breadth ~but~ 2,218
+Feet: The Depth 2,860 Feet. A narrow space, yet large enough to contain a
+most potent and dreadful Monarch, being dead; to whom living, all ~Ægypt~
+was too streight and narrow a Circuit. By these Dimensions, and by such
+other Observations, as have been taken by me from several embalmed Bodies
+in ~Ægypt~, we may conclude there is no decay in Nature (though the
+Question is as old as ~Homer~) but that the Men of this Age are of the
+same Stature they were near 3000 Years ago_, vid. _Greaves_ of the Pyr.
+in 1638, in Ray’s Collect. of _Trav._ Tom. 1. pag. 118.
+
+To this more ancient, we may add others of a later Date. Of which take
+these, among others, from the curious and learned _Hakewill_. The Tombs
+at _Pisa_, that are some thousand Years old, are not longer than ours; so
+is _Athelstane_’s in _Malmesbury_-Church; so _Sehba_’s in St. _Paul_’s,
+of the Year 693; so _Etheldred_’s, &c. Apol. 216, _&c._
+
+The same Evidence we have also from the Armour, Shields, Vessels, and
+other Utensils dug up at this Day. The Brass Helmet dug up at _Metaurum_,
+which was not doubted to have been left there at the _Overthrow of
+Asdrubal_, will fit one of our Men at this Day.
+
+Nay, besides all this, probably we have some more certain Evidence.
+_Augustus_ was 5 Foot 9 Inches high, which was the just Measure of our
+famous Queen _Elizabeth_, who exceeded his Height 2 Inches, if proper
+Allowance be made for the Difference between the _Roman_ and our Foot.
+_Vid._ _Hakew. ib. p. 215._
+
+[d] To the Stature of Men in the foregoing Note, we may add some Remarks
+about their unusual _Strength_. That of _Sampson_ (who is not said to
+have exceeded other Men in Stature as he did in Strength) is well known.
+So of old, _Hector_, _Diomedes_, _Hercules_, and _Ajax_ are famed; and
+since them many others; for which I shall seek no farther than the
+before commended _Hakewill_, who by his great and curious Learning, hath
+often most of the Examples that are to be met with on all his Subjects
+he undertakes. Of the After-Ages he names _C. Marius_, _Maximinus_,
+_Aurelian_, _Scanderberge_, _Bardesin_, _Tamerlane_, _Siska_, and
+_Hunniades_. Anno 1529, _Klunher_, Provost of the great Church at
+_Misnia_, carry’d a Pipe of Wine out of the Cellar, and laid it in the
+Cart. _Mayolus_ saw one hold a Marble Pillar in his Hand 3 Foot long, and
+1 Foot diameter, which he toss’d up in the Air, and catched again, as if
+it were a Ball. Another of _Mantua_, and a little Man, named _Rodamas_,
+could break a Cable, _&c._ _Ernando Burg_, fetched up Stairs an Ass laden
+with Wood, and threw both into the Fire. At _Constantinople_, _Anno
+1582_, one lifted a Piece of Wood, that twelve Men could scarce raise:
+then lying along, he bare a Stone that ten Men could but just roll to
+him. _G._ of _Fronsberge_, Baron _Mindlehaim_, could raise a Man off his
+Seat, with only his middle Finger; stop an Horse in his full Career; and
+shove a Cannon out of its Place. _Cardan_ saw a Man dance with two Men in
+his Arms, two on his Shoulders, and one on his Neck. _Patacoua_, Captain
+of the _Cossacks_, could tear an Horse-Shoe (and if I mistake not, the
+same is reported of the present King _Augustus_ of _Poland_.) A Gigantick
+Woman of the _Netherlands_ could lift a Barrel of _Hamburgh_ Beer. Mr.
+_Carew_ had a Tenant that could carry a But’s Length, 6 Bushel of Wheaten
+Meal (of 15 Gallon Measure) with the Lubber, the Miller of 24 Years of
+Age, on the top of it. And _J. Roman_ of the same County, could carry the
+Carcass of an Ox. Vid. _Hakewill_, ib. p. 238.
+
+_Viros aliquot moderna memoria tam à mineralibus, quàm aliis Seuthia
+& Gothia provinciis adducere congruis, tantâ fortitudine præditos, ut
+quisque eorum in humeros sublevatum Equum, vel Bovem maximum, imò vas
+ferri 600, 800, aut 1000 librarum (quale & alique Puellæ levare possunt)
+ad plura stadia portaret._ Ol. Mag. ubi supr.
+
+[e] Grew’s _Cosmol. Sacr._ B. 1. ch. 5. §. 25.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. V.
+
+_Of the STRUCTURE of the PARTS of Man’s Body._
+
+
+Having thus taken a View of the Posture, Shape, and Size of Man’s Body,
+let us in this Chapter survey the Structure of its Parts. But here we
+have so large a Prospect, that it would be endless to proceed upon
+Particulars. It must suffice therefore to take Notice, in general only,
+how artificially every Part of our Body is made. No Botch, no Blunder,
+no unnecessary _Apparatus_ (or in other Words) no Signs of Chance[a];
+but every Thing curious, orderly, and performed in the shortest and best
+Method, and adapted to the most compendious Use. What one Part is there
+throughout the whole Body, but what is composed of the fittest Matter
+for that Part; made of the most proper Strength and Texture; shaped
+in the compleatest Form; and in a word, accouter’d with every Thing
+necessary for its Motion, Office, Nourishment, Guard, and what not!
+What so commodious a Structure and Texture could have been given to the
+Bones, for Instance, to make them firm and strong, and withal light, as
+that which every Bone in the Body hath? Who could have shaped them so
+nicely to every Use, and adapted them to every Part, made them of such
+just Lengths, given them such due Sizes and Shapes, chanelled, hollowed,
+headed, lubricated, and every other Thing ministring, in the best and
+most compendious manner to their several Places and Uses? What a glorious
+Collection and Combination have we also of the most exquisite Workmanship
+and Contrivance in the Eye, in the Ear, in the Hand[b], in the Foot[c],
+in the Lungs, and other Parts already mention’d? What an Abridgment of
+Art, what a Variety of Uses[d], hath Nature laid upon that one Member
+of the Tongue, the grand Instrument of Taste, the faithful Judge, the
+Centinel, the Watchman of all our Nourishment, the artful Modulator of
+our Voice, the necessary Servant of Mastication, Swallowing, Sucking, and
+a great deal besides? But I must desist from proceeding upon Particulars,
+finding I am fallen upon what I propos’d to avoid.
+
+And therefore for a Close of this Chapter, I shall only add Part of a
+Letter I receiv’d from the before-commended very curious and ingenious
+Physician Dr. _Tancred Robinson_, _What_, (saith he,) _can possibly be
+better contriv’d for animal Motion and Life, than the quick Circulation
+of the Blood and Fluids, which run out of Sight in capillary Vessels, and
+very minute Ducts, without Impediment, (except in some Diseases,) being
+all directed to their peculiar Glands and Chanels, for the different
+Secretion, sensible and insensible; whereof the last is far the greatest
+in Quantity and Effects, as to Health and Sickness, acute Distempers
+frequently arising from a Diminution of Transpiration, through the
+cutaneous Chimneys, and some chronical Ones from an Augmentation: Whereas
+Obstructions in the Liver, Pancreas, and other Glands, may only cause a
+Schirrus, a Jaundice, an Ague, a Dropsy, or other slow Diseases. So an
+Increase of that Secretion may accompany the general Colliquations, as
+in Fluxes, hectick Sweats and Coughs, Diabetes, and other Consumptions.
+What a mighty Contrivance is there to preserve these due Secretions from
+the Blood, (on which Life so much depends,) by frequent Attritions, and
+Communications of the Fluids in their Passage through the Heart, the
+Lungs, and the whole System of the Muscles? What Mæanders and Contortions
+of Vessels, in the Organs of Separation? And, What a Concourse of
+elastick Bodies from the Air, to supply the Springs, and continual
+Motions of some Parts, not only in Sleep, and Rest; but in long violent
+Exercises of the Muscles? Whose Force drive the Fluids round in a
+wonderful rapid Circulation through the minutest Tubes, assisted by the
+constant Pabulum of the Atmosphere, and their own elastick Fibres, which
+impress that Velocity on the Fluids._
+
+_Now I have mention’d some Uses of the Air, in carrying on several
+Functions in animal Bodies; I may add the Share it hath in all the
+Digestions of the solid and fluid Parts. For when this System of Air
+comes, by divine Permittance, to be corrupted with poysonous, acrimonious
+Steams, either from the Earth, from Merchandise, or infected Bodies,
+What Havock is made in all the Operations of living Creatures? The Parts
+gangrene, and mortify under Carbuncles, and other Tokens: Indeed, the
+whole animal Oeconomy is ruin’d; of such Importance is the Air to all the
+parts of it._ Thus my learned Friend.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] It is manifestly an Argument of Design, that in the Bodies of
+different Animals, there is an Agreement of the Parts, so far as the
+Occasions and Offices agree, but a difference of those, where there is a
+difference of these. In an Human Body are many Parts agreeing with those
+of a Dog for Instance; but in his Forehead, Fingers, Hand, Instruments
+of Speech, and many other Parts, there are Muscles, and other Members
+which are not in a Dog. And so contrariwise in a Dog, which is not in a
+Man. If the Reader is minded to see what particular Muscles are in a Man,
+that are not in a Dog; or in a Dog that are not in an Humane Body, let
+him consult the curious and accurate Anatomist Dr. _Douglass_’s _Myogr.
+compar._
+
+[b] _Galen_ having described the Muscles, Tendons, and other Parts of
+the Fingers, and their Motions, cries out, _Considera igitur etiam hìc
+mirabilem CREATORIS sapientiam!_ De Us. Part. L. 1. c. 18.
+
+[c] And not only in the Hand, but in his Account of the Foot (_L. 3._)
+he frequently takes notice of what he calls _Artem, Providentiam &
+Sapientiam Conditoris_. As Ch. 13. _An igitur non equum est hìc quoque
+admirari Providentiam Conditoris, qui ad utrumque usum, eisi certè
+contrarium, exactè convenientes & consentientes invicem fabricatus est
+totius membri ~[tibiæ]~ particulas?_ And at the end of the Chap. _Quòd
+si omnia quæ ipsarum sunt partium mente immutaverimus, neque invenerimus
+positionem aliam meliorem eâ quam nunc sortita sunt, neque figuram, neque
+magnitudinem, neque connexionem, neque (ut paucis omnia complectar)
+aliud quidquam eorum, quæ corporibus necessariò insunt, perfectissimam
+pronunciare oportet, & undique recte constitutam præsentem ejus
+constructionem._ The like also concludes, Ch. 15.
+
+[d] _At enim Opisicis indistrii maximum est indicium (quemadmodum antè
+sapenumerò jam diximus) iis quæ ad alium usum fuerunt comparata, ad alias
+quoque utilitates abuti, neque laborare ut singulis utilitatibus singulas
+faciat proprius particulas._ Galen. ub. supr. L. 9. c. 5.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VI.
+
+_Of the PLACING the PARTS of Man’s Body._
+
+
+In this Chapter, I propose to consider the Lodgment of the curious Parts
+of Man’s Body, which is no less admirable than the Parts themselves, all
+set in the most convenient Places of the Body, to minister to their own
+several Uses and Purposes, and assist, and mutually to help one another.
+Where could those faithful Watchmen the Eye, the Ear, the Tongue, be so
+commodiously plac’d, as in the upper Part of the Building? Where could
+we throughout the Body find so proper a Part to lodge four of the five
+Senses, as in the Head[a], near the Brain[b], the common Sensory, a
+Place well guarded, and of little other Use than to be a Seat to those
+Senses? And, How could we lodge the fifth Sense, that of _Touching_
+otherwise[c], than to disperse it to all Parts of the Body? Where could
+we plant the Hand[d], but just where it is, to be ready at every Turn,
+on all Occasions of Help and Defence, of Motion, Action, and every of
+its useful Services? Where could we set the Legs and Feet, but where
+they are, to bear up, and handsomely to carry about the Body? Where
+could we lodge the Heart, to labour about the whole Mass of Blood, but
+in, or near the Center of the Body[e]? Where could we find Room for that
+noble Engine to play freely in? Where could we so well guard it against
+external Harms, as it is in that very Place in which it is lodg’d and
+secur’d? Where could we more commodiously Place, than in the Thorax and
+Belly, the useful _Viscera_ of those Parts, so as not to swag, and jog,
+and over-set the Body, and yet to minister so harmoniously, as they do,
+to all the several Uses of Concoction, Sanguification, the Separation of
+various Ferments from the Blood, for the great Uses of Nature, and to
+make Discharges of what is useless, or would be burdensome or pernicious
+to the Body[f]? How could we plant the curious and great Variety of
+Bones, and of Muscles, of all Sorts and Sizes, necessary, as I have said,
+to the Support, and every Motion of the Body? Where could we lodge all
+the Arteries and Veins, to convey Nourishment; and the Nerves, Sensation
+throughout the Body? Where, I say, could we lodge all these Implements
+of the Body, to perform their several Offices? How could we secure and
+guard them so well, as in the very Places, and in the self same Manner
+in which they are already plac’d in the Body? And lastly, to name no
+more, What Covering, what Fence could we find out for the whole Body,
+better than that of Nature’s own providing, the Skin[g]? How could we
+shape it to, or brace it about every Part better, either for Convenience
+or Ornament? What better Texture could we give it, which although less
+obdurate and firm, than that of some other Animals; yet is so much the
+more sensible of every touch, and more compliant with every Motion?
+And being easily defensible by the Power of Man’s Reason and Art, is
+therefore much the properest Tegument for a reasonable Creature.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] _Sensus, interpretes ac nuntii rerum, in capite, tanquam in arce,
+mirificè ad usus necessarios & facti, & collocati sunt. Nam oculi tanquam
+speculatores, altissimum locum obtinent; ex quo plurima conspicientes,
+fungantur suo munere. Et aures cum sonum recipere debeant, qui naturâ in
+sublime fertur; rectè in illis corporum partibus collocata sunt._ Cic. de
+Nat. Deor. L. 2. c. 56. ubi plura de cæteris Sensibus.
+
+[b] _Galen_ well observes, that the Nerves ministring to Motion, are hard
+and firm, to be less subject to Injury; but those ministring to Sense,
+are soft and tender; and that for this Reason it is, that four of the
+five Senses are lodg’d so near the Brain, _viz._ partly to partake of the
+Brain’s Softness and Tenderness, and partly for the Sake of the strong
+Guard of the Skull. Vid. _Gal. de Us. Part._ L. 8. c. 5. 6.
+
+[c] See _Book IV. Chap. 6. Note (c)._
+
+[d] _Quàm verò aptas, quamque multarum artium ministras Manus natura
+homini dedit?_ The Particulars of which, enumerated by him, see in _Cic.
+ubi supr._ c. 60.
+
+[e] See _Book VI. Chap. 5._
+
+[f] _Ut in ædificiis Architecti avertunt ab oculis & naribus dominorum
+ea, quæ profluentia necessariò tetri essent aliquid habitura; sic natura
+res similes (scil. excrementa) procul amandavit à sensibus._ Cicer. de
+Nat. Deor. L. 2. c. 56.
+
+[g] Compare here _Galen_’s Observations _de Us. Part._ L. 11. c. 15. Also
+_L. 2. c. 6._ See also _Cowper. Anat._ where in Tab. 4. are very elegant
+Cuts of the Skin in divers Parts of the Body, drawn from microscopical
+Views; as also of the _papillæ Pyramidales_, the _sudoriferous Glands_
+and Vessels, the _Hairs_, &c.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VII.
+
+_Of the PROVISION in Man’s Body against EVILS._
+
+
+Having taking a transient View of the Structure, and Lodgment of the
+Parts of human Bodies; let us next consider the admirable Provision that
+is made throughout Man’s Body, to stave off Evils, and to discharge[a]
+them when befallen. For the Prevention of Evils, we may take the
+Instances already given, of the Situation of those faithful Sentinels,
+the Eye, the Ear, and Tongue, in the superiour Part of the Body, the
+better to descry Dangers at a Distance, and to call out presently for
+Help. And how well situated is the Hand to be a sure and ready Guard to
+the Body, as well as the faithful Performer of most of its Services?
+The Brain, the Nerves, the Arteries, the Heart[b], the Lungs; and in a
+Word, all the principal Parts, how well are they barricaded, either with
+strong Bones, or deep Lodgments in the Flesh, or some such the wisest,
+and fittest Method, most agreeable to the Office and Action of the Part?
+Besides which, for greater Precaution, and a farther Security, what an
+incomparable Provision hath the infinite Contriver of Man’s Body made for
+the Loss of, or any Defect in some of the Parts we can least spare, by
+doubling them? By giving us two Eyes, two Ears, two Hands, two Kidneys,
+two Lobes of the Lungs, Pairs of the Nerves, and many Ramifications of
+the Arteries and Veins in the fleshy Parts, that there may not be a
+Defect of Nourishment of the Parts, in Cases of Amputation, or Wounds, or
+Ruptures of any of the Vessels.
+
+And as Man’s Body is admirably contriv’d, and made to prevent Evils; so
+no less Art and Caution hath been us’d to get rid of them, when they do
+happen. When by any Misfortune, Wounds or Hurts do befal; or when by
+our own wicked Fooleries and Vices, we pull down Diseases and Mischiefs
+upon our selves, what Emunctories[c], what admirable Passages[d], are
+dispers’d throughout the Body; what incomparable Methods doth Nature
+take[e]; what vigorous Efforts is she enabled to make, to discharge the
+peccant Humours, to correct the morbifick Matter; and in a Word, to set
+all Things right again? But here we had best take the Advice of a learned
+Physician in the Case: “The Body, (saith he,) is so contriv’d, as to be
+well enough secur’d against the Mutations in the Air, and the lesser
+Errors we daily run upon; did we not in the Excesses of Eating, Drinking,
+Thinking, Loving, Hating, or some other Folly, let in the Enemy, or lay
+violent Hands upon our selves. Nor is the Body fitted only to prevent;
+but also to cure, or mitigate Diseases, when by these Follies brought
+upon us. In most Wounds, if kept clean, and from the Air,——the Flesh
+will glew together, with its own native Balm. Broken Bones are cemented
+with the _Callus_, which themselves help to make”. And so he goes on
+with ample Instances in this Matter, too many to be here specify’d[f].
+Among which he instanceth in the Distempers of our Bodies, shewing that
+even many of them are highly serviceable to the Discharge of malignant
+Humours, and preventing greater Evils.
+
+And no less kind than admirable is this Contrivance of Man’s Body,
+that even its Distempers should many Times be its Cure[g]; that when
+the Enemy lies lurking within to destroy us, there should be such a
+Reluctancy, and all Nature excited with its utmost Vigour to expel him
+thence. To which Purpose, even Pain it self is of great and excellent
+Use, not only in giving us Notice of the Presence of the Enemy, but
+by exciting us to use our utmost Diligence and Skill to root out so
+troublesome and destructive a Companion.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] One of Nature’s most constant Methods here, is by the _Glands_, and
+the _Secretions_ made by them; the Particulars of which being too long
+for these Notes, I shall refer to the modern Anatomists, who have written
+on these Subjects; and indeed, who are the only Men that have done it
+tolerably: Particularly, our learned Drs. _Cockburn_, _Keil_, _Morland_,
+and others at Home and Abroad: An Abridgment of whose Opinions and
+Observations, for the Reader’s Ease, may be met with in Dr. _Harris_’s
+_Lex. Tech._ Vol. 2. under the Words _Glands_, and _Animal Secretion_.
+
+[b] In Man, and most other Animals, the Heart hath the Guard of Bones;
+but in the _Lamprey_, which hath no Bones, (no not so much as a
+Back-bone,) _the Heart is very strangely secur’d, and lies immur’d, or
+capsulated in a Cartilage, or grisly Substance, which includes the Heart,
+and its Auricle, as the Skull——doth the Brain in other Animals_. _Powers_
+Micros. Obser. 22.
+
+[c] _Here ~[from the Pustules he observ’d in Monomotapa]~ were Grounds
+to admire the Contrivance of our Blood, which on some Occasions, so
+soon as any Thing destructive to the Constitution of it, comes into it,
+immediately by an intestine Commotion, endeavoureth to thrust it forth,
+and is not only freed from the new Guest; but sometimes what likewise
+may have lain lurking therein——for a great while. And from hence it
+comes to pass, that most Part of Medicines, when duly administred, are
+not only sent out of the body themselves; but likewise great Quantities
+of morbifick Matter: As in Salivation_, &c. Dr. _Sloane_’s Voy. to
+_Jamaica_, p. 25.
+
+[d] _Valsalva_ discover’d some Passages into the Region of the
+_Ear-drum_, of mighty Use, (among others,) to make Discharges of Bruises,
+Imposthumes, or any purulent, or morbifick Matter from the Brain, and
+Parts of the Head. Of which he gives two Examples: One, a Person, who
+from a Blow on his Head, had dismal Pains therein, grew Speechless, and
+lay under an absolute Suppression and Decay of his Strength; but found
+certain Relief, whenever he had a Flux of Blood, or purulent Matter out
+of his Ear; which after his Death _Valsalva_ discover’d, was through
+those Passages.
+
+The other was an _apoplectical Case_, wherein he found a large Quantity
+of extravasated Blood, making Way from the Ventricles of the Brain,
+through those same Passages. _Valsal. de Aure hum._ c. 2. §. 14. and c.
+5. §. 8.
+
+[e] _Hippocrates Lib. de Alimentis_, takes notice of the Sagacity of
+Nature, in finding out Methods and Passages for the discharging Things
+offensive to the Body, of which the late learned and ingenious Bishop
+of _Clogher_, in _Ireland_, (_Boyle_,) gave this remarkable Instance,
+to my very curious and ingenious Neighbour and Friend, _D’Acre Barret_,
+Esq; _viz._ That in the Plague Year, a Gentleman at the University, had
+a large Plague Sore gather’d under his Arm, which, when they expected
+it would have broken, discharg’d it self by a more than ordinary large
+and fœtid Stool; the Sore having no other Vent for it, and immediately
+becoming sound and well thereon.
+
+Like to which, is the Story of _Jos. Lazonius_, of a Soldier of thirty
+five Years of Age, who had a Swelling in his right Hip, accompany’d with
+great Pain, _&c._ By the Use of emollient Medicines, having ripen’d the
+Sore, the Surgeon intended the next Day to have open’d it; but about
+Midnight, the Patient having great Provocations to stool, disburthen’d
+himself three Times; immediately upon which, both the Tumor and Pain
+ceas’d, and thereby disappointed the Surgeon’s Intentions. _Ephem.
+Germ._ Anno 1690. Obs. 49. More such Instances we find of Mr. _Tonges_
+in _Philos. Transact._ Nᵒ. 323. But indeed there are so many Examples
+of this Nature in our _Phil. Trans._ in the _Ephem. German. Tho.
+Bartholine_, _Rhodius_, _Sennertus_, _Hildanus_, &c. that it would be
+endless to recount them. Some have swallow’d Knives, Bodkins, Needles
+and Pins, Bullets, Pebbles, and twenty other such Things as could not
+find a Passage the ordinary Way, but have met with an _Exit_ through the
+Bladder, or some other Way of Nature’s own providing. But passing over
+many Particulars, I shall only give one instance more, because it may
+be a good Caution to some Persons, that these Papers may probably fall
+into the Hands of; and that is, The Danger of swallowing _Plum-stones_,
+_Prune-stones_, &c. Sir _Francis Butler_’s Lady had many _Prune-stones_
+that made Way through an Abscess near her Navel. _Philos. Trans._ Nᵒ.
+165. where are other such like Examples. More also may be found in Nᵒ.
+282, 304, _&c._ And at this Day, a young Man, living not far off me,
+laboureth under very troublesome and dangerous Symptoms, from the Stones
+of _Sloes_ and _Bullace_, which he swallow’d eight or ten Years ago.
+
+[f] _~Grew~’s Cosmol._ §. 28. 29.
+
+[g] _Nor are Diseases themselves useless: For the Blood in a Fever,
+if well govern’d, like Wine upon the Fret, dischargeth it self of all
+heterogeneous Mixtures; and Nature, the Disease, and Remedies, clean all
+the Rooms of the House; whereby that which threatens Death, tends, in
+Conclusion, to the prolonging of Life._ Grew ubi supr. §. 52.
+
+And as Diseases minister sometimes to Health; so to other good Uses in
+the Body, such as quickning the Senses: Of which take these Instances
+relating to the Hearing and Sight.
+
+_A very ingenious Physician falling into an odd Kind of Fever, had his
+Sense of Hearing thereby made so very nice and tender, that he very
+plainly heard soft Whispers, that were made at a considerable Distance
+off, and which were not in the least perceiv’d by the Bystanders, nor
+would have been by him before his Sickness._
+
+_A Gentleman of eminent Parts and Note, during a Distemper he had in his
+Eyes, had his Organs of Sight brought to be so tender, that both his
+Friends, and himself have assur’d me, that when he wak’d in the Night, he
+could for a while plainly see and distinguish Colours, as well as other
+Objects, discernible by the Eye, as was more than once try’d._ Boyl.
+deter. nat. of Effluv. ch. 4.
+
+_~Daniel Fraser~——continu’d Deaf and Dumb from his Birth, till the 17ᵗʰ
+Year of his Age——After his Recovery from a Fever, he perceiv’d a Motion
+in his Brain, which was very uneasy to him; and afterwards he began to
+hear, and in Process of Time, to understand Speech, ~&c.~_ Vid. Philos.
+Trans. Nᵒ. 312.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VIII.
+
+_Of the ~Consent~ between the PARTS of Man’s Body._
+
+
+It is an admirable Provision the merciful Creator hath made for the Good
+of Man’s Body, by the Consent and Harmony between the Parts thereof: Of
+which let us take St. _Paul_’s Description, in 1 _Cor._ xii. 8. _But
+now hath God set the Members, every one of them in the Body, as it hath
+pleas’d him._ And (℣. 21) _The Eye cannot say unto the Hand, I have no
+need of thee: Nor again, the Head to the Feet, I have no need of you._
+But such is the Consent of all the Parts, or as the Apostle wordeth it,
+_God hath so temper’d the Body together, that the Members should have the
+same Care one for another_, ℣. 25. So that _whether one Member suffer,
+all the Members suffer with it; or one Member be honoured_, (or affected
+with any Good,) _all the Members rejoyce_, [and sympathize] _with it_, ℣.
+26.
+
+This mutual Accord, Consent and Sympathy of the Members, there is no
+Reason to doubt[a], is made by the Commerce of the Nerves[b], and their
+artificial Positions, and curious Ramifications throughout the whole
+Body, which is admirable and incomparable, and might deserve a Place in
+this Survey, as greatly, and manifestly setting forth the Wisdom and
+Benignity of the great Creator; but that to give a Description thereof
+from the Origin of the Nerves, in the _Brain_, the _Cerebellum_ and
+_Spine_, and so through every Part of the Body, would be tedious, and
+intrench too much upon the Anatomist’s Province: And therefore one
+Instance shall suffice for a Sample of the Whole; and that shall be,
+(what was promis’d before[c]), the great Sympathy occasion’d by the
+_fifth Pair_ of Nerves; which I chuse to instance in, rather than the
+_Par vagum_, or any other of the Nerves; because although we may have
+less variety of noble Contrivance and Art, than in that Pair; yet we
+shall find enough for our Purpose, and which may be dispatch’d in fewer
+Words. Now this _fifth Conjugation_ of _Nerves_, is branch’d to the Ball,
+the Muscles, and Glands of the Eye; to the Ear; to the Jaws, the Gums,
+and Teeth; to the Muscles of the Lips[d]; to the Tonsils, the Palate,
+the Tongue, and the Parts of the Mouth; to the _Præcordia_ also, in some
+Measure, by inosculating with one of its Nerves; and lastly, to the
+Muscles of the Face, particularly the Cheeks, whose sanguiferous Vessels
+it twists about.
+
+From hence it comes to pass, that there is a great Consent and
+Sympathy[e] between these Parts; so that a gustable Thing seen or smelt,
+excites the Appetite, and affects the Glands and Parts of the Mouth;
+that a Thing seen or heard, that is shameful, affects the Cheeks with
+modest Blushes; but on the contrary, if it pleases and tickles the
+Fancy, that it affects the _Præcordia_, and Muscles of the Mouth and
+Face with Laughter; but a Thing causing Sadness and Melancholy, doth
+accordingly exert it self upon the _Præcordia_, and demonstrate it self
+by causing the Glands of the Eyes to emit Tears[f], and the Muscles
+of the Face to put on the sorrowful Aspect of Crying. Hence also that
+torvous sour Look produc’d by Anger and Hatred: And that gay and pleasing
+Countenance accompanying Love and Hope. And in short, it is by Means of
+this Communication of the Nerves, that whatever affects the Soul, is
+demonstrated, (whether we will or no,) by a consentaneous Disposition
+of the _Præcordia_ within, and a suitable Configuration of the Muscles
+and Parts of the Face without. And an admirable Contrivance of the
+great GOD of _Nature_ this is; That as a Face is given to Man, and as
+_Pliny_ saith[g], to Man alone of all Creatures; so it should be, (as
+he observes,) _the Index of Sorrow and Chearfulness, of Compassion and
+Severity. In its ascending Part is the Brow, and therein a Part of the
+Mind too. Therewith we deny, therewith we consent. With this it is we
+shew our Pride, which hath its Source in another Place; but here its
+Seat: In the Heart it hath its Birth; but here it abides and dwells; and
+that because it could find no other Part throughout the Body higher, or
+more craggy[h], where it might reside alone._
+
+Thus I have dispatch’d what I shall remark concerning the Soul and Body
+of Man. There are divers other Things, which well deserve a Place in
+this Survey; and these that I have taken Notice of, deserv’d to have
+been enlarg’d upon: But what hath been said, may suffice for a Taste and
+Sample of this admirable Piece of God’s Handy-work; at least serve as a
+Supplement to what others have said before me. For which Reason I have
+endeavour’d to say as little wittingly as I could, of what they have
+taken Notice of, except where the Thread of my Discourse laid a Necessity
+upon me.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] See _Book 4. Chap. 8._
+
+[b] _Tria proposita ipsi Naturæ in Nervorum distributione fuerunt. 1.
+Ut sensoriis instrumentis Sensum impertiret. 2. Ut motoriis Motum.
+3. Ut omnibus aliis [partibus] daret, ut quæ si dolorem adferrent,
+dignoscerent._ And afterwards, _Si quis in dissectionibus spectavit,
+consideravitque justéne, an secus Natura Nervos non eâdem mensurâ omnibus
+partibus distribuerit, sed aliis quidem liberaliùs, aliis verò parciùs,
+eadem cum Hippocrate, velit nolit, de Naturâ omnino pronunciabit, quod ea
+scilicet sagax, justa, artificiosa, animaliumque provida est._ Galen. de
+Us. Part. L. 5. c. 9.
+
+[c] _Book 4. Chap. 5._
+
+[d] Dr. _Willis_ gives the Reason, _cur mutua Amasiorum oscula labiis
+impressa, tum præcordia, tum genitalia afficiendo, amorem ac libidinem
+tam facilè irritant_, to be from the Consent of those Parts, by the
+Branches of this fifth Pair. _Nerv. Deser. c. 22._
+
+And Dr. _Sachs_ judges it to be from the Consent of the _Labia Oris cum
+Labiis Uteri_, that in _April 1669_, a certain breeding Lady, being
+affrighted with seeing one that had scabby Lips, which they told her were
+occasion’d by a pestilential Fever, had such like Pustules brake out in
+the _Labia Uteri_. Ephem. Germ. T. 1. Obs. 20.
+
+[e] Consult _Willis ubi suprà_.
+
+[f] Tears serve not only to moisten the Eye, to clean and brighten the
+_Cornea_, and to express our Grief; but also to alleviate it, according
+to that of _Ulysses_ to _Andromache_, in _Seneca_’s _Troas_, ℣. 762.
+
+  _Tempus moramque dabimus, arbitrio tuo_
+  _Implere lacrymis: Fletus ærumnas levat._
+
+[g] _Plin._ Nat. Hist. L. 11. c. 37.
+
+[h] _Nihil altius simul abruptiusque invenit._
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. IX.
+
+_Of the Variety of Mens FACES, VOICES, and HAND-WRITING._
+
+
+Here I would have put an End to my Observations relating to Man; but
+that there are three Things so expressly declaring the Divine Management
+and Concurrence, that I shall just mention them, although taken Notice
+of more amply by others; and that is, The great Variety throughout the
+World of Mens Faces[a], Voices[b], and Hand-writing. Had Man’s Body been
+made according to any of the atheistical Schemes, or any other Method
+than that of the infinite Lord of the World, this wise Variety would
+never have been: But Mens Faces would have been cast in the same, or
+not a very different Mould, their Organs of Speech would have sounded
+the same, or not so great a Variety of Notes; and the same Structure
+of Muscles and Nerves, would have given the Hand the same Direction
+in Writing. And in this Case, what Confusion, what Disturbance, what
+Mischiefs would the World eternally have lain under? No Security
+could have been to our Persons; no Certainty, no Enjoyment of our
+Possessions[c]; no Justice between Man and Man; no Distinction between
+Good and Bad, between Friends and Foes, between Father and Child, Husband
+and Wife, Male or Female; but all would have been turn’d topsey-turvey,
+by being expos’d to the Malice of the Envious and Ill-natur’d, to the
+Fraud and Violence of Knaves and Robbers, to the Forgeries of the
+crafty Cheat, to the Lusts of the Effeminate and Debauch’d, and what
+not! Our Courts of Justice[d], can abundantly testify the dire Effects
+of mistaking Men’s Faces, of counterfeiting their Hands, and forging
+Writings. But now, as the infinitely wise Creator and Ruler hath order’d
+the Matter, every Man’s Face can distinguish him in the Light, and his
+Voice in the Dark; his Hand-writing can speak for him though absent,
+and be his Witness, and secure his Contracts in future Generations. A
+manifest, as well as admirable Indication of the divine Super-intendence
+and Management[e].
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] If the Reader hath a Mind to see Examples of Men’s Likeness, he may
+consult _Valer. Maximus_, (L. 9. c. 14.) concerning the Likeness of
+_Pompey_ the Great, and _Vibius_ and _Publicius Libertinus_; as also
+of _Pompey_ the Father, who got the Name of _Coquus_, he being like
+_Menogenes_ the Cook; with divers others.
+
+[b] As the Difference of Tone makes a Difference between every Man’s
+Voice, of the same Country, yea, Family; so a different Dialect and
+Pronunciation, differs Persons of divers Countries; yea, Persons of one
+and the same Country, speaking the same Language: Thus in _Greece_,
+there were the _Ionick_, _Dorick_, _Attick_, and _Æolick_ Dialects.
+So in _Great-Britain_, besides the grand Diversity of _English_, and
+_Scotch_, the different Counties vary very much in their Pronunciation,
+Accent and Tone, although all one and the same Language. And the Way
+of the _Gileadites_ proving the _Ephraimites_, Judg. xii. 6. by the
+Pronunciation of _Shibboleth_, with a _Schin_, or _Sibboleth_ with a
+_Samech_, is well known. So _à Lapide_ saith, the _Flemings_ prove
+whether a Man be a _Frenchman_ or not, by bidding him pronounce, _Act en
+tachtentich_; which they pronounce, _Acht en tactentic_, by Reason they
+can’t pronounce the Aspirate _h_.
+
+[c] _Regi Antiocho unus ex æqualibus——nomine Artemon, perquam similis
+fuisse traditur. Quem Laodice, uxor Antiochi, interfecto viro,
+dissimulandi sceleris gratiâ, in lectulo perinde quasi ipsum Regem
+ægrum collocavit. Admissumq; universum populum, & sermone ejus & vultu
+consimili fefellit: credideruntque homines ab Antiocho moriente Laodicen
+& natos ejus sibi commendari._ Valer. Max. ib.
+
+[d] _Quid Trebellius Calca! quàm asseveranter se Clodium tulit! & quidem
+dum de bonis ejus contendit, in centumvirale judicium adeò favorabilis
+descendit, ut vix justis & æquis sententiis consternatio populi ullum
+relinqueret locum. In illâ tamen quæstione neque calumniæ petitoris,
+neque violentiæ plebis judicantium religio cessit._ Val. Max. ib. c. 15.
+
+[e] To the foregoing Instances of divine Management, with relation to
+the political State of Man, I shall add another Thing, that I confess
+hath always seem’d to me somewhat odd, but very providential; and that
+is, the Value that Mankind, at least the civiliz’d Part of them, have
+in all Ages put upon Gems, and the purer finer Metals, Gold and Silver;
+so as to think them equivalent unto, and exchange them for Things of
+the greatest Use for Food, Cloathing, and all other Necessaries and
+Conveniences of Life. Whereas those Things themselves are of very little,
+if any Use in Physick, Food, Building or Cloathing, otherwise than for
+Ornament, or to minister to Luxury; as _Suetonius_ tells us of _Nero_,
+who fish’d with a Net gilt with Gold, and shod his Mules with Silver;
+but his Wife _Poppæa_, shod her Horses with Gold. _Vit. Ner._ c. 30.
+Plin. N. H. L. 33. c. 11. So the same _Suetonius_ tells us, _Jul. Cæsar_
+lay in a Bed of Gold, and rode in a silver Chariot. But _Heliogabalus_
+rode in one of Gold, and had his Close-stool Pans of the same Metal. And
+_Pliny_ saith, _Vasa Coquinaria ex argento Calvus Orator fieri queritur._
+_Ibid._ Neither are those precious Things of greater Use to the making of
+Vessels, and Utensils, (unless some little Niceties and Curiosities,) by
+Means of their Beauty, Imperdibility, and Ductility. Of which last, the
+great Mr. _Boyle_ hath among others, there two Instances, in his _Essay
+about are Subtilty of Effluviums_. Chap. 2. _Silver, whose Ductility,
+and Tractility, are very much inferior to those of Gold, was, by my
+procuring, drawn out to so slender a Wire, that——a single Grain of it
+amounted to twenty seven Feet._ As to Gold, he demonstrates it possible
+to extend an Ounce thereof, to reach to 777600 Feet, or 155 Miles and an
+half, yea, to an incredibly greater Length.
+
+And as to Gems, the very Stories that are told of their prodigious
+Virtues, are an Argument, that they have very little, or none more than
+other hard Stones. That a _Diamond_ should discover whether a Woman be
+true or false to her Husband’s Bed; cause Love between Man and Wife;
+secure against Witchcraft, Plague and Poisons; that the _Ruby_ should
+dispose to Cheerfulness, cause pleasant Dreams, change its Colour against
+a Misfortune befalling, _&c._ that the _Sapphire_ should grow foul, and
+lose its Beauty, when worn by one that is Leacherous; that the _Emerald_
+should fly to pieces, if it touch the Skin of any unchaste Person in the
+Act of Uncleanness: That the _Chrysolite_ should lose its Colour, if
+Poyson be on the Table, and recover it again when the Poyson is off: And
+to name no more, that the _Turcoise_, (and the same is said of a gold
+Ring,) should strike the Hour when hung over a drinking Glass, and much
+more the same Purpose: All these, and many other such fabulous Stories, I
+say, of Gems, are no great Arguments, that their Virtue is equivalent to
+their Value. Of these, and other Virtues, consult _Worm_ in his _Museum_,
+L. 1. §. 2. c. 17, _&c._
+
+But as to _Gems_ changing their Colour, there may be somewhat of Truth in
+that, particularly in the _Turcoise_ last mention’d. Mr. _Boyle_ observ’d
+the Spots in a _Turcoise_, to shift their Place from one Part to another,
+by gentle Degrees. So did the Cloud in an _Agate_-handle of a Knife.
+A _Diamond_ he wore on his Finger, he observ’d to be more illustrious
+at some Times than others: Which a curious Lady told him she had also
+observ’d in hers. So likewise a rich _Ruby_ did the same. _Boyle_ of
+_Absol. Rest in Bodies_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. X.
+
+_The ~Conclusion~ of the ~Survey~ of MAN._
+
+
+And now having taken a View of _Man_, and finding every Part of him,
+every Thing relating to him contriv’d, and made in the very best Manner;
+his Body fitted up with the utmost Foresight, Art and Care; and this
+Body, (to the great Honour, Privilege, and Benefit of Man,) possess’d
+by a divine Part, the _Soul_, a Substance made as ’twere on Purpose to
+contemplate the Works of God, and glorify the great Creator; and since
+this Soul can discern, think, reason, and speak; What can we conclude
+upon the whole Matter, but that we lie under all the Obligations of Duty
+and Gratitude, to be thankful and obedient to, and to set forth the
+Glories of our great Creator, and noble Benefactor? And what ungrateful
+Wretches are we, how much worse than the poor Irrationals, if we do not
+employ the utmost Power of our Tongue, and all our Members, and all the
+Faculties of our Souls in the Praises of God! But above all, should we,
+who have the Benefit of those glorious Acts and Contrivances of the
+Creator, be such wicked, such base, such worse than brutal Fools, to deny
+the Creator[a], in some of his noblest Works? Should we so abuse our
+Reason, yea, our very Senses; should we be so besotted by the Devil, and
+blinded by our Lusts, as to attribute one of the best contriv’d Pieces of
+Workmanship to blind Chance, or unguided Matter and Motion, or any other
+such sottish, wretched, atheistical Stuff; which we never saw, nor ever
+heard made any one Being[b] in any Age since the Creation? No, No! But
+like wise and unprejudic’d Men, let us with _David_ say, _Psalm_ cxxxix.
+14. (with which I conclude,) _I will praise thee, for I am fearfully
+and wonderfully made; marvellous are thy Works, and that my Soul knoweth
+right well._
+
+Having thus made what (considering the Copiousness and Excellence of
+the Subject,) may be called a very brief Survey of _Man_, and seen
+such admirable Marks of the divine Design and Art; let us next take
+a transient View of the other inferiour Creatures; and begin with
+QUADRUPEDS.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] It was a pious, as well as just Conclusion, the ingenious _Laurence
+Bellini_ makes of his _Opusculum de Motu Cordis_, in these Words: _De
+Motu Cordis isthæc. Quæ equidem omnia, si à rudi intelligentiâ Hominis
+tantum consilii, tantum ratiocinii, tantum peritiæ mille rerum, tantum
+scientiarum exigunt, ad hoc, ut inveniantur, seu ad hoc, ut percipiantur
+postquam facta sunt; illum, cujus operâ, fabrefacta sunt hæc singula,
+tam vani erimus atque inanes, ut existimemus esse consilii impotem,
+rationis expertem, imperitum, aut ignarum omnium rerum? Quantum ad me
+attinet, nolim esse Rationis compos, si tantum insudandum mihi esset
+ad consequendam intelligentiam earum rerum, quas fabrefaceret nescio
+quæ Vis, quæ nihil intelligeret eorum quæ fabrefaceret; mihi etenim
+viderer esse vile quiddam, atque ridiculum, qui vellem totam ætatem meam,
+sanitatem, & quicquid humanum est deterere, nihil curare quicquid est
+jucunditatum, quicquid latitiarum, quicquid commodorum; non divitias,
+non dignitates; non pœnas etiam, & vitam, ipsam, ut gloriari possem
+postremo invenisse unum, aut alterum, & fortasse me invenisse quidem
+ex iis innumeris, quæ produxisset, nescio quis ille, qui sine labore,
+sine curâ, nihil cogitans, nihil cognoscens, non unam aut alteram rem,
+neque dubiè, sed certò produxisset innumeras innumerabilitates rerum in
+hoc tam immenso spatio corporum, ex quibus totus Mundus compingitur.
+Ab Deum immortalem! Video præsens numen tuum in hisce tam prodigiosis
+Generationis initiis, & in altissimâ eorum contemplatione defixus, nescio
+quo œstro admirationis conciter, & quasi divinè furens cohiberi me minimè
+possum quin exclamem._
+
+_Magnus Dominus! Magnus Fabricator Hominum Deus! Magnus atque
+Admirabilis! Conditor rerum Deus quàm Magnus es!_ Bellin. de Mot. Cord.
+fin.
+
+[b] _Hoc ~[_i.e._ mundum effici ornatissimum, & pulcherrimum ex
+concursione fortuita]~ qui existimat fieri potuisse, non intelligo
+cur non idem putet, si innumerabiles unius, & viginti formæ literarum,
+vel aureæ, vel qualeslibet, aliquo conficiantur, posse ex his in terram
+excussis annales Ennii ut deinceps legi possint, effici, ~&c.~——Quod si
+Mundum efficere potest concursus Atomorum, cur porticum, cur templum,
+cur domum, cur urbem non potest? Quæ sunt minus operosa, & multo quidem
+faciliora._ Cicero de Nat. Deor. L. 2. c. 37.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+BOOK VI.
+
+_A ~Survey~ of QUADRUPEDS._
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+_Of their Prone ~Posture~._
+
+
+In taking a View of this Part of the Animal World, so far as the
+Structure of their Bodies is conformable to that of Man, I shall pass
+them by, and only take notice of some Peculiarities in them, which
+are plain Indications of Design, and the Divine Super-intendence and
+Management. And, 1. The most visible apparent Variation is the _Prone
+Posture of their Body_: Concerning which, I shall take notice only of two
+Things, the Parts ministring thereto, and the Use and Benefit thereof.
+
+I. As for the Parts, ’tis observable, that in all these Creatures, the
+_Legs_ are made exactly conformable to this Posture, as those in Man are
+to his erect Posture: And what is farther observable also, is, that the
+Legs and Feet are always admirably suited to the Motion and Exercises of
+each Animal: In some they are made for Strength only, to support a vast,
+unwieldy Body[a]; in others they are made for Agility and Swiftness[b],
+in some they are made for only Walking and Running, in others for that,
+and Swimming too[c]; in others for Walking and Digging[d]; and in others
+for Walking and Flying[e]: In some they are made more lax and weak, for
+the plainer Lands; in others rigid, stiff, and less flexible[f], for
+traversing the Ice, and dangerous Precipices of the high Mountains[g];
+in some they are shod with tough and hard Hoofs, some whole, some cleft;
+in others with only a callous Skin. In which latter, ’tis observable that
+the Feet are composed of Toes, some short for bare-going; some long to
+supply the Place of a Hand[h]; some armed with long and strong Talons,
+to catch, hold, and tear the Prey; some fenced only with short Nails, to
+confirm the Steps in Running and Walking.
+
+II. As the Posture of Man’s Body is the fittest for a rational Animal, so
+is the Prone Posture of _Quadrupeds_ the most useful and beneficial to
+themselves, as also most serviceable to Man. For they are hereby better
+made for their gathering their Food, to pursue their Prey, to leap, to
+climb, to swim, to guard themselves against their Enemies, and in a word,
+to do whatever may be of principal Use to themselves; as also they are
+hereby rendered more useful and serviceable to Man, for carrying his
+Burdens, for tilling his Ground, yea, even for his Sports and Diversions.
+
+And now I might here add a Survey of the excellent Contrivances of
+the Parts ministring to this Posture of the four-footed Animals, the
+admirable Structure of the Bones[i], the Joints and Muscles; their
+various Sizes and Strength; their commodious Lodgment and Situation, the
+nice Æquipoise of the Body, with a great deal more to the same purpose.
+But I should be tedious to insist minutely upon such Particulars, and
+besides, I have given a Touch upon these Kinds of Things, when I spake of
+Man.
+
+Passing by therefore many Things of this Kind, that might deserve Remark,
+I shall only consider some of the Parts of _Quadrupeds_, differing from
+what is found in Man[k], and which are manifest Works of Design.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] The Elephant being a Creature of prodigious Weight, the largest of
+all Animals; _Pliny_ saith, hath its Legs accordingly made of an immense
+Strength, like Pillars, rather than Legs.
+
+[b] Deer, Hares, and other Creatures, remarkable for Swiftness, have
+their Legs accordingly slender, but withal strong, and every way adapted
+to their Swiftness.
+
+[c] Thus the Feet of the _Otter_ are made, the Toes being all conjoined
+with Membranes, as the Feet of Geese and Ducks are. And in Swimming, it
+is observable, that when the Foot goes forward in the Water, the Toes are
+close; but when backward, they are spread out, whereby they more forcibly
+strike the Water, and drive themselves forward. The same may be observed
+also in Ducks and Geese, _&c._
+
+Of the _Castor_ or _Beaver_, the _French_ Academists say, _The Structure
+of the Feet was very extraordinary, and sufficiently demonstrated, that
+Nature hath designed this Animal to live in the Water, as well as upon
+Land. For although it had four Feet, like Terrestrial Animals, yet the
+hindmost seemed more proper to swim than walk with, the Five Toes of
+which they were compos’d, being joined together like those of a Goose by
+a Membrane, which serves this Animal to swim with. But the fore ones were
+made otherwise; for there was no Membrane which held those Toes joined
+together: And this was requisite for the Conveniency of this Animal,
+which useth them as Hands like a Squirrel, when he eats._ Memoirs for a
+Nat. Hist. of Animals, _pag. 84._
+
+[d] The _Mole_’s Feet are a remarkable Instance.
+
+[e] The Wings of the _Bat_ are a prodigious Deviation from Nature’s
+ordinary Way. So ’tis in the _Virginian Squirrel_, whose Skin is extended
+between the Fore-Legs and its Body.
+
+[f] Of the Legs of the _Elk_, the _French_ Academists say, _Although
+some Authors report, that there are ~Elks~ in ~Moscovia~, whose Legs are
+jointless; there is great Probability, that this Opinion is founded on
+what is reported of those ~Elks~ of ~Muscovia~, as well as of ~Cæsar~’s
+~Alce~, and ~Pliny~’s ~Machlis~, that they have Legs so stiff and
+inflexible, that they do run on Ice without slipping; which is a Way that
+is reported that they have to save themselves from the Wolves, ~&c.~_
+ibid. p. 108.
+
+[g] The common tame _Goat_ (whose Habitation is generally on Mountains
+and Rocks, and who delighteth to walk on the tops of Pales, Houses, _&c._
+and to take great and seemingly dangerous Leaps) I have observ’d, hath
+the Joints of the Legs very stiff and strong, the Hoof hollow underneath,
+and its Edges sharp. The like, I doubt not, is to be found the _Wild
+Goat_, considering what Dr. _Scheuchzer_ hath said of its climbing the
+most dangerous Craggs of the _Alps_, and the Manner of their hunting it.
+_Vid._ _Iter. Alpin._ 3. p. 9.
+
+[h] Thus in _Apes_ and _Monkeys_, in the _Beaver_ before, and divers
+others.
+
+[i] It is a singular Provision Nature hath made for the Strength of the
+_Lion_, if that be true, which _Galen_ saith is reported of its Bones
+being not hollow (as in other Animals) but solid: Which Report he thus
+far confirms, that most of the Bones are so; and that those in the Legs,
+and some other Parts, have only a small and obscure Cavity in them.
+_Vid._ _Galen. de Us. Part._ L. 11. c. 18.
+
+[k] _These Sorts of Differences in the Mechanism of Animals, upon the
+Score of the Position of their Bodies, occur so often, that it would be
+no mean Service to Anatomy——if any one would give us a History of those
+Variations of the Parts of Animals, which spring from the different
+Postures of their Bodies._ Drake Anat. V. 1. B. 1. c. 17.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+_Of the HEADS of QUADRUPEDS._
+
+
+It is remarkable, that in Man, the Head is of one singular Form; in the
+four-footed Race, as various as their Species. In some square and large,
+suitable to their slow Motion, Food, and Abode; in others less, slender,
+and sharp, agreeable to their swifter Motion, or to make their Way to
+their Food[a], or Habitation under Ground[b]. But passing by a great many
+Observations that might be made of this Kind, I shall stop a little at
+the Brain, as the most considerable Part of this part of the Body, being
+the great Instrument of Life and Motion in _Quadrupeds_, as ’tis in Man
+of that, as also in all Probability the chief Seat of his immortal Soul.
+And accordingly it is a remarkable Difference, that in Man the Brain is
+large, affording Substance and Room for so noble a Guest; whereas in
+_Quadrupeds_, it is but small. And another Thing no less remarkable,
+is the Situation of the _Cerebrum_ and _Cerebellum_, or the greater or
+lesser Brain, which I shall give in the Words of one of the most exact
+Anatomists we have of that Part[c]: “Since, saith he, God hath given
+to Man a lofty Countenance, to behold the Heavens, and hath also seated
+an immortal Soul in the Brain, capable of the Contemplation of heavenly
+Things; therefore, as his Face is erect, so the Brain is set in an higher
+Place, namely, above the _Cerebellum_ and all the Sensories. But in
+Brutes, whose Face is prone towards the Earth, and whose Brain is capable
+of Speculation, the _Cerebellum_, (whose Business it is to minister
+to the Actions and Functions of the _Præcordia_, the principal Office
+in those Creatures) in them is situated in the higher Place, and the
+_Cerebrum_ lower. Also some of the Organs of Sense, as the Ears and Eyes,
+are placed, if not above the _Cerebrum_, yet at least equal thereto.”
+
+Another Convenience in this Position of the _Cerebrum_ and _Cerebellum_,
+the last ingenious Anatomist[d] tells us is this, “In the Head of Man,
+saith he, the Base of the _Brain_ and _Cerebell_, yea, of the whole
+Skull, is set parallel to the Horizon; by which Means there is the less
+Danger of the two Brains joggling, or slipping out of their Place. But
+in _Quadrupeds_, whose Head hangs down, the Base of the Skull makes a
+right Angle with the Horizon, by which Means the Brain is undermost,
+and the _Cerebell_ uppermost; so that one would be apt to imagine the
+_Cerebell_ should not be steady, but joggle out of its Place. To remedy
+which Inconvenience he tells us, And lest the frequent Concussions of the
+_Cerebell_ should cause a Fainting, or disorderly Motion of the Spirits
+about the _Præcordia_, therefore, by the Artifice of Nature, sufficient
+Provision is made in all, by the _dura Meninx_ closely encompassing
+the _Cerebellum_; besides which, it is (in some) guarded with a strong
+bony Fence; and in others, as the Hare, the Coney, and such lesser
+_Quadrupeds_, a part of the _Cerebell_ is on each Side fenced with the
+_Os Petrosum_: So that by this double Stay, its whole Mass is firmly
+contained within the Skull.”
+
+Besides these Peculiarities, I might take notice of divers other Things
+no less remarkable, as the _Nictitating Membrane_ of the Eye[e], the
+different Passages of the _Carotid Arteries_[f] through the Skull, their
+Branching into the _Rete Mirabile_[g], the different Magnitude of the
+_Nates_, and some other Parts of the Brain in Beasts, quite different
+from what it is in Man: But the Touches already given, may be Instances
+sufficient to prevent my being tedious in inlarging upon these admirable
+Works of God.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] Thus _Swine_, for Instance, who dig in the Earth for Roots and other
+Food, have their Neck, and all Parts of their Head very well adapted to
+that Service. Their Neck short, brawny, and strong; their Eyes set pretty
+high out of the Way; their Snout long; their Nose callous and strong;
+and their Sense of Smelling very accurate, to hunt out and distinguish
+their Food in Mud, under Ground, and other the like Places where it lies
+concealed.
+
+[b] What hath been said of _Swine_ is no less, rather more remarkable in
+the _Mole_, whose Neck, Nose, Eyes and Ears, are all fitted in the nicest
+Manner to its subterraneous Way of Life.
+
+[c] _Willis Cereb. Anat._ cap. 6. _Cumque huic Deus os sublime dederit,
+~&c.~_
+
+[d] Id. paulo post. _In capite humano Cerebri & Cerebelli, ~&c.~_
+
+[e] See _Book IV. Ch. 2. Note (kk)._
+
+[f] _Arteria Carotis Aliquanto posterius in homine quàm in alio quovis
+animali, Calvariam ingreditur, scil. juxta illud foramen, per quod
+sinus lateralis in Venam jugularem desiturus cranio elabitur; nam in
+cæteris hæc arteria sub extremitate, seu processu acuto ossis petrosi,
+inter cranium emergit: verùm in capite humano, eadem, ambage longiori
+circumducta (ut sanguinis torrens, priusquam ad cerebri oram appellit,
+fracto impetu, leniùs & placidiùs fluat) prope specum ab ingressu sinûs
+lateralis factum, Calvariæ basin attingit;——& in majorem cautelam, tunicâ
+insuper ascititiâ crassiore investitur._ And so he goes on to shew the
+Conveniency of this Guard the Artery hath, and its Passage to the Brain,
+and then saith, _Si hujusmodi conformationis ratio inquiritur, facilè
+occurrit, in capite humano, ubi generosi affectus & magni animorum
+impetus ac ardores excitantur, sanguinis in Cerebri oras appulsum debere
+esse liberum & expeditum, ~&c.~ Atque hoc quidem respectu differt Homo à
+plerisque Brutis, quibus, Arteria in mille surculos divisa, ne sanguinem
+pleniore alveo, aut citatiore, quàm par est, cursu, ad cerebrum evehat,
+Plexus Retiformes constituit, quibus nempe efficitur, ut sanguis tardo
+admodum, lenique & æquabili fere stillicidio, in cerebrum illabatur._ And
+then he goes on to give a farther Account of this _Artery_, and the _Rete
+mirabile_ in divers Creatures. _Willis_, ibid. cap. 8.
+
+[g] _Galen_ thinks the _Rete mirabile_ is for concocting and elaborating
+the Animal Spirits, as the _Epididymides_, [the Convolutions κιρσοειδοῦς
+ἕλικος] are for elaborating the Seed. _De Us. Part._ L. 9. c. 4. This
+_Rete_ is much more conspicuous in Beasts than Man; and as Dr. _Willis_
+well judges, serves, 1. To bridle the too rapid Incursion of the Blood
+into the Brain of those Creatures, whose Heads hang down much. 2. To
+separate some of the superfluous serous Parts of the Blood, and send
+them to the Salival Glands, before the Blood enters the Brain of those
+Animals, whose Blood is naturally of a watery Constitution. 3. To obviate
+any Obstructions that may happen in the Arteries, by giving a free
+Passage through other Vessels, when some are stopped.
+
+In _Quadrupeds_, as the _Carotid Arteries_ are branched into the _Rete
+Mirabile_, for the bridling the too rapid Current of Blood into the
+Brain; so the _Vertebral Arteries_, are, near their Entrance into the
+Skull, bent into an acuter Angle than in Man, which is a wise Provision
+for the same Purpose.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. III.
+
+_Of the Necks of QUADRUPEDS._
+
+
+From the Head pass we to the Neck, no principal Part of the Body, but yet
+a good Instance of the Creator’s Wisdom and Design, inasmuch as in Man it
+is short, agreeable to the Erection of his Body; but in the Four-footed
+Tribe it is long, answerable to the Length of the Legs[a], and in some
+of these long, and less strong, serving to carry the Mouth to the Ground;
+in others shorter, brawny and strong, serving to dig, and heave up great
+Burdens[b].
+
+But that which deserves especial Remark, is that peculiar Provision made
+in the Necks of all, or most granivorous _Quadrupeds_, for the perpetual
+holding down their Head in gathering their Food, by that strong,
+tendinous and insensible _Aponeurosis_, or Ligament[c] braced from the
+Head to the middle of the Back. By which means the Head, although heavy,
+may be long held down without any Labour, Pain, or Uneasiness to the
+Muscles of the Neck, that would otherwise be wearied by being so long
+put upon the Stretch.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] It is very remarkable, that in all the Species of _Quadrupeds_, this
+Equality holds, except only the _Elephant_; and that there should be a
+sufficient special Provision made for that Creature, by its _Proboscis_
+or _Trunk_. A Member so admirably contrived, so curiously wrought, and
+with so great Agility and Readiness, applied by that unwieldy Creature to
+all its several Occasions, that I take it to be a manifest Instance of
+the Creator’s Workmanship. See its Anatomy to Dr. _A. Moulen_’s _Anat.
+of the ~Elephant~_, p. 33. As also in Mr. _Blair_’s Account in _Phil.
+Trans._ Nᵒ. 326.
+
+_Aliorum ea est humilitas ut cibum terrestrem rostris facilè contingant.
+Quæ autem altiora sunt, ut Anseres, ut Cygni, ut Grues, ut Cameli,
+adjuvantur proceritate collorum. Manus etiam data Elephantis, qui propter
+magnitudinem corporis difficiles aditus habebant ad pastum._ Cic. de N.
+D. L. 2. c. 47.
+
+_Quod iis animalibus quæ pedes habent fissos in digitos, Collum brevius
+sit factum, quàm ut per ipsum Cibum ori admovere queant: iis verò quæ
+ungulas habent solidas, aut bifidas, longius, ut prona atque inclinantia
+pasci queant. Qui id etiam opus non sit Artificis utilitatis memoris? Ad
+hæc quòd Grues at Ciconiæ, cùm crura haberent longiora, ob eam causam
+Rostrum etiam magnum, & Collum longius habuerint. Pisces autem neque
+Collum penitus habuere, utpote qui neque Crura habent. Quo pacto non id
+etiam est admirandum?_ Galen. de Us. part. L. 11. c. 8.
+
+[b] As in _Moles_ and _Swine_, in _Ch. 2. Note (a)._
+
+[c] Called the _Whiteleather_, _Packwax_, _Taxwax_, and _Fixfax_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. IV.
+
+_Of the STOMACHS of QUADRUPEDS._
+
+
+From the Neck, let us descend to the _Stomach_, a Part as of absolute
+Necessity to the Being and Well-being of Animals, so is in the several
+Species of _Quadrupeds_, sized, contrived, and made with the utmost
+Variety and Art.[a] What Artist, what Being, but the infinite Conservator
+of the World, could so well adapt every Food to all the several Kinds
+of those grand Devourers of it! Who could so well sute their Stomachs
+to the Reception and Digestion thereof; one kind of Stomach to the
+Carnivorous, another to the Herbaceous Animals; one fitted to digest by
+bare Mastication; and a whole set of Stomachs in others, to digest with
+the Help of _Rumination_! Which last Act, together with the _Apparatus_
+for that Service, is so peculiar, and withal so curious an Artifice of
+Nature, that it might justly deserve a more particular Enquiry; but
+having formerly mention’d it[b], and least I should be too tedious, I
+shall pass it by.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] The peculiar Contrivance and Make of the _Dromedary_’s or _Camel_’s
+Stomach, is very remarkable, which I will give from the _Parisian
+Anatomists_: _At the top of the Second ~[of the 4 Ventricles]~ there
+were several square Holes, which were the Orifices of about 30 Cavities,
+made like Sacks placed between the two Membranes, which do compose
+the Substance of this Ventricle. The View of these Sacks made us to
+think that they might well be the Reservatories, where ~Pliny~ saith,
+that Camels do a long Time keep the Water, which they drink in great
+Abundance——to supply the Wants thereof in the dry Desarts, ~&c.~_ Vid.
+Memoirs, _&c._ Anat. of Dromedary, p. 39. See also _Peyer_, _Merycol._ L.
+2. c. 3.
+
+[b] _Book IV. ch. 11._
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. V.
+
+_Of the HEART of QUADRUPEDS._
+
+
+In this Part there is a notable Difference found between the Heart of Man
+and that of Beasts, concerning the latter, of which I might take notice
+of the remarkable Confirmation of the Hearts of Amphibious _Quadrupeds_,
+and their Difference from those of Land-Animals, some having but one
+Ventricle[a], some three[b], and some but two (like Land-Animals) but
+then the _Foramen Ovale_ therewith[c]. All which may be justly esteemed
+as wonderful, as they are excellent Provisions for the Manner of those
+Animals living. But I shall content my self with bare Hints of these
+Things, and speak only of two Peculiars more, and that but briefly.
+
+One is the Situation of the Heart, which in Beasts is near the middle of
+the whole Body; in Man, nearer the Head[d]. The Reasons of which I shall
+give from one of the most curious Anatomists of that Part[e]. “Seeing,
+saith he, the Trajection and Distribution of the Blood depends wholly on
+the Systole of the Heart, and that its Liquor is not driven of its own
+Nature so readily into the upper Parts as into Vessels even with it, or
+downwards into those under it: If the Situation of the Heart had been
+further from the Head, it must needs either have been made stronger to
+cast out its Liquor with greater Force; or else the Head would want its
+due Proportion of Blood. But in Animals that have a longer Neck, and
+which is extended towards their Food as it were, the Heart is seated as
+far from the other Parts; and they find no Inconvenience from it, because
+they feed with their Head for the most part hanging down; and so the
+Blood, as it hath farther to go to their Head than in others, so it goes
+a plainer and often a steep Way[f].”
+
+The other peculiar Matter is, the fastning (I formerly mentioned) which
+the Cone of the _Pericardium_ hath in Man to the _Diaphragm_[g], whereas
+in all _Quadrupeds_ it is loose. By which Means the Motion of the
+_Midriff_, in that necessary Act of Respiration, is assisted both in the
+upright Posture of Man, as also in the prone Posture of _Quadrupeds_[h];
+which would be hindred, or rendred more difficult, if the Case was
+otherwise: “Which must needs be the Effect of Wisdom and Design, and
+that Man was intended by Nature to walk erect, and not upon all-four, as
+_Quadrupeds_ do:” To express it in the Words of a great Judge in such
+Matters [i].
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] _Frogs_ are generally thought to have but one Ventricle in their
+Hearts.
+
+[b] The _Tortoise_ hath three Ventricles, as the _Parisian Academists_
+in their _Memoirs_ affirm. _Besides these two Ventricles ~[before spoken
+of]~ which were in the hinder Part of the Heart, which faceth the Spine;
+there was_, say they, _a third in the Fore-part, inclining a little
+towards the Right-side, ~&c.~_ Memoirs, _&c._ p. 259. But Mr. _Bussiere_
+charges this as a Mistake in those ingenious Gentlemen, and asserts there
+is but one Ventricle in the _Tortoise_’s Heart. See his Description of
+the Heart of the _Land Tortoise_, in _Philos. Transact._ Nᵒ. 328.
+
+[c] The _Sea-Calf_ is said by the _French Academists_, to have this
+Provision, and their Account of it is this: _Its Heart was round
+and flat. Its Ventricles appeared very large, and its Auricles
+small.——Underneath the great Aperture, through which the Trunk of the
+~Vena Cava~ conveyed the Blood into the right Ventricle of the Heart,
+there was another, which penetrated into the ~Arteria Venosa~, and from
+thence into the left Ventricle, and afterwards into the ~Aorta~. This
+Hole called the ~Foramen Ovale~ in the ~Fœtus~, make the ~Anastomisis~,
+by the Means of which, the Blood goes from the ~Cava~ into the ~Aorta~,
+without passing through the Lungs._ French Anatomists, p. 124.
+
+[d] Τὴν τε Καρδίαν περὶ τὸ μέσον πλὴν ἐν ἀνθρώπῳ, &c. Arist. Hist. An. L.
+2. c. 17.
+
+[e] Dr. _Lower_, _de Corde_, c. 1.
+
+[f] I might have mentioned another wise Provision from the same Author,
+which take in his own Words: _In Vitulu & Equis, imò plerique aliis
+animalibus majoribus, non solas propagines à Nervo sexti paris ut in
+Homine, sed etiam plurimas à Nervo intercostali, ubi rectà cor transit,
+cor accedere, imò in parenchyma ejus dimitti: & hoc ideo à Naturâ quasi
+subsidium Brutis comparatum, ne capita quæ terram prona spectant, non
+satis facilè aut copiosè Spiritus Animales impertirent._ Blasii Anat.
+Animal. Par. 1. c. 4. ex Lowero. de Corde.
+
+[g] _Diaphragmatis circulo nerveo firmiter adheret ~[Pericardium]~ quod
+Homini singulare; nam ab eo in Canibus & Simiis distat, item in aliis
+animalibus omnibus._ Bartholm. Anat. L. 2. c. 5.
+
+[h] _Finalem causam quod atrinet,——cùm erectus sit Hominis incessus atque
+figura, eoque facilius abdominis viscera suo pondere descendant, minore
+Diaphragmatis nixu atque Systole ad Inspirationem opus est; porro, cùm in
+Exspiratione pariter necessarium sit Diaphragma relaxari,——cùm capsula
+cordis omnino connectendum fuit, in Homine, ne fortè, quamdiu erectus
+incedit, ab Hepatis aliorumque viscerum appensorum pondere deorsum adeò
+deprimeretur, ut neque Pulmo satis concidere, neque Expiratio debito
+modo peragi potuerit. Quocirea in Quadrupedibus, ubi abdominis viscera
+in ipsum Diaphragma incumbunt, ipsumque in pectoris cavitatem suo
+pondere impellant, ista partium accretio Exspirationi quidem inutilis,
+Inspirationi autem debitam Diaphragmatis tensionem impediendo, prorsus
+incommoda fuisset._ Lower, ib. p. 8.
+
+[i] _Dr. ~Tyson~’s Anat. of the Orang-Outang, in ~Ray~’s Wisd. of God_,
+p. 262.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VI.
+
+_Of the Difference between MAN and QUADRUPEDS in the ~Nervous~ Kind._
+
+
+There is only one Difference more between _Man_ and _Quadrupeds_ that I
+shall take notice of, and that is the Nervous Kind: And because it would
+be tedious to insist upon many Particulars[a], I shall, for a Sample,
+insist chiefly upon one, and that is, of Nature’s prodigious Care for a
+due Communication and Correspondence between the Head and Heart of Man,
+more than what is in the four-footed Tribe. For this Purpose, besides
+the Correspondence, those Parts have by Means of the Nerves of the _Par
+Vagum_ (common both to Man and Beast) there is a farther and more special
+Communication and Correspondence occasioned by the Branches[b] of the
+_intercostal Pair_ sent from the _Cervical Plexus_ to the Heart, and
+_Præcordia_. By which Means the Heart and Brain of Man have a mutual
+and very intimate Correspondence and Concern with each other, more than
+is in other Creatures; or as one of the most curious Anatomists and
+Observers of these Things saith[c], “Brutes are as ’twere Machines made
+with a simpler, and less operose _Apparatus_, and endowed therefore
+with only one and the same Kind of Motion, or determined to do the same
+Thing: Whereas in Man, there is a great Variety of Motions and Actions.
+For by the Commerce of the aforesaid _Cervical Plexus_[d] he saith, The
+Conceptions of the Brain presently affect the Heart, and agitate its
+Vessels and whole Appendage, together with the _Diaphragm_. From whence
+the Alteration in the Motion of the Blood, the Pulse and Respiration. So
+also on the contrary, when any Thing affects or alters the Heart, those
+Impressions are not only retorted to the Brain by the same Duct of the
+Nerves, but also the Blood it self (its Course being once changed) flies
+to the Brain with a different and unusual Course, and there agitating
+the animal Spirits with divers Impulses, produceth various Conceptions
+and Thoughts in the Mind.” And he tells us, “That hence it was that the
+ancient Divines and Philosophers too, made the Heart the Seat of Wisdom;
+and certainly (saith he) the Works of Wisdom and Virtue do very much
+depend upon this Commerce which is between the Heart and Brain:” And
+so he goeth on with more to the same purpose. Upon the Account of this
+_Intercostal Commerce_ with the Heart, being wanting in Brutes, there
+is another singularly careful and wise Provision the infinite Creator
+hath made in them, and that is, That by Reason both the _Par Vagum_ and
+the _Intercostal_ too, do not send their Branches to the Heart, and
+its Appendage in Brutes, therefore, lest their Heart should want a due
+Proportion of Nervous Vessels, the _Par Vagum_ sends more Branches to
+their Heart than to that of Man. This as it is a remarkable Difference
+between Rational and Irrational Creatures; so it is as remarkable an
+Argument of the Creator’s Art and Care; who altho’ he hath denied
+Brute-Animals Reason, and the Nerves ministring thereto, yet hath another
+Way supplied what is necessary to their Life and State. But let us hear
+the same great Author’s Descant upon the Point[e]; “Inasmuch saith he,
+as Beasts are void of Discretion, and but little subject to various and
+different Passions, therefore there was no need that the Spirits that
+were to be convey’d from the Brain to the _Præcordia_, should pass two
+different Ways, namely, one for the Service of the vital Functions, and
+another for the reciprocal Impressions of the Affections; but it was
+sufficient that all their Spirits, whatever Use they were designed for,
+should be conveyed one and the same Way.”
+
+Here now in the _Nervous Kind_ we have manifest Acts of the Creator’s
+Design and Wisdom, in this so manifest and distinct a Provision for
+Rational and Irrational Creatures; and that _Man_ was evidently intended
+to be the one, as the _Genus_ of _Quadrupeds_ was the other.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] Amongst these, I might name the Site of the Nerves proceeding from
+the _Medulla Spinalis_, which Dr. _Lower_ takes notice of. In Beasts,
+whose Spine is above the rest of the Body, the Nerves tend directly
+downwards; but in Man, it being erect, the Nerves spring out of the
+Spine, not at Right, but in Oblique Angles downwards, and pass also in
+the Body the same Way. _Ibid._ p. 16.
+
+[b] _In plerisq; Brutis tantùm hâc viâ ~(i.e. by the _Par vagum_)~ & vix
+omnino per ullos Paris Intercostalis nervos, aditus ad cor aut Appendicem
+ejus patescit. Verùm in Homine, Nervus Intercostalis, præter officia ejus
+in imo ventre huic cum cæteris animalibus communia, etiam ante pectoris
+claustra internuncii specialis loco est, qui Cerebri & Cordis sensa mutua
+ultra citraque refert._ Willis Nervor. descr. & usus, Cap. 26.
+
+[c] Id. ib. _Dum hanc utriusque speciei differentiam perpendo, succurrit
+animo, Bruta esse velut machinas, ~&c.~_
+
+[d] That our great Man was not mistaken, there is great Reason to
+imagine, from what he observed in dissecting a _Fool_. Besides, the Brain
+being but small, he saith, _Præcipua autem discriminis nota quam inter
+illius & viri cordati partes advertimus, bæcce erat; nempe quòd prædictus
+Nervi Intercacostalis Plexus, quem Cerebri & Cordis internuncium &
+Hominis proprium diximus, in Stulto hoc valde exilis, & minori Nervorum
+satellitio stipatus fuerit._ Ibid.
+
+[e] Id. ib. cap. 29. _In quantum Bestiæ prudentiâ carent, & variis
+diversisque passionibus, ~&c.~_
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VII.
+
+_The CONCLUSION._
+
+
+And now ’tis Time to pause a while, and reflect upon the whole. And as
+from the Confederations in the preceding Book, we have especial Reason to
+be thankful to our infinitely merciful Maker, for his no less kind than
+wonderful Contrivances of our Body; so we have Reason from this brief
+View I have taken of this last Tribe of the Creation, to acknowledge and
+admire the same Creator’s Work and Contrivances in them. For we have
+here a large Family of Animals, in every particular Respect, curiously
+contrived and made, for that especial Posture, Place, Food, and Office
+or Business which they obtain in the World. So that if we consider their
+own particular Happiness and Good, or Man’s Use and Service; or if we
+view them throughout, and consider the Parts wherein they agree with Man,
+or those especially wherein they differ, we shall find all to be so far
+from being Things fortuitous, undesigned, or any way accidental, that
+every Thing is done for the best; all wisely contrived, and incomparably
+fitted up, and every way worthy of the great Creator. And he that will
+shut his Eyes, and not see God[a] in these his Works, even of the poor
+Beasts of the Earth, that will not say (as _Elihu_ hath it, Job xxxv. 10,
+11.) _Where is God my Maker, who teacheth us more than the Beasts of the
+Earth, and maketh us wiser than the Fowls of the Heaven?_ Of such an one
+we may use the Psalmist’s Expression, _Psal_. xlxix. 12. That _he is like
+the Beasts[b] that perish_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a]
+
+  _——Deum namque ire per omnes_
+  _Terrasque tractusque Maris, Cœlumque profundum,_
+  _Hinc Pecudes, Armenta, viros, genus omne Ferarum._
+
+                                 Virgil Georg. L. 4.
+
+[b] _Illos qui nullum omnino Deum esse dixerunt, non modò non
+Philosophos, sed ne homines quidem fuisse dixerim; qui, mutis simillimi,
+ex solo corpore constiterunt, nihil videntes animo._ Lactant. L. 7. c. 9.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+BOOK VII.
+
+_A ~Survey~ of BIRDS._
+
+
+Having briefly, as well as I could, dispatch’d the Tribe of _Quadrupeds_,
+I shall next take as brief and transient a View of the _feather’d Tribe_.
+
+And here we have another large Province to expatiate in, if we should
+descend to every Thing wherein the Workmanship of the Almighty appears.
+But I must contract my Survey as much as may be; and shall therefore give
+only such Hints and Touches upon this curious Family of Animals, as may
+serve for Samples of the rest of what might be observ’d.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+_Of the MOTION of Birds, and the PARTS ministring thereto._
+
+
+As this Tribe hath a different Motion from that of other Animals, and
+an amphibious Way of Life; partly in the Air, and partly on the Land
+and Waters; so is their Body accordingly shap’d, and all their Parts
+incomparably fitted for that Way of Life and Motion; as will be found by
+a cursory View of some of the Particulars. And the
+
+I. And most visible Thing, is the Shape and Make of their Body, not thick
+and clumsy, but incomparably adapted to their Flight: Sharp before, to
+pierce and make Way through the Air, and then by gentle Degrees rising to
+its full Bulk. To which we may add,
+
+II. The neat Position of the _Feathers_ throughout the Body; not ruffled,
+or discompos’d, or plac’d some this, some a contrary Way, according to
+the Method of Chance; but all artificially plac’d[a], for facilitating
+the Motion of the Body, and its Security at the same Time, by way of
+Cloathing: And for that End, most of the Feathers tend backward, and
+are laid over one another in exact and regular Method, armed with warm
+and soft Down next the Body, and more strongly made, and curiously
+clos’d next the Air and Weather, to fence off the Injuries thereof. To
+which Purpose, as also for the more easy and nimble gliding of the Body
+through the Air, the Provision Nature hath made, and the Instinct of
+these Animals to _preen_ and _dress_ their Feathers, is admirable; both
+in respect of their Art and Curiosity in doing it, and the _Oyl-bag_[b],
+Glands, and whole Apparatus for that Service.
+
+III. And now having said thus much relating to the Body’s Motion, let
+us survey the grand Instrument thereof, the _Wings_. Which as they are
+principal Parts, so are made with great Skill, and plac’d in the most
+commodious Point of the Body[c], to give it an exact Equipoise in that
+subtile Medium, the Air.
+
+And here it is observable, with what incomparable Curiosity every Feather
+is made; the _Shaft_ exceeding strong, but hollow below, for Strength
+and Lightness sake; and above, not much less strong, and fill’d with a
+_Parenchyma_ or _Pith_, both strong and light too. The _Vanes_ as nicely
+gaug’d on each Side as made; broad on one Side, and narrower on the
+other; both which incomparably minister to the progressive Motion of the
+Bird, as also to the Union and Closeness of the Wing[d].
+
+And no less exquisite is the textrine Art of the _Plumage_[e] also; which
+is so curiously wrought, and so artificially interwoven, that it cannot
+be viewed without Admiration, especially when the Eye is assisted with
+Glasses.
+
+And as curiously made, so no less curiously are the Feathers placed in
+the Wing, exactly according to their several Lengths and Strength: The
+_Principals_ set for Stay and Strength, and these again well lined,
+faced, and guarded with the _Covert_ and _Secondary Feathers_, to keep
+the Air from passing through, whereby the stronger Impulses are made
+thereupon.
+
+And lastly, To say no more of this Part, that deserves more to be said
+of it, what an admirable _Apparatus_ is there of _Bones_, very strong,
+but withal light and incomparably wrought? of _Joynts_, which open, shut,
+and every way move, according to the Occasions either of extending it
+in Flight, or withdrawing the Wing again to the Body? And of various
+_Muscles_; among which the peculiar Strength of the _Pectoral Muscles_
+deserves especial Remark, by Reason they are much stronger[f] in Birds
+than in Man, or any other Animal, not made for Flying.
+
+IV. Next the Wings, the Tail is in Flight considerable; greatly assisting
+in all Ascents and Descents in the Air, as also serving to steady[g]
+Flight, by keeping the Body upright in that subtile and yielding
+_Medium_, by its readily turning and answering every Vacillation of the
+Body.
+
+And now to the Parts serving to Flight, let us add the nice and compleat
+Manner of its Performance; all done according to the strictest Rules of
+Mechanism[h]. What Rower on the Waters, what Artist on the Land, what
+acutest Mathematician could give a more agreeable and exact Motion to the
+Wings, than these untaught flying Artists do theirs! Serving not only to
+bear their Bodies up in the Air, but also to waft them along therein,
+with a speedy progressive Motion, as also to steer and turn them this Way
+and that Way, up and down, faster or slower, as their Occasions require,
+or their Pleasure leads them.
+
+V. Next to the Parts for Flight, let us view the _Feet_ and _Legs_
+ministering to their other Motion: Both made light, for easier
+Transportation through the Air; and the former spread, some with
+Membranes for Swimming[i], some without, for steady Going, for Perching,
+for Catching and Holding of Prey[k], or for Hanging by the Heels to
+gather their Food[l], or to fix themselves in their Places of Retreat
+and Safety. And the latter, namely the _Legs_, all curved for their easy
+Perching, Roosting, and Rest, as also to help them upon their Wings in
+taking their Flight, and to be therein commodiously tucked up to the
+Body, so as not to obstruct their Flight. In some long, for Wading and
+Searching the Waters; in some of a moderate Length, answerable to their
+vulgar Occasions; and in others as remarkably short, to answer their
+especial Occasions and Manner of Life[m]. To all which let us add the
+placing these last mentioned Parts in the Body. In all somewhat out of
+the Center of the Body’s Gravity[n], but in such as swim, more than in
+others, for the better rowing their Bodies through the Waters, or to help
+them in that Diving[o] too.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] See before _Book IV. Chap. 12. Note (l)._
+
+[b] Mr. _Willughby_ saith, there are two Glands for the Secretion of the
+unctuous Matter in the _Oyl-bag_. And so they appear to be in Geese. But
+upon Examination, I find, that in most other Birds, (such at least as I
+have enquir’d into,) there is only one Gland: In which are divers little
+Cells, ending in two or three larger Cells, lying under the Nipple of the
+_Oyl-bag_. This _Nipple_ is perforated, and being pressed, or drawn by
+the Bird’s Bill, or Head, emits the liquid Oyl, as it is in some Birds,
+or thicker unctuous Grease, as it is in others. The whole _Oyl-bag_ is
+in its structure somewhat conformable to the Breasts of such Animals as
+afford Milk.
+
+[c] In all Birds that fly much, or that have the most occasion for their
+Wings, it is manifest that their Wings are plac’d in the very best Part,
+to balance their Body in the Air, and to give as swift a Progression, as
+their Wings and Body are capable of: For otherwise we should perceive
+them to reel, and fly unsteadily; as we see them to do, if we alter their
+Æquipoise, by cutting the End of one of the Wings, or hanging a Weight at
+any of the extreme Parts of the Body. But as for such Birds as have as
+much occasion for Swimming as Flying, and whole Wings are therefore set
+a little out of the Center of the Bodies Gravity. See _Book IV. Chap. 8.
+Note (q)._ And for such as have more occasion for Diving than Flying, and
+whose Legs are for that Reason set more backward, and their Wings more
+forward. _Chap. 4. Note (k)_ of this _Book_.
+
+[d] The wise Author of Nature hath afforded an Example of the great
+Nicety in the Formation of Birds, by the Nicely observ’d in a Part no
+more considerable than the Vanes of the Flag-feathers of the Wing. Among
+others, these two Things are observable: 1. The Edges of the exterior or
+narrow Vanes bend downwards, but of the interior or wider Vanes upwards;
+by which Means they catch, hold, and lie close to one another, when the
+Wing is spread; so that not one Feather may miss its full Force and
+Impulse upon the Air. 2. A yet lesser Nicety is observ’d, and that is, in
+the very sloping the Tips of the Flag-feathers: The interiour Vanes being
+neatly slop’d away to a Point, towards the outward Part of the Wing; and
+the exteriour Vanes slop’d towards the Body, at least in many Birds; and
+in the Middle of the Wing, the Vanes being equal, are but little slop’d.
+So that the Wing, whether extended or shut, is as neatly slop’d and
+form’d, as if constantly trimm’d with a Pair of Scissors.
+
+[e] Since no exact Account that I know of, hath been given of the
+Mechanism of the _Vanes_, or _Webs_ of the Feathers, my Observations may
+not be unacceptable. The _Vane_ consists not of one continu’d Membrane;
+because if one broken, it would hardly be reparable: But of many
+_Laminæ_, which are thin, stiff, and somewhat of the Nature of a thin
+Quill. Towards the Shaft of the Feather, (especially in the Flag-feathers
+of the Wing,) those _Laminæ_ are broad, _&c._ of a semicircular Form;
+which serve for Strength, and for the closer shutting of the _Laminæ_
+to one another, when Impulses are made upon the Air. Towards the outer
+Part of the Vane, those _Laminæ_ grow slender and taper: On their under
+Side they are thin and smooth, but their upper outer Edge is parted into
+two hairy Edges, each Side having a different Sort of Hairs, laminated
+or broad at Bottom, and slender and bearded above the other half. I
+have, as well as I could, represented the uppermost Edge of one of these
+_Laminæ_ in Fig. 18. with some of the Hairs on each Side, magnify’d with
+a Microscope. These bearded Bristles, or Hairs, on one Side the _Laminæ_,
+have strait Beards, as in Fig. 19. those on the other Side, have hook’d
+Beards on one Side the slender Part of the Bristle, and strait ones on
+the other, as in Fig. 20. Both these Sorts of Bristles magnify’d, (only
+scattering, and not close,) are represented as they grow upon the upper
+Edge of the _Lamina s. t._ in Fig. 18. And in the Vane, the hook’d Beards
+of one _Lamina_, always lie next the strait Beards of the next _Lamina_;
+and by that Means lock and hold each other; and by a pretty Mechanism,
+brace the _Laminæ_ close to one another. And if at any Time the Vane
+happens to be ruffled and discompos’d, it can by this pretty easy
+Mechanism, be reduc’d and repair’d. Vid. _Book IV. Chap. 12. Note (m)._
+
+[f] _Pectorales Musculi Hominis flectentes humeros, parvi & parum carnosi
+sunt; non æquant 50am aut 70am partem omnium Musculorum Hominis. E contra
+in Avibus, Pectorales Musculi vastissimi sunt, & aquant, imò excedunt,
+& magìs pendent, quàm reliqui omnes Musculi ejusdem Avis simul sumpti._
+Borell. de Mot. Animal. Vol. I. Prop. 184.
+
+Mr. _Willughby_ having made the like Observation, hath this Reflection on
+it, _whence, if it be possible for Man to fly, it is thought by them who
+have curiously weighed and considered the matter, that he would attempt
+such a Thing with Hopes of Success, must so contrive and adapt his Wings,
+that he may make use of his Legs, and not his Arms in managing them_:
+(because the Muscles of the Legs are stronger, as he observes.) Willugh.
+Ornith. L. 1. c. 1. §. 19.
+
+[g] Mr. _Willughby_, _Ray_, and many others, imagine the principal use
+of the Tail to be to steer, and turn the Body in the Air, as a Rudder.
+But _Borelli_ hath put it beyond all doubt, that this is the least use of
+it, and that it is chiefly to assist the Bird in its Ascents and Descents
+in the Air, and to obviate the Vacillations of the Body and Wings. For
+as for turning to this or that Side, it is performed by the Wings and
+Inclination of the Body, and but very little by the help of the Tail.
+
+[h] See _Borelli ubi supr._ Prop. 182, _&c._
+
+[i] It is considerable in all Water-Fowl, how exactly their Legs and
+Feet correspond to that way of Life. For either their Legs are long, to
+enable them to wade in the Waters: In which case, their Legs are bare
+of Feathers a good way above the Knees, the more conveniently for this
+Purpose. Their Toes also are all abroad; and in such as bear the Name
+of _Mudsuckers_, two of the Toes are somewhat joined, that they may
+not easily sink in walking upon boggy Places. And as for such as are
+whole-footed, or whose Toes are webbed together (excepting some few)
+their Legs are generally short, which is the most convenient Size for
+Swimming. And ’tis pretty enough to see how artificially they gather up
+their Toes and Feet when they withdraw their Legs, or go to take their
+Stroke; and as artificially again extend or open their whole Foot, when
+they press upon, or drive themselves forward in the Waters.
+
+[k] Some of the Characteristicks of Rapacious Birds, are, _to have
+hooked, strong, and sharp-pointed Beaks and Talons, fitted for Rapine,
+and tearing of Flesh; and strong and brawny Thighs, for striking down
+their Prey._ Willughby Ornith. L. 2. c. 1. Raii Synops. Av. Method. p. 1.
+
+[l] Such Birds as climb, particularly those of the _Wood-pecker_ Kind,
+have for this Purpose (as Mr. _Willughby_ observes, L. 2. c. 4.) 1.
+Strong and musculous Thighs. 2. Short Legs and very strong. 3. Toes
+standing two forwards and two backwards. Their Toes also are close joined
+together, that they may more strongly and firmly lay hold on the Tree
+they climb upon. 4. All of them——have a hard stiff Tail bending also
+downwards, on which they lean, and so bear up themselves in climbing.
+
+[m] _Swifts_ and _Swallows_ have remarkably short Legs, especially the
+former, and their Toes grasp any Thing very strongly. All which is useful
+to them in building their Nests, and other such Occasions as necessitate
+them to hang frequently by their Heels. But there is far greater use of
+this Structure of their Legs and Feet, if the Reports be true of their
+hanging by the Heels in great Clusters (after the manner of Bees) in
+Mines and Grotto’s, and on the Rocks by the Sea, all the Winter. Of
+which latter, I remember the late learned Dr. _Fry_ told this Story at
+the University, and confirmed it to me since, _viz._ That an ancient
+Fisherman, accounted an honest Man, being near some Rocks on the Coast of
+_Cornwal_, saw at a very low Ebb, a black List of something adhering to
+the Rock, which when he came to examine, he found it was a great Number
+of _Swallows_, and, if I misremember not, of _Swifts_ also, hanging by
+the Feet to one Another, as Bees do; which were covered commonly by the
+Sea-Waters, but revived in his warm Hand, and by the Fire. All this the
+Fisherman himself assured the Doctor of. Of this, see more, _Chap. 3.
+Note (d)_ of this Book.
+
+[n] In Birds that frequent not the Waters, the Wings are in the Center
+of Gravity, when the Bird lies along, as in Flying; but when it stands
+or walks, the Erection of the Body throws the Center of Gravity upon the
+Thighs and Feet.
+
+[o] See _Chap. 4. Note (k)._
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+_Of the HEAD, STOMACH, and other Parts of Birds._
+
+
+Thus having dispatched the Parts principally concerned in the Motion
+of the _Feather’d Tribe_, let us proceed to some other Parts not yet
+animadverted upon. And we will begin with the _Head_, concerning which
+I have already taken notice of its Shape for making way through the
+Air; of the make of the _Bill_, for gathering Food, and other Uses; the
+commodious Situation of the _Eye_; and I might add that of the _Ear_
+too, which would be in the way, and obstruct Flight, if ’twas like that
+of most other Animals: Also I might say a great deal of the Conformation
+of the _Brain_, and of the Parts therein wanting, and of others added,
+like to what is observable in Fishes; whose Posture in the Waters
+resembles that of Birds in the Air[a], and both very different from Man
+and Beasts; and lastly, to hint at no more, I might survey the peculiar
+Structure of the _Larynx_[b], the _Tongue_[c], the inner _Ear_[d], and
+many Matters besides; but for a Sample, I shall only insist upon the
+wonderful Provision in the Bill for the judging of the Food, and that
+is by peculiar Nerves lodged therein for that Purpose; small and less
+numerous in such as have the Assistance of another Sense, the Eye; but
+large, more numerous, and thickly branched about, to the very End of the
+Beak, in such as hunt for their Food out of Sight in the Waters, in Mud,
+or under Ground[e].
+
+And now from the Head and Mouth, pass we to its near Ally, the Stomach,
+another no less notable than useful Part; whether we consider the
+Elegancy of its Fibres and Muscles, or its Multiplicity; one to soften
+and macerate, another to digest; or its Variety, suited to various Foods,
+some membraneous, agreeable to the frugivorous, or carnivorous Kind; same
+musculous and strong[f], suited to the Comminution, and grinding of Corn
+and Grain, and so to supply the Defect of Teeth.
+
+And now to this Specimen of the Parts, I might add many other Things,
+no less curiously contriv’d, made and suited to the Occasions of these
+Volatiles; as particularly the Stratum and Lodgment of the _Lungs_[g];
+the Configuration of the _Breast_, and its Bone, made like a Keel, for
+commodious Passage through the Air, to bear the large and strong Muscles,
+which move the Wings, and to counterpoise the Body, and support and rest
+it upon at roost. The _Neck_ also might deserve our Notice, always either
+exactly proportion’d to the Length of the Legs, or else longer, to hunt
+out Food, to search in the Waters[h]; as also to counterpoise the Body
+in Flight[i]. And lastly, I might here take Notice of the Defect of the
+Diaphragm, so necessary in other Animals to Respiration; and also of
+divers other Parts redundant, defective, or varying from other Animals.
+But it would be tedious to insist upon all; and therefore to the Examples
+already given, I would rather recommend a nice Inspection[k], of those
+curious Works of God, which would be manifest Demonstrations of the
+admirable Contrivance and Oeconomy of the Bodies of those Creatures.
+
+From the Fabrick therefore of their Bodies, I shall pass to a Glance of
+one or two Things, relating to their _State_; and so conclude this Genus
+of the animal World.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] _Cerebra Hominum & Quadrupedum in plerisque similia
+existunt——Capitibus Volucrum & Piscium contenta, ab utrisque prioribus
+longè diversa, tamen inter se, quoad præcipuas ἐγκεφάλου partes, Symbola
+reperiuntur._ The Particulars wherein the Brains of Birds and Fishes
+agree with one another, and wherein they differ from the Brain of Man and
+Beasts, see in the same justly famous Author, _Willis Cereb. Anat._ c. 5.
+
+[b] _Circa bifurcationem Asperæ Arteriæ, elegans Artificis liberè agentis
+indicium detegitur ex Avium comparatione cum Quadrupedibus: cùm Vocis
+gratia in diversis Avibus diversam musculorum fabricam bifurcationi
+Asperæ Arteriæ dederit, quorum nullum vestigium extat in Homine &
+Quadrupedibus mihi visis, ubi omnes vocis musculos capiti Arteriæ junxit.
+In Aquilâ, ~&c.~ supra bifurcationem, ~&c.~_ Steno in Blas. Anat. Animal.
+P. 2. c. 4.
+
+The _Aspera Arteria_ is very remarkable in the _Swan_, which is thus
+described by _T. Bartholin_, viz. _Aspera Arteria admirandæ satìs
+structuræ. Nam pro Colli longitudine deorsum Oesophagi comes protenditur
+donec ad sternum perveniat, in cujus capsulam se incurvo flexu insinuat
+& recondit, velut in tuto loco & thecâ, moxque ad fundum ejusdem
+cavitatis delata sursum reflectitur, egrediturque angustias Sterni, &
+Claviculis mediis concensis, quibus ut fulcro nititur, ad Thoracem se
+flectit——Miranda hercle modis omnibus constitutio & Respriationi inservit
+& Voci. Nam cùm in stagnorum fundo edulia pro victu quærat, longissimo
+indiguis collo, ne longa mora suffocationis incurreret periculum. Et
+certè dum dimidiam fere horam toto Capite & Collo pronis vado immergitur,
+pedibus in altum elatis cœloque obversis, ex eâ Arteriæ quæ pectoris
+dictæ vaginæ reclusa est portione, tanquam ex condo promo spiritum
+haurit._ Blas. ib. c. 10.
+
+[c] The Structure of the _Tongue_ of the _Wood-Pecker_ is very singular
+and remarkable, whether we look at its great Length, its Bones and
+Muscles, its encompassing part of the Neck and Head, the better to exert
+it self in Length; and again, to retract it into its Cell; and lastly,
+whether we look at its sharp, horny, bearded Point, and the glewy Matter
+at the end of it, the better to stab, to stick unto, and draw out little
+Maggots out of Wood. _Utilis enim Picis_ (saith _Coiter_) _ad Vermiculos,
+Formicas, aliaque Insectæ venanda talis Lingua foret. Siquidem Picus,
+innata suâ sagacitate cùm deprehendit alibi in arboribus, vel carie,
+vel aliâ de causâ cavatis, Vermes insectaque delitescere, ad illas
+volitat, seseque digitis, ungulisque posterioribus robustissimis, & Caudæ
+pennis rigidissimis sustentat, donec valido ac peracuto Rostro arborent
+pertundat; arbore pertusâ, foramini rostrum immittit, ac quo animacula
+stridore excitet percellatque, magnam in arboris cavo emittit vocem,
+insecta vociferatione hâc concitata huc illucque repunt; Picus v. linguam
+suam exerit, atque aculeis, hamisque animalia infigit, infixa attrahit &
+devorat._ Vid. Blasii ubi supra. P. 2. c. 24.
+
+[d] I have before, in _Book IV. Chap. 3. Note (u)_, taken notice of what
+others have observed concerning the _inner Ear_ of _Birds_, reserving my
+own Observations for this Place: Which I hope may be acceptable, not only
+for being some of them new, but also shewing the Mechanism of Hearing in
+general.
+
+In this Organ of Birds, I shall take notice only of three Parts, the
+_Membranes_ and _Cartilages_; the _Columella_; and the _Conclave_: The
+_Drum_, as some call it, or _Membrana Tympani_, as others, consists of
+two Membranes, the Outer, which covers the whole _Meatus_, Bason or
+_Drum_, (as some call it) and the inner Membrane. To support, distend
+and relax the outermost, there is one single Cartilage, reaching from
+the Side of the _Meatus_, to near the middle of the Membrane. On the top
+of the _Columella_ is another Cartilage, consisting of three Branches,
+_a.b.c._ in Fig. 23. The longest middle Branch _a_. is joined to the
+top of the single upper Cartilage before spoken of, and assists it to
+bear up the upper outer Membrane: The two Branches, _b.c._ are joined to
+the _Os Petrosum_, at some distance from the outer Membrane: Upon this
+inner Cartilage, is the inner Membrane fixed, the two outer Sides of
+which, _a.b._ and _a.c._ are joined to the outer Membrane, and make a
+kind of three-square Bag. The Design of the two Branches or Legs of the
+Cartilage, _b.c._ are I conceive to keep the _Cartilage_ and _Columella_
+from wavering side-ways, and to hinder them from flying too much back:
+There is a very fine slender Ligament extended from the opposite side,
+quite cross the _Meatus_ or Bason, to the Bottom of the _Cartilage_, near
+its joining to the _Columella_. Thus much for the _Membranæ Tympani_, and
+their _Cartilages_.
+
+The next Part is the _Columella_ (as _Schelhammer_ calls it.) This is a
+very fine, thin, light, bony Tube; the Bottom of which spreads about,
+and gives it the Resemblance of a wooden Pot-lid, such as I have seen
+in Country-Houses. It exactly shuts into, and covers a _Foramen_ of
+the _Conclave_, to which it is braced all round, with a fine subtile
+Membrane, composed of the tender Auditory Nerve. This Bottom or Base of
+the _Columella_, I call the _Operculum_.
+
+The last Part, which some call the _Labyrinth_ and _Cochlea_, consisting
+of Branches more like the _Canalos Semicirculares_ in Man, than the
+_Cochlea_, I call the _Conclave Auditûs_. It is (at in most other
+Animals) made of hard context Bone. In most of the Birds I have opened,
+there are _circular Canals_, some larger, some lesser, crossing one
+another at right Angles, which open into the _Conclave_. But in the
+_Goose_ it is otherwise, there being cochleous Canals, but not like
+those of other Birds. In the _Conclave_, at the Side opposite to the
+_Operculum_, the tender Part of the _Auditory Nerve_ enters, and lineth
+all those inner retired Parts, _viz._ the _Conclave_ and _Canals_.
+
+As to the _Passages_, _Columnæ_, and other Parts observable in the Ear
+of Birds, I shall pass them by, it being sufficient to my Purpose, to
+have described the Parts principally concerned in the Act of Hearing.
+And as the Ear is in Birds the most simple and incomplex of any Animals
+Ear; so we may from it make an easy and rational Judgment, how _Hearing_
+is performed, _viz._ _Sound_ being a _Tremor_, or _Undulation_ in the
+Air, caused by the Collision of Bodies, doth as it moves along, strike
+upon the _Drum_, or _Membrana Tympani_ of the Ear: Which Motion, whether
+strong or languid, shrill or soft, tuneful or not, is at the same Instant
+impressed upon the _Cartilages_, _Columella_, and _Operculum_, and so
+communicated to the _Auditory Nerve_ in the _Conclave_.
+
+And now if we compare the Organ and Act of Hearing, with those of Sight,
+we shall find, that the _Conclave_ is to Hearing, as the _Retina_ is
+to Sight; that sonorous Bodies make their Impressions thereby on the
+Brain, as visible Objects do by the _Retina_. Also, that as there is an
+_Apparatus_ in the Eye, by the opening and shutting of the Pupil, to make
+it correspond to all the Degrees of Light, so there is in the Ear to
+make it conformable to all the Degrees of Sound, a noble Train of little
+Bones and Muscles in Man, _&c._ to strain and relax the Membrane, and
+at the same Time to open and shut the _Basis_ of the _Stapes_ (the same
+as what I call the _Operculum_ in Birds:) But in Birds, there is a more
+simple, but sufficient _Apparatus_ for this Purpose, tender Cartilages,
+instead of Bones and Joints, to correspond to the various Impressions of
+Sounds, and to open and shut the _Operculum_. Besides which, I suspect
+the Ligament I mentioned, is only the Tendon of a Muscle, reaching to the
+inner _Membrana Tympani_, and joined thereto (as I find by a stricter
+Scrutiny) and not to the Cartilage, as I imagined. By this Muscle, the
+inner Membrane, and by Means of that the Outer also can be distended or
+relaxed, as it is in Man, by the _Malleus_ and its Muscle, _&c._
+
+[e] _Flat-billed Birds, that grope for their Meat, have three Pair of
+Nerves, that come into their Bills, whereby they have that Accuracy to
+distinguish what is proper for Food, and what to be rejected by their
+Taste, when they do not see it. This was most evident in a Duck’s Bill
+and Head; a Duck having larger Nerves that come into their Bills than
+Geese, or any other Bird that I have seen; and therefore quaffer and
+grope out their Meat the most. But then I discovered none of these Nerves
+in round-bill’d Birds. But since, in my Anatomies in the Country, in a
+Rook, I first observed two Nerves that came down betwixt the Eyes into
+the upper Bill, but considerably smaller than any of the three Pair of
+Nerves, in the Bills of Ducks, but larger than the Nerves in any other
+round-bill’d Birds. And ’tis remarkable that these Birds, more than any
+other round-bill’d Birds, seem to grope for their Meat in Cow-dung,
+~&c.~_ _Mr._ J. Clayton, _in_ Philos. Transact. Nᵒ. 206.
+
+_I observ’d three Pair of Nerves in all the broad-bill’d Birds that I
+could meet with, and in all such at feel for their Food out of Sight,
+as Snipes, Woodcocks, Curlews, Geese, Ducks, Teals, Widgeons, ~&c.~
+These Nerves are very large, equalling almost the Optic Nerve in
+Thickness.——Two are distributed nigh the End of the upper Bill, and are
+there very much expanded, passing through the Bone into the Membrane,
+lining the Roof of the Mouth._ Dr. _A. Moulen_. Ibid. Nᵒ. 199. Or both in
+Mr. _Lowthorp_’s Abridg. V. 2. p. 861, 862.
+
+[f] The _Gizzard_ is not only made very strong, especially in the
+Granivorous; but hath also a Faculty of Grinding what is therein. For
+which Purpose, the Bird swalloweth rough Stones down, which, when grown
+smooth, are rejected and cast out of the Stomach, as useless. This
+Grinding may be heard in Falcons, Eagles, _&c._ by laying the Ear close
+to them, when their Stomachs are empty, as the famous Dr. _Harvey_ saith.
+_De Generat. Exer._ 7.
+
+As to the Strength of the _Gizzard_, and the Use of Stones to the
+Digestion of Fowls, divers curious Experiments may be met with, try’d by
+_Seigneur Redi_, with glass Bubbles, solid Glass, Diamonds, and other
+hard Bodies. See his _Exp. Nat._
+
+[g] It is no less remarkable in Birds, that their _Lungs_ adhere to the
+_Thorax_, and have but little play, than that to other Animals they
+are loose, and play much, which is a good Provision for their steady
+Flight. Also they want the _Diaphragm_, and instead thereof, have divers
+large Bladders made of thin transparent Membranes, with pretty large
+Holes out of one into the other. These Membranes seem to me to serve
+for _Ligaments_, or _Braces_ to the _Viscera_, as well as to contain
+Air. Towards the upper Part, each Lobe of the Lungs is perforated in two
+Places, with large Perforations; whereof one is towards the outer, the
+other towards the inner Part of the Lobe. Through these Perforations, the
+Air hath a Passage into the Belly, (as in _Book I. Chap. 1. Note (b)_;)
+that is, into the foremention’d Bladders; so that by blowing into the
+_aspera Arteria_, the Lungs will be a little rais’d, and the whole Belly
+blown up, so as to be very turgid. Which doubtless is a Means to make
+their Bodies more or less buoyant, according as they take in more or less
+Air, to facilitate thereby, their Ascents, and Descents: Like as it is in
+the _Air-bladders_ of Fishes, in the last cited Place. _Note (i)._
+
+[h] _Such Birds as have long Legs, have also a long Neck; for that
+otherwise they could not commodiously gather up their Food, either on
+Land, or in the Water. But on the other Side, those which have long
+Necks, have not always long Legs, as in Swans——whose Necks serve them to
+reach to the Bottom of Rivers, ~&c.~_ Willughby’s Ornithol. L. 1. c. 1.
+§. 7.
+
+[i] We have sufficient Instances of this in _Geese_, _Ducks_, &c. whose
+Wings, (their Bodies being made for the Convenience of Swimming,) are
+plac’d out of the Center of Gravity, nearer the Head. But the extending
+the Neck and Heads in Flight, causeth a due Æquipoise and Libration of
+the Body upon the Wing. Which is another excellent Use of the long Necks
+of these Birds, besides that of reaching and searching in the Waters for
+their Food.
+
+But in the _Heron_, whose Head and long Neck, (although tuck’d up in
+Flight,) over-balance the hinder Part of the Body; the long Legs are
+extended in Flight, to counterpoise the Body, as well as to supply what
+is wanting in the Tail, from the Shortness of it.
+
+[k] _Steno_ thus Concludes his Myology of the Eagle, _Imperfecta
+hæc Musculorum descriptio, non minùs arida est Legentibus, quàm
+Inspectantibus fuerit jucunda eorundem præparatio. Elegantissima enim
+Mechanices artificia, creberrimè in illis obvia, verbis non nisi
+obscure exprimuntur, carnium autem ductu, tendinum colore, insertionum
+proportione, & trochlearam distributione oculis exposita omnem superant
+admirationem._ Steno in Blas. Anat. Animal. P. 2. c. 4.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. III.
+
+_Of the MIGRATION of Birds._
+
+
+Concerning the _State_ of this Tribe of _Animals_, the first Thing I
+shall speak of, (by Reason God himself instanceth in it,) shall be their
+Migration, mention’d, _Jer._ viii. 7. _Yea, the Stork in the Heaven
+knoweth her appointed Times, and the Turtle, and the Crane, and the
+Swallow observe the Time of their Coming; but my People, ~&c.~_
+
+In which Act of Migration, there are two Things to me, exceedingly
+notable. One is what the Text speaks of, their knowing their proper Times
+for their _Passage_, when to come[a], when to go; as also that some
+should come when others go; and some others go when these come. There is
+no doubt but the Temperature of the Air, as to Heat and Cold, and their
+natural Propensity to breed their Young; may be great Incentives to those
+Creatures to change their Habitation: But yet it is a very odd Instinct,
+that they should at all shift their Habitation: That some certain
+Place is not to be found in all the terraqueous Globe, affording them
+convenient Food and Habitation all the Year, either in the colder Climes,
+for such as Delight in the colder Regions, or the hotter, for such _Birds
+of Passage_ as fly to us in Summer.
+
+Also it is somewhat strange, that those untaught, unthinking Creatures,
+should so exactly know the best and only proper Seasons to go and
+come. This gives us good Reason to interpret the ‎‏מועדיה‏‎ _appointed
+times_[b], in the Text, to be such Times as the Creator hath appointed
+those Animals, and hath accordingly, for this End, imprinted upon their
+Natures such an Instinct, as exciteth and moveth them thus, at proper
+Times, to fly from a Place that would obstruct their Generation, or not
+afford convenient Food for them, and their Young, and betake themselves
+to another Place, affording all that is wanting for Food or Incubation.
+
+And this leads me to another Thing remarkable in this Act of Migration;
+and that is, That those unthinking Creatures should know what Way to
+steer their Course[c] and whither to go. What but the great Creator’s
+Instinct should ever move a poor foolish Bird, to venture over vast
+Tracts of Land, but especially over large Seas? If it should be said,
+That by their high Ascents up into the Air, they can see cross the Seas;
+yet what should teach or persuade them, that that Land is more proper for
+their Purpose, than this? That _Britain_, (for Instance,) should afford
+them better Accommodations than _Ægypt_[d], than the _Canaries_, than
+_Spain_, or any of those many intermediate Places over which some of
+them probably fly.
+
+And lastly, to all this, let us briefly add the Accommodations these
+_Birds of Passage have_, to enable them to take such long Flights, _viz._
+the Length of their Wings, or their more than ordinary Strength[e] for
+Flight.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] _Curiosa res est, scire, quàm exacte hoc genus avium, ~[Gruum]~
+quontannis observet tempora sui reditûs ad nos. Anno 1667. primæ Grues
+comparuerunt in campestribus Pisæ 20 Feb. ~&c.~_ F. Redi Exp. Nat. p.
+100. ubi plura.
+
+[b] From ‎‏יעד‏‎ _indixit_, _constituit_, _scil locum, vel tempus, ubi
+vel quando aliquid fieri debet_. Buxt. in verb.
+
+_De voluntate suâ certiorem reddidit._ Con. Kircher concordant. Pars.
+1. Col. 1846. ‎‏מועד‏‎ _Generaliter pro re aliguâ certà, artestatâ, &
+definitâ accipitur. 1. Pro tempore certo & constituto. 2. Deinde pro
+sesto seu Solennitate, quæ certo & stato tempore celebratur. 3. Pro loco
+certo constituto._ Id. ibid. Col. 1847.
+
+[c] _Quis non cum admiratione videat ordinem & politiam peregrinantium
+Avium, in itinere, turmatim volantium, per longos terrarum & maris
+tractus absque Acu marinâ?——Quis eas certum iter in aëris mutabili
+regione docuit? Quis præteritæ signa, & futuræ viæ indicia; quis eas
+ducit, nutrit, & vitæ necessaria ministrat? Quis insulas & hospitia,
+illa, in quibus victum reperiant, indicavat; modumque ejusmodi loca in
+peregrinationibus suis inveniendi? Hæc sanè superant hominum captum &
+industriam, qui non nisi longis experientiis, multis itinerariis, chartis
+geographicis,——& acûs magneticæ beneficio,——ejusmodi marium & terrarum
+tractus conficere tentant & audent._ Lud. de Beaufort. Cosmop. divina
+Sect. 5. c. 1.
+
+[d] I instance particularly in _Ægypt_, because Mr. _Willughby_ thinks
+_Swallows_ fly thither, and into _Æthiopia_, &c. and that they do
+nor lurk in Holes, or under Water, as _Olaus Magnus_ Reports. _Vid._
+_Ornith._ L. 2. c. 3. But _Etmuller_ puts the Matter out of doubt; who
+saith, _Memini me plures, quàm quas Medimnus caperit, Hirundines arcte
+coacervatas intra Piscinæ cannas, sub glacie prorsus ad sensum exanimes
+pulsantes tamen, reperiisse._ Etmuller Dissert. 2. c. 10. §. 5. This
+as it is like what _Ol. Magnus_ saith, so is a Confirmation of it.
+The Archbishop’s Account is, _In Septentrionalibus aquis sæpius casu
+Piscatoris extrahuntur Hirundines, in modum conglemeratæ massæ, quæ
+ore ad os, & alâ ad alam, & pede ad pedem post principium autumni sese
+inter cannas descensuræ colligârunt.——Massa autem illa per imperitos
+adolescentes——extracta, atque in æstuaria portata, caloris accessu
+Hirundines resolutæ, volare quidem incipiunt, sed exiguo tempore durant._
+Ol. Mag. Hist. L. 19. c. 20.
+
+Since my penning this Note, we had, at a Meeting of the Royal-Society,
+_Feb. 12. 1712-13._ a farther Confirmation of _Swallows_ retiring under
+Water in Winter, from Dr. _Golas_, a Person very curious in these
+Matters; who speaking of their Way of Fishing in the northern Parts, by
+breaking Holes, and drawing their Nets under the Ice, saith, that he saw
+sixteen Swallows so drawn out of the _Lake of Samrodt_, and about Thirty
+out of the King’s great Pond in _Rosineilen_; and that at _Schlebitten_,
+near an House of the Earl of _Dohna_, he saw two Swallows just come out
+of the Waters, that could scarce stand, being very wet and weak, with
+their Wings hanging on the Ground: And that he hath observ’d the Swallows
+to be often weak for some Days after their Appearance.
+
+[e] As _Swallows_ are well accommodated for long Flights, by their long
+Wings, so are _Quails_ by the Strength of their _pectoral Muscles_, by
+the Breadth of their Wings, _&c._ For Quails have but short Wings for the
+Weight of their Body; and yet they fly from us into warmer Parts, against
+Winter, and to us in Spring, crossing our Seas. So divers Travellers tell
+us they cross the _Mediterranean_ twice a Year, flying from _Europe_ to
+_Africa_, and back again: Thus _Bellonius_ in Mr. _Willughby_, saith,
+When we sail’d from _Rhodes_ to _Alexandria_ of _Ægypt_, many Quails
+flying from the North towards the South, were taken in our Ship; _whence
+I am verily persuaded, that they shift Places: For formerly also, when
+I sail’d out of the Isle of ~Zant~ to ~Morea~, or ~Negropont~, in the
+Spring Time, I had observ’d ~Quails~ flying the contrary Way, from
+~South~ to ~North~, that they might abide there all Summer. At which Time
+also, there were a great many taken in our Ship._ Ornith. p. 170.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. IV.
+
+_Of the INCUBATION of Birds._
+
+
+Another Thing relating to the State of this Tribe of Animals, is their
+_Incubation_.
+
+And first, the _Egg_ it self deserves our Notice. Its Parts within, and
+its crusty Coat without, are admirably well fitted for the Business of
+Incubation. That there should be one Part provided for the Formation
+of the Body[a], before its Exit into the World, and another for its
+Nourishment, after it is come into the World, till the Bird is able to
+shift for, and help it self; and that these Parts should be so accurately
+brac’d, and kept in due Place[b], is certainly a design’d, as well as
+curious Piece of Workmanship.
+
+And then as to the Act it self, of _Incubation_, What a prodigious
+Instinct is it in all, or almost all the several Species of Birds, that
+they, and only they, of all Creatures, should betake themselves to this
+very Way of Generation? How should they be aware that their Eggs contain
+their Young, and that their Production is in their Power[c]? What should
+move them to betake themselves to their Nests, and there with Delight and
+Patience to abide the due Number of Days? And when their Young are gotten
+into the World, I have already shewn how admirable their Art, their Care,
+and Στοργὴ is in bringing them up until, and only until, they are able to
+shift for themselves.
+
+And lastly, when almost the whole Tribe of Birds, do thus by Incubation,
+produce their Young, it is a wonderful Deviation, that some few Families
+only, should do it in a more novercal Way[d], without any Care or
+Trouble at all, only by laying their Eggs in the Sand, exposed to the
+Heat and Incubation of the Sun. Of this the Holy Scripture it self
+gives us an Instance in the Ostrich: Of which we have an Hint, _Lam._
+iv. 3. _The Daughter of my People is become cruel, like the Ostriches
+in the Wilderness._ This is more plainly expressed in _Job_ xxxix. 14,
+15, 16, 17. _~[The Ostrich]~ leaveth her Eggs in the Earth, and warmeth
+them in the Dust, and forgetteth that the Foot may crush them, or that
+the Wild-Beast may break them. She is hardened against her Young ones,
+as though they were not hers: Her Labour is in vain, without Fear.
+Because God hath deprived her of Wisdom, neither hath he imparted unto
+her Understanding._ In which Words I shall take notice of three Things,
+1. Of this anomalous Way of Generation. It is not very strange, that
+no other Incubation but that of the Sun, should produce the Young;
+but ’tis very odd and wonderful that any one Species should vary from
+all the rest of the Tribe. But above all, 2. The singular Care of the
+Creator, in this Case, is very remarkable, in supplying some other Way
+the Want of the Parent-Animals Care and Στοργὴ[e], so that the Young
+should notwithstanding be bred up in those large and barren Desarts of
+_Arabia_ and _Africa_, and such like Places where those Birds dwell,
+the most unlikely and unfitting (in all human Opinion) to afford
+Sustenance to young helpless Creatures; but the fittest therefore to
+give Demonstrations of the Wisdom, Care, and especial Providence of the
+infinite Creator and Conservator of the World. 3. The last Thing I shall
+remark is, That the Instincts of Irrational Animals, at least of this
+specified in the Text, is attributed to GOD. For the Reason the Text
+gives why the _Ostrich is hardened against her young Ones, as though they
+were not hers, is, Because _GOD_ hath deprived her of Wisdom, and not
+imparted Understanding to her_; _i.e._ he hath denied her that Wisdom, he
+hath not imparted that Understanding, that Στοργὴ, that natural Instinct
+to provide for, and nurse up her Young, that most other Creatures of the
+same, and other Tribes are endowed with.
+
+Thus I have dispatched what I intend to insist upon concerning the State
+of this Set of Animals; of which, as also of their admirable Instincts,
+a great deal more might deserve our especial Observation; particularly
+the admirable Curiosity, Art, and Variety of Nidification[f], used among
+the various Species of Birds; the great Sagacity, and many Artifices
+used by them in the Investigation and Capture of their Prey[g], the due
+Proportion of the more and less useful, the Scarcity of the Voracious
+and Pernicious, and the Plenty of the Mansuete and Useful[h]. Also the
+Variety of their Motion and Flight might deserve Consideration, the
+Swiftness of such whose Food is to be sought in far distant Places, and
+different Seasons[i]; the slower Motion and short Flights of others more
+domestick; and even the Aukwardness of some others to Flight, whose
+Food is near at hand, and to be gotten without any great Occasion of
+Flight[k]. These and divers other such like Things as these, I say, I
+might have spoken more largely unto; but I shall pass them by with only a
+bare Mention, having already taken notice of them in the Company of other
+Matters of the like Nature, and manifested them to be Acts of excellent
+Design, Wisdom, and Providence, in the great Creator.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] _The Chicken is form’d out of, and nourish’d by the White alone,
+till it be grown great. The Yolk serves for the Chicken’s Nourishment,
+after it is well grown, and partly also after it is hatch’d. For a
+good Part of the Yolk remains after Exclusion, being receiv’d into the
+Chicken’s Belly; and being there reserv’d, as in a Store-house, is by the
+~Appendicula~, or ~Ductus intestinalis~, as by a Funnel, convey’d into
+the Guts, and serves instead of Milk, ~&c.~_ Willugh. Ornith. L. 1. c. 3.
+_Ipsum animal ex albo liquore Ovi corporatur. Cibus ejus in lutco est._
+Plin. L. 10. c. 53.
+
+_Aristotle_ saith, _The long sharp Eggs bring Females; the round ones,
+with a larger Compass at the sharper End, Males._ Hist. An. L. 6. c.
+2. After which, he tells of a Sott at _Syracuse_, that sate drinking
+so long, till Eggs were hatch’d; as also of the Custom of _Ægypt_, of
+hatching Eggs in Dunghills.
+
+[b] As the Shell and Skin keep the Yolk and two Whites together; so
+each of the Parts, (the Yolk and inner White at least,) are separated
+by Membranes, involving them. At each End of the Egg is a Treddle, so
+call’d, because it was formerly thought to be the Sperm of the Cock.
+_But the Use of these_, (saith Dr. _Harvey_ in _Willugh. Ornith._ c. 3.)
+_is to be as ’twere, the Poles of this Microcosm, and the Connections
+of all the Membranes twisted and knit together, by which the Liquors
+are not only conserv’d, each in its Place, but do also retain their due
+Position one to another._ This, although in a great Measure true, yet
+doth not come up to what I have my self observ’d; for I find, that these
+_Chalazæ_, or _Treddles_, serve not barely to keep the Liquors in their
+Place, and Position to one another; but also to keep one and the same
+Part of the Yolk uppermost, let the Egg be turn’d nearly which way it
+will; which is done by this Mechanism: The _Chalazæ_ are specifically
+lighter than the Whites, in which they swim; and being brac’d to the
+Membrane of the Yolk, not exactly in the _Axis_ of the Yolk, but somewhat
+out of it; causeth one Side of the Yolk to be heavier than the other; so
+that the Yolk being by the _Chalazæ_ made buoyant, and kept swimming in
+the Midst of two Whites, is by its own heavy Side kept with the same Side
+always uppermost; which uppermost Side I have some Reason to think, is
+that on which the _Cicatricula_ lies; that being commonly uppermost in
+the Shell, especially in some Species of Eggs more I think than others.
+
+[c] All Birds lay a certain Number of Eggs, or nearly that Number,
+and then betake themselves to their Incubation; but if their Eggs be
+withdrawn, they will lay more. Of which, see Mr. _Ray_’s Wis. of God, p.
+137.
+
+[d] The _Tabon_ is a Bird no bigger than a Chicken, but is said to lay an
+Egg larger than a Goose’s Egg, and bigger than the Bird it self. These
+they lay a Yard deep in the Sand, where they are hatch’d by the Warmth
+of the Sun; after which they creep out, and get to Sea for Provisions.
+_Navarett_’s _Account of China in Collect. of Voyages_, Vol. 1. This
+Account is in all Probability borrow’d from _Nieremberg_, or _Hernandez_,
+(that copy’d from him,) who call this Bird by the Name of _Daie_, and its
+Eggs _Tapun_, not the Bird it self, as _Navarette_ doth. But my Friend
+Mr. _Ray_ saith of it, _Historia isthæc proculdubio fabulosa & falsa est.
+Quamvis enim Aves nonnulla maxima ova pariunt, ut v.g. ~Alkæ~, ~Lomwiæ~,
+~Anates~, ~Arcticæ~, &c. hujusmodi tamen unum duntaxat, non plura ova
+ponunt antequam incubent: nec ullam in rerum naturâ avem dari existimo
+cujus ova albumine careant. Cum Albumen præcipua ovi pars sit, quodque
+primum fœtus alimentum subministrat._ Raii Synop. Av. Method. p. 155.
+
+[e] _The Eggs of the Ostrich being buried in the Sand, are cherished only
+by the Heat of the Sun, till the Young be excluded. For the Writers of
+Natural History do generally agree, that the old Birds, after they have
+laid and covered their Eggs in the Sand, forsake them, and take no more
+Care of them._ Willugh. Ornith. L. 2. c. 8. §. 1.
+
+But there is another _Ostrich_ [of _America_] which _Acaret_ tells us of,
+that takes more Care of her Young, by carrying four of her Eggs, a little
+before she hatcheth, to four Parts of her Nest, there to breed Worms for
+Food for her Young. _Acaret’s Disc. in Philos. Trans._ Nᵒ. 89.
+
+[f] See _Book IV. ch. 13._
+
+[g] See _Book IV. ch. 11. and 14._
+
+[h] See _Book IV. ch. 10._ beginn.
+
+[i] See _Book IV. ch. 8._
+
+[k] The _Colymbi_, or _Douckers_, having their Food near at hand in
+the Waters, are remarkably made for Diving therein. Their Heads are
+small, Bills sharp-pointed, Wings small, Legs flat and broad, and placed
+backward, and nearer the Tail than in Other Birds; and lastly, their
+Feet; some are whole-footed, some cloven-footed, but withal fin-toed.
+_Vid._ _Willugh. Ornith._ L. 3. §. 5.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. V.
+
+_The CONCLUSION._
+
+
+And now, if we reflect upon the whole Matter, we shall here find another
+large Tribe of the Creation, abundantly setting forth the Wisdom and
+Glory of their great Creator. We praise the Ingenuity and Invention of
+Man, for the Contrivance of various pneumatick Engines; we think them
+witty, even for their unsuccessful Attempts to swim in, and sail through
+that subtle Element the Air; and the curious Mechanism of that Artist
+is had in Remembrance, and praised to this Day, who made a Dove, or an
+_Eagle_[a] to fly but a short Space. And is not therefore all imaginable
+Honour and Praise due to that infinite Artist, that hath so admirably
+contrived and made, all the noble Variety of Birds; that hath with such
+incomparable Curiosity and Art, formed their Bodies from Head to Tail,
+without and within, that not so much as any Muscle, or Bone, no, not even
+a Feather[b] is unartificially made, misplaced, redundant, or defective,
+in all the several Families of this large Tribe? But every Thing is so
+incomparably performed, so nicely fitted up for Flight, as to surpass
+even the Imitation of the most ingenious Artificer among mortal rational
+Beings.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] _Vid._ _Book V. ch. 1. Note (aa)._
+
+[b] _Deus non solùm Angelum, & Hominem, sed nec exigui & contemptibilis
+animantis viscera, nec Avis pennulam, nec Herbæ flosculum, nec Arboris
+folium sine suarum partium convenientiâ dereliquit._ Augustin. de Civ.
+Dei, L. 5. c. 11.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+BOOK VIII.
+
+_Of INSECTS and REPTILES._
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+_Of INSECTS in general._
+
+
+Having dispatch’d that Part of the animal World, which used to be
+accounted the more perfect, those Animals styled less perfect or
+imperfect, will next deserve a Place in our Survey, because when strictly
+enquired into, we shall find them to be so far from deserving to be
+accounted mean and despicable Parts of the Creation, owing their Original
+and Production to Putrefactions, _&c._ as some have thought, that we
+shall find them, I say, noble, and most admirable Works of _GOD_. For,
+as the famous Natural Historian, _Pliny_[a], prefaceth his Treatise of
+_Insects_, to prevent the Reproach of condescending (as might be thought)
+to so mean a Subject: _In great Bodies_, saith he, _Nature had a large
+and easy Shop to work upon obsequious Matter. Whereas_, saith he, _in
+these so small, and as it were no Bodies, what Footsteps of Reason, what
+Power, what great Perfection is there?_ Of this having given an Instance
+or two of the exquisite Senses, and curious Make of some Insects[b], he
+then goes on, _We admire_, saith he, _turrigerous Shoulders of Elephants,
+the lofty Necks and Crests of others; but_, saith he, _the Nature of
+Things is never more compleat than in the least Things._ For which Reason
+he intreats his Readers (as I do mine) _that because they slighted
+many of the Things themselves which he took notice of, they would not
+therefore disdainfully condemn his Accounts of them, since, saith he, in
+the Contemplation of Nature, nothing ought to seem superfluous._
+
+Thus that eminent Naturalist hath made his own, and my Excuse too; the
+Force and Verity whereof will farther appear, by what I shall say of
+these Animals which (as despicable as they have been, or perhaps may
+be thought) we shall find as exquisitely contrived, and curiously made
+for that Place and Station they bear in the World, as any other Part of
+the Animal World. For if we consider the innumerable Variety of their
+Species, the prodigious Numbers of Individuals, the Shape and Make
+of their little Bodies, and every Part thereof, their Motion, their
+Instincts, their regular Generation and Production; and, to name no more,
+the incomparable Beauty and Lustre of the Colours of many of them, what
+more admirable and more manifest Demonstration of the infinite Creator,
+than even this little contemned Branch of the Animal World? But let us
+take a short View of Particulars.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] _In magnis siquidem corporibus, ~&c.~_ Plin. Nat. Hist. L. 11. c. 2.
+
+[b] _Ubi tot sensus collocavit in Culice? Et sunt alla dictu minora.
+Sed ubi Visum in eo prætendit: Ubi Gustatum applicavit? Ubi Odoratum
+inferuit? Ubi verò truculentam illam & portione maximam vocem
+ingeneravit? Quâ subtilitate Pennas adnexuit? prælongavit Pedum crura?
+Desposuit jejunam Caveam, utì Alvum? Avidam Sanguinis, & potissimum
+humani, sitim, accendit? Telum verò perfodiendo tergori, quo spiculavit
+ingenio? Atque ut capaci, cùm cerni non possit exilitas, ita reciprocâ
+geminavit arte, ut fodiendo acuminatum pariter sorbendoque fistulosum
+esset. Quos Teredini ad perforanda Robora cum sono teste dentes affixit?
+Potissimumque è ligno cibatum fecit: Sed turrigeros Elephantorum miramur
+humeros, Taurorumque colla, & truces in sublime jactus, Tigrium rapinas,
+Leonum jubas, cùm rerum natura nusquam magìs quàm in minimis, tota sit._
+Plin. ibid.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+_Of the ~Shape~ and ~Structure~ of INSECTS._
+
+
+Let us begin with the Shape and Fabrick of their Bodies. Which although
+it be somewhat different from that of Birds, being particularly, for the
+most part, not so sharp before, to cut and make way through the Air, yet
+is better adapted to their manner of Life. For considering that there is
+little Necessity of long Flights, and that the Strength and Activity of
+their Wings doth much surpass the Resistance their Bodies meet with from
+the Air, there was no great Occasion their Bodies should be so sharpened
+before. But the Condition of their Food, and the Manner of gathering it,
+together with the great Necessity of accurate Vision by that admirable
+Provision made for them by the reticulated _Cornea_ of their Eyes; these
+Things, I say, as they required a larger Room, so were a good Occasion
+for the Largeness of the Head, and its Amplitude before. But for the rest
+of their Body, all is well made, and nicely poised for their Flight, and
+every other of their Occasions.
+
+And as their _Shape_; so the _Fabrick_ and _Make_ of their Bodies is no
+less accurate, admirable, and singular; not built throughout with Bones,
+and cover’d with Flesh and Skin, as in most other Animals; but cover’d
+with a curious Mail of a middle Nature[a], serving both as Skin and Bone
+too, for the Shape, as well as Strength and Guard of the Body, and as it
+were on Purpose to shew that the great Contriver of Nature is not bound
+up to one Way only.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] _Insecta non videntur Nervos habere, nec Ossa, nec Spinas, nec
+Cartilaginem, nec Pinguia, nec Carnes, ne crustam quidem fragilem, ut
+quædam marina, nec quæ jure dicatur Curis: sed media cujusdam inter omnia
+hæc naturæ corpus, ~&c.~_ Plin. N. H. L. 11. c. 4.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. III.
+
+_Of the ~Eyes~ and ~Antennæ~ of INSECTS._
+
+
+To this last-mention’d Guard, we may add, that farther Guard provided in
+the _Eyes_ and _Antennæ_. The Structure of the Eye, is, in all Creatures,
+an admirable Piece of Mechanism; but that observable in the Eyes of
+Insects so peculiar, that it must needs excite our Admiration: Fenced
+with its own Hardness, yea, even its own accurate Vision, is a good Guard
+against external Injuries; and its _Cornea_, or outward Coat, all over
+beset with curious, transparent, lenticular[a] Inlets, enabling those
+Creatures to see, (no doubt,) very accurately every Way, without any
+Interval of Time or Trouble to move the Eye towards Objects.
+
+And as for the other Part, the _Antennæ_, or _Feelers_, whatever their
+Use may be in cleaning the Eyes, or other such like use; they are, in all
+Probability, a good Guard to the Eyes and Head, in their Walk and Flight,
+enabling them, by the Sense of Feeling, to discover such Annoyances,
+which by their Proximity may perhaps escape the Reach of the Eyes and
+Sight[b]. Besides which, they are a curious Piece of Workmanship, and in
+many, a very beautiful Piece of[c] Garniture to the Body.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] The _Cornea_ of Flies, Wasps, _&c._ are so common an Entertainment
+with the Microscope, that every body knows it is a curious Piece of
+Lattice-work. In which this is remarkable, that every _Foramen_ is of a
+lenticular Nature; so that we see Objects through them topsey-turvey,
+as through so many convex Glasses: Yea, they become a small Telescope,
+when there is a due focal Distance between them and the _Lens_ of the
+Microscope.
+
+This lenticular Power of the _Cornea_, supplies, (as I imagine,) the
+Place of the Crystalline, if not of the vitreous Humour too, there being
+neither of those Humours that I could ever find, (although for Truth
+Sake, I confess I have not been so diligent as I might in this Enquiry;)
+but instead of _Humours_ and _Tunicks_, I imagine that every _Lens_ of
+the _Cornea_, hath a distinct Branch of the _optick Nerve_ ministring to
+it, and rendring it as so many distinct Eyes. So that as most Animals
+are binocular, Spiders for the most Part octonocular, and some, (as Mr.
+_Willughby_ thought, _Raii Hist. Insect._ p. 12.) senocular; so Flies,
+_&c._ are multocular, having as many Eyes as there are Perforations in
+their _Cornea_. By which Means, as other Creatures are oblig’d to turn
+their Eyes to Objects, these have some or other of their Eyes ready
+plac’d towards Objects, nearly all round them: Thus particularly it is
+in the _Dragon-Fly_, (_Libella_,) the greatest Part of whose Head is
+possess’d by its Eyes: Which is of excellent Use to that predatious
+Insect, for the ready seeing and darting at small Flies all round it, on
+which it preys.
+
+[b] It is manifest, that Insects clean their Eyes with their Fore-legs,
+as well as _Antennæ_. And considering, that as they walk along, they are
+perpetually feeling, and searching before them, with their _Feelers_, or
+_Antennæ_; therefore I am apt to think, that besides wiping and cleaning
+the Eyes, the Uses here nam’d may be admitted. For as their Eyes are
+immoveable, so that no Time is requir’d for the turning their Eyes to
+Objects; so there is no Necessity of the _Retina_, or _optick Nerve_
+being brought nigher unto, or set farther off from the _Cornea_, (which
+would require Time,) as it is in other Animals: But their _Cornea_ and
+_optick Nerve_, being always at one and the same Distance, are fitted
+only to see distantial Objects, but not such as are very nigh: Which
+Inconvenience the _Feelers_ obviate, lest it should be prejudicial, in
+occasioning the Insect to run its Head against any Thing.
+
+And that this, rather than the wiping the Eyes, is the chief Use of the
+_Feelers_, is farther manifest from the _Antennæ_ of the _Flesh-Fly_,
+and many other Insects, which are short, and strait, and incapable
+of being bent unto, or extended over the Eyes: As also from others
+enormously long, such as those of the _Capricorni_, or _Goat-chasers_,
+the _Cadew-Fly_, and divers others, both Beetles and Flies.
+
+[c] The lamellated _Antennæ_ of some, the clavellated of others, the
+neatly articulated of others, the feather’d and divers other Forms of
+others, of the _Scarab_, _Papilionaceous Gnat_, and other Kinds; are
+surprizingly beautiful, when view’d through a Microscope. And in some,
+those _Antennæ_ distinguish the Sexes: As in the _Gnat-kind_, all those
+with Tufts, Feathers, and Brush-horns, are Males; those with short,
+single shafted _Antennæ_, are Females.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. IV.
+
+_Of the ~Parts~ and ~Motion~ of INSECTS._
+
+
+From the Head, pass we to the Members, concern’d in their Motion.
+And here we have a copious Subject, if I was minded to expatiate. I
+might take Notice of the admirable Mechanism in those that creep; the
+curious Oars in those amphibious Insects that swim and walk[a]; the
+incomparable Provision made in the Feet of such as walk, or hang upon
+smooth Surfaces[b]; the great Strength and Spring in the Legs of such as
+leap[c]; the strong and well-made Feet and Talons of such as dig[d]: And
+to name no more, the admirable Faculty of such as cannot fly, to convey
+themselves with Speed and Safety, by the Help of their Webs[e], or some
+other Artifice to make their Bodies lighter than the Air[f]: These, and
+a Multitude of other such like Things as these, I might, I say, take
+Notice of, as great Evidences of the infinite Creator’s Wisdom: But lest
+I should be too tedious, I will confine my Observations to the Legs and
+Wings only. And these, at first View, we find to be incomparably fitted
+up for their intended Service, not to over-load the body, not in the
+least to retard it; but to give it the most proper and convenient Motion.
+What, for Example, can be better contriv’d, and made for this Service,
+than the Wings? Distended and strengthen’d by the finest Bones, and these
+cover’d with the finest and lightest Membranes, some of them adorn’d with
+neat and beautiful Feathers[g]; and many of them provided with the finest
+Articulations, and Foldings, for the Wings to be withdrawn, and neatly
+laid up in their _Vaginæ_, and Cases, and again readily extended for
+Flight[h].
+
+And then for the Poising of the Body, and keeping it upright, and steady
+in Flight, it is an admirable Artifice and Provision for this Purpose;
+in some, by four Wings[i]; and in such as have but two, by Pointels, and
+Poises plac’d under the Wings, on each Side the Body.
+
+And lastly, It is an amazing Thing to reflect upon the surprizing
+Minuteness, Art, and Curiosity of the[k] Joynts, the Muscles, the
+Tendons, the Nerves, necessary to perform all the Motions of the Legs,
+the Wings, and every other Part. I have already mention’d this in
+the larger Animals; but to consider, that all these Things concur in
+minute Animals, even in the smallest Mite; yea, the Animalcules, that,
+(without good Microscopes,) escape our Sight; to consider, I say, that
+those minutest Animals have all the Joynts, Bones, Muscles, Tendons
+and Nerves, necessary to that brisk and swift Motion that many of them
+have, is so stupendous a Piece of curious Art[l], as plainly manifesteth
+the Power and Wisdom of the infinite Contriver of those inimitable
+Fineries. But having nam’d those minute Animals, Why should I mention
+only any one Part of their Bodies, when we have, in that little Compass,
+a whole and compleat Body, as exquisitely form’d, and, (as far as our
+Scrutiny can possibly reach,) as neatly adorn’d as the largest Animal?
+Let us consider, that there we have Eyes, a Brain, a Mouth, a Stomach,
+Entrails, and every other Part of an animal Body, as well as Legs
+and Feet; and that all those Parts have each of them their necessary
+_Apparatus_ of Nerves, of various Muscles, and every other Part that
+other Insects have; and that all is cover’d and guarded with a well-made
+Tegument, beset with Bristles, adorn’d with neat Imbrications, and many
+other Fineries. And lastly, Let us consider in how little Compass all Art
+and Curiosity may lie, even in a Body many Times less than a small Grain
+of Sand[m]; so that the least Drop of Water can contain many of them, and
+afford them also sufficient Room to dance and frisk about in[n].
+
+Having survey’d as many of the Parts of Insects as I care to take
+Notice of; I shall in the next Place say somewhat of their State, and
+Circumstances of Life. And here I shall take Notice only of two Things,
+which have been only hinted at before; but will deserve more particular
+Consideration here, as being Acts of a wonderful Instinct; namely,
+Their Security of themselves against Winter; and their special Care of
+preserving their Species.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] All the Families of _Hydrocanthari_, _Notonecti_, &c. have their
+hindmost Legs made very nicely, with commodious Joynts flat, and Bristles
+on each Sides towards the End, serving for Oars to swim; and then, nearer
+the Body, are two stiff Spikes, to enable them to walk when Occasion is.
+
+[b] I might here name divers Flies, and other Insects, who, besides their
+sharp hook’d Nails, have alto skinny Palms to their Feet, to enable them
+to stick on Glass, and other smooth Bodies, by Means of the Pressure of
+the Atmosphere. But because the Example will illustrate another Work of
+Nature, as well as this, I shall chuse a singular Piece of Mechanism, in
+one of the largest Sorts of _Hydrocanthari_. Of these large ones there
+are two Sorts, one largest, all black, with _Antennæ_ handsomely emboss’d
+at the Ends. The other somewhat lesser, hardly so black, with capillary
+_Antennæ_; the Forehead, Edges of the _Vaginæ_, and two Rings on the
+_Thorax_, of a tawney Colour. The Female hath _Vaginæ_ prettily furrow’d,
+the Male smooth. But that which is most to our Purpose in this Male, is a
+Flap, or hollowish Cap near the middle Joynt of the Fore-legs; which when
+clap’d on the Shoulders of the Female _in Coitu_, sticks firmly thereon:
+After the Manner as I have seen Boys carry heavy Stones, with only a wet
+Piece of Leather clap’d on the Top of the Stone.
+
+[c] Thus, _Grasshoppers_ and _Crickets_ have brawny strong Thighs, with
+long, slender, but strong Legs, which enable them to leap with great
+Agility and Strength.
+
+[d] I have wonder’d to see with what great Quickness, Art and Strength,
+many _Vespæ-Ichneumons_, _Wild-Bees_, and _Beetles_, perforate the Earth;
+yea, even Wood it self: But the most remarkable Animal to this Way, is
+the _Mole-Cricket_ in _Book IV. Chap. 13. Note (s)._
+
+[e] I have with Pleasure often seen Spiders dart out their Webs, and
+sail away by the Help thereof. For the Manner of which, see Mr. _Lowth_,
+Abridg. _Vol. 2. p. 794._ from Dr. _Lister_ and Dr. _Hulse_, who both
+claim’d the Discovery thereof. And do both seem to have hit thereupon,
+without any Foreknowledge of what each other hath discover’d, as is said
+in the last cited Place, and as I more particularly find by Mr. _Ray_’s
+_Philos._ Letters, Printed _Ann. 1718_. p. 95, _&c._ By which also I find
+the two ingenious Doctors were very modest in their Claims, and very
+amicable in the Matter. In one of Dr. _Lister_’s to Mr. _Ray_, he thinks
+there is a fair Hint of the Darting of Spiders in _Arist. Hist. An._ L.
+9. c. 39. And in _Pliny_, L. 11. c. 24. But for their Sailing, that the
+Ancients are silent of, and he thinks it was seen first by him. And in
+another Letter, _Jan. 20, 1670_, speaking of the Height Spiders are able
+to fly, he saith, _The last ~October~, &c. I took Notice, that the Air
+was very full of Webs, I forthwith mounted to the Top of the highest
+Steeple on the Minster, ~[in York,]~ and could thence discern them yet
+exceeding high above me. Some that fell, and were intangled upon the
+Pinacles, I took and found them to be ~Lupi~: which Kind seldom or never
+enter Houses, and cannot be suppos’d to have taken their Flight from the
+Steeple._
+
+[f] There are, (I imagine,) divers Animals, as well as Spiders, that
+have some Way of Conveyance, as little known to us, as that of Spiders
+formerly was. Thus the _Squillulæ_, _pulices Arborescentes_, and
+_microscopical Animalcules_ of the stagnating Waters, so numerous in
+them, as to discolour sometimes the Water, and make them look as if they
+were tinged Red, Yellow or Green, or cover’d with a thick green Scum; all
+which is nothing but Animalcules of that Colour. That these Creatures
+have some Way of Conveyance, I conclude: because most stagnating Waters
+are stock’d with them; new Pits and Ponds, yea, Holes and Gutters on the
+Tops of Houses and Steeples. That they are not bred there by æquivocal
+Generation, every ingenious, considering Philosopher will grant; that
+they have not Legs for travelling so far, is manifest from Inspection:
+And therefore I am apt to think, that they have some Faculty of inflating
+their Bodies, or darting out Webs, and making their Bodies buoyant,
+and lighter than Air; or their Bodies, when dry, may be lighter than
+Air, and so they can swim from Place to Place; or the Eggs of such as
+are oviparous, may be light enough to float in the Air. But then the
+Viviparous, (as my late ingenious Friend, Mr. _Charles King_, shew’d
+me the _Pulices aquat. arbores._ are; these I say,) can’t be this Way
+accounted for. The Cause of these latter Suspicions was, that in the
+Summer Months, I have seen the _Pulices arbores._ and the green Scum on
+the Waters, (nothing but Animalcules, as I said,) lie in a Manner dry on
+the Surface of the Waters; at which Time, (as I have shewn in _Book IV.
+Chap. 11. Note (n)_,) those Animalcules copulate; and perhaps, they may
+at the same Time change their Quarters, and seek out new Habitations for
+their numerous Offspring, as well as themselves.
+
+[g] It is well known to all Persons any Way conversant in microscopical
+Observations, that these elegant Colours of _Moths_, and _Butterflies_,
+are owing to neat and well-made Feathers, set with great Curiosity and
+Exactness in Rows, and good Order.
+
+[h] All that have _Elytra_, _Scarabs_ (who have whole _Elytra_, or
+reaching to the _Podex_,) or the Ἡμικουλεόπτεροι, such as _Earwigs_, and
+_Staphylini_ of all Sorts, do, by a very curious Mechanism, extend and
+withdraw their membranaceous Wings, (wherewith they chiefly fly;) and it
+is very pretty to see them prepare themselves for Flight, by thrusting
+out, and unfolding their Wings; and again withdraw those Joynts, and
+neatly fold in the Membranes, to be laid up safely in their _Elytra_
+or Cases. For which Service the Bones are well plac’d, and the Joynts
+ministring thereunto are accurately contriv’d, for the most compendious,
+and commodious folding up the Wings.
+
+[i] For the keeping the Body steady and upright in Flight, it generally
+holds true, (if I mistake not,) that all bipennated Insects have _Poises_
+joyn’d to the Body, under the hinder Part of their Wings; but such as
+have four Wings, or Wings with _Elytra_, none. If one of the Poises, or
+one of the lesser auxiliary Wings be cut off, the Insect will fly as if
+one Side overbalanc’d the other, until it falleth on the Ground; so if
+both be cut of, they will fly aukwardly, and unsteadily, manifesting the
+Defect of some very necessary Part. These _Poises_, or _Pointells_ are,
+for the most Part, little Balls, set at the Top of a slender Stalk, which
+they can move every Way at Pleasure. In some they stand alone, in others,
+(as in the whole _Flesh-Fly_ Tribe,) they have little Covers or Shields,
+under which they lie and move. The Use, no doubt, of these _Poises_, and
+_secondary_ lesser Wings, is to poise the Body, and to obviate all the
+Vacillations thereof in flight; serving to the Insect, as the long Pole,
+laden at the Ends with Lead, doth the _Ropedancer_.
+
+[k] As all the Parts of Animals are mov’d by the Help of these; so there
+is, no doubt, but the minutest Animals have such like Parts: But the
+Muscles and Tendons of some of the larger Insects, and some of the lesser
+too, may be seen with a Microscope.
+
+[l] The minute Curiosities, and inimitable Fineries, observable in those
+lesser Animals, in which our best Microscopes discover no Botch, no rude
+ill-made Work, (contrary to what is in all artificial Works of Man,) Do
+they not far more deserve our Admiration, than those celebrated Pieces of
+humane Art? Such as the Cup made of a Pepper-Corn, by _Oswald Nerlinger_,
+that held 1200 ivory Cups, all gilt on the Edges, and having each of them
+a Foot, and yet affording Room for 400 more, in the _Ephem. Germ._ T.
+1. Addend. ad Obs. 13. Such also was _Phaëton_ in a Ring, which _Galen_
+thus reflects upon, when he speaks of the Art and Wisdom of the Maker
+of Animals, particularly such as are small, _Quanto_, saith he, _ipsum
+minus fuerit, tanto majorem admirationem tibi excitabit; quod declarant
+Opifices cùm in corporibus parvis aliquid insculpant: cujus generis est
+quòd nuper quidam in Annulo Phaëtonta quatuor equis invectum sculpsit.
+Omnes enim æqui frænum, os, & dentes anteriores habebant, ~&c.~_ And
+then having taken Notice, that the Legs were no bigger than those of a
+_Gnat_, he shews that their Make did not come up to those of the _Gnat_;
+as also, saith he, _Major adhuc alia quædam esse videtur artis ejus, qui
+Pulicem condidit, Vis atque Sapientia, quod, ~&c.~ Cùm igitur Ars tanta
+in tam abjectis animalibus appareat,——quantam ejus Vim ac Sapientiam in
+præstantioribus inesse putabimus?_ Galen. de Us. Part. L. 17. c. 1. fin.
+
+[m] It will in some Measure appear, how wonderfully minute some
+microscopical Animalcules are, by what follows in the next Note. But
+because more particular Examples would be endless, I shall refer to the
+Observations of Mr. _Leuwenhoeck_, and others, in the _Philos. Trans._
+and elsewhere.
+
+[n] It is almost impossible, by Reason of their perpetual Motion, and
+changing Places, to count the Number of the Animalcules, in only a Drop
+of the green Scum upon Water; but I guess I have sometimes seen not fewer
+than 100 frisking about in a Drop no bigger than a Pin’s Head. But in
+such a Drop of Pepper-water, a far greater Number; these being much less
+than those.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. V.
+
+_The ~Sagacity~ of INSECTS to secure themselves against Winter._
+
+
+It is an extraordinary Act of Instinct and Sagacity, observable in
+the generality of the Insect-Tribe, that they all take Care to secure
+themselves, and provide against the Necessities of Winter. That when the
+Distresses of Cold and Wet force them, they should retire to warm and
+dry Places of Safety, is not strange; but it is a prodigious Act of the
+infinite Conservator’s Care to enable some to live in a different Kind
+of Insect-State; others to live, as without Action, so without Food;
+and others that act and eat, to lay up in Summer sufficient Provisions
+against the approaching Winter. Some, I say, live in a different State.
+For having sufficiently fed, nourished, and bred up themselves to the
+Perfection of their _Vermicular_, _Nympha-State_, in the Summer-Months,
+they then retire to Places of Safety, and there throw off their _Nympha_,
+and put on their _Aurelia_ or _Chrysalis-State_ for all the Winter, in
+which there are no Occasions for Food. This is the constant Method of
+many Families of the Insect-Tribe[a].
+
+But there are others, and some of them in their most perfect State too,
+that are able to subsist in a kind of Torpitude or Sleeping State,
+without any Food at all; by Reason as there is no Action so no Waste of
+Body, no Expence of Spirits, and therefore no need of Food[b].
+
+But for others that move and act, and need Food, it is a prodigious
+Instinct and Foresight the Creator hath imprinted on them, to lay up
+sufficient Food in Summer for the Winter’s[c] Necessities and Occasions.
+And it is very pretty to see with what unwearied Diligence all Hands
+are at work for that Purpose, all the warmer Months. Of this the Holy
+Scripture it self gives us an Instance in the _Ant_, calling that little
+Animal _exceeding wise_, Prov. xxx. 24. And the Reason is, ℣. 25. _The
+Ants are a People not strong, yet they prepare their Meat in the Summer._
+And therefore _Solomon_ sends the Sluggard to this little contemptible
+Creature, to learn Wisdom, Foresight, Care and Diligence, Prov. vi. 6, 7,
+8. _Go to the Ant, thou Sluggard, consider her Ways, and be wise: which
+having no Guide, Overseer, or Ruler, provideth her Meat in the Summer,
+and gathereth her Food in the Harvest._
+
+To this Scriptural Example, give me leave to anticipate, and subjoin an
+Observation of the farther great Wisdom of this little Creature; and that
+is their unparallelled Στοργὴ, their Tenderness, Sagacity, and Diligence
+about their Young[d]. ’Tis very diverting, as well as admirable to
+see, with what Affection and Care they carry about their Young in their
+Mouths, how they expose themselves to the greatest Dangers, rather than
+leave their Young exposed or forsaken; how they remove them from Place
+to Place in their little Hills, sometimes to this Part, sometimes to
+that, for the Benefit of convenient Warmth, and proper Moisture; and
+then again withdraw, and guard them against Rain and Cold. Now that this
+great Wisdom which the Scriptures attribute unto, and is discernible in
+this little Animal, is owing only to the Instinct, or Infusions of the
+great Conservator of the World, is evident, because either this Wisdom,
+Thought, and Forecast, is an Act of the Animal it self, or of some other
+Being that hath Wisdom. But the Animal being irrational, ’tis impossible
+it can be its own Act, but must be derived, or received from some wise
+Being. And who? What can that be, but the infinite Lord, Conservator and
+Governour of all the World?
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] It would be endless to enter into Particulars here, because all the
+_Papilionaceous_, _Flesh_, and _Ichneumon-Fly_ Tribes, and all others
+that undergo the _Nympha_ and _Aurelia_-State, between that of the Egg
+and _Mature_-State, (which are very numerous) appertain to this Note. For
+a Sample therefore only, I shall take what some may think a mean one, but
+if considered, deserves our Admiration, and that is the Sagacity of the
+_White Butter-fly Caterpiller_, which having fed it self its due Time,
+then retires to Places of Security. I have seen great Trains of them
+creeping up the Walls and Posts of the next Houses, where, with the help
+of some Cobweb-like Filaments, they hang themselves to the Cielings, and
+other commodious Places, and then become _Aureliæ_; in which State and
+Places they hang secure from Wet and Cold, till the Spring and warmer
+Months, when they are transmuted into Butter-Flies.
+
+[b] I shall not name any of the particular Species of Insects which
+live in this State, because they are very numerous, but only remark two
+Things observable in their Sagacity in this Matter: 1. That they are not
+driven by Stress of Weather to their Retirement, but seem as naturally
+to betake themselves thereto, as other Animals do to Rest and Sleep. For
+before the Approach of cold Weather, towards the End of Summer, we may
+see some Kinds of them flocking together in great Numbers within Doors
+(as _Swallows_ do a little before they leave us) as if they were making
+ready for their Winter’s Rest. 2. That every Species betakes it self to
+a proper convenient Receptacle; some under the Waters to the Bottoms of
+Ponds; some under the Earth, below the Frosts; some under Timber, Stone,
+&c. lying on the Ground; some into hollow Trees, or under the Bark, or in
+the Wood; some into warm and dry Places; and some into dry alone.
+
+[c] There are not many Kinds that thus provide their Food before-hand.
+The most remarkable, are the _Ant_ and the _Bee_; concerning the first
+of which, _Origen_ hath this Remark, _viz._ _De solertiâ Formicarum,
+venturæ hyemi maturè prospiciontium, sibique invicem sub onere sessis
+succurrentium; quódque fruges arrosas condunt, ne rursus enascantur, sed
+per annum alimento sint, non ratiocinationem Formicarum in causâ debemus
+credere, sed almam matrem Naturam bruta quoque sic ornantem, ut etiam
+minimis addat sua quædam ingenia._ Orig. cont. Cels. L. 4.
+
+But as for _Wasps_, _Hornets_, _Humble Bees_, and other _Wild-Bees_,
+_Vespæ Ichneumons_, and divers others that carry in Materials for Nests
+and Food; this is only for the Service of their Generation, for hatching
+their Eggs, and nourishing their Young, not for Supplies in Winter;
+for they all forsake their Nests towards Winter, and retire to other
+Quarters, living (I conceive) without Food all that Time.
+
+[d] _Hos vermiculos ~[Formicarum Ova vulgò vocatos]~ incredibili Στοργὴ
+& curâ Formicæ educant, summamque dant operam, ne vel tantillum, quod
+spectet eorum vermiculorum educationem atque nutritionem, omittant;
+quem in finem fere semper eosdem ore circumportant secum, ne ulla eos
+lædet injuria. In museo meo nonnullas istius generis formicas, vitro
+terrâ repleto, conclusas cum Vermiculis istis adservabam; ibi non
+sine jucunditate spectabam, quo terra fieret in superficie siccior,
+eo profundiùs Formicas cum fœtibus suis prorepere: cùm verò aquam
+adfunderem, visu mirificum erat, quanto affectu, quanta solicitudine,
+quanta Στοργὴ omnem in eo collacarent operam, ut fœtus suos sicciore &
+tuto loco reponerent. Sæpiùs vidi, cùm aliquot diebus aquâ caruissent,
+atque cùm affuso tantillo aquæ terram illam humectarem, è vestigio
+à Formicis fœtus suos eo loci fuisse allatos, quos ibi distinctè
+conspiciebam moveri atque fugere humorem. Multoties fui conatus, ut eos
+Vermiculos ipse educarem, at semper conatum fefellit eventus: neque ipsas
+Formicarum Nymphas alimenti jam non indigas unquam sine ipsis Formicis
+potui fotu artificiali excludere._ J. Swammerd. Epilog. ad Hist. Insect.
+p. 153.
+
+Sir _Edward King_, who was very curious in examining the Generation of
+_Ants_, observes their great Care and Diligence, 1. About their Sperm,
+or true Eggs, which is a fine white Substance, like Sugar, which they
+diligently gather together into a Heap, when scattered; and on which they
+lie in Multitudes. (I suppose, by way of Incubation.) 2. I have observed,
+saith he, in Summer, that in the Morning they bring up those of their
+Young (call’d Ant-Eggs) towards the Top of the Bank: So that you may from
+10 in the Morning, until 5 or 6 Afternoon, find them near the Top——for
+the most Part on the South-side the Bank. But towards 7 or 8 at Night,
+if it be cool, or likely to rain, you may dig a Foot deep before you can
+find them. _Philos. Trans._ Nᵒ. 23. or _Lowthorp_’s _Abridg._ V. 2. p. 7.
+and 9.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VI.
+
+_Of the Care of INSECTS about their ~Young~._
+
+
+The other notable Instinct I am to treat of, is the peculiar Art and
+Care of the Insect-Tribe, about the Preservation of their Species.
+Here I might speak of many Things, but I have occasionally mentioned
+divers of them before, under some or other of the general Heads, and
+therefore shall fix only upon two Things relating to their special Art
+and Care about the Production[a] of their Young, which have not been so
+particularly spoken to as they deserve.
+
+One Thing is their singular Providence for their Young, in making or
+finding out such proper Receptacles and Places for their Eggs and Seed,
+as that they may receive the Advantage of a sufficient Incubation,
+and that the Young, when produced, may have the Benefit of proper and
+sufficient Food for their Nurture and Education, till they are able to
+shift for themselves. It is admirable to see with what Diligence and
+Care the several Species of Insects lay up their Eggs or Sperm in their
+several proper Places; not all in the Waters, in Wood, or on Vegetables;
+but those whose Subsistence is in the Waters[b], in the Water; those to
+whom Flesh is a proper Food; in Flesh[c]; those to whom the Fruits[d] or
+Leaves of Vegetables are Food, are accordingly reposited, some in this
+Fruit, some on this Tree[e], some on that Plant[f], some on another, and
+another; but constantly the same Family on the same Tree or Plant, the
+most agreeable to that Family. And as for others that require a constant
+and greater Degree of Warmth, they are accordingly provided by the
+Parent-Animal with some Place in or about the Body of other Animals; some
+in the Feathers of Birds[g]; some in the Hair of Beasts[h]; some in the
+very Scales of Fishes[i]; some in the Nose[k]; some in the Flesh[l]; yea,
+some in the very Bowels[m]; and inmost Recesses of the Bodies of Man
+and other Creatures[n]: And as for others to whom none of these Methods
+are proper, but make themselves Nests by Perforations in the Earth, in
+Wood, or Combs they build, or such like Ways; ’tis admirable to see
+with what Labour and Care they carry in, and seal up Provisions, that
+serve both for the Production of their Young, as also for their Food and
+Nurture when produc’d[o].
+
+The other Piece of remarkable Art and Care about the Production of their
+Young, is their Curiosity and Neatness in repositing their Eggs, and in
+their Nidification.
+
+As to the first of which, we may observe that great Curiosity, and nice
+Order is generally observ’d by them in this Matter. You shall always see
+their Eggs laid carefully and commodiously up[p]. When upon the Leaves of
+Vegetables, or other Material on Land, always glu’d thereon with Care,
+with one certain End lowermost, and with handsom juxta-Positions[q].
+Or if in the Waters, in neat and beautiful Rows oftentimes, in that
+spermatick, gelatine Matter, in which they are reposited, and that Matter
+carefully ty’d and fastned in the Waters, to prevent its Dissipation[r],
+or if made to float, so carefully spread and poised, as to swim about
+with all possible Artifice.
+
+And as to their other Faculty, that of Nidification, whether it be
+exerted by boring the Earth or Wood, or building themselves Cells[s],
+or spinning and weaving themselves Cases and Webs, it is all a wonderful
+Faculty of those poor little Animals, whether we consider their Parts
+wherewith they work, or their Work it self. Thus those who perforate the
+Earth, Wood, or such like, they have their Legs, Feet, Mouth, yea, and
+whole Body accommodated to that Service; their Mouth exactly formed to
+gnaw those handsome round Holes, their Feet as well made to scratch and
+bore[t], and their Body handsomely turned and fitted to follow. But for
+such as build or spin themselves Nests, their Art justly bids Defiance
+to the most ingenious Artist among Men, so much as tolerably to copy the
+nice Geometrical Combs of some[u], the Earthen Cells of others, or the
+Webs, Nets and Cases[w] woven by others. And here that natural Glue[x]
+which their Bodies afford some of them to consolidate their Work, and
+combine its Materials together, and which in others can be darted out
+at Pleasure, and spun and woven by them into silken Balls[y] or Webs.
+I say, this so peculiar, so serviceable a Material, together with the
+curious Structure of all Parts ministring to this textrine Power, as mean
+a Business as it may seem, is such as may justly be accounted among the
+noble Designs and Works of the infinite Creator and Conservator of the
+World.
+
+In the last Place, there is another prodigious Faculty, Art, Cunning, or
+what shall I call it? that others of those little Animals have, to make
+even Nature it self serviceable to their Purpose; and that is the making
+the Vegetation and Growth of Trees and Plants, the very Means of the
+building of their little Nests and Cells[z]; such, as are the Galls and
+Balls found on the Leaves and Branches of divers Vegetables, such as the
+Oak, the Willow[aa], the Briar, and some others.
+
+Now this is so peculiar an Artifice, and so far out of the Reach of any
+mortal Understanding, Wit, or Power, that if we consider the Matter, with
+some of its Circumstances, we must needs perceive manifest Design, and
+that there is the Concurrence of some great and wise Being, that hath,
+from the Beginning, taken Care of, and provided for the Animal’s Good:
+For which Reason, as mean as the Instance may seem, I might be excused,
+if I should enlarge upon its Particulars. But two or three Hints shall
+suffice.
+
+In the first Place, ’tis certain that the Formation of those _Cases_ and
+_Balls_ quite exceeds the Cunning of the Animal it self; but it is the
+Act partly of the Vegetable, and partly of some Virulency (or what shall
+I call it?) in the Juyce, or Egg, or both, reposited on the Vegetable
+by the Parent Animal[bb]. And as this Virulency is various, according
+to the Difference of its Animal, so is the Form and Texture of the
+Cases and Balls excited thereby; some being hard Shells[cc], some tender
+Balls[dd], some scaly[ee], some smooth[ff], some Hairy[gg], some Long,
+some Round, some Conical, _&c._[hh]. And in the last Place, let us add,
+That those Species of Insects are all endowed with peculiar and exactly
+made Parts for this Service, to bore and pierce the Vegetable, and to
+reach and inject their Eggs and Juice into the tender Parts thereof.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] The Doctrine of Æquivocal Generation, is at this Day so sufficiently
+exploded by all learned Philosophers, that I shall not enter the
+Dispute, but take it for granted, that all Animals spring from other
+Parent-Animals. If the Reader hath any doubt about it, I refer him to
+_Seigneur Redi de Gen. Insect._ and M. _Ray_’s _Wisd. of God_, &c. p.
+344. See also before, _Book IV. Ch. 15. Note (a)._
+
+[b] It would be endless to specify the various Species of Insects, that
+have their Generation in the Waters. And therefore I shall only observe
+of them, 1. That their Eggs are always laid up with great Care, and in
+good Order. And also, 2. Where proper and sufficient Food is. 3. That in
+their _Nympha_-State in the Waters, they have Parts proper for Food and
+Motion; and in many, or most of them, very different from what they have
+in their _Mature_-State, a manifest Argument of the Creator’s Wisdom and
+Providence. For an Instance, see _Note (r)._
+
+[c] As _Seigneur Redi_ was one of the first that made it his Business to
+discard Anomalous Generation, so he tried more Experiments relating to
+the Vermination of Serpents, Flesh, Fish, putrified Vegetables; and in
+short, whatever was commonly known to be the Nursery of Maggots, more I
+say probably, than any one hath done since. And in all his Observations,
+he constantly found the Maggots to turn to _Aureliæ_, and these into
+_Flies_. But then, saith he, _Dubitare cœpi, utrùm omne hoc vermium in
+carne genus, ex solo Muscarum semine, an ex ipsis putrefactis carnibus
+oriretur, tantoque magis confirmabar in hoc meo dubio, quanto in
+omnibus generationibus——sapiùs videram, in carnibus, antequàm verminare
+inciperent, resedisse ejusdem speciei Muscas, cujus propago postea
+nascebatur._ Upon this he tells us, he put Fish, Flesh, _&c._ into Pots,
+which he covered close from the Flies with Paper, and afterwards (for the
+free Air sake) with Lawn, whilst other Pots were left open, with such
+like Flesh, _&c._ in them; that the Flies were very eager to get into the
+covered Pots; and that they produced not one Maggot, when the open ones
+had many. _Fr. Redi de Gener._ _Insect._
+
+Among the Insects that come from the Maggots he mentions, he names
+_Culices_. Now from the most critical Observations I have made, I never
+observed any sort of _Gnat_ to come from putrified Flesh, Vegetables, or
+any other Thing he taxeth with them. So that either he means by _Culex_,
+some Fly that we call not by the Name of _Gnat_; or else their _Gnats_ in
+_Italy_, vary in their Generation from ours in _England_. For among above
+30, near 40 distinct Species of _Gnats_ that I have observed about the
+Place where I live, I never found any to lay their Eggs in Flesh, Filth,
+_&c._ but the largest Sort, called by _Aldrovand_, _Culices maximi_, by
+_Swammerdam_, _Tipulæ terrestres_, lay their Eggs in Meadows, _&c._ under
+the Grass; one of the larger middle Sort, in dead Beer, Yeast, _&c._
+lying on the Tops, or in the Leaks of Beer-Barrels, _&c._ and all the
+rest (as far as ever I have observed) lay and hatch in the Waters, as in
+_Note (r)._
+
+The Generation of the Second of these being akin to some of the foregoing
+instances, and a little out of the way, may deserve a Place here. This
+_Gnat_ lays its Eggs commonly in dead Beer, _&c._ as I said, and probably
+in Vinegar, and other such Liquors. Some Time after which, the Maggots
+are so numerous, that the whole Liquor stirreth as if it was alive;
+being full of Maggots, some larger, some smaller; the larger are the
+off-spring of our _Gnat_, the smaller, of a small dark coloured Fly,
+tending to reddish; frequent in Cellars, and such obscure Places. All
+these _Maggots_ turn to _Aurelia_, the larger of which, of a Tan-Colour,
+such as our _Gnat_. This _Gnat_ is of the unarmed Kind, having no Spear
+in its Mouth. Its Head is larger than of the common _Gnats_, a longer
+Neck, short jointed _Antennæ_, spotted Wings, reaching beyond its slender
+_Alvus_; it is throughout of a brown Colour, tending to red, especially
+in the Female: The chief Difference between the Male and Female, is (as
+in other _Gnats_, yea, most Insects) the Male is less than the Female,
+and hath a slenderer Belly, and its _Podex_ not so sharp as the Female’s
+is.
+
+[d] The Insects that infest Fruits, are either of the _Ichneumon-Fly_
+Kind, or _Phalænæ_. Plums, Pease, Nuts, _&c._ produce some or other
+_Ichneumon-Fly_. That generated in the _Plum_ is black, of a middle Size,
+its _Body_ near ³⁄₁₀ Inch long, its Tail not much less, consisting of
+three Bristles, wherewith it conveys its Eggs into Fruits: Its _Antennæ_,
+or Horns, long, slender, recurved; its Belly longish, tapering, small
+towards the _Thorax_; _Legs_ reddish; _Wings_ membranaceous, thin and
+transparent, in Number 4, which is one Characteristic of the _Ichneumon
+Fly_.
+
+The _Pease Ichneumon-Fly_, is very small, Wings large, reaching beyond
+the _Podex_; _Antennæ_ long; _Alvus_ short, shaped like an Heart, with
+the Point towards the _Anus_; it walketh and flieth slowly. No Tail
+appears as in the former; but they have one lieth hidden under the Belly,
+which they can at Pleasure bend back to pierce Pease when they are young
+and tender, and other Things also, as I have Reason to suspect, having
+met with this (as indeed the former two) in divers Vegetables.
+
+_Pears_ and _Apples_ I could never discover any Thing to breed in, but
+only the lesser _Phalæna_, about ⁴⁄₁₀ Inch long, whitish underneath;
+greyish brown above (dappled with brown Spots, inclining to a dirty Red)
+all but about a third Part at the End of the Wings, which is not grey,
+but brown, elegantly striped with wavey Lines, of a Gold Colour, as if
+gilt; its Head is small, with a Tuft of whitish brown in the Forehead;
+_Antennæ_ smooth, moderately long. The _Aurelia_ of this Moth is small,
+of a yellowish brown. I know not what Time they require for their
+Generation out of Boxes; but those I laid up in _August_, did not become
+Moths before _June_ following.
+
+[e] There are many of the _Phalænæ_ and _Ichneumon-Fly_ Tribes, that
+have their Generation on the Leaves or other Parts of Trees and Shrubs,
+too many to be here reckoned up. The _Oak_ hath many very beautiful
+_Phalænæ_, bred in its convolved Leaves, white, green, yellow, brown
+spotted prettily, and neatly dappled, and many more besides; and its
+Buds afford a Place for Cases, and Balls of various Sorts, as shall be
+shewn hereafter; its Leaves expanded, minister to the Germination of
+globular, and other sphæroidal Balls, and flat _Thecæ_, some like Hats,
+some like Buttons excavated in the Middle, and divers others such like
+Repositories, all belonging to the _Ichneumon-Fly_ Kind. And not only the
+_Oak_, but the _Maple_ also, the _White-Thorn_, the _Briar_, _Privet_,
+and indeed almost every Tree and Shrub.
+
+[f] And as Trees and Shrubs, so Plants have their peculiar Insects. The
+_White-Butterfly_ lays its voracious Offspring on Cabbage-Leaves; a very
+beautiful reddish ocellated one, its no less voracious black Off-spring
+of an horrid Aspect, on the Leaves of Nettles; as also doth a very
+beautiful, small, greenish _Ichneumon-Fly_, in Cases on the Leaves of
+the same Plant: And to name no more (because it would be endless) the
+beautiful _Ragwort-Moth_, whose upper Wings are brown, elegantly spotted
+with red and underwings edged with brown; these, I say, provide for their
+golden ring’d _Eruce_ upon the _Ragwort-Plant_.
+
+[g] Many, if not most Sort of Birds, are infested with a distinct Kind of
+Lice, very different from one another in Shape, Size, _&c._ For Figures
+and Descriptions of them, I shall refer to _Signieur Redi of Insects_.
+See also _Moufet_, L. 2. _c. 23._ These Lice lay their Nits among the
+Feathers of the respective Birds, where they are hatched and nourished;
+and as _Aristotle_ saith, would destroy the Birds, particularly
+_Pheasants_, if they did not dust their Feathers. _Loco infr. citat._
+
+[h] And as Birds, so the several Sorts of Beasts have their peculiar
+Sorts of Lice; all distinct from the two Sorts infesting Man: Only the
+_Ass_, they say, is free, because our _Saviour_ rode upon one, as some
+think; but I presume it is rather from the Passage in _Pliny_, L. 11.
+c. 33. or rather _Arist. Hist. Animal_. L. 3. c. 31. who saith, _Quibus
+pilus est, non carent eodem ~[Pediculo]~ excepto Asino, qui non Pediculo
+tantùm, verùm etiam Redivio immunis est._ And a little before, speaking
+of those in Men, he shews what Constitutions are most subject to them,
+and instanceth in _Alcman_ the Poet, and _Pherecydes Syrius_ that died
+of the _Pthiriasis_, or Lowly Disease. For which foul Distemper, if
+Medicines are desired, _Moufet de Insect._ p. 261. may be consulted. Who
+in the same Page hath this Observation, _Animadverterunt nostrates——ubi
+Asores insulas à tergo reliquerint, Pediculos confestim omnes tabascere:
+atque ubi eas reviserint, iterum innumeros alios subitò oriri._ Which
+Observation is confirmed by Dr. _Stubs._ Vid. _Lowth. Abridg._ V. 3. p.
+558. And many Seamen have told me the same.
+
+[i] Fishes, one would think, should be free from Lice, by Reason they
+live in the Waters, and are perpetually moving in, and brushing through
+them; but yet have their Sorts too.
+
+Besides which, I have frequently found great Numbers of long slender
+Worms in the Stomachs, and other Parts of Fish, particularly _Codfish_,
+especially such as are poor; which Worms have work’d themselves deeply
+into the Coats and Flesh, so that they could nor easily be gotten out:
+So _Aristotle_, saith of some Fishes, _Ballero & Tilloni Lumbricus,
+innascitur, qui debilitat, ~&c.~ Chalcis vitio infestatur diro, ut
+Pediculi sub Branchiis innati quàm multi interimant._ Hist. An. L. 8. c.
+20.
+
+[k] Of Insects bred in the Nose of Animals, those in the Nostrils of
+_Sheep_ are remarkable. I have my self taken out not fewer at a Time than
+twenty or thirty rough Maggots, lying among the _Laminæ_ of the Nostrils.
+But I could never hatch any of them, and so know not what Animal they
+proceed from: But I have no great doubt, they are of the _Ichneumon-Fly_
+Kind; and not improbably of that with a long Tail, call’d _Triseta_,
+whose three Bristles seem very commodious for conveying its Eggs into
+deep Places.
+
+I have also seen a rough whitish Maggot, above two Inches within the
+_Intestinum rectum_ of Horses, firmly adhering thereto, that the hard
+Dung did not rub off. I never could bring them to Perfection, but suspect
+the _Side-Fly_ proceeds from it.
+
+[l] In the Backs of _Cows_, in the Summer-Months, there are Maggots
+generated, which in _Essex_ we call _Wornils_; which are first only a
+small Knot in the Skin; and I suppose no other than an Egg laid there by
+some Insect. By Degrees these Knots grow bigger, and contain in them a
+Maggot lying in a purulent Matter: They grow to be as large as the End of
+one’s Finger, and may be squeez’d out at a Hole they have always open:
+They are round and rough, and of a dirty White. With my utmost Endeavour
+and Vigilance, I could never discover the Animal they turn into; but as
+they are somewhat like, so may be the same as those in the Note before.
+
+In _Persia_ there are very long slender Worms, bred in the Legs, and
+other Parts of Men’s Bodies, 6 or 7 Yards long. In _Philos. Trans._ Mr.
+_Dent_, and Mr. _Lewis_, relate divers Examples of _Worms_ taken out of
+the Tongue, Gums, Nose, and other Parts, by a Woman at _Leicester_, which
+they were Eye-witnesses of. These, and divers others mention’d in the
+_Transactions_, may be seen together in Mr. _Lowthorp_’s _Abridg._ Vol.
+3. p. 132.
+
+_Narrat mihi vir fide dignus——Casp. Wendlandt——se in Poloniâ,
+puero cuidam rustico duorum annorum, Vermiculum album è palbebrâ
+extraxisse,——magnitudinis Erucæ.——Similem fere huic casum mihi
+~[Schulzio]~ & D. Segero narravit hoc. Anno 1676. chirurgus noster Ant.
+Statlender, qui cuidam puero, ex Aure, extraxit Vermiculum talem, qualis
+in nucibus avellanis perforatis latitare solet, sed paulò majorem,
+coloris albissimi; alteri minores 5 ejusdem generis similiter ex Aure:
+Omnes aliquot horas supervixerunt——Vermiculos adhuc viventes oculis
+nostris vidimus._ Ephem. Germ. T. 2. Obs. 24. ubi Vermiculi Icon. Many
+other Instances may be met with in the same Tome. Obs. 147, 148, 154.
+
+The Worms in _Deer_ are mention’d often among ancient Writers.
+_Aristotle_ saith, Σκώληκας μεν τοι πάντες ἔχουσιν, ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ ζῶντας,
+&c. _They ~[Deer]~ all have Live Worms in their Heads; bred under the
+Tongue, in a Cavity near the ~Vertebra~, on which the Head is plac’d;
+their Size not less than of the largest Maggots; they are bred all
+together, in number about twenty._ Aristot. Hist. Animal. l. 2. c. 15.
+
+To these Examples may be added the Generation of the _Ichneumon-Fly_
+in the Bodies of Caterpillars, and other _Nymphæ_ of Insects. In many
+of which, that I have laid up to be hatch’d in Boxes, instead of
+_Papilios_, &c. as I expected, I have found a great Number of small
+_Ichneumon-Flies_, whose Parent-Animal had wounded those _Nymphæ_, and
+darted its Eggs into them, and so made them the Foster-Mother of its
+Young. More Particulars of this Way of Generation may be seen in the
+great Mr. _Willughby_’s Observations in _Philos. Trans._ Nᵒ. 76. But
+concerning the farther Generation of this Insect, I have taken Notice of
+other Particulars in other places of these Notes.
+
+[m] The Animals ordinarily bred in the Stomach and Guts, are the three
+Sorts of Worms call’d _Lati_, _Teretes_, and _Ascarides_; concerning
+which, it would be irksome to speak in Particular, and therefore I shall
+refer to _Moufet_, L. 2. c. 31, 32, 33. Dr. _Tyson_’s Anatomy of them in
+Mr. _Lowthorp_’s _Abridg._ V. 3. p. 121. _Seignior Redi_’s _Obs_. and
+others that have written of them.
+
+And not only _Worms_, but other Creatures also are said to be found in
+the Stomach; Instances of which are so innumerable, that I shall only
+select a few related by Persons of the best Credit. And first of all, by
+some of our own Countrymen. Dr. _Lister_, (whose Credit and Judgment will
+hastily be question’d,) gives an Account of true _Caterpillars_, vomited
+up by a Boy of nine Years old; and another odd Animal by a poor Man. Mr.
+_Jessop_, (another very judicious, curious and ingenious Gentleman,) saw
+_Hexapods_ vomited up by a Girl; which _Hexapods_ liv’d and fed for five
+Weeks. See _Lowth._ ib. p. 135.
+
+And to Foreigners, it is a very strange Story (but attested by Persons
+of great Repute,) of _Catharina Geileria_, that dy’d in _Feb_. 1662, in
+the Hospital of _Altenburg_, in _Germany_, who for twenty Years voided by
+Vomit and Stool, _Toads_ and _Lizzards_, &c. _Ephemer. Germ._ T. 1. Obs.
+103. See also the 109. Observation of a Kitten bred in the Stomach, and
+vomited up; of Whelps also, and other Animals, bred in like Manner. But
+I fear a Stretch of Fancy might help in some of those last Instances, in
+those Days when spontaneous Generation was held, when the Philosophers
+seem to have more slightly examined such Appearances than now they do.
+But for the breeding of _Frogs_ or _Toads_, or _Lacertæ Aquaticæ_ in the
+Stomach, when their Spawn happeneth to be drank, there is a Story in the
+second _Tome_ of the _Ephem. Germ._ Obs. 56. that favours it, _viz._ _In
+the Year 1667, a ~Butcher’s~ Man going to buy some Lambs in the Spring,
+being thirsty, drank greedily of some standing Water, which a while
+after, caus’d great Pains in his Stomach, which grew worse and worse, and
+ended in dangerous Symptoms. At last he thought somewhat was alive in his
+Stomach, and after that, vomited up three live Toads; and so recover’d
+his former Health._
+
+Such another Story Dr. _Sorbait_ tells, and avoucheth it seen with his
+own Eyes, of one that had a Toad came out of an Abscess, which came upon
+drinking foul Water. _Obs._ 103.
+
+[n] Not only in the Guts, and in the Flesh; but in many other Parts of
+the Body, Worms have been discover’d. One was voided by Urine, by Mr.
+_Mat. Milford_, suppos’d to have come from the Kidneys. _Lowth._ ib.
+p. 135. More such Examples _Moufet_ tells of. _Ibid._ So the _Vermes
+Cucurbitini_ are very common in the Vessels in Sheeps Livers: And Dr.
+_Lister_ tells of them, found in the Kidney of a Dog, and thinks that
+the Snakes and Toads, _&c._ said to be found in Animals Bodies, may be
+nothing else. _Lowth._ ib. p. 120. Nay, more than all this: In Dr. _Bern.
+Verzascha_’s sixth Observation, there are divers Instances of Worms bred
+in the _Brain_ of Man. One, a patient of his, troubled with a violent
+Headach, and an itching about the Nostrils, and frequent Sneezing; who,
+with the Use of a Sneezing-Powder, voided a Worm, with a great deal of
+Snot from his Nose. A like Instance he gives from _Bartholine_, of a Worm
+voided from the Nose of _O. W._ which he guesseth was the famous _Olaus
+Wormius_: Another, from a Country Woman of _Dietmarsh_; and others in
+_Tulpius_, _F. Hildanus_, _Schenchius_, &c. These Worms he thinks are
+undoubtedly bred in the Brain: But what way they can come from thence,
+I can’t tell. Wherefore I rather think, they are such Worms as are
+mentioned in _Note (k)_, and even that Worm that was actually found in
+the Brain of the _Paris Girl_ (when opened) I guess might be laid in the
+_Laminæ_ of the Nostrils, by some of the _Ichneumon_, or other Insect
+Kind, and might gnaw its way into the Brain, through the _Os cribiforme_.
+Of this he tells us from _Bartholine_, _Tandem cùm tabida obiisset,
+statim aperto cranio præsentes Medici totam cerebelli substantiam, quæ ad
+dexterum vergit, à reliquo corpore sejunctam, nigrâque tunicâ involutam
+deprehenderunt: hæc tunica ruptæ, latentem Vermem vivum, & pilosum,
+duobus punctis splendidis loco oculorum prodidit, ejusdem fere molis
+cum reliquâ Cerebri portione, qui duarum horaram spacio supervixit._ B.
+Verzas. Obs. Medicæ, p. 16.
+
+_Hildanus_ tells us such another Story, _viz._ _Filius Theod. aust
+der Roulen, Avunculi mei, diuturno vexabatur dolore capitis.——Deinde
+febriculâ & sternutatione exortâ, ruptus est Abscessus circa os
+cribrosum——& Vermis prorepsit._ By his Figure of it, the Maggot was an
+Inch long, and full of Bristles. _Fabri Hildan. Cent._ 1. Obs.
+
+_Galenus Wierus_ (Physician to the _Princ. Jul. & Cleve_) he saith, told
+him, that he had, at divers Times, found Worms in the _Gall-bladder_ in
+Persons he had opened at _Dusseldorp_. Id. ib. Obs. 60.
+
+[o] See before _Book IV. Chap. 13. Note (c)._
+
+[p] Some Insects lay up their Eggs in Clusters, as in Holes of Flesh,
+and such Places, where it is necessary they should be crowded together;
+which, no question, prevents their being too much dried up in dry Places,
+and promotes their hatching. But,
+
+[q] As for such as are not to be clustered up, great Order is used.
+I have seen upon the Posts and Sides of Windows, little round Eggs,
+resembling small Pearl, which produced small hairy Caterpillars, that
+were very neatly and orderly laid. And to name no more, the _White
+Butterfly_ lays its neat Eggs on the Cabbage Leaves in good Order,
+always gluing one certain End of the Egg to the Leaf. I call them neat
+Eggs, because if we view them in a Microscope, we shall find them very
+curiously furrowed, and handsomely made and adorned.
+
+[r] By Reason it would be endless to specify the various Generation of
+Insects in the Water, I shall therefore (because it is little observed)
+raise _Pliny_’s Instance of the _Gnat_, a mean and contemned Animal, but
+a notable Instance of Nature’s Work, as he saith.
+
+The first Thing considerable in the Generation of this Insect is (for
+the Size of the Animal) its vast _Spawn_, being some of them above an
+Inch long, and half a quarter Diameter; made to float in the Waters,
+and tied to some Stick, Stone, or other fix’d Thing in the Waters, by
+a small Stem, or Stalk. In this gelatine, transparent Spawn, the Eggs
+are neatly laid; in some Spawns in a single, in some in a double spiral
+Line, running round from end to end, as in Fig. 9, and 10; and in some
+transversly, as Fig. 8.
+
+When the Eggs are by the Heat of the Sun, and Warmth of the Season
+hatched into small Maggots, these Maggots descend to the bottom, and
+by means of some of the gelatine Matter of the Spawn (which they take
+along with them) they stick to Stones, and other Bodies at the bottom,
+and there make themselves little Cases or Cells, which they creep
+into, and out of at Pleasure, until they are arrived to a more mature
+_Nympha-State_, and can swim about here and there, to seek for what Food
+they have occasion; at which Time, they are a kind of Red-worms, above
+half an Inch long, as in Fig. 11.
+
+Thus far this mean Insect is a good Instance of the divine Providence
+towards it. But if we farther consider, and compare the three States
+it undergoes after it is hatched, we shall find yet greater Signals of
+the Creator’s Management, even in these meanest of Creatures. The three
+States I mean, are its _Nympha-Vermicular_ State, its _Aurelia_, and
+_Mature_-State, all as different as to Shape and Accoutrements, as if
+the Insect was three different Animals. In its _Vermicular_-State, it is
+a Red-Maggot, as I said, and hath a Mouth and other Parts accommodated
+to Food: In its _Aurelia_-State it hath no such Parts, because it then
+subsists without Food; but in its _Mature_, _Gnat_-State, it hath a
+curious well-made Spear, to wound and suck the Blood of other Animals.
+In its _Vermicular_-State, it hath a long Worm-like Body, and something
+analogous to Fins or Feathers, standing erect near its Tail, and running
+parallel with the Body, by means of which resisting the Waters, it is
+enabled to swim about by Curvations, or flapping its Body, side-ways,
+this way and that, as in Fig. 12.
+
+But in its _Aurelia_-State, it hath a quite different Body, with a
+_Club-Head_ (in which the Head, _Thorax_, and Wings of the _Gnat_ are
+inclosed) a slender _Alvus_, and a neat _finny Tail_, standing at right
+Angles with the Body, quite contrary to what it was before; by which
+means, instead of easy flapping side-ways, it swims by rapid, brisk
+Jirks, the quite contrary way; as is in some measure represented in Fig.
+13. But when it becomes a _Gnat_, no finny Tail, no Club-Head, but all
+is made in the most accurate manner for Flight and Motion in the Air, as
+before it was for the Waters.
+
+[s] See _Book IV. Chap. 13. Notes (n), (o)._
+
+[t] Thus the Mouths and other Parts of the _Ichneumon-Wasps_ in _Book IV.
+Chap. 13. Note (t)._ So the Feet of the _Gryllotalpa_, _ibid._ _Note (s)._
+
+[u] See the last cited Places, _Note (o)._
+
+[w] Of the textrine Art of the _Spider_, and its Parts serving to that
+Purpose, see the last cited Place, _Note (x)._
+
+Besides these, _Caterpillars_, and divers other Insects, can emit
+Threads, or Webs for their Use. In this their _Nympha-State_, they secure
+themselves from falling, and let themselves down from the Boughs of
+Trees, and other high Places, with one of these Threads. And in the Cases
+they weave, they secure themselves in their _Aurelia-State_.
+
+And not only the Off-spring of the _Phalæna-Tribe_, but there are some
+of the _Ichneumon-Fly_ Kind also, endowed with this textrine Art. Of
+these I have met with two Sorts; one that spun a Milk-white, long, round,
+silken Web, as big as the top of ones Fingers, not hollow within, as
+many are, but filled throughout with Silk. These are woven round Bents,
+Stalks of Ribwort, &c. in Meadows. The other is a lump of many yellow,
+silken Cases, sticking confusedly together on Posts, under Cole-worts,
+_&c._ These Webs contain in them, small, whitish Maggots; which turn
+to a small, black, _Ichneumon-Fly_, with long, capillary _Antennæ_;
+Tan-coloured Legs; long Wings reaching beyond their Body, with a black
+Spot near the middle; the _Alvus_, like an Heart; and in some, a small
+setaceous Tail. Some of these Flies were of a shining, beautiful green
+Colour. I could not perceive any Difference, at least, not specifical,
+between the Flies coming from those two Productions.
+
+[x] I have often admired how _Wasps_, _Hornets_, _Ichneumon-Wasps_, and
+other Insects that gather dry Materials for building their Nests, have
+found a proper matter to cement and glue their Combs, and line their
+Cells; which we find always sufficiently context and firm. But in all
+Probability, this useful Material is in their own Bodies; as ’tis in
+the _Tinea vestivora_, the _Cadew Worm_, and divers others. _Goedart_
+observes of his _Eruca_, _Num._ xx. 6. that fed upon _Sallow-Leaves_,
+that it made its Cell of the comminuted Leaves, glued together with its
+own Spittle, _hæc pulveris aut arenæ instar comminuit, ac pituitoso
+quodam sui corporis succo ita maceravit, ut inde accommodatum subeundæ
+mutationi instanti locum sibi extruxerit. Domuncula hæc à communi Salicum
+ligno nihil differre videbatur, nisi quòd longè esset durior, adeò ut
+cultro vix disrumpi posset._
+
+[y] _An ingenious Gentlewoman of my Acquaintance, Wife to a learned
+Physician, taking much Pleasure to keep Silk-Worms, had once the
+Curiosity to draw out one of the oval Cases, which the Silk-Worm
+spins——into all the Silken Wire it was made up of, which, to the great
+Wonder as well of her Husband, as her self,——appeared to be, by measure,
+a great deal above 300 Yards, and yet weighed but two Grains and an
+half._ Boyl Subtil. of Effluv. ch. 2.
+
+[z] Since my penning this, I have met with the most sagacious
+_Malpighi_’s Account of _Galls_, &c. and find his Descriptions to
+be exceedingly accurate and true, having traced my self many of the
+Productions he hath mentioned. But I find _Italy_ and _Sicily_ (his
+Book _de Gallis_ being published long after he was made Professor
+of _Messina_) more luxuriant in such Productions than _England_, at
+least, than the Parts about _Upminster_ (where I live) are. For many,
+if not most of those about us, are taken Notice of by him, and several
+others besides that I never met with; although I have for many Years as
+critically observed all the Excrescences, and other morbid Tumors of
+Vegetables, as is almost possible, and do believe that few of them have
+escaped me.
+
+As to the Method how those _Galls_ and _Balls_ are produced, the most
+simple, and consequently the most easy to be accounted for, is that in
+the Gems of Oak, which may be called _Squamous-Oak-Cones_, _Capitula
+squamata_, in _Malpighi_: Whose Description not exactly answering our
+_English-Cones_ in divers Respects, I shall therefore pass his by, and
+shew only what I have observed my self concerning them.
+
+These _Cones_ are, in outward Appearance, perfectly like the Gems, only
+vastly bigger; and indeed they are no other than the Gems, encreased in
+Bigness, which naturally ought to be pushed out in Length: The Cause of
+which Obstruction of the Vegetation is this: Into the very Heart of the
+young tender Gem or Bud (which begins to be turgid in _June_, and to
+shoot towards the latter end of that Month, or beginning of the next;
+into this, I say) the Parent-Insect thrusts one or more Eggs, and not
+perhaps without some venomous Ichor therewith. This Egg soon becomes
+a Maggot, which eats it self a little Cell in the very Heart or Pith
+of the Gem, which is the Rudiment of the Branch, together with its
+Leaves and Fruit, as shall be hereafter shewn. The Branch being thus
+wholly destroyed, or at least its Vegetation being obstructed, the Sap
+that was to nourish it, is diverted to the remaining Parts of the Bud,
+which are only the scaly Teguments; which by these Means grow large and
+flourishing, and become a Covering to the Insect-Case, as before they
+were to the tender Branch and its Appendage.
+
+The _Case_ lying within this Cone, is at first but small, as the Maggot
+included in it is, but by degrees, as the Maggot increaseth, so it
+grows bigger, to about the Size of a large white Pease, long and round,
+resembling the Shape of a small Acorn.
+
+The _Insect_ it self, is (according to the modern Insectologers) of the
+_Ichneumon-Fly_ Kind; with four Membranaceous _Wings_, reaching a little
+beyond the Body, articulated _Horns_, a large _Thorax_, bigger than the
+Belly; the _Belly_ short and conical; much like the Heart of Animals: The
+_Legs_ partly whitish, partly black. The _Length_ of the Body from Head
+to Tail, about ²⁄₁₀ of an Inch; its _Colour_, a very beautiful shining
+Green, in some tending to a dark Copper-Colour. Figures both of the
+Cones, Cases, and Insects, may be seen among _Malpighi_’s Cuts of Galls,
+Tab. 13. and Tab. 20. Fig. 72. which Fig. 72. exhibits well enough some
+others of the _Gall-Insects_, but its _Thorax_ is somewhat too short for
+ours.
+
+[aa] Not only the Willow, and some other Trees, but Plants also, as
+_Nettles_, _Ground-Ivy_, &c. have Cases produced on their Leaves, by
+the Injection of the Eggs of an _Ichneumon-Fly_. I have observed those
+Cases always to grow in, or adjoining to some Rib of the Leaf, and their
+Production I conceive to be thus, _viz._ The Parent-Insect, with its
+stiff setaceous Tail, terebrates the Rib of the Leaf, when tender, and
+makes Way for its Egg into the very Pith or Heart thereof, and probably
+lays in therewith, some proper Juice of its Body, to pervert the regular
+Vegetation of it. From this Wound arises a small Excrescence, which (when
+the Egg is hatched into a Maggot) grows bigger and bigger, as the Maggot
+increases, swelling on each Side the Leaf between the two Membranes, and
+extending it self into the parenchymous Part thereof, until it is grown
+as big as two Grains of Wheat. In this Case lies a small, white, rough
+Maggot, which turns to an _Aurelia_, and afterwards to a very beautiful
+green, small _Ichneumon-Fly_.
+
+[bb] What I suspected my self, I find confirmed by _Malpighi_, who in his
+exact and true Description of the Fly bred in the _Oaken Galls_, saith,
+_Non sat fuit naturæ tam miro artificio Terebram seu Limam condidisse;
+sed inflicto vulnere, vel excitato foramine infundendum exinde liquorem
+intra Terebram condidit: quare fractâ per transversam muscarum terebrâ
+frequentissimè, vivente animali, guttæ aliquot diaphani humoris
+effluunt._ And a little after, he confirms, by ocular Observation,
+what he imagin’d before, viz. _Semel prope Junii finem vidi Muscam,
+qualem superiùs delineavi, insidentum quercinæ gemmæ, adhuc germinanti;
+hærebat etenim foliola stabili ab apice hiantis gemmæ erumpenti;
+& convulso in arcum corpore, terebram evaginabat, ipsamque sensam
+immittebat; & tumefacto ventre circa terebræ radicem tumorem excitabat,
+quem interpolatis vicibus remittebat. In folio igitur, avulsà Muscâ,
+minima & diaphana reperii ejecta ova, simillima iis, quæ adhuc in tubis
+supererant. Non licuit iterum idem admirari spectaculum, ~&c.~_
+
+Somewhat like this, which _Malpighi_ saw, I had the good Fortune to
+see my self once some Years ago: And that was, the beautiful, shining
+_Oak-Ball Ichneumon_ strike its _Terebræ_ into an Oak-Apple divers Times,
+no doubt to lay its Eggs therein. And hence I apprehend we see many
+_Vermicules_ towards the Outside of many of the Oak-Apples, which I guess
+were not what the Primitive Insects laid up in the Gem, from which the
+Oak-Apple had its Rise, but some other supervenient, additional Insects,
+laid in after the Apple was grown, and whilst it was tender and soft.
+
+[cc] The _Aleppo-Galls_, wherewith we make Ink, may be reckoned of this
+Number, being hard, and no other than Cases of Insects which are bred in
+them; who when come to Maturity, gnaw their Way out of them; which is
+the Cause of those little Holes observable in them. Of the Insects bred
+in them, see _Philos. Transact._ Nᵒ. 245. Of this Number also are those
+little smooth Cases, as big as large Pepper-Corns, growing close to the
+Ribs under Oaken-Leaves, globous, but flattish; at first touched with
+a blushing red, afterwards growing brown; hollow within, and an hard
+thin Shell without. In this lieth commonly a rough, white Maggot, which
+becomes a little long winged, black _Ichneumon-Fly_, that eats a little
+Hole in the Side of the Gall, and so gets out.
+
+[dd] For a Sample of the tender Balls, I shall choose the globous Ball,
+as round, and some as big as small Musket-Bullets, growing close to the
+Ribs, under Oaken-Leaves, of a greenish yellowish Colour, with a blush
+of red; their Skin smooth, with frequent Risings therein. Inwardly
+they are very soft and spongy; and in the very Center is a Case with a
+white Maggot therein, which becomes an _Ichneumon-Fly_, not much unlike
+the last. As to this Gall, there is one Thing I have observed somewhat
+peculiar, and I may say providential, and that is, that the Fly lies
+all the Winter in these Balls in its Infantile-State, and comes not
+to its Maturity till the following Spring. In the Autumn, and Winter,
+these Balls fall down with their Leaves to the Ground, and the Insect
+inclosed in them is there fenced against the Winter Frosts, partly by
+other Leaves falling pretty thick upon them, and especially by the thick,
+parenchymous, spongy Walls, afforded by the _Galls_ themselves.
+
+Another Sample shall be the large _Oak-Balls_, called _Oak-Apples_,
+growing in the Place of the Buds, whose Generation, Vegetation and
+Figure, may be seen in _Malpig. de Gallis_, p. 24. and Tab. 10. Fig. 33,
+_&c._ Out of these Galls, he saith various Species of Flies come, but he
+names only two, and they are the only two I ever saw come out of them:
+_Frequenter_ (saith he) _subnigræ sunt muscæ brevi munitæ terebrâ. Inter
+has aliquæ observantur aureæ, levi viridis tincturâ suffusæ, oblongâ
+pollentes terebrâ._ These two differently coloured Flies, I take to be no
+other than Male and Female of the same Species. I have not observed Tails
+(which are their _Terebræ_) in all, as _Malpighi_ seems to intimate:
+Perhaps they were hid in their _Thecæ_, and I could not discover them:
+But I rather think there were none, and that those were the Males: But in
+others, I have observed long, recurvous Tails, longer than their whole
+Bodies. And these I take to be the Females. And in the _Oak-Apples_
+themselves, I have seen the _Aureliæ_, some with, some without Tails. And
+I must confess, ’twas not without Admiration as well as Pleasure, that
+I have seen with what exact Neatness and Artifice, the Tail hath been
+wrapt about the _Aurelia_, whereby it is secured from either annoying the
+Insect, or being hurt it self.
+
+[ee] See before _Note (z)._
+
+[ff] As in the preceding Note.
+
+[gg] Of the rough or hairy Excrescences, those on the _Briar_, or
+_Dog-Rose_, are a good Instance. These _Spongiolæ villosæ_, as Mr. _Ray_,
+_Gallæ rumosæ_, as Dr. _Malpighi_ calls them, are thus accounted for by
+the latter; _Ex copiosis relictis ovis ita turbatur affluens ~[Rubi]~
+succus, ut strumosa fiant complura tubercula simul confusè congesta,
+quæ utriculorum seriebus, & fibrarum implicatione contexta, ramosas
+propagines germinant, ita ut minima quasi sylva appareat. Qualibet
+propago ramos, hinc inde villosos edit. Hinc inde pili pariter crumpunt,
+~&c.~_
+
+These Balls are a safe Repository to the Insect all the Winter in its
+Vermicular-State. For the Eggs laid up, and hatched the Summer before,
+do not come to mature Insects until the Spring following, as Mr. _Ray_
+rightly observes in _Cat. Cantab._
+
+As to the _Insects_ themselves, they are manifestly _Ichneumon-Flies_,
+having four Wings, their _Alvus_ thick and large towards the Tail;
+and tapering up till it is small and slender at its setting on to
+the _Thorax_. But the _Alvi_ or Bellies are not alike in all, though
+coloured alike. In some they are as is now described, and longer, without
+_Terebræ_, or Tails; in some shorter with Tails: And in some yet shorter,
+and thick, like the Belly of the _Ant_, or the Heart of Animals, as in
+those before, _Note (z)._ But for a farther Description of them, I shall
+refer to Mr. _Ray_, _Cat. Plant. circa Cantab._ under _Rosa Sylvest._
+
+[hh] It being an Instance somewhat out of the Way, I shall pitch upon
+it for an Example here, _viz._ The _gouty Swellings_ in the Body, and
+the Branches of the _Blackberry-Bush_; of which _Malpighi_ hath given us
+two good Cuts in Tab. 17. Fig. 62. The Cause of these is manifestly from
+the Eggs of Insects laid in (whilst the Shoot is young and tender) as
+far as the Pith, and in some Places not so deep; Which for the Reasons
+before-mentioned, makes the young Shoots tumify, and grow knotty and
+gouty.
+
+The Insect that comes from hence is of the former Tribe, a small, shining
+black _Ichneumon-Fly_, about a tenth of an Inch long; with jointed, red,
+capillary Horns, four long Wings, reaching beyond the Body, a large
+_Thorax_, red Legs, and a short, heart-like Belly. They hop like Fleas.
+The Males are less than the Females; are very venereous, endeavouring
+a _Coït_ in the very Box in which they are hatch’d; getting up on the
+Females, and tickling and thumping them with their Breeches and Horns, to
+excite them to Venery.
+
+
+
+
+_The CONCLUSION._
+
+
+And now these Things being seriously considered, what less can be
+concluded, than that there is manifest Design and Forecast in this Case,
+and that there must needs be some wise Artist, some careful, prudent
+Conservator, that from the very Beginning of the Existence of this
+Species of Animals, hath with great Dexterity and Forecast, provided for
+its Preservation and Good? For what else could contrive and make such a
+Set of curious Parts, exactly fitted up for that special Purpose: And
+withal implant in the Body such peculiar Impregnations, as should have
+such a strange uncouth Power on a quite different Rank of Creatures? And
+lastly, what should make the Insect aware of this its strange Faculty and
+Power, and teach it so cunningly and dextrously to employ it for its own
+Service and Good?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+BOOK IX.
+
+_Of REPTILES, and the Inhabitants of the WATERS._
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+_Of REPTILES._
+
+
+Having dispatch’d the insect Tribe, there is but one _Genus_ of
+the Land-Animals remaining to be survey’d; and that is, that of
+_Reptiles_[a]. Which I shall dispatch in a little Compass, by Reason I
+have somewhat amply treated of others, and many of the Things may be
+apply’d here. But there are some Things in which this Tribe is somewhat
+singular, which I shall therefore take Notice of briefly in this Place.
+One is their Motion, which I have in another Place[b] taken Notice of to
+be not less curious, than it is different from that of other Animals,
+whether we consider the Manner of it, as vermicular, or sinuous[c], or
+like that of the Snail[d], or the Caterpillar[e], or the Multipedous[f]
+or any other Way, or the Parts ministring to it, particularly the
+Spine[g], and the Muscles co-operating with the Spine, in such as have
+Bone, and the annular and other Muscles, in such as have none, all
+incomparably made for those curious, and I may say, geometrical Windings
+and Turnings, Undulations, and all the various Motions to be met with in
+the reptile Kind.
+
+Another Thing that will deserve our Notice, is, the Poyson[h] that many
+of this Tribe are stock’d with. Which I the rather mention, because some
+make it an Objection against the divine Superintendence and Providence,
+as being a Thing so far from useful, (they think,) that ’tis rather
+mischievous and destructive of God’s Creatures. But the Answer is easy,
+_viz._ That as to Man, those Creatures are not without their great Uses,
+particularly in the Cure of[i] some of the most stubborn Diseases;
+however, if they were not, there would be no Injustice for God to make
+a Set of such noxious Creatures, as Rods and Scourges, to execute the
+divine Chastisements upon ungrateful and sinful Men. And I am apt to
+think that the Nations which know not God, are the most annoy’d with
+those noxious Reptiles, and other pernicious Creatures. As to the Animals
+themselves, their Poyson is no doubt of some great and especial Use to
+themselves, serving to the more easy Conquest, and sure Capture of their
+Prey, which might otherwise be too resty and strong, and if once escap’d,
+would hardly be again recover’d, by Reason of their swifter Motion, and
+the Help of their Legs; besides all which, this their Poyson may be
+probably of very great Use to the Digestion of their Food.
+
+And as to the innocuous Part of the Reptile-Kind, they as well deserve
+our Notice for their Harmlesness, as the others did for their Poyson. For
+as those are endow’d with Poyson, because they are predaceous; so these
+need it not, because their Food is near at hand, and may be obtain’d
+without Strife and Contest, the next Earth[k] affording Food to such as
+can terebrate, and make Way into it by their Vermicular Faculty; and the
+next Vegetable being Food to others that can climb and reach[l], or but
+crawl to it.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] Notwithstanding I have before, in _Book IV. Chap. 12. Note (p)_,
+taken Notice of the _Earth-Worm_; yet it being a good Example of the
+Creator’s wise and curious Workmanship, in even this meanest Branch of
+the Creation, I shall superadd a few farther Remarks from Drs. _Willis_
+and _Tyson_. Saith _Willis_, _Lumbricus terrestris, licet vile &
+contemptibile habetur, Organa vitalia, necnon & alia viscera, & membra
+divino artificio admirabiliter fabrefacta sortitur: totius corporis
+compages musculorum annularium catena est, quorum fibræ orbiculares
+contractæ quemque annulum, prius amplum, & dilatum, angustiorem &
+longiorem reddunt._ [This Muscle in Earth-Worms, I find is spiral, as
+in a good Measure is their Motion likewise; _so that by this Means they
+can, (like the Worm of an Augre,) the better bore their Passage into the
+Earth. Their reptile Motion also, may be explain’d by a Wire wound on a
+Cylinder, which when slipp’d off, and one End extended and held fast,
+will bring the other nearer it. So the Earth-Worm, having shot out, or
+extended its Body, (which is with a Wreathing,) it takes hold by those
+small Feet it hath, and so contracts the hinder Part of its Body._ Thus
+the curious and learned Dr. _Tyson_, Phil. Trans. Nᵒ. 147.] _Nam proinde
+cùm portio corporis superior elongata, & exporrecta, ad spatium alterius
+extenditur, ibidemque plano affigitur, ad ipsum quasi ad centrum portio
+corporis inferior relaxata, & abbreviata facile pertrabitur. Pedunculi
+serie quadruplici, per totam longitudinem Lumbrici disponuntur; his
+quasi totidem uncis, partem modò hanc, modò istam, plano affigit, dum
+alteram exporrigit, aut post se ducit. Supra oris hiatum, Proboscide, quâ
+terram perforat & elevat, donatur._ And then he goes on with the other
+Parts that fall under View, the _Brain_, the _Gullet_, the _Heart_, the
+_spermatick Vessels_, the _Stomachs_ and _Intestines_, the _Foramina_
+on the Top of the Back, adjoyning to each Ring, supplying the Place of
+Lungs, and other Parts. _Willis de Anim. Brut._ P. 1. c. 3.
+
+[b] In _Book IV. Chap. 8._
+
+[c] There is a great Deal of geometrical Neatness and Nicety, in the
+sinuous Motion of Snakes, and other Serpents. For the assisting in which
+Action, the annular Scales under their Body are very remarkable, lying
+cross the Belly, contrary to what those in the Back, and rest of the
+Body do; also as the Edges of the foremost Scales lye over the Edges
+of their following Scales, from Head to Tail; so those Edges run out
+a little beyond, or over their following Scales; so as that when each
+Scale is drawn back, or set a little upright by its Muscle, the outer
+Edge thereof, (or Foot it may be call’d,) is rais’d also a little from
+the Body, to lay hold on the Earth, and so promote and facilitate the
+Serpent’s Motion. This is what may be easily seen in the Slough, or Belly
+of the Serpent-kind. But there is another admirable Piece of Mechanism,
+that my Antipathy to those Animals hath prevented my prying into; and
+that is, that every Scale hath a distinct Muscle, one End of which is
+tack’d to the Middle of its Scale; the other, to the upper Edge of its
+following Scale. This Dr. _Tyson_ found in the _Rattle-Snake_, and I
+doubt not is in the whole Tribe.
+
+[d] The wise Author of Nature, having deny’d Feet and Claws to enable
+Snails to creep and climb, hath made them amends in a Way more commodious
+for their State of Life, by the broad Skin along each Side of the
+Belly, and the undulating Motion observable there. By this latter ’tis
+they creep; by the former, afflicted with the glutinous Slime emitted
+from the Snail’s Body, they adhere firmly and securely to all Kinds of
+Superficies, partly by the Tenacity of their Slime, and partly by the
+Pressure of the Atmosphere. Concerning this Part, (which he calls the
+_Snail’s Feet_,) and their Undulation, See Dr. _Lister_’s _Exercit.
+Anat._ 1. §. 1. and 37.
+
+[e] The motive Parts, and Motion of Caterpillars, are useful, not only
+to their Progression and Conveyance from Place to Place; but also their
+more certain, easy and commodious gathering of Food. For having Feet
+before and behind, they are not only enabled to go by a kind of Steps
+made by their fore and hind Parts; but also to climb up Vegetables, and
+to reach from their Boughs and Stalks for Food at a Distance; for which
+Services, their Feet are very nicely made both before and behind. Behind,
+they have broad Palms for sticking too, and these beset almost round
+with small sharp Nails, to hold and grasp what they are upon: Before,
+their Feet are sharp and hook’d, to draw Leaves, _&c._ to them, and to
+hold the fore-part of the Body, whilst the hinder-parts are brought up
+thereto. But nothing is more remarkable in these Reptiles, than that
+these Parts and Morton are only temporary, and incomparably adapted only
+to their present _Nympha-State_; whereas in their _Aurelia-State_, they
+have neither Feet nor Motion, only a little in their hinder parts: And in
+their _Mature-State_, they have the Parts and Motion of a flying Insect,
+made for Flight.
+
+[f] It is a wonderful pretty Mechanism, observable in the going of
+_Multipedes_, as the _Juli_, _Scolopendræ_, &c. that on each Side the
+Body, every Leg hath its Motion, one very regularly following the other
+from one End of the Body to the other in a Way not easy to be describ’d
+in Words; so that their Legs in going, make a kind of Undulation, and
+give the Body a swifter Progression than one would imagine it should
+have, where so many Feet are to take so many short Steps.
+
+[g] _Vertebrarum Apophysos breviores sunt, præcipuè juxta caput, cujus
+propterea flexus in aversum, & latera, facilis Viperis est: secus
+Leonibus, ~&c.~——Incumbit his Ossibus ingens Musculorum minutorum
+præsidium, tum spinas tendinum exilium magno apparatu diducentium, tum
+vertebras potissimum in diversa flectentium, atque erigentium. Adeoque
+illam corporis miram agilitatem, non tantùm (ut Aristot.) ὅτι ἐπικαμπεῖς
+καὶ χονδρώδεις ὁι σπόνδυλοι quoniam faciles ad flexum, & cartilagineas
+produxit vertebras, sed quia etiam multiplicia motûs localis instrumenta
+musculos fabrefecit provida rerum Parens Natura, consecuta fuit._ Blas.
+Anat. Anim. P. 1. c. 39. de Viperâ è Veslingio.
+
+_That which is most remarkable in the ~Vertebræ~ ~[of the _Rattle-Snake_,
+besides the other curious Articulations,]~ is, that the round Ball in
+the lower Part of the upper ~Vertebra~, enters a Socket of the upper
+Part of the lower ~Vertebra~, like as the Head of the ~Os Femoris~ doth
+the ~Acetabulum~ of the ~Os Ischii~; by which Contrivance, as also the
+Articulation with one another, they have that free Motion of winding
+their Bodies any Way._ Dr. _Tyson_’s Anat. of the _Rattle-Snake_ in
+_Phil. Trans._ Nᵒ. 144. What is here observ’d of the _Vertebræ_ of this
+_Snake_, is common to this whole _Genus_ of Reptiles.
+
+[h] My ingenious and learned Friend, Dr. _Mead_, examined with his
+Microscope, the Texture of a _Viper_’s _Poyson_, and found therein at
+first only _a Parcel of small Salts nimbly floating in the Liquor; but
+in a short Time the Appearance was chang’d, and these saline Particles
+were shot out into Crystals, of an incredible Tenuity and Sharpness, with
+something like Knots here and there, from which they seem’d to proceed;
+so that the whole Texture did in a Manner represent a Spider’s Web,
+though infinitely finer._ Mead of Poysons, p. 9.
+
+As to the Nature and Operation of this _Poyson_, see the same ingenious
+Author’s Hypothesis, in his following Pages.
+
+This _Poyson_ of the _Viper_, lieth in a Bag in the Gums, at
+the Upper-end of the Teeth. It is separated from the Blood by a
+_conglomerated Gland_, lying in the anterior lateral Part of the _Os
+Sincipitis_; just behind the Orbit of the Eye: From which Gland lieth a
+Duct, that conveys the Poyson to the Bags at the Teeth.
+
+The Teeth are tubulated, for the Conveyance, or Emission of the Poyson
+into the Wound, the Teeth make; but their Hollowness doth not reach to
+the _Apex_, or Top of the Tooth, (that being solid and sharp, the better
+to pierce;) but it ends in a long slit below the Point, out of which the
+Poyson is emitted. These Perforations of the Teeth, _Galen_ saith, the
+Mountebanks us’d to stop with some kind of Paste, before they suffer’d
+the Vipers to bite them before their Spectators. Cuts of these Parts,
+_&c._ may be seen in the last cited Book of Dr. _Mead_. Also Dr. _Tyson’s
+Anat. of the Rattle-Snake_, in _Philos. Transact._ Nᵒ. 144.
+
+[i] That Vipers have their great Uses in Physick, is manifest from their
+bearing a great Share in some of our best Antidotes, such as _Theriaca
+Andromachi_, and others; also in the Cure of the _Elephantiasis_, and
+others the like stubborn Maladies, for which I shall refer to the medical
+Writers. But there is so singular a Case in the curious Collection of Dr.
+_Ol. Worm._ related from _Kircher_, that I shall entertain the Reader
+with it. Near the Village of _Sassa_, about eight Miles from the City
+_Bracciano_ in _Italy_, saith he, _Specus feu caverna (vulgò La Grotta
+delli Serpi) duorum hominum capax, fistulosis quibusdam foraminibus in
+formam cribri perforata cernitur, ex quibus ingens quædam, principio
+veris, diversicolorum Serpentum, nullâ tamen, ut dicitur, singulari
+veneni qualitate imbutorum progenies quotannis pullulare solet. In hæc
+speluncâ Elephantiacos, Leprosos, Paralyticos, Arabriticos, Podagricos,
+~&c.~ nudos exponere solent, qui mox halituum subterraneorum calore
+in sudorem resoluti, Serpentum propullulantium, totum corpus infirmi
+implicantium, suctu linctuque ita omni vitioso virulentoque humore
+privare dicuntur, ut repetito hoc per aliquod tempus medicamento, tandem
+perfecta sanitati restituantur._ This Cave _Kircher_ visited himself,
+found it warm, and every Way agreeable to the Description he had of it;
+he saw their Holes, heard a murmuring hissing Noise in them; but although
+he missed seeing the Serpents (it being not the Season of their creeping
+out) yet he saw great Numbers of their _Exuviæ_, or _Sloughs_, and an Elm
+growing hard by laden with them.
+
+The Discovery of this Cave, was by the Cure of a _Leper_ going from
+_Rome_ to some Baths near this Place; who losing his Way, and being
+benighted, happened upon this Cave; and finding it very warm, pull’d off
+his Cloaths, and being weary and sleepy, had the good Fortune not to feel
+the Serpents about him, till they had wrought his Cure. _Vid._ _Museum
+Worm._ L. 3. c. 9.
+
+The before-commended Dr. _Mead_, thinks our Physicians deal too
+cautiously and sparingly, in their prescribing only small Quantities
+of the Viper’s Flesh, _&c._ in the _Elephantiasis_, and stubborn
+_Leprosies_: But he recommendeth rather the Gelly or Broth of Vipers; or,
+as the ancient Manner was, to boil Vipers, and eat them like Fish; or at
+least to drink Wine, in which they have been long infused. _Vid._ _Mead.
+ubi supr._ p. 34.
+
+[k] That _Earth-worms_ live upon Earth, is manifest from the little
+curled Heaps of their Dung ejected out of their Holes. But in _Philos.
+Transact._ Nᵒ. 291, I have said, it is in all Probability Earth made of
+rotted Roots and Plants, and such like nutritive Things, not pure Earth.
+And there is farther Reason for it, because Worms will drag the Leaves of
+Trees into their Holes.
+
+[l] _Snails_ might be in Danger of wanting Food, if they were to live
+only upon such tender Plants as are near the Ground, within their Reach
+only; to impower them therefore to extend their Pursuits farther, they
+are enabled by the Means mentioned in _Note (d)_, to stick unto, and
+creep up Walls and Vegetables at their Pleasure.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+_Of the Inhabitants of the WATERS._
+
+
+I have now gone through that Part of the Animal World, which I proposed
+to survey, the Animals inhabiting the Land.
+
+As to the other Part of the Terraqueous Globe, the Waters, and the
+Inhabitants thereof, not having Time to finish what I have begun, on
+that large Subject, I shall be forced to quit it for the present, altho’
+we have there as ample and glorious a Scene of the Infinite Creator’s
+Power and Art, as hath been already set forth on the dry Land. For the
+Waters themselves are an admirable Work of God[a], and of infinite
+Use[b] to that Part of the Globe already surveyed; and the prodigious
+Variety[c], and Multitudes of curious and wonderful Things observable in
+its Inhabitants of all Sorts, are an inexhaustible Scene of the Creator’s
+Wisdom and Power. The vast Bulk of some[d], and prodigious Minuteness of
+others[e], together with the incomparable Contrivance and Structure of
+the Bodies[f] of all; the Provisions and Supplies of Food afforded to
+such an innumerable Company of Eaters, and that in an Element, unlikely
+one would think, to afford any great Store of Supplies[g]; the Business
+of Respiration perform’d in a Way so different from, but equivalent to
+what is in Land Animals[h]; the Adjustment of the Organs of Vision[i] to
+that Element in which the Animal liveth; the Poise[k], the Support[l],
+the Motion of the Body[m], forwards with great Swiftness, and upwards
+and downwards with great Readiness and Agility, and all without Feet and
+Hands, and ten thousand Things besides; all these Things, I say, do lay
+before us so various, so glorious, and withal so inexhaustible a Scene of
+the divine Power, Wisdom and Goodness, that it would be in vain to engage
+my self in so large a Province, without allotting as much Time and Pains
+to it, as the preceding Survey hath cost me. Passing by therefore that
+Part of our Globe, I shall only say somewhat very briefly concerning the
+_insensitive_ Creatures, particularly those of the _vegetable Kingdom_,
+and so conclude this Survey.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] Besides their absolute Necessity, and great Use to the World, there
+are several Topics, from whence the Waters may be demonstrated to be
+God’s Work; as, the creating so vast a Part of our Globe; the placing it
+commodiously therein, and giving it Bounds; the Methods keeping it sweet
+and clean, by its Saltness, by the Tides, and Agitations by the Winds;
+the making the Waters useful to the Vegetation of Plants, and for Food to
+Animals, by the noble Methods of sweetning them; and many other Things
+besides, which are insisted on in that Part of my Survey.
+
+[b] _Pliny_ having named divers _Mirabilia Aquarum_, to shew their Power;
+then proceeds to their Uses, viz. _Eædem cadentes omnium terrâ nascentium
+causa fiunt, prorsus mirabili naturâ, siquis velit reputare, ut fruges
+gignantur, arbores fruticesque vivant, in cœlum migrare aquas, animamque
+etiam herbis vitalem inde deferre: justâ confessione, omnes terra quoque
+vires aquarum esse beneficii. Quapropter ante omnia ipsarum potentia
+exempla ponemus: Cunctas enim quis mortalium enamerare queat?_ And then
+he goes on with an Enumeration of some Waters famed for being medicinal,
+or some other unusual Quality. _Plin._ L. 31. c. 1. & 2.
+
+[c] _Pliny_ reckons 176 Kinds in the Waters, whose Names may be met with
+in his L. 32. c. 11. but he is short in his Account.
+
+[d] _Pliny_, L. 9. c. 3. saith, that in the _Indian_ Sea there are
+_Balenæ quaternûm jugerum_ (i.e. 960 Feet) _Pristes 200 cubitorum_ (i.e.
+300 Feet.) And L. 32. c. 1. he mentions _Whales_ 600 Foot long, and 360
+broad, that came into a River of _Arabia_. If the Reader hath a mind, he
+may see his Reason why the largest Animals are bred in the Sea, L. 9. c.
+2.
+
+[e] As the largest, so the most minute Animals are bred in the Waters, as
+those in Pepper-water; and such as make the green Scum on the Waters, or
+make them seem as if green, and many others. See _Book IV. Chap. 11. Note
+(n), (v)._
+
+[f] It might be here shewn, that the Bodies of all the several
+Inhabitants of the Waters are the best contrived and suited to that Place
+and Business in the Waters, which is proper for them; that particularly
+their Bodies are cloathed and guarded, in the best Manner, with Scales,
+or Shells, _&c._ suitable to the Place they are to reside in, the Dangers
+they may there be exposed unto, and the Motion and Business they are
+there to perform: That the Center of Gravity (of great Consideration in
+that fluid Element,) is always plac’d in the fittest Part of the Body:
+That the Shape of their Bodies, (especially the more swift,) is the
+most commodious for making Way through the Water, and most agreeable to
+geometrical Rules; and many other Matters besides would deserve a Place
+here, were they not too long for Notes, and that I shall anticipate what
+will be more proper for another Place, and more accurately treated of
+there.
+
+[g] See before _Book IV. Chap. 11._
+
+[h] _Galen_ was aware of the Respiration of Fishes by their _Branchiæ_.
+For having said, that Fishes have no Occasion of a Voice, neither
+respire through the Mouth as Land Animals do, he saith, _Sed earum, quas
+Branchias nuncupamus, constructio, ipsis vice Pulmonis est. Cùm enim
+crebris ac tenuibus foraminibus sint Branchiæ hæ interceptæ, aëri quidem
+& vapori perviis, subtilioribus tamen quàm pro mole aquæ; hanc quidem
+extra repellunt, illa autem promptè intromittunt._ Galen de Us. Part.
+L. 6. c. 9. So also _Pliny_ held, that Fishes respired by their Gills;
+but he saith _Aristotle_ was of a different Opinion. _Plin._ L. 9. c. 7.
+And so _Aristotle_ seems to be in his _Hist. Animal._ L. 8. c. 2. and in
+other Places. And I may add our famous Dr. _Needham_. See his _De form.
+Fœtu_, Chap. 6. and _Answer to ~Severinus~_.
+
+[i] A protuberant Eye would have been inconvenient for Fishes, by
+hindring their Motion in so dense a Medium as Water is; or else their
+brushing through so thick a Medium would have been apt to wear, and
+prejudice their Eyes; therefore their _Cornea_ is flat. To make amends
+for which, as also for the Refraction of Water, different from that of
+the Air, the wise Contriver of the Eye, hath made the _Crystalline_
+spherical in Fishes, which in Animals, living in the Air, is
+_lenticular_, and more flat.
+
+[k] As I have shew’d before, that the Bodies of Birds are nicely pois’d
+to swim in the Air; so are those of Fishes for the Water, every Part
+of the Body being duly balanc’d, and the Center of Gravity, (as I said
+in _Note (f)_), accurately fix’d. And to prevent Vacillation, some of
+the Fins serve, particularly those of the Belly; as _Borelli_ prov’d by
+cutting off the Belly-fins, which caus’d the Fish to reel to the right
+and left Hand, and render’d it unable to stand steadily in an upright
+Posture.
+
+[l] To enable the Fish to abide at the Top, or Bottom, or any other Part
+of the Waters, the Air-Bladder is given to most Fishes, which as ’tis
+more full or empty, makes the Body more or less buoyant.
+
+[m] The _Tail_ is the grand Instrument of the Motion of the Body; not the
+Fins, as some imagine. For which Reason, Fishes are more musculous and
+strong in that Part, than in all the rest of their Body, according as it
+is in the motive Parts of all Animals, in the pectoral Muscles of Birds,
+the Thighs of Man, _&c._
+
+If the Reader hath a Mind to see the admirable Method, how Fishes row
+themselves by their Tail, and other Curiosities relating to their
+Swimming; I shall refer him to _Borelli_ _de mot. Anim._ Part. 1. Chap.
+23. particularly to Prop. 213.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+BOOK X.
+
+_Of VEGETABLES._
+
+
+The Vegetable Kingdom, although an inferiour Branch of the Creation,
+exhibits to us such an ample Scene of the Creator’s Contrivance,
+Curiosity, and Art, that I much rather chuse to shew what might be
+said, than engage too far in Particulars. I might insist upon the great
+Variety there is, both of Trees and Plants provided for all Ages, and
+for every Use and Occasion of the World[a]; some for Building, for Tools
+and Utensils of every Kind; some hard, some soft; some tough and strong,
+some brittle; some long and tall, some short and low; some thick and
+large, some small and tender; some for Physick[b], some for Food, some
+for Pleasure; yea, the most abject[c] Shrubs, and the very Bushes and
+Brambles themselves, the Husbandman can testify the Use of.
+
+I might also survey here the curious Anatomy and Structure of their
+Bodies[d], and shew the admirable Provision made for the Conveyance
+of the lymphatick and essential Juices, for communicating the Air, as
+necessary to Vegetable, as Animal Life[e]: I might also speak of, even
+the very Covering they are provided with, because it is a curious Work
+in Reality, although less so in Appearance: And much more therefore
+might I survey the neat Variety and Texture of their Leaves[f], the
+admirable Finery, Gaiety, and Fragrancy of their Flowers[g]. I might
+also inquire into the wonderful Generation and Make of the Seed[h], and
+the great Usefulness of their Fruit: I might shew that the Rudiments and
+Lineaments of the Parent-Vegetable, though never so large and spacious,
+is locked up in the little Compass of their Fruit or Seed, though some
+of those Seeds are scarce visible to the naked Eye[i]. And forasmuch as
+the Perpetuity and Safety of the Species depends upon the Safety of the
+Seed and Fruit in a great measure, I might therefore take notice of the
+peculiar Care the great God of Nature hath taken for the Conservation and
+Safety hereof: As particularly in such as dare to shew their Heads all
+the Year, how securely their Flower, Seed or Fruit is locked up all the
+Winter, together with their Leaves and Branches, in their Gems[k] and
+well fenced and covered there with neat and close Tunicks. And for such
+as dare not so to expose themselves, with what Safety are they preserved
+under the Coverture of the Earth, in their Root [l], Seed [m], or Fruit,
+till invited out by the kindly Warmth of the Spring! And when the whole
+Vegetable Race is thus called out, it is very pretty to observe the
+Methods of Nature in guarding those insensitive Creatures against Harms
+and Inconveniencies, by making some (for Instance) to lie down prostrate,
+and others, to close themselves up [n] upon the Touch of Animals, and
+the most to shut up their Flowers, their Down [o], or other their like
+Guard, upon the Close and Cool of the Evening, by Means of Rain, or other
+Matters that may be prejudicial to the tender Seed.
+
+And now to these Considerations relating to the Seed, I might add the
+various Ways of Nature in dissipating and sowing it, some being for this
+end, winged with light Down, or Wings, to be conveyed about by the Winds;
+others being laid in elastick, springy Cases, that when they burst and
+crack, dart their Seed at convenient Distances, performing thereby the
+Part of a good Husbandman[p]; others by their agreeable Taste and Smell,
+and salutary Nature, inviting themselves to be swallow’d, and carry’d
+about by the Birds, and thereby also fertiliz’d by passing through their
+Bodies[q]; and others not thus taken Care of, do many of them by their
+Usefulness in human Life, invite the Husbandman and Gardiner carefully to
+sow and nurse them up.
+
+To this so singular a Care about the Propagation and Conservation of
+the Species of Vegetables, I might add the nice Provision that is made
+for their Support and Aid, in standing and growing, that they may keep
+their Heads above Ground, and not be rotted and spoil’d in the Earth
+themselves, nor thereby annoy us; but on the contrary, minister to
+all their Ends, and our Uses; to afford us Houses, Utensils, Food[r],
+Physick, Cloathing, yea, Diversion too, by the Beauty of their Looks, by
+the Fragrancy of their Smell, by creating us pleasant Shades against the
+scorching Beams of Summer, and skreening us against the piercing Winds,
+and Cold of Winter[s].
+
+And it is very observable what admirable Provisions are made for this
+Purpose of their Support and Standing, both in such as stand by their
+own Strength, and such as need the Help of others. In such as stand by
+their own Strength, it is, by Means of the stronger and more ligneous
+Parts, (equivalent to the Bones in Animals,) being made not inflexible,
+as Bones; because they would then be apt to break; but of a yielding
+elastick Nature, to escape and dodge the Violence of the Winds; and by
+Means also of the Branches spreading handsomely and commodiously about,
+at an Angle of about 45 gr. by which Means they equally fill up, and at
+the same Time make an Æquilibration of the Top[t].
+
+And as for such Vegetables as are weak, and not able to support
+themselves, ’tis a wonderful Faculty they have, so readily and naturally
+to make Use of the Help of their Neighbours, embracing and climbing up
+upon them[u], and using them as Crutches to their feeble Bodies: Some
+by their odd convolving Faculty, by twisting themselves like a Screw
+about others; some advancing themselves, by catching and holding with
+their curious _Claspers_ and _Tendrels_, equivalent to the Hands; some
+by striking in their rooty Feet; and others by the Emission of a natural
+Glue, closely and firmly adhering to something or other that administers
+sufficient Support unto them. All which various Methods being so nicely
+accommodated to the Indigencies of those helpless Vegetables, and not to
+be met with in any besides, is a manifest Indication of their being the
+Contrivance and Work of the Creator, and that his infinite Wisdom and
+Care condescends, even to the Service, and well-being of the meanest,
+most weak, and helpless insensitive Parts of the Creation.
+
+In the last Place, to the Uses already hinted at, I might add a large
+Catalogue of such among Vegetables, as are of peculiar Use and Service
+to the World, and seem to be design’d as ’twere on Purpose, by the most
+merciful Creator, for the Good of Man, or other Creatures[w]. Among
+_Grain_, I might name the great Fertility[x] of such as serves for Bread,
+the easy Culture and Propagation thereof, and the Agreement of every
+Soil and Climate to it. Among Trees, and Plants, I might instance in
+some that seem to be design’d, as ’twere on Purpose, for almost every
+Life[y], and Convenience; some to heal the most stubborn and dangerous
+Distempers[z], to alleviate and ease the Pains[aa] of our poor infirm
+Bodies, all the World over: And some designed for the peculiar Service
+and Good of particular Places, either to cure such Distempers as are
+peculiar to them, by growing more plentifully there than elsewhere[bb];
+or else to obviate some Inconvenience there, or to supply some constant
+Necessity, or Occasion, not possible, or at least not easy, to be
+supplied any other Way[cc]. ’Tis, for Instance, an admirable Provision
+made for some Countries subject to Drought, that when the Waters every
+where fail, there are Vegetables which contain not only Moisture enough
+to supply their own Vegetation and Wants, but afford Drink also both to
+Man and other Creatures, in their great Extremities[dd]; and a great
+deal more might be instanced in of a like Nature, and Things that bear
+such plain Impresses of the Divine Wisdom and Care, that they manifest
+the Super-intendence of the infinite Creator.
+
+Thus I have given a Sketch of another Branch of the Creation, which
+(although one of the meanest, yet) if it was accurately viewed, would
+abundantly manifest it self to be the Work of God. But because I have
+been so long upon the other Parts, although less than they deserve, I
+must therefore content my self with those general Hints I have given;
+which may however serve as Specimens of what might have been more largely
+said about this inferiour Part of the animated Creation.
+
+As to the _Inanimate Part_, such as Stones, Minerals, Earths, and
+such-like, that which I have already said in the Beginning shall suffice.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] The fifth Book of _Theophrastus_’s _Hist. Plant._ may be here
+consulted: Where he gives ample instances of the various Constitutions
+and Uses of Trees, in various Works, _&c._ See also before _Book IV.
+Chap. 13. Note (a)._
+
+[b] _Invisis quoque herbis inseruit ~[Natura]~ remedia: quippe cùm
+medicinas dederit etiam aculeatis——in quibus ipsis providentiam Naturæ
+satis admirari amplectique non est.——Inde excogitavit aliquas aspectu
+hispidas, tactu truces, ut tantùm non vocem ipsius fingentis illas,
+rationemque reddentis exaudire videamur, ne se depascat avida Quadrupes,
+ne procaces manus rapiant, ne neglecta vestigia obterant, ne insidens
+Ales infringat: his muniendo Aculeis, telisque armando, remediis ut
+tuta ac salva sint. Ita hoc quoque quod in iis odimus, hominum causa
+excogitatum est._ Plin. N. H. L. 22 c. 6.
+
+_Are some of the Species of Nature noxious? They are also useful——Doth
+a Nettle sting? It is to secure so good a Medicine from the Rapes of
+Children and Cattle. Doth the Bramble cumber a Garden? It makes the
+better Hedge; where if it chanceth to prick the Owner, it will tear the
+Thief._ Grew Cosmolog. L. 3. c. 2. §. 47.
+
+[c] That the most abject Vegetables, _&c._ have their Use, and are
+beneficial to the World, may in some measure appear from the Use
+the Northern People put rotten Wood, _&c._ unto. _Satis ingeniosum
+modum habent populi septentrionales in nemoribus nocturno tempore
+pertranseuntes, imo & diurno, quando in remotioribus Aquilonis partibus
+ante, & post Solstitium hyemale continuæ noctes habentur. Quique his
+remediis indigent, Cortices quercinos inquirunt putres, easque collocant
+certo interstitio itineris instituti, ut eorum splendore, quò voluerint,
+perficiant iter. Nec solùm hoc præstat Cortex, sed & Truncus putrefactus,
+ac fungus ipse Agaricus appellatus, ~&c.~_ Ol. Mag. Hist. L. 2. c. 16.
+
+To this we may add _Thistles_ in making Glass, whose Ashes Dr. _Merret_
+saith, are the best, _viz._ the Ashes of the _Common-way Thistle_,
+though all _Thistles_ serve to this Purpose. Next to _Thistles_ are
+_Hop-strings_, cut after the Flowers are gathered. Plants that are Thorny
+and Prickly, seem to afford the best and most Salt. _Merret_’s _Observ.
+on Anton. Ner._ p. 265.
+
+  _Quid majora sequar? Salices, humilesque Genistæ._
+  _Aut illæ pecori frondem, aut pastoribus umbram_
+  _Sufficiunt, Sepemque satis, & pabula melli._
+
+                         Virg. Georg. L. 2. ℣. 434.
+
+[d] Dr. _Beal_ (who was very curious, and tried many Experiments upon
+Vegetables) gives some good Reasons to imagine, that there is a direct
+Communication between the Parts of the Tree and the Fruit, so that the
+same Fibres which constitute the Root, Trunk, and Boughs, are extended
+into the very Fruit. And in old _Horn-beams_, I have observed something
+very like this; in many of which, there are divers great and small Ribs
+(almost like Ivy, only united to the Body) running from the Root up along
+the outside of the Body, and terminating in one single, or a few Boughs:
+Which Bough or Boughs spread again into Branches, Leaves and Fruit. See
+what Dr. _Beal_ hath in _Lowth. Abr._ V. 2. p. 710.
+
+But as to the particular Canals, and other Parts relating to the Anatomy
+of Vegetables, it is too long a Subject for this Place, and therefore I
+shall refer to _Seigneur Malpighi_’s and Dr. _Grew_’s Labours in this
+kind.
+
+[e] _Tanta est Respirationis necessitas, & usus, ut Natura in singulis
+viventium ordinibus varia, sed analoga, paraverit instrumenta, quæ
+Pulmones vocamus_ [and so he goes on with observing the _Apparatus_ made
+in the various _Genera_ of Animals, and then saith] _In Plantis verò,
+quæ infirmum animalium attingunt ordinem, tantam Trachearum copiam &
+productionem extare par est, ut his minimæ Vegetantium partes præter
+corticem irrigentur.——Plantæ igitur (ut conjectari fas est) cum sint
+viventia, visceribus infixa terræ, ab hac, seu potius ab aquâ & aëre,
+commixtis & percolatis à terrâ, Respirationis suæ materiam recipiunt,
+ipsarumque Tracheæ ab halitu terræ, extremas radices subingresso,
+replentur._ Malpig. Op. Anat. Plant. p. 15.
+
+These _Tracheæ_ or _Air-Vessels_, are visible, and appear very pretty
+in the Leaf of _Scabious_, or the Vine, by pulling asunder some of its
+principal Ribs, or great Fibres; between which, may be seen the Spiral
+_Air-Vessels_ (like Threads of Cob-web) a little uncoyled: A Figure
+whereof, Dr. _Grew_ hath given us in his _Anat. Plant._ Tab. 51. 52.
+
+As to the curious coyling, and other Things relating to the Structure
+of those _Air-Vessels_. I refer to _Malpig._ p. 14. and Dr. _Grew_, ib.
+L. 3. c. 3. §. 16 _&c._ and L. 4. c. 4. §. 19. of Mr. _Ray_, from them
+succinctly, _Hist. Plant._ L. 1. c. 4.
+
+[f] Concerning the _Leaves_, I shall note only two or three Things. 1. As
+to the _Fibres of the Leaf_, they stand not in the _Stalk_, in an even
+Line, but always in an Angular, or Circular Posture, and their vascular
+Fibres or Threads, are 3, 5, or 7. The Reason of their Position thus,
+is for the more erect Growth and greater Strength of the Leaf, as also
+for the Security of its Sap. Of all which see, Dr. _Grew_, L. 1. c. 4.
+§. 8. _&c._ and L. 4. Par. 1. c. 3. also Tab. 4. Fig. 2. to 11. Another
+Observable in the Fibres of the Leaf, is their orderly Position, so as to
+take in an eighth Part of a Circle, as in _Mallows_; in some a tenth, but
+in most a twelfth, as in _Holy-Oak_; or a sixth, as in _Sirynga_. Id. ib.
+Tab. 46, 47.
+
+2. The Art in _Folding up the Leaves_ before their Eruption out of their
+Gems, _&c._ is incomparable, both for its Elegancy and Security, _viz._
+_In taking up (so as their Forms will bear) the least room; and in being
+so conveniently couched as to be capable of receiving Protection from
+other Parts, or of giving it to one another, ~e.g.~ First, there is
+the Bow-lap, where the Leaves are all laid somewhat convexly one over
+another, but not plaited——but where the Leaves are not so thick set, as
+to stand in the Bow-lap, there we have the Plicature, or the Flat-lap;
+as in Rose-tree, ~&c.~_ And so that curious Observer goes on shewing
+the various Foldings, to which he gives the Names of the _Duplicature_,
+_Multiplicature_, the _Fore-rowl_, _Back-rowl_, and _Tre-rowl_, or
+_Treble-rowl_. Grew. ib. L. 1. c. 4. §. 14, _&c._ To these he adds some
+others, L. 4. P. 1. c. 1. §. 9. Consult also _Malpig. de Gemmis_, p. 22.
+&c.
+
+To these curious Foldings, we may add another noble Guard by the
+Interposition of _Films_, _&c._ of which Dr. _Grew_ saith, there are
+about six Ways, _viz._ _Leaves_, _Surfoyls_, _Ingerfoyls_, _Stalks_,
+_Hoods_, and _Mantlings_. Grew. ib. and Tab. 41, 42. Malpig. ibid.
+
+[g] In the _Flower_ may be considered the _Empalement_, as Dr. _Grew_;
+the _Calix_, or _Perianthium_, as Mr. _Ray_ and others, call it, designed
+to be a Security, and Bands, to the other Parts of the Flower. _Floris
+velut basis & fulcimentum est._ Ray Hist. L. 1. c. 10. Flowers, whose
+_Petala_ are strong (as Tulips) have no _Calix_. _Carnations_, whose
+_Petala_ are long and slender, have an Empalement of one Piece: And
+others, such as the _Knap-weeds_, have it consisting of several Pieces,
+and in divers Rounds, and all with a counterchangeable Respect to each
+other, for the greater Strength and Security of themselves, and the
+_Petala_, &c. they include.
+
+The next is the _Foliation_, as Dr. _Grew_, the _Petala_, or _Folia_,
+as Mr. _Ray_, and others. In these, not only the admirable Beauty, and
+luxuriant Colours are observable, but also their curious _Foldings_ in
+the _Calix_, before their Expansion. Of which Dr. _Grew_ hath these
+Varieties, _viz._ The _Close-Couch_, as in _Roses_; the _Concave-Couch_,
+as in _Blattaria flore albo_; the _Single-Plait_, as in _Pease-Blossoms_;
+the _Double-Plait_, as in _Blue-Bottles_, &c. the _Couch_ and _Plait_
+together, as in _Marigolds_, &c. the _Rowl_, as in _Ladies Bower_; the
+_Spire_, as in _Mallows_; and lastly, the _Plait_ and _Spire_ together,
+as in _Convolvulus Doronici folio_. L. 1. c. 5. §. 6. and Tab. 54.
+
+As to the _Stamina_ with their _Apices_, and the _Stylus_, (called the
+_Attire_ by Dr. _Grew_) they are admirable, whether we consider their
+Colours, or their Make, especially their Use, if it be as Dr. _Grew_,
+Mr. _Ray_, and others imagine, namely, as a _Male Sperm_, to impregnate
+and fructify the Seed. Which Opinion is corroborated by the ingenious
+Observations of Mr. _Sam. Morland_, in _Philos. Trans._ Nᵒ. 287.
+
+_Reliqua usus alimentique gratiâ genuit ~[Natura]~ ideoque secula
+annosque tribuit iis. Flores verò odoresque in diem gignit: magnâ (ut
+palam est) admonitione hominum, quæ spectatissimè floreant, celerrimè
+marcescere._ Plin. N. H. L. 21. c. 1.
+
+[h] As to the curious and gradual Process of Nature in the Formation of
+the Seed or Fruit of Vegetables, Cuts being necessary, I shall refer to
+Dr. _Grew_, p. 45, and 209, and _Malpig._ p. 57.
+
+[i] _Vetus est Empedoclis dogma, Plantarum semina Ova esse, ab iisdem
+decidua——Inest in eo ~[Ovo vel Semine]~ velut in cicatrice, non sola
+viventis carina, sed cum minimo trunco assurgentes partes, Gemma
+scilicet, & insignis radicis Conus, ~&c.~_ Malpig. ib. p. 81. vid. plura
+in tract. _de Seminum veget._ p. 14. & passim.
+
+In _Malpighi_’s Life, a Debate may be seen between him and _Seign.
+Triumphetti_, the Provost of the Garden at _Rome_, whether the whole
+Plant be actually in the Seed. The Affirmative is maintained by
+_Malpighi_, with cogent Arguments; among which, this is one; _Non
+præoccupatâ mente, oculis microscopio armatis, lustret quæso Phaseolorum,
+seminalem plantulam nondum satam, in quâ folia stabilia, hæcque ampla
+evidenter observabit; in eâdem pariter gemmam, nodos, seu implantationes
+varias foliorum caulis deprehendet. Caulem insignem fibris ligneis, &
+utriculorum seriebus constantem conspicuè attinget._ And whereas _S.
+Triumphetti_ had objected, that _vegetatione, metamorphosi, inediâ
+plantas in alias degenerare, ut exemplo plurium ~[constat]~ præcipuè
+tritici in lolium, & lolii in triticum versi._ In answer to this, (which
+is one of the strongest Arguments against _Malpighi_’s Assertion)
+_Malpighi_ replies, _Nondum certum est de integritate, & successu
+experimenti, nam facienti mihi, & amicis, tritici metamorphosis non
+cessit. Admissa tamen metamorphosi, quoniam hæc neglecta cultura, aut
+vitio soli, aut aëris contingit——ideo ex morboso & monstruoso affectu
+non licet inferre permanentem statum à Naturâ intentum. Observo plantas
+sylvestres culturâ varias reddi, ~&c.~_ I have more largely taken notice
+of _Malpighi_’s Answer, because he therein shews his Opinion about the
+Transmutation of Vegetables. _Vid._ _Malpig. Vit._ p. 67.
+
+So Mr. _Lewenhoeck_, after his nice Observations of an _Orange-Kernel_,
+which he made to germinate in his Pocket, _&c._ concludes, _Thus we see,
+how small a Particle, no bigger than a course Sand ~(as the Plant is
+represented)~ is increased, ~&c.~ A plain Demonstration, that the Plant,
+and all belonging to it, was actually in the Seed, in the young Plant,
+its Body, Root, ~&c.~_ Philos. Trans. Nᵒ. 287. See also _Raii Cat. Cant._
+in _Acer maj._ from Dr. _Highmore_. But in all the Seeds which I have
+viewed, except the _Maple_, the Plant appears the plainest to the naked
+Eye, and also very elegant, in the _Nux Vomica_. _Natura non observat
+magnitudinis proportionem inter semina & plantas ab iisdem ortas, ita ut
+majus semen majorem semper producat plantam, minus minorem. Sunt enim in
+genere herbarum non pauca, quarum semina arborum nonnullarum seminibus
+non dico æqualia sunt, sed multo majora. Sic ~v.g.~ Semina Fabæ, ~&c.~
+semina Ulmi, ~&c.~ multis vicibus magnitudine superant._ Raii ubi suprà,
+L. 1. c. 13.
+
+_Filicem reliquasque Capillares herbas Semine carere Veteres
+plerique——prodidere; quos etiam secuti sunt è Recentioribus nonnulli,
+Dodonæus, ~&c.~——Alii è contrà, Bauhinus, ~&c.~ Filices & congeneres
+spermatophoras esse contendunt: Partim quia Historia Creationis_, Genes.
+ii. 12. &c.——_Hanc sententiam verissimam esse——autopsia convincit._
+_Fredericus Cæsius_, he saith, was the first that discovered these Seeds
+with the Help of a Microscope. And since him, Mr. _W. C._ hath more
+critically observed them. Among other Things observed by that ingenious
+Gent. are these, _Pixidulæ seu capsulæ semina continentes in plerisque
+hoc genus plantis perquam exili granulo arenæ vulgaris cinereæ plus
+duplo minores sunt; imò in nonnullis speciebus vix tertiam quartamve
+arenulæ partem magnitudine æquant, vesicularum quarundam annulis aut
+fasciolis vermiformibus obvolutarum speciem exhibentes. Nonnulle ex his
+vesiculis 100 circiter semina continere deprehendebantur.——adeò eximiâ
+parvitate ut nudo oculo prorsus essent invisibilia, nec nisi microscopii
+interventu detegi possent.——Osmunda Regalis, quæ aliis omnibus Filicis
+speciebus mole——antecellit——vascula seminalia obtinet æquè cum reliquis
+congeneribus magnitudinis——quorum immensa & visum fugiens parvitas cum
+magnitudine plantæ collata——adeò nullam gerere proportionem invenietur,
+ut tantam plantam è tantillo semine produci attentum observatarem meritò
+in admirationem rapiat._ Ray, ibid. L. 3. pag. 132. This _W. C._ was Mr.
+_Wil. Cole_, as he owneth in a Letter I have now in my Hands of his to
+Mr. _Ray_, of _Octob. 18, 1684._
+
+[k] _Vegetantium genus, ut debitam magnitudinem sortiatur, & suæ
+mortalitatis jacturam sucessivâ prolis eductione reparet, statis
+temporibus novas promit partes, ut tandem emergentes Uteri, recentes
+edant Soboles. Emanantes igitur a caule, caudice, ramis, & radicibus
+novellæ hujusmodi partes, non illico laxatæ extenduntur, sed compendio
+quodam coagmentatæ intra folii axillam cubantes, non parum subsistunst,
+Gemmæ appellantur, ~&c.~_ And then that great Man goes on to shew the
+admirable various Methods of Nature, in repositing in that little
+Compass, so large a Part of a Tree or Plant, the curious Structure of the
+Gems, the admirable Guard afforded them, and the Leaves, Flowers and Seed
+contained in them, _&c._ Of which having taken Notice before, I pass over
+it now, and only refer to our Author _Malpighi_, and Dr. _Grew_, in the
+Places cited in _Note (f) and (g)._
+
+[l] Of _Bulbous_, and a great many more, probably of the far greater
+Number of _Perennial Roots_ of Herbs, as _Arum_, _Rape-Crowfoot_, &c. it
+is very observable, that their Root is annually renewed, or repaired out
+of the Trunk or Stalk it self. That is to say, the _Basis_ of the _Stalk_
+continually, and by insensible Degrees descending below the Surface of
+the Earth, and hiding it self therein, is thus both in Nature, Place
+and Office, changed into a true Root.——So in _Brownwort_, the Basis of
+the Stalk sinking down by Degrees, till it lies under Ground, becomes
+the upper Part of the Root; and continuing still to sink, the next
+Year becomes the lower Part: And the next after that, rots away; a new
+Addition being still yearly made out of the Stalk, as the elder Parts
+yearly rot away. _Grew._ _ibid._ L. 2. pag. 59. _ubi plura vid._
+
+[m] How safe and agreeable a Conservatory the Earth is to Vegetables,
+more than any other, is manifest from their rotting, drying, or being
+rendred infecund in the Waters, or the Air; but in the Earth their
+Vigour is long preserved. Thus Seeds particularly, Mr. _Ray_ thinks
+some, may probably retain their Fecundity for ten Years, and others lose
+it in five; but, saith he, _In terræ gremio latitantia, quamvis tot
+caloris, frigoris, humoris & siccitatis varietatibus ibidem obnoxia,
+diutiùs tamen (ut puto) fertilitatem suam tuentur quàm ab hominibus
+diligentissimè custodita; nam & ego & alii ante me multi observârunt
+Sinapeos vim magnam enatam in aggeribus fossarum recèns factis inque
+areis gramineis effossis, ubi post hominum memoriam nulla unquam Sinapeos
+seges succreverat. Quam tamen non spontè ortam suspicor, sed è seminibus
+in terra per tot annos resuduis etiam prolificis._ Ray. Hist. Pl. L. 1.
+C. 13.
+
+[n] _Plantæ nonnullæ Æschynomenæ Veteribus dictæ, Recentioribus Vivæ, &
+Sensitivæ, & Mimosæ, haud obscura sensus indicia produnt; siquidem folia
+earnum manu aut baculo tacta, & paululum compressa, pleno etiam meridie,
+splendente Sole, illico se contrahunt; in nonnullis etiam speciebus
+cauliculi teneriores concidunt & velut marcescunt; quod idem ab aëre
+frigidiore admissa patiuntur._ Ray. Hist. Pl. T. 1. L. 18. App. S. 2. c.
+2. p. 978.
+
+[o] I have observed that many, if not most Vegetables, do expand their
+Flowers, Down, _&c._ in warm, Sun-shiny Weather, and again close them
+towards Evening, or in Rain, _&c._ especially at the Beginning of
+Flowering, when the Seed is young and tender; as is manifest in the
+Down of _Dandelion_, and other Downs; and eminently in the Flowers of
+_Pimpernel_; the opening and shutting of which, are the Country-Man’s
+Weather-wiser; whereby _Gerard_ saith, he foretelleth what Weather shall
+follow the next Day; for saith he, _if the Flowers be close shut up, it
+betokeneth Rain and foul Weather; contrarywise, if they be spread abroad,
+fair Weather._ Ger. Herb. B. 2. c. 183.
+
+_Est & alia ~[arbor in Tylis]~ similis, foliosior tamen, roseique floris;
+quem noctu comprimens, aperire incipit Solis exortu, meridie expandit.
+Incolæ dormiræ eam dicunt._ Plin. Nat. Hist. L. 12. c. 11.
+
+[p] _So soon as the Seed is ripe, Nature taketh several Methods for
+its being duly Sown; not only in the opening of the ~Uterus~, but also
+in the make of the Seed it self. For, First, The Seeds of many Plants,
+which affect a peculiar Soil or Seat, as of ~Arum~, ~Poppy~, ~&c.~ are
+heavy and small enough, without further Care, to fall directly down into
+the Ground——But if they are so large and light, as to be expos’d to the
+Wind, they are often furnish’d with one or more Hooks, to stay them from
+straying too far from their proper Place——So the Seeds of ~Avens~ have
+one single Hook; those of ~Agrimony~ and ~Goose-grass~, many; both the
+former loving a warm Bank; the latter, an Hedge for its Support. On the
+contrary, many Seeds are furnish’d with Wings or Feathers; partly with
+the Help of the Wind to carry them, when ripe, from off the Plant, as
+of ~Ash~, ~&c.~——and partly to enable them to make their Flight more
+or less abroad, that so they may not, by falling together, come up too
+thick; and that if one should miss a good Soil or Bed, another may hit.
+So the Kernels of ~Pine~ have Wings——yet short——whereby they fly not
+into the Air, but only flutter upon the Ground. But those of ~Typha~,
+~Dandelion~, and most of the pappous Kind——have long numerous Feathers,
+by which they are wafted every Way.——Again, there are Seeds which are
+scatter’d not by flying abroad, but by being either spirted or flung
+away. The first of those are Wood sorrel, which having a running Root,
+Nature sees fit to sow the Seeds at some Distance. The doing of which is
+effected by a white sturdy Cover, of a tendinous or springy Nature.——This
+Cover, so soon as it begins to dry, bursts open on one Side, in an
+instant, and is violently turn’d Inside outward——and so smartly throws
+off the Seed. The Seeds of ~Hart’s-tongue~, is flung or shot away——by
+the curious Contrivance of the Seed-case, as in ~Codded-Asmart~, only
+there the spring moves and curls inward, but here outward, ~viz.~ Every
+Seed-case——is of a spherick Figure, and girded about with a Sturdy
+Spring.——The Surface of the Spring resembles a fine Screw.——So soon
+as——this Spring is become stark enough, it suddenly breaks the Case into
+two Halfs, like two little Cups, and so flings the Seed._ Grew. ib.
+p. 199. and in Tab. 72. all these admirable Artifices are handsomely
+represented.
+
+_Quin si quantitas modica seminum ~(Filicis Phyiltitidis quoque)~ à
+foliis in subjectam charte mundæ——schedam decutiatur, detergatúrve,
+& deinde in acervum converratur, vesicularum seminalium plurimis unà
+dissilientibus, & sibi invicem allisis, acervulus variè moveri per partes
+videbitur, non secus ac si Syronibus aut istiusmodi bestiolis repletus
+esset——quin si locus tranquillus sit, aura proximè admotâ crepitantium
+inter rumpendum vasculorum sonitus——percipietur; & si microscopio chartam
+oculis oberres, semina per eam undique sparsa, & ad notabilem ab acervo
+distantiam projecta comperies._ _Ray_ ibid. p. 132.
+
+_The admirable Contrivance of Nature, in this Plant is most plain. For
+the Seed-Vessels being the best Preserver of the Seed, ’tis there kept
+from the Injuries of Air and Earth, ’till it be rainy, when it is a
+proper Time for it to grow, and then it is thrown round the Earth, as
+Grain by a skilful Sower.——When any Wet touches the End of the Seed
+Vessels, with a smart Noise and sudden Leap it opens it self, and with a
+Spring scatters its Seed to a pretty Distance round it, where it grows._
+Dr. Sloane Voy. to Jamaica, p. 150. of the _Gentianella flore cœruleo_,
+&c. or _Spirit-Leaf_.
+
+The Plants of the _Cardamine-Family_, and many others, may be added
+here, whose Cods fly open, and dart out their Seed, upon a small Touch
+of the Hand. But the most remarkable Instance is in the _Cardamine
+impatiens, cujus Siliquæ_ (saith Mr. _Ray_) _vel leviter tactæ, actutùm
+ejaculantur ~[Semina]~ imò, quod longè mirabilius videtur, etsi filiquas
+non tetigeris, si tamen manum velut tacturus proximè admoveas, semina
+in approprinquantem evibrabunt; quod tum Morisonus se sæpiùs expertum
+scribit, tum Johnstonus apud Gerardum verum esse affirmat._ Hist. Plant.
+L. 16. c. 20.
+
+Neither is this Provision made only for Land Vegetables, but for such
+also as grow in the Sea. Of which I shall give an Instance from my before
+commended Friend Dr. _Sloane_. _As to the Fuci,——their Seed hath been
+discover’d, (and shew’d me first,) by the Industry of the ingenious
+Herbarist, Mr. ~Sam. Doody~, who found on many of this Kind, solid
+Tubercules, or Risings in some Seasons, wherein were lodg’d several round
+Seeds, as big as Mustard-Seed, which, when ripe, the outward Membrane of
+the Tubercule breaking, leaveth the seed to float up and down with the
+Waves. The Seed coming near Stones, or any solid Foundation, by Means of
+a Mucilage it carries with it, sticks to them, and shoots forth ~Ligulæ~
+with Branches, and in Time comes to its Perfection and Magnitude._ Sloan
+Voy. Jamaica, p. 50.
+
+But although Mr. _Doody_ had hinted, and conjectur’d at the Thing; yet
+the first that discover’d the Seeds in _Fuci_, was the before commended
+Dr. _Tancred Robinson_; as may be seen by comparing what Mr. Ray saith
+in his _Synops. Stirp. Brit._ p. 6. with his _Append. Hist._ p. 1849.
+Besides which _Fuci_, the Dr. tells me, he observ’d Vessels and Seed in
+_Coralloid Shrubs_, as also in several _Fungi_, not only in the Species
+of _Crepitus Lupi_, but also between the _Lamellæ_ of other Species, and
+in that subterraneous Kind call’d _Truffles_, whose Seed and Vessels open
+in the Cortex, at some Seasons he saith, like that of Mallows in Shape.
+
+As to the _Crepitus Lupi_, I have more than once examin’d their Powder,
+with those excellent Microscopes of Mr. _Wilson_’s Make: But the most
+satisfactory View Mr. _Wilson_ himself gave me; by which I found the
+Seeds to be so many exceeding small _Puff-Balls_, with round Heads, and
+longer than ordinary sharp-pointed Stalks, as if made on purpose to
+prick easily into the Ground. These Seeds are intermix’d with much dusty
+Matter, and become hurtful to the Eyes, probably by their sharp Stalks
+pricking and wounding that tender Organ.
+
+[q] The ancient Naturalists do generally agree, that _Misseltoe_ is
+propagated by its Seeds carried about by, and passing through the Body
+of Birds. Thus _Theophrastus de Caus. Plant._ L. 2. c. 24. τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ
+σῆς ὀρνίθων, &c. _Initium verò à pastu avium:——Quippe Visco detracto
+confectóque in alveïs, quod frigidissimum est, semen cum excremento
+purum dimittitur, & factâ mutatione aliquâ in arbore Stercoris causâ
+pullulat, erumpitque, ~&c.~_ So also _Pliny_ saith, viz. _Omnino
+autem satum ~[Viscum]~ nullo modo nascitur, nec nisi per alvum Avium
+reddittum, maximè Palumbis ac Turdi. Hæc est natura, ut nisi maturatum
+in ventre Avium, non proveniat._ Plin. N. H. L. 16. c. 44. Whether what
+_Theophrastus_ and _Pliny_ affirm, be conducive to the better fertilizing
+the Seeds of _Misseltoe_, I know not; but that it is not of absolute
+Necessity, I can affirm upon mine own Experience, having seen the Seeds
+germinate, even in the Bark of Oak. But although they shot above an
+Inch, and seem’d to root in the Tree, yet they came to nothing, whether
+destroy’d by Ants, _&c._ which I suspected, or whether disagreeing with
+the Oak, I know not. But I since find the Matter put out of doubt by Mr.
+_Doody_, which see in Mr. _Ray_’s _Hist. Plant. App._ p. 1918.
+
+_Nutmegs_ are said to be fertiliz’d after the same Manner, as _Tavernier_
+saith was confirm’d to him by Persons that lived many Years in those
+Parts; whose Relation was, The _Nutmeg_ being ripe, several Birds come
+from the Islands toward the South, and devour it whole, but are forced
+to throw it up again, before it be digested: And that the _Nutmeg_, then
+besmear’d with a viscous Matter, falling to the Ground, takes Root, and
+produces a Tree, which would never thrive, was it planted. _Tavern. of
+the Commod. of the ~G. Mogul~._ And _Monsieur Thevenot_, in his Travels
+to the _Indies_, gives this Account; The Tree is produc’d after this
+Manner; there is a kind of Birds in the Island, that having pick’d off
+the green Husk, swallow the Nuts, which having been some Time in their
+Stomach, they void by the ordinary Way; and they fail not to take rooting
+in the Place where they fall, and in Time to grow up to a Tree. This Bird
+is shap’d like a _Cuckow_, and the _Dutch_ prohibit their Subjects under
+Pain of Death, to kill any of them. _Vid._ _Sir T. Pope Blunt_’s _Nat.
+Hist._
+
+But Mr. _Ray_ gives a somewhat different Account: _Hunc fructum ~[Nucem
+Moschatam]~ variæ quidem aves depascuntur, sed maximè Columbæ genus album
+& parvum, quæ dehiscente nucamento, illectæ suavitate Macis, hunc cum
+Nuce eripiunt & devorant, nec nisi repletâ ingluvie capacissimâ saginam
+deserunt. Nostrates ibi mercatores Columbis istis ~Nut-eaters~ sive
+Nucivoris nomen imposuerunt. Quas autem vorant Nuces, post integras per
+alvum reddunt. Redditæ citiùs deinde germinant utpote præmaceratæ fervore
+Ventriculi. Arbores inde natæ ceu præcociores, facilè sunt corruptioni
+obnoxiæ fructumque ferunt cæteris multo viliorem, & hâc causa neglectum
+incolis contemptumque, prater Macin, quem ad adulterandum meliorem
+adhibent._ Ray H. P. L. 27. c. 4.
+
+[r] _Arbores blandioribus fruge succis hominem mitigavere. Ex iis
+recreans membra Olei liquor, viresque potus Vini: tot denique sapores
+annui sponte venientes: & mensa depugnetur licet earum causa cum feris, &
+pasti naufragorum corporibus pisces expetantur, etiamnum tamen secundæ.
+Mille præterea sunt usus earum, sine quibus vita degi non possit. Arbore
+sulcamus maria, terrasque admovemus, arbore exædificamus tecta._ Plin. N.
+H. L. 12. c. 1.
+
+[s] _Plantaram Usus latissime patet, & in omni vita parte occurrit. Sine
+illis laute, sine illis commode non vivitur, at nec vivitur omnino:
+Quæcunque ad victum necessaria sunt, quæcunque ad delicias faciunt,
+e locupletissimo suo penu abunde subministrant. Quanto ex iis mensa
+innocentior, mundior, salubrior quam ex Animalium cæde & laniena? Homo
+certe natura Animal carnivorum non est; nullis ad prædam & rapinam armis
+instructum, non dentibus exertis & serratis, non unguibus aduncis. Manus
+ad fructus colligendos, dentes ad mandendas comparati. Non legimus ei
+ante Diluvium carnes ad esum concessas. At non victum tantum nobis
+suppeditant, sed & Vestitum, & Medicinam & Domicilia aliaque, ædificia,
+& Navigia, & Supellectilem, & Focum, & Oblectamenta Sensuum Animique: Ex
+his naribus odoramenta & sussumigiæ parantur. Horum flores inenarrabili
+colorum & Schematum varietate, & elegantia, oculos exhilarant, suavissima
+odorum quos expirant fragantia spiritus recreant. Horum fructus gule
+illecebra mensas secundas instruunt, & languentem appetitum excitant.
+Taceo virorem amiœnissimum oculis amicum, quem per prata paseua agros,
+sylvas spatiantibus objiciunt & umbras quas contra æstum & solis ardores
+præbent._ Ray. ib. L. 1. c. 24. p. 46.
+
+[t] All Vegetables of a tall and spreading Growth, seem to have a
+natural Tendency to a hemispherical Dilation, but generally confine
+their Spreading within an Angle of 90 _gr._ as being the most becoming
+and useful Disposition of its Parts and Branches. Now the shortest Way
+to give a most graceful and useful filling to that Space of dilating and
+spreading out, is to proceed in strait Lines, and to dispose of those
+Lines, in a Variety of Parallels, _&c._ And to do that in a quadrantal
+Space, _&c._ there appears but one way possible, and that is, to form
+all the Intersections which the Shoots and Branches make, with Angles
+of 45 _gr._ only. And I dare appeal to all if it be not in this Manner,
+almost to a Nicety observ’d by Nature, _&c._ A visible Argument that the
+plastic Capacities of Matter are govern’d and dispos’d by an all-wise and
+infinite Agent, the native Strictnesses and Regularities of them plainly
+shewing from whose Hand they come. _Account of the Origine and Format. of
+Foss. Shells, ~&c.~_ _Print._ Lond. 1705. pag. 38. 41.
+
+[u] _In Hederâ, sui culi & rami hinc inde claviculos, quasi radiculas
+emittunt, quæ parietibus, vel occurrentibus arboribus veluti digitis
+firmantur, & in altum suspenduntur. Hujusmodi radiculæ subrotundæ sunt,
+& pilis cooperiuntur: & quad mirum est, glutinosum fundunt humorem,
+seu Terebinthinam, quâ arcte lapidibus nectuntur & agglutinantur.——Non
+minori industriâ Natura utitur in Vite Canadensi, ~&c.~_ The admirable
+and curious Make of whose Tendrels and their Feet, see in the illustrious
+Author, _Malpig. de Capreolis_, &c. p. 48.
+
+Claspers are of a compound Nature, between that of a Root and a Trunk.
+Their Use is sometimes for Support only; as in the Claspers of Vines,
+Briony, _&c._ whose Branches being long, slender and fragile, would
+fall by their own Weight, and that of their Fruit; but these Claspers
+taking hold of any Thing that is at Hand: Which they do by a natural
+Circumvolution which they have; (those of Briony have a retrograde Motion
+about every third Circle, in the Form of a double Clasp; so that if they
+miss one Way, they may catch the other.) Sometimes the Use of Claspers is
+also for a Supply, as in the Trunk Roots of Ivy; which being a Plant that
+mounts very high, and being of a closer and more compact Substance than
+that of Vines, the Sap would not be sufficiently supply’d to the upper
+Sprouts, unless these assisted the Mother Root; but these serve also for
+Support too. Sometimes also they serve for Stabiliment, Propagation and
+Shade; for the first of these serve the Claspers of Cucumers; for the
+second, those, or rather the Trunk-Roots of _Chamomil_; and for all three
+the Trunk-Roots of _Strawberries_. Harris _Lex. Tech. in verb._ Claspers.
+
+[w] Vegetables afford not only Food to Irrationals, but also Physick,
+if it be true which _Aristotle_ saith, and after him _Pliny_; which
+latter in his 8th Book, Chap. 27. specifies divers Plants made use of as
+Specificks, by divers, both Beasts and Birds: As _Dittany_ by wounded
+_Deer_, _Celandine_ by _Swallows_, to cure the sore Eyes of their Young,
+_&c._ And if the Reader hath a Mind to see more Instances of this Nature,
+(many of them fanciful enough,) he may consult _Mersenne in Genes._ pag.
+933.
+
+[x] See before _Book IV. Chap. 11. Note (b)._
+
+[y] _Planta hæc unica ~[Aloe Americana]~ inquit Fr. Hernandez, quicquid
+vitæ esse potest necessarium præstare facilè potest, si esset rebus
+humanis modus. Tota enim illa lignorum sæpiendorumque agrorum usum
+præstat, caules tignorum, folia verò tecta regendi imbricum, lancium:
+eorundem nervuli, & fibra eundem habent usum ad linteamina, calceos, &
+vestimenta conficienda quem apud nos Linum, Cannabis, Gossipium, ~&c.~
+E mucronibus siunt clavi, aculei, subula, quibus perforandis auribus,
+macerandi corporis gratiâ, Indis uti mos erat cùm Dæmonum vacarent
+cultui; item aciculæ, acus, tribuli militares & rastilla idonea pectendis
+subtegminibus. Præterea è succo mananti, cujus evulsis germinibus
+internis foliisve tenerioribus cultis ~[Yztlinis]~ in mediam cavitatem,
+stillat planta, unica ad 50 interdum amphoras (quod dictu est mirabile)
+Vina, Mel, Acetum ac Saccharum parantur ~[The Methods of which he
+tells]~. Idem succus menses ciet, alvum lenit, Urinam evocat, Renes &
+Vesicam emundat. E radice quoque Restes fiunt firmissimæ. Crassiores
+foliorum partes, truncusque, decocta sub terrâ, edendo sunt apta,
+sapiuntque Citrea frusta saccharo condita: quin & vulnera recentia mirè
+conglutinant.——Folia quoque assa & affecto loco imposita convulsionem
+curant, ac dolores leniunt (præcipuè si succus ipse calens bibatur)
+quamvis ab Indicâ proficiscantur lue, sensum hebetant, atque torporem
+inducunt. Radicis succus luem Veneream curat apud Indos ut Dr. ~Palmer~._
+Ray. ib. L. 21. c. 7. See also Dr. _Sloane_ _Voy. to ~Jamaica~_, _p. 247_.
+
+There are also two Sorts of _Aloe_ besides, mentioned by the same Dr.
+_Sloane_, one of which is made use of for Fishing-Lines, Bow-Strings,
+Stockings, and Hammocks. Another hath Leaves that hold Rain-Water, to
+which Travellers, _&c._ resort to quench their Thirst, in Scarcity of
+Wells, or Waters, in those dry Countries. _Ibid._ p. 249.
+
+[z] For an Instance here, I shall name the _Cortex Peruvianus_, which Dr.
+_Morton_ calls _Antidotus in levamen crumnarum vitæ humanæ plurimarum
+divinitus concessa._ De Febr. Exer. v. c. 3. _In Sanitatem Gentium
+proculdubio à Deo O. M. conditus. Cujus gratiâ, Arbor vitæ, siqua alia,
+jure meritò appellari potest._ Id. ib. c. 7. _Eheu! quot convitiis
+Herculea & divina hæc Antidotus jactabatur?_ Ibid.
+
+To this (if we may believe the _Ephemer. German._ Ann. 12. Obser. 74. and
+some other Authors) we may add _Trifolium paludosum_, which is become the
+_Panacea_ of the _German_ and Northern Nations.
+
+[aa] _Pro doloribus quibuscunque sedandis præstantissimi semper usus
+Opium habetur; quamobrem meritò ~Nepenthe~ appellari solet, & remedium
+verè divinum existit. Et quidem satìs mirari vix possumus, quomodo
+urgente viscerit aut membri cujuspiam torturâ insigni, & intolerabili
+cruciatu, pharmacum hoc, incantamenti instar, levamen & ἀναλγησίαν
+subitam, immò interdum absque somno, aut saltem priùs quàm advenerit,
+concedit. Porrò adhuc magìs stupendum est, quod donec particulæ Opiaticæ
+operari, & potentiam suam narcoticam exerere continuant, immò etiam
+aliquamdiu postquam somnus finitur, summa aleviatio, & indolentia in
+parte affectâ persisti._ Willis, Phar. rat. par. 1. S. 7. c. 1. §. 15.
+
+[bb] _Tales Plantarum species in quacunque regione, à Deo creantur
+quales hominibus & animalibus ibidem natis maximè conveniunt; imò ex
+plantarum nascentium frequentiâ se fere animadvertere posse quibus morbis
+~[endemiis]~ quælibet regio subjecta sit, scribit Solenander. Sic apud
+Danos, Frisios, Hollandos, quibus, Scorbutus frequens, Cochlearia copiose
+provenit._ Ray. H. Pl. L. 16. c. 3.
+
+To this may be added _Elsner_’s Observations concerning the Virtues of
+divers Things in his Observations _de Vincetoxico Scrophularum remedio_.
+F. Germ. T. 1. Obs. 57.
+
+_John Benerovinus_, a Physician of _Dort_, may be here consulted, who
+wrote a Book on purpose to shew, that every Country hath every Thing
+serving to its Occasions, and particularly Remedies afforded to all the
+Distempers it is subjected unto. V. _Bener._ Ἀυτάρκεια, _Batav. sive
+Introd. ad Medic. indigenam._
+
+[cc] The Description Dr. _Sloane_ gives of the _Wild-Pine_ is, that
+its Leaves are chanelled fit to catch and convey Water down into their
+Reservatories, that these Reservatories are so made, as to hold much
+Water, and close at Top when full, to hinder its Evaporation; that these
+Plants grow on the Arms of the Trees in the Woods every where [in those
+Parts] as also on the Barks of their Trunks. And one Contrivance of
+Nature in this Vegetable, he saith, is very admirable. The Seed hath
+long and many Threads of _Tomentum_, not only that it may be carried
+every where by the Wind——but also that it may by those Threads, when
+driven through the Boughs, be held fast, and stick to the Arms, and
+extant Parts of the Barks of Trees. So soon as it sprouts or germinates,
+although it be on the under Part of a Bough,——its Leaves and Stalk rise
+perpendicular, or strait up, because if it had any other Position, the
+Cistern (before-mentioned, by which it is chiefly nourished——) made of
+the hollow Leaves, could not hold Water, which is necessary for the
+Nourishment and Life of the Plant——In Scarcity of Water, this Reservatory
+is necessary and sufficient, not only for the Plant it self, but likewise
+is very useful to Men, Birds, and all Sorts of Insects, whither they come
+in Troops, and seldom go away without Refreshment. _Id. ib. p. 188._ and
+_Phil. Trans._ Nᵒ. 251, where a Figure is of this notable Plant, as also
+in _Lowthorp’s Abridg. V. 2. p. 669._
+
+The _Wild-Pine_, so called, _&c._ hath Leaves that will hold a Pint and
+a half, or Quart of Rain-Water; And this Water refreshes the Leaves,
+and nourishes the Root. When we find these Pines, we stick our Knives
+into the Leaves, just above the Root, and that lets out the Water, which
+we catch in our Hats, as I have done many Times to my great Relief.
+_Dampier_’s _Voy. to Campeachy_, _c. 2. p. 56._
+
+[dd] _Navarette_ tells us of a Tree called the _Bejuco_, which twines
+about other Trees, with its End hanging downwards; and that Travellers
+cut the Nib off it, and presently a Spout of Water runs out from it, as
+clear as Crystal, enough and to spare for six or eight Men. I drank,
+saith he, to my Satisfaction of it, found it cool and sweet, and would
+drink it as often as I found it in my Way. It is a Juice and natural
+Water. It is the common Relief of the Herds men on the Mountains. When
+they are thirsty, they lay hold on the _Bejuco_, and drink their Fill.
+_Collect. of Voy. and Trav. Vol. 1. in the Suppl. to ~Navarette~’s
+Account of ~China~, p. 355._
+
+The _Waterwith_ of _Jamaica_ hath the same Uses, concerning which, my
+before-commended Friend, Dr. _Sloane_, favoured me with this Account from
+his Original Papers: _This Vine growing on dry Hills, in the Woods, where
+no Water is to be met with, its Trunk, if cut into Pieces two or three
+Yards long, and held by either End to the Mouth, affords so plentifully a
+limpid, innocent, and refreshing Water, or Sap, as gives new Life to the
+droughty Traveller or Hunter. Whence this is very much celebrated by all
+the Inhabitants of these Islands, as an immediate Gift of Providence to
+their distressed Condition._
+
+To this we may add what Mr. _Ray_ takes notice of concerning the
+_Birch-Tree_. _In initiis Veris antequam folia prodiere, vulnerata dulcem
+succum copiosè effundit, quem siti pressi Pastores in sylvis sæpenumerò
+potare solent. Nos etiam non semel eo liquore recreati sumus, cùm
+herbarum gratiâ vastas peragravimus sylvas, inquit Tragus._ Raii Cat.
+Plant. circa. Cantab. in Betula.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+BOOK XI.
+
+_Practical INFERENCES from the foregoing SURVEY._
+
+
+Having in the preceding Books carried my Survey as far as I care at
+present to engage my self, all that remaineth, is to draw some Inferences
+from the foregoing Scene of the great Creator’s Works, and so conclude
+this Part of my intended Work.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+_That GOD’s Works are Great and Excellent._
+
+
+The first Inference I shall make, shall be by way of Confirmation of the
+Text, That the _Works of the Lord are great_[a]. And this is necessary
+to be observed, not against the Atheist only, but all other careless,
+incurious Observers of God’s Works. Many of our useful Labours, and
+some of our best modern Books shall be condemned with only this Note
+of Reproach, That they are about trivial Matters[b], when in Truth
+they are ingenious and noble Discoveries of the Works of _GOD_. And how
+often will many own the World in general to be a Manifestation of the
+Infinite Creator, but look upon the several Parts thereof as only Toys
+and Trifles, scarce deserving their Regard? But in the foregoing (I may
+call it) transient View I have given of this lower, and most slighted
+Part of the Creation, I have, I hope, abundantly made out, that all the
+Works of the Lord, from the most regarded, admired, and praised, to the
+meanest and most slighted, are great and glorious Works, incomparably
+contrived, and as admirably made, fitted up, and placed in the World. So
+far then are any of the Works of the _LORD_, (even those esteemed the
+meanest) from deserving to be disregarded, or contemned by us[c], that on
+the contrary they deserve (as shall be shewn in the next Chapter) to be
+_sought out, enquired after_, and _curiously_ and _diligently pryed into_
+by us; as I have shewed the Word in the Text implies.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] _Equidem ne laudare quidem satìs pro merito possum ejus Sapientiam ac
+Potentiam, qui animalia fabricatus est. Nam ejusmodi opera non Laudibus
+modò, verùm etiam Hymnis sunt majora, quæ priusquam inspexissemus, fieri
+non posse persuasum habeamus, conspicati verò, falsos nos opinione fuisse
+comperimus._ Galen. de Us. Part. L. 7. c. 15.
+
+[b] _Non tamen pigere debet Lectores, ea intelligere, quemadmodum ne
+Naturam quidem piguit ea reipsà efficere._ Galen. ibid. L. 11. fin.
+
+[c] _An igitur etiamsi quemadmodum Natura hæc, & ejusmodi, summâ ratione
+ac providentiâ agere potuit, ita & nos imitari aliquando possemus? Ego
+verò existimo multis nostrum ne id quidem posse, neque enim artem Naturæ
+exponunt: Eo enim modo omnino eam admirarentur, Sin minùs, eam saltem non
+vitaperarent._ Galen. ib. L. 10. c. 3.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+_That GOD’s Works ought to be enquir’d into, and that such Enquiries are
+commendable._
+
+
+The _Creator_ doubtless did not bestow so much Curiosity, and exquisite
+Workmanship and Skill upon his Creatures, to be looked upon with a
+careless, incurious Eye, especially to have them slighted or contemned;
+but to be admired by the rational Part of the World, to magnify his
+own Power, Wisdom and Goodness throughout all the World, and the Ages
+thereof. And therefore we may look upon it as a great Error, not to
+answer those Ends of the infinite _Creator_, but rather to oppose and
+affront them. On the contrary, my Text commends _GOD_’s Works, not
+only for being great, but also approves of those curious and ingenious
+Enquirers, that _seek them out_, or _pry into them_. And the more we pry
+into, and discover of them, the greater and more glorious we find them to
+be, the more worthy of, and the more expressly to proclaim their great
+_Creator_.
+
+Commendable then are the Researches, which many amongst us have, of late
+Years, made into the Works of Nature, more than hath been done in some
+Ages before. And therefore when we are asked, _Cui Bono?_ To what Purpose
+such Enquiries, such Pains, such Expense? The Answer is easy, It is to
+answer the Ends for which _GOD_ bestowed so much Art, Wisdom and Power
+about them, as well as given us Senses to view and survey them; and an
+Understanding and Curiosity to search into them: It is to follow and
+trace him, when and whither he leads us, that we may see and admire his
+Handy-work our selves, and set it forth to others, that they may see,
+admire and praise it also. I shall then conclude this Inference with what
+_Elihu_ recommends, Job xxxvi. 24, 25. _Remember that thou magnify his
+Work, which Men behold. Every Man may see it, Men may behold it afar off._
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. III.
+
+_That GOD’s Works are manifest to all: Whence the Unreasonableness of
+Infidelity._
+
+
+The concluding Words of the preceding Chapter suggests a third Inference,
+that the Works of GOD are so visible to all the World, and withal such
+manifest Indications of the Being, and Attributes of the infinite
+Creator, that they plainly argue the Vileness and Perversness of the
+Atheist, and leave him inexcusable. For it is a sign a Man is a wilful,
+perverse Atheist, that will impute so glorious a Work, as the Creation
+is, to any Thing, yea, a mere _Nothing_ (as Chance is) rather than to
+_GOD_[a]. ’Tis a sign the Man is wilfully blind, that he is under the
+Power of the Devil, under the Government of Prejudice, Lust, and Passion,
+not right Reason, that will not discern what _every one can see, what
+every Man may behold afar off_, even the Existence and Attributes of the
+_CREATOR_ from his Works. For as _there is no Speech or Language where
+their Voice is not heard, their Line is gone out through all the Earth,
+and their Words to the End of the World_: So all, even the barbarous
+Nations, that never heard of GOD, have from these his Works inferred the
+Existence of a Deity, and paid their Homages to some Deity, although they
+have been under great Mistakes in their Notions and Conclusions about
+him. But however, this shews how naturally and universally all Mankind
+agree, in deducing their Belief of a God from the Contemplation of his
+Works, or as even _Epicurus_ himself, in _Tully_[b] saith, from _a Notion
+that Nature it self hath imprinted upon the Minds of Men. For_, saith he,
+_what Nation is there, or what kind of Men, that without any Teaching or
+Instructions, have not a kind of Anticipation, or preconceived Notion of
+a Deity?_
+
+An Atheist therefore (if ever there was any such) may justly be esteemed
+a Monster among rational Beings; a Thing hard to be met with in the
+whole Tribe of Mankind; an Opposer of all the World[c]; a Rebel against
+human Nature and Reason, as well as against his _GOD_.
+
+But above all, monstrous is this, or would be, in such as have heard
+of _GOD_, who have had the Benefit of the clear Gospel-Revelation. And
+still more monstrous this would be, in one born and baptized in the
+Christian Church, that hath studied Nature, and pried farther than others
+into God’s Works. For such an one (if it be possible for such to be) to
+deny the Existence, or any of the Attributes of _GOD_, would be a great
+Argument of the infinite Inconvenience of those Sins of Intemperance,
+Lust, and Riot, that have made the Man abandon his Reason, his Senses,
+yea, I had almost said his very human Nature[d], to engage him thus to
+deny the Being of _GOD_.
+
+So also it is much the same monstrous Infidelity, at least betrays the
+same atheistical Mind, to deny _GOD_’s Providence, Care and Government of
+the World, or (which is a Spawn of the same _Epicurean Principles_) to
+deny _Final Causes_[e] in God’s Works of Creation; or with the Profane in
+_Psal._ lxxiii. 11. to say, _How doth God know? And is there Knowledge
+in the most High?_ For as the witty and eloquent _Salvian_ saith[f],
+_They that affirm nothing is seen by _GOD_, will, ~in all Probability~,
+take away the Substance, as well as Sight of God.——But what so great
+Madness_, saith he, _as that when a Man doth not deny _GOD_ to be the
+Creator of all Things, he should deny him to be the Governour of them? Or
+when he confesseth him to be the Maker, he should say, _GOD_ neglecteth
+what he hath so made?_
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] _Galen_ having taken notice of the neat Distribution of the Nerves
+to the _Muscles_, and other Parts of the Face, cries out, _Hæc enim
+fortunæ sunt opera! Cæterùm tum omnibus ~[partibus]~ immitti, tantosque
+esse singulos [nervos] magnitudine, quanta particulæ erat necesse; haud
+scio an hominum sit sobriorum ad Fortunam opisicem id revocare. Alioqui
+quid tandem erit, quod cum Providentiâ & Arte efficitur? Omnino enim hoc
+ei contrarium esse debet, quod Casu ac Fortuitò fit_. And afterwards,
+_Hæc quidem atque ejusmodi Artis scil. ac Sapientiæ opera esse dicemus,
+si modò Fortunæ tribuenda sunt quæ sunt contraria; fietque jam quod
+in proverbiis——Fluvii sursum fluent; si opera quæ nullum habent neque
+ornamentum neque rationem, neque modum Artis esse; contraria verò Fortunæ
+duxerimus, ~&c.~_ Galen. ubi supra. L. 11. c. 7.
+
+[b] _Primùm esse Deos, quod in omnium animis, ~&c.~_ And a little after,
+_Cùm enim non instituto aliquo, aut more, aut lege sit opinio constituta,
+maneatque ad unum omnium firma consensio, intelligi necesse est, esse
+Deos, quoniam insitas eorum vel potiùs innatas cognitiones habemus. De
+quo autem omnium Natura consentit, id verum esse necesse est. Esse igitur
+Deos confitendum est._ Cicer. de Nat. Deor. L. 1. c. 16. 17.
+
+[c] The Atheist in denying a God, doth, as _Plutarch_ saith,
+endeavour——_immobilia movere, & bellum inferre non tantùm longo tempori,
+sed & multis hominibus, gentibus, & familiis, quas religiosus Deorum
+cultus, quasi divino furore correptas, tenuit._ Plutar. de Iside.
+
+[d] See before _Note (b)._
+
+[e] _Galen_ having substantially refuted the _Epicurean_ Principles
+of _Asclepiades_, by shewing his Ignorance in Anatomy and Philosophy,
+and by Demonstrating all the _Causes_ to be evidently in the Works of
+_Nature_, viz. _Final_, _Efficient_, _Instrumental_, _Material_ and
+_Formal Causes_, concludes thus against his fortuitous Atoms, _ex quibus
+intelligi potest: Conditorem nostrum in formandis particulis unum hunc
+sequi scopum, nempe ut quod melius est eligat._ Galen. de Us. Part. L. 6.
+c. 13.
+
+[f] _De Gubern. Dei._ L. 4. p. 124. _meo Libro_; also L. 7. c. 14.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. IV.
+
+_That GOD’s Works ought to excite us to Fear and Obedience to GOD._
+
+
+Since the Works of the Creation are all of them so many Demonstrations
+of the infinite Wisdom and Power of God, they may serve to us as so many
+Arguments exciting us to the constant _Fear of God_, and to a steady,
+hearty _Obedience_ to all his Laws. And thus we may make these Works as
+serviceable to our spiritual Interest, as they all are to our Life, and
+temporal Interest. For if whenever we see them, we would consider that
+these are the Works of our infinite _Lord_ and _Master_, to whom we are
+to be accountable for all our Thoughts, Words and Works, and that in
+these we may see his infinite Power and Wisdom; this would check us in
+Sinning, and excite us to serve and please him who is above all Controul,
+and who hath our Life and whole Happiness in his Power. After this
+manner _GOD_ himself argues with his own _foolish People, and without
+Understanding, who had Eyes, and saw not, and had Ears, and heard not_,
+Jer. v. 21, 22. _Fear ye not me? saith the Lord: will ye not tremble at
+my Presence, which have placed the Sand for the Bound of the Sea, by a
+perpetual Decree, that it cannot pass it; and though the Waves thereof
+toss themselves, yet can they not prevail; though they roar, yet can they
+not pass over it?_
+
+This was an Argument that the most ignorant, stupid Wretches could not
+but apprehend; that a Being that had so vast and unruly an Element, as
+the Sea, absolutely at his Command, ought to be feared and obeyed; and
+that he ought to be considered as the Sovereign Lord of the World, on
+whom the World’s Prosperity and Happiness did wholly depend; v. 24.
+_Neither say they in their Heart, let us now fear the Lord our God, that
+giveth Rain, both the former and the latter in his Season: He reserveth
+unto us the appointed Weeks of the Harvest._
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. V.
+
+_That GOD’s Works ought to excite us to Thankfulness._
+
+
+As the Demonstrations which _GOD_ hath given of his infinite _Power_ and
+_Wisdom_ should excite us to Fear and Obedience; so I shall shew in this
+Chapter, that the Demonstrations which he hath given of his infinite
+_Goodness_ in his Works, may excite us to due Thankfulness and Praise.
+It appears throughout the foregoing Survey, what Kindness _GOD_ hath
+shewn to his Creatures in providing every Thing conducing to their Life,
+Prosperity, and Happiness[a]; how they are all contrived and made in
+the best Manner, placed in the fittest Places of the World for their
+Habitation and Comfort; accoutered in the best Manner, and accommodated
+with every, even all the minutest Things that may minister to their
+Health, Happiness, Office, Occasions, and Business in the World.
+
+Upon which Account, Thankfulness and Praise is so reasonable, so just a
+Debt to the _Creator_, that the _Psalmist_ calleth upon all the Creatures
+to praise God, in _Psalm_ cxlviii. _Praise him all his Angels, Praise him
+all his Hosts; Sun, Moon, Stars of Light, Heavens of Heavens, and Waters
+above the Heavens._ The Reason given for which is, ℣. 5, 6. _For he
+commanded, and they were created; he hath also established them for ever
+and ever; he hath made a Decree which they shall not pass._ And not these
+Celestials alone, but the Creatures of the Earth and Waters too, even the
+Meteors, _Fire and Hail, Snow and Vapours, stormy Winds fulfilling his
+Word._ Yea, the very _Mountains and Hills, Trees, Beasts, and all Cattle,
+creeping Things, and flying Fowl._ But in a particular manner, all the
+Ranks and Orders, all the Ages and Sexes of Mankind are charged with
+this Duty; _Let them praise the Name of the Lord, for his Name alone is
+excellent; his Glory is above the Earth and Heavens_, ℣. 13.
+
+And great Reason there is we should be excited to true and unfeigned
+Thankfulness and Praise[b] to this our great Benefactor, if we reflect
+upon what hath been shewn in the preceding Survey, that the _Creator_
+hath done for Man alone, without any regard to the rest of the Creatures,
+which some have held were made for the Sake of Man. Let us but reflect
+upon the Excellence and Immortality of our Soul; the incomparable
+Contrivance, and curious Structure of our Body; and the Care and Caution
+taken for the Security and Happiness of our State, and we shall find,
+that among the whole Race of Beings, Man hath especial Reason to magnify
+the Creator’s Goodness, and with suitable ardent Affections to be
+thankful unto him.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] _Si pauca quis tibi donâsset jugera, accepisse te diceres beneficium:
+immensa terrarum latè patentium spatia negas esse beneficium? Si pecuniam
+tibi aliquis donaverit,——beneficium vocabis: tot metalla defodit, tot
+flumina emisit in æra, super quæ decurrunt sola aurum vehentia: argenti,
+æris, ferri immane pondus omnibus locis obrutum, cujus investigandi tibi
+facultatem dedit,—negas te accepisse beneficium? Si domus tibi donetur,
+in quâ marmoris aliquid resplendeat, ~&c.~ Nam mediocre munus vocabis?
+Ingens tibi domicilium, sine ullo incendii, aut ruinæ metu struxit,
+in quo vides non tenues crustas——sed integras lapidis pretiosissimi
+moles, ~&c.~ negas te ullum munus accepisse? Et cùm ista quæ habes magno
+æstimes, quod est ingrati hominis, nulli debere te judicas? Unde tibi
+istum quem trahis spiritum? Unde istam, per quam ductus vitæ tuæ disponis
+atque ordinas, lucem? ~&c.~_ Senec. de Benef. L. 4. c. 6.
+
+[b] _Tempestivum tibi jam fuerit, qui in hisce libris versaris
+considerare, in utram Familiam recipi malis, ~Platonicamne~ ac
+~Hippocraticam~, & aliorum virorum, qui Naturæ opera mirantur; an eorum
+qui ea insectantur, quod non per Pedes natura constituit effluere
+Excrementa._ Of which having told a Story of an Acquaintance of his
+that blamed Nature on this Account, he then goes on, _At verò si de
+hujusmodi pecudibus plura verba focero, melioris mentis homines meritò
+mihi forte succenseant, dicantque me polluere sacrum sermonem, quem
+ego _CONDITORIS_ nostri verum Hymnum compono, existimoque in eo veram
+esse pietatem,——ut si noverim ipse primus, deinde & aliis exposuerim,
+quænam sit ipsius Sapientia, quæ Virtus, quæ Bonitas. Quod enim cultu
+conveniente exornaverit omnia, nullique bona inviderit, id perfectissimæ
+Bonitatis specimen esse statuo; & hæc quidem ratione ejus Bonitas Hymnis
+nobis est celebranda. Hoc autem omne invenisse quo pacto omnia potissimùm
+adornarentur, summa Sapientia est: effecisse autem omnia, qua voluit,
+Virtutis est invicta._ Galen. de Us. Part. L. 3. c. 10.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VI.
+
+_That we ought to pay GOD all due Homage and Worship, particularly that
+of the Lord’s Day._
+
+
+For a Conclusion of these Lectures, the last Thing I shall infer, from
+the foregoing Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of _GOD_, shall
+be, that we ought to pay _GOD_ all that _Homage_ and _Worship_ which his
+Right of Creation and Dominion entitle him unto, and his great Mercies
+call for from us. And forasmuch as the _Creator_ appointed, from the
+very Creation, one Day in seven to his Service, it will not therefore be
+improper to say something upon that Subject: And if I insist somewhat
+particularly and largely thereon, the Congruity thereof to the Design of
+these Lectures, and the foregoing Demonstration, together with the too
+great Inadvertency about, and Neglect of this ancient, universal, and
+most reasonable and necessary Duty, will, I hope, plead my Excuse. But
+that I may say no more than is necessary on this Point, I shall confine
+my self to two things, the _Time_ God hath taken, and the _Business_ then
+to be performed.
+
+I. The _Time_ is one Day in seven, and one of the ancientest Appointments
+it is which _GOD_ gave to the World. For as soon as _GOD_ had finished
+his six Days Works of Creation, it is said, _Gen._ ii. 2, 3. _he rested
+on the seventh Day from all his Work which he had made. And _GOD_ blessed
+the seventh day, and sanctified it, because that in it he had rested from
+all his Work._ This Sanctification[a], and blessing the Seventh Day, was
+setting it apart, as a Day of Distinction from the rest of the Week-Days,
+and appropriating it to holy Uses and Purposes, namely, the Commemoration
+of that great Work of the Creation, and paying Homage and Worship to that
+infinite Being, who was the Effector of it.
+
+This Day, thus consecrated from the Beginning, for the Celebration of the
+τοῦ κόσμου γενέσιον the _World’s Birth-Day_, as _Philo_ calls it, was
+probably in some measure forgotten in the following wicked Ages, which
+God complains of, _Gen._ vi. 5. and so after the Flood likewise. But
+after the Return out of _Ægypt_, when _GOD_ settled the _Jewish_ Polity,
+he was pleased to renew this Day, and to establish it for a perpetual
+standing Law. And accordingly it was observed down to our blessed
+_SAVIOUR_’s Time, countenanced, and strictly observed by our great _LORD_
+and Master himself, and his Apostles and Disciples in, and after his
+Time; and although for good Reasons the Day was changed by them, yet a
+seventh Day hath been constantly observed in all Ages of Christianity,
+down to our present Time.
+
+Thus we have a Day appointed by _GOD_ himself, and observed throughout
+all Ages, except some few perhaps, which deserve not to be brought into
+Example.
+
+And a wise Designation of Time this is, well becoming the divine Care
+and Precaution; serving for the recruiting our Bodies, and dispatching
+our Affairs, and at the same Time to keep up a Spiritual Temper of Mind.
+For by allowing six Days to labour, the Poor hath Time to earn his
+Bread, the Man of Business Time to dispatch his Affairs, and every Man
+Time for the Work of his respective Calling. But had there been more,
+or all our Time allotted to Labour and Business, and none to rest and
+recruit, our Bodies and Spirits would have been too much fatigued and
+wasted, and our Minds have been too long engaged about worldly Matters,
+so as to have forgotten divine Things. But the infinitely wise Ruler of
+the World, having taken the seventh Part of our Time to his own Service,
+hath prevented these Inconveniencies; hath given a Relaxation to our
+selves; and Ease and Refreshment to our wearied Beasts, to poor fatigued
+Slaves, and such as are under the Bondage of avaritious, cruel Masters.
+And this is one Reason _Moses_ gives of the Reservation and Rest on the
+Seventh Day, _Deut._ v. 13, 14, 15. _Six Days shalt thou labour, and do
+all thy Work; but the Seventh is the Sabbath of the _LORD_ thy _GOD_; in
+it thou shalt not do any Work, thou, ~nor thy Children, Servants, Cattel,
+or Stranger~, that thy Man Servant and Maid Servant may rest as well as
+thou. And remember, that thou wast a Servant, ~&c.~ therefore the Lord
+thy God commanded thee to keep the Sabbath Day._ That carnal, greedy
+People, so bent upon Gain, without such a Precept, would have scarce
+favoured their own Bodies, much less have had Mercy upon their poor
+Bonds-men and Beasts, but by this wise Provision, this great Burden was
+taken off. But on the other hand, as a longer Liberty would too much have
+robbed the Master’s Time, and bred Idleness, so by this wise Provision,
+of only one Day of Rest, to six of Labour, that inconvenience was also
+prevented.
+
+Thus the wise Governour of the World, hath taken Care for the Dispatch of
+Business. But then as too long Engagement about worldly Matters, would
+take off Mens Minds from God and divine Matters, so by this Reservation
+of every Seventh Day, that great Inconvenience is prevented also; all
+being then bound to worship their great Lord and Master, to pay their
+Homages, and Acknowledgments to their infinitely kind Benefactor; and
+in a word, to exercise themselves in divine, religious Business, and so
+keep up that spiritual Temper of Mind, that a perpetual, or too long
+Application to the World would destroy.
+
+This, as it was a good Reason for the Order of a Sabbath to the _Jews_;
+so is as good it Reason for our Saviour’s Continuance of the like Time in
+the Christian Church.
+
+And a Law this is, becoming the infinitely wise Creator and Conservator
+of the World, a Law, not only of great Use to the perpetuating the
+Remembrance of those greatest of God’s Mercies then commemorated, but
+also exactly adapted to the Life, Occasions, and State of Man; of Man
+living in this, and a-kin to another World: A Law well calculated to
+the Dispatch of our Affairs, without hurting our Bodies or Minds. And
+since the Law is so wise and good, we have great Reason then to practise
+carefully the Duties incumbent upon us; which will fall under the
+Consideration of the
+
+II. Thing I proposed, the _Business_ of the Day, which God hath reserved
+to himself. And there are two Things enjoyned in the Commandment, a
+_Cessation_ from Labour and worldly Business, and that we _remember to
+keep_ the Day holy.
+
+1. There must be a Cessation from worldly Business, or a Rest from
+Labour, as the Word _Sabbath_[b] signifies. _Six Days thou shalt do all
+thy Work, but the Seventh is the Sabbath of the Lord thy _GOD_ ~(not thy
+Day but his)~ in which neither thou, nor any belonging to thee, shall
+do any Work._ In which Injunction it is observable, how express and
+particular this Commandment is, more than others, in ordering all Sorts
+of Persons to cease from Work.
+
+2. We must _remember to keep the Day holy_. Which _Remembrance_ is
+another Thing also in this, more than in the other Commandments, and
+implies,
+
+_1st_, That there is great Danger of our forgetting, neglecting, or being
+hindred from keeping the Day holy, either by the Infirmity and Carnality
+of our own Nature, or from the Avocations of the World.
+
+_2ly_, That the keeping it holy, is a Duty of more than ordinary
+Consequence and Necessity. And of greatest Consequence this is,
+
+_First_, To perpetuate the Remembrance of those grand Works of _GOD_
+commemorated on that Day; in the first Ages of the World, the Creation;
+in the middle Ages, the Creation and Delivery from _Ægypt_; and under
+Christianity, the Creation and Redemption by Christ. Which Mercies,
+without such frequent Occasions, would be ready to be forgotten, or
+disregarded, in so long a Tract of Time, as the World hath already stood,
+and may, by God’s Mercy still stand.
+
+_Secondly_, To keep up a spiritual Temper of Mind, by those frequent
+weekly Exercises of Religion, as hath been already mention’d.
+
+_Thirdly_, To procure _GOD_’s Blessing upon the Labours and Business of
+our six Days, which we can never expect should be prosperous, if we are
+negligent of _GOD_’s Time. For how can we expect _GOD_’s Blessing upon
+a Week so ill begun, with a Neglect, or Abuse of _GOD_’s first Day? And
+therefore if we become unprosperous in the World; if Losses, Troubles or
+Dangers befall us, let us reflect how we have spent the _Lord’s_ Day;
+whether we have not wholly neglected it, or abused it in Riot, or made it
+a Day for taking Journeys, for more private Business, and less scandalous
+Labour, as the Custom of too many is.
+
+Thus having shewn what Reason there is to _remember_ to keep holy the
+Day dedicated to _GOD_, I shall consider how we are to keep it holy,
+and so conclude. Now the Way to keep it holy, is not by bare resting
+from Work; for that, as a Father saith, is _Sabbatum Boum & Asinorum, a
+Sabbath of Beasts_: But holy Acts are the proper Business for a holy Day,
+celebrated by rational Beings. Among all which, the grand, principal,
+and most universally practis’d, is the _Publick Worship of _GOD_, the
+assembling at the _publick Place_ of his _Worship_, to pay (with our
+Fellow-Creatures) our Homages, Thanks, and Praises to the infinite
+_Creator_ and _Redeemer_ of the World. This as it is the most reasonable
+Service, and proper Business for this Day, so is what hath been the
+Practice of all Ages. It was as early as _Cain_ and _Abel_’s Days, _Gen._
+iv. 3. what was practis’d by religious Persons in the following Ages,
+till the giving of the Law; and at the giving of that, God was pleas’d
+to order Places, and his particular Worship, as well as the seventh
+Day. The Tabernacle and Temple were appointed by God’s express Command;
+besides which, there were Synagogues all over the Nation; so that in our
+Saviour’s Time, every great Town or Village had one, or more in it, and
+_Jerusalem_ 460, or more[c].
+
+The Worship of these Places, our blessed SAVIOUR was a constant and
+diligent frequenter of. ’Tis said, _He went about all the Cities and
+Villages, Teaching in their Synagogues, and Preaching, and Healing,
+~&c.~_ _Mat._ ix. 35. And St. _Luke_ reporteth it as his constant Custom
+or Practice, _Luke_ iv. 16. _And as his Custom was, he went into the
+Synagogue on the Sabbath-Day._
+
+Having thus mention’d the Practice of CHRIST, it is not necessary I
+should say much of the Practice of his _Apostles_, and the following
+purer Ages of Christianity, who, in short, as their Duty was, diligently
+follow’d their great Master’s Example. _They did not think it enough
+to read and pray, and praise God at Home, but made Conscience of
+appearing in the publick Assemblies, from which nothing but Sickness and
+absolute Necessity did detain them; and if Sick, or in Prison, or under
+Banishment, nothing troubled them more, than that they could not come to
+Church, and joyn their Devotions to the common Services. If Persecution
+at any Time forc’d them to keep a little Close; yet no sooner was there
+the least Mitigation, but they presently return’d to their open Duty, and
+publickly met all together. No trivial Pretences, no light Excuses were
+then admitted for any ones Absence from the Congregation, but according
+to the Merit of the Cause, severe Censures were pass’d upon them, ~&c.~_
+to express it in the Words of one of our best Antiquaries[d].
+
+The _publick Worship_ of GOD then, is not a Matter of Indifference, which
+Men have in their own Power to do, or omit as they please; neither is
+it enough to read, pray, or praise God at Home, (unless some inevitable
+Necessity hindereth;) because the appearing in GOD’s Home, on _his_
+Day, is an Act of _Homage_ and _Fealty_, due to the CREATOR, a _Right
+of Sovereignty_ we pay him. And the with-holding those Rights and Dues
+from GOD, is a kind of rejecting GOD, a disowning his Sovereignty, and
+a withdrawing our Obedience and Service. And this was the very Reason
+why the Profanation of the Sabbath was punish’d with Death among the
+_Jews_, the Sabbath being a Sign, or Badge of the _GOD_ they own’d and
+worshipp’d.[e] Thus _Exod._ xxii. 13. _My Sabbaths ye shall keep; for
+it is a SIGN between me and you, throughout your Generations; that ye
+may know that I am the LORD, that doth sanctify you_; or as the Original
+may be render’d, _a Sign to acknowledge, that I ~Jehovah~ am your
+Sanctifier_, or _your God_: For as our learned _Mede_ observes, _to be
+the Sanctifier of a People, and to be their God, is all one_. So likewise
+very expressly in _Ezek._ xx. 20. _Hallow my Sabbaths, and they shall
+be a Sign between me and you, that ye may know that I am the LORD your
+GOD_; or rather as before, _to acknowledge that I JEHOVAH am your GOD_.
+
+The Sabbath being thus a Sign, a Mark, or Badge, to acknowledge God
+to be their God, it follows, that a Neglect or Contempt of that Day,
+redounded to GOD; to slight that, was slighting God; to profane that, was
+to affront God; for the Punishment of which, What more equitable Penalty
+than Death? And although under Christianity, the Punishment is not made
+Capital, yet have we no less Reason for the strict Observance of this
+holy Day, than the _Jews_, but rather greater Reasons. For the GOD we
+worship, is the same: If after six Days Labour, he was, by the Seventh,
+own’d to be _GOD_, the _Creator_; no less is he by our Christian Lord’s
+Day: If by the Celebration of the Sabbath, the Remembrance of their
+Deliverance from the _Ægyptian_ Bondage was kept up, and GOD acknowledged
+to be the Effecter thereof; we Christians have a greater Deliverance, we
+own our Deliverance from Sin and Satan, wrought by a greater Redeemer
+than _Moses_, even the blessed JESUS, whose Resurrection, and the
+Completion of our Redemption thereby, was perform’d on the Christian
+Lord’s-Day.
+
+And now to sum up, and conclude these Inferences, and so put an End to
+this Part of my Survey: Since it appears, that the Works of the LORD
+are so great, so wisely contriv’d, so accurately made, as to deserve
+to be enquired into; since they are also so manifest Demonstrations
+of the Creator’s Being and Attributes, that all the World is sensible
+thereof, to the great Reproach of Atheism: What remaineth? But that we
+fear and obey so great and tremendous a Being; that we be truly thankful
+for, and magnify and praise his infinite Mercy, manifested to us in
+his Works. And forasmuch as he hath appointed a Day on Purpose, from
+the Beginning, for these Services, that we may weekly meet together,
+commemorate and celebrate the great Work of Creation, that we may pay
+our Acts of Devotion, Worship, Homage and Fealty to him; and since this
+is a wise and excellent Distribution of our Time, What should we do, but
+conscientiously and faithfully pay GOD these his Rights and Dues? And as
+carefully and diligently manage GOD’s Time and Discharge his Business
+then, as we do our own upon our six Days; particularly that with the
+pious _Psalmist_, _We love the Habitation of God’s House, and the Place
+where his Honour dwelleth_; and therefore take up his good Resolution in
+_Psal._ v. 7. with which I shall conclude; _But as for me, I will come
+into thine House in the Multitude of thy Mercy, and in thy Fear will I
+worship towards thy holy Temple._
+
+Now to the same infinite _GOD_, the omnipotent Creator and Preserver
+of the World, the most gracious Redeemer, Sanctifier, and Inspirer of
+Mankind, be all Honour, Praise and Thanks, now and ever. _Amen._
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] ‎‏קדש‏‎ _Usibus divinis accommodavit, à communi & profano usu
+segregavit, in usum sacrum ad cultum Dei destinavit._ Kirch. Concord. p.
+1336. _Destinari ad aliquid, Sacrari, ~&c.~_ Buxtorf. in Verbo.
+
+[b] ‎‏שבת‏‎ _Cessatio_, _Requies_.
+
+[c] Vid. _Lightfoot_’s Works, Vol. 2. p. 35. _and_ 646.
+
+[d] Dr. _Cave_’s _Prim. Christ._ Par. 1. c. 7.
+
+[e] At this Day it is customary for Servants to wear the Livery of their
+Masters, and others to bear Badges of their Order, Profession, Servility,
+_&c._ So in former Ages, and divers Countries, it was usual to bear
+Badges, Marks and Signs on divers Occasions. In _Ezek._ ix. 4. _A Mark
+was to be set on the Forehead of those that lamented the Abominations
+of the City_. The like was to be done upon them in _Rev._ vii. 3. and
+ix. 4. So the Worshippers of the Beast, _Rev._ xiii. 16. were to receive
+a χάραγμα, _A Mark in their right Hind, on their Foreheads_. Those
+χαράγματα, Σφραγίδες, _Badges_, &c. were very common. Soldiers and Slaves
+bare them in their Arms or Foreheads; such as were matriculated in the
+_Heteriæ_, or Companies, bare the Badge or Mark of their Company; and
+whoever listed himself into the Society of any of the several _Gods_,
+received a χάραγμα, or a Mark in his Body, (commonly made with red-hot
+Needles, or some burning in the Flesh,) of the God he had listed himself
+under. And after Christianity was planted, the Christians had also
+their _Sign of the Cross_. And not only Marks in their Flesh, Badges
+on their Cloaths, _&c._ were usual; but also the Dedication of Days to
+their imaginary Deities. Not to speak of their Festivals, _&c._ the
+Days of the Week were all dedicated to some of their Deities. Among
+the _Romans_, Sunday and Monday, to the _Sun_ and _Moon_; Tuesday to
+_Mars_, Wednesday to _Mercury_, &c. So our _Saxon_ Ancestors did the
+same; Sunday and Monday, (as the _Romans_ did,) to the _Sun_ and _Moon_;
+Tuesday to _Tuysco_; Wednesday to _Woden_; Thursday to _Thor_; Friday to
+_Friga_; and Saturday to _Seater_: An Account of which Deities, with the
+Figures under which they were worshipp’d, may be met with in our learned
+_Verstegan_, Chap. 3. p. 68.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 4.
+
+Fig. 3. Cornu Alexand. Mag. quo Exercit. ad 100 Stad. coegit Fig. 5. Fig.
+6. Fig. 7.
+
+Fig. 8. Fig. 9.
+
+Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 13.
+
+Fig. 14. Fig. 15.
+
+Fig. 16. Fig. 17.
+
+Fig. 18. Fig. 23. Fig. 19.
+
+Fig. 20.
+
+Fig. 21. Fig. 22.
+
+Place this to fold out at the End fronting the left hand.]
+
+
+
+
+A
+
+TABLE
+
+OF THE
+
+Principal Matters contain’d in this
+
+BOOK.
+
+
+  A
+
+  Abstinence unusual, 211
+
+  Age of Man in all Ages of the World, 172
+
+  Aged Persons, 173
+
+  Ages of Learning and Ignorance, 272
+
+  Air, 4
+    Innate, 121
+    Necessary to Vegetable-Life, 9
+    Vessels in Vegetables, 406
+    Bladder of Fishes, 402
+    Pump, Experiments in it, 5
+    Use in enlightning the World, 12
+    Heat under the Line, and in Lat. 81., 13
+
+  Alce and Machlis, 317
+
+  Aloe Americana, 420
+
+  Amphibious Creatures, 157
+
+  Anatomy comparative , 318
+
+  Anger, 307
+
+  Animals in general, 84
+    In Particular, 260
+    Places destroy’d by vile ones, 56
+
+  Animalcules of the Waters, 186, 187, 401
+    In Pepper-Water, 368
+
+  Ant, 212, 371
+
+  Antipathy, 135
+
+  Aqueous Humour of the Eye repair’d, 106
+
+  Arabians, 273
+
+  Archytas’s Dove, 256, 276
+
+  Art and Nature compar’d, 426
+
+  Armature of Animals, 238
+
+  Arteries, 301
+
+  Arts, by whom invented, 276
+
+  Ascent of Liquors, 52
+
+  Asclepiades, 160, 190, 430
+
+  Aspera Arteria in Birds, 341
+
+  Ass free from Lice, 377
+
+  Atmosphere, 4
+
+  Attraction, 32, 40, 52
+
+  Auditory Nerves, 128
+
+  Augustus Cæsar’s Height, 209
+
+  Augustus King of Poland, 291
+
+  Austrian-Wells, how made, 76
+
+  Ἀυτάρκεια, 422
+
+
+  B
+
+  Back-bone, 160
+
+  Badges, their Antiquity, 442
+
+  Balance of Animals, 168
+
+  Balls on Vegetables, 234, 387
+
+  Bat, 8, 316
+
+  Beaver, 316
+
+  Bees, 232, 240
+
+  Beetles, 363
+
+  Bejuco-Tree, 423
+
+  Bembsbury-Camp, 64
+
+  Birch-Tree, 223
+
+  Birds, 333
+    Bills, 192, 341, 344
+    Boyancy, 9, 346
+    Ears, 124, 342
+    Incubation, 352
+    A wonderful Instinct of one, 232
+    Migration, 347
+    Motion, 164
+    Necks and Legs, 165, 346
+    Rapacious, 256
+    Stomachs, 345
+
+  Births, Burials, &c., 174
+
+  Blood, its Contrivance, 201, 329
+
+  Blood-Hound, 204
+
+  Blushing, how caused, 307
+
+  Bohaques, 212
+
+  Bonasus, 242
+
+  Bones structure, &c., 159, 294, 300
+
+  Brachmans, 269
+
+  Brain, 319
+
+  Branches of Vegetables, 418
+
+  Bread, 185
+
+  Breasts, 255
+
+  Breath short on high Mountains, 6
+
+  Bredon-hill, 64
+
+  Breezes, Sea and Land, 18, 19
+
+  Briar-Balls, 390
+
+  Brutes out-do Man in some Things, 80, 85
+
+  Bulbous Plants, 411
+
+  Butterflies Colours, 365
+    White ones, 370, 376
+
+
+  C
+
+  Cabbage Excrescences, 249
+
+  Cadews, 234
+
+  Camel, 324
+
+  Canales Semicirculares, 127
+
+  Capillary Plants have Seed, 410
+
+  Cardamine, 414
+
+  Carotid Arteries, 321
+
+  Carps, 7
+
+  Cartes vindicated, 271
+
+  Cassada Plant, 58
+
+  Cases on Willow and other Vegetables, 387
+
+  Castor, 198, 316
+
+  Caterpillars, 241, 395
+
+  Caves bellowing, 130
+    Goutieres and others, 64, 67
+
+  Celandine, 420
+
+  Chamæleon, 91, 240
+
+  Chance, 189, 194, 313, 435
+
+  Cheop’s Height, 290
+
+  Chickens, 210
+
+  Children numerous, 178
+
+  China, 279
+
+  Chyle, 200
+
+  Circulation of the Blood restor’d, 146
+
+  Claspers, 419
+
+  Clocks Variation under the Æquinoctial, 39
+
+  Clock-work, its Invention, 235
+
+  Cloathing of Animals, 214
+
+  Clouds, 20, 49, 74
+
+  Cold, how provided against in the northern Regions, 217
+
+  Colours felt, 143
+
+  Colymbi, 355
+
+  Combs of Bees, &c., 232
+
+  Coneys, 229
+
+  Consent of Parts, whence, 305
+
+  Cormorants Eye, 104
+
+  Cortex Peruvianus, 421
+
+  Countenance, whence its variation arises, 308
+
+  Cranes, 208
+
+  Cricket, 365
+    Mole, 233, 365
+
+  Crocodile, 238, 243
+
+  Cross-Bill, 193
+
+  Crow, 307
+
+  Crystalline Humour, 104
+
+  Cuntur of Peru, 169
+
+  Cup of a Pepper Corn, 367
+
+
+  D
+
+  Dandelion, 412
+
+  Dangerous Things not easily discover’d, 266
+
+  Daniel, 270
+
+  Day and Night, 45
+
+  Days of the Week, 436
+
+  Dead Persons found in the same Posture as alive, 24
+
+  Deaf Persons cured by a Fever, 304
+    Understand by the Motion of the Lips, 113
+    Hear by the Help of a Noise, 126
+
+  Death-Watch, 59
+
+  Deer, Worms in their Heads, 379
+
+  Degree, its Measure, 43
+
+  Descent of heavy Bodies, 32
+
+  Destruction of Places by vile Animals, 55
+
+  Dialects, 309
+
+  Diamonds grow, 64
+
+  Diastole of the Heart, 147
+
+  Digestion, 189
+
+  Diseases sometimes useful, 304
+
+  Distribution of the Earth and Waters is well, 47
+
+  Dittany, 420
+
+  Divers, 132
+
+  Dog-Fish, 209
+
+  Dogs, 197, 204
+
+  Dolphin, 238
+
+  Douckers, 355
+
+  _Drebell’s_ submarine Ship, 5
+
+  Drink afforded by Plants, 422
+
+  Dromedary, 199, 324
+
+  Drowned Persons reviving, 155
+
+  Ducklings naturally run to the Water, 168, 188
+
+  Ducks Bills, 193, 205
+
+  Dugs, 255
+
+  Dung a guard to Animals, 242
+
+
+  E
+
+  Eagle, 206, 230, 347
+    Wooden one of _Regiomontanus_, 276, 356
+
+  Ear, outer in divers Animals, 115, 117
+    inward, 120
+    in the Womb, 120
+    Consent with other Parts, 128
+    Effects of its Loss, 118
+    Muscles, 119
+    Wax, 121
+
+  Earth-worm, 223, 393, 399
+
+  Earwig, 365
+
+  Eels, 203
+
+  Eggs, 351
+    Cicatricula and Treddles, 352
+    Of Insects well laid up, 382
+    due Number laid, 252
+
+  Egypt famed for Art, 269
+
+  Elephant, 256, 316, 323
+
+  Elephantiasis, 398
+
+  Queen _Elizabeth_’s Height, 290
+
+  Elk, 316
+
+  Elm Leaves, a Scarab bred therein, 250
+
+  Ephemeron, 182, 234, 247
+
+  Epicurus, 160, 190
+
+  Erect Vision, 111
+
+  Evaporations, 35
+    how caused, 48
+
+  Excellence of God’s Works, 425
+
+  Eye, 87
+    of Birds and Fishes, 103
+    Monocular, 93
+    Shining or Feline, 101
+    Wounds of it cured, 106
+
+  Eye-lids, Structure, &c., 107
+
+
+  F
+
+  Face, 308, 309
+
+  Farcy cured, 58
+
+  Fearful Animals couragious when they have Young, 208, 254
+
+  Feathers, 221, 334, 336
+
+  Feeding the Young, 255
+
+  Feeling, 142
+
+  Fern-seed, 410, 414
+
+  Feet, 163, 206, 233, 338
+
+  Figure of Man’s Body, 288
+
+  Fingers, 283
+
+  Fishes Agreement with Birds, 103, 341, 402
+    Boyancy whence, 10
+    Lowsy, 378
+    Motion, _&c._, 402
+    Teeth, 195
+
+  Flowers, 407
+
+  Flesh-fly, _&c._, 248
+
+  Fly of Iron, 276
+
+  Flying, 338
+    Of Man, 267, 337
+
+  Fœtus, Blood’s Circulation in it, 153
+
+  Folding of Leaves and Flowers, 407
+
+  Food of Animals, 179, 254
+
+  Fool, Observables in one opened, 329
+
+  Foot, 285, 316
+
+  Foramen Ovale, 154, 157, 326
+
+  Fossiles, 63
+
+  Fountains where found, 65
+    Origine, 23, 25, 51, 75
+
+  Fox, 204
+
+  Frœdlicius’s Observations on Mount _Carpathus_, 131
+
+  Frogs, 163, 325
+    Rain, 245
+
+  The great Frost, 218
+
+  Fruits, where Insects hatch, 375
+    communicate with the Root, 405
+
+  Fuci, Fungi, _&c._ and their Seed, 414
+
+
+  G
+
+  _Galen_’s Arguments against Chance, 26, 428, 430
+    his Hymns to God, 425, 434
+
+  Galli Sylvestres, 212, 229
+
+  Galls, 388
+
+  Gascoigne Knight, 134
+
+  Gems, and Stories of them, 311
+    of Vegetables, 407
+
+  Generation, 244, 245
+    Æquivocal, 244, 380
+    Of Insects, 374
+
+  Genius of Man, 264
+
+  Giants, 289
+
+  Gifts of Man are of God, 263, 268
+    to be improved, 281
+
+  Gills of Fishes, 402
+
+  Gizzard, 199, 345
+
+  Glama, 242
+
+  Glands, 196
+
+  Glasses broken with the Voice, 135
+
+  Glaucus, 209
+
+  Gnat, 191, 367
+    Generation, 375, 383
+
+  Goat tame and wild, 317
+
+  Grashoppers, 363
+
+  Gratitude from _Seneca_, 432
+
+  Gravity, 31
+
+  _Green, Anne_, revived after being hanged, 156
+
+  Green Scum on the Waters, 187
+
+  Grotta delli Serpi, 398
+
+  Grottos, 67
+    Podpetschio, 68
+
+  Growth of Grain speedy in the frigid Zone, 184
+
+  Gryllotalpa, 233, 365
+
+  Guira Tangelma, 232
+
+  Gullet, 196
+
+  Guns heard afar off, 133
+    Shot, its Velocity, 28
+
+  Guts, 200
+
+  Gymnosophists, 269
+
+
+  H
+
+  Habitations of Animals, 226
+
+  Hair, 220
+
+  Hand, 282, 298
+    Writing, 308
+
+  Hanged Persons reviving, 146
+
+  Hang-Nest, 232
+
+  Hare, 241
+
+  Hawks, 206
+
+  Head of Birds, 340
+
+  Headless People, 89
+
+  Hearing, 113
+    How perform’d, 124, 342
+
+  Heart, 298, 325
+    Of the Lamprey, 300
+    Situation in Quadrupeds, 326
+
+  Heat Subterraneous, 49
+    Of the torrid Zone, 17, 50
+    Of our Bodies, 17
+    And Cold not Effects, but Causes of the Variations of the Winds, 15
+
+  Heavy Bodies descent, 32
+
+  Hedge-hog, 239
+
+  Hemlock, 58
+
+  Heron, 256, 347
+
+  Hills run East and West, 74
+
+  Hollanders saw the Sun sooner than ordinary near the Pole, 13
+
+  Homer ascribes Men’s Endowments to God, 263
+
+  Honeywood, Mrs. Mary, 275
+
+  Hop-strings Use, 405
+
+  Visible Horizon, 283
+
+  Hornets, 191, 257
+
+  Horse-Fly, 248
+
+  Hurtful Creatures few, 170, 252
+
+  Hyæna, 205
+
+  Hydrocanthari, 363
+
+
+  I
+
+  Jaws, 194
+
+  Ichneumon-Fly, 375, 379, 385, 388
+    Wasp, 371, 384, 385
+
+  _Henry Jenkin_’s Age, 173
+
+  Ignorant Ages, 272
+
+  Imposthume unusually discharged, 302
+
+  Incubation, 253, 351
+
+  Inclinations of Men, 263
+
+  Incus Auris, 123
+
+  Infant’s Ear in the Womb, 120
+
+  Inferiour Creatures cared for, 58, 213, 258
+
+  Insects, 359
+    Antennæ, 361, 362
+    Care of their Young, 207, 229, 373
+    Conveyance from Place to Place singular, 364
+    Cornea and Eyes, 359
+    Male and Female how known, 363
+    Mouth, 189, 193, 233
+    Nidification, 383
+    Poises, 366
+    Sagacity, 369
+    Shape, 359
+
+  Instinct, 203, 214, 229, 231, 237
+
+  Intercostal Muscles, 152
+    Nerves, 328, 330
+
+  Invention, 265
+    of the Ancients, 276
+
+  _Job_, 269
+
+  Joints, 161
+
+  Iron in the Forest of Dean, 63
+
+  Islands, why warmer than the Continents, 49
+
+  Issue numerous, 178
+
+  July, 396
+
+  Ivy, 418
+
+
+  K
+
+  Kissing, whence it affects, 306
+
+  Knives, _&c._ swallowed and discharged, 302
+
+
+  L
+
+  Labyrinth of the Ear, 127
+
+  Lacteals, 200
+
+  Lakes, 217
+
+  Larynx, 148
+
+  Laughter, how caused, 306
+
+  Learned Men, 273
+    Ages, 272
+
+  Leaves of Vegetables, 250
+    Insects bred in them, 250, 376
+
+  Legs, 206, 298, 316, 338
+
+  Levity, 35
+
+  Lice, 377
+
+  Life in Vacuo, 8
+    in compressed Air, 5
+    its Length, 172
+    Cause of long Life, 173
+    Proportion to Death, 176
+
+  Light, 12, 26
+    its Velocity, 28, 29
+    Expansion and Extent, 30
+
+  Likeness of Men, 308
+
+  Lion’s Bones, 318
+
+  Listning, what it doth, 126
+
+  Long-tail’d Titmouse, 231
+
+  Lord’s-Day, 435
+    Why Capital among the Jews to prophane it, 443
+
+  Lungs, 145, 150
+    Full of Dust, 151
+    of Birds, 346
+
+  Luxury, 310
+
+
+  M
+
+  Maggots in Sheeps Noses, Cows Back, _&c._, 378
+
+  Magnet, 274
+
+  Magnus Orbis, 33
+
+  Males and Females Proportions, 175
+
+  Malleus auris, by whom discovered, 123
+
+  Man, 270
+    Whether all Things made for him, 55
+
+  _Mandeville_, Sir _John_, 89
+
+  Mansor, 278
+
+  Marsh-Trefoil, 421
+
+  Marriages, Births and Burials, 174
+
+  Mastication, 196
+
+  Medicine, 57, 420
+    Local, 421
+
+  Memory, 262
+
+  Metallick Trades, by whom invented, 266
+
+  Mice, 212, 220
+
+  Migration of Birds, 347
+
+  Milk, 255
+
+  Minerals and Metals grow, 63
+
+  Misseltoe, 415
+
+  Mole, 8, 92, 199, 205, 319
+    Ear, 116
+
+  Money, 311
+
+  Moths Colours, 365
+
+  Motion of Animals, 158
+    of the Terraqueous Globe, 43
+
+  Motory-Nerves of the Eye, 106
+
+  Mountains and Valleys, 70
+    Their Riches and Poverty, 75
+
+  Mouth, 189
+    Whence affected by the Sight, 307
+
+  Muscles, 158, 294, 298
+    Æquilibrations of those of the Eye, 96
+    Triangular, 153
+
+  Musick, by whom invented, 266
+    Effects, 134
+
+  Mustard Seed, 411
+
+
+  N
+
+  Neck of Beasts, 322
+
+  Nerves in Birds Bills, 205, 344
+    Different in Man and Beasts, 328, 330
+    Fifth Pair, 306
+
+  Water-Newt, 163
+
+  Nictitating Membrane, 109
+
+  Nidification, 232
+
+  Nidiots or Niditts, 191
+
+  Nocturnal Animals Eyes, 100
+
+  Northern Nations, speedy Growth of Vegetables there, 184
+    Provisions against their Cold, 217
+
+  Nostrils, 137
+
+  Noxious Creatures, 56, 82, 252
+    Remedies against them, 57
+
+  Nutmegs, 416
+
+
+  O
+
+  Oak-Apples and Galls, 388
+
+  Objects, how painted on the Retina, 111
+
+  Observatory at _Pekin_ in _China_, 279
+
+  Odours, 137
+
+  Old Persons, 172
+
+  Opium, 421
+
+  Opossum, 206, 208
+
+  Original of Nations and Arts, 276
+
+  Orkney Islands, 218
+
+  Os Orbiculare, by whom discovered, 124
+
+  Ostrich, 259, 353, 354
+
+  Ottele’s Age and Beard, 173
+
+  Otter, 316
+
+  Oyl-Bag, 334
+
+
+  P
+
+  Parrots, 192
+    Æthiopian, 208
+
+  Par Vagum, 328
+
+  Passions and Affections, 330
+
+  Pectinated Work in Birds Eyes, 103
+
+  Pectoral Muscles, 337
+
+  Pendulums Variation under the Line, 39
+
+  Pericardium in Man and Beasts, 285, 327
+
+  Perpetual Motion, 267
+
+  Perspiration insensible, 219
+
+  Phaeton in a Ring, 367
+
+  Phalænæ, Generation of some of them, 225, 376
+
+  Pharmacy, 57
+
+  Phryganeæ, 234
+
+  Pigeons Incubation, 253
+
+  Pimpernel Flowers, 412
+
+  Place of Animals, 166
+
+  Plague, its Cause, 16
+    Prevented or cured by the Winds, _ibid._
+    Sore discharged unusually, 302
+
+  Planets Motion round their Axes, 33
+    Figure, 39
+
+  Plants, no Transmutation of them, 409
+    Poysonous, 58
+
+  Plexus Cervicalis, 328
+
+  Plumb-Stones, the Danger of swallowing them, 302
+
+  Poising of the Body, 281
+
+  Polygamy unnatural, 175
+
+  Posture of Man, 281
+
+  Poyson, 397
+
+  Preening and Dressing of Birds, 334
+
+  Printing, its Invention, 275, 278
+
+  Pronunciation, 309
+
+  Propagation of Mankind, 174
+
+  Providence divine, Objections against it answer’d, 55
+
+  Pulices Aquatici, 186
+
+  Pumps, cause why Water riseth in them, 11
+
+  Pupil of the Eye, 99, 100
+
+  Pythagoras, 269
+
+
+  Q
+
+  Quadrupeds, 315
+
+  Quail Migration and Strength, 350
+
+
+  R
+
+  Rain, how made, 20
+    Its Use, ibid.
+    Most about the Æquinoxes, 22
+    More in the Hills than Vales, 78
+    Bloody, and other preternatural, 23, 245
+    Of divers Places, 23, 79
+
+  Rapacious Birds, 339
+
+  Rattles, Inventions of them, 276
+
+  Rattle-Snake, 57, 396
+
+  Rats, 208, 220
+
+  Raven, 183, 205
+
+  Refractions, 13, 284
+
+  The Reformation, 278
+
+  Reptiles, 393
+
+  Respiration, 145
+    Of watery Animals, 7
+    In Vegetables, 406
+    In compressed Air, 5
+    In rarify’d Air, 6
+    Uses, 145
+
+  Rete mirabile, 322
+
+  Ribs, 152, 161
+
+  Rivers Origin, 75
+    Changing the Hair, 224
+    Long Tract of some, 52
+
+  Rotten-Wood, its use to the northern People, 405
+
+  Royal Society vindicated, 416
+
+  Rumination, 200, 324
+
+  Rushes, Animals bred in them, 349
+
+
+  S
+
+  Sagacity of Animals about Food, 202
+
+  Salamander, 241
+
+  Saltness of the Sea, 400
+
+  Skeleton of Sexes different, 160
+
+  Scolopendra, 396
+
+  Sea-Calf, 157, 325
+
+  Sea-Pie, 193
+
+  Secretion, 300
+
+  Security of the Body against Evils, ibid.
+
+  Seed of Vegetables, 407, &c.
+
+  Self-Preservation, 238
+
+  Semination, 412
+
+  The five Senses, 85
+
+  Sensitive Plants, 412
+
+  Serpents, 394
+
+  Shark, 57, 243
+
+  Shells, 239
+
+  Sight, its Accuracy in some, 87
+    Actuated by Disease, 304
+    Why not double with two Eyes, 94
+
+  Silk-Worms, 385
+
+  Skin, 299
+
+  Sky, why azure, 12
+
+  Sleep procur’d, 58
+    Prejudicial after Sun-rising, 46
+
+  Smellen Cave, 130
+
+  Smelling, 137, 204
+
+  Smoak emitted through the Ears, 123
+
+  Snails, 91, 110, 395, 399
+
+  Snakes, 394
+
+  Snipes, 192
+
+  Snow, its Use, 24
+
+  Soils and Moulds, 61
+
+  Sound in Air rarify’d and condens’d, 130
+    In Italy, and other Places, 133
+    On the Tops of high Mountains, 131
+    Velocity, 28, 133
+
+  Soul, 261
+
+  Speaking-Trumpet, 119
+
+  Specifick Medicines, 422
+
+  Spiders Eyes, 90
+    Darting their Webs, 364
+    Textrine Art, 235, 384
+    Poyson, 236
+
+  Spinning, by whom invented, 266
+
+  Springs Origins, 23, 51, 76
+    Where found, 65, 77
+
+  Squaring the Circle, 266
+
+  Squatina, 209
+
+  Squillulæ Aquaticæ, 190, 364
+
+  Squnck or Stonck, 242
+
+  Stalactites, 64
+
+  Stapes Auris, by whom found out, 123
+
+  Stature, Size, and Shape of Man, 288, 290
+
+  Sting of Bees, &c., 240
+
+  Stoicks Arguments for a Deity in _Tully_, 2, 37, 44, 54, 99, 108,
+        120, 137, 144, 159, 167, 177, 180, 182, 203, 207, 220, 241,
+        264, 282, 297, 298
+
+  Stomach, 197, 324
+    Of Birds, 345
+    Animals found in it, 379
+
+  Stones eaten by Worms, 192, 247
+
+  Storm in 1703, 245
+
+  Strata of the Earth, 63
+
+  Straw-Worms, 234
+
+  Strong Men, 291
+
+  Subterraneous Trees, &c., 11
+
+  Sucking, 209, 255
+
+  Summer if cold, why wet, 22
+
+  Sun’s Distance from the Earth, 29, 30
+    Motion round its own Axis, 33
+    Standing still, &c., 44, 45
+
+  Swallows and Swifts, 339, 349
+
+  Swans Aspera Arteria, 341
+
+  Swine, 205, 212, 254, 319
+
+  Sword-Fishes Eye, 105
+
+  Sycophantick-Plants, 415
+
+  Syracusian Sot, 351
+
+
+  T
+
+  Tabon or Tapun Bird, 353
+
+  Tadpole, 163
+
+  Tail of Birds, 337
+
+  Tarantula’s Bite, 135
+
+  Taste, 140
+    Consent with the Smell, 141
+
+  Tears, 108, 307
+
+  Teeth, 193
+
+  Telescopes, Invention of them, 275
+    Long ones, 39
+
+  Tents, their Inventer, 266
+
+  Terraqueous Globe balanced, 48
+    Bulk and Motions, 43
+    Figure, 39
+    Situation and Distribution, 46, 47
+    Objections against its Structure answer’d, 47, 70, 80
+    Cause of its Sphæricity, 40
+
+  Thankfulness to God from Seneca, 54, 81, 216, 433
+
+  Thistles useful in making Glass, 405
+
+  Thornback, 202
+
+  Tides, 400
+
+  Tongue, 149, 295
+    Its Loss, 149
+
+  Tortoise, 158, 211, 224, 239, 325
+
+  Trades, Inventors of them, &c., 266
+
+  Transmutation of Plants, 409
+
+  Trees delight in various Soils, 61
+    how nourished, ibid.
+
+  Tronningholm Gardiner, 155
+
+  Tuba Eustachiana, 122
+
+  The hot Tuesday, 17
+
+  Tunicks of the Eye, why lin’d with black, 96
+
+  Turnep Excrescences, 249
+
+  Tympanum of the Ear, 123
+
+
+  V
+
+  Valleys and Mountains, 70
+
+  Vapours what, and how rais’d, 20, 48
+    Quantity rais’d, 35
+    How precipitated, 22
+
+  Variety of Things for the World’s Use, 53, 181, 404, 420
+
+  Vegetables, 404
+
+  Vegetation, 61
+
+  Veins, 298
+
+  Ventriloquous Persons, 149
+
+  Vertue, its great Use and Benefit, 83
+
+  Vesiculæ of the Lungs whether musculous, 151
+
+  Vespæ-Ichneumons, 228, 363, 371, 385
+
+  Vipers, 394, 397
+    Cloathing, 224
+
+  Viscera, 298
+
+  Vision double, 95
+    Erect, 111
+
+  Unisons, 135
+
+  Voice, 308
+
+  Volcano’s, 68
+
+  Upminster Register, 174
+    how much above the Sea, 51
+
+  Useful Creatures most plentiful, 169
+    Things soonest discover’d, 266
+
+
+  W
+
+  Wandering Jew, 173
+
+  Wasps Nidification, 191, 233, 257, 385
+
+  Waters, 400
+    Forcible Eruptions of them, 77
+
+  Waterwith of Jamaica, 423
+
+  Weather heavy and dark, 20
+    Presages of it, 50, 412
+
+  Wells how dug in Austria, &c., 76
+
+  Whales, 401
+
+  Wheat, 181
+    Raining it, 244
+
+  Whispering-Places, 119
+
+  Wild-Fire, 422
+
+  Dr. Willis’s Representation of Respiration, 145
+
+  Winds, 14
+    Healthful, 15, 16
+    The Author’s Observations, 19
+    Trade Winds, 42
+    The Product, not cause of Heat and Cold, 15
+
+  Wind-Pipe in divers Animals, 149
+
+  Wings of Birds, 335
+    Of Insects, 365
+
+  Winter, the Preservation of Animals therein, 211
+
+  Wisdom, where seated, 329
+
+  Wood, 227
+
+  Woodcocks, 192, 205
+
+  Wood-Peckers, 193, 339, 342
+
+  Works of Nature and Art compar’d, 38, 361
+
+  World visible and invisible, 41
+    Beginning asserted by Aristotle, 177
+    Kept clean, 183
+
+  Worms in the Flesh, 378
+    In the Guts, 380
+    In other Parts, ibid.
+
+  Wornils, 378
+
+  Worship of God, 441
+
+  Wry-Neck, 225, 241
+
+
+  Y
+
+  Yolk of the Egg its Use, 351
+
+  Young taken Care of, 207
+    In a certain Number, 168, 252
+
+
+  Z
+
+  Zirchnitzer Sea, 68
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+_FINIS._
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75254 ***
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+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75254 ***</div>
+
+<h1>PHYSICO-THEOLOGY</h1>
+
+<div class="transnote">
+<p><b>Transcriber’s Note:</b> Due to the age of this book, spelling, grammar,
+hyphenation, capitalization etc do not conform to modern standards,
+and in many cases are not even consistent within the text itself.
+Text has been retained as printed. Exceptions were made for a few
+extremely obvious printer’s errors (such as RAEDER for READER in the
+heading TO THE READER, and confusion between similar-looking Hebrew
+letters).</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="tp">
+
+<p class="titlepage larger"><i>PHYSICO-THEOLOGY</i>:<br>
+<span class="smaller gesperrt">OR, A</span><br>
+DEMONSTRATION<br>
+<span class="smaller gesperrt">OF THE</span><br>
+<span class="smcap">Being</span> and <span class="smcap">Attributes</span> of GOD,<br>
+<span class="smaller gesperrt">FROM HIS</span><br>
+<i>Works</i> of <i>Creation</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smaller">Being the Substance of</span><br>
+<span class="larger">Sixteen <span class="gesperrt">SERMONS</span></span><br>
+Preached in St. <i>Mary-le-Bow-Church, London</i>;<br>
+At the Honourable Mr. <i>BOYLE</i>’s <span class="smcap gesperrt">Lectures</span>,<br>
+in the Years 1711, and 1712.</p>
+
+<p class="center">With large <span class="smcap">Notes</span>, and many curious <span class="smcap">Observations</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="bt">
+
+<p class="center">By W: DERHAM, Canon of <i>Windsor</i>, Rector
+of <i>Upminster</i> in <i>Essex</i>, and F. R. S.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="bt">
+
+<p class="center smaller"><i>Mala &amp; impia consuetudo est contra Deos disputare, sive animo id fit,
+sive simulatè.</i> Cicer. de Nat. Deor. L. 2. fine.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="bt">
+
+<p class="center"><i>The <span class="smcap">Fifth Edition</span>, more Correct than any of the former.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="bt">
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" style="max-width: 31.25em; margin-top: 1.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/titlepage.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="gesperrt"><i>LONDON</i></span>: Printed for W. and J. <span class="smcap">Innys</span>, at the<br>
+<i>Prince’<span class="antiqua">s</span>-Arms</i> the West End of St. <i>Paul</i>’s. 1720.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/header01.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak small" id="DEDICATION"><span class="smaller gesperrt">TO THE</span><br>
+Most Reverend Father in GOD,<br>
+<span class="larger"><span class="gesperrt"><i>THOMAS</i></span>,</span><br>
+Lord Archbishop of <span class="smcap">Canterbury</span>.<br>
+Primate of all <i>ENGLAND</i>, &amp;c.<br>
+<br>
+The Surviving <span class="smcap">Trustee</span> of the Honourable
+Mr. <i>BOYLE</i>’s <span class="smcap">Lectures</span>.</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p><i>May it please Your Grace</i>,</p>
+
+<div>
+<img class="dropcap" src="images/dropcap-i1.jpg" alt="">
+</div>
+
+<p class="dropcap">I may justly put these <span class="smcap">Lectures</span>
+under your Graces Patronage,
+their Publication being wholly
+owing to You: For having the
+Honour to be a Member of
+the <span class="smcap">Royal Society</span>, as well as a <i>Divine</i>,
+I was minded to try what I could do towards
+the Improvement of <i>Philosophical</i> Matters
+to <i>Theological</i> Uses; and accordingly laid a
+Scheme of what I have here published a
+Part of, and when I had little else to do, I
+drew up what I had to say, making it rather
+the diverting Exercises of my <i>Leisure
+Hours</i>, than more serious <i>Theological Studies</i>.
+This Work, (although I made a considerable
+Progress in it at first, whilst a Novelty,
+yet) having no Thoughts of Publishing,
+I laid aside, until your Grace, being
+informed of my Design by some of my
+Learned Friends, both of the Clergy and
+Laity, was pleased to call me to the unexpected
+Honour of Preaching Mr. <i>Boyle</i>’s
+<span class="smcap">Lectures</span>: An Honour I was little aware
+of in my Country-Privacy, and not much
+acquainted with Persons in high Stations,
+and not at all, particularly, with your Grace.
+So that therefore as it pleased your Grace,
+not only to confer an unsought profitable
+Honour upon me (a Stranger) but also to
+continue it for Two Years, out of Your
+good Opinion of my Performance, in some
+measure, answering Mr. <i>Boyle</i>’s End; so I
+can do no less than make this publick, grateful
+Acknowledgment of your Grace’s great
+and unexpected Favour.</p>
+
+<p>But it is not my self alone; but the whole
+<span class="smcap">Lecture</span> also is beholden to your <i>Grace</i>’s
+kind and pious Endeavours. It was You
+that encouraged this noble Charity, and
+assisted in the Settlement of it, in the Honourable
+<i>Founder</i>’s Life-time; and since his
+Death, it was You that procured a more
+certain Salary for the <span class="smcap">Lecturers</span>, paid
+more constantly and duly than it was before<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>These Benefits as I my self have been a
+Sharer of, so I should be very ungrateful
+should I not duly acknowledge, and repay
+with my repeated Thanks and good Wishes
+And that the infinite Rewarder of well-doing
+may give Your <i>Grace</i> a plentiful Reward
+of these, and Your many other, both
+Publick and Private Benefactions, is the
+hearty Wish of,</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Your <span class="smcap gesperrt">Grace</span>’s<br>
+Most Humble and Thankful<br>
+Son and Servant</i>,</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">W. Derham</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[a]</a> It may not only gratify the Reader’s Curiosity, but also
+be of Use for preventing Encroachments in Time to
+come, to give the following Account of Mr. <i>Boyle</i>’s Lectures.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. <i>Boyle</i>, by a Codicil, dated <i>July 28. 1691.</i> and annexed
+to his Will, charged his Messuage or Dwelling-House
+in St. <i>Michael</i>’s <i>Crooked-Lane, London</i>, with the Payment of
+the clear Yearly Rents and Profits thereof, to some Learned
+Divine in <i>London</i>, or within the Bills of Mortality, to
+be Elected for a Term not exceeding Three Years, by his
+Grace the present <i>Lord Archbishop</i> of <i>Canterbury</i> (then
+Dr. <i>Tenison</i>), Sir <i>Henry Ashurst</i>, Sir <i>John Rotheram</i>, and
+<i>John Evelyn</i>, Esq; The Business he appointed those Lectures
+for, was, among others, <i>to be ready to satisfie real Scruples,
+and to answer such new Objections and Difficulties, as
+might be started: to which good Answers had not been made</i>.
+And also, <i>To Preach Eight Sermons in the Year, the first
+<span class="antiqua">Monday</span> of <span class="antiqua">January</span>, <span class="antiqua">February</span>, <span class="antiqua">March</span>, <span class="antiqua">April</span>
+    and <span class="antiqua">May</span>,
+and of <span class="antiqua">September</span>, <span class="antiqua">October</span> and <span class="antiqua">November</span>.</i> The Subject
+of these Sermons was to be, <i>The Proof of the Christian
+Religion against notorious Infidels, <span class="antiqua">viz.</span> Atheists, Theists, Pagans,
+Jews, and Mahometans, not descending lower to any
+Controversies that are among Christians themselves</i>. But by
+Reason the Lecturers were seldom continued above a Year,
+and that the House sometimes stood empty, and Tenants
+brake, or failed in due Payment of their Rent, therefore
+the Salary sometimes remained long unpaid, or could not
+be gotten without some Difficulty: To remedy which Inconvenience,
+his present <i>Grace</i> of <i>Canterbury</i> procured a
+Yearly Stipend of 50<i>l.</i> to be paid Quarterly for ever, charged
+upon a Farm in the Parish of <i>Brill</i>, in the County of
+<i>Bucks</i>: Which Stipend is accordingly very duly paid when
+demanded, without Fee or Reward.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/header02.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="TO_THE_READER"><span class="smaller gesperrt">TO THE</span><br>
+READER.</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Vid. Bp. <span class="antiqua">Burnet</span>’s Funeral Serm. p. 24.</i></div>
+
+<div>
+<img class="dropcap" src="images/dropcap-a1.jpg" alt="">
+</div>
+
+<p class="dropcap"><i>As the noble <span class="antiqua">Founder</span> of the <span class="smcap">Lectures</span>
+I have had the Honour of Preaching,
+was a great Improver <span class="antiqua">of Natural
+Knowledge</span>, so, in all Probability,
+he did it out of a pious End, as well as
+in Pursuit of his <span class="antiqua">Genius</span>. For it was his
+settled Opinion, that nothing tended more to
+cultivate true Religion and Piety in a Man’s
+Mind, than a thorough Skill in Philosophy.
+And such Effect it manifestly had in him, as
+is evident from divers of his published Pieces;
+from his constant Deportment in <span class="antiqua">never
+mentioning the Name of
+<span class="smcap">God</span> without a Pause, and visible
+Stop in his Discourse</span>; and
+from the noble Foundation of his Lectures
+for the Honour of <span class="smcap">God</span>, and the generous
+Stipend he allowed for the same.</i></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Vid. Mr. <span class="antiqua">Boyle</span>’s Will.</i></div>
+
+<p><i>And forasmuch as his Lectures were appointed
+by him for the <span class="antiqua">Proof of
+the Christian Religion against
+Atheists and other notorious Infidels</span>,
+I thought, when I had the Honour to
+be made his Lecturer, that I could not better
+come up to his Intent, than to attempt a Demonstration
+of the <span class="antiqua">Being</span> and <span class="antiqua">Attributes of
+<span class="smcap">God</span></span>, in what I may call Mr. <span class="antiqua">Boyle</span>’s own,
+that is a <span class="antiqua">Physico-Theological</span>, Way. And, besides
+that it was for this very Service that I
+was called to this Honour, I was the more
+induced to follow this Method, by reason none
+of my learned and ingenious Predecessors in
+these Lectures, have done it on purpose, but
+only casually, in a transient, piece-meal manner;
+they having made it their Business to
+prove the great Points of Christianity in another
+Way, which they have accordingly admirably
+done. But considering what our <span class="antiqua">Honourable
+Founder</span>’s Opinion was of <span class="antiqua">Natural
+Knowledge</span>, and that his Intent was, that
+those Matters by passing through divers Hands,
+and by being treated of in different Methods,
+should take in most of what could be said upon
+the Subject, I hope my Performance may
+be acceptable, although one of the meanest.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>As for others, who have before me done
+something of this kind; as <span class="antiqua">Mersenne</span> on <span class="antiqua">Genesis</span>;
+Dr. <span class="antiqua">Cockburne</span> in his <span class="antiqua">Essays</span>; Mr.
+<span class="antiqua">Ray</span> in his <span class="antiqua">Wisdom of God</span>, &amp;c. and I may add
+the first of Mr. <span class="antiqua">Boyle</span>’s <span class="antiqua">Lecturers</span>, the most
+learned Dr. <span class="antiqua">Bently</span> in his <span class="antiqua">Boyle</span>’s <span class="antiqua">Lectures</span>, the
+eloquent Arch-Bishop of <span class="antiqua">Cambray</span>, (and I
+hear, the ingenious Mons. <span class="antiqua">Perault</span> hath something
+of this kind, but never saw it:) I say,
+as to these learned and ingenious Authors,
+as the Creation is an ample Subject, so I industriously
+endeavour’d to avoid doing over
+what they before had done; and for that Reason
+did not, for many Years, read their Books
+until I had finish’d my own. But when I came
+to compare what each of us had done, I found
+my self in many Things to have been anticipated
+by some or other of them, especially by my
+Friend, the late great Mr. <span class="antiqua">Ray</span>. And therefore
+in some Places I shorten’d my Discourse,
+and referr’d to them; and in a few others,
+where the Thread of my Discourse would
+have been interrupted, I have made use of
+their Authority, as the best Judges; as of
+Mr. <span class="antiqua">Ray</span>’s, for Instance, with Relation to
+the Mountains and their Plants, and other
+Products. If then the Reader should meet
+with any Thing mention’d before by others,
+and not accordingly acknowledged by me, I
+hope he will candidly think me no Plagiary,
+because I can assure him I have along, (where
+I was aware of it,) cited my Authors with
+their due Praise. And it is scarce possible,
+when Men write on the same, or a Subject near
+a-kin, and the Observations are obvious, but
+that they must often hit upon the same Thing:
+And frequently this may happen from Persons
+making Observations about one, and the same
+Thing, without knowing what each other hath
+done; which indeed, when the first Edition of
+my Book was nearly printed off, I found to be
+my own Case, having (for want of Dr. <span class="antiqua">Hook</span>’s
+<span class="antiqua">Micrography</span> being at hand, it being a very
+scarce Book, and many Years since I read it,)
+given Descriptions of two or three Things,
+which I thought had not been tolerably well
+observ’d before, but are describ’d well by that
+curious Gentleman.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>One is a <span class="antiqua">Feather</span>, the Mechanism of which
+we in the main agree in, except in his Representation
+in <span class="antiqua">Fig. 1. Scheme 22.</span> which is
+somewhat different from what I have represented
+in my <span class="antiqua"><a href="#figures">Fig. 18</a>, &amp;c.</span> But I can stand by
+the Truth, though not the Elegance of my
+Figures. But as to the other Differences,
+they are accidental, occasion’d by our taking
+the Parts in a different View, or in a different
+Part of a Vane; and to say the Truth,
+(not flattering my self, or detracting from the
+admirable Observations of that great Man,)
+I have hit upon a few Things that escap’d him,
+being enabled to do so, not only by the Help of
+such Microscopes as he made use of; but also
+by those made by Mr. <span class="antiqua">Wilson</span>, which exceed
+all I ever saw, whether of <span class="antiqua">English</span>, <span class="antiqua">Dutch</span>,
+or <span class="antiqua">Italian</span> make; several of which Sorts I
+have seen and examined.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>The other Thing we have both of us figur’d
+and describ’d, is, <span class="antiqua">The Sting of a Bee
+or Wasp</span>; in which we differ more than in
+the last. But by a careful Re-examination,
+I find, that although Dr. <span class="antiqua">Hook</span>’s Observations
+are more critical than any were before,
+yet they are not so true as mine. For as to
+the <span class="antiqua">Scabbard</span>, (as he calls it,) I could never
+discover any Beards thereon; and I dare be
+confident there are none, but what are on the
+two Spears. And as to the Point of the
+<span class="antiqua">Scabbard</span>, he hath represented it as tubular,
+or bluntish at the Top; but it really terminates
+in a sharp Point, and the two Spears
+and the Poyson come out at a Slit, or longish
+Hole, a little below the Top or Point. And
+as to the Spears, he makes them to be but
+one, and that the Point thereof lies always
+out of the Scabbard. But by a strict Examination,
+they will be found to be two, as I
+have said, and that they always lie within
+the Scabbard, except in stinging; as I have
+represented them, in <span class="antiqua"><a href="#figures">Fig. 21.</a></span> from the transparent
+Sting of a Wasp. And as to the
+Spear being made of Joynts, and parted into
+two, as his <span class="antiqua">Fig. 2. Scheme 16.</span> represents,
+I could never upon a Review, discover it to
+be so, but imagine, that by seeing the Beards
+lying upon, or behind the Spears, he might
+take them for Joynts, and by seeing the Point
+of one Spear lie before the other, he might
+think the Spear was parted in two. But
+lest the Reader should think himself imposed
+upon both by Dr. <span class="antiqua">Hook</span> and my <span class="antiqua">Self</span>, it is
+necessary to be observ’d, that the <span class="antiqua">Beards</span> (or
+<span class="antiqua">Tenterhooks</span> as Dr. <span class="antiqua">Hook</span> calls them) lie
+only on one Side of each Spear, not all round
+them; and are therefore not to be seen, unless
+they are laid in a due Posture in the
+Microscope, <span class="antiqua">viz.</span> sideways, not under, or atop
+the Spear.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>The last Thing (which scarce deserves
+mention) is the Mechanism of the <span class="antiqua">Hair</span>,
+which Dr. <span class="antiqua">Hook</span> found to be solid, like a
+long Piece of Horn, not hollow, as <span class="antiqua">Malpighi</span>
+found it in some Animals. And I have found
+both those great Men to be in some Measure
+in the Right, the Hair of some Animals, or
+in some Parts of the Body being very little,
+if at all tubular; and in others, particularly
+<span class="antiqua">Mice</span>, <span class="antiqua">Rats</span> and <span class="antiqua">Cats</span>, to be as I have represented
+in my <span class="antiqua"><a href="#figures">Fig. 14.</a></span> &amp;c.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>And now if my Inadvertency in other
+Things hath no worse Effect than it hath had
+in these, namely, to confirm, correct, or clear
+others Observations, I hope the Reader will
+excuse it, if he meets with any more of the
+like kind. But not being conscious of any
+such Thing (although probably there may be
+many such) I am more sollicitous to beg the
+Reader’s Candour and Favour, with Relation
+both to the <span class="antiqua">Text</span> and <span class="antiqua">Notes</span>: In the former
+of which, I fear he will think I have
+much under-done, as in the latter over-done
+the Matter: But for my Excuse, I desire
+it may be consider’d, that the textual
+Part being Sermons, to be deliver’d in the
+Pulpit, it was necessary to insist but briefly
+upon many of the Works of <span class="smcap">God</span>, and to leave
+out many Things that might have been admitted
+in a more free Discourse. So that I wish
+it may not be thought I have said too much
+rather than too little for such an Occasion
+and Place. And indeed, I had no small
+Trouble in expunging some Things, altering
+many, and softening the most, and, in a word,
+giving in some measure the Whole a different
+Dress than what I had at first drawn
+it up in, and what it now appears in.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>And as for the <span class="antiqua">Notes</span>, which may be thought
+too large, I confess I might have shorten’d
+them, and had Thoughts of doing it, by casting
+some of them into the Text, as an ingenious,
+learned Friend advis’d. But when
+I began to do this, I found it was in a Manner
+to new-make all, and that I should be necessitated
+to transcribe the greatest Part of
+the Book, which (having no Assistant) would
+have been too tedious for me, being pretty
+well fatigu’d with it before. I then thought
+it best to pare off from some, and to leave
+out others, and accordingly did so in many
+Places, and would have done it in more, particularly,
+in many of the <span class="antiqua">Citations</span> out of the
+<span class="antiqua">Ancients</span>, both <span class="antiqua">Poets</span> and others, as also in
+many of the <span class="antiqua">anatomical Observations</span>, and
+many of my own and others Observations:
+But then I consider’d as to the First, that
+those Citations do (many of them at least)
+shew the Sense of Mankind about God’s
+Works, and that the most of them may be acceptable
+to young Gentlemen at the Universities,
+for whose Service these Lectures are
+greatly intended. And as to the anatomical
+Notes, and some others of the like Nature,
+most of them serve either to the Confirmation,
+or the Illustration, or Explication of the
+Text, if not to the learned, yet to the unskilful,
+less learned Reader; for whose sake,
+if I had added more, I believe he would forgive
+me. And lastly, as to the Observations
+of my self and some others, where it happens
+that they are long, it is commonly where a
+Necessity lay upon me of fully expressing the
+Author’s Sense, or my own, or where the
+Thing was new, and never before Publish’d;
+in which Case, it was necessary to be more
+Express and Particular, than in Matters
+better known, or where the Author may be
+referr’d unto.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>In the former Editions I promised <span class="antiqua">another
+Part I</span> Had <span class="antiqua">relating to the Heavens</span>, if I was
+thereunto encouraged. And two large Impressions
+of this Book, having been sold off,
+so as to admit of a Third before the Year was
+gone about; and hearing that it is translated
+into two, if not three Languages; but especially
+being importuned by divers learned
+Persons, both known and unknown, I have
+thought my self sufficiently engaged to perform
+that Promise; and have accordingly
+published that Part.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>So that I have now carry’d my <span class="antiqua">Survey</span>
+through most Parts of the visible Creation,
+except the <span class="antiqua">Waters</span>, which are for the most
+Part omitted; and the <span class="antiqua">Vegetables</span>, which,
+for want of Time, I was forced to treat of
+in a perfunctory Manner. And to the Undertaking
+of the former of these, having receiv’d
+divers Sollicitations from Persons unknown
+as well as known, I think my self
+bound in Civility to own their Favour, and
+to return them my hearty Thanks for the
+kind Opinion they have shewn of my other
+Performances, that they have encourag’d me
+to undertake this other Task. And accordingly
+I have begun it, and (as far as my
+Affairs will permit) have made some Progress
+in it: But Age and Avocations growing
+upon me, I begin to fear I shall scarce be able
+to finish it as I would, and therefore must
+recommend that ample and noble Subject to
+others, who have more leisure, and would
+do it better than I.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>As to <span class="antiqua">Additions</span>, I have been much sollicited
+thereto by divers curious and learned
+Persons, who would have had me to insert
+some of their Observations, and many more
+of my own: But in a Work of this Nature,
+this would have been endless; and although
+the Book would thereby be render’d much
+better, and more compleat, yet I could by no
+Means excuse so great an Injustice to the
+Purchasers of the former Editions. And
+therefore (except in the second Edition,
+where it was not easy to be avoided) few
+Additions or Alterations have been made, besides
+what were Typographical, or of small
+Consideration. Only in the third Edition I amended
+the first Paragraph of <a href="#Footnote_39"><span class="antiqua">Note (a). Chap. 5.
+Book 1.</span></a> concerning <span class="antiqua">Gravity</span>; and in the
+Fourth, <a href="#Page_16"><span class="antiqua">Page 16.</span></a> and <a href="#Page_19"><span class="antiqua">18.</span></a> I inserted two
+Passages out of <span class="antiqua">Seneca</span>, that were inadvertently
+left out, and corrected many Things,
+that upon a careful Review, seem’d to want
+amendment.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>And lastly, as to the following <span class="antiqua">Analysis</span>,
+it was added at the Request of some of my
+learned and ingenious Friends; and although
+it might have been contracted, they would
+not suffer it to be so.</i></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp95" style="max-width: 21.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/footer01.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Contents_Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/header03.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS"><span class="smaller">AN</span><br>
+ANALYSIS<br>
+<span class="smaller">OF THE</span><br>
+Following <span class="smcap">Book</span>.</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The Works of the Creation relating to our Terraqueous
+Globe, are such as are visible in the</p>
+
+<table class="contents">
+  <tr>
+    <td>Outworks or Appendages of the Globe, <i>viz.</i> these three:</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">1. The Atmosphere</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Composed of Air and Vapours,</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><i>Page</i> <a href="#Page_4">4.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Useful to</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Respiration and Animal Life</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_5">5.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Vegetation of Plants</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_9">9.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Conveyance of</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">The winged Tribes.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Sound</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_11">11.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">The Functions of Nature.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Reflecting and Refracting Light</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_12">12.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Containing the</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Winds, which are of great Use and Necessity</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">To the Salubrity and Pleasure of the Air</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_14">14.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">In various Engines</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_18">18.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">In Navigation.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Clouds and Rain: Of great Use to the</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Refreshment of the Earth and the things therein</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_20">20.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Origine of Fountains, according to some</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_23">23.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">2. Light. Its</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Fountain</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_26">26.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Wonderful Necessity and Use.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Improvement by Glasses</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_28">28.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Velocity.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Expansion</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_29">29.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">3. Gravity.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Contents_Page_2"></a>[2]</span>Its great Benefit</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_33">33.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Cause of <i>Levity</i>, which is of great Use in the World</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_35">35.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Terraqueous Globe it self. Of which I take a View in General of.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">Its Spherical Figure, which is the most commodious in regard of,</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Light</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_40">40.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Heat.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Lodgment of the Waters.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">The Winds</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_41">41.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">Its Bulk</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_43">43.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">Its Motion</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_43"><i>ibid.</i></a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Annual.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Diurnal.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">Its Place and Distance from the Sun, and other heavenly Bodies</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_46">46.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">Its Distribution, so as to cause all the Parts of the Globe to</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Balance each other</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_48">48.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Be helpful to one another.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">The great Variety and Quantity of all things serving for Food, Physick, Building, and every Use and Occasion of all Ages, Places, and Creatures</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_53">53.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">An Objection answered</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_55">55.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Particular of the Earth: of its Constituent Parts, <i>viz.</i> Its</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">Soils and Moulds, necessary to the</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Growth of various Vegetables</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_61">61.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Various Occasions of Man, and other Animals</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_62">62.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">Various Strata or Beds, affording Materials for</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Tools.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Firing.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Building.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Dying, and thousands of other things</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_64">64.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Conveyance of the sweet Fountain-Waters</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_65">65.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">Subterraneous Caverns and Vulcano’s; of great Use to the Countries where they are</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_67">67.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">Mountains and Valleys, which are not rude Ruins, but Works of Design, inasmuch as this Structure of the Earth is</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">The most beautiful and pleasant.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">The most Salubrious: to some Constitutions, the Hills; to some, the Valleys</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_71">71.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">Best to skreen us, and other things</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_72">72.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">Beneficial to the</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Production of various Vegetables.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Harbour and Maintenance of various Animals</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_73">73.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Generation of Minerals and Metals</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_75">75.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">Absolutely necessary to the Conveyance of the Rivers; and in all probability to the Origine of Fountains</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_75"><i>ibid.</i></a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Contents_Page_3"></a>[3]</span>Conclusion against blaming GOD</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_81">81.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Its Inhabitants; which are either <i>Sensitive</i> or <i>Insensitive</i>.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Concerning the Sensitive, some things are</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">Common to all the Tribes, particularly these Ten:</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">I. The five Senses and their Organs; the</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Eye, an admirable Piece of Mechanism in regard of its</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Form, for the most part Spherical, which is best for</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">The Reception of Objects.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Motion of the Eye</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_90">90.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Situation in the most commodious part of the Body of every Creature.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Motion, in some Animals,</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Every way.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Fixed; and the excellent Provision in that case</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_91">91.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Size: which is in</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">All Creatures, according to their Occasions.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Such as live abroad in the Light; larger.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Such as live under ground, less.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Number, in some Animals:</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Two</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_94">94.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">More: Together with the wise Provision to prevent double Vision.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Parts; some of which are viewed</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Transiently, the Arteries, Veins, and some of the Muscles and Tunicks.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">More strictly some of the</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l6">Muscles, and the excellent Provision made for their peculiar Uses, Equilibration, <i>&amp;c.</i></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_96">96.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l6">Tunicks: Among which the various Apertures, Forms, and Positions of the Pupil are particularly noted</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_99">99.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l6">Humours, especially the prodigious Finery and Composition of the Crystalline, according to Mr. <i>Lewenhoeck</i>.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l6">Nerves</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_105">105.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l7">Optick.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l7">Motory.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Guard and Security, provided for by</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">The Reparation of the Aqueous Humour.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Covering of the Eye Lids.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Strong and curious Bones.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Hard and firm Tunicks.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Withdrawing them into their Heads</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_109">109.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Of erect Vision</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_111">111.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Contents_Page_4"></a>[4]</span>Hearing. Its</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Organ, the Ear,</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_113">113.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Double, enabling us to hear every way, and a good Provision for the Loss or Hurt of one.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Situated in the very best place for Information, Security, and near the Eye and Brain.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">The Fabrick of the Outward Ear, which is in</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l6">All Creatures formed, guarded, placed, and every way accoutered according to their various Places and Occasion</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_115">115.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l6">Man suitable to his erect Posture; and all its Parts, the <i>Helix</i>, <i>Tragus</i>, <i>Concha</i>,
+    &amp;c. admirably suited to the Reception and Melioration of Sounds, and the Security of the Part.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Inward Ear: In which I take a View of the</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_121">121.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l6">Auditory Passage, curiously tunnelled, tortuous and smooth and being always open, is lined with the nauseous Ear-wax for a Guard.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l6">Tuba Eustachiana</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_122">122.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l6">Bone, particularly hard and context for Guard, and to assist the Sound.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l6">Tympanum, and its Membrane, Muscles, and four little Bones to correspond to all kinds of Sound.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l6">Labyrinth, Semicircular Canals, Cochlea; all made with the utmost Art</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_127">127.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l6">Auditory Nerves, one of which is ramified to the Eye, Tongue, Muscles of the Ear, and to the Heart; whence a great Sympathy between those Parts</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_128">128.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Object, Sound. Under which I consider,</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">The Improvements thereof by the Wit of Man</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_129">129.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Its great Necessity, and excellent Uses</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_132">132.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Its Pleasure, and the Power of Musick</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_134">134.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Smelling. In which sense these things are remarkable; the</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Nostrils, always open, cartilaginous, and endowed with Muscles</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_137">137.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Laminæ, serving for</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">A Guard against noxious Things</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_138">138.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">The spreading of the Olfactory Nerves.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Prodigious Use of it in all, especially some of the Irrationals</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_139">139.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Taste. The Things most remarkable in which Sense are, the</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Nerves spread about the Tongue and Mouth, with their Guard.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">The Papillæ, neatly made</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_140">140.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Contents_Page_5"></a>[5]</span>Situation thereof to be a Centinel to the Stomach and Food.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Consent thereof with the other Senses, by some Branches of the fifth Pair</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_141">141.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Feeling.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_142">142.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Whose Organ is the Nerves</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_143">143.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Which is dispersed through every Part of the Body, and the admirable Benefit thereof.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">II. Respiration the grand Act of Animal Life</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_145">145.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Ministering to the Circulation of the Blood and Diastole of the Heart.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">The Parts concerned therein are</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">The Larynx, with its great Variety of Muscles, <i>&amp;c.</i> for Respiration, and forming the Voice</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_148">148.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Trachea and Epiglottis, exquisitely contriv’d and made.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Bronchi and Lungs, with their curious Arteries, Veins and Nerves</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_150">150.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Ribs, Diaphragm, and the several Muscles concerned.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Its Defects in the</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Fœtus in the Womb</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_153">153.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Amphibious Creatures</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_157">157.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Some Animals in Winter.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">III. The Motion of Animals: Concerning which I consider</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Transiently the</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Muscles, and their Structure, their Size, Fastening to the Joynts, Motions, <i>&amp;c.</i></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_158">158.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Bones, and their curious Make.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Joynts, with their Form, Bandage and Lubricity</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_161">161.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Nerves, and their Origine, Ramifications and Inosculations.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">More particularly the Loco-Motive Act it self, which is</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Swift or slow, with Wings, Legs many or few, or none at all, according to the various Occasions and Ways of Animals Lives. As particularly in</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Reptiles, whose Food and Habitation is near at hand.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Man and Quadrupeds, whose Occasions require a larger Range, and therefore a swifter Motion</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_164">164.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Birds, and Insects, whose Food, Habitation and Safety require yet a larger Range, and have accordingly a yet swifter Motion and direct Conveyance.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Geometrically and neatly performed by the nicest Rules.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Well provided for by the</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Due Equipoise of the Body</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_165">165.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Motive Parts being accurately placed with regard to the Center of the Body’s Gravity, and to undergo their due Proportion of Weight and Exercise.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Contents_Page_6"></a>[6]</span>IV. The <i>Place</i> allotted to the several Tribes of Animals to live and act in. Concerning which I observe that</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Their Organs are adapted to their Place</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_167">167.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">All Places habitable are duly stocked.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Various Animals have their various Places; and the Wisdom thereof</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_168">168.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">V. The Balance of Animals Numbers, so that the World is not</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Overstocked by their Increase.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Depopulated by their Death.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">Which is effected in</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">The several Tribes of Animals by a due Proportion in the</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Length of their Life</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_169">169.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Number of their Young, in</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Useful Creatures being many.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Pernicious few.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Man very remarkably by the</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Different Length of his Life.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Soon after the Creation</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_171">171.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">When the World was more, but not fully peopled</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_171">171.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">When it was sufficiently stocked, down to the present time.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Due Proportions of Marriages, Births and Burials</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_174">174.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Balance of Males and Females</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_175">175.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">VI. The Food of Animals. In which the Divine Management and Providence appears in the</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_179">179.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Maintaining such large Numbers of all kinds of Animals on the Land, in the Seas, and divers Places too unlikely to afford sufficient Food.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Adjustment of the Quantity of Food to the Number of Devourers, so that</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">There is not too much, so as to rot, and annoy the World</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_181">181.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">The most useful is most plentiful, and easiest propagated</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_181"><i>ibid.</i></a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Delight which the various Tribes of Animals have to the Varieties of Food, so that what is grateful to one, is nauseous to another: Which is a wise means to cause</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">All Creatures to be sufficiently supplied.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">All sorts of Food to be consumed.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">The World to be kept sweet and clean by those means</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_183">183.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Peculiar Food, that particular Places afford to the Creatures residing therein</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_184">184.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Curious Apparatus in all Animals for Gathering, and Digestion of their Food, <i>viz.</i> the</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Contents_Page_7"></a>[7]</span>Mouth, nicely shaped for Food, <i>&amp;c.</i> In</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Some, little and narrow</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_189">189.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Some, with a large deep Incisure.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Insects very notable to catch, hold and devour Prey; to carry Burdens, to bore and build their Habitations</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_190">190.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Birds as notable, Horned in all. In some</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Hooked for Rapine, climbing, <i>&amp;c.</i></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_192">192.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Sharp and strong to pierce Trees, <i>&amp;c.</i></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Long and slender to grope.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Long and broad to quaffer.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Thick and sharp edged to husk Grain.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Compressed to raise Limpets, <i>&amp;c.</i></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Teeth, which are peculiarly hard, firmly inserted in the Jaws, variously shaped in the same, and different Animals, deficient young Creatures, <i>&amp;c.</i></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_194">194.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Salival Glands, commodiously placed for Mastication and Deglutition</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_196">196.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Muscles and Tendons, serving to Mastication, strong and well lodged.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Gullet, sized according to the Food; with curious Fibres, <i>&amp;c.</i></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_196">196.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Stomach;</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_197">197.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Which hath a curious Mechanism of Fibres, Tunicks, Glands, Nerves, Arteries and Veins.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Whose Faculty of Digestion by such seeming weak Menstruums is admirable.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Whose Size and Strength is conformable to the Nature of the Food, or Occasions of Animals.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Which is in</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Tame Animals but one.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Ruminants, Birds, <i>&amp;c.</i> more.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Guts, whose Tunicks, Glands, Fibres, Valves, and Peristaltick Motion deserve Admiration</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_201">201.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Lacteals, together with the Impregnations from the Pancreas, Gall, Glands, and Lymphæducts.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Sagacity of all Animals in finding out, and providing Food. In</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Man less remarkable for the sake of his Understanding</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_202">202.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Inferiour Creatures. In such as are</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Come to mature Age, and are able to help themselves, by their</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Accurate Smell</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_203">203.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Natural Craft.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Hunting and groping out of Sight.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Seeing and Smelling at great Distances</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_205">205.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Climbing; the strong Tendons and Muscles acting therein.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Seeing in the dark.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Helpless. As</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_207">207.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Contents_Page_8"></a>[8]</span>Young Creatures.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Man, born the most helpless of any, the Parents Reason, Hands and Affection sufficing.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Irrationals: For whose Young the Creator hath made a sufficient Provision partly by the</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Parent-Animal’s own</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Στοργὴ, and Diligence in Nursing and Defending them</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_207">207.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Sagacity and Care in repositing their Eggs and Young, where Food and all Necessaries are to be found</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_209">209.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Ability of the Young themselves to shift for, and help themselves, with the little Helps of their Dams</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_210">210.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Creatures destitute of Food at some Seasons, or likely to want it, who</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Are able to live long without Food</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_211">211.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Lay up Food before-hand.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">VII. The Cloathing of Animals, which is</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_214">214.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Suited to the Place and Occasions of all. In</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Man, it is left to his own Reason and Art, joined with sufficient Materials: Which is best for him,</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Because he may sute his Cloathing to his Quality and Business</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_218">218.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">For Perspiration and Health sake.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">To exercise his Art and Industry.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">To excite his Diligence in keeping himself sweet and clean.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">In being the Parent of divers Callings</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_219">219.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Irrationals: Who are either</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Ready furnished with proper Cloathing.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">On the dry Land with Hair, Fleeces, Furrs, Shells, hard Skins, <i>&amp;c.</i></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_220">220.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">In the Air with Feathers, light, strong and warm.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">In the Waters with Scales, hard for Guard; smooth for Passage; or with strong Shells to guard such as move more slowly</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_223">223.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Provide for themselves by their Textrine, or Architechtonick Art. Of which under the next Branch.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Well garnished, being all Workman-like, compleat, in its kind beautiful, being</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_224">224.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Adorned with gay, various and elegant Colours.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">If sordid, yet with exact Symmetry, and full of curious Mechanism.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">VIII. The Houses and Habitations of</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Contents_Page_9"></a>[9]</span>Man, who is abundantly furnished with</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Contrivance and Art to build and garnish his Habitations</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_226">226.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Materials of all sorts to effect his Works.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Irrationals, whose marvellous Instinct is manifested by the</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Convenience of their Nests and Habitations for the</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Hatching and Education of their Young</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_228">228.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Guard and Defence of themselves and their Young.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Fabrick of their Nests, scarce imitable by Man, and shewn by their Contrivance and Make, being exactly suitable to their Occasions, and made by</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Putting only a few ugly Sticks, Moss, Dirt, <i>&amp;c.</i> together</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_231">231.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Building Combs according to the best Rules of Mathematicks.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Weaving Webs, and making Cases. For which Service the Parts of their Bodies, and Materials afforded by them are very considerable.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">IX. Animals Self-Preservation. For which there is always a Guard in proportion to the Dangers and Occasions of their State. Which is observable in</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Man, whose Reason and Art supplies the Defect of Natural Armature.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Irrational Creatures; who</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">As they are on one Hand sufficiently guarded by their</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Shells, Horns, Claws, Stings, <i>&amp;c.</i></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_239">239.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Changing their Colours.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Wings, Feet, and Swiftness.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Diving in, and tinging the Waters.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Ejecting Juices out of their Body.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Accurate Smell, Sight and Hearing.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Natural Craft</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_243">243.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Uncouth Noise, ugly Gesticulations, and horrid Aspect.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Horrible Stink and Excrements.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">So on the other Hand can by their Strength, Sagacity, or natural Artifices entrap and captivate, what is necessary for their Food and other Occasions.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">X. Animal’s Generation.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Equivocal, is denied</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_244">244.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Univocal, Which of</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Man, is οὐ πρέπειας ἕνεκα, passed wholly by</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Irrational Creatures, which is remarkable for their</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Sagacity in chusing the fittest Place for their Eggs and Young: Where it is observable what a</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Contents_Page_10"></a>[10]</span>Compleat Order they observe.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Neat Apparatus their Bodies are provided with for this purpose</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_248">248.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Natural Venom they inject with their Eggs into Vegetables to pervert Nature, and produce Balls, and Cases</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_250">250.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">Making use of the fittest Seasons, either</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">All Seasons</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_251">251.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">When Provisions are most plentiful and easiest had.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">Due Number of Young</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_252">252.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">Diligence and Concern for their Young, in point of</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Incubation</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_253">253.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Safety and Defence</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_254">254.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">Faculty of Nursing their Young, by</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Suckling them. In which it is observable</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">How suitable this Food is.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">How willingly parted with by all, even the most savage.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">What a compleat Apparatus in all Creatures of Dugs, <i>&amp;c.</i></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Putting Food in their Mouths, with their proper Parts</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">for catching and conveying Food</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_255">255.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Neither way, but by laying in Provisions before-hand</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_256">256.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Having in the Fourth Book thus dispatched the Decad of Things in common to the <i>Sensitive Creatures</i>, I take a view of their particular Tribes, <i>viz.</i> of</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1"><i>Man</i>; whom I consider with relation to his</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Soul. Concerning which having cursorily mentioned divers things, I insist upon two as shewing an especial divine Management, the</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Various Genii, or Inclinations of Men, which is a wise Provision for the Dispatch for all the World’s Affairs, and that they may be performed with Pleasure</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_263">263.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Inventive Faculty, In which it is remarkable that</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Its Compass is so large, extending to all things of Use, and occasioning so many several Callings.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Things of greatest Necessity and Use were soon and easily found out; but things less useful later, and dangerous things not yet. Here of divers particular Inventions, with an Exhortation to exercise and improve our Gifts.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Body. In which the things particularly remarked upon are the</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Erect Posture</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_282">282.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">The most convenient for a Rational Being.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Manifestly intended, as appears from the Structure</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">of some particular Parts mentioned</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_285">285.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Nice Structure of the Parts ministring thereto.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Equilibration of all the Parts</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_286">286.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Contents_Page_11"></a>[11]</span>Figure and Shape of Man’s Body most agreeable to his Place and Business</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_287">287.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Stature and Size, which is much the best for Man’s State</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_288">288.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Structure of the Parts, which are</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Without Botches and Blunders.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Of due Strength.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Of the best Form.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Most accurately accommodated to their proper</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Offices.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Lodgment of the Parts, as the</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Five Senses</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_297">297.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Hand.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Legs and Feet,</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Heart.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Viscera.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Several Bones and Muscles, <i>&amp;c.</i></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_298">298.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Covering of all with the Skin.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Provision in Man’s Body to</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Prevent Evils by the</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Situation of the Eyes, Ears, Tongue and Hand</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_300">300.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Guard afforded all, especially the principal Parts.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Duplication of some Parts.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Cure Evils by means of</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Proper Emunctories</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_301">301.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Diseases themselves making Discharges of things more dangerous</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_303">303.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Pain giving Warning, and exciting our Endeavours.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Consent of the Parts, effected by the Nerves, a Sample whereof is given in the Fifth Pair, branched to the Eye, Ear, <i>&amp;c.</i></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Political, sociable State. For the Preservation and Security of which the Creator hath taken by variety of Mens.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Faces</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_308">308.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Voices.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Hand-writing.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1"><i>Quadrupeds.</i> Of which I take no notice, but wherein they differ from Man, <i>viz.</i></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Prone Posture, which is considerable for</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">The Parts ministering to it, especially the Legs and Feet, sized and made in some for</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Strength and slow Motion</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_315">315.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Agility and Swiftness.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Walking and Running.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Walking and Swimming.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Walking and Flying.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Walking and Digging.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Contents_Page_12"></a>[12]</span>Traversing the Plains.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Traversing Ice, Mountains, &amp;c.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Its Usefulness to</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Gather Food</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_317">317.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Catch Prey.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Climb, Leap and Swim.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Guard themselves.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Carry Burdens, Till the Ground, and other Uses of Man.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Parts differing from those of Man.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Head, wherein I consider</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Its Shape, commonly agreeable to the Animal’s Motion</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_319">319.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">The Brain, which is,</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Lesser than in Man</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_319">319.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Placed lower than the Cerebellum.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">The Nictitating Membrane</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_321">321.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Carotid Arteries, and Rete Mirabile.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Nates.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Neck.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Answering the Length of the Legs</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_322">322.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Strengthened by the Whitleather.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Stomach,</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_324">324.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Corresponding to the several Species.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Suited to their Proper Food, whether Flesh, Grain, &amp;c.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Heart: Its</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Ventricles in some</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">One only</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_325">325.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Two.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Three, as some think.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Situation nearer the midst of the Body, than in Man.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Want of the Fattening of the Pericardium to the Midriff</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_327">327.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Nervous kinds. A Sample of which is given in the different Correspondence between the Head and Heart of Man and Beast by the means of the Nerves.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_329">329.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1"><i>Birds.</i> Concerning which I take a View of their</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Body and Motion; where I consider</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">The Parts concerned in their Motion</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_333">333.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">The Shape of the Body, made exactly for swimming in, and passing through the Air.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Feathers, which are</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Most exactly made for Lightness and Strength.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">All well placed in every Part, for the Covering and Motion of the Body.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Preened and dressed</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_334">334.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Wings, which are</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Made of the very best Materials, <i>viz.</i> of <i>Bones</i>
+    <span class="pagenum"><a id="Contents_Page_13"></a>[13]</span>
+    light and strong; <i>Joynts</i> exactly opening, shutting, and moving,
+    as the Occasions of Flight require; and the <i>Pectoral Muscles</i>,
+    of the greatest Strength of any in the whole Body.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Placed in the nicest point of the Body of every Species, according to the Occasions of Flight, Swimming or Diving.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Tail, which is well made, and placed to keep the Body steady, and assist in its Ascents and Descents</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_337">337.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Legs and Feet, which are made light for Flight, and incomparably accoutred for their proper Occasions of</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Swimming</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_338">338.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Walking.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Catching Prey.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Roosting.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Hanging.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Wading and Searching the Waters.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Lifting them upon their Wings.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Motion it self.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Performed by the nicest Laws of Mechanicks.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Answering every Purpose and Occasion.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Other Parts of the Body, <i>viz.</i> the</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Head, remarkable for the commodious</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Shape of it self</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_341">341.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Forms of the Bill.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Site of the Eye and Ear.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Position of the Brain.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Structure of the</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l6">Larynx.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l6">Tongue.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l6">Inner Ear.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Provision by Nerves in the Bill for tasting and distinguishing Food</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_344">344.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Stomachs, one to</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Macerate and prepare</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_345">345.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Grind and digest</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Lungs incomparably made for</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Respiration</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_346">346.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Making the Body buoyant.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Neck, which is made</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">In due Proportion to the Legs.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">To search in the Waters, and</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">To counterpoise the Body in Flight.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">State. Of which I take notice of three Things, <i>viz.</i> their</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Contents_Page_14"></a>[14]</span>Migration remarkable for</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">The Knowledge Birds have of</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Their Times of Passage</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_348">348.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">The Places proper for them.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Their Accommodation for long Flights by long or else strong Wings.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Incubation, which is considerable for</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">The Egg, and its parts</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_351">351.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Act itself; that these Creatures should betake themselves to it, know this to be the Way to produce their Young, and with delight and Patience fit such a due Number of Days.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">The Neglect of it in any, as the Ostrich, and the wonderful Provision for the Young in that Case</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_354">354.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Nidification. Of which before.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1"><i>Insects.</i> Which, altho’ a despised Tribe, doth in some Respects more set forth the infinite Power and Wisdom of the Creator, than the larger Animals.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">The things in this Tribe remarked upon are their</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Body</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_359">359.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Shaped, not so much for long Flights, as for their Food, and Condition of Life.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Built not with Bones, but with what serves both for Bones and Covering too.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Eyes, reticulated to see all ways at once</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_360">360.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Antennæ, and their Use</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_361">361.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Legs and Feet made for</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Creeping</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_363">363.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Swimming and Walking.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Hanging on smooth Surfaces.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Leaping.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Digging.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Spinning and Weaving Webs and Cases.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Wings, which are</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Nicely distended with Bones</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_365">365.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Some incomparably adorned with Feathers and elegant Colours.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Some joynted and folded up in their Elytra, and distended again at pleasure.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">In Number either</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Two, with Poises.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l5">Four, without Poises.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Surprizing Minuteness of some of those Animals themselves, especially of their Parts, which are as numerous and various as in other Animal Bodies</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_367">367.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">State: which sets forth a particular Concurrence of the Divine Providence, in the wise and careful Provision that is made for their</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Contents_Page_15"></a>[15]</span>Security against Winter, by their</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Subsisting in a different, <i>viz.</i> their Nympha or Aurelia state</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_369">369.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Living in Torpitude, without any Waste of Body or Spirits</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_370">370.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Laying up Provision before-hand.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Preservation of their Species by their</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Chusing proper Places, to lay up their Eggs and Sperm, so that the</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Eggs may have due Incubation</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_373">373.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Young sufficient Food.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Care and Curiosity in repositing their Eggs in neat Order, and with the proper Part uppermost</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_382">382.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Incomparable Art of Nidification, by being endow’d with</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Parts proper for, and agreeable to the several Ways of Nidification, and the Materials they use in it.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Architectonick Sagacity to build and weave their Cells, or to make even Nature herself their Hand-maid</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_384">384.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1"><i>Reptiles.</i> Which agreeing with other Animals in something
+    or other before treated of, I consider only their</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Motion, which is very remarkable, whether we consider the</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Manner of it, as</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Vermicular</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_394">394.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Sinuous.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Snail-like.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Catterpillar-like.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l4">Multipedous.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Parts ministring to it.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Poison, which serves to</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Scourge Man’s Wickedness</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_398">398.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Their easy Capture and Mastery of their Prey.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Their Digestion.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">Watery Inhabitants considerable for their</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Great Variety</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_401">401.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Prodigious Multitudes.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Vast bulk of some, and surprizing minuteness of others</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_403">403.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Incomparable Contrivance and Structure of their Bodies.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Supplies of Food.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Respiration.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Adjustment of their Organs of Vision to their Element.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Poise and Motion of the Body every Way</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_402">402.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Insensitive Inhabitants. Among which having mentioned Fossils and others, I insist only upon <i>Vegetables</i>, and that in a cursory manner upon their</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">Great Variety for the several Uses of the World</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_404">404.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">Anatomy.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">Leaves</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_407">407.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">Flowers and their admirable Gaiety.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">Seed, remarkable for its</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Contents_Page_16"></a>[16]</span>Generation.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Make.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Containing in it a compleat Plant</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_408">408.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Preservation and Safety in the Gems, Fruit, Earth, &amp;c.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Sowing, which is provided for by Down, Wings, Springy Cases, carried about by Birds, sown by the Husbandman, &amp;c.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_412">412.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">Growing and Standing: Some by</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Their own Strength</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_417">417.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">The Help of others, by clasping about, or hanging upon them.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">Remarkable Use, especially of some which seem to be provided for the Good of</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">All Places</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_420">420.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Some particular Places, to</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Heal some Local Distempers.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l3">Supply some Local Wants.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Practical Inferences upon the whole are these Six, viz. That GOD’s Works.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">1. Are great and excellent</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_425">425.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">2. Ought to be enquired into, with a Commendation of such as do so</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_427">427.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">3. Are manifest to all, and therefore Atheism unreasonable</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_428">428.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">4. Ought to excite Fear and Obedience</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_431">431.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">5. Ought to excite Thankfulness</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_432">432.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l1">6. Should move us to pay God his due Homages and Worship, particularly that of the Lord’s Day: which is an Appointment</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">The most ancient</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_438">438.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Wisely contrived for Dispatch of Business, and to prevent Carnality.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="l2">Whose proper Business is, to cease from Worldly, and to follow Spiritual Employments; the chief of which is the Publick Worship of GOD.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp87" style="max-width: 21.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/footer02.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/header04.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="GLOBE"><span class="smaller">A</span><br>
+SURVEY<br>
+<span class="smaller">OF THE</span><br>
+Terraqueous Globe.</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/header05.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="INTRODUCTION"><i>INTRODUCTION.</i></h3>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<img class="dropcap" src="images/dropcap-i2.jpg" alt="">
+</div>
+
+<p class="dropcap">In <i>Psal.</i> cxi. 2. The Psalmist asserts, That
+<i>the<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[a]</a> Works of the Lord are great; sought
+out of all them that have Pleasure therein</i>.
+This is true of all <i>God’s Works</i>, particularly
+of his <i>Works of Creation</i>: Which, when <i>sought
+out</i>, or, as the <i>Hebrew</i> Word <a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[b]</a> signifieth, when
+<i>heedfully</i> and <i>deeply pried into, solicitously observ’d
+and enquir’d out</i>, especially when clearly discovered<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span>
+to us; in this Case, I say, we find those Works
+of <span class="smcap">God</span> abundantly to deserve the Psalmist’s Character
+of being <i>Great</i> and Noble; inasmuch as they are
+made with the most exquisite Art, <a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[c]</a> contrived with
+the utmost Sagacity, and ordered with plain wise Design,
+and ministring to admirable Ends. For which
+reason St. <i>Paul</i> might well affirm of those Ποιήματα
+of God, <a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[d]</a> That the <i>invisible Things of God, even
+his eternal Power and Godhead, are understood by them</i>.
+And indeed they are the most easy, and intelligible
+Demonstrations of the <i>Being</i> and <i>Attributes</i> of God;<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>
+especially to such as are unacquainted with the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span>
+Subtilties of Reasoning and Argumentation; as the
+greatest part of Mankind are.</p>
+
+<p>It may not therefore be unsuitable to the Nature
+and Design of Lectures<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[f]</a> founded by one of the
+greatest Vertuoso’s of the last Age, and instituted
+too on purpose for the Proof of the Christian Religion
+against Atheists and other Infidels, to improve
+this occasion in the Demonstration of the <i>Being</i>
+and <i>Attributes</i> of an infinitely wise and powerful
+Creator, from a Cursory Survey of the Works
+of <i>Creation</i>, or (as often called) of <i>Nature</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Which Works belong either to our <i>Terraqueous
+Globe</i>, or the <i>Heavens</i>.</p>
+
+<p>I shall begin with our <i>own Globe</i>, being nearest,
+and falling most under our Senses. Which being a
+Subject very various and copious, for the more methodical
+and orderly proceeding upon it, I shall distribute
+the Works therein:</p>
+
+<p>I. Into such as are not properly Parts, but <i>Appendages</i>
+or <i>Out-works</i> of the Globe.</p>
+
+<p>II. The <i>Globe</i> it self.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[a]</a> It is not unlikely that the Psalmist might mean, at least
+have an Eye to, <i>the Works of the Creation</i> in this Text, the
+Word ‎‏מעשה‏‎ being the same that in <i>Psal.</i> 19. 1. is translated
+<i>God’s Handy-work</i>, which is manifestly applied to the Works
+of <i>Creation</i>, and properly signifieth <i>Factum</i>, <i>Opus</i>, <i>Opisicium</i>,
+from ‎‏עשה‏‎ <i>Fecit</i>, <i>Paravit</i>, <i>Aptavit</i>. And saith <i>Kircher</i>, <i>significat
+talem affectionem, quâ aliquid existit vel realiter, vel ornatè,
+velut non sit in pristino statu quo fuit.</i> Concord, p. 2. col. 931.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[b]</a> ‎‏דרש‏‎ <i>Quasivit</i>, <i>perquisivit</i>, <i>sciscitatus est</i>, Buxtor. in verb.
+<i>Et simul importat curam, &amp; solicitudinem.</i> Conrad. Kirch. ib.
+p. 1. col. 1174.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[c]</a> <i>Quod si omnes mundi partes ita constitute sunt, ut neque ad
+usum meliores potuerint esse, neque ad speciem pulchriores; videamus
+utrùm ea fortuita sint, an eo statu, quo cohærere nullo modo
+potuerint, nisi sensu moderante divinâque providentia. Si ergo
+meliora sunt ea quæ Naturâ, quàm illa, quæ Arte perfecta sunt,
+nec Ars efficit quid sine ratione; ne Natura quidem rationis expers
+est habenda. Qui igitur convenit, signum, aut tabulam pictam
+cùm adspexeris, scire adhibitam esse artem; cumque procul cursum
+navigii videris, non dubitare, quin id ratione atque arte moveatur:
+aut cùm Solarium, &amp;c. Mundum autem, qui &amp; has ipsas
+artes, &amp; earum artifices, &amp; cuncta complectatur, consilii &amp; rationis
+esse expertem putare? Quod si in Scythiam, aut in Britanniam,
+Sphæram aliquis tulerit hanc, quam nuper familiaris noster
+effecit Posidonius, cujus singulæ conversiones idem efficiunt in Sole,
+&amp;c.——quod efficitur in cœlo singulis diebus &amp; noctibus; quis in
+illâ barbarie dubitet, quin ea Sphæra sit perfecta Ratione? Hi autem
+dubitant de Mundo, ex quo &amp; oriuntur, &amp; fiunt omnia, casune
+ipse sit effectus,—an Ratione, an Mente divinâ? Et Archimedem
+arbitrantur plus valuisse in imitandis Sphæræ conversionibus,
+quàm Naturam in efficiendis, præsertim cùm multis partibus sint
+illa perfecta, quam hæc simulata, solertius, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Cic. de Nat.
+l. 2. c. 34, 35.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">[d]</a> And a little before he saith of <i>Nature</i> it self, <i>Omnem ergo
+regit Naturam ipse <span class="antiqua">[Deus]</span> &amp;c.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">[e]</a> <i>Mundus codex est Dei, in quo jugiter legere debemus</i>, Bernard.
+Serm.</p>
+
+<p><i>Arbitror nullam gentem, neque Hominum societatem, apud
+quos ulla Deorum est religio, quidquam habere sacris Eleusiniis
+aut Samothraciis simile: Ea tamen obscurè docent quæ profitentur:
+Natura verò opera in omnibus animantibus sunt perspicua.</i>
+Galen. de Us. Part. l. 17. c. 1.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">[f]</a> <i>Philosophia est Catechismus ad Fidem.</i> Cyril. 1. contr. Jul.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/header06.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_I">BOOK I.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Of the Out-works of the Terraqueous
+Globe; the Atmosphere, Light, and
+Gravity.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/header07.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_I_CHAP_I">CHAP. I.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the Atmosphere in general.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<img class="dropcap" src="images/dropcap-t1.jpg" alt="">
+</div>
+
+<p class="dropcap">The Atmosphere, or Mass of Air, Vapours
+and Clouds, which surrounds our Globe,
+will appear to be a matter of Design, and
+the infinitely wise Creator’s Work, if we
+consider its <i>Nature</i> and <i>Make</i><a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>, and its <i>Use</i> to the
+World<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>1. Its Nature and Make, a Mass of Air, of subtile
+penetrating Matter, fit to pervade other Bodies,
+to penetrate into the inmost Recesses of Nature, to
+excite, animate, and spiritualize; and in short, to
+be the very Soul of this lower World. A thing
+consequently</p>
+
+<p>2. Of greatest Use to the World, useful to the
+Life, the Health, the Comfort, the Pleasure, and
+Business of the whole Globe. It is the Air the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span>
+whole Animal World breatheth, and liveth by; not
+only the Animals inhabiting the Earth<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[c]</a> and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]<br><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span>
+Air<a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>, but those of the Waters<a id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>
+    too. Without it<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span>
+most Animals live scarce half a Minute<a id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>; and others,
+that are the most accustomed to the want of
+it, live not without it many Days.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span></p>
+
+<p>And not only Animals themselves, but even
+Trees and Plants, and the whole vegetable Race,
+owe their Vegetation and Life to this useful Element;
+as will appear when I come to speak of
+them, and is manifest from their Glory and Verdure
+in a free Air, and their becoming Pale and
+Sickly, and Languishing and Dying, when by any
+means excluded from it<a id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thus useful, thus necessary, is the Air to the Life
+of the animated Creatures; and no less is it to the
+Motion and Conveyance of many of them. All
+the winged Tribes owe their Flight and Buoyancy<a id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[h]</a>
+to it, as shall be shewn in proper place:
+And even the watery Inhabitants themselves cannot<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span>
+ascend and descend into their Element, well without
+it<a id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[i]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span></p>
+
+<p>But it would be tedious to descend too far into
+Particulars, to reckon up the many Benefits of this
+noble Appendage of our Globe in many useful Engines<a id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[k]</a>;
+in many of the Functions and Operations
+of Nature<a id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[l]</a> in the Conveyance of Sounds;
+and a Thousand Things besides. And I shall but<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span>
+just mention the admirable use of our Atmosphere
+in ministring to the enlightening of the World, by
+its reflecting the Light of the heavenly Bodies to us<a id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[m]</a>;
+and refracting the Sun-beams to our Eye, before
+it ever surmounteth our Horizon<a id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[n]</a>; by which
+means the Day is protracted throughout the whole
+Globe; and the long and dismal Nights are
+shorten’d in the frigid Zones, and Day sooner approacheth<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span>
+them; yea the Sun itself riseth in Appearance
+(when really it is absent from them) to
+the great Comfort of those forlorn Places<a id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[o]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>But passing by all these Things with only a bare
+mention, and wholly omitting others that might
+have been named, I shall only insist upon the excellent
+Use of this noble circumambient Companion
+of our Globe, in respect of two of its Meteors, the
+Winds, and the Clouds and Rain<a id="FNanchor_22" href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[p]</a>.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">[a]</a> <i>Mundi pars est Aer, &amp; quidem necessaria: Hic est enim qui
+cœlum terramque connectit, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Senec. Nat. Qu. l. 2. c. 4.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">[b]</a> <i>Ipse Aer nobiscum videt, nobiscum audit, nobiscum sonat;
+nihil enim eorum sine eo fieri potest, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2.
+c. 33.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">[c]</a> As the Air is of absolute Necessity to Animal Life, so it
+is necessary that it should be of a due Temperament or Consistence;
+not foul, by reason that suffocateth: not too rare and
+thin, because that sufficeth not; with Examples of each of
+which, I shall a little entertain the Reader. In one of Mr.
+<i>Hawksbee</i>’s Compressing Engines, I closely shut up a <i>Sparrow</i>
+without forcing any Air in; and in less than an Hour the Bird
+began to pant, and be concerned; and in less than an Hour and
+half to be sick, vomit, and more out of Breath; and in two
+Hours time was nearly expiring.</p>
+
+<p>Another I put in and compressed the Air, but the Engine
+leaking, I frequently renewed the Compressure; by which
+means, (although the Bird panted a little after the first Hour,)
+yet after such frequent Compressures, and Immission of fresh
+Air, it was very little concerned, and taken out seemingly unhurt
+after three Hours.</p>
+
+<p>After this I made two other Experiments in compressed Air,
+with the Weight of two Atmospheres injected, the Engine holding
+tight and well; the one with the <i>Great Titmouse</i>, the other
+with a <i>Sparrow</i>. For near an Hour they seemed but little concerned;
+but after that grew fainter, and in two Hours time
+sick, and in three Hours time died. Another thing I took notice
+of, was, that when the Birds were sick and very restless,
+I fancied they were somewhat relieved for a short space, with
+the Motion of the Air, caused by their fluttering and shaking
+their Wings, (a thing worth trying in the <i>Diving-Bell</i>). I shall
+leave the ingenious Reader to judge what the cause was of both
+the Birds living longer in compressed, than uncompressed Air;
+whether a less quantity of Air was not sooner fouled and
+rendred unfit for Respiration, than a greater.</p>
+
+<p>From these Experiments two Things are manifested; one is,
+that Air, in some measure compressed, or rather heavy, is necessary
+to Animal Life: Of which by and by. The other, that
+fresh Air is also necessary: For pent up Air, when overcharged
+with the Vapours emitted our of the Animal’s Body, becomes
+unfit for Respiration. For which Reason, in the <i>Diving-Bell</i>, after
+some time of stay under Water, they are forced to come
+up and take in fresh Air, or by some such means recruit it. But
+the famous <i>Cornelius Drebell</i> contrived not only a Vessel to be
+rowed under Water, but also a Liquor to be carried in that
+Vessel, that would supply the want of fresh Air. The Vessel
+was made for King <i>James</i> I. It carried twelve Rowers, besides
+the Passengers. It was tried in the River of <i>Thames</i>; and one
+of the Persons that was in that submarine Navigation was then
+alive, and told it one, who related the Matter to our famous
+Founder, the Honourable, and most Ingenious Mr. <i>Boyl</i>. As
+to the Liquor, Mr. <i>Boyl</i> saith, he discovered by a Doctor of
+Physick, who married <i>Drebell</i>’s Daughter, that it was used from
+time to time when the Air in the submarine Boat was clogged
+by the Breath of the Company, and thereby made unfit for
+Respiration; at which time, by unstopping a Vessel full of
+this Liquor, he could speedily restore to the troubled Air such
+a proportion of vital Parts, as would make it again for a good
+while fit for Respiration. The Secret of this Liquor <i>Drebell</i>
+would never disclose to above one Person, who himself assured
+Mr. <i>Boyl</i> what it was. <i>Vid.</i> <i>Boyl. Exp. Phys. Mech.
+of the Spring of the Air, Exp. 41.</i> in the <i>Digres</i>. This Story
+I have related from Mr. <i>Boyl</i>, but at the same time much
+question whether the Virtues of the Liquor were so effectual
+as reported.</p>
+
+<p>And as too gross, so too rare an Air is unfit for Respiration.
+Not to mention the forced Rarefactions made by the Air-Pump,
+in <a href="#Footnote_11">the following Note</a>; it is found, that even the extraordinary
+natural Rarefactions, upon the tops of very high Hills, much
+affect Respiration. An Ecclesiastical Person, who had visited the
+high Mountains of <i>Armenia</i>, (on which some fancy the Ark
+rested) told Mr. <i>Boyl</i>, that whilst he was on the upper part of
+them, he was forced to fetch his Breath oftner than he was
+wont. And taking notice of it when he came down, the People
+told him, that it was what happen’d to them when they were so
+high above the Plane, and that it was a common Observation among
+them. The like Observation the same Ecclesiastick made
+upon the top of a Mountain in the <i>Cevennes</i>. So a learned Traveller,
+and curious Person, on one of the highest Ridges of the
+<i>Pyrenees</i>, call’d <i>Pic de Midi</i>, found the Air not so fit for Respiration,
+as the common Air, but he and his Company were
+fain to breath shorter and oftner than in the lower Air. <i>Vid.</i>
+<i>Phil. Transact.</i> No. 63, or <i>Lowthorp’s Abridg.</i> Vol. 2. p. 226.</p>
+
+<p>Such another Relation the learned <i>Joseph Acosta</i> gives of
+himself and his Company, that, when they passed the high
+Mountains of <i>Peru</i>, which they call <i>Periacaca</i>, (to which he
+saith, <i>the Alps themselves seemed to them but as ordinary Houses,
+in regard of high Towers,) He and his Companions were surprized
+with such extreme Pangs of Straining and Vomiting, (not
+without casting up of Blood too,) and with so violent a Distemper,
+that he concludes he should undoubtedly have died; but that this
+lasted not above three or four Hours, before they came into a more
+convenient and natural Temperature of the Air.</i> All which he
+concludes proceeded from the too great Subtilty and Delicacy
+of the Air, which is not proportionable to humane Respiration,
+which requires a more gross and temperate Air, <i>Vid.</i> <i>Boyl</i>,
+<i>ubi supra</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Thus it appears, that an Air too Subtile, Rare and Light, is
+unfit for Respiration: But the Cause is not the Subtilty or too
+great Delicacy, as Mr. Boyl thinks, but the too great Lightness
+thereof, which renders it unable to be a Counterbalance, or
+an Antagonist to the Heart, and all the Muscles ministring to
+<i>Respiration</i>, and the <i>Diastole</i> of the Heart. Of which see
+<a href="#Footnote_204"><i>Book 4. Chap. 7. Note 1.</i></a></p>
+
+<p>And as our Inability to live in too rare and light an Air may
+discourage those vain Attempts of Flying and Whimsies of passing
+to the Moon, &amp;c. so our being able to bear an heavier
+State of the Air is an excellent Provision for Mens Occasions
+in Mines, and other great Depths of the Earth; and those other
+greater Pressures made upon the Air, in the <i>Diving-Bell</i>,
+when we descend into great Depths of the Waters.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="label">[d]</a> That the Inhabitants of the Air, (Birds and Insects,) need
+the Air as well as Man and other Animals, is manifest from
+their speedy dying in too feculent, or too much rarefied Air;
+of which see the preceding and following <a href="#Footnote_13"><i>Note (f).</i></a> But yet
+Birds and Insects (some Birds at least) can live in a rarer Air than
+Man. Thus Eagles, Kites, Herons, and divers other Birds, that
+delight in high Flights, are not affected with the Rarity of the
+Medium, as those Persons were in <a href="#Footnote_10">the preceding Note</a>. So
+Insects bear the Air-Pump long, as in the following <a href="#Footnote_13"><i>Note (f).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12" class="label">[e]</a> Creatures inhabiting the Waters need the Air, as well as
+other Animals, yea, and fresh Air too. The <i>Hydrocanthari</i>
+of all Sorts, the <i>Nymphæ</i> of <i>Gnats</i>, and many other Water-Insects,
+have a singular Faculty, and an admirable Apparatus,
+to raise their back Parts to the top of the Waters, and take in
+fresh Air. It is pretty to see, for Instance, the <i>Hydrocanthari</i>
+come and thrust their Tails out of the Water, and take in a
+Bubble of Air, at the tip of their <i>Vaginæ</i> and Tails, and then
+nimbly carry it down with them into the Waters; and, when
+that is spent, or fouled, to ascend again and recruit it.</p>
+
+<p>So Fishes also are well known to use Respiration, by passing
+the Water through their Mouths and Gills. But <i>Carps</i> will live
+out of the Water, only in the Air; as is manifest by the Experiment
+of their way of Fatting them in <i>Holland</i>, and which
+hath been practised herein <i>England</i>, <i>viz.</i> they hang them up in
+a Cellar, or some cool Place, in wet Moss in a small Net, with
+their Heads out, and feed them with white Bread soaked in Milk
+for many Days. This was told me by a Person very curious, and
+of great Honour and Eminence, whose Word (if I had leave to
+name him) no Body would question: And it being an Instance
+of the Respiration of Fishes very singular, and somewhat out of
+the way, I have for the Reader’s Diversion taken notice of it.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13" class="label">[f]</a> By Experiments I made my self in the Air Pump, in
+<i>September</i> and <i>October</i>, 1704; I observed that Animals whose
+Hearts have two <i>Ventricles</i>, and no <i>Foramen Ovale</i>, as Birds,
+Dogs, Cats, Rats, Mice, <i>&amp;c.</i> die in less than half a Minute
+counting from the very first Exsuction; especially in a small
+Receiver.</p>
+
+<p>A <i>Mole</i> (which I suspected might have born more than other
+Quadrupeds) died in one Minute (without Recovery) in a large
+Receiver; and doubtless would hardly have survived half a Minute
+in a small Receiver. A <i>Bat</i> (although wounded) sustained
+the Pump two Minutes, and revived upon the re-admission
+of the Air. After that, he remained four Minutes and a half
+and revived. Lastly, After he had been five Minutes, he continued
+gasping for a time, and after twenty Minutes I re-admitted
+the Air, but the <i>Bat</i> never revived.</p>
+
+<p>As for <i>Insects</i>: <i>Wasps</i>, <i>Bats</i>, <i>Hornets</i>, <i>Grashoppers</i>, and <i>Lady-Cows</i>
+seemed dead in appearance in two Minutes, but revived
+in the open Air in two or three Hours time, notwithstanding
+they had been in <i>Vacuo</i> twenty four Hours.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Ear-wig</i>, the great <i>Staphylinus</i>, the great black lowsy
+<i>Beetle</i>, and some other Insects would seem unconcerned at the
+<i>Vacuum</i> a good while, and lie as dead; but revive in the Air,
+although some had lain sixteen Hours in the exhausted Receiver.</p>
+
+<p><i>Snails</i> bear the Air Pump prodigiously, especially those in
+Shells; two of which lay above twenty four Hours, and seemed
+not much affected. The same Snails I left in twenty eight
+Hours more after a second Exhaustion, and found one of them
+quite dead, but the other revived.</p>
+
+<p><i>Frogs</i> and <i>Toads</i> bear the Pump long, especially the former.
+A large Toad, found in the House, died irrecoverably in less
+than six Hours. Another Toad and Frog I put in together,
+and the Toad was seemingly dead in two Hours, but the Frog
+just alive. After they had remained there eleven Hours, and
+seemingly dead, the Frog recovered in the open Air, only
+weak, but the Toad was quite dead. The same Frog being put
+in again for twenty seven Hours, then quite died.</p>
+
+<p>The Animalcules in <i>Pepper-Water</i> remained in <i>Vacuo</i> twenty
+four Hours. And after they had been exposed a Day or two
+to the open Air, I found some of them dead, some alive.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14" class="label">[g]</a> That the Air is the principal Cause of the Vegetation of
+Plants, <i>Borelli</i> proves in his excellent Book <i>De Mot. Animal.</i>
+Vol. 2. Prop. 181. And in the next Proposition, he assureth,
+<i>In Plantis quoque peragi Aeris respirationem quandam imperfectam,
+à quâ earum vita pendet, &amp; conservatur.</i> But of this
+more when I come to survey Vegetables.</p>
+
+<p><i>Some Lettice-Seed being sown upon some Earth in the open
+Air, and some of the same Seed at the same time upon other
+Earth in a Glass-Receiver of the Pneumatick Engine, afterwards
+exhausted of Air: The Seed exposed to the Air was grown up
+an Inch and half high within Eight Days; but that in the exhausted
+Receiver not at all. And Air being again admitted into
+the same emptied Receiver, to see whether any of the Seed
+would then come up, it was found, that in the Space of one
+Week it was grown up to the Height of two or three Inches.</i>
+Vid. Phil. Trans. No. 23. Lowth. Abridg. Vol. 2. p. 206.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15" class="label">[h]</a> <i>In volucribus pulmones perforati aerem inspiratum in totam
+ventris cavitatem admittunt. Hujus ratio, ut propter corporis
+truncum Aere repletum &amp; quasi extensum, ipsa magis volatilia
+evadant, faciliusque ab aere externo, proper intimi penum, sustententur.
+Equidem pisces, quò leviùs in aquis natent, in Abdomine
+vesicas Aere inflatas gestant: pariter &amp; volucres, propter
+corporis truncum Aere impletum &amp; quasi inflatum, nudo Aeri
+incumbentes, minus gravantur, proindeque levius &amp; expeditiùs
+volant.</i> Willis de Anim. Brut. p. 1. c. 3.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16" class="label">[i]</a> <i>Fishes by reason of the Bladder of Air within them, can
+sustain, or keep themselves in any Depth of Water: For the Air
+in that Bladder being more or less compressed, according to the
+Depth the Fish swims at, takes up more or less Space; and consequently,
+the Body of the Fish, part of whose Bulk this Bladder
+is, is greater or less according to the several Depths, and yet retains
+the same Weight. Now the Rule <span class="antiqua">de Insidentibus humido</span>
+is, that a Body, that is heavier than so much Water, as is equal
+in Quantity to the Bulk of it, will sink, a Body that is lighter
+will swim; a Body of equal Weight will rest in any part of the
+Water. By this Rule, if the Fish, in the middle Region of the
+Water, be of equal Weight to the Water, that is commensurate
+to the Bulk of it, the Fish will rest there, without any Tendency
+upwards or downwards: And if the Fish be deeper in the Water,
+the Bulk of the Fish becoming less by the Compression of the
+Bladder, and yet retaining the same Weight, it will sink, and
+rest at the Bottom. And on the other side, if the Fish be higher
+than the middle Region, the Air dilating it self, and the Bulk
+of the Fish consequently increasing, but not the Weight, the Fish
+will rise upwards and rest at the top of the Water. Perhaps the
+Fish by some Action can emit Air out of its Bladder——, and,
+when not enough, take in Air,——and then it will not be wondred,
+that there should be always a fit Proportion of Air in all
+Fishes to serve their Use, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Then follows a Method of Mr.
+<i>Boyl</i> to experiment the Truth of this. After which, in Mr.
+<i>Lowthorp</i>’s Abridgment, follow Mr. <i>Ray</i>’s Observations. <i>I
+think that——hath hit upon the true Use of the Swimming-Bladders
+in Fishes. For, 1. It hath been observed, that if the
+Swimming-Bladder of any Fish be pricked or broken, such a Fish
+sinks presently to the Bottom, and can neither support or raise it
+self up in the Water. 2. Flat Fishes, as Soles, Plaise, &amp;c. which
+lie always grovelling at the Bottom, have no Swimming-Bladders
+that ever I could find. 3. In most Fishes there is a manifest
+Chanel leading from the Gullet——to the said Bladder,
+which without doubt serves for the conveying Air thereunto.——In
+the Coat of this Bladder is a musculous Power to contract it
+when the Fish lifts.</i> See more very curious Observations relating
+to this Matter, of the late great Mr. <i>Ray</i>, as also of
+the curious anonymous Gentleman in the ingenious Mr. <i>Lowthorp</i>’s
+Abridgment, before cited, <i>p. 845.</i> from <i>Phil. Trans.
+N.</i> 114, 115.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17" class="label">[k]</a> Among the Engines in which the Air is useful, Pumps
+may be accounted not contemptible ones, and divers other Hydraulical
+Engines, which need not to be particularly insisted on.
+In these the Water was imagined to rise by the power of Suction,
+to avoid <i>a Vacuum</i>, and such unintelligible Stuff; but the
+justly famous Mr. <i>Boyl</i> was the first that solved these Phænomena
+by the Weight of the Atmosphere. His ingenious and
+curious Observations and Experiments relating hereto, may be
+seen in his little Tract, <i>Of the Cause of Attraction by Suction</i>,
+and divers others of his Tracts.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18" class="label">[l]</a> It would be endless to specify the Uses of the Air in
+Nature’s Operations: I shall therefore, for a Sample only,
+name its great Use to the World in conserving animated Bodies,
+whether endowed with animal or vegetative Life, and
+its contrary Quality of dissolving other Bodies; by which means
+many Bodies that would prove Nuisances to the World, are
+put out of the Way, by being reduced into their first Principles,
+(as we say), and so embodied with the Earth again. Of its
+Faculty as a Menstruum, or its Power to dissolve Bodies; I
+may instance in Crystal Glasses, which, with long keeping,
+especially if not used, will in Time be reduced to a Powder,
+as I have seen. So divers Minerals, Earths, Stones, Fossil-Shells,
+Wood, <i>&amp;c.</i> which from <i>Noah</i>’s Flood, at least for many
+Ages, have lain under Ground, so secure from Corruption,
+that, on the contrary, they have been thereby made much the
+stronger, have in the open Air soon mouldered away. Of
+which last, Mr. <i>Boyl</i> gives an Instance (from the <i>Dissertation
+de admirandis Hungar. Aquis</i>) of a great Oak, like a huge
+Beam, dug out of a Salt Mine in <i>Transylvania</i>, <i>so hard, that
+it would not easily be wrought upon by Iron Tools, yet, being
+exposed to the Air out of the Mine, it became so rotten that in
+four Days it was easy to be broken, and crumbled between one’s
+Fingers</i>. Boyl’s Suspic. about some hid. Qual. in the Air,
+p. 28. So the Trees turned out of the Earth by the Breaches
+at <i>West-Thurrock</i> and <i>Dagenham</i>, near me, although probably
+no other than <i>Alder</i>, and interred many Ages ago in a rotten
+oazy Mold, were so exceedingly tough, hard, and found at
+first, that I could make but little Impressions on them with the
+Strokes of an Ax; but being exposed to the Air and Water,
+soon became so rotten as to be crumbled between the Fingers.
+See my Observations in <i>Philos. Transact.</i> Nᵒ. 335.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19" class="label">[m]</a> <i>By reflecting the Light of the heavenly Bodies to us</i>, I
+mean that Whiteness or Lightness which is in the Air in the
+Day-time, caused by the Rays of Light striking upon the Particles
+of the Atmosphere, as well as upon the Clouds above, and
+the other Objects beneath upon the Earth. To the same Cause
+also we owe the Twilight, <i>viz.</i> to the Sun-beams touching
+the uppermost Particles of our Atmosphere, which they do
+when the Sun is about eighteen Degrees beneath the Horizon.
+And as the Beams reach more and more of the airy Particles,
+so Darkness goes off, and Day light comes on and encreaseth.
+For an Exemplification of this, the Experiment may serve of
+transmitting a few Rays of the Sun through a small Hole into a
+dark Room: By which means the Rays which meet with Dust,
+and other Particles flying in the Air, are render’d visible; or
+(which amounts to the same) those swimming small Bodies are
+rendered visible, by their reflecting the Light of the Sun-beams
+to the Eye, which, without such Reflection, would it
+self be invisible.</p>
+
+<p>The Azure Colour of the Sky Sir <i>Isaac Newton</i> attributes to
+Vapours beginning to condense, and that are not able to reflect
+the other Colours. <i>V.</i> <i>Optic.</i> l. 2. <i>Par. 3. Prop. 7.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20" class="label">[n]</a> By the Refractive Power of the Air, the Sun, and the
+other heavenly Bodies seem higher than really they are, especially
+near the Horizon. What the Refractions amount unto,
+what Variations they have, and what Alterations in time they
+cause, may be briefly seen in a little Book called, <i>The Artificial
+Clock-Maker</i>, Chap. 11.</p>
+
+<p><i>Although this inflective Quality of the Air be a great Incumbrance
+and Confusion of Astronomical Observations;——yet it
+is not without some considerable Benefit to Navigation; and indeed
+in some Cases, the Benefit thereby obtained is much greater
+than would be the Benefit of having the Ray proceed in an exact
+straight Line.</i> [Then he mentions the Benefit hereof to the Polar
+Parts of the World.] <i>But this by the by</i> (saith he.) <i>The great
+Advantage I consider therein, is the first Discovery of Land upon
+the Sea; for by means hereof, the tops of Hills and Lands are
+raised up into the Air, so as to be discoverable several Leagues
+farther off on the Sea than they would be, were there no such
+Refraction, which is of great Benefit to Navigation for steering
+their Course in the Night, when they approach near Land; and
+likewise for directing them in the Day-time, much more certainly
+than the most exact Celestial Observations could do by the Help
+of an uninflected Ray, especially in such Places as they have no
+Soundings.</i> [Then he proposes a Method to find by these means
+the Distance of Objects at Sea.] V. Dr. <i>Hook</i>’s <i>Post. Works</i>.
+Lect. of Navig. p. 466.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_21" href="#FNanchor_21" class="label">[o]</a> <i>Cum Belgæ in novâ Zemblâ hybernarent, Sol illis apparuit
+16 diebus citiùs, quàm revera in Horizonte existeret, hoc est, cùm
+adhuc infra Horizontem depressus esset quatuor circiter gradibus,
+&amp; quidem aere sereno.</i> Varen. Geog. c. 19. Prop. 22.</p>
+
+<p><i><span class="antiqua">[These Hollanders]</span> found, that the Night in that place shortened
+no less than a whole Month; which must needs be a very
+great Comfort to all such Places as live very far towards the North
+and South Poles, where length of Night, and want of seeing the
+Sun, cannot chuse but be very tedious and irksome.</i> Hook Ibid.</p>
+
+<p><i><span class="antiqua">[By means of the Refractions]</span> we found the Sun to rise twenty
+Minutes before it should; and in the Evening to remain above the
+Horizon twenty Minutes (or thereabouts) longer than it should.</i>
+Captain <i>James</i>’s Journ. in <i>Boyl</i> of Cold. Tit. 18. p. 190.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_22" href="#FNanchor_22" class="label">[p]</a> <i>Aer—in Nubes cogitur: humoremque colligens terram auget
+imbribus: tum effluens huc &amp; illuc, ventos efficit. Idem annuas
+frigorum &amp; calorum facit varietates: idemque &amp; volatus Alitum
+sustinet, &amp; spiritu ductus alit &amp; sustentas animantes.</i> Cic. de
+Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 39.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span></p>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_I_CHAP_II">CHAP. II.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the Winds<a id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>To pass by other Considerations, whereby I
+might demonstrate the Winds to be the infinite
+Creator’s Contrivance, I shall insist only upon
+their great usefulness to the World. And so great
+is their Use, and of such absolute Necessity are they
+to the Salubrity of the Atmosphere, that all the
+World would be poisoned without those Agitations
+thereof. We find how putrid, fetid, and unfit for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span>
+Respiration, as well as Health and Pleasure, a stagnating,
+confined, pent up Air is. And if the whole
+Mass of Air and Vapours was always at Rest, and
+without Motion, instead of refreshing and animating,
+it would suffocate and poison all the World:<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span>
+But the perpetual Commotions it receives from the
+Gales and Storms, keep it pure and healthful<a id="FNanchor_24" href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Neither are those Ventilations beneficial only to
+the Health, but to the Pleasure also of the Inhabitants
+of the Terraqueous Globe; witness the Gales
+which fan us in the heat of Summer; without
+which, even in this our temperate Zone, Men are
+scarce able to perform the Labours of their Calling,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span>
+or not without Danger of Health and Life<a id="FNanchor_25" href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>.
+But especially, witness the perpetual Gales which
+throughout the whole Year do fan the Torrid Zone,
+and make that Climate an healthful and pleasant<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span>
+Habitation, which would otherwise be scarce habitable.</p>
+
+<p>To these I might add many other great Conveniencies
+of the Winds in various Engines, and various
+Businesses. I might particularly insist upon its
+great Use to transport Men to the farthest distant
+Regions of the World<a id="FNanchor_26" href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[d]</a> and I might particularly
+speak of the general and coasting Trade-Winds,
+the Sea, and the Land-Breezes;<a id="FNanchor_27" href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[e]</a> the one serving
+to carry the Mariner in long Voyages from East to
+West; the other serving to waft him to particular<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span>
+Places; the one serving to carry him into his Harbour,
+the other to bring him out. But I should go
+too far to take notice of all Particulars<a id="FNanchor_28" href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>. Leaving
+therefore the Winds, I proceed in the next Place
+to the Clouds and Rain.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_23" href="#FNanchor_23" class="label">[a]</a> <i>Ventus est aer fluens</i>, is <i>Seneca</i>’s Definition, <i>Na. Qu. l. 5.</i>
+And as Wind is a Current of the Air, so that which excites or alters
+its Currents may be justly said to be the Cause of the Winds.
+An Æquipoise of the Atmosphere produceth a Calm; but if that
+Æquipoise be more or less taken off, a Stream of Air, or Wind,
+is thereby accordingly produced either stronger or weaker, swifter
+or slower. And divers things there are that may make such
+Alterations in the Æquipoise or Balance of the Atmosphere, <i>viz.</i>
+Eruptions of Vapours from Sea or Land; Rarefactions and
+Condensations in one Place more than another; the falling of
+Rain, pressure of the Clouds, <i>&amp;c.</i> <i>Pliny</i>, l. 2. c. 45. tells us of
+a certain <i>Cavern</i> in <i>Dalmatia</i>, called <i>Senta</i>, <i>in quem</i>, saith he,
+<i>dejecto levi pondere, quamvis tranquillo die, turbini similis
+emicat procella</i>. But as to Caves it is observed, that they
+often emit Winds more or less. Dr. <i>Connor</i>, taking notice of
+this matter, specifies these, <i>In regno Neapolitano ex immani Cumanæ
+Sibyllæ antro tenuem ventum effluentem percepi</i>. The like he observed
+at the Caves at <i>Baiæ</i>, and in some of the Mines of <i>Germany</i>,
+and in the large Salt-Mines of <i>Cracow</i> in <i>Poland</i>. <i>Ubi</i>,
+saith he, <i>opifices, &amp; ipse fodinæ dominus Andreas Morstin, Nob.
+Polonus, mihi asseruerunt, quòd tanta aliquando Ventorum tempestas
+ex ambagiosis hujus fodinæ recessibus surgere solebat, quod
+laborantes fossores humi prosternebat, nec non portas &amp; domiciliæ
+(quæ sibi in hâc fodinâ artifices exstruunt) penitùs evertebat</i>.
+Bern. Connor. Dissert. Med. Phys. p. 33. Artic. 3.</p>
+
+<p>And as great Caves, so great Lakes sometimes send forth
+Winds. So <i>Gassendus</i> saith the <i>Lacus Legnius</i> doth, <i>E quo dum
+exoritur fumus, nubes haud dubiê creanda est, quæ sit brevi in
+tempestatem sævissimam exoneranda</i>. Gassend. Vit. Peiresk. l. 5.
+P. 417.</p>
+
+<p>But the most universal and constant Alterations of the Balance
+of the Atmosphere are from Heat and Cold. This is
+manifest in the General Trade-Winds, blowing all the Year
+between the Tropicks from East to West: if the Cause thereof
+be (as some ingenious Men imagine) the Sun’s daily Progress
+round that part of the Globe, and by his Heat rarefying
+one part of the Air, whilst the cooler and heavier Air behind
+presseth after. So the Sea and Land Breezes in <a href="#Footnote_26"><i>Note (d).</i></a>
+And so in our Climate, the Northerly and Southerly Winds
+(commonly esteemed the Causes of cold and warm Weather),
+are really the Effects of the Cold or Warmth of the Atmosphere:
+Of which I have had so many Confirmations, that
+I have no doubt of it. As for Instance, it is not uncommon
+to see a warm Southerly Wind, suddenly changed to the
+North, by the fall of Snow or Hail; to see the Wind in a
+frosty, cold Morning North, and when the Sun hath well
+warmed the Earth and Air, you may observe it to wheel about
+towards the Southerly Quarters; and again to turn Northerly
+or Easterly in the cold Evening. It is from hence also,
+that in Thunder-Showers the Wind and Clouds are oftentimes
+contrary to one another, (especially if Hail falls) the
+sultry Weather below directing the Wind one way; and the
+Cold above the Clouds another way. I took Notice upon
+<i>March</i> the 10ᵗʰ 1710/1, (and divers such like Instances I have
+had before and since) that the Morning was warm, and what
+Wind stirred was West-South-West, but the Clouds were thick
+and black (as generally they are when Snow ensues): A little
+before Noon the Wind veered about to North by West, and
+sometimes to other Points, the Clouds at the same time flying
+some North by West, some South-West: About one of the
+Clock it rained apace, the Clouds flying sometimes North-East,
+then North, and at last both Wind and Clouds settled
+North by West; At which time Sleet fell plentifully, and it
+grew very cold. From all which I observe, 1. That although
+our Region below was warm, the Region of the
+Clouds was cold, as the black, snowy Clouds shewed. 2. That
+the struggle between the warmth of ours, and the cold of the
+cloudy Region, stopped the airy Currents of both Regions.
+3. That the falling of the Snow through our warmer Air
+melted into Rain at first; but that it became Sleet after the
+superiour Cold had conquered the inferiour Warmth. 4. That,
+as that Cold prevailed by Degrees, so by Degrees it wheeled
+about both the Winds and Clouds from the Northwards towards
+the South.</p>
+
+<p><i>Hippocrates</i>, l. 2. <i>De Vict. Orat.</i> <i>Omnes Ventos vel à nive,
+glacie, vehementi gelu, fluminibus, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> spirare necesse judicat</i>,
+Bartholin. de usu Nivis, c. 1.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_24" href="#FNanchor_24" class="label">[b]</a> <i>It is well observed in my Lord <span class="antiqua">Howard</span>s Voyage to <span class="antiqua">Constantinople</span>,
+that at <span class="antiqua">Vienna</span> they have frequent Winds, which
+if they cease long in Summer, the Plague often ensues: So that
+it is now grown into a Proverb, that if <span class="antiqua">Austria</span> be not windy,
+it is subject to Contagion.</i> Bohun of Wind, <i>p. 213.</i></p>
+
+<p>From some such Commotions of the Air I imagine it is,
+that at <i>Grand Cairo</i> the Plague immediately ceases, as soon as
+the <i>Nile</i> begins to overflow; although Mr. <i>Boyl</i> attributes it
+to nitrous Corpuscles. <i>Determ. Nat. of Effluv.</i> Chap. 4.</p>
+
+<p><i>Nulla enim propemodum regio est, quæ non habeat aliquem flatum
+ex se nascentem, &amp; circa se cadentem.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Inter cætera itaq; Providentiæ opera, hoc quoq; aliquis, ut dignum
+admiratione suspexerit. Non enim ex unâ causâ Ventos
+aut invenit, aut per diversa disposuit: sed primum ut aera non
+sinerent pigrescere, sed assiduâ vexatione utilem redderens, vitaiemq;
+tracturis.</i> Sen. Nat. Quæst. l. 5. c. 17, 18.</p>
+
+<p>All this is more evident, from the Cause assigned to malignant
+epidemical Diseases, particularly the Plague, by my ingenious,
+learned Friend, Dr. <i>Mead</i>; and that is, an hot and
+moist Temperament of the Air, which is observed by <i>Hippocrates</i>,
+<i>Galen</i>, and the general Histories of Epidemical Diseases,
+to attend those Distempers. <i>Vid.</i> <i>Mead of Poisons, Essay 5.</i>
+p. 161. But indeed, whether the Cause be this, or poisonous,
+malignant Exhalations or Animalcules, as others think,
+the Winds are however very salutiferous in such Cases, in
+cooling the Air, and dispersing and driving away the moist
+or pestiferous Vapours.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_25" href="#FNanchor_25" class="label">[c]</a> <i>July 8. 1707</i>, (called for some time after the <i>Hot Tuesday</i>,)
+was so excessively hot and suffocating, by reason there
+was no Wind stirring, that divers Persons died, or were in
+great Danger of Death, in their Harvest-Work. Particularly
+one who had formerly been my Servant, a healthy,
+lusty, young Man, was killed by the Heat: And several
+Horses on the Road dropped down and died the same Day.</p>
+
+<p>In the foregoing Notes, having Notice of some Things
+relating to Heat, although it be somewhat out of the way, I
+hope the Reader will excuse me, if I entertain him with some
+Observations I made about the Heat of the Air under the
+Line, compared with the Heat of our Bodies. <i>J. Patrick</i>,
+who, as he is very accurate in making Barometrical and Thermometrical
+Instruments, had the Curiosity for the nicer adjusting
+his Thermometers, to send two abroad under the Care
+of two very sensible, ingenious Men; one to the Northern
+Lat. of 81; the other to the Parts under the Æquinoctial: In
+these two different Climates, the Places were marked where
+the Spirits stood at the severest Cold and greatest Heat. And
+according to these Observations he graduates his Thermometers.
+With his Standard I compared my Standard Thermometer,
+from all the Degrees of Cold, I could make with <i>Sal
+Armoniack</i>, &amp;c. to the greatest Degrees of Heat our Thermometers
+would reach to. And with the same Thermometer
+(of mine) I experimented the greatest Heat of my Body,
+in <i>July 1709</i>. First in an hot Day without Exercise, by patting
+the Ball of my Thermometer under my Armpits, and
+other hottest Parts of my Body. By which means the Spirits
+were raised 284 Tenths of an Inch above the Ball. After
+that, in a much hotter Day, and indeed nearly as hot as any
+Day with us, and after I had heated my self with strong
+Exercise too, as much as I could well bear, I again tried the
+same Experiment, but could not get the Spirits above 288
+Tenths; which I thought an inconsiderable Difference, for so
+seemingly a very different Heat of my Body. But from some
+Experiments I have made (altho’ I have unfortunately forgotten
+them) in very cold Weather, I imagine the Heat of an healthy
+Body to be always much the same in the warmest Parts
+thereof, both in Summer and Winter. Now between those
+very Degrees of 284 and 288, the Point of the equatorial
+Heat falleth. From which Observation it appears, that there
+is pretty nearly an equal Contemperament of the Warmth of
+our Bodies, to that of the hottest Part of the Atmosphere inhabited
+by us.</p>
+
+<p>If the Proportion of the Degrees of Heat be desired from
+the Freezing-Point, to the Winter, Spring, and Summer Air,
+the Heat of Man’s Body, of heated Water, melted Metals,
+and so to actual Fire; an Account may be met with of it,
+by my most ingenious Friend, the great Sir <i>Isaac Newton</i>, in
+<i>Phil. Transact.</i> Nᵒ. 270.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_26" href="#FNanchor_26" class="label">[d]</a> <i>In hoc <span class="antiqua">Providentia</span> ac <span class="antiqua">Dispositor</span> ille Mundi <span class="antiqua">Deus</span>,
+    aera
+ventis exercendum dedit,——non ut nos classes partem freti occupaturas
+compleremus milite armato, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> Dedit ille ventos ad
+custodiendam cœli terrarumq; temperiem, ad evocandas supprimendásq;
+aquas, ad alendos satorum atq; arborum fructus;
+quos ad maturitatem cum aliis causis adducit ipsa jactatio, attrahens
+cibum in summa, &amp; ne torpeat, promovens. Dedit ventos
+ad ulteriora noscenda: fuisset enim imperitum animal, &amp; fine
+magnâ experientiâ rerum Homo, si circumscriberetur natalis soli
+fine. Dedit ventos ut commoda cujusq; regionis fierent communia;
+non ut legiones equitemq; gestarent, nec ut perniciosa gentibus
+arma transveherent.</i> Seneca, ibid.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_27" href="#FNanchor_27" class="label">[e]</a> <i><span class="antiqua">Sea-Breezes</span> commonly rise in the Morning about nine a
+Clock.——They first approach the Shore gently, as if they were
+afraid to come near it.——It comes in a fine, small, black
+Curle upon the Water, whereas all the Sea between it and the
+Shore (not yet reached by it) is as smooth and even as Glass in
+Comparison. In half an Hours time after it has reached the
+Shore, it fans pretty briskly, and so encreaseth gradually till
+twelve a Clock; then it is commonly strongest, and lasts so till
+two or three, a very brisk Gale.——After three it begins to die
+away again, and gradually withdraws its force till all is spent;
+and about five a Clock——it is lulled asleep, and comes no more
+till next morning.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>And as the Sea Breezes do blow in the Day, and rest in the
+Night; so on the contrary <span class="antiqua">[The Land-Breezes]</span> blow in the
+Night, and rest in the Day, alternately succeeding each other.——They
+spring up between six and twelve at Night, and last
+till six, eight, or ten in the Morning.</i> Dampier’s Disc. of
+Winds, <i>ch.</i> 4.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28" class="label">[f]</a> One Thing more I believe some of my Friends will
+expect from me is, that I shew the Result of comparing my
+own Observations of the Winds, with others they know I
+have from <i>Ireland</i>, <i>Switzerland</i>, <i>Italy</i>, <i>France</i>, <i>New-England</i>,
+and some of our Parts of <i>England</i>. But the Observations being
+some of them but of one Year, and most of the rest of
+but a few Years, I have not been able to determine any
+great Matters. The chief of what I have observed is, that
+the Winds in all these Places seldom agree, but when they
+most certainly do so, it is commonly when the Winds are
+strong, and of long continuance in the same Quarter: And
+more I think in the Northerly and Easterly, than other Points.
+Also a strong Wind in one Place, is oftentimes a weak one
+in another Place, or moderate, according as Places have been
+nearer or farther distant. <i>Vid.</i> <i>Phil. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 297, and 321.
+But to give a good and tolerable Account of this or any
+other of the Weather, it is necessary to have good Histories
+thereof from all Parts; which, as yet we have but few of,
+and they imperfect, for want of longer and sufficient Observations.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span></p>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_I_CHAP_III">CHAP. III.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the Clouds and Rain.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The Clouds and Rain<a id="FNanchor_29" href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[a]</a> we shall find to be
+no less useful Meteors than the last mentioned;
+as is manifest in the refreshing pleasant Shades
+which the Clouds afford, and the fertile Dews and
+Showers which they pour down on the Trees and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span>
+Plants, which would languish and die with perpetual
+Drought, but are hereby made Verdant and
+Flourishing, Gay and Ornamental; so that (as the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span>
+Psalmist saith, <i>Psal.</i> lxv. 12, 13.) <i>The little Hills rejoice
+on every side, and the Valleys shout for Joy, they
+also sing.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span></p>
+
+<p>And, if to these Uses, we should add the Origine
+of Fountains and Rivers, to Vapours and the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span>
+Rains, as some of the most eminent modern<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[25]</span>
+Philosophers<a id="FNanchor_30" href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[b]</a> have done, we should have another Instance
+of the great Use and Benefit of that Meteor.</p>
+
+<p>And now, if we reflect upon this necessary Appendage
+of the Terraqueous Globe, the <i>Atmosphere</i>; and
+consider the absolute Necessity thereof to many Uses
+of our Globe, and its great Convenience to the
+whole: And in a Word, that it answereth all the
+Ends and Purposes that we can suppose there can be
+for such an Appendage: Who can but own this to be
+the Contrivance, the Work of the great Creator?
+Who would ever say or imagine such a Body, so different
+from the Globe it serves, could be made by
+Chance, or be adapted so exactly to all those forementioned
+grand Ends, by any other Efficient than
+by the Power and Wisdom of the infinite God!
+Who would not rather, from so noble a Work,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[26]</span>
+readily acknowledge the Workman<a id="FNanchor_31" href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[c]</a> and as easily
+conclude the Atmosphere to be made by <span class="smcap">God</span>, as an
+Instrument wrought by its Power, any Pneumatick
+Engine, to be contrived and made by Man!</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_29" href="#FNanchor_29" class="label">[a]</a> Clouds and Rain are made of Vapours raised from Water,
+or Moisture only. So that I utterly exclude the Notion
+of Dry, Terrene Exhalations, or Fumes, talked much of by
+most Philosophers; Fumes being really no other than the humid
+Parts of Bodies respectively Dry.</p>
+
+<p>These Vapours are demonstratively no other than small Bubbles,
+or Vesiculæ detached from the Waters by the Power of
+the Solar, or Subterraneous Heat, or both. Of which see
+<a href="#Footnote_63"><i>Book 2. Chap. 5. Note (b).</i></a> And being lighter than the Atmosphere,
+are buoyed up thereby, until they become of an
+equal Weight therewith, in some of its Regions aloft in the
+Air, or nearer the Earth; in which those Vapours are formed
+into Clouds, Rain, Snow, Hail, Lightning, Dew, Mists,
+and other Meteors.</p>
+
+<p>In this Formation of Meteors the grand Agent is Cold,
+which commonly, if not always, occupies the superior Regions
+of the Air; as is manifest from those Mountains which
+exalt their lofty Tops into the upper and middle Regions,
+and are always covered with Snow and Ice.</p>
+
+<p>This Cold, if it approaches near the Earth, presently precipitates
+the Vapours, either in <i>Dews</i>; or if the Vapours more
+copiously ascend, and soon meet the Cold, they are then condensed
+into <i>Misting</i>, or else into Showers of <i>small Rain</i>, falling
+in numerous, thick, small Drops: But if those Vapours
+are not only copious, but also as heavy as our lower Air it
+self, (by means their Bladders are thick and fuller of Water,)
+in this Case they become visible, swim but a little Height
+above the Earth, and make what we call a <i>Mist</i> or <i>Fog</i>. But
+if they are a Degree lighter, so as to mount higher, but not
+any great Height, as also meet not with Cold enough to condense
+them, nor Wind to dissipate them, they then form an
+heavy, thick, <i>dark Sky</i>, lasting oftentimes for several Weeks
+without either Sun or Rain. And in this Case, I have scarce
+ever known it to Rain, till it hath been <i>first Fair, and then
+Foul</i>. And Mr. <i>Clarke</i>, (an ingenious Clergyman of <i>Norfolk</i>,
+who in his Life-time, long before me, took notice of it, and
+kept a Register of the Weather for thirty Years, which his
+learned Grandson, Dr. <i>Samuel Clarke</i> put into my Hands, he,
+I say) saith, he scarce ever observed the Rule to fail in all that
+Time; only he adds, <i>If the Wind be in some of the easterly
+Points</i>. But I have observed the same to happen, be the
+Wind where it will. And from what hath been said, the
+Case is easily accounted for, <i>viz.</i> whilst the Vapours remain
+in the same State, the Weather doth so too. And such
+Weather is generally attended with moderate Warmth, and
+with little or no Wind to disturb the Vapours, and an heavy
+Atmosphere to support them, the Barometer being commonly
+high then. But when the Cold approacheth, and by condensing
+drives the Vapours into Clouds or Drops, then is way
+made for the Sun-beams, till the same Vapours, being by
+further Condensation formed into Rain, fall down in Drops.</p>
+
+<p>The Cold’s approaching the Vapours, and consequently the
+Alteration of such dark Weather I have beforehand perceived,
+by some few small Drops of Rain, Hail, or Snow, now
+and then falling, before any Alteration hath been in the
+Weather; which I take to be from the Cold meeting some
+of the straggling Vapours, or the uppermost of them, and
+condensing them into Drops, before it arrives unto, and exerts
+it self upon the main Body of Vapours below.</p>
+
+<p>I have more largely than ordinary insisted upon this part of
+the Weather, partly, as being somewhat out of the way;
+but chiefly, because it gives Light to many other <i>Phænomena</i>
+of the Weather. Particularly we may hence discover the
+Original of Clouds, Rain, Hail and Snow; that they are Vapours
+carried aloft by the Gravity of the Air, which meeting
+together so as to make a Fog above, they thereby form
+a <i>Cloud</i>. If the Cold condenseth them into Drops, they then
+fall in <i>Rain</i>, if the Cold be not intense enough to freeze
+them: But if the Cold freezeth them in the Clouds, or in
+their Fall through the Air, they then become <i>Hail</i> or <i>Snow</i>.</p>
+
+<p>As to <i>Lightning</i>, and other enkindled Vapours, I need say
+little in this Place, and shall therefore only observe, that they
+owe also their Rise to Vapours; but such Vapours as are detached
+from mineral Juices, or at least that are mingled with
+them, and are fired by Fermentation.</p>
+
+<p>Another <i>Phænomenon</i> resolvable from what hath been said
+is, why a <i>cold</i>, is always a <i>wet</i> Summer, <i>viz.</i> because the
+Vapours rising plentifully then, are by the Cold soon collected
+into Rain. A remarkable Instance of this we had in the
+Summer of 1708, part of which, especially about the <i>Solstice</i>,
+was much colder than usually. On <i>June 12</i>, it was so cold,
+that my Thermometer was near the Point of hoar Frost, and
+in some Places I heard there was an hoar Frost; and during all
+the cool Weather of that Month, we had frequent and large
+Rains, so that the whole Month’s Rain amounted to above
+two Inches Depth, which is a large Quantity for <i>Upminster</i>,
+even in the wettest Months. And not only with us at <i>Upminster</i>,
+but in other Places, particularly at <i>Zurich</i> in <i>Switzerland</i>,
+they seem to have had as unseasonable Cold and Wet as
+we. <i>Fuit hic mensis——præter modum humidus, &amp; magno
+quidem vegetabilibus hominibusque damno. Multum computruit
+Fœnum, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> complains the industrious and learned Dr. <i>J. J.
+Scheuchzer</i>: Of which, and other Particulars, I have given a
+larger Account in <i>Phil. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 321.</p>
+
+<p>In which <i>Transaction</i> I have observed farther, that about
+the Equinoxes we (at <i>Upminster</i> at least) have oftentimes more
+Rain than at other Seasons. The Reason of which is manifest
+from what hath been said, <i>viz.</i> in Spring, when the Earth
+and Waters are loosed from the brumal Constipations, the
+Vapours arise in great Plenty: And the like they do in Autumn,
+when the Summer Heats, that both dissipated them,
+and warmed the superior Regions, are abated; and then the
+Cold of the superior Regions meeting them, condenseth them
+into Showers, more plentifully than at other Seasons, when either
+the Vapours are fewer, or the Cold that is to condense
+them is less.</p>
+
+<p>The manner how Vapours are precipitated by the Cold, or
+reduced into Drops, I conceive to be thus: Vapours being,
+as I said, no other than inflated <i>Vesiculæ</i> of Water; when
+they meet with a colder Air than what is contained in them,
+the contained Air is reduced into a less Space, and the watery
+Shell or Case rendered thicker by that means, so as to
+become heavier than the Air, by which they are buoyed up,
+and consequently must needs fall down. Also many of those
+thickned <i>Vesiculæ</i> run into one, and so form Drops, greater
+or smaller, according to the Quantity of Vapours collected
+together.</p>
+
+<p>As to the Rain of different Places, I have in some of our
+<i>Transactions</i> assigned the Quantities; particularly in the last cited
+<i>Transaction</i>, I have assigned these, <i>viz.</i> the Depth of the
+Rain one Year with another, in <i>English</i> Measure, if it was to
+stagnate on the Earth, would amount unto, at <i>Townely</i> in
+<i>Lancashire</i>, 42½ Inches; at <i>Upminster</i> in <i>Essex</i> 19¼ Inches; at
+<i>Zurich</i> in <i>Switzerland</i> 32¼ Inches; at <i>Pisa</i> in <i>Italy</i> 43¼ Inches;
+at <i>Paris</i> in <i>France</i> 19 Inches; and at <i>Lisle</i> in <i>Flanders</i> 24 Inches.</p>
+
+<p>It would be endless to reckon up the <i>bloody</i> and other <i>prodigious
+Rains</i> taken notice of by Historians, and other Authors,
+as præternatural and ominous Accidents; but, if strictly
+pried into, will be found owing to natural Causes: Of
+which, for the Reader’s Satisfaction, I will give an Instance
+or two. A bloody Rain was imagined to have fallen in <i>France</i>,
+which put the Country People into so great a Fright, that they
+left their Work in the Fields, and in great haste flew to the
+Neighbouring Houses. <i>Peirise</i> (then in the Neighbourhood)
+strictly enquiring into the Cause, found it to be only red
+Drops coming from a sort of Butterfly that flew about in
+great Numbers at that Time, as he concluded from seeing such
+red Drops come from them; and because these Drops were
+laid, <i>Non supra ædificia, non in devexis lapidum superficiebus, uti
+debuerat contingere, si è cœlo sanguine pluisset; sed in subcavis
+potius &amp; in foraminibus.——Accessit, quòd parietes iis tingebantur,
+non qui in mediis oppidis, sed qui agrorum vicini erant,
+neque secundum partes elatiores, sed ad mediocrem solùm altitudinem,
+quantam volitare Papiliones solent.</i> Gassend in vit.
+Peiresk. L. 2. p. 156.</p>
+
+<p>So Dr. <i>Merret</i> saith also, <i>Pluvia Sanguinis quàm certissimè constat
+esse tantùm Insectorum excrementa: Pluvia Tritici quàm nihil
+aliud esse quàm Hederæ bacciferæ grana à Sturnis devorata excretaque
+comparanti liquidissimè patet</i>. Pinax rerum, <i>&amp;c.</i> <i>p. 220.</i></p>
+
+<p>The curious <i>Worm</i> tells of the raining of Brimstone, <i>An. 1646.
+Maii 16.</i> <i>Hic Hafniæ cùm ingenti pluviâ tota urbs, omnesque ita
+inundarentur plateæ, ut gressus hominum impediret, Sulphureoque
+odore aërem inficeret, dilapsis aliquantulum aquis, quibusdam in
+locis colligere licuit Sulphureum pulverem, cujus portionem servo,
+colore, odore, &amp; aliis verum Sulphur ferentem.</i> Mus. Worm.
+L. 1. c. 11. Sect. 1.</p>
+
+<p>Together with the Rain we might take notice of other Meteors,
+particularly <i>Snow</i>; which although an irksome Guest,
+yet hath its great Uses, if all be true that the famous <i>T. Bartholin</i>
+saith of it, who wrote a Book <i>de Nivis usu Medico</i>.
+In which he shews of what great Use Snow is in fructifying
+the Earth, preserving from the Plague, curing Fevers, Colicks,
+Head-Aches, Tooth-Aches, Sore Eyes, Pleurisies, (for
+which Use he saith his Country-Women of <i>Denmark</i> keep
+Snow-Water gathered in <i>March</i>), also in prolonging Life,
+(of which he instanceth in the <i>Alpine</i> Inhabitants, that live to
+a great Age,) and preserving dead Bodies; Instances of which
+he gives in Persons buried under the Snow in passing the <i>Alps</i>,
+which are found uncorrupted in the Summer, when the Snow
+is melted; which sad Spectacle he himself was an Eye-Witness
+of. And at <i>Spitzberg</i> in <i>Greenland</i>, dead Bodies remain
+entire and uncorrupted for thirty Years. And lastly, concerning
+such as are so preserv’d when slain, he saith they remain
+in the same Posture and Figure: Of which he gives this odd
+Example, <i>Visum id extra urbem nostram <span class="antiqua">[Hafniam]</span> quum,
+11 Feb. 1659. oppugnantes hostes repellerentur, magnâque strage
+occumberent; alii enim rigidi iratum vultum ostendebant, alii oculos
+elatos, alii ore diducto ringentes, alii brachiis extensis Gladium
+minari, alii alio situ prostrati jacebant</i>. Barthol. de usu
+Niv. c. 12.</p>
+
+<p>But although Snow be attended with the Effects here named,
+and others specified by the learned <i>Bartholin</i>; yet this is not to
+be attributed to any peculiar Virtue in the Snow, but some
+other Cause. Thus when it is said to <i>fructify the Earth</i>, it
+doth so by guarding the Corn or other Vegetables against the
+intenser cold of the Air, especially the cold piercing Winds;
+which the Husbandmen observe to be the most injurious to
+their Corn of all Weathers. So for <i>Conserving dead Bodies</i>, it
+doth it by constipating such Bodies, and preventing all such
+Fermentations or internal Conflicts of their Particles, as would
+produce Corruption.</p>
+
+<p>Such an Example as the preceding is said to have happened
+some Years ago at <i>Paris</i>, in digging in a Cellar for supposed
+hidden Treasure; in which, after digging some Hours, the
+Maid going to call her Master, found them all in their digging
+Postures, but dead. This being noised abroad, brought in not
+only the People, but Magistrates also, who found them accordingly;
+<i>Ille qui ligone terram effoderat, &amp; socius qui palâ effossam
+terram removerat, ambo pedibus stabant, quasi sua quisque operâ
+affixus incubuisset; uxor unius quasi ab opere defessa in scamno,
+solicito quodam vultu, sedebat, inclinato in palmam manûs genibus
+innitentis capite; puerulus laxatis braccis in margine excavatæ
+foveæ defixis in terram oculis alvum exonerabat; omnes in
+naturali situ, carneæ tanquam statuæ rigidi, apertis oculis &amp; vultu
+vitam quasi respirante, exanimes stabant.</i> Dr. Bern. Connor,
+Dissert. Med. Phys. <i>p. 15.</i></p>
+
+<p>The Doctor attributes all this to Cold; but I scarce think there
+could be Cold enough to do all this at <i>Paris</i>, and in a Cellar too.
+Bur his following Stories are not improbable, of Men and Cattle
+killed with Cold, that remained in the very same Posture in
+which they died; of which he gives, from a <i>Spanish</i> Captain,
+this Instance, that happened two Years before, of a Soldier
+who unfortunately straggled from his Company that were foraging,
+and was killed with the Cold, but was thought to have
+fallen into the Enemies Hands. But soon after their return to
+their Quarters, they saw their Comrade returning, sitting on
+Horseback, and coming to congratulate him, found him dead,
+and that he had been brought thither in the same Posture on
+Horseback, notwithstanding the jolting of the Horse. <i>Ibid. p.</i> 18.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_30" href="#FNanchor_30" class="label">[b]</a> Of this Opinion was my late most ingenious and learned
+Friend, Mr. <i>Ray</i>, whose Reasons see in his <i>Physico-Theolog. Discourses</i>,
+Disc. 2. ch. 2. p. 89, <i>&amp;c</i>. So also my no less learned
+and ingenious Friends, Dr. <i>Halley</i>, and the late Dr. <i>Hook</i>, many
+of the <i>French</i> Vertuoso’s also, and divers other very considerable
+Men before them, too many to be specified here.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_31" href="#FNanchor_31" class="label">[c]</a> <i>An Polycletum quidem admirabimur propter partium Statuæ—convenientiam
+ac proportionem? Naturam autem non modò
+non laudabimus, sed omni etiam arte privabimus, quæ partium
+proportionem non solùm extrinsecus more Statuariorum, sed in
+profundo etiam servavit? Nonne &amp; Polycletus ipse Naturæ est imitator,
+in quibus saltem eam potuit imitari? Potuit autem in
+solis externis partibus in quibus artem consideravit.</i> With much
+more to the like Purpose, <i>Galen. de Us. Part. l. 17. c. 1.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_I_CHAP_IV">CHAP. IV.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of Light.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Thus much for the first Thing ministring to the
+Terraqueous Globe, the Atmosphere and its
+Meteors; the next Appendage is <i>Light</i>.<a id="FNanchor_32" href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">[a]</a> Concerning
+which I have in my Survey of the Heavens<a id="FNanchor_33" href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>
+shewed what admirable Contrivances the infinitely
+wise Creator hath for the affording this noble, glorious<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[27]</span>
+and comfortable Benefit to other Globes, as
+well as ours; the Provision he hath made by Moons,
+as well as by the Sun, for the Communication of it.</p>
+
+<p>And now let us briefly consider the great Necessity
+and Use thereof to all our Animal World. And
+this we shall find to be little less than the very Life
+and Pleasure of all those Creatures. For what Benefit
+would Life be of, what Pleasure, what Comfort
+would it be for us to live in perpetual Darkness?
+How could we provide ourselves with Food and Necessaries?
+How could we go about the least Business,
+correspond with one another, or be of any Use in the
+World, or any Creatures be the same to us, without
+Light, and those admirable Organs of the Body,
+which the great <i>Creator</i> hath adapted to the Perception
+of that great Benefit?</p>
+
+<p>But now by the help of this admirable, this first-made<a id="FNanchor_34" href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>,
+because most necessary, Creature of God,
+by this, I say, all the Animal World is enabled to
+go here and there, as their Occasions call; they can
+transact their Business by Day, and refresh and recruit
+themselves by Night, with Rest and Sleep. They
+can with Admiration and Pleasure, behold the glorious
+Works of God; they can view the Glories of
+the Heavens, and see the Beauties of the flowry
+Fields, the gay Attire of the feathered Tribe, the exquisite
+Garniture of many Quadrupeds, Insects, and
+other Creatures; they can take in the delightsome
+Landskips of divers Countries and Places; they can
+with Admiration see the great Creator’s wonderful
+Art and Contrivance in the Parts of Animals and Vegetables:
+And in a word, behold the Harmony of this
+lower World, and of the Globes above, and survey
+God’s exquisite Workmanship in every Creature.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[28]</span></p>
+
+<p>To all which I might add the Improvements
+which the Sagacity of Men hath made of this noble
+Creature of God, by the Refractions and Reflections
+of Glasses. But it would be endless to enumerate all
+its particular Uses and Benefits to our World.</p>
+
+<p>But before I leave this Point, there are two Things
+concerning Light, which will deserve an especial
+Remark; and that is, its swift and almost instantaneous
+Motion, and its vast Extension.</p>
+
+<p>1. It is a very great Act of the Providence of
+God, that so great a Benefit as Light is, is not long
+in its Passage from Place to Place. For was the Motion
+thereof no swifter than the Motion of the swiftest
+Bodies on Earth, such as of a Bullet out of a
+great Gun, or even of a Sound<a id="FNanchor_35" href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[d]</a> (which is the
+swiftest Motion we have next Light), in this Case
+Light would take up, in its Progress from the Sun
+to us above thirty two Years at the rate of the first,
+and above seventeen Years at the rate of the latter
+Motion.</p>
+
+<p>The Inconveniencies of which would be, its Energy
+and Vigour would be greatly cooled and abated;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[29]</span>
+its Rays would be less penetrant; and Darkness
+would with greater Difficulty and much Sluggishness,
+be dissipated, especially by the fainter
+Lights of our sublunary, luminous Bodies. But passing
+with such prodigious Velocity, with nearly the
+instantaneous Swiftness of almost Two hundred thousand
+<i>English</i> Miles in one Second of Time,<a id="FNanchor_36" href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">[e]</a> or
+(which is the same Thing) being but about seven or
+eight Minutes of an Hour in coming from the Sun
+to us, therefore with all Security and Speed, we receive
+the kindly Effects and Influences of that noble
+and useful Creature of God.</p>
+
+<p>2. Another Thing of great Consideration about
+Light is, its vast Expansion, it’s almost incomprehensible,
+and inconceivable Extension, which as a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[30]</span>
+late ingenious Author<a id="FNanchor_37" href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">[f]</a> saith, “Is as boundless
+and unlimited as the Universe it self, or the Expansum
+of all material Beings: The vastness of
+which is so great, that it exceeds the Comprehensions
+of Man’s Understanding. Insomuch that very
+many have asserted it absolutely infinite, and
+without any Limits or Bounds.”</p>
+
+<p>And that this noble Creature of God is of this
+Extent,<a id="FNanchor_38" href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[g]</a> is manifest from our seeing some of the
+farthest distant Objects, the heavenly Bodies, some<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[31]</span>
+with our naked Eye, some with the help of Optical
+Instruments, and others in all Probability farther and
+farther, with better and better Instruments: And
+had we Instruments of Power equivalent to the Extent
+of Light, the luminous Bodies of the utmost
+Parts of the Universe, would for the same Reason
+be visible too.</p>
+
+<p>Now as Light is of greatest Use to impower us to
+see Objects at all, so the Extension thereof is no less
+useful to enable us to see Objects afar off. By which
+means we are afforded a Ken of those many glorious
+Works of the infinite Creator, visible in the Heavens,
+and can improve them to some of the noblest
+Sciences, and most excellent Uses of our own Globe.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_32" href="#FNanchor_32" class="label">[a]</a> It is not worth while to enumerate the Opinions of the
+<i>Aristotelians</i>, <i>Cartesians</i>, and others, about the Nature of
+Light, <i>Aristotle</i> making it a Quality; <i>Cartes</i> a Pulsion, or Motion
+of the Globules of the second Element, <i>Vid.</i> <i>Cartes Princip.</i>
+p. 3. §. 55, <i>&amp;c.</i> But with the Moderns, I take <i>Light</i> to consist
+of material Particles, propagated from the Sun, and other
+luminous Bodies, not instantaneously, but in time, according
+to the Notes following in this Chapter. But not to insist upon
+other Arguments for the Proof of it, our noble Founder hath
+proved the Materiality of Light and Heat, from actual Experiments
+on Silver, Copper, Tin, Lead, Spelter, Iron, Tutenage,
+and other Bodies, exposed (both naked and closely shut
+up) to the Fire: All which were constantly found to receive an
+Increment of Weight. I wish he could have met with a favourable
+Season to have tried his Experiments with the Sun-beams
+as he intended. <i>Vid.</i> <i>Boyl Exp. to make Fire and Flame
+ponderable</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_33" href="#FNanchor_33" class="label">[b]</a> Astro-Theol. Book 7.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_34" href="#FNanchor_34" class="label">[c]</a> Gen. i. 3. <i>And God said, Let there be Light, and there was
+Light.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_35" href="#FNanchor_35" class="label">[d]</a> It may not be ungrateful to the Curious, to take notice
+of the Velocity of these two Things.</p>
+
+<p>According to the Observations of <i>Mersennus</i>, a Bullet-shot
+out of a great Gun, flies 92 Fathom in a Second of Time,
+(<i>Vid.</i> <i>Mersen. Balist.</i>) which is equal to 589½ Feet <i>English</i>, and
+according to the Computation of Mr. <i>Huygens</i>, it would be
+25 years in passing from the Earth to the Sun. But according to
+my own Observations made with one of her Majesty’s
+<i>Sakers</i>, and a very accurate Pendulum-Chronometer, a Bullet,
+at its first Discharge, flies 510 Yards in five half Seconds, which
+is a Mile in a little above 17 half Seconds. And allowing the
+Sun’s Distance to be, as in <a href="#Footnote_35">the next Note</a>, a Bullet would be
+32½ Years in flying with its utmost Velocity to the Sun.</p>
+
+<p>As to the Velocity of Sound, see <a href="#Footnote_181"><i>Book 4. Chap. 3. Note 28.</i></a>
+according to which rate there mentioned, a Sound would be
+near 17½ Years in flying as far as the distance is from the
+Earth to the Sun. Confer here the Experiments of the <i>Acad.
+del Ciment.</i> p. 140, <i>&amp;c.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_36" href="#FNanchor_36" class="label">[e]</a> Mr. <i>Romer</i>’s ingenious Hypothesis about the Velocity of
+Light, hath been established by the <i>Royal Academy</i>, and in
+the <i>Observatory</i> for eight Years, as our <i>Phil. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 136.
+observe from the <i>Journ. des Scavans</i>; our most eminent Astronomers
+also in <i>England</i> admit it: But Dr. <i>Hook</i> thinks with
+Monsieur <i>Cartes</i>, the Motion of Light Instantaneous, <i>Hook
+Post. Works, pag. 77.</i> And this he endeavours to explain, <i>pag.
+130</i>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>What Mr. <i>Romer</i>’s Hypothesis is, may be seen in the <i>Phil.
+Transact.</i> before-cited: As also in the before commended Sir
+<i>Isaac Newton</i>’s <i>Opticks</i>: <i>Light is propagated from luminous Bodies
+in time, and spends about seven or eight Minutes of an
+Hour in passing from the Sun to the Earth. This was first observed
+by <span class="antiqua">Romer</span>, and then by others, by means of the Eclipses
+of the Satellites of <span class="antiqua">Jupiter</span>. For these Eclipses, when the Earth
+is between the Sun and <span class="antiqua">Jupiter</span>, happen about seven or eight Minutes
+sooner than they ought to do by the Tables; and when the
+Earth is beyond the ☉, they happen about seven or eight Minutes
+later than they ought to do: The reason being, that the
+Light of the Satellites hath farther to go in the latter Case than
+in the former, by the Diameter of the Earth’s Orbit.</i> Newt.
+Opt. L. 2. Part. 3. Prop. 11.</p>
+
+<p>Now forasmuch as the Distance between the Sun and the
+Earth (according to the Computations in my <i>Astro-Theology</i>,
+<i>B. 1. ch. 3. Note 2.</i>) is 86051398 <i>English</i> Miles; therefore,
+at the rate of 7½ Minutes, or 450 Seconds in passing from
+the Sun, Light will be found to fly above 191225 Miles in
+one Second of Time.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_37" href="#FNanchor_37" class="label">[f]</a> Dr. <i>Hook</i> Post. Works. Lect. of Light, <i>pag. 76.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_38" href="#FNanchor_38" class="label">[g]</a> For the proof of this vast Extent of Light, I shall take
+the Computation of the same great Man, <i>pag. 77</i>. <i>If</i>, saith
+he, <i>we consider first the vast Distance between us and the Sun,
+which from the best and latest Observations in Astronomy, is
+judged to be about 10000 Diameters of the Earth, each of which
+It about 7925 <span class="antiqua">English</span> Miles; therefore the Sun’s distance is
+7925000 Miles; and if we consider that according to the Observations,
+which I published to prove the Motion of the Earth,
+<span class="antiqua">[which were Observations of the Parallax of some of the fixt
+Stars in the Head of <i>Draco</i>, made in 1699]</span> the whole Diameter
+of the Orb, <span class="antiqua">viz.</span> 20000, made the Subtense but of one Minute to
+one of the fixt Stars, which cannot therefore be less distant than
+3438 Diameters of this great Orb, and consequently 68760000
+Diameters of the Earth: And if this Star be one of the nearest,
+and that the Stars that are of one Degree lesser in Magnitude
+(I mean not of the Second Magnitude, because there may
+be many Degrees between the first and second) be as much farther;
+and another sort yet smaller be three times as far; and
+a fourth four times as far, and so onward, possibly to some
+100 Degrees of Magnitude, such as may be discovered by longer
+and longer Telescopes, that they may be 100 times as far; then
+certainly this material Expansion, a part of which we are, must
+be so great, that ’twill infinitely exceed our shallow Conception
+to imagine. Now, by what I last mentioned, it is evident that
+Light extends it self to the utmost imaginable Parts, and by the
+help of Telescopes we collect the Rays, and make them sensible to
+the Eye, which are emitted from some of the almost inconceivably
+remote Objects, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span>——Nor is it only the great Body of the
+Sun, or the vast Bodies of the fixt Stars, that are thus able to
+disperse their Light through the vast Expansum of the Universe;
+but the smallest Spark of a lucid Body will do the very
+same Thing, even the smallest Globule struck from a Steel by a
+Flint, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_I_CHAP_V">CHAP. V.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of Gravity.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The last Thing subservient to our Globe, that
+I shall take notice of, is <i>Gravity</i><a id="FNanchor_39" href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>, or that
+Tendency which Bodies have to the Centre of the
+Earth.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[32]</span></p>
+
+<p>In my <i>Astro-Theology</i>, <i>Book 6. Ch. 2.</i> I have
+shewn of what absolute Necessity, and what a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[33]</span>
+noble Contrivance this of Gravity is, for keeping
+the several Globes of the Universe from shattering
+to Pieces, as they evidently must do in a little Time
+by their swift Rotation round their own Axes<a id="FNanchor_40" href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>.
+The Terraqueous Globe particularly, which circumvolves
+at the rate of above 1000 Miles an Hour<a id="FNanchor_41" href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[34]</span>
+would by the centrifugal force of that Motion, be
+soon dissipated and spirtled into the circumambient
+Space, was it not kept together by this noble Contrivance
+of the Creator, this natural inherent Power,
+namely, the Power of Attraction or Gravity.</p>
+
+<p>And as by this Power our Globe is defended against
+Dissipation, so all its Parts are kept in their
+proper Place and Order. All material Things do naturally
+gravitate thereto, and unite themselves therewith,
+and so preserve its Bulk intire<a id="FNanchor_42" href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>. And the
+fleeting Waters, the most unruly of all its Parts, do
+by this means keep their constant æquipoise in the
+Globe<a id="FNanchor_43" href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>, and remain in <i>that Place which</i>, the
+Psalmist saith, <i>God had founded for them; a bound he
+had set, which they might not pass; that they turn
+not again to cover the Earth</i>, Psal. civ. 8, 9. So,
+that even in a natural Way, by virtue of this excellent
+Contrivance of the Creator, the Observation
+of the Psalmist is perpetually fulfilled, <i>Psal.</i> lxxxix.
+9. <i>Thou rulest the raging of the Sea; when the Waves
+thereof arise, thou stillest them.</i></p>
+
+<p>To these, and an hundred other Uses of Gravity
+that I might have named, I shall only just mention
+another Thing owing to it, and that is<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[35]</span>
+<i>Levity</i><a id="FNanchor_44" href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>, that, whereby what we call light Bodies swim,
+a Thing no less useful to the World than its opposite,
+<i>Gravity</i>, is in many Respects, to divers Tribes
+of Animals, but particularly serviceable to the raising
+up of Vapours<a id="FNanchor_45" href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>, and to their Conveyance about
+the World.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36"></a>[36]</span></p>
+
+<p>And now from this transient View of no other
+than the Out-works, than the bare Appendages of
+the Terraqueous Globe, we have so manifest a Sample
+of the Wisdom, Power, and Goodness of the
+infinite Creator, that it is easy to imagine the whole
+Fabrick is of a Piece, the Work of at least a skilful
+Artist. A Man that should meet with a Palace<a id="FNanchor_46" href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">[h]</a>,
+beset with pleasant Gardens, adorned with stately
+Avenues, furnished with well-contrived Aqueducts,
+Cascades, and all other Appendages conducing to
+Convenience or Pleasure, would easily imagine, that
+proportionable Architecture and Magnificence were
+within: But we should conclude the Man was out
+of his Wits that should assert and plead that all was
+the Work of Chance, or other than of some wise
+and skilful Hand. And so when we survey the bare
+Out-works of this our Globe, when we see so vast
+a Body, accouter’d with so noble a Furniture of
+Air, Light and Gravity; with every Thing, in
+short, that is necessary to the Preservation and Security
+of the Globe it self, or that conduceth to
+the Life, Health, and Happiness, to the Propagation
+and Increase of all the prodigious Variety of
+Creatures the Globe is stocked with; when we see
+nothing wanting, nothing redundant or frivolous,
+nothing botching or ill-made, but that every thing,
+even in the very Appendages alone, exactly answereth
+all its Ends and Occasions: What else
+can be concluded, but that all was made with manifest
+Design, and that all the whole Structure is
+the Work of some intelligent Being; some Artist,
+of Power and Skill equivalent to such a Work?</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_39" href="#FNanchor_39" class="label">[a]</a> That there is such a Thing as <i>Gravity</i>, is manifest from
+its Effects here upon Earth; and that the Heavenly Bodies attract
+or gravitate to one another, when placed at due Distances,
+is made highly probable by Sir <i>Isaac Newton</i>. This attractive
+or gravitating Power, I take to be congenial to Matter,
+and imprinted on all the Matter of the Universe by the
+Creator’s <i>Fiat</i> at the Creation. What the <i>Cause</i> of it is, the
+<i>Newtonian Philosophy</i> doth not pretend to determine for want
+of Phænomena, upon which Foundation it is that that Philosophy
+is grounded, and not upon chimerical and uncertain Hypotheses:
+But whatever the Cause is, that <i>Cause penetrates even
+to the Centers of the Sun and Planets, without any Diminution
+of its Virtue; and it acteth not according to the Superficies of Bodies
+(as Mechanical Causes do) but in proportion to the Quantity
+of their solid Matter; <span class="antiqua">and lastly</span>, it acteth all round it at
+immense Distances, decreasing in duplicate proportion to those
+Distances</i>, as Sir <i>Isaac Newton</i> saith, <i>Princip.</i> pag. ult. What
+useful Deductions, and what a rational Philosophy have been
+drawn from hence, may be seen in the same Book.</p>
+
+<p>This Attraction, or Gravity, as its Force is in a certain proportion,
+so makes the Descent of Bodies to be at a certain
+rate. And was it not for the Resistence of the Medium, all
+Bodies would descend to the Earth at the same rate; the lightest
+Down, as swiftly as the heaviest Mineral: As is manifest in
+the <i>Air-Pump</i>, in which the lightest Feather, Dust, <i>&amp;c.</i> and a
+piece of Lead, drop down seemingly in the same Time,
+from the top to the bottom of a tall exhausted Receiver.</p>
+
+<p>The rate of the Descent of heavy Bodies, according to
+<i>Galileo</i>, Mr. <i>Huygens</i>, and Dr. <i>Halley</i> (after them) is 16 Feet
+one Inch in one Second of Time; and in more Seconds, as
+the Squares of those Times. But in some accurate Experiments
+made in St. <i>Paul</i>’s <i>Dome</i>, June 9. 1710, at the Height
+of 220 Feet, the Descent was scarcely 14 Feet in the first
+Second. The Experiments were made in the Presence of
+some very considerable Members of the Royal Society, by
+Mr. <i>Hawksbee</i>, their Operator, with glass, hollow Balls, some
+empty, some filled with Quick-silver, the Barometer at 297, the
+Thermometer 60 Degrees above Freezing. The Weight of the
+Balls, their Diameters, and Time of the Descent is in this
+Table.</p>
+
+<table class="borders">
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="3">Balls filled with ☿.</th>
+    <th colspan="4">Empty Balls.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>Weight.</th>
+    <th>Diameter.</th>
+    <th>Time.</th>
+    <th>Weight.</th>
+    <th colspan="2">Diameter.</th>
+    <th>Time.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>Grains.</th>
+    <th>Tenth inch.</th>
+    <th>½ Secᵈˢ.</th>
+    <th>Grains.</th>
+    <th>Inch.</th>
+    <th>Tenth.</th>
+    <th>½ Secᵈˢ.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdc">908</td>
+    <td class="tdc">8&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>8</td>
+    <td class="tdc">510</td>
+    <td class="tdc">5</td>
+    <td class="tdc">1</td>
+    <td class="tdc">17&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdc">993</td>
+    <td class="tdc">8&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>8 less.</td>
+    <td class="tdc">642</td>
+    <td class="tdc">5</td>
+    <td class="tdc">2</td>
+    <td class="tdc">16&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdc">866</td>
+    <td class="tdc">8&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>8</td>
+    <td class="tdc">599</td>
+    <td class="tdc">5</td>
+    <td class="tdc">1</td>
+    <td class="tdc">16&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdc">747</td>
+    <td class="tdc">7½</td>
+    <td>8 more.</td>
+    <td class="tdc">515</td>
+    <td class="tdc" colspan="2">5 nearly</td>
+    <td class="tdc">16½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdc">808</td>
+    <td class="tdc">7½</td>
+    <td>8</td>
+    <td class="tdc">483</td>
+    <td class="tdc" colspan="2">5 nearly</td>
+    <td class="tdc">17&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdc">784</td>
+    <td class="tdc">7½</td>
+    <td>8 more.</td>
+    <td class="tdc">641</td>
+    <td class="tdc">5</td>
+    <td class="tdc">2</td>
+    <td class="tdc">16&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The Reason why the heavy, full Balls fell in half the Time
+of the hollow ones, was the Resistence of the Air: Which
+Resistence is very ingeniously and accurately assigned by Dr.
+<i>Wallis</i>, in <i>Philos. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 186. And the cause of the Resistence
+of all Fluids, (as Sir <i>Isaac Newton</i>, <i>Opt.</i> Q. 20.) is
+partly from the <i>Friction</i> of the Parts of the Fluid, partly from
+the <i>Inertia</i> thereof. The Resistence a spherical Body meets
+with from Friction, is as the right Angle under the Diameter,
+and the Velocity of the moving Body: And the Resistence
+from the <i>Vis Inertia</i>, is as the Square of that Product.</p>
+
+<p>For a farther Account of the Properties and Proportions,
+<i>&amp;c.</i> of Gravity in the Fall or Projection of Bodies, I shall
+refer to the larger Accounts of <i>Galilæus</i>, <i>Torricellius</i>, <i>Huygens</i>,
+Sir <i>Isaac Newton</i>, &amp;c. or to the shorter Accounts of Dr.
+<i>Halley</i> in Philos. Trans. abridged by Mr. <i>Lowthorp</i>, Vol. I.
+p. 561. or Dr. <i>Clarke</i> in his Notes on <i>Rohault</i>, <i>Phys.</i> 2. c. 28.
+§. 13, 16. And for the Resistence of Fluids, I refer to Dr.
+<i>Wallis</i> before-cited, and the <i>Act. Erudit. Lips.</i> May 1693.
+where there is a way to find the Force of Mediums upon Bodies
+of different Figures.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_40" href="#FNanchor_40" class="label">[b]</a> That the heavenly Bodies move round their own Axes,
+is, beyond all doubt, manifest to our Eye, in some of them,
+from the Spots visible on them. The Spots on the Sun (easily
+visible with an ordinary Glass) do manifest him to revolve
+round his own Axis in about 25¼ Days. The Spots on ♃
+and ♂ prove those two Planets to revolve also from East to
+West, as Dr. <i>Hook</i> discover’d in 1664, and 1665. And ♀ also
+(although near the strong Rays of the Sun) hath, from
+some Spots, been discovered by Mr. <i>Cassini</i>, in 1666, and
+1667, to have a manifest Rotation. <i>V.</i> <i>Lowth. Abridg.</i> Vol. 1.
+p. 382, and 423, 425. And such Uniformity hath the <i>Creator</i>
+observ’d in the Works of Nature, that what is observable
+in one, is generally to be found in all others of the same
+kind. So that since ’tis manifest the Sun, and three of his
+Planets whirl round, it is very reasonable to conclude all the
+rest do so too, yea, every Globe of the Universe.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_41" href="#FNanchor_41" class="label">[c]</a> The Earth’s Circumference being 25031½ Miles, (according
+to <a href="#Footnote_52"><i>Book II. Chap. 2. Note (a).</i></a>) if we divide that into
+24 Hours, we shall find the Motion of the Earth to be nearly
+1043 Miles in an Hour. Which, by the by, is a far more
+reasonable and less rapid Rate, than that of the Sun would
+be, if we suppose the Earth to stand still, and the Sun to
+move round the Earth. For according to the Proportions in
+<a href="#Footnote_36"><i>Note (e)</i></a>, of the preceding Chapter, the Circumference of the
+<i>Magnus Orbis</i> is 540686225 <i>English</i> Miles, which divided by
+24 Hours, gives 22528364 Miles in an Hour. But what is
+this to the Rapidity of the fixt Stars, if we suppose them;
+not the Earth, to move? Which is a good Argument for the
+Earth’s Motion.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_42" href="#FNanchor_42" class="label">[d]</a> <i>Nihil majus, quàm quòd ita stabilis est Mundus, atque
+ita cohæret ad permanendum, ut nihil nè excogitari quidem possit
+aptius. Omnes enim partes ejus undique medium locum capessentes,
+nituntur æqualiter: maximè autem corpora inter se
+juncta permanent, cum quodam quasi vinculo circumdata colligantur:
+quod facit ea natura, quæ per omnem mundum omnia
+Mente, &amp; Ratione conficiens, funditur, &amp; ad medium rapit, &amp;
+convertit extrema</i>, Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 45.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_43" href="#FNanchor_43" class="label">[e]</a> <i>Eâdem ratione Mare, cùm supra terram sit, medium tamen
+terræ locum expetens, conglobatur undique æqualiter, neque
+redundat unquam, neque effunditur.</i> Id. paulo post.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_44" href="#FNanchor_44" class="label">[f]</a> That there is no such Thing as <i>positive Levity</i>, but
+that Levity is only a less Gravity, is abundantly manifested
+by the acute <i>Seig. Alph. Borelli de Mot. à Grav. pend.</i> cap. 4.
+See also the Annotations of the learned and ingenious Dr.
+Clark on <i>Rohaulti Phys.</i> p. 1. c. 16. Note 3. Also the Exper.
+of the <i>Acad. del Cimento</i>, p. 118, &amp;c. Dr. <i>Wallis</i>’s <i>Disc. of
+Gravity and Gravitation before the Royal Society</i>, Nov. 12.
+1674. p. 28, <i>&amp;c.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_45" href="#FNanchor_45" class="label">[g]</a> I have before in <a href="#Footnote_29"><i>Note (a), Chap. 3.</i></a> shewn what <i>Vapours</i>
+are, and how they are rais’d. That which I shall here note,
+is their Quantity: Concerning which the before-commended
+Dr. <i>Halley</i> hath given us some curious Experiments in our
+<i>Phil. Transact.</i> which may be met with together in Mr. <i>Lowthorp</i>’s
+<i>Abridg.</i> Vol. II. <i>p. 108.</i> and <i>126.</i> Mr. <i>Sedileau</i> also at
+<i>Paris</i> observed it for near three Years. By all their Observations
+it appears, that in the Winter Months the Evaporations
+are least, and greatest in Summer, and most of all in windy
+Weather. And by <i>Monsieur Sedileau</i>’s Observations it appears,
+that what is raised in Vapours, exceeds that which falleth in
+Rain. In the seven last Months of the Year 1688, the Evaporations
+amounted to 22 Inches 5 Lines; but the Rain only
+to Inches 6⅓ Lines: In 1689, the Evaporations were 32
+Inches 10½ Lines; but the Rain 18 Inches 1 Line: In 1690,
+the Evaporations 30 Inches 11 Lines; the Rain 21 Inches ⅓
+of a Line. <i>Vid.</i> <i>Mem. de Math. Phys. Ann. 1692.</i> p. 25.</p>
+
+<p>If it be demanded, What becomes of the Overplus of Exhalations
+that descend not in Rain? I answer, They are partly
+tumbled down and spent by the Winds, and partly descend
+in Dews, which amount to a greater quantity than is commonly
+imagined. Dr. <i>Halley</i> found the descent of Vapours
+in Dews so prodigious at St. <i>Helena</i>, that he makes no doubt
+to attribute the Origine of Fountains thereto. And I my
+self have seen in a still, cool Evening, large thick Clouds
+hanging, without any Motion in the Air, which in two or
+three Hours Time have been melted down by Degrees, by
+the cold of the Evening, so that not any the least Remains
+of them have been left.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_46" href="#FNanchor_46" class="label">[h]</a> See <a href="#Footnote_55"><i>Book II. Chap. 3. Note (c).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37"></a>[37]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/header06.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_II">BOOK II.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Of the Terraqueous Globe it self
+in general.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<img class="dropcap" src="images/dropcap-i2.jpg" alt="">
+</div>
+
+<p class="dropcap">In the foregoing Book having dispatch’d
+the Out-works, let us take a Survey of the
+Principal Fabrick, <i>viz.</i> the <i>Terraqueous
+Globe</i> it self; a most stupendious Work
+in every particular of it, which doth no less aggrandize
+its Maker<a id="FNanchor_47" href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>, than every curious, complete
+Work, doth its Workman. Let us cast our Eyes
+here and there, let us ransack all the Globe, let us
+with the greatest Accuracy inspect every part thereof,
+search out the inmost Secrets of any of the Creatures;
+let us examine them with all our Gauges,
+measure them with our nicest Rules, pry into them<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38"></a>[38]</span>
+with our Microscopes, and most exquisite Instruments<a id="FNanchor_48" href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>
+still we find them to bear Testimony to
+their infinite Workman; and that they exceed all
+humane Skill so far, as that the most exquisite Copies
+and Imitations of the best Artists, are no other
+than rude bungling Pieces to them. And so far
+are we from being able to espy any Defect or Fault
+in them, that the better we know them, the more
+we admire them; and the farther we see into them,
+the more exquisite we find them to be.</p>
+
+<p>And for a Demonstration of this; I shall,</p>
+
+<p>I. Take a general Prospect of the Terraqueous
+Globe.</p>
+
+<p>II. Survey its Particulars.</p>
+
+<p>I. The Things which will fall under a general
+Prospect of the Globe, will be its <i>Figure</i>, <i>Bulk</i>, <i>Motion</i>,
+<i>Place</i>, <i>Distribution</i> into Earth and Waters, and
+the great <i>Variety</i> of all Things upon it and in it.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_47" href="#FNanchor_47" class="label">[a]</a> <i>Licet——oculis quodammodo contemplari pulchritudinem
+earum rerum, quas Divinâ Providentiâ dicimus constitutas. Ac
+principio Terra universa cernatur, locata in media mundi sede,
+solida, &amp; globosa——vestita floribus, herbis, arboribus, frugibus.
+Quorum omnium incredibilis multitudo, insatiabili varietate distinguitur.
+Adde huc Fontium gelidas perennitates, liquores
+perlucidos Amnium, Riparum vestitus viridissimos, Speluncarum
+concavas altitudines, Saxorum asperitates, impendentium Montium
+altitudines, immensitatesque Camporum: Adde etiam reconditas
+Auri——venas——Qua verò, &amp; quàm varia genera
+Bestiarum?——Qui Volucrum lapsus, atque cantus? Qui
+Pecudum pastus?——Quid de Hominum genere dicam? Qui
+quasi cultores terra constituti, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span>——Qua si, ut animis,
+sic oculis videre possemus, nemo cunctam intuens terram, de Divinâ
+Ratione dubitaret.</i> Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 39.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_48" href="#FNanchor_48" class="label">[b]</a> <i>I cannot here omit the Observations that have been made
+in these later Times, since we have had the Use and Improvement
+of the <span class="antiqua">Microscope</span>, concerning the great Difference, which
+by the help of that, doth appear betwixt <span class="antiqua">Natural</span> and <span class="antiqua">Artificial</span>
+Things. Whatever is Natural, doth by that appear adorned
+with all imaginable Elegance and Beauty.——Whereas the most
+curious Works of Art, the sharpest, finest Needle doth appear
+as a blunt, rough Bar of Iron, coming from the Furnace or the
+Forge. The most accurate Engravings or Embossments seem such
+rude, bungling, deformed Works, as if they had been done with
+a Mattock, or a Trowel. So vast a Difference is there betwixt
+the Skill of Nature, and the Rudeness and Imperfection of <span class="antiqua">Art</span>.</i>
+<i>Bp.</i> Wilk. Nat. Rel. L. 1. Ch. 6.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a>[39]</span></p>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_II_CHAP_I">CHAP. I.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the Figure of the Terraqueous Globe.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>This I suppose I may take for granted to be
+Spherical, or nearly so<a id="FNanchor_49" href="#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>. And this must be
+allowed to be the most commodious, apt Figure for
+a World on many Accounts; as it is most capacious,
+as its Surface is equi-distant from the Center,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40"></a>[40]</span>
+not only of the Globe, but at least (nearly) of Gravity
+and Motion too, and as some have thought, of
+the central Heat and Waters. But these, and divers
+other Things I shall pass over, and insist only upon
+two or three other Benefits of this globous Figure of
+the Earth and Waters.</p>
+
+<p>1. This Figure is the most commodious in regard
+of Heat, and I may add of Light also in some measure.
+For by this means, those two great Benefits
+are uniformly and equally imparted to the World:
+They come harmoniously and gradually on, and as
+gradually go off again. So that the daily and yearly
+Returns of Light and Darkness, Cold and Heat,
+Moist and Dry, are Regular and Workman-like,
+(we may say,) which they would not be, especially
+the former, if the Mass of Earth and Waters were
+(as some fancied<a id="FNanchor_50" href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">[b]</a> it) a large Plain; or as others,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a>[41]</span>
+like a large Hill in the midst of the Ocean; or of a
+multangular Figure; or such like.</p>
+
+<p>2. This Figure is admirably adapted to the commodious
+and equal Distribution of the Waters in the
+Globe. For since, by the Laws of Gravity, the
+Waters will possess the lowest Place; therefore, if
+the Mass of the Earth was cubick, prismatick, or
+any other angular Figure, it would follow, that one
+(too vast a Part) would be drowned; and another be
+too dry. But being thus orbicular, the Waters are
+equally and commodiously distributed here and there,
+according as the Divine Providence saw most fit;
+of which I shall take notice by and by.</p>
+
+<p>3. The orbicular Figure of our Globe, is far the
+most beneficial to the Winds and Motions of the
+Atmosphere. It is not to be doubted, if the Earth
+was of some other, or indeed any other Figure, but
+that the Currents of Air would be much retarded,
+if not wholly stopped. We find by Experience
+what Influence large and high Mountains, Bays,
+Capes, and Head-lands have upon the Winds; how
+they stop some, retard many, and divert and change
+(near the Shores) even the <i>general</i> and <i>constant<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42"></a>[42]</span>
+Winds</i><a id="FNanchor_51" href="#Footnote_51" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>, that blow round the Globe in the Torrid
+Zone. And therefore, since this is the effect of
+such little Excrescences, which have but little Proportion
+to our Globe, what would be the Consequences
+of much vaster Angles, which would equal
+a Quarter, Tenth, or but an Hundredth Part of the
+Globe’s Radius? Certainly these must be such a Barricade,
+as would greatly annoy, or rather absolutely
+stop the Currents of the Atmosphere, and thereby
+deprive the World of those salutiferous Gales that
+I have said keep it sweet and clean.</p>
+
+<p>Thus the Figure of our Globe doth manifest it to
+be a Work of Contrivance, inasmuch as it is of the
+most commodious Figure; and all others would be
+liable to great and evident Inconveniences.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_49" href="#FNanchor_49" class="label">[a]</a> Although the Terraqueous Globe be of an orbicular
+Figure, yet it is not strictly so, 1. On account of its Hills
+and Vallies. But there are inconsiderable to the Earth’s Semidiameter;
+for they are but as the Dust upon a common
+Globe. But, 2. Our modern Astronomers assign a much
+greater Variation from a globous Form, namely, that of a
+prolate Sphæroid, making the Polar about 34 Miles shorter than
+the Equatorial Diameter. The Cause of which they make to
+be the centrifugal Force of the diurnal Rotation of the Globe.</p>
+
+<p>This Figure they imagine is in <i>Jupiter</i>, his Polar being to
+his Equatorial Diameter, as 39⅗ to 40⅗. But whether it be
+so or no, I confess I could never perceive, although I have
+often viewed that Planet through very good, and long Glasses,
+particularly a tolerable good one of 72 Feet in my Hands:
+And although by Reason of cloudy Weather, and (at present)
+<i>Jupiter</i>’s Proximity to the Sun, I have not been of late able
+to take a review of that Planet; yet <i>Saturn</i> (so far as his Ring
+would permit,) and <i>Mars</i> appear perfectly round thro’ Mr.
+<i>Huygens</i>’s long Glass of 126 Feet, which by Will he bequeathed,
+with its whole Apparatus, to our <i>R. S.</i> by whose Favour
+it is now in my Hands. And moreover, I believe it difficult,
+next to impossible, to measure the two Diameters to a 40ᵗʰ
+Part, by reason of the smallness of <i>Jupiter</i>’s apparent Diameter,
+and by reason he is moving all the time of measuring
+him.</p>
+
+<p>As to what is alledged from lengthening the Pendulums of
+Clocks, to make them keep the same Time under the Equator,
+as they do in our Climes; I have shewn from the like Variations
+in the Air-Pump, that this may arise from the rarity of
+the Air there, more than here. <i>V.</i> <i>Phil. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 294. But if
+the Degrees of a Meridian grow larger, the more we go towards
+the Line, (as Mr. <i>Cassini</i> affirms they do, by an 800ᵗʰ
+Part in every Degree, in <i>Phil. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 278.) then there is
+great reason to conclude in behalf of this Sphæroidal Form.</p>
+
+<p>The natural Cause of this Sphericity of our Globe, is (according
+to Sir <i>Isaac Newton</i>’s Principles) that <i>Attraction</i>, which
+the infinite Creator hath stamp’d on all the Matter of the Universe,
+whereby all Bodies, and all the Parts of Bodies
+mutually attract themselves and one another. By which means,
+as all the Parts of Bodies tend naturally to their Center, so
+they all betake themselves to a globous Figure, unless some
+other more prevalent Cause interpose. Thus Drops of
+Quick-silver put on a spherical Form, the Parts thereof
+strongly attracting one another. So Drops of Water have
+the same Form, when falling in the Air; but are Hemispherical
+only when they lie on a hard Body, by reason their Gravity
+doth so far over-power their self-attracting Power, as to
+take off one half of their Sphericity. This Figure is commonly
+attributed to the Pressure of the circumambient Air:
+But that this can’t be the cause, is manifest from the Air-Pump;
+the case being the very same in an exhausted Receiver,
+as in the open Air, and not any the least Alteration of the
+Figure that I could perceive, in all the Trials I have made.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_50" href="#FNanchor_50" class="label">[b]</a> It would be frivolous as well as endless to reckon up the
+various Opinions of the Ancients about the Figure of the Terraqueous
+Globe; some of them may be seen in <i>Varen. Geogr.</i>
+l. 1. <i>c. 3. init.</i> or <i>Johnston’s Thaumat. c. 1. Artic. 3.</i> But among
+the variety of Opinions, one of the principal was,
+That the visible Horizon was the Bounds of the Earth, and
+the Ocean the Bounds of the Horizon, that the Heavens and
+Earth above this Ocean, was the whole visible Universe; and
+that all beneath the Ocean was <i>Hades</i>, or the <i>invisible World</i>.
+Hence, when the Sun set, he was said <i>tingere se Oceano</i>;
+and when any went to <i>Hades</i>, they must first pass the Ocean.
+Of this Opinion were not only the ancient Poets, and others
+among the Heathens, but some of the Christian Fathers too,
+particularly <i>Lactantius</i>, St. <i>Augustine</i>, and others, who thought
+their Opinion was favoured by the Psalmist, in <i>Psal.</i> xxiv.
+2. and cxxxvi. 6. See <i>Bp. Usher’s Ans. to a Jes. Chall.</i> p. 366.
+<i>&amp;c.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_51" href="#FNanchor_51" class="label">[c]</a> <i>Neither do these constant <span class="antiqua">Trade-Winds</span> usually blow near
+the Shore, but only on the Ocean, at least 30 or 40 Leagues off
+at Sea, clear from any Land; especially on the West Coast, or
+Side of any Continent: For indeed on the East Side, the Easterly
+Wind being the true Trade-Wind, blows almost home to the
+Shore, so near as to receive a check from the Land-Wind.</i> Dampier’s
+Winds, Ch. 1.</p>
+
+<p>And not only the <i>general Trade-Winds</i>, but also the <i>constant
+coasting Trade-Winds</i>, are in like manner affected by the Lands.
+Thus, for Instance, on the Coast of <i>Angola</i> and <i>Peru</i>. But
+this, saith the curious Captain <i>Dampier</i>, the Reader must take
+notice of, <i>That the Trade-Winds that blow on any Coast, except
+the North Coast of <span class="antiqua">Africa</span>, whether they are constant, and blow
+all the Year, or whether they are shifting Winds, do never blow
+right in on the Shore, nor right along Shore, but go slanting,
+snaking an acute Angle of about 22 Degrees. Therefore, as the
+Land tends more East or West, from North or South on the Coast;
+so the Winds do alter accordingly.</i> Ibid. Ch. 2.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43"></a>[43]</span></p>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_II_CHAP_II">CHAP. II.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the Bulk of the Terraqueous Globe.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The next Thing remarkable in the Terraqueous
+Globe, is the prodigious Bulk thereof<a id="FNanchor_52" href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>. A
+Mass of above 260 Thousand Million of Miles solid
+Content. A Work too grand for any thing less
+than a God to make. To which in the next Place
+we may add,</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_52" href="#FNanchor_52" class="label">[a]</a> It is not difficult to make a pretty near Computation of
+the Bulk of the Terraqueous Globe, from those accurate Observations
+of a Degree made by Mr. <i>Norwood</i> in <i>England</i>,
+and Mr. <i>Picart</i>, and Mr. <i>Cassini</i> in <i>France</i>. Whose Measures
+do in a surprizing manner agree. But Mr. <i>Cassini</i>’s seeming
+to be the most accurate (as I have shewn in my <i>Astro-Theology</i>,
+<i>B. 1. Ch. 2. Note (a).</i>) I have there made use of his Determinations.
+According to which the Diameter of the Earth
+being 7967,72 <i>English</i> Miles, its Ambit will be 25031½ Miles;
+and (supposing it to be Spherical) its Surface will be 199444220
+Miles; which being multiplied into ⅓ of its Semidiameter,
+gives the Solid Content, <i>viz.</i> 264856000000 Miles.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_II_CHAP_III">CHAP. III.</h4>
+
+<p><i>The Motions of the Terraqueous Globe.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The Motions the Terraqueous Globe hath, are
+round its own Axis, and round its Fountain of
+Light and Heat, the Sun<a id="FNanchor_53" href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>. That so vast a Body
+as the Earth and Waters should be moved at<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44"></a>[44]</span>
+all<a id="FNanchor_54" href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>, that it should undergo two such different
+Motions, as the Diurnal and Annual are, and that
+these Motions should be so constantly and regularly<a id="FNanchor_55" href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>
+performed for near 6000 Years, without any
+the least Alteration ever heard of (except some
+Hours which we read of in <i>Josh.</i> x. 12, 13. and
+in <i>Hezekiah</i>’s Time, which, if they cannot be accounted
+for some other way, do greatly encrease<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45"></a>[45]</span>
+the Wonder<a id="FNanchor_56" href="#Footnote_56" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>; these Things, I say,) do manifestly
+argue some divine infinite Power to be concerned
+therein<a id="FNanchor_57" href="#Footnote_57" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>: But especially, if to all this we add
+the wonderful Convenience, yea absolute Necessity
+of these Circumvolutions to the Inhabitants, yea all
+the Products of the Earth and Waters. For to one
+of these we owe the comfortable Changes of Day
+and Night; the one for Business, the other for
+Repose;<a id="FNanchor_58" href="#Footnote_58" class="fnanchor">[f]</a> the one for Man, and most other Animals<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46"></a>[46]</span>
+to gather and provide Food, Habitation, and other
+Necessaries of Life; the other to rest, refresh,
+and recruit their Spirits<a id="FNanchor_59" href="#Footnote_59" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>, wasted with the Labours
+of the Day. To the other of those Motions we
+owe the Seasons of Summer and Winter, Spring and
+Autumn, together with the beneficial Instances and
+Effects which these have on the Bodies and State of
+Animals, Vegetables, and all other Things, both in
+the Torrid, Temperate, and Frigid Zones.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_53" href="#FNanchor_53" class="label">[a]</a> With the <i>Copernicans</i>, I take it here for granted, that
+the Diurnal and Annual Revolutions are the Motions of the
+Terraqueous Globe, not of the Sun, <i>&amp;c.</i> but for the Proof
+thereof I shall refer the Reader to the Preface of my <i>Astro-Theology</i>,
+and <i>B. 4. Chap. 3.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_54" href="#FNanchor_54" class="label">[b]</a> <i>Every thing that is moved, must of Necessity be moved by
+something else; and that thing is moved by something that is
+moved either by another Thing, or not by another Thing. If it be
+moved by that which is moved by another, we must of Necessity
+come to some <span class="antiqua">prime Mover</span>, that is not moved by another. For
+it is impossible, that what moveth, and is moved by another,
+should proceed</i> in infinitum. Aristot. Phys. l. 8. c. 5.</p>
+
+<p><i>Solum quod seipsum movet, quia nunquam deseritur à se,
+nunquam ne moveri quidem definit; quinetiam cæteris quæ moventur,
+hic fons: hoc principium est movendi. Principii autem
+nulla est origo: nam ex principio oriuntur omnia; ipsum autem
+nullâ ex re aliâ nasciepotest: nec enim esset id principium, quod
+gigneretur aliunde.</i> Cicer. Tusc. Quest. l. 1. c. 23.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cogitemus qui fieri possit, ut tanta magnitudo, ab aliquâ possit
+naturâ, tanto tempore circumferri? Ego igitur assero Deum
+causam esse, nec aliter posse fieri.</i> Plato in Epinom.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_55" href="#FNanchor_55" class="label">[c]</a> Among the Causes which <i>Cleanthes</i> is said in <i>Tully</i> to
+assign for Men’s Belief of a Deity, one of the chief is, <i>Æquabilitatem
+motûs, conversionem Cœli, Solis, Lunæ, Siderumque
+omnium distinctionem, varietatem, pulchritudinem, ordinem:
+quarum rerum aspectus ipse satis indicaret, non esse ea fortuita.
+Ut siquis in domum aliquam, aut in gymnasium, aut in
+forum venerit; cùm videat omnium rerum rationem, modum,
+disciplinam, non possit ea sine causâ fieri judicare, sed esse aliquem
+intelligat, qui præsit, &amp; cui pareatur: multo magis in tantis
+motibus, tantisque vicissitudinibus, tam multarum rerum atque
+tanrarum ordinibus, in quibus nihil unquam immmensa &amp; infinita
+vetustas mentita sit, statuat necesse est ab aliquâ Mente
+tantos naturæ motus gubernari.</i> Cir. de Nat. Deor. l. 1.
+c. 5.</p>
+
+<p><i>Homines cœperunt Deum agnoscere, cùm viderent Stellas, tantam
+concinnitatem efficere; ac dies, noctesque, æstate, &amp; hyeme,
+suos servare statos ortus, atque obitus.</i> Plutarch de placit. l. 1.
+c. 6.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_56" href="#FNanchor_56" class="label">[d]</a> We need not be sollicitous to elude the History of these
+Miracles, as if they were only poetical Strains, as <i>Maimonides</i>,
+and some others fancy <i>Joshua</i>’s Day to have been, <i>viz.</i> only an
+ordinary Summer’s Day; but such as had the Work of many
+Days done in it; and therefore by a poetical Stretch made,
+as if the Day had been lengthened by the Sun standing still.
+But in the History they are seriously related, as real Matters
+of Fact, and with such Circumstances as manifest them to have
+been miraculous Works of the Almighty; And the Prophet
+<i>Habakkuk</i>, iii. 11. mentions that of <i>Joshua</i> as such. And therefore
+taking them to be miraculous Perversions of the Course
+of Nature, instead of being Objections, they are great Arguments
+of the Power of God: For in <i>Hezekiah</i>’s Case, to
+wheel the Earth it self backward, or by some extraordinary
+Refractions, to bring the Sun’s Shadow backward 10 Degrees:
+Or in <i>Joshua</i>’s Case, to stop the diurnal Course of the Globe
+for some Hours, and then again give it the same Motion; to
+do, I say, there Things, required the same infinite Power
+which at first gave the Terraqueous Globe its Motions.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_57" href="#FNanchor_57" class="label">[e]</a></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Nam cùm dispositi quasissem fœdera Mundi,</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Præscriptosque Maris fines, Annique meatus,</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Et Lucis, Noctisque vices: tunc omnia rebar</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Consilio firmata Dei, qui lege moveri</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Sidera, qui fruges diverso tempore nasci,</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Qui variam Phœben alieno jusserit igne</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Compleri, Solemque suo; porrexerit undis</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Littora; Tellurem medio libraverat axe.</i></div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse right">Claudian in Rufin. L. 1. initio.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_58" href="#FNanchor_58" class="label">[f]</a> <i>Diei noctisque vicissitudo conservat animantes, tribuens
+aliud agendi tempus, aliud quiescendi. Sic undique omni ratione
+concluditur, Mente, Consilioque divino omnia in hoc mundo ad
+salutem omnium, conservationemque admirabiliter administrari.</i>
+Cicer. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 53.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_59" href="#FNanchor_59" class="label">[g]</a> The acute Dr. <i>Cheyne</i>, in his ingenious <i>Philos. Princ. of
+Natural Religion</i>, among other uses of Day and Night, saith,
+the Night is most proper for Sleep; because when the Sun is
+above the Horizon, Sleep is prejudicial, by reason the Perspirations
+are then too great. Also that Nutrition is mostly, if
+not altogether, performed in Time of Rest; the Blood having
+too quick a Motion in the Day: For which Reason, weak Persons,
+Children, <i>&amp;c.</i> are nourished most, and recruit best by
+Sleep.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_II_CHAP_IV">CHAP. IV.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the Place and Situation of the Terraqueous
+Globe, in respect of the Heavenly Bodies.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Another Thing very considerable in our Globe,
+is its Place and Situation at a due Distance
+from the Sun<a id="FNanchor_60" href="#Footnote_60" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>, its Fountain of Light and Heat;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47"></a>[47]</span>
+and from its neighbouring Planets of the solar System,
+and from the fixt Stars. But these Things I
+have spoken more largely of in my Survey of the
+Heavens<a id="FNanchor_61" href="#Footnote_61" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>, and therefore only barely mention them
+now; to insist more largely upon,</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_60" href="#FNanchor_60" class="label">[a]</a> It is a manifest Sign of the Creator’s Management and
+Care, in placing the Terraqueous Globe at that very Distance
+it is from the Sun, and contempering our own Bodies and all
+other Things so duly to that Distance. For was the Earth
+farther from the Sun, the World would be starved and frozen
+with Cold: And was it nigher we should be burnt, at least the
+most combustible Things would be so, and the World would be
+vexed with perpetual Conflagrations. For we see that a few of
+the Rays of the Sun, even no more than what fall within the
+Compass of half an Inch or an Inch in a Burning-Glass, will
+fire combustible Bodies, even in our own Climate.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_61" href="#FNanchor_61" class="label">[b]</a> <i>Astro-Theology</i>, Book vii. Chap. 7.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_II_CHAP_V">CHAP. V.</h4>
+
+<p><i>The Distribution of the Earth and Waters.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The Distribution of the Waters and the dry
+Land, although it may seem rude and undesigned
+to a careless View, and is by some taxed as
+such<a id="FNanchor_62" href="#Footnote_62" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>, yet is admirably well adjusted to the Uses
+and Conveniences of our World.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48"></a>[48]</span></p>
+
+<p>For in the first Place, the Distribution is so well
+made, the Earth and Waters so handsomely, so
+Workman-like laid, every where all the World over,
+that there is a just æquipoise of the whole Globe. The
+<i>Northern</i> balanceth the <i>Southern Ocean</i>, the <i>Atlantick</i>
+the <i>Pacifick Sea</i>. The <i>American dry Land</i>, is a Counterpoise
+to the <i>European</i>, <i>Asiatick</i> and <i>African</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In the next Place, the Earth and the Waters are
+so admirably well placed about in the Globe, as to
+be helpful to one another, to minister to one another’s
+Uses. The great Oceans, and the lesser Seas and
+Lakes, are so admirably well distributed throughout
+the Globe<a id="FNanchor_63" href="#Footnote_63" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>, as to afford sufficient Vapours<a id="FNanchor_64" href="#Footnote_64" class="fnanchor">[c]</a> for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49"></a>[49]</span>
+Clouds and Rains, to temperate the Cold<a id="FNanchor_65" href="#Footnote_65" class="fnanchor">[c]</a> of
+the Northern frozen Air, to cool and mitigate the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50"></a>[50]</span>
+Heats<a id="FNanchor_66" href="#Footnote_66" class="fnanchor">[d]</a> of the Torrid Zone, and to refresh the
+Earth with fertile Showers; yea, in some measure to
+minister fresh Waters to the Fountains and Rivers.
+Nay, so abundant is this great Blessing, which the
+most indulgent Creator hath afforded us by means
+of this Distribution of the Waters I am speaking of,
+that there is more than a scanty, bare Provision, or
+mere Sufficiency; even a Plenty, a Surplusage of
+this useful Creature of God, (the fresh Waters) afforded
+to the World; and they so well ordered, as not to
+drown the Nations of the Earth, nor to stagnate,
+stink, and poison, or annoy them; but to be gently
+carried through convenient Chanels back again<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51"></a>[51]</span>
+to their grand Fountain<a id="FNanchor_67" href="#Footnote_67" class="fnanchor">[e]</a> the Sea; and many of
+them through such large Tracts of Land, and to such
+prodigious Distances, that it is a great Wonder the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52"></a>[52]</span>
+Fountains should be high enough<a id="FNanchor_68" href="#Footnote_68" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>, or the Seas
+low enough, ever to afford so long a Conveyance.
+Witness the <i>Danube</i><a id="FNanchor_69" href="#Footnote_69" class="fnanchor">[g]</a> and <i>Wolga</i> of <i>Europe</i>, the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53"></a>[53]</span>
+<i>Nile</i><a id="FNanchor_70" href="#Footnote_70" class="fnanchor">[h]</a> and the <i>Niger</i><a id="FNanchor_71" href="#Footnote_71" class="fnanchor">[i]</a> of <i>Africk</i>,
+    the <i>Ganges</i><a id="FNanchor_72" href="#Footnote_72" class="fnanchor">[k]</a> and
+<i>Euphrates</i> of <i>Asia</i>, and the <i>Amazons River</i><a id="FNanchor_73" href="#Footnote_73" class="fnanchor">[l]</a> and
+<i>Rio de la Plata</i> of <i>America</i>, and many others which
+might be named; some of which are said to run
+above 5000 Miles, and some no less than 6000 from
+their Fountains to the Sea. And indeed such prodigious
+Conveyances of the Waters make it manifest,
+that no accidental Currents and Alterations
+of the Waters themselves, no Art or Power of
+Man, nothing less than the <i>Fiat</i> of the Almighty,
+could ever have made, or found, so long and commodious
+Declivities, and Chanels for the Passage of
+the Waters.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_62" href="#FNanchor_62" class="label">[a]</a> The most eminent Author I have met with, that finds
+fault with the Distribution of the Earth and Waters, and indeed
+with the whole present Structure of the Globe, is the
+learned and eloquent Theorist, Dr. <i>Burnet</i>, who frequently exclaims
+on this Point, <i>Tellus nostra, si totam simul complectamur,
+non est ordinata &amp; venusta rerum compages——sed moles aggesta
+vario, incertoque situ partium, nullâ ordinis aut venustatis habitâ
+ratione.</i> Theor. Sacr. l. 1. c. 7. <i>Ecquis autem à Deo hæc
+ita facta? <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> ib. <i>Quo autem Herculeo labore opus effet ad excavandum
+terram in tantum hiatum?——Si immediatè à causâ
+primâ effectus fuisset hic alveus, aliquem saltem ordinem, mensuram,
+&amp; proportionem notare voluisset in ipsius formâ, &amp; partium
+dispositione;——sed confusa omnia, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> ib. c. 8. <i>Tellus nostra
+cùm exigua sit, est etiam rudis: Et in illâ exiguitate multa
+sunt superflua, multa inelegantia. Dimidiam terræ superficiem
+inundat Oceanus; magnâ ex parte, ut mihi videtur, inutilis.</i>
+And then he goes on to shew how this Part of the Creation
+might be mended, <i>ib.</i> c. 10. All this is to me surprizing from an
+Author of great Ingenuity, who seems in his Book to have a
+just Opinion of, and due Veneration for God. But certainly
+such Notions are very inconsistent with the Belief of God’s
+creating, especially his governing and ordering the World.
+But suppose the Terraqueous Globe was such a rude, confused,
+inconvenient Mass, as he pretends, yet it is well enough
+for a sinful World. But besides, what others have long ago
+abundantly answered, the following Survey, will, I hope, sufficiently
+manifest it to be the Work of a wise and beneficent,
+as well as omnipotent Creator.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_63" href="#FNanchor_63" class="label">[b]</a> Some have objected against the Distribution of the Earth
+and Waters, as if the Waters occupied too large a part of the
+Globe, which they think would be of greater Use, if it was
+dry Land. But then they do not consider that this would deprive
+the World of a due Quantity of Vapours and Rain. For if the
+Cavities which contain the Sea, and other Waters, were deeper,
+although the Waters were no less in Quantity, only their
+Surfaces narrower and lesser, the Evaporations would be so
+much the less, inasmuch as those Evaporations are made from
+the Surface, and are, consequently, in proportion to the Surface,
+not the Depth or Quantity of Water.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_64" href="#FNanchor_64" class="label">[c]</a> I took notice before in <a href="#Footnote_29"><i>Book I. Chap. 3. Note (a).</i></a> That
+the Vapours constituting Clouds and Rain, are <i>Vesiculæ</i> of Water
+detached by Heat. The manner of which I conceive to
+be thus; Heat being of an agile Nature, or the lightest of all
+Bodies, easily breaks loose from them; and if they are humid,
+in its Passage, carries along with it Particles, or little Cases of
+the Water; which being lighter than Air, are buoyed up thereby,
+and swim in it; until by knocking against one another, or
+being thickened by the Cold, (as in the Note before-cited,)
+they are reduced into Clouds and Drops.</p>
+
+<p>Having mentioned the manner how Vapours are raised, and
+there being more room here than in the Note before-cited, I
+shall, for the Illustration of Natures Process, take notice of
+three Things observable to our purpose, in Water over the
+Fire. 1. That the Evaporations are proportional to the Heat
+ascending out of the Water. A small Heat throws off but few
+Vapours, scarce visible: A greater Heat, and ascending in
+greater Quantities, carries off grosser, larger, and more numerous
+<i>Vesiculæ</i>, which we call a <i>Steam</i>: And if the Heat
+breaks through the Water with such a Fury, as to lacerate and
+lift up great Quantities or Bubbles of Water, too heavy for
+the Air to carry or buoy up, it causeth what we call <i>Boyling</i>.
+And the Particles of Water thus mounted up by the Heat, are
+visible Sphærules of Water, if viewed with a Microscope, as
+they swim about in a Ray of the Sun let into a dark Room,
+with warm Water underneath; where some of the Vapours
+appear large, some smaller Sphærules, according (no doubt)
+to the larger and lesser Quantities of Heat blowing them up
+and carrying them off. 2. If these Vapours be intercepted in
+their Ascent by any Context, especially cold Body, as Glass,
+Marble, <i>&amp;c.</i> they are thereby reduced into Drops, and Masses
+of Water, like those of Rain, <i>&amp;c.</i> 3. These Vapours in their
+Ascent from the Water, may be observed, in cold frosty
+Weather, either to rise but a little above the Water, and there
+to hang, or to glide on a little above its Surface: Or if the
+Weather be very cold, after a little ascent, they may be seen
+to fall back again into the Water; in their Ascent and Descent
+describing a Curve somewhat like that of an Arrow
+from a Bow. But in a warmer Air, and still, the Vapours
+ascend more nimbly and copiously, mounting up aloft, till
+they are out of Sight. But if the Air be warm and windy
+too, the Vapours are sooner carried out of Sight, and make
+way for others. And accordingly I have often observed, that
+hot Liquors, if not set too thin, and not frequently stirred,
+cool slower in the greatest Frosts, than in temperate Weather,
+especially if windy. And it is manifest by good Experiments,
+that the Evaporations are less at those times than these; less
+by far in the Winter than the warmer Months.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_65" href="#FNanchor_65" class="label">[c]</a> As our Northern Islands are observed to be more temperate
+than our Continents, (of which we had a notable Instance
+in the great Frost in 1708/9, which <i>Ireland</i> and <i>Scotland</i>
+felt less of, than most Parts of <i>Europe</i> besides; of which see
+<a href="#Footnote_330"><i>Book IV. Chap. 12. Note (c).</i></a>) so this Temperature is owing to
+the warm Vapours afforded chiefly by the Sea, which by <a href="#Footnote_64">the
+preceding Note</a> must necessarily be warm, as they are Vapours,
+or Water inflated by Heat.</p>
+
+<p>The Cause of this Heat I take to be partly that of the
+Sun, and partly Subterraneous. That it is not wholly that of
+the Sun, is manifest from Vapours, being as, or more copiously
+raised when the Sun Beams are weakest, as when strongest,
+there being greater Rains and Winds at the one time than
+the other. And that there is such a thing as <i>Subterraneous
+Heat</i>, (whether Central, or from the meeting of Mineral
+Juices; or such as is Congenial or Connatural to our Globe,
+I have not Time to enquire; but I say, that such a Thing is,)
+is evident not only from the Hot-Baths, many fiery Erruptions
+and Explosions, <i>&amp;c.</i> but also from the ordinary Warmth
+of Cellars and Places under Ground, which are not barely
+comparatively warm, but of sufficient Heat to raise Vapours
+also: As is manifest from the smoking of perennial Fountains
+in frosty Weather, and Water drawn out of Pumps and open
+Wells at such a Time. Yea, even Animals themselves are sensible
+of it, as particularly <i>Moles</i>, who dig before a Thaw, and
+against some other Alterations of the Weather; excited, no
+doubt, thereunto by the same warm Vapours arising in the
+Earth, which animate them, as well as produce the succeeding
+Changes of the Weather.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_66" href="#FNanchor_66" class="label">[d]</a> Besides the <i>Trade-Winds</i>, which serve to mitigate the excessive
+Heats in the Torrid Zone; the Clouds are a good Screen
+against the scorching Sun-Beams, especially when the Sun
+passeth their Zenith; at which Time is their Winter, or coolest
+Season, by reason they have then most Clouds and Rain.
+For which Service, that which <i>Varene</i> takes notice of, is a
+great Providence of God, <i>viz.</i> <i>Pleraque loca Zonæ Torridæ vicinum
+habent mare, ut India, Insulæ Indicæ, Lingua Africæ,
+Guinea, Brasilia, Peruvia, Mexicana, Hispania: Pauca loca
+Zonæ Torridæ sunt Mediterranea.</i> Varenii. Geogr. l. 2. c. 26.
+Prop. 10. §. 7.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_67" href="#FNanchor_67" class="label">[e]</a> That Springs have their Origine from the Sea, and not
+from Rains and Vapours, among many other strong Reasons,
+I conclude from the Perennity of divers Springs, which always
+afford the same quantity of Water. Of this sort there
+are many to be found every where. But I shall, for an Instance,
+single out one in the Parish of <i>Upminster</i>, where I live,
+as being very proper for my purpose, and one that I have had
+better Opportunities of making Remarks upon above twenty
+Years. This in the greatest Droughts is little, if at all diminished,
+that I could perceive by my Eye, although the Ponds
+all over the Country, and an adjoining Brook have been dry
+for many Months together; as particularly in the dry Summer
+Months of the Year 1705. And in the wettest Seasons, such as
+the Summer and other Months were, preceding the violent
+Storm in <i>November</i> 1703. (<i>Vid.</i> <i>Philos. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 289.) I say,
+in such wet Seasons I have not observed any Increment of its
+Stream, excepting only for violent Rains falling therein, or
+running down from the higher Land into it; which discoloureth
+the Waters oftentimes, and makes an increase of only a
+Day’s, or sometimes but a few Hours Continuance. But now,
+if this Spring had its Origine from Rain and Vapours, there
+would be an increase and decrease of the one, as there should
+happen to be of the other: As actually it is in such temporary
+Springs as have undoubtedly their Source from Rain and Vapours.</p>
+
+<p>But besides this, another considerable Thing in this <i>Upminster</i>
+Spring (and Thousands of others) is, that it breaks out
+of so inconsiderable an Hillock, or Eminence of Ground,
+that can have no more Influence in the Condensation of the
+Vapours, or stopping the Clouds, (which the Maintainers of
+this Hypothesis suppose) than the lower Lands about it have.
+By some Critical Observations I made with a very nice portable
+Barometer, I found that my House stands between 80 and
+90 Feet higher than the Low-Water Mark in the River of
+<i>Thames</i>, nearest me; and that part of the River being scarce
+thirty Miles from the Sea, I guess, (and am more confirmed
+from some later Experiments I made nearer the Sea) that we
+cannot be much above 100 Feet above the Sea. The Spring I
+judge nearly level with, or but little higher than where my
+House stands; and the Lands from whence it immediately issues,
+I guess about 15 or 20 Feet higher than the Spring:
+and the Lands above that, of no very remarkable Height.
+And indeed, by actual Measure, one of the highest Hills I
+have met with in <i>Essex</i>, is but 363 Feet high; (<i>Vid.</i> <i>Phil. Trans.</i>
+Nᵒ. 313. <i>p. 16.</i>) and I guess by some very late Experiments I
+made, neither that, nor any other Land in <i>Essex</i>, to be above
+400 Feet above the Sea. Now what is so inconsiderable a rise
+of Land to a perennial Condensation of Vapours, fit to maintain
+even so inconsiderable a Fountain, as what I have mentioned
+is? Or indeed the High-lands of the whole large County
+of <i>Essex</i>, to the maintaining of all its Fountains and Rivulets?</p>
+
+<p>But I shall no farther prosecute this Argument, but refer to
+the late learned, curious and industrious Dr. <i>Plot</i>’s <i>Tentamen
+Phil. de Orig. Font.</i> in which he hath fully discussed this Matter.</p>
+
+<p>As to the manner how the Waters are raised up into the
+Mountains and Higher Lands, an easy and natural Representation
+may be made of it, by putting a little Heap of Sand,
+Ashes, or a little Loaf of Bread, <i>&amp;c.</i> in a Bason of Water;
+where the Sand will represent the dry Land, or an Island,
+and the Bason of Water the Sea about it. And as the Water
+in the Bason riseth to, or near the top of the Heap in it, so
+doth the Waters of the Sea, Lakes, <i>&amp;c.</i> rise in the Hills. Which
+case I take to be the same with the ascent of Liquids in capillary
+Tubes, or between contiguous Planes, or in a Tube filled
+with Ashes: Of which the industrious and compleat Artificer
+in Air-Pumps, Mr. <i>Hawksbee</i>, hath given us some, not
+contemptible Experiments, in his <i>Phys. Mech. Exp.</i> pag. 139.</p>
+
+<p>Among the many Causes assigned for this ascent of Liquors,
+there are two that bid the fairest for it, <i>viz.</i> <i>the Pressure of the
+Atmosphere</i>, and the <i>Newtonian Attraction</i>. That it is not the
+former, appears from the Experiments succeeding, as well,
+or better in <i>Vacuo</i>, than in the open Air, the ascent being rather
+swifter in <i>Vacuo</i>. This then being not the Cause, I shall
+suppose the other is; but for the Proof thereof, I shall refer
+to some of our late <i>English</i> Authors, especially some very
+late Experiments made before our most famous <i>R. S.</i> which
+will be so well improved by some of that illustrious Body, as
+to go near to put the Matter out of doubt.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_68" href="#FNanchor_68" class="label">[f]</a> See <a href="#BOOK_III_CHAP_IV"><i>Book III. Chap. 4.</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_69" href="#FNanchor_69" class="label">[g]</a> <i>The <span class="antiqua">Danube</span> in a sober Account, performs a Course of above
+1500 Miles, <span class="antiqua">(<i>i.e.</i> in a strait Line)</span> from its Rise to its
+Fall.</i> Bohun’s Geogr. Dict.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_70" href="#FNanchor_70" class="label">[h]</a> <i>Tractus</i> sc. <i>Longitudo <span class="antiqua">[Nili]</span> est milliarium circiter 630
+Germ. sive Ital. 2520, pro quibus ponere licet 3000 propter curvaturas.</i>
+Varen. Geogr. l. 1. c. 16. p. 27.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_71" href="#FNanchor_71" class="label">[i]</a> <i>Varene</i> reckons the Course of the <i>Niger</i>, at a middle
+Computation, 600 <i>German</i> Miles, that is 2400 <i>Italian</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_72" href="#FNanchor_72" class="label">[k]</a> That of the <i>Ganges</i> he computes at 300 <i>German</i> Miles.
+But if we add the Curvatures to these Rivers, their Chanels
+are of a prodigious Length.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_73" href="#FNanchor_73" class="label">[l]</a> <i>Oritur, flumen (quod plerumque Amazonum, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span>) haud
+procul Quito in montibus——Cùm per leucas Hispanicas 1356.
+cursum ab occidente in orientem continuârit, ostio 84 leucas lato——in
+Oceanum præcipitatur.</i> Chr. D’Acugna Relatio de
+flumine Amaz. in Act. Erud. Aug. 1683.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_II_CHAP_VI">CHAP. VI.</h4>
+
+<p><i>The great Variety and Quantity of all Things
+upon, and in the Terraqueous Globe, provided
+for the Uses of the World.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The last Remark I shall make about the Terraqueous
+Globe in general is, the great Variety
+of Kinds, or Tribes, as well as prodigious Number
+of Individuals of each various Tribe, there is of all<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54"></a>[54]</span>
+Creatures<a id="FNanchor_74" href="#Footnote_74" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>. There are so many Beasts, so many
+Birds, so many Insects, so many Reptiles, so many
+Trees, so many Plants upon the Land; so many
+Fishes, Sea-Plants, and other Creatures in the Waters;
+so many Minerals, Metals, and Fossiles in the
+Subterraneous Regions; so many <i>Species</i> of these <i>Genera</i>,
+so many <i>Individuals</i> of those <i>Species</i>, that there
+is nothing wanting to the Use of Man, or any other
+Creature of this lower World. If every Age
+doth change its Food, its way of Cloathing, its
+way of Building; if every Age<a id="FNanchor_75" href="#Footnote_75" class="fnanchor">[b]</a> hath its Variety
+of Diseases; nay, if Man, or any other Animal,
+was minded to change these Things every Day, still
+the Creation would not be exhausted, still nothing
+would be wanting for Food, nothing for Physick,
+nothing for Building and Habitation, nothing
+for Cleanliness and Refreshment, yea, even for Recreation<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55"></a>[55]</span>
+and Pleasure. But the Munificence of the
+Creator is such, that there is abundantly enough to
+supply the Wants, the Conveniencies, yea, almost
+the Extravagancies of all the Creatures, in all Places,
+all Ages, and upon all Occasions.</p>
+
+<p>And this may serve to answer an Objection against
+the Excellency of, and Wisdom shewed in the Creation;
+namely, What need of so many Creatures<a id="FNanchor_76" href="#Footnote_76" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>?
+Particularly of so many Insects, so many Plants,
+and so many other Things? And especially of some
+of them, that are so far from being useful, that
+they are very noxious; some by their Ferity, and
+others by their poisonous Nature, <i>&amp;c.</i>?</p>
+
+<p>To which I might answer, that in greater Variety,
+the greater Art is seen; that the fierce, poisonous,
+and noxious Creatures serve as Rods and
+Scourges to chastise us<a id="FNanchor_77" href="#Footnote_77" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>, as means to excite our<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56"></a>[56]</span>
+Wisdom, Care, and Industry, with more to the
+same purpose. But these Things have been fully
+urged by others; and it is sufficient to say, that this<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57"></a>[57]</span>
+great Variety is a most wise Provision for all the Uses
+of the World in all Ages and all Places. Some for
+Food, some for Physick<a id="FNanchor_78" href="#Footnote_78" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>, some for Habitation,
+some for Utensils, some for Tools and Instruments of
+Work, and some for Recreation and Pleasure, either
+to Man, or to some of the inferior Creatures themselves;
+even for which inferior Creatures, the liberal
+Creator hath provided all Things necessary, or
+any ways conducing to their happy, comfortable
+living in this World, as well as for Man.</p>
+
+<p>And it is manifest, that all the Creatures of God,
+Beasts, Birds, Insects, Plants, and every other <i>Genus</i><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58"></a>[58]</span>
+have, or may have, their several Uses even among
+Men. For although in one Place many Things may
+lie neglected, and out of Use, yet in other Places they
+may be of great Use. So what hath seemed useless
+in one Age, hath been received in another; as all the
+new Discoveries in Physick, and all the Alterations
+in Diet do sufficiently witness. Many Things also
+there are which in one Form may be pernicious to
+Man; but in another, of great Use. There are many
+Plants<a id="FNanchor_79" href="#Footnote_79" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>, many Animals, many Minerals, which
+in one Form destroy, in another heal. The <i>Cassada<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59"></a>[59]</span>
+Plant</i> unprepared poisoneth, but prepared, is the
+very Bread of the <i>West-Indies</i><a id="FNanchor_80" href="#Footnote_80" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>. <i>Vipers</i> and <i>Scorpions</i>,
+and many Minerals, as destructive as they are to
+Man, yet afford him some of his best Medicines.</p>
+
+<p>Or if there be many Things of little, immediate
+Use to Man, in this, or any other Age; yet to other
+Creatures they may afford Food or Physick, or be of
+some necessary Use. How many Trees and Plants, nay,
+even the very Carcases of Animals, yea, the very
+Dust of the Earth<a id="FNanchor_81" href="#Footnote_81" class="fnanchor">[h]</a>, and the most refuse, contemptible
+Things to be met with; I say, how many such
+Things are either Food, or probably Medicine to many
+Creatures, afford them Retreat, are Places of Habitation,
+or Matrixes for their Generation, as shall be
+shewed in proper Place? The prodigious Swarms of
+Insects in the Air, and in the Waters, (many of which
+may be perhaps at present of no great Use to Man) yet
+are Food to Birds, Fishes, Reptiles, Insects themselves,
+and other Creatures<a id="FNanchor_82" href="#Footnote_82" class="fnanchor">[i]</a>, for whose happy and comfortable
+Subsistence, I have said the bountiful Creator
+hath liberally provided, as well as for that of Man.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_74" href="#FNanchor_74" class="label">[a]</a> <i>Non dat Deus beneficia? Unde ergò ista qua possides?——Unde
+hæc innumerabilia, oculos, aures &amp; animum mulcentia?
+Unde illa luxuriam quoque instruens copia? Neque enim necessitatibus
+tantummodò nostris provisum est: usque in delicias amamur.
+Tot arbusta, non uno modo frugifera, tot herba salutares,
+tot varietates ciborum, per totum annum digestæ, ut inerti quoque
+fortuita terræ alimenta præberent. Jam animalia omnis
+generis, alia in sicco, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span>——ut omnis rerum naturæ pars tributum
+aliquod nobis conferret.</i> Senec. de Benef. l. 4. c. 5.
+ubi plura vide.</p>
+
+<p><i>Hic, ubi habitamus non intermittit suo tempore Cœlum nitescere,
+arbores frondescere——cum multitudinem pecudum partim
+ad vescendum, partim ad cultus agrorum, partim ad vehendum,
+partim ad corpora vestienda; hominemque ipsum quasi contemplatorem
+cœli ad deorum, ipsorumque cultorem.——Hæc igitur,
+&amp; alia innumerabilia cùm cernimus, possumusne dubitare,
+quin his præsit aliquis vel Effector, si hæc nata sunt, ut Platoni
+videtur: vel si semper fuerint, ut Aristoteli placet, Moderator
+tanti operis &amp; muneris?</i> Cicer. Tusc. Quæst. l. 1. c. 28, 29.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_75" href="#FNanchor_75" class="label">[b]</a> <i>Sunt &amp; gentium differentiæ non mediocres——quæ contemplatio
+aufert rursus nos ad ipsorum animalium naturas, ingenitasque
+iis vel certiores morborum omnium medicinas. Enim
+verò rerum omnium Parens, nullum animal ad hoc tantum ut
+pasceretur, aut alia satiaret nasci voluit: artesque salutares iis
+inseruerit.</i> Plin. N. H. l. 27. c. 13.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_76" href="#FNanchor_76" class="label">[c]</a> This was no very easy Question to be answered by such
+as held, that <i>all Things were made for Man</i>, as most of the
+Ancients did; as <i>Aristotle</i>, <i>Seneca</i>, <i>Cicero</i> and <i>Pliny</i>, (to name
+only some of the chief). And <i>Cicero</i> cites it as the celebrated
+<i>Chrysippus</i>’s Opinion, <i>Præclare enim Chrysippus, Cætera nata
+esse Hominum Causâ, &amp; Deorum.</i> <i>De fin. bon. &amp; mal. l. 3.</i>
+And in his <i>De Nat. Deor. l. 2. fin.</i> he seriously proves the
+World it self to have been made for the Gods and Man, and
+all Things in the World to have been made and contrived for
+the Benefit of Man (<i>parata &amp; inventa ad fructum Hominum</i>,
+are his Words). So <i>Pliny</i> in his Preface to his 7ᵗʰ Book saith,
+Nature made all Things for Man; but then he makes a doubt,
+whether she shewed her self a more indulgent Parent, or cruel
+Step-Mother, as in <a href="#Footnote_329"><i>Book IV. Chap. 12. Note (b).</i></a> But since the
+Works of God have been more discovered, and the Limits of
+the Universe have been found to be of infinitely greater Extent
+than the Ancients supposed them; this narrow Opinion hath
+been exploded. And the Answer will be found easy to these
+Questions, Why so many useless Creatures? In the Heavens,
+Why so many fixt Stars, and the greatest part of them scarce
+visible? Why such Systems of Planets, as in <i>Jupiter</i>, <i>Saturn</i>,
+&amp;c. (See my <i>Astro-Theology</i>.) In the Earth and Waters, Why
+so many Creatures of no use to Man?</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_77" href="#FNanchor_77" class="label">[d]</a> <i>Nec minùs clara exitii documenta sunt etiam ex contemnendis
+animalibus. M. Varro author est, à cuniculis suffossum
+in Hispaniâ opidum, à talpis in Thessaliâ: ab ranis civitatem in
+Galliâ pulsam, ab locustis in Africâ: ex Gyaro, Cycladum insulâ,
+incolas à muribus fugatos; In Italiâ Amyclas à serpentibus
+delatas. Citra Cynamolgos Æthiopas latè deserta regio est,
+à scorpionibus &amp; solpugis gente sublatâ: &amp; à scolopendris abactos
+Trerienses, author est Theophrastus.</i> Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 8. c. 29.</p>
+
+<p>To these Instances may be added, the Plague they sometimes
+suffer from a kind of Mice (they call <i>Leming</i>, <i>Leminger</i>,
+<i>Lemmus</i>, &amp;c.) in <i>Norway</i>, which eat up every green
+Thing. They come in such prodigious Numbers, that they
+fancy them to fall from the Clouds; but <i>Ol. Magnus</i>, rather
+thinks they come from some of the Islands. <i>Hist. l. 8. c. 2.</i> If
+the Reader hath a mind to see a large Account of them, with
+a Dispute about their Generation, a handsome Cut of them,
+with the Prayers, and an Exorcism against them used in the
+Church of <i>Rome</i>, I shall refer him, (it being too tedious to
+recite in these Notes) to <i>Musæum Wormian.</i> l. 3. c. 23.</p>
+
+<p><i>Quare patimur multa mala à creaturâ quam fecit Deus, nisi
+quia offendimus Deum?——De pœnâ tuâ peccatum tuum accusa,
+non judicem. Nam propter Superbiam instituit Deus creaturam
+istam minimam &amp; abjectissimam, ut ipsa nos torqueret, ut cùm
+superbus fuerit homo, &amp; se jactaverit adversus Deum,——cùm
+se erexerit, Pulicibus subdatur. Quid est, quòd te inflas humanâ
+superbiâ?——Pulicibus resiste, ut dormias. Cognosce qui sis. Nam
+propter superbiam nostram domandam——creata illa quæ molesta
+sunt: populum Pharaonis superbum potuit Deus domare de
+Ursis, de <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> Muscas &amp; Ranas illis immisit, ut rebus vilissimis
+superbia domaretur. Omnia ergo per ipsum——facta sunt;
+&amp; fine ipso factum est nihil.</i> August. Tract. 1. in S. Johan.</p>
+
+<p>But although the infinitely wise Creator hath put it in the
+Power of such vile Animals to chastise us, yet hath he shewed
+no less Wisdom and Kindness in ordering many, if not most
+of them so, as that it shall be in the Power of Man, and other
+Creatures to obviate or escape their Evils. For, besides the
+noble Antidotes afforded by Minerals, Vegetables, <i>&amp;c.</i> many,
+if not most of our <i>European</i> venemous Animals carry their
+Cure, as well as Poison, in their own Bodies. The Oil, and
+I doubt not, the Body of <i>Scorpions</i> too, is a certain Remedy
+against its Stroke. A <i>Bee</i>, <i>Wasp</i>, or <i>Hornet</i> crushed and rubbed,
+and bound upon the Place, I have always found to be a
+certain Cure for the Sting of those Creatures. And I question
+not, but the Flesh, especially the Head of <i>Vipers</i>, would be
+found a Remedy for their Bites.</p>
+
+<p><i>Our Viper-Catchers have a Remedy in which they place so
+great Confidence, as to be no more afraid of the Bite <span class="antiqua">[of a Viper]</span>,
+than of a common Puncture, immediately curing themselves
+by the Application of their Specifick. This though they keep
+a great Secret, I have upon strict Enquiry found to be no other
+than <span class="antiqua">Axungia Viperina</span>, presently rubbed into the Wound.</i> This
+Remedy the learned Doctor tried himself with good Success
+in a young Dog that was bitten in the Nose. <i>Vid.</i> <i>Mead of
+Poisons</i>, p. 29.</p>
+
+<p>And as to the means to escape the Mischief of such noxious
+Animals, besides what may be effected by the Care, Industry
+and Sagacity of Man; some of them are so contrived and
+made, as to give Warning or Time to Creatures in danger
+from them. Thus, for Instance, the <i>Rattle-Snake</i>, the most
+poisonous of any Serpent, who darts its poisonous Vapours
+to some distance, and in all Probability was the <i>Basilisk</i> of the
+Ancients, said to kill with its Eyes, this involuntarily gives
+warning by the Rattle in its Tail. So the <i>Shark</i>, the most rapacious
+Animal of the Waters, is forced to turn himself on
+his Back, (and thereby gives an Opportunity of Escape) before
+he can catch his Prey.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_78" href="#FNanchor_78" class="label">[e]</a> <i>Hæc sola Naturæ placuerat esse remedia parata vulgo, inventu
+facilia, ac sine impendio, ex quibus vivimus. Posteà fraudes
+hominum &amp; ingeniorum capturæ officinas invenire istas, in
+quibus sua cuique homini vœnalis promittitur vita. Statim compositiones
+&amp; misturæ inexplicabiles decantantur. Arabia atque
+India in medio æstimantur, ulcerique parvo medicina à Rubro
+mari imputatur, cùm remedia vera quotidie pauperrimus quisque
+cœnet.</i> Plin. l. 24. c. 1.</p>
+
+<p><i>Non sponte suâ ex tellure germinant Herbæ, quæ contra quoscunque
+morbos accommodæ sunt; sed eæ voluntate Opisicis, ad
+nostram utilitatem producta sunt.</i> Basil. Ascet. Tom. 2.</p>
+
+<p>Consult here, <a href="#Footnote_670"><i>Book X. Note (z), (aa), (bb).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_79" href="#FNanchor_79" class="label">[f]</a> Among poisonous Vegetables, none more famous of old
+than <i>Hemlock</i>, accounted at this Day also very dangerous to
+Man, of which there are some dismal Examples in our <i>Phil.
+Trans. Wepfer</i>, &amp;c. But yet this Plant is Food for <i>Goats</i>, and its
+Seeds to <i>Bustards</i>; and as <i>Galen</i> saith, to <i>Starlings</i> also. Neither
+is this, so pernicious a Plant, only Food, but also Physick to
+some Animals. An Horse troubled with the <i>Farcy</i>, and could
+not be cured with the most famed Remedies, cured himself
+of it in a short Time, by eating <i>Hemlock</i>, of which he eat
+greedily. <i>Vid.</i> <i>Phil. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 231. <i>And a Woman which was
+cured of the Plague, but wanted Sleep, did with very good Effect
+eat <span class="antiqua">Hemlock</span> for some time; till falling ill again of a Fever,
+and having left off the Use of this Remedy, he <span class="antiqua">[Nic. Fontanus]</span>
+endeavoured to procure her Rest by repeated Doses of <span class="antiqua">Opium</span>,
+which had no Operation, till the Help of <span class="antiqua">Cicuta</span> was again
+called in with desired Success.</i> Mead of Pois. p. 144.</p>
+
+<p>And not only <i>Hemlock</i>, but many other, if not most Plants
+accounted poisonous, may have their great Use in Medicine: Of
+which take the Opinion of an able Judge, my ingenious and
+learned Friend Dr. <i>Tancred Robinson</i>, in a Letter I have of his
+to the late great Mr. <i>Ray</i>, of Nov. 7. 1604, viz. <i>According to
+my Promise, I here send you a few Observations concerning some
+Plants, seldom used in Medicine, being esteemed poisonous, which
+if truly corrected, or exactly dosed, may perhaps prove the most
+powerful and effectual Medicines yet known.</i> Having then given
+an Account of some of their Correctives, he gives these following
+Examples, <i>viz.</i> <i>1. The Hellebores incorporated with a Sapo,
+or Alkaly-Salts alone, are successful Remedies in Epilepsies,
+Vertigo’s, Palsies, Lethargies, and Mania’s. Dos. a ℈j. to ʒss.
+2. The Radic. Assari, Cicutæ, and the Napellus, in Agues and
+periodical Pains. Dos. ℈j. to ʒss. 3. The Hyoscyamus in Hæmorrhagies,
+violent Heats and Perturbation of the Blood, and also
+in all great Inflammations. Dos. ℈j. to ʒss. 4. The Semen Stramonia
+is a very good Anodyne, useful in Vigilia’s, Rheumatisms,
+Hysterick Cases, in all the Orgasms of the Blood or Spirits, and
+where-ever there is an Indication for a Paregorick. Dos. ℈j. to ʒss.
+5. Elaterium thus corrected, may be given from gr. x. to xv. in
+Hydropical Cases, without any sensible Evacuation or Disturbance.
+So may the Soldanella and Gratiola in greater Doses. 6. Opium
+corrected as afore-mentioned, loses its Narcotick Faculty, and
+may be given very safely in great Doses, and proves more than
+usually prevalent in Convulsive Cases, Fluxes, Catarrhs, and
+all painful Paroxysms, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_80" href="#FNanchor_80" class="label">[g]</a> <i>It is of the most general Use of any Provision all over the
+<span class="antiqua">West-Indies</span>, especially in the hotter Parts, and is used to Victual
+Ships.</i> <i>Dr. <span class="antiqua">Sloan</span>’s</i> Nat. Hist. of <i>Jamaica</i>, Vol. 1. Chap. 5. §. 12.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_81" href="#FNanchor_81" class="label">[h]</a> I have shewn in the <i>Phil. Trans.</i> that the <i>Pediculus fatidicus</i>,
+<i>Mortisaga</i>, <i>Pulsatorius</i>, or <i>Death-Watch</i> there described,
+feedeth upon Dust; but that this Dust they eat, is powdered
+Bread, Fruits, or such like Dust, not powdered Earth; as is
+manifest from their great Diligence and Curiosity in hunting
+among the Dust. See more in <i>Phil. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 291.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_82" href="#FNanchor_82" class="label">[i]</a> <i>Vid.</i> <a href="#BOOK_IV_CHAP_XI"><i>Book IV. Chap. 11.</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60"></a>[60]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/header08.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_III">BOOK III.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Of the Terraqueous Globe in particular,
+more especially the Earth.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<img class="dropcap" src="images/dropcap-h1.jpg" alt="">
+</div>
+
+<p class="dropcap">Having thus taken a general Prospect of our
+Terraqueous Globe, I shall in this Book
+come to its Particulars. But here we have
+such an immense Variety presenting it self
+to our Senses, and such amazing Strokes of Power
+and Wisdom, that it is impossible not to be at a
+Stand, and very difficult to know where to begin,
+how to proceed, or where to end. But we must
+however attempt.</p>
+
+<p>And for the more clear and regular proceeding on
+this copious Subject, I shall distribute the Globe into
+its own grand constituent Parts.</p>
+
+<p>I. The <i>Earth</i> and its Appurtenances.</p>
+
+<p>II. The <i>Waters</i> and Theirs.</p>
+
+<p>The first of these only, is what at present I shall
+be able to take into this Survey.</p>
+
+<p>And in Surveying the <i>Earth</i>, I intend,</p>
+
+<p>1. To consider its constituent Parts, or Things
+peculiar to its self.</p>
+
+<p>2. The Inhabitants thereof, or the several Kinds
+of Creatures that have their Habitation, Growth,
+or Subsistence thereon.</p>
+
+<p>1. As to the Earth it self, the most remarkable
+Things that present themselves to our View, are,</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61"></a>[61]</span></p>
+
+<p>1. Its various Moulds and Soils.</p>
+
+<p>2. Its several Strata, or Beds.</p>
+
+<p>3. Its very Subterraneous Passages, Grotto’s and
+Caverns.</p>
+
+<p>4. Its Mountains and Vallies.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_III_CHAP_I">CHAP. I.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the Soils and Moulds in the Earth.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The various Soils and Moulds are an admirable
+and manifest Contrivance of the All-wise
+Creator, in making this Provision for the various
+Vegetables<a id="FNanchor_83" href="#Footnote_83" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>, and divers other Uses of the Creatures.
+For, as some Trees, some Plants, some
+Grains dwindle and die in a disagreeable Soil, but
+thrive and flourish in others; so the All-wise Creator
+hath amply provided for every Kind a proper Bed.</p>
+
+<p>If some delight in a warm, some a cold Soil;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62"></a>[62]</span>
+some in a lax or sandy, some a heavy or clayie Soil;
+some in a Mixture of both, some in this, and that
+and the other Mould, some in moist, some in dry
+Places<a id="FNanchor_84" href="#Footnote_84" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>; still we find Provision enough for all
+these Purposes: Every Country abounding with its
+proper Trees and Plants<a id="FNanchor_85" href="#Footnote_85" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>, and every Vegetable
+flourishing and gay, somewhere or other about the
+Globe, and abundantly answering the Almighty
+Command of the Creator, when the Earth and Waters
+were ordered to their peculiar Place, <i>Gen.</i> i. 11.
+<i>And God said, Let the Earth bring forth Grass, the
+Herb yielding Seed, and the Tree yielding Fruit after
+his kind.</i> All which we actually see is so.</p>
+
+<p>To this Convenience which the various Soils that
+coat the Earth are of to the Vegetables, we may
+add their great Use and Benefit to divers Animals,
+to many Kinds of Quadrupeds, Fowls, Insects, and
+Reptiles, who make in the Earth their Places of
+Repose and Rest, their Retreat in Winter, their
+Security from their Enemies, and their Nests to repose
+their Young; some delighting in a lax and pervious
+Mould, admitting them an easy Passage; and
+others delighting in a firmer and more solid Earth,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63"></a>[63]</span>
+that will better secure them against Injuries from
+without.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_83" href="#FNanchor_83" class="label">[a]</a> It is not to be doubted, that although Vegetables delight
+in peculiar Soils, yet they owe not their Life and Growth to the
+Earth it self, but to some agreeable Juices or Salts, <i>&amp;c.</i> residing
+in the Earth. Of this the great Mr. <i>Boyl</i> hath given us some
+good Experiments. He ordered his Gardener to dig up, and
+dry in an Oven some Earth fit for the Purpose, to weigh it,
+and to set therein some <i>Squash Seeds</i>, (a kind of <i>Indian</i> Pompion).
+The Seeds when sown were watered with Rain or
+Spring-water only. But although a Plant was produced in one
+Experiment of near 3 <i>l.</i> and in another of above 14 <i>l.</i> yet the
+Earth when dried, and weighed again, was scarce diminished
+at all in its Weight.</p>
+
+<p>Another Experiment he alledges is of <i>Helmont</i>’s, who dried
+200 <i>l.</i> of Earth, and therein planted a Willow weighing 5 <i>l.</i>
+which he watered with Rain or distilled Water: And to secure
+it from any other Earth getting in, he covered it with a
+perforated Tin Cover. After five Years, weighing the Tree
+with all the Leaves it had born in that time, he found it to
+weigh 169 <i>l.</i> 3 Ounces, but the Earth to be diminished only
+about 2 Ounces in its weight. <i>Vid.</i> <i>Boyl’s Scept. Chym.</i> Part
+2. <i>pag. 114.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_84" href="#FNanchor_84" class="label">[b]</a> Τοὺς δὲ τόπους ζητεῖ τοὺς ὀικείους, οὐ μόνον τὰ περιττὰ——Τῶν
+δένδρων, &amp;c. Τὰ μὲν γὰρ φιλεῖ ξηροὺς, τὰ δὲ ἐνύδρους, τὰ δὲ χειμερινοὺς,
+τὰ δὲ προσήλους, τὰ δὲ παλισκίους, καὶ ὅλως, τὰ μὲν ὀρεινοὺς, τὰ δὲ
+ἑλώδεις.——Ζητεῖ γὰρ τὰ πρόσφορὰ κατὰ τὴν κράσιν, ἕτι δὲ ἀσθενῆ,
+καὶ ἰσχυρὰ, καὶ βαθύῤῥιζα, καὶ ἐπιπολαιόῤῥιζα, καὶ ἔστις ἄλλη διαφορὰ
+κατὰ τὰ μέρη·——Πάντα γὰρ ταῦτα, ἔτι δὲ τὰ ὅμοια ζητεῖ τὸ ὅμοιον,
+καὶ τὰ ἀνόμοια μὴ τὸν αὐτὸν, ὅταν ᾖ τις παραλλαγὴ τῆς φύσεως.
+<i>Theophrast. de Caus. Plant.</i> l. 2. c. 9.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_85" href="#FNanchor_85" class="label">[c]</a></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Nec verò Terræ ferre omnes omnia possunt.</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Fluminibus Salices, crassisque paludibus Alni</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Nascuntur; steriles saxosis montibus Orni:</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Littora Myrtetis lætissima: denique apertos</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Bacchus amat colles: Aquilonem &amp; frigora Taxi.</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Aspice &amp; extremis domitum cultoribus orbem,</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Eoasque domos Arabum, pictosque Gelonos:</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Divisa arboribus patriæ, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i></div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse right">Vir. Georg. L. 2</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_III_CHAP_II">CHAP. II.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the various Strata or Beds observable
+in the Earth.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The various <i>Strata</i> or <i>Beds</i>, although but little
+different from the last, yet will deserve a
+distinct Consideration.</p>
+
+<p>By the <i>Strata</i> or <i>Beds</i>, I mean those Layers
+of Minerals<a id="FNanchor_86" href="#Footnote_86" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>, Metals<a id="FNanchor_87" href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>,
+    Earth, and Stone<a id="FNanchor_88" href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>,
+lying under that upper <i>Stratum</i>, or Tegument<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64"></a>[64]</span>
+of the Earth last spoken of, all of a prodigious Use
+to Mankind: Some being of great Use for Building;
+some serving for Ornament; some furnishing
+us with commodious Machines, and Tools to prepare
+our Food, and for Vessels and Utensils, and for
+multitudes of other Uses; some serving for Firing
+to dress our Food, and to guard us against the Insults
+of Cold and Weather; some being of great
+Use in Physick, in Exchange and Commerce, in
+manuring and fertilizing our Lands, in dying
+and colouring, and ten thousand other Conveniences,
+too many to be particularly spoken of: Only
+there is one grand Use of one of these Strata or<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65"></a>[65]</span>
+Beds, that cannot easily be omitted, and that is,
+those subterraneous Strata of Sand, Gravel, and
+laxer Earth that admit of, and facilitate the Passage
+of the sweet Waters<a id="FNanchor_89" href="#Footnote_89" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>, and may probably be the
+Colanders whereby they are sweetened, and then at
+the same time also convey’d to all Parts of the habitable
+World, not only through the temperate and
+torrid Zones, but even the farthest Regions of the
+frozen Poles.</p>
+
+<p>That these Strata are the <i>principal Passages</i> of the
+sweet Fountain-Waters, is, I think not to be doubted,
+considering that in them the Waters are well
+known to pass, and in them the Springs are found
+by those that seek for them. I say, the principal
+Passages, because there are other subterraneous Guts
+and Chanels, Fissures and Passages, through which
+many Times the Waters make their way.</p>
+
+<p>Now that which in a particular manner doth seem
+to me to manifest a special Providence of God in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66"></a>[66]</span>
+the repositing these watery Beds is, that they should
+be dispersed all the World over, into all Countries,
+and almost all Tracts of Land: That they should
+so entirely, or for the most part, consist of lax, incohering
+Earth, and be so seldom blended with other
+impervious Moulds, or if they are so, it is commonly
+but accidentally; and that they are interposed between
+the other impervious Beds, and so are as a
+Prop and Pillar to guard them off, and to prevent
+their sinking in and shutting up the Passages of the
+Waters.</p>
+
+<p>The Time when those Strata were laid, was doubtless
+at the Creation, when <i>God said</i> (Gen. i. 9.) <i>Let
+the Waters under the Heaven be gathered together unto
+one Place, and let the dry Land appear</i>; or else at
+the Deluge, if, with some sagacious Naturalists,
+we suppose the Globe of Earth to have been dissolved
+by the Flood<a id="FNanchor_90" href="#Footnote_90" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>. At that Time (whatever it
+was) when the terraqueous Globe was in a chaotick
+State, and the earthy Particles subsided, then
+those several Beds were in all Probability reposited in
+the Earth, in that commodious Order in which
+they now are found; and that, as is asserted, according
+to the Laws<a id="FNanchor_91" href="#Footnote_91" class="fnanchor">[f]</a> of Gravity.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67"></a>[67]</span></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_86" href="#FNanchor_86" class="label">[a]</a> Altho’ Minerals, Metals and Stones lie in Beds, and
+have done so ever since <i>Noah</i>’s Flood, if not from the Creation;
+yet it is greatly probable that they have Power of <i>growing</i>
+in their respective Beds: That as the Beds are robbed and
+emptied by Miners, so after a while they recruit again. Thus
+<i>Vitriol</i>, Mr. <i>Boyl</i> thinks, will grow by the Help of the Air. So
+<i>Alum</i> doth the same. <i>We are assured</i> (he saith) <i>by the experienced
+<span class="antiqua">Agricola</span>, That the Earth or Ore of <span class="antiqua">Alum</span>, being robbed of
+its Salt, will in tract of Time recover it, by being exposed to the
+Air.</i> <i><span class="antiqua">Boyl</span>’s</i> Suspic. about some Hid. Qual. in the Air, p. 18.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_87" href="#FNanchor_87" class="label">[b]</a> As to the Growth of <i>Metals</i>, there is great Reason to
+suspect that also, from what Mr. <i>Boyl</i> hath alledged in his <i>Observations
+about the Growth of Metals</i>: And in his <i>Scept. Chym.
+Part 6. pag. 362.</i> Compare also <i>Hakewil</i>’s <i>Apol. pag. 164.</i></p>
+
+<p>And particularly as to the Growth of <i>Iron</i>, to the Instances
+he gives from <i>Pliny</i>, <i>Fallopius</i>, <i>Cæsalpinus</i>, and others;
+we may add, what is well known in the <i>Forest of Dean</i> in
+<i>Gloucestershire</i>: That the best Iron, and most in Quantity,
+that is found there, is in the old Cinders, which they melt over
+again. This is the Author of the <i>Additions to Gloucestershire
+in Cambd. Brit.</i> of the last Edition, <i>p. 245.</i> attributes to
+the Remissness of the former Melters, in not exhausting the
+Ore: But in all Probability it is rather to be attributed to the
+new Impregnations of the old Ore, or Cinders, from the
+Air, or from some seminal Principle, or plastick Quality in
+the Ore it self.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_88" href="#FNanchor_88" class="label">[c]</a> As for the Growth of <i>Stone</i>, Mr. <i>Boyl</i> gives two Instances.
+One is that famous Place in <i>France</i>, called <i>Les Caves
+Goutieres: Where the Water falling from the upper Parts of
+the Cave to the Ground, doth presently there condense into little
+Stones, of such Figures as the Drops, falling either severally,
+or upon one another, and coagulating presently into Stones,
+chance to exhibit</i>. Vid. Scept. Chym. pag. 360.</p>
+
+<p>Such like Caves as these I have my self met with in <i>England</i>;
+particularly on the very Top of <i>Bredon-Hill</i> in <i>Worcestershire</i>,
+near the <i>Precipice</i>, facing <i>Pershore</i>, in or near the
+old Fortress, called <i>Bembsbury-Camp</i>; I saw some Years ago
+such a Cave, which (if I mis-remember not) was lined with
+those <i>Stalactical Stones</i> on the Top and Sides. On the Top
+they hung like Icicles great and small, and many lay on the
+Ground. They seemed manifestly to be made by an Exsudation,
+or Exstillation of some petrifying Juices out of the
+rocky Earth there. On the Spot, I thought it might be from
+the Rains soaking through, and carrying with it Impregnations
+from the Stone, the Hill being there all rocky. Hard by
+the Cave is one or more vast Stones, which (if I mistake not)
+are incrustated with this Sparry, Stalactical Substance, if
+not wholly made of it. But it is so many Years ago since I
+was at the Place, and not being able to find my Notes about
+it, I cannot say whether the whole Stone is (in all Probability)
+Spar, (as I think it is,) or whether I found it only cased
+over with it, notwithstanding I was very nice in examining it
+then, and have now some of the Fragments by me, consisting,
+among other shining Parts, of some transparent angular ones.</p>
+
+<p>The other Instance of Mr. <i>Boyl</i>, is from <i>Linschoten</i>, who
+saith, that in the <i>East-Indies</i>, when they have cleared the Diamond
+Mines of all the Diamonds, <i>In a few Years Time they
+find in the same Place new Diamonds produced.</i> Boyl. Ibid.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_89" href="#FNanchor_89" class="label">[d]</a> It is not only agreeable to Reason, but I am told by
+Persons conversant in digging of Wells throughout this County
+of <i>Essex</i>, where I live, that the surest Beds in which they
+find Water, are <i>Gravel</i>, and a coarse, dark coloured <i>Sand</i>;
+which Beds seldom fail to yield Plenty of sweet Water: But
+for <i>Clay</i>, they never find Water therein, if it be a strong, stiff
+<i>Clay</i>; but if it be lax and sandy, sometimes Springs are found
+in it; yet so weak, that they will scarcely serve the Uses of
+the smallest Family. And sometimes they meet with those
+Beds lying next, under a loose, black Mould, (which, by
+their Description, I judged to be a sort of oazy, or to have
+the Resemblance of an ancient, rushy Ground,) and in that
+Case the Water is always naught, and stinks. And lastly, Another
+sort of Bed they find in <i>Essex</i>, in the clayie-Lands,
+particularly that part called the <i>Rodings</i>, which yields Plenty of
+sweet Water, and that is a Bed of white Earth, as though
+made of Chalk and white Sand. This they find, after they
+have dug through forty, or more Feet of Clay; and it is so
+tender and moist, that it will not lie upon the Spade, but they
+are forced to throw it into their Bucket with their Hands, or
+with Bowls; but when it comes up into the Air, it soon becomes
+an hard white Stone.</p>
+
+<p>Thus much for the Variety of Beds wherein the Waters
+are found. That it is in these Beds only or chiefly the Springs
+run, is farther manifest from the forcible Eruption of the Waters
+sometimes out of those watery Beds. Of which see
+<a href="#Footnote_105"><i>Chap. 4. Note (k).</i></a> This Eruption shews, that the Waters
+come from some Eminence or other, lying at a Distance, and
+being closely pent up within the <i>watery Stratum</i>, by the clayie
+Strata, the Waters with force mount up, when the Strata
+above are opened.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_90" href="#FNanchor_90" class="label">[e]</a> <i>V.</i> Dr. <i>Woodward</i>’s Essay, Part 2. <i>Steno</i>’s Prodr. <i>&amp;c.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_91" href="#FNanchor_91" class="label">[f]</a> Id. ib. <i>pag. 28.</i> and <i>74.</i> But Dr. <i>Leigh</i> in his <i>Nat. History
+of Lancashire</i>, speaking of the Coal-pits, denies the Strata
+to lie according to the Laws of Gravitation, saying the Strata
+are a Bed of <i>Marle</i>, afterwards <i>Free-Stone</i>, next <i>Iron-Stone</i>,
+then <i>Coal</i>, or <i>Kennel-Mine</i>, then some other Strata, and again
+<i>Coal</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i></p>
+
+<p>But upon a stricter Enquiry into the Matter, finding I had
+reason to suspect that few, if any, actually had tried the Experiment,
+I was minded to bring the Thing to the Test of
+Experiment my self; and having an Opportunity, on <i>April
+11. 1712.</i> I caused divers Places to be bored, laying the several
+<i>Strata</i> by themselves; which afterwards I weighed with
+all Strictness, first in Air, then in Water, taking Care that no
+Air-bubbles, <i>&amp;c.</i> might obstruct the Accuracy of the Experiment.
+The Result was, that in my Yard, the Strata were
+gradually specifically heavier and heavier, the lower and lower
+they went; and the upper which was Clay, was considerably
+specifically lighter than the lower <i>Stratum</i>; which was
+first a loose Sand, then a Gravel. In which <i>Stratum</i> principally
+the Springs run that supply my Well.</p>
+
+<p>But in my Fields, where three Places were bored (to no
+great Depth) I found below the upper (superficial <i>Stratum</i>) a
+deep Bed of Sand only, which was of different Colours and
+Consistence, which I weighed as before, together with the
+Virgin-Mould; but they were all of the same, or nearly the
+same specifick Gravity, both out of the same Hole, and out
+of different Holes, although the Sand was at last so gravelly,
+that it hinder’d our boring any deeper.</p>
+
+<p>Upon this, fearing lest some Error might be in the former
+Experiments, I try’d them over again; and that with the
+same Success.</p>
+
+<p>After this, I made some Experiments in some deep Chalk-Pits,
+with the Flints, Chalk, <i>&amp;c.</i> above and below; but the
+Success was not so uniform as before.</p>
+
+<p>Acquainting our justly renowned <i>R. S.</i> with these Experiments,
+they ordered their Operator to experiment the <i>Strata</i>
+of a Coal-Pit; the Success whereof may be seen in <i>Philos.
+Trans. Nr. 336</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_III_CHAP_III">CHAP. III.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the Subterraneous Caverns, and the
+Vulcano’s.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>I shall take notice of the subterraneous Caverns,
+Grotto’s and Vulcano’s, because they are made
+an Objection<a id="FNanchor_92" href="#Footnote_92" class="fnanchor">[a]</a> against the present Contrivance and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68"></a>[68]</span>
+Structure of the Globe. But, if well considered,
+they will be found to be wise Contrivances of the
+Creator, serving to great Uses of the Globe, and
+Ends of God’s Government. Besides many secret,
+grand Functions and Operations of Nature in the
+Bowels of the Earth, that in all Probability these
+Things may minister unto, they are of great Use to
+the Countries where they are<a id="FNanchor_93" href="#Footnote_93" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>. To instance in
+the very worst of the Things named, <i>viz.</i> the
+<i>Vulcano’s</i> and ignivomous Mountains; although
+they are some of the most terrible Shocks of the
+Globe, and dreadful Scourges of the sinful Inhabitants
+thereof, and may serve them as Emblems, and
+Presages of Hell it self; yet even these have their
+great Uses too, being as Spiracles or Tunnels<a id="FNanchor_94" href="#Footnote_94" class="fnanchor">[c]</a> to
+the Countries where they are, to vent the Fire and
+Vapours that would make dismal Havock, and oftentimes
+actually do so, by dreadful Succussions and
+Convulsions of the Earth. Nay, if the Hypothesis
+of a central Fire and Waters be true, these Outlets<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69"></a>[69]</span>
+seem to be of greatest Use to the Peace and
+Quiet of the terraqueous Globe, in venting the
+subterraneous Heat and Vapours; which, if pent
+up, would make dreadful and dangerous Commotions
+of the Earth and Waters.</p>
+
+<p>It may be then accounted as a special Favour of
+the divine Providence, as is observed by the Author
+before praised<a id="FNanchor_95" href="#Footnote_95" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>, “That there are scarcely any
+Countries, that are much annoyed with Earthquakes,
+that have not one of these fiery Vents.
+And these, (saith he) are constantly all in Flames
+whenever any Earthquake happens, they disgorging
+that Fire, which whilst underneath, was the
+Cause of the Disaster. Indeed, (saith he,) were
+it not for these <i>Diverticula</i>, whereby it thus gaineth
+an <i>Exit</i>, ’twould rage in the Bowels of the
+Earth much more furiously, and make greater
+Havock than now it doth. So, that though
+those Countries, where there are such <i>Vulcano</i>’s,
+are usually more or less troubled with Earthquakes;
+yet, were these <i>Vulcano</i>’s wanting, they
+would be much more annoyed with them than
+now they are; yea, in all Probability to that Degree,
+as to render the Earth, for a vast Space
+around them, perfectly uninhabitable. In one
+word, (saith he) so beneficial are these to the
+Territories where they are, that there do not
+want Instances of some which have been rescued,
+and wholly delivered from Earthquakes by the
+breaking forth of a new <i>Vulcano</i> there; this continually
+discharging that Matter, which being till
+then barricaded up, and imprisoned in the Bowels
+of the Earth, was the occasion of very great and
+frequent Calamities”. Thus far that ingenious
+Author.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_92" href="#FNanchor_92" class="label">[a]</a> <i>Nemo dixerit terram pulchriorem esse quòd cavernosa sit,
+quòd dehiscat in multis locis, quòd disrupta caveis &amp; spatiis inanibus;
+iisque nullo ordine dispositis, nullâ formâ: nec quæ aliud
+contineant quàm tenebras &amp; sordes; unde graves &amp; pestifera
+exhalationes, terræ motus, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Burnet ubi supr. c. 7.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_93" href="#FNanchor_93" class="label">[b]</a> The <i>Zirchnitzer</i> Sea in <i>Carniola</i>, is of great Use to the
+Inhabitants of that Country, by affording them Fish, Fowls,
+Fodder, Seeds, Deer, Swine, and other Beasts, Carriage for
+their Goods, <i>&amp;c.</i> <i>Vid.</i> <i>Phil. Trans. Nr. 191</i>, &amp;c. or <i>Lowth.
+Abridg. Vol. 2. p. 306</i>, &amp;c. where you have put together in
+one View, what is dispersed in divers of the <i>Transactions</i>.
+This Sea or Lake proceeds from some subterraneous Grotto,
+or Lake, as is made highly probable by Mr. <i>Valvasor</i>, <i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p>The <i>Grotto Podpetschio</i> may be another Instance, that the
+very subterraneous Lakes may be of Use, even to the Inhabitants
+of the Surface above: Of which see <i>Lowth. ubi supr.
+pag. 317.</i> <i>Sturmius</i> also may be consulted herein his <i>Philos. Eclect.
+Exercit. 11. de Terræ mot.</i> particularly in <i>Chap. 3.</i> some
+of the most eminent Specus’s are enumerated, and some of
+their Uses.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_94" href="#FNanchor_94" class="label">[c]</a> <i>Crebri specus <span class="antiqua">[remedium]</span> præbent. Præconceptum enim
+spiritum exhalant: quod in certis notatur oppidis, quæ minùs quatiuntur,
+crebris ad eluviem cuniculis cavata.</i> Plin. Hist. Nat.
+lib. 2. cap. 82.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_95" href="#FNanchor_95" class="label">[d]</a> <i>Woodward</i>’s Essay, <i>Part 3. Consect. 13.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70"></a>[70]</span></p>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_III_CHAP_IV">CHAP. IV.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the Mountains and Valleys.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The last Thing I shall take notice of relating to
+the Earth, shall be the <i>Hills</i> and <i>Valleys</i>. These
+the eloquent <i>Theorist</i> owns to “contain somewhat
+august and stately in the beholding of them, that
+inspireth the Mind with great Thoughts and Passions,
+that we naturally on such Occasions think
+of God and his Greatness”. But then, at the
+same Time he saith, “The Hills are the greatest
+Examples of Ruin and Confusion; that they have
+neither Form nor Beauty, nor Shape, nor Order,
+any more than the Clouds in the Air; that they
+consist not of any proportion of Parts, referable
+to any Design, nor have the least Footsteps of
+Art or Counsel”. Consequently one grand Part
+of this lower Creation, even the whole present Face
+of our terraqueous Globe, according to this ingenious
+Author, is a Work of mere Chance, a Structure
+in which the Creator did not concern himself.</p>
+
+<p>Part of this Charge I have already briefly answered,
+and my Survey now leads me to shew, that the
+Mountains are so far from being a Blunder of Chance,
+a Work without Design, that they are a noble,
+useful, yea, a necessary part of our Globe<a id="FNanchor_96" href="#Footnote_96" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71"></a>[71]</span></p>
+
+<p>And in the first Place, as to the Business of Ornament,
+Beauty, and Pleasure, I may appeal to all
+Men’s Senses, whether the grateful Variety of Hills
+and Dales, be not more pleasing than the largest
+continued Planes. Let those who make it their Business
+to visit the Globe, to divert their Sight with
+the various Prospects of the Earth; let these, I say,
+judge whether the far distant Parts of the Earth
+would be so well worth visiting, if the Earth was
+every where of an even, level, globous Surface, or
+one large Plane of many 1000 Miles; and not rather,
+as now it is, whether it be not far more pleasing
+to the Eye, to view from the Tops of the
+Mountains the subjacent Vales and Streams, and
+the far distant Hills; and again from the Vales to
+behold the surrounding Mountains. The elegant
+Strains and lofty Flights, both of the ancient and
+modern Poets on these Occasions, are Testimonies
+of the Sense of Mankind on this Configuration of
+the Earth.</p>
+
+<p>But be the Case as it will as to Beauty, which is
+the least valuable Consideration, we shall find as to
+Convenience, this Configuration of the Earth far
+the most commodious on several Accounts.</p>
+
+<p>1. As it is the most salubrious, of great use to
+the Preservation or Restoration of the Health of
+Man. Some Constitutions are indeed of so happy
+a Strength, and so confirmed in Health, as to be<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72"></a>[72]</span>
+indifferent to almost any Place or Temperature of
+the Air: But then others are so weakly and feeble,
+as not to be able to bear one, but can live comfortably
+in another Place. With some, the finer and
+more subtile Air of the Hills doth best agree, who
+are languishing and dying in the feculent and
+grosser Air of great Towns, or even the warmer,
+and vaporous Air of the Valleys and Waters: But
+contrarywise, others languish on the Hills, and grow
+lusty and strong in the warmer Air of the Valleys.</p>
+
+<p>So that this Opportunity of shifting our Abode
+from the warmer and more vaporous Air of the Valleys,
+to the colder and mote subtile Air of the Hills,
+or from the Hills to the Vales, is an admirable Easement,
+Refreshment, and great Benefit to the valetudinarian,
+feeble part of Mankind, affording those
+an easy and comfortable Life, who would otherwise
+live miserably, languish and pine away.</p>
+
+<p>2. To this salutary Conformation of the Earth,
+we may add another great Convenience of the Hills,
+and that is, in affording commodious Places for Habitation;
+serving (as an eminent Author<a id="FNanchor_97" href="#Footnote_97" class="fnanchor">[b]</a> wordeth
+it) “as Skreens to keep off the cold and nipping
+Blasts of the northern and easterly Winds,
+and reflecting the benign and cherishing Sun-Beams,
+and so rendering our Habitations both
+more comfortable and more chearly in Winter;
+and promoting the Growth of Herbs and Fruit-Trees,
+and the Maturation of the Fruits in Summer.”</p>
+
+<p>3. Another Benefit of the Hills is, that they serve
+for the Production of great Varieties of Herbs and
+Trees<a id="FNanchor_98" href="#Footnote_98" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>. And as there was not a better Judge of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73"></a>[73]</span>
+those Matters, so I cannot give a better Account of
+this Convenience, than in the Words of the last
+cited famous Author, the late most eminent and
+learned Mr. <i>Ray</i><a id="FNanchor_99" href="#Footnote_99" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>, (who hath so fully discussed
+this Subject I am upon, that it is scarce possible to
+tread out of his Steps therein). His Observation is,
+“That the Mountains do especially abound with
+different Species of Vegetables, because of the
+great Diversity of Soils that are found there, every
+<i>Vertex</i> or Eminence almost, affording new
+Kinds. Now these Plants, (saith he,) serve partly
+for the Food and Sustenance of such Animals
+as are proper to the Mountains, partly for medicinal
+Uses; the chief Physick, Herbs and Roots,
+and the best in their Kinds growing there: It being
+remarkable, that the greatest and most luxuriant
+Species in most Genera of Plants are native
+of the Mountains.”</p>
+
+<p>4. Another Convenience which my last named
+learned Friend observes<a id="FNanchor_100" href="#Footnote_100" class="fnanchor">[e]</a> is, “That the Mountains
+serve for the Harbour, Entertainment, and
+Maintenance of various Animals; Birds, Beasts
+and Insects, that breed, feed and frequent there.
+For, (saith he) the highest Tops and Pikes of
+the <i>Alps</i> themselves are not destitute of their Inhabitants,
+the <i>Ibex</i> or <i>Stein-buck</i>, the <i>Rupicapra</i>
+or <i>Chamois</i>, among Quadrupeds; the <i>Lagopus</i> among
+Birds. And I my self (saith he) have observed
+beautiful <i>Papilio</i>’s, and Store of other Insects
+upon the Tops of some of the <i>Alpine</i> Mountains.
+Nay, the highest Ridges of many of these<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74"></a>[74]</span>
+Mountains, serve for the Maintenance of Cattle,
+for the Service of the Inhabitants of the
+Valleys.”</p>
+
+<p>5. Another Thing he observes is, “That those
+long Ridges and Chains of lofty and topping
+Mountains, which run through whole Continents
+East and West<a id="FNanchor_101" href="#Footnote_101" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>, serve to stop the Evagation of
+the Vapours to the North and South in hot Countries,
+condensing them like Alembick Heads into
+Water and so (according to his Opinion) by a
+kind of external Distillation giving original to
+Springs and Rivers; and likewise by amassing,
+cooling and constipating of them, turn them into
+Rain, by those Means rendring the fervid Regions
+of the torrid Zone habitable.”</p>
+
+<p>To these might be added some other Uses and
+Conveniences<a id="FNanchor_102" href="#Footnote_102" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>; as that the Hills serve to the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75"></a>[75]</span>
+Generation of Minerals and Metals<a id="FNanchor_103" href="#Footnote_103" class="fnanchor">[h]</a>, and that in
+them principally are the most useful Fossiles found;
+or if not found and generated only in them, yet at
+least all these subterraneous Treasures are most easily
+come at in them: Also their Use to several Nations
+of the Earth, in being Boundaries and Bullwarks
+to them. But there is only one Use more
+that I shall insist on, and that is,</p>
+
+<p>6. And lastly, That it is to the Hills that the
+Fountains owe their Rise, and the Rivers their Conveyance.
+As it is not proper, so neither shall I here
+enter into any Dispute about the Origine of Springs,
+commonly assigned by curious and learned Philosophers.
+But whether their Origine be from condensed
+Vapours, as some think<a id="FNanchor_104" href="#Footnote_104" class="fnanchor">[i]</a>; or from Rains falling,
+as others; or whether they are derived from
+the Sea by way of Attraction, Percolation, or Distillation;
+or whether all these Causes concur, or only
+some, still the Hills are the grand Agent in this
+prodigious Benefit to all the Earth: Those vast Masses
+and Ridges of Earth serving as so many huge <i>Alembicks</i>
+or <i>Cola</i> in this noble Work of Nature.</p>
+
+<p>But be the <i>Modus</i>, or the Method Nature takes in
+this great Work as it will, it is sufficient to my Purpose,
+that the Hills are a grand Agent in this so noble
+and necessary a Work: And consequently, that
+those vast Masses and lofty Piles are not as they are
+charged, such rude and useless Excrescences of our
+ill-formed Globe; but the admirable Tools of Nature,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76"></a>[76]</span>
+contrived and ordered by the infinite Creator,
+to do one of its most useful Works, and to dispense
+this great Blessing to all Parts of the Earth; without
+which neither Animals could live, nor Vegetables
+scarcely grow, nor perhaps Minerals, Metals, or
+Fossiles receive any Increase. For was the Surface
+of the Earth even and level, and the middle Parts
+of its Islands and Continents, not mountainous and
+high, (as now it is) it is most certain there could be
+no Descent for the Rivers, no Conveyance for the
+Waters; but instead of gliding along those gentle
+Declivities which the higher Lands now afford them
+quite down to the Sea, they would stagnate, and perhaps
+stink, and also drown large Tracts of Land.</p>
+
+<p>But indeed, without Hills, as there could be no
+Rivers, so neither could there be any Fountains, or
+Springs about the Earth; because, if we could suppose
+a Land could be well watered (which I think
+not possible) without the higher Lands, the Waters
+could find no Descent, no Passage through any commodious
+Out-lets, by Virtue of their own Gravity;
+and therefore could not break out into those commodious
+Passages and Currents, which we every
+where almost find in, or near the Hills, and seldom,
+or never in large and spacious Planes; and
+when we do find them in them, it is generally
+at great and inconvenient Depths of the Earth;
+nay, those very subterraneous Waters, that are any
+where met with by digging in these Planes, are in
+all Probability owing to the Hills, either near or
+far distant: As among other Instances may be
+made out, from the forcible Eruption of the subterraneous
+Waters in digging Wells, in the <i>lower
+Austria</i>, and the Territories of <i>Modena</i>, and <i>Bologna</i>
+in <i>Italy</i>, mentioned by my fore-named learned
+Friend Mr. <i>Ray</i><a id="FNanchor_105" href="#Footnote_105" class="fnanchor">[k]</a>. Or if there be any such Place<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77"></a>[77]</span>
+found throughout the Earth, that is devoid of
+Mountains, and yet well watered, as perhaps some
+small Islands may; yet in this very Case, that whole
+Mass of Land is no other than as one Mountain
+descending, (though unperceivedly) gently down
+from the Mid-land Parts to the Sea, as most other
+Lands do; as is manifest from the Descent of their
+Rivers, the Principal of which in most Countries
+have generally their Rise in the more lofty Mid-land
+Parts.</p>
+
+<p>And now considering what hath been said concerning
+this last Use of the Hills, there are two or
+three Acts of the divine Providence observable
+therein. One is, that all Countries throughout the
+whole World, should enjoy this great Benefit of
+Mountains, placed here and there, at due and proper
+Distances, to afford these several Nations this
+excellent and most necessary Element the Waters.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78"></a>[78]</span>
+For according to Nature’s Tendency, when the
+Earth and Waters were separated, and order’d to their
+several Places, the Earth must have been of an even
+Surface, or nearly so. The several component Parts
+of the Earth, must have subsided according to their
+several specifick Gravities, and at last have ended in
+a large, even, spherical Surface, every where equi-distant
+from the Center of the Globe. But that
+instead of this Form, so incommodious for the
+Conveyance of the Waters, it should be jetted out
+every where into Hills and Dales, so necessary for
+that purpose, is a manifest Sign of an especial Providence
+of the wise Creator.</p>
+
+<p>So another plain Sign of the same especial Providence
+of God, in this Matter, is, that generally
+throughout the whole World, the Earth is so dispos’d,
+so order’d, so well laid; I may say, that the
+Mid-land Parts, or Parts farther from the Sea, are
+commonly the highest: Which is manifest, I have
+said, from the Descent of the Rivers. Now this is
+an admirable Provision the wise Creator hath made
+for the commodious Passages of the Rivers, and for
+draining the several Countries, and carrying off the
+superfluous Waters from the whole Earth, which
+would be as great an Annoyance, as now they are
+a Convenience.</p>
+
+<p>Another providential Benefit of the Hills supplying
+the Earth with Water, is, that they are not
+only instrumental thereby, to the Fertility of the
+Valleys, but to their own also<a id="FNanchor_106" href="#Footnote_106" class="fnanchor">[l]</a>; to the Verdure
+of the Vegetables without, and to the Increment
+and Vigour of the Treasures within them.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79"></a>[79]</span></p>
+
+<p>Thus having vindicated the present Form and
+Fabrick of the Earth, as distributed into Mountains
+and Valleys, and thereby shewn in some Measure
+the Use thereof, particularly of the Mountains,
+which are chiefly found fault with: I have, I hope,
+made it in some Measure evident, that God was no
+idle Spectator<a id="FNanchor_107" href="#Footnote_107" class="fnanchor">[m]</a>, nor unconcerned in the ordering
+of the terraqueous Globe, as the former bold
+Charges against it do infer; that he did not suffer
+so grand a Work, as the Earth, to go unfinish’d
+out of his almighty Hand; or leave it to be ordered
+by Chance, by natural Gravity, by casual Earthquakes,
+<i>&amp;c.</i> but that the noble Strokes, and plain
+Remains of Wisdom and Power therein, do manifest
+it to be his Work. That particularly the Hills
+and Vales, though to a peevish weary Traveller,
+they may seem incommodious and troublesome; yet
+are a noble Work of the great Creator, and wisely
+appointed by him for the Good of our sublunary
+World.</p>
+
+<p>And so for all the other Parts of our terraqueous
+Globe, that are presumed to be found fault with by
+some, as if carelessly order’d, and made without any
+Design or End; particularly the Distribution of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80"></a>[80]</span>
+dry Land and Waters; the laying the several Strata,
+or Beds of Earth, Stone, and other Layers before
+spoken of; the Creation of noxious Animals,
+and poisonous Substances, the boisterous Winds;
+the Vulcano’s, and many other Things which some
+are angry with, and will pretend to amend: I have
+before shewn, that an infinitely wise Providence,
+an almighty Hand was concerned even in them;
+that they all have their admirable Ends and Uses,
+and are highly instrumental and beneficial to the
+Being, or Well-being of this our Globe, or to the
+Creatures residing thereon.</p>
+
+<p>So also for humane Bodies, it hath been an ancient<a id="FNanchor_108" href="#Footnote_108" class="fnanchor">[n]</a>,
+as well as modern Complaint, that our Bodies
+are not as big as those of other Animals; that
+we cannot run as swift as Deer, fly like Birds, and
+that we are out-done by many Creatures in the Accuracy
+of the Senses, with more to the same Purpose.
+But these Objections are well answered by
+<i>Seneca</i><a id="FNanchor_109" href="#Footnote_109" class="fnanchor">[o]</a>, and will receive a fuller Solution from
+what I shall observe of animal Bodies hereafter.</p>
+
+<p>But indeed, after all, it is only for want of our
+knowing these Things better, that we do not<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81"></a>[81]</span>
+admire<a id="FNanchor_110" href="#Footnote_110" class="fnanchor">[p]</a> them enough; it is our own Ignorance,
+Dulness or Prejudice, that makes us charge those
+noble Works of the Almighty, as Defects or Blunders,
+as ill-contriv’d, or ill-made.</p>
+
+<p>It is therefore fitter for such finite, weak, ignorant
+Beings as we, to be humble and meek, and
+conscious of our Ignorance, and jealous of our own
+Judgment, when it thus confronteth infinite Wisdom.
+Let us remember how few Things we know,
+how many we err about, and how many we are
+ignorant of: And those, many of them, the most
+familiar, obvious Things: Things that we see and
+handle at Pleasure; yea, our own very Bodies, and
+that very Part of us whereby we understand at all,
+our Soul. And should we therefore pretend to censure
+what God doth! Should we pretend to amend
+his Work! Or to advise infinite Wisdom! Or to
+know the Ends and Purposes of his infinite Will, as
+if we were of his Council! No, let us bear in Mind,
+that there Objections are the Products, not of Reason,
+but of Peevishness. They have been incommoded
+by Storms and Tempests; they have been
+terrify’d with the burning Mountains, and Earthquakes;
+they have been annoy’d by the noxious Animals,
+and fatigu’d by the Hills; and therefore are
+angry, and will pretend to amend these Works of
+the Almighty. But in the Words of St. <i>Paul</i><a id="FNanchor_111" href="#Footnote_111" class="fnanchor">[q]</a>,
+we may say, <i>Nay, but O Man, who art thou that<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82"></a>[82]</span>
+repliest against God? Shall the Thing formed say to
+him that formed it, Why hast thou made me thus?
+Hath not the Potter power over the Clay, of the same
+Lump to make one Vessel to honour, and another to
+dishonour?</i> If the Almighty Lord of the World, had
+for his own Pleasure, made this our World more inconvenient
+for Man, it would better become us to
+sit still, and be quiet; to lament our own great Infirmities
+and Failings, which deserve a worse Place,
+a more incommodious Habitation, than we meet with
+in this elegant, this well contriv’d, well formed
+World; in which we find every Thing necessary
+for the Sustentation, Use and Pleasure, both of
+Man, and every other Creature here below; as well
+as some Whips, some Rods to scourge us for our
+Sins<a id="FNanchor_112" href="#Footnote_112" class="fnanchor">[r]</a>. But yet so admirably well temper’d is our
+State, such an Accord, such an Harmony is there
+throughout the Creation, that if we will but pursue
+the Ways of Piety and Virtue, which God hath
+appointed; if we will form our Lives according to
+the Creator’s Laws, we may escape the Evils of
+this our frail State, and find sufficient Means to
+make us happy while we are in the Body. The
+natural Force and Tendency of our Virtue, will<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83"></a>[83]</span>
+prevent many of the Harms<a id="FNanchor_113" href="#Footnote_113" class="fnanchor">[s]</a>, and the watchful
+Providence of our Almighty Benefactor, will be a
+Guard against others; and then nothing is wanting
+to make us happy, as long as we are in this World,
+there being abundantly enough to entertain the
+Minds of the most contemplative; Glories enough
+to please the Eye of the most curious and inquisitive;
+Harmonies and Conforts of Nature’s own,
+as well as Man’s making, sufficient to delight the
+Ear of the most harmonious and musical; All
+Sorts of pleasant Gusto’s to gratify the Taste and
+Appetite, even of the most luxurious; And fragrant
+Odours to please the nicest and tenderest
+Smell: And in a Word, enough to make us love
+and delight in this World, rather too much, than
+too little, considering how nearly we are ally’d to
+another World, as well as this.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp87" style="max-width: 21.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/footer03.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_96" href="#FNanchor_96" class="label">[a]</a> <i>Though there are some that think Mountains to be a Deformity
+to the Earth, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> yet if well considered, they will be
+found as much to conduce to the Beauty and Conveniency of the
+Universe, as any of the other Parts. Nature</i> (saith <i>Pliny</i>) <i>purposely
+framed them for many excellent Uses; partly to tame the
+Violence of greater Rivers, to strengthen certain Joints within
+the Veins and Bowels of the Earth, so break the Force of the
+Sea’s Inundation, and for the Safety of the Earth’s Inhabitants,
+whether Beasts or Men. That they make much for the Protection
+of Beasts, the Psalmist testifies, <span class="antiqua">The highest Hills are a
+Refuge for the wild Goats, and the Rocks for Conies.</span> The
+Kingly Prophet had likewise learnt the Safety of those by his
+own Experience, when he also was fain to make a Mountain his
+Refuge from the Fury of his Master <span class="antiqua">Saul</span>, who prosecuted him in
+the Wilderness. True indeed, such Places as these keep their
+Neighbours poor, as being most barren, but yet they preserve
+them safe, at being most strong; witness our unconquered
+<span class="antiqua">Wales</span> and <span class="antiqua">Scotland</span>.——Wherefore a good Author doth rightly
+call them <span class="antiqua">Natures Bulwarks</span>, cast up at God Almighty’s Charges,
+the Scorns and Curbs of victorious Armies; which made the
+<span class="antiqua">Barbarians</span> in <span class="antiqua">Curtius</span> so confident of their own Safety, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Bishop
+<i>Wilkin</i>’s World in the Moon, <i>pag. 114.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_97" href="#FNanchor_97" class="label">[b]</a> <i><span class="antiqua">Ray</span>’s Wisdom of God, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> pag. 251. Dissolution of the
+World, pag. 35.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_98" href="#FNanchor_98" class="label">[c]</a> <i>Theophrastus</i> having reckoned up the Trees that delight
+most in the Hills, and others in the Valleys, observeth, Ἅπαντα
+δὲ ὅσα κοινὰ τῶν ὀρῶν καὶ τῶν πεδίων, μείζω μὲν καὶ καλλίω τῄ ὅψες
+τὰ ἐν τοῖς πεδιοις γινε ται. κρείττω δὲ χρήσες τῶν ξύλων καὶ τῶν καρπῶν,
+τὰ ὀρεινά. <i>Theoph. Hist. Pl. l. 3. c. 4.</i> Ἅπαντα δὲ ἐν τοῖς
+ὀικείοις τόποις καλλίω γίνεται, καὶ μᾶλλον ἐυσθενεῖ·——Τὰ μὲν γαρ φιλει
+τοὺς ἐφίδρους καὶ ἑλώδεις.——Τὰ δὲ, τοὺς ἐυτκεπεῖς καὶ ἐυηλιους. <i>Ib.
+l. 4. c. 1.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_99" href="#FNanchor_99" class="label">[d]</a> <i>Wisdom of God</i>, p. 252.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_100" href="#FNanchor_100" class="label">[e]</a> <i>Ubi supra.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_101" href="#FNanchor_101" class="label">[f]</a> Many have taken Notice, that some of the greatest Eminences
+of the World run generally East and West, of which
+take the late ingenious and learned Dr. <i>Nichols</i>’s Account,
+[<i>Confer. with a Theist</i>, Part 2. pag. 191.] <i>To go no farther
+than our own Country, all our great Ridges of Hills in <span class="antiqua">England</span>
+run East and West; so do the <span class="antiqua">Alps</span> in <span class="antiqua">Italy</span>, and in some
+Measure the <span class="antiqua">Pyrenees</span>; so do the Mountains of the Moon in <span class="antiqua">Africk</span>,
+and so do Mount <span class="antiqua">Taurus</span> and <span class="antiqua">Caucasus</span>.</i> This he saith
+<i>is a wise Contrivance to prevent the Vapours, which would all
+run Northwards, and leave no Rains in the <span class="antiqua">Mediterranean</span>
+Countries.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_102" href="#FNanchor_102" class="label">[g]</a> That the Generation of many of the Clouds is owing
+to the Hills, appears from the Observations of the ingenious
+and learned Dr. <i>Joh. Jam. Scheuchzer</i> of <i>Zurich</i>, and Mr.
+<i>Joach. Frid. Creitlovius</i> cited by him. They observed at Sun-rising,
+divers Clouds detached by the Heat of the Sun, from
+some of the Tops of the <i>Alps</i>, &amp;c. upon all which their Observations,
+the Conclusion is, <i>Mirati summam Creatoris sapientiam,
+qui &amp; id quod paulò antè nulli nobis usui esse videbatur,
+maximis rebus destinaverat, adeóque ex illo tempore dubitare cœpi,
+num Nubes essent futura, si istiusmodi Montes &amp; Petræ non
+darentur. Hypothesi hâc stante, elucesceret permagna utilitas,
+imò necessitas, quam <span class="antiqua">Helviticæ Alpes</span> non nobis tantùm accolis
+sed &amp; vicinis aliis regionibus præstant, dispensando, quas gignunt
+Nubes, Ventos, Aquas</i>. Scheuch. Iter. Alpin. 2. p. 20.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_103" href="#FNanchor_103" class="label">[h]</a> Let us take here <i>Ol. Mag.</i> Observation of his Northern
+Mountains, <i>Montes excelsi sunt, sed pro majori parte steriles, &amp;
+aridi; in quibus ferè nil aliud pro incolarum commoditate &amp;
+conservatione gignitur, quàm inexhausta pretiosorum Metallorum
+ubertas, quâ satìs opulenti, fertilesque sunt in omnibus vitæ necessariis,
+forsitan &amp; superfluis aliunde si libet conquirendis, unanimique
+robore, ac viribus, ubi vis contra hæc naturæ dona intentata
+fuerit, defendendis. Acre enim genus hominum est, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i>
+<i>Ol. Mag.</i> Hist. L. 6. Præf. See also Sir <i>Robert Sibbald</i>’s Prodr.
+Nat. Hist. Scot. p. 47.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_104" href="#FNanchor_104" class="label">[i]</a> See <a href="#Footnote_30"><i>Book I. Chap. 3. Note (b).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_105" href="#FNanchor_105" class="label">[k]</a> <i>Monsieur <span class="antiqua">Blundel</span>, related to the <span class="antiqua">Parisian</span> Academy, what
+Device the Inhabitants the lower <span class="antiqua">Austria</span>, (which is encompassed
+with the Mountains of <span class="antiqua">Stiria</span>) are wont to use to fill their
+Wells with Water. They dig in the Earth to the Depth of 25
+and 20 Feet, till they come to an Argilla <span class="antiqua">[clammy Earth]</span>——which
+they bore through so deep, till the Waters break forcibly
+out; which Water it is probable comes from the neighbouring
+Mountains in subterraneous Chanels. And <span class="antiqua">Cassinus</span> observed,
+that in many Places of the Territory of <span class="antiqua">Modena</span> and <span class="antiqua">Bologna</span> in
+<span class="antiqua">Italy</span>, they make themselves Wells by the like Artifice, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> By
+this Means the same <span class="antiqua">Seig. Cassini</span> made a Fountain at the Castle
+of <span class="antiqua">Urbin</span>, that cast up the Water five Foot high above the level
+of the Ground.</i> <i><span class="antiqua">Ray</span>’s</i> Disc. 1. pag. 40. <i>ubi plura</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Upon Enquiry of some skilful Workmen, whose Business it
+is to dig Wells, <i>&amp;c.</i> whether they had ever met with the like
+Case, as these in this Note, they told me they had met with
+it in <i>Essex</i>, where after they had dug to 50 Foot Depth, the
+Man in the Well observed the clayie Bottom to swell and begin
+to send out Water, and stamping with his Foot to stop the
+Water, he made way for so suddain and forcible a Flux of
+Water, that before he could get into his Bucket, he was above
+his Waste in Water; which soon ascended to 17 Feet
+height, and there stayed: And although they often with great
+Labour endeavoured to empty the Well, in order to finish
+their Work, yet they could never do it, but were forced to
+leave it as it was.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_106" href="#FNanchor_106" class="label">[l]</a> As the Hills being higher, are naturally disposed to be
+drier than the Valleys; so kind Nature hath provided the
+greater Supplies of Moisture for them, such at least of them
+as do not ascend above the Clouds and Vapours. For, besides
+the Fountains continually watering them, they have
+more Dews and Rains commonly than the Valleys. They
+are more frequently covered with Fogs; and by retarding,
+stopping, or compressing the Clouds, or by their greater Colds
+condensing them, they have larger Quantities of Rain fall
+upon them. As I have found by actual Experience, in comparing
+my Observations with those of my late very curious
+and ingenious Correspondent, <i>Richard Townley</i>, Esq; of <i>Lancashire</i>,
+and some others, to be met with before, <a href="#Footnote_86"><i>Chap. 2. Note
+(a).</i></a> From which it appears, that above double the Quantity
+of Rain falleth in <i>Lancashire</i>, than doth at <i>Upminster</i>. The
+Reason of which is, because <i>Lancashire</i> hath more, and much
+higher Hills than Essex hath. See <a href="#Footnote_67"><i>Book II. Chap. 5. Note (e).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_107" href="#FNanchor_107" class="label">[m]</a> <i>Accusandi sanè meâ sententiâ hìc sunt Sophistæ, qui cùm
+nondum invenire, neque exponere opera Naturæ queant, eam tamen
+inertiâ atque inscitiâ condemnant, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Galen. de Us.
+Part 1. l. 10. c. 9.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_108" href="#FNanchor_108" class="label">[n]</a> <i>Vide quàm iniqui sint divinorum munerum astimatores, etiam
+quidam professi sapientiam. Queruntur quòd non magnitudine
+corporis æquemus Elephantes, velocitate Cervos, levitate Aves,
+impetu Tauros; quòd solidior sit cutis Belluis, decentior
+Damis, densior Ursis, mollior Fibris; quòd sagacitate nos narium
+Canes vincant, quòd acie luminum Aquilæ, spatio ætatis Corvi,
+multa Animalia nandi facilitate. Et cùm quædam nè coire
+quidem in idem Natura patiatur, ut velocitatem corporis &amp; vires
+pares animalibus habeamus; ex diversis &amp; dissidentibus bonis
+Hominem non esse compositum, injuriam vocant; &amp; in negligentes
+nostri Deos querimoniam jaciunt, quòd non bona valetudo, &amp; vitiis
+inexpugnabilis data sit, quòd non futuri scientia. Vix sibi
+temperant quin eousque impudentiæ provehantur, ut Naturam oderint,
+quòd infra Deos sumus, quòd non in æquo illis stetimus.</i> Seneca
+de Benef. l. 2. c. 29.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_109" href="#FNanchor_109" class="label">[o]</a> <i>Quanto satiùs est ad contemplationem tot tantorumque beneficiorum
+reverti, &amp; agere gratias, quòd nos in hoc pulcherrimo
+domicilio voluerunt <span class="antiqua">(Dii)</span> secundos fortiri, quòd terrenis
+præfecerunt.</i> Then having reckoned up many of the Privileges
+and Benefits, which the Gods, he saith, have conferred upon
+us, he concludes, <i>Ita est: carissimos nos habuerunt Dii immortales,
+habentque. Et qui maximus tribui honos potuit, ab ipsis proximos
+collocaverunt. Magna accepimus, majora non cepimus.</i>
+Senec. Ibid.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_110" href="#FNanchor_110" class="label">[p]</a> <i>Naturam maximè admiraberis, si omnia ejus opera perlustraris.</i>
+Galen. de Us. Part. I. 11. conclus.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_111" href="#FNanchor_111" class="label">[q]</a> Rom. ix. 20, 21.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_112" href="#FNanchor_112" class="label">[r]</a> <i>Neither are they <span class="antiqua">[noxious Creatures]</span> of less Use to amend
+our Minds, by teaching us Care and Diligence, and more
+Wit. And so much the more, the worse the Things are we see,
+and should avoid. <span class="antiqua">Weezels</span>, <span class="antiqua">Kites</span>, and other mischievous Animals,
+induce us to a Watchfulness: <span class="antiqua">Thistles</span> and <span class="antiqua">Moles</span> to
+good Husbandry; <span class="antiqua">Lice</span> oblige us to Cleanliness in our Bodies;
+<span class="antiqua">Spiders</span> in our Houses; and the <span class="antiqua">Moth</span> in our Clothes. The Deformity
+and Filthiness of <span class="antiqua">Swine</span>, make them the Beauty-Spot of
+the Animal Creation, and the Emblems of all Vice——The
+truth is, Things are hurtful to us only by Accident; that is,
+not of Necessity, but through our own Negligence or Mistake.
+Houses decay, Corn is blasted, and the Weevel breeds in Mault,
+soonest towards the South. Be it so, it is then our own Fault,
+if we use not the Means which Nature and Art have provided
+against these Inconveniencies</i>. Grew’s Cosmol. c. 2. §. 49, 50.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_113" href="#FNanchor_113" class="label">[s]</a></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Non est gemendus, nec gravi urgendus nece,</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Virtute quisquis abstulit fatis iter.</i></div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse right">Senec. Hercul. Oet. Act. 5. Car. 1833.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Nunquam Stygias fertur ad umbras</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Inclyta virtus.</i></div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse right">Id. Ibid. Car. 1982.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84"></a>[84]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/header06.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_IV">BOOK IV.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Of Animals in general.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<img class="dropcap" src="images/dropcap-i2.jpg" alt="">
+</div>
+
+<p class="dropcap">In the last <span class="smcap">Book</span>, having survey’d the
+Earth it self in Particular, I shall next
+take a View of the Inhabitants thereof;
+or the several Kinds of Creatures<a id="FNanchor_114" href="#Footnote_114" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>,
+that have their Habitation, Growth, or Subsistence
+thereon.</p>
+
+<p>These Creatures are either Sensitive, or Insensitive
+Creatures.</p>
+
+<p>In speaking of those endow’d with Sense, I shall
+consider:</p>
+
+<p>I. Some Things common to them all.</p>
+
+<p>II. Things peculiar to their Tribes.</p>
+
+<p>I. The Things in common, which I intend to
+take Notice of, are these Ten:</p>
+
+<p>1. The five <i>Senses</i>, and their Organs.</p>
+
+<p>2. The great Instrument of Vitality, <i>Respiration</i>.</p>
+
+<p>3. The <i>Motion</i>, or Loco-motive Faculty of Animals.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85"></a>[85]</span></p>
+
+<p>4. The <i>Place</i>, in which they live and act.</p>
+
+<p>5. The <i>Balance</i> of their Numbers.</p>
+
+<p>6. Their <i>Food</i>.</p>
+
+<p>7. Their <i>Cloathing</i>.</p>
+
+<p>8. Their <i>Houses</i>, <i>Nests</i> or <i>Habitations</i>.</p>
+
+<p>9. Their Methods of <i>Self-Preservation</i>.</p>
+
+<p>10. Their <i>Generation</i>, and <i>Conservation</i> of their
+Species by that Means.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_114" href="#FNanchor_114" class="label">[a]</a></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Principio cœlum, ac terras, camposque liquentes,</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Lucentemque globum Lunæ, Titaniaque astra</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Spiritus intùs alit, totamque infusa per artus</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Mens agitat molem, &amp; magno se corpore miscet.</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Inde hominem, pecudumque genus, vitæque volantum,</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Et quæ marmoreo fert monstra sub æquore pontus.</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Igneus est illis vigor, &amp; cœlestis origo</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Seminibus.</i></div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse right">Virgil. Æneid. L. 6. Carm. 724.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_IV_CHAP_I">CHAP. I.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the five Senses in general.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The first Thing to be consider’d, in common
+to all the Sensitive Creatures, is, their Faculty
+of <i>Seeing</i>, <i>Hearing</i>, <i>Smelling</i>, <i>Tasting</i> and <i>Feeling</i>;
+and the <i>Organs</i> ministring to there five <i>Senses</i>, together
+with the exact Accommodation of those Senses,
+and their Organs, to the State and Make of every
+Tribe of Animals<a id="FNanchor_115" href="#Footnote_115" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>. The Consideration of which
+Particulars alone, were there no other Demonstrations
+of God, is abundantly sufficient to evince the
+infinite Wisdom, Power and Goodness, of the great
+Creator. For, Who can but stand amaz’d at the
+Glories of these Works! At the admirable Artifice
+of them! And at their noble Use and Performances!
+For suppose an Animal, as such, had Breath
+and Life, and could move it self hither and thither;
+yet how could it know whither to go, what it was
+about, where to find its Food, how to avoid thousands<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_86"></a>[86]</span>
+of Dangers<a id="FNanchor_116" href="#Footnote_116" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>, without Sight! How could
+Man, particularly, view the Glories of the Heavens,
+survey the Beauties of the Fields, and enjoy
+the Pleasure of beholding the noble Variety of diverting
+objects, that do, above us in the Heavens,
+and here in this lower World, present themselves to
+our View every where; how enjoy this, I say,
+without that admirable Sense of <i>Sight</i><a id="FNanchor_117" href="#Footnote_117" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>! How
+could also the Animal, without <i>Smell</i> and <i>Taste</i>, distinguish
+its Food, and discern between wholsome
+and unwholsome; besides the Pleasures of delightful
+Odours, and relishing Gusto’s! How, without
+that other Sense of <i>Hearing</i>, could it discern many
+Dangers that are at a Distance, understand the Mind
+of others, perceive the harmonious Sounds of Musick,
+and be delighted with the Melodies of the
+winged Choir, and all the rest of the Harmonies
+the Creator hath provided for the Delight and Pleasure
+of his Creatures! And lastly, How could Man,
+or any other Creature distinguish Pleasure from
+Pain, Health from Sickness, and consequently be
+able to keep their Body sound and entire, without
+the Sense of <i>Feeling</i>! Here, therefore, we have a
+glorious Oeconomy in every Animal, that commandeth
+Admiration, and deserveth our Contemplation:
+As will better appear by coming to Particulars,
+and distinctly considering the Provision
+which the Creator hath made for each of these
+Senses.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87"></a>[87]</span></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_115" href="#FNanchor_115" class="label">[a]</a> <i>Ex sensibus ante cætera Homini Tactus, deinde Gustatus:
+reliquis superatur à multis. Aquilæ clariùs cernunt: Vultures
+sagaciùs ordorantur, liquidiùs audiunt Talpæ obrutæ terrâ, tam
+denso atque surdo naturæ elemento.</i> Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 10. c. 69.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_116" href="#FNanchor_116" class="label">[b]</a> <i>Subjacent Oculi, pars corporis pretiosissima, &amp; qui lucis usu
+vitam distinguant à morte.</i> Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 11. c. 37.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_117" href="#FNanchor_117" class="label">[c]</a> <i>Fœminæ aliquæ Megarenses solis oculis discernere valebant
+inter Ova quæ ex Gallinâ nigrâ, &amp; quæ ex albâ nata sunt</i>, is
+what is affirmed (how truly I know not) by <i>Grimald. de Lumin.
+&amp; Color. Pr.</i> 43. §. 60.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_IV_CHAP_II">CHAP. II.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the Eye.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>For our clearer Proceeding in the Consideration
+of this noble Part<a id="FNanchor_118" href="#Footnote_118" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>, and understanding
+its Oeconomy, I shall consider:</p>
+
+<p>1. The <i>Form</i> of the Eye.</p>
+
+<p>2. Its <i>Situation</i> in the Body.</p>
+
+<p>3. Its <i>Motions</i>.</p>
+
+<p>4. Its <i>Size</i>.</p>
+
+<p>5. Its <i>Number</i>.</p>
+
+<p>6. Its <i>Parts</i>.</p>
+
+<p>7. The <i>Guard</i> and <i>Security</i> Nature hath provided
+for this so useful a Part.</p>
+
+<p>As this eminent Part hath not been pretermitted
+by Authors, that have made it their particular Design
+and Business to speak of the Works of God;
+so divers of the aforesaid Particulars have been
+touched upon by them. And therefore I shall take
+in as little as possible of what they have said, and as
+near as I can, mention chiefly what they have omitted.
+And,</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_88"></a>[88]</span></p>
+
+<p>1. For the <i>Form</i> of the Eye; which is for the
+most part Globous, or somewhat of the sphæroidal
+Form: Which is far the most commodious optical
+Form, as being fittest to contain the Humours
+within, and to receive the Images of Objects from
+without<a id="FNanchor_119" href="#Footnote_119" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>. Was it a Cube, or of any multangular
+Form, some of its Parts would lie too far off<a id="FNanchor_120" href="#Footnote_120" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>,
+and some too nigh those lenticular Humours, which
+by their Refractions cause Vision. But by Means
+of the Form before-mentioned, the Humours of
+the Eye are commodiously laid together, to perform
+their Office of Refraction; and the <i>Retina</i>, and every
+other Part of that little darkned Cell, is neatly
+adapted regularly to receive the Images from without,
+and to convey them accordingly to the common
+Sensory in the Brain.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89"></a>[89]</span></p>
+
+<p>To this we may add the aptitude of this Figure
+to the Motion of the Eye, for it is necessary for
+the Eye to move this way, and that way, in order
+to adjust it self to the Objects it would view; so by
+this Figure it is well prepared for such Motions, so
+that it can with great Facility and Dexterity direct
+it self as occasion requires.</p>
+
+<p>And as the Figure, so no less commodious is,</p>
+
+<p>2. The <i>Situation</i> of the Eye, namely in the
+Head<a id="FNanchor_121" href="#Footnote_121" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>, the most erect, eminent Part of the
+Body, near the most sensible, vital Part, the Brain.
+By its Eminence in the Body, it is prepar’d to take
+in the more<a id="FNanchor_122" href="#Footnote_122" class="fnanchor">[e]</a> Objects. And by its Situation in
+the Head, besides its Proximity to the Brain, it is
+in the most convenient Place for Defence and Security.
+In the Hands, it might indeed (in Man) be
+render’d more eminent than the Head, and be turned
+about here and there at pleasure. But then it
+would be exposed to many Injuries in that active
+Part, and the Hands<a id="FNanchor_123" href="#Footnote_123" class="fnanchor">[f]</a> render’d a less active and
+useful Part. And the like may be said to its Sight,
+in any other Part of the Body, but where it is.
+But in the Head, both of Man, and other Animals,
+it is placed in a Part that seems to be contrived,
+and made chiefly for the Action of the principal
+Senses.</p>
+
+<p>Another Thing observable in the Sight of the
+Eye, is the Manner of its Situation in the Head, in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_90"></a>[90]</span>
+the Fore-part, or Side-part thereof; according to
+the particular Occasions of particular Animals. In
+Man, and some other Creatures, it is placed to look
+directly forward chiefly; but withal it is so order’d,
+as to take in near the Hemisphere before it. In
+Birds, and some other Creatures, the Eyes are so
+seated, as to take in near a whole Sphere, that they
+may the better seek their Food, and escape Dangers.
+And in some Creatures they are seated, so as
+to see best behind them<a id="FNanchor_124" href="#Footnote_124" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>, or on each Side, whereby
+they are enabled to see their Enemy that pursues
+them that way, and so make their Escape.</p>
+
+<p>And for the Assistance of the Eyes, and some of
+the other Senses in their Actions; the Head is generally
+made to turn here and there, and move as
+Occasion requires. Which leads me to the</p>
+
+<p>3. Thing to be remarked upon, the <i>Motions</i> of
+the Eye it self. And this is generally upwards,
+downwards, backwards, forwards, and every way<a id="FNanchor_125" href="#Footnote_125" class="fnanchor">[h]</a>,
+for the better, more easy, and distinct Reception of
+the visual Rays.</p>
+
+<p>But where Nature any way deviateth from this
+Method, either by denying Motion to the Eyes, or
+the Head<a id="FNanchor_126" href="#Footnote_126" class="fnanchor">[i]</a>, it is a very wonderful Provision she<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_91"></a>[91]</span>
+hath made in the Case. Thus for a Remedy of
+this Inconvenience, in some Creatures their Eyes
+are set out at a Distance<a id="FNanchor_127" href="#Footnote_127" class="fnanchor">[k]</a> from the Head, to be circumvolved
+here and there, or one this, the other
+that way, at Pleasure. And in Creatures, whose
+Eyes are without Motion, as in divers Insects; in
+this Case, either they have more than two Eyes, or
+their Eyes are nearly two protuberant Hemispheres,
+and each Hemisphere often consisting of a prodigious
+number of other little Segments of a Sphere<a id="FNanchor_128" href="#Footnote_128" class="fnanchor">[l]</a>.
+By which Means those Creatures are so far from being
+deny’d any Benefit, of that noble and most necessary
+Sense of Sight, that they have probably<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_92"></a>[92]</span>
+more of it than other Creatures, answerable to the
+Rapidity of their Flight, and brisk Motion; and to
+their Inquests after Food, Habitation, or Repositories
+of Generation, or such other Necessity of the
+Animal.</p>
+
+<p>4. Another admirable Provision in the Eye, is,
+its Size; in some Animals large, in some little. It
+would be endless here to enumerate Particulars; as
+thole of Quadrupeds, Birds, Insects, and other terrestrial
+Animals. And as for Fishes, they will fall
+under another Part of my Survey.</p>
+
+<p>I shall therefore only take Notice of its Size in
+one Creature, the <i>Mole</i><a id="FNanchor_129" href="#Footnote_129" class="fnanchor">[m]</a>. As the Habitation of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_93"></a>[93]</span>
+that uncouth Animal is wholly subterraneous, its
+Lodging, its Food, its Exercises, nay, even all its
+Pastimes and Pleasures, are in those subterraneous
+Recesses and Passages, which its own Industry hath
+made for it self; so it is an admirable Provision
+made in the Size of the Eye of that little Creature,
+to answer all its Occasions, and at the same time to
+prevent Inconveniences. For as a little Light will
+suffice an Animal living always under Ground; so
+the smallest Eye will abundantly supply that Occasion.
+And as a large protuberant Eye, like that
+of other Animals, would much annoy this Creature
+in its principal Business, of digging for its Food
+and Passage; so it is endow’d with a very small
+one, commodiously seated in the Head, and well
+fenced and guarded against the Annoyances of the
+Earth.</p>
+
+<p>5. Another Thing remarkable in this noble Part
+of Animals, is, its <i>Numbers</i>; no less than two<a id="FNanchor_130" href="#Footnote_130" class="fnanchor">[n]</a>
+in any Instance, that I know of; and in some Animals
+more, as I have already hinted<a id="FNanchor_131" href="#Footnote_131" class="fnanchor">[o]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Now this is an admirable Provision; first, for
+the Convenience of taking in the larger Angle or
+Space: And in the next Place, the Animal is by
+this Provision, in some Measure prepar’d for the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_94"></a>[94]</span>
+Misfortune of the Loss of one of these noble, and
+necessary Organs of its Body.</p>
+
+<p>But then besides all this, there is another Thing
+considerable in this multiplicate Number of the
+Eye; and that is, that the Object seen is not multiplied
+as well as the Organ, and appears but one,
+though seen with two or more Eyes<a id="FNanchor_132" href="#Footnote_132" class="fnanchor">[p]</a>. A manifest<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_95"></a>[95]</span>
+Sign of the infinite Skill of the Contriver of
+this so noble a Part, and of the exquisite Art he employed
+in the Formation thereof. But the Design
+and Skill of the infinite Workman, will best be set
+forth by</p>
+
+<p>6. Surveying the <i>Parts</i> and <i>Mechanism</i> of this
+admirable Organ the Eye. And here indeed we
+cannot but stand amazed, when we view its admirable
+Fabrick, and consider the prodigious Exactness,
+and the exquisite Skill employed in every
+part ministring to this noble and necessary Sense.
+To pass by its Arteries and Veins, and such other
+Parts common to the rest of the Body, let us cast
+our Eye on its <i>Muscles</i>. These we shall find exactly
+and neatly placed for every Motion of the
+Eye. Let us view its <i>Tunicks</i>, and these we shall
+find so admirably seated, so well adapted, and of so
+firm a Texture, as to fit every Place, to answer every
+Occasion, and to be Proof against all common<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_96"></a>[96]</span>
+Inconveniences and Annoyances. Let us examine
+its three <i>Humours</i>, and these we shall find all of exquisite
+Clearness and Transparency, for an easy Admission
+of the Rays; well placed for the refracting
+of them, and formed (particularly the <i>Crystalline
+Humour</i>) by the nicest Laws of Opticks, to collect
+the wandring Rays into a Point. And to name
+no more, let us look into its darkned Cell, where
+those curious Humours lie, and into which the Glories
+of the Heavens and the Earth are brought, and
+exquisitely pictured; and this Cell we shall find,
+without, well prepared by Means of its Texture,
+Aperture, and Colour, to fence off all the useless
+or noxious Rays; and within, as well coated with
+a dark Tegument, that it may not reflect, dissipate,
+or any way confuse or disturb the beneficial
+Rays<a id="FNanchor_133" href="#Footnote_133" class="fnanchor">[q]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>But to descend to Particulars, although it would
+be a great Demonstration of the Glory of God, yet
+would take up too much Time, and hath been in
+some Measure done by others that have written of
+God’s Works. Passing over therefore what they
+have observed, I shall under each principal Part
+take a transient Notice of some Things they have
+omitted, or but slightly spoken of.</p>
+
+<p>And my first Remark shall be concerning the
+<i>Muscles</i> of the Eye, and their Equilibration. Nothing
+can be more manifestly an act of Contrivance
+and Design, than the <i>Muscles</i> of the Eye, admirably
+adapted to move it any, and every way; upwards,
+downwards, to this side or that, or howsoever<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_97"></a>[97]</span>
+we please, or there is occasion for, so as to
+always keep that Parallelism of the Eye, which is
+necessary to true Vision. For the Performance of
+which Service, the Form, the Position, and the
+due Strength of each Muscle is admirable. And
+here I might Instance the peculiar and artificial
+Structure of the <i>Trochlearis</i>, and the Augmentation
+of its Power by the <i>Trochlea</i><a id="FNanchor_134" href="#Footnote_134" class="fnanchor">[r]</a>; the Magnitude
+and Strength of the <i>Attollent Muscle</i>, somewhat exceeding
+that of its Antagonist; the peculiar Muscle,
+called the <i>Seventh</i>, or <i>Suspensory Muscle</i><a id="FNanchor_135" href="#Footnote_135" class="fnanchor">[s]</a>, given
+to Brutes, by reason of the prone Posture of their<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_98"></a>[98]</span>
+Bodies, and frequent Occasions to hang down their
+Heads: And I might speak also of the peculiar Origine
+and Insertion of the <i>lower Oblique Muscle</i><a id="FNanchor_136" href="#Footnote_136" class="fnanchor">[t]</a>,
+which is very notable, and many other Things relating
+to these Parts; but it would be tedious to descend
+too much to those admirable Particulars. And
+therefore to close up these Remarks, all I shall farther
+take Notice of, shall be only the exquisite Equilibration
+of all these <i>Opposite</i> and <i>Antagonist Muscles</i>,
+affected partly by the Equality of the Strength;
+which is the Case of the <i>Adducent</i> and <i>Abducent
+Muscles</i>; partly by their peculiar Origine, or the
+Addition of the <i>Trochlea</i>, which is the Case of the
+<i>Oblique Muscles</i><a id="FNanchor_137" href="#Footnote_137" class="fnanchor">[u]</a>: and partly by the natural Posture
+of the Body, and the Eye, which is the Case
+of the <i>Attollent</i> and <i>Depriment Muscles</i>. By this so
+curious and exact a Libration, not only unseemly
+Contortions, and incommodious Vagations of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_99"></a>[99]</span>
+Eye are prevented, but also it is able with great
+Readiness and Exactness to apply it self to every Object.</p>
+
+<p>As to the <i>Tunicks</i> of the Eye, many Things
+might be taken notice of, the prodigious Fineness of
+the <i>Arachnoïdes</i>, the acute Sense of the <i>Retina</i>, the
+delicate Transparency of the <i>Cornea</i><a id="FNanchor_138" href="#Footnote_138" class="fnanchor">[w]</a>, and the
+firm and strong Texture of that and the <i>Sclerotica</i>
+too; and each of them, in these and every other
+respect, in the most accurate manner adapted to the
+Place in which it is, and the Business it is there to
+perform. But for a Sample, I shall only take notice
+of that part of the <i>Uvea</i> which makes the <i>Pupil</i>.
+It hath been observed by others, particularly
+by our Honourable Founder<a id="FNanchor_139" href="#Footnote_139" class="fnanchor">[x]</a>, That as we are
+forced to use various Apertures to our Optick
+Glasses, so Nature hath made a far more compleat
+Provision in the Eyes of Animals, to shut out too
+much, and to admit sufficient Light, by the Dilatation
+and Contraction of the Pupil<a id="FNanchor_140" href="#Footnote_140" class="fnanchor">[y]</a>. But it deserveth
+our especial Remark, that these Pupils are
+in divers Animals of divers Forms, according to their<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_100"></a>[100]</span>
+peculiar Occasions. In some (particularly in Man)
+it is round; that being the most proper Figure for
+the Position of our Eyes, and the Use we make of
+them both by Day and Night. In some other Animals
+it is of a longish Form; in some Transverse<a id="FNanchor_141" href="#Footnote_141" class="fnanchor">[z]</a>,
+with its Aperture large, which is an admirable
+Provision for such Creatures to see the better
+laterally, and thereby avoid Inconveniencies, as
+well as help them to gather their Food on the
+Ground, both by Day and Night. In other Animals
+the Fissure of the Pupil is erect<a id="FNanchor_142" href="#Footnote_142" class="fnanchor">[aa]</a>, and also
+capable of opening wide, and shutting up close.
+The latter of which serveth to exclude the brighter
+Light of the Day, and the former to take in the
+more faint Rays of the Night, thereby enabling
+those Nocturnal Animals (in whom generally this
+erect Form of the Pupil is) to catch their Prey with
+the greater Facility in the dark<a id="FNanchor_143" href="#Footnote_143" class="fnanchor">[bb]</a>, to see upwards
+and downwards, to climb, <i>&amp;c</i>. Thus much for the
+<i>Tunicks</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_101"></a>[101]</span></p>
+
+<p>The next Thing I shall take notice of, will relate
+to the <i>Humours</i> of the Eye, and that only concerning
+the Mechanism of the <i>Crystalline Humour</i>;
+not its incomparable Transparency; nor its exact
+lenticular Form; nor its curious araneous Membrane<a id="FNanchor_144" href="#Footnote_144" class="fnanchor">[cc]</a>,
+that constringeth and dilateth it, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_102"></a>[102]</span>
+so varieth its <i>Focus</i>, (if any such Variation there
+be, as some affirm with great Probability,) nor lastly,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_103"></a>[103]</span>
+its admirable Approach to or from the <i>Retina</i>,
+by help of the <i>Ciliar Ligament</i><a id="FNanchor_145" href="#Footnote_145" class="fnanchor">[dd]</a>, according as<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_104"></a>[104]</span>
+Objects are far off or near, because these Things
+are what are usually taken notice of; but that which
+I shall observe is, the prodigious Art and Finery
+of its constituent Parts, it being, according to
+some late nice Microscopical Observations<a id="FNanchor_146" href="#Footnote_146" class="fnanchor">[ee]</a>, composed<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_105"></a>[105]</span>
+of divers thin Scales, and these made up of
+one single minutest Thread or Fibre, wound round
+and round, so as not to cross one another in any
+one Place, and yet to meet, some in two, and some
+in more different Centers; a Web not to be woven,
+an <i>Optick Lens</i>, not to be wrought by any Art less
+than infinite Wisdom.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lastly</i>, To conclude the Parts of this admirable
+Organ, I shall make only one Remark more, and
+that is about its <i>Nerves</i>. And here, among others,
+the admirable Make of the <i>Optick Nerves</i> might
+deserve to be taken notice of in the first Place, their
+<i>Medullary</i> Part<a id="FNanchor_147" href="#Footnote_147" class="fnanchor">[ff]</a> terminating in the Brain it self,
+the Teguments propagated from the <i>Meninges</i>, and
+terminating in the Coats of the Eye, and their commodious
+Insertions into the Ball of the Eye, in some
+directly opposite to the Pupil of the Eye, in others<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_106"></a>[106]</span>
+obliquely towards one Side<a id="FNanchor_148" href="#Footnote_148" class="fnanchor">[gg]</a>. But most of these
+Things have been treated of, and the Convenience
+hereof set forth by others that have written of
+God’s Works. I shall therefore take notice only of
+one wise Provision the Creator hath made about the
+Motion of the Eye, by uniting into one the <i>Third
+Pair</i> of Nerves, called the <i>Motory Nerves</i><a id="FNanchor_149" href="#Footnote_149" class="fnanchor">[hh]</a>, each
+of which sending its Branches into each Muscle of
+each Eye, would cause a Distortion in the Eyes; but
+being united into one, near their Insertion into the
+Brain, do thereby cause both Eyes to have the same
+Motion; so that when one Eye is moved this way and
+that way, to this and that Object, the other Eye is
+turned the same way also.</p>
+
+<p>Thus from this transient and slight View (I may
+call it) of the Parts of the Eye, it appears what an
+admirable Artist was the Contriver thereof. And
+now in the</p>
+
+<p><i>Seventh</i> and last Place, Let us consider what Provision
+this admirable Artist hath made for the <i>Guard</i>
+and <i>Security</i> of this so well formed Organ<a id="FNanchor_150" href="#Footnote_150" class="fnanchor">[ii]</a>. And<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_107"></a>[107]</span>
+here we shall find the Guard equivalent to the Use
+and Excellency of the Part. The whole Organ fortified
+and fenced with strong, compact Bones, lodged
+in a strong, well made Socket, and the Eye it
+self guarded with a nice made Cover<a id="FNanchor_151" href="#Footnote_151" class="fnanchor">[kk]</a>. Its Humours,
+and its inward Tunicks, are indeed tender,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_108"></a>[108]</span>
+proportionate to their tender, curious Uses; but
+the Coats without, are context and callous, firm
+and strong. And in some Animals, particularly<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_109"></a>[109]</span>
+Birds<a id="FNanchor_152" href="#Footnote_152" class="fnanchor">[ll]</a>, some Part of those Tunicles have the Nature
+and Hardness of Bone or Horn.</p>
+
+<p>But for Creatures, whose Eyes, like the rest of
+their Body, are tender, and without the Guard of
+Bones; there Nature hath provided for this necessary
+and tender Sense, a wonderful kind of Guard,
+by endowing the Creature with a Faculty of withdrawing<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_110"></a>[110]</span>
+its Eyes into its Head<a id="FNanchor_153" href="#Footnote_153" class="fnanchor">[mm]</a>, and lodging
+them in the same Safety with the Body.</p>
+
+<p>Thus have I survey’d this first Sense of Animals,
+I may say in a cursory, not accurate, strict manner,
+considering the prodigious Workmanship thereof;
+but so, as abundantly to demonstrate it to be the
+Contrivance, the Work of no less a Being than the
+infinite Wise, Potent, and Indulgent Creator<a id="FNanchor_154" href="#Footnote_154" class="fnanchor">[nn]</a>.
+For none less could compose so admirable an Organ,
+so adapt all its Parts, so adjust it to all Occasions,
+so nicely provide for every Use, and for every
+Emergency: In a word, none less than <span class="smcap">God</span>, could,
+I say, thus contrive, order, and provide an Organ,
+as magnificent and curious as the Sense is useful; a
+Sense without which, as all the Animal World
+would be in perpetual Darkness, so it would labour
+under perpetual Inconveniencies, be exposed to perpetual
+Harms, and suffer perpetual Wants and Distresses.
+But now by this admirable Sense, the great
+<span class="smcap">God</span>, who hath placed us in this World, hath as
+well provided for our comfortable Residence in it;
+enabled us to see and chuse wholsome, yea delicate
+Food, to provide our selves useful, yea gaudy Cloathing,
+and commodious Places of Habitation and Retreat.
+We can now dispatch our Affairs with Alacrity<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_111"></a>[111]</span>
+and Pleasure, go here and there as our Occasions
+call us. We can, if need be, ransack the whole
+Globe, penetrate into the Bowels of the Earth, descend
+to the bottom of the Deep, travel to the farthest
+Regions of this World, to acquire Wealth,
+to encrease our Knowledge, or even only to please
+our Eye and Fancy. We can now look about us,
+discern and shun the Precipices and Dangers which
+every where enclose us, and would destroy us. And
+those glorious Objects which fill the Heavens and
+the Earth, those admirable Works of God which
+every where surround us, and which would be as
+nothing to us, without being seen, do by means of
+this noble Sense present their Glories to us<a id="FNanchor_155" href="#Footnote_155" class="fnanchor">[oo]</a>, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_112"></a>[112]</span>
+fill us with Admiration and Pleasure. But I need
+not expatiate in the Usefulness and Praises of this
+Sense, which we receive the Benefit of every Moment,
+and the want, or any defect of which, we
+lament among our greatest Misfortunes.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving then this Sense, I shall proceed to the
+other four, but more briefly treat of them, by reason
+we have so ample a Sample of the divine Art in
+the last, and may presume that the same is exerted
+in all as well as one. For a Demonstration of
+which, let us in the next Place carry our Scrutiny
+to the Sense of <i>Hearing</i>.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp87" style="max-width: 21.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/footer04.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_118" href="#FNanchor_118" class="label">[a]</a> <i>In Dissectionibus anatomicis vix aliquid admirabilius, aut
+artificiosius structurâ Oculi humani, meo quidem judicio, occurrit:
+ut meritò, per excellentiam, Creatoris appelletur Miraculum.</i>
+Gul. Fabr. Hildan. Cent. 2. Observ. 1.</p>
+
+<p>So likewise that accurate Surveyor of the Eye, Dr. <i>Briggs</i>,
+whose <i>Ophthalmography</i> I have met with since my penning this
+part of my Survey. His Character of this curious piece of
+God’s Work is, <i>Inter præcipuas corporis animati partes, quæ magni
+Conditoris nostri sapientiam ostendunt, nulla sanè reperitur, quæ
+majori pompâ elucet quàm ipse Oculus, aut quæ elegantiori formâ
+concinnatur. Deum enim aliæ partes vel minori satellitio
+stipantur, vel in tantam venustatem haud assurgunt; Ocelli peculiarem
+honorem &amp; decus à supremo Numine efflatum referunt,
+&amp; nunquam non stupendæ suæ Potentia characteres repræsentant.
+Nulla sanè pars tam divino artificio &amp; ordine, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Cap. 1. §. 1.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_119" href="#FNanchor_119" class="label">[b]</a> It is a good Reason <i>Frier Bacon</i> assigns for the Sphæricity
+of the Eye: <i>Nam si esset planæ figuræ, species rei majoris
+oculo non posset cadere perpendiculariter super eum——Cùm
+ergò Oculus videt magna corpora, ut ferè quartam cœli uno
+aspectu, manifestum est, quòd non potest esse planæ figuræ, nec alicujus
+nisi sphæricæ, quoniam super sphæram parvam possunt cadere
+perpendiculares infinitæ, quæ à magno corpore veniunt, &amp;
+tendunt in centrum Sphæræ: Et sic magnum corpus potest ab oculo
+parvo videri.</i> For the Demonstration of which he hath given
+us a Figure. <i>Rog. Bacon. Perspect. Distinct. 4. Cap. 4.</i></p>
+
+<p>Dr. <i>Briggs</i> saith, <i>Pars antica, (sive Cornea,) convexior est
+posticâ: hâc enim ratione radii meliùs in pupillam detorquentur,
+&amp; Oculi fundus ex altarâ parte in majorem (propter imagines
+rerum ibidem delineandos) expanditur.</i> Ibid. §. 2.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_120" href="#FNanchor_120" class="label">[c]</a> Suppose the Eye had the <i>Retina</i>, or back part flat for
+the Reception of the Images, as in <i><a href="#figures">Fig. 1.</a></i> ABA: it is manifest,
+that if the Extremes of the Image AA were at a due
+focal distance, the middle B would be too nigh the Crystalline,
+and consequently appear confused and dim; but all Parts
+of the <i>Retina</i> lying at a due focal distance from the Crystalline,
+as at ACA, therefore the Image painted thereon is seen
+distinct and clear. Thus in a dark Room, with a Lens at a
+Hole in the Window, (which <i>Sturmius</i> calls his Artificial Eye,
+in his <i>Exercit. Acad.</i> one of which he had made for his Pupils,
+to run any where on Wheels). In this Room, I say, if
+the Paper that receives the Images be too nigh, or too far off
+the Lens, the Image will be confused and dim; but in the
+Focus of the Glass, distinct, clear, and a pleasant Sight.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_121" href="#FNanchor_121" class="label">[d]</a> <i>Blemmyis traduntur capita abesse, Ore &amp; Oculis pectori
+affixis.</i> Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 5. c. 8. <i>Occidentem versus quosdam
+sine cervice Oculos in humeris habentes.</i> Ib. l. 7. c. 2. From these,
+and other such like Fables, in this last cited Chapter of <i>Pliny</i>,
+no doubt our famous Romancer Sir <i>J. Mandevile</i>, had his
+Romnantick Stories related in his Travels.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_122" href="#FNanchor_122" class="label">[e]</a> See <a href="#Footnote_446"><i>Book V. Chap. 2. Note (e).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_123" href="#FNanchor_123" class="label">[f]</a> <i>Galen</i> deserves to be here consulted, who in his Book
+<i>De Usu Partium</i>, from many Considerations of the Hand,
+such as what is here mentioned, as also its Structure, Site and
+Use, largely proves and reflects upon the Wisdom and Providence
+of the Contriver and Maker of that Part.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_124" href="#FNanchor_124" class="label">[g]</a> Thus in <i>Hares</i> and <i>Conies</i>, their Eyes are very protuberant,
+and placed so much towards the sides of their Head,
+that their two Eyes take in nearly a whole Sphere: Whereas
+in <i>Dogs</i>, (that pursue them) the Eyes are set more forward in
+the Head, to look that way more than backward.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_125" href="#FNanchor_125" class="label">[h]</a> <i>Sed lubricos Oculos fecit <span class="antiqua">[Natura]</span> &amp; mobiles, ut &amp; declinarent
+siquid noceret; &amp; aspectum, quo vellent, facile converterent</i>.
+Cicer. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 57.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_126" href="#FNanchor_126" class="label">[i]</a> <i>The Eyes of <span class="antiqua">Spiders</span>, <span class="antiqua">(in some four, in some six, and in
+some eight)</span> are placed all in the fore-front of their Head,
+(which is round, and without any Neck) all diaphanous and
+transparent, like a Locket of Diamonds, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> neither wonder why
+Providence should be so anomalous in this Animal, more than in
+any other we know of. For, 1. Since they wanting a Neck,
+cannot move their Head, it is requisite that Defect should be
+supplied by the multiplicity of Eyes. 2. Since they were to live by
+catching so nimble a Prey as a Fly is, they ought to see her every
+way, and to take her <span class="antiqua">per saltum</span>, (as they do) without any
+Motion of the Head to discover her: Which Motion would have
+scared away so timorous an Insect.</i> <i><span class="antiqua">Power</span>’s</i> Micros. Observ.
+pag. 11.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Eyes of the <span class="antiqua">Cameleon</span> resemble a Lens, or Convex Glass,
+set in a versatile globular Socket, which she turneth backward,
+or any way, without moving her Head; and ordinarily the one
+a contrary, or quite different way from the other.</i> Dr. <i>Goddard</i>
+in Phil. Tran. Nᵒ. 137.</p>
+
+<p><i>But what is more extraordinary in this Motion <span class="antiqua">[of the Cameleon’s
+Eye]</span> is to see one of the Eyes move, whilst the other
+remains immoveable; and the one to turn forward, at the same
+time that the other looketh behind; the one to look up to the
+Sky, when the other is fixed on the Ground. And these Motions
+to be so extreme, that they do carry the <span class="antiqua">Pupilla</span> under the Crest
+which makes the Eye-brow, and so far into the <span class="antiqua">Canthi</span>, or Corners
+of the Eyes, that the Sight can discern whatever is done
+just behind it, and directly before, without turning the Head,
+which is fastned to the Shoulders.</i> Mem. for a Nat. Hist. in
+Anatom. Dissect. at Paris. Diss. of Camel. pag. 22.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_127" href="#FNanchor_127" class="label">[k]</a> <i>Snails</i> send out their Eyes at a distance, they being
+contained in their four Horns, <i>like atramentous Spots, fitted to
+the end of their Horns, or rather to the ends of those black Filaments
+or optick Nerves, which are sheathed in her Horns</i>, as
+Dr. <i>Power</i> wordeth it. <i>Obs. 31. pag. 36.</i> So the ingenious
+Dr. <i>Lister</i>. <i>Exercit. Anat. Cochl. &amp; Limac.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_128" href="#FNanchor_128" class="label">[l]</a> <i>Vid.</i> <a href="#Footnote_572"><i>l. 8. c. 3. Note (a).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_129" href="#FNanchor_129" class="label">[m]</a> <i>Severinus</i> is of <i>Aristotle</i>’s, <i>Pliny</i>’s, and <i>Alb. Magnus</i>’s
+Opinion, that the <i>Mole</i> hath no Sight; <i>G. Seger</i> denies any
+Humour to be therein, but thinks they may probably see, because
+Nature made nothing in vain. But <i>Borrichius</i> saith,
+their Eyes have <i>appendiculam nerveam in cerebrum euntem,
+cujus beneficio globuli illi <span class="antiqua">[the little Eyes]</span> extra pellem facilè
+poterant exseri, retrahique pro arbitrio——In illis oculorum
+globulis humor aqueus copiose satis natabat; cæterorum non nisi
+tenue vestigiem.</i> Blas. Anat. Anim. c. 35.</p>
+
+<p><i>Et quoniam Natura hoc vitæ genus ipsi destinavit, etiam perquàm
+exiguos Oculos——dedit eo concilio, ut ii, pretiosissima
+corporis pars, à terræ pulvere nè affligerentur. Ii insuper pilis
+recti, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> Humores illis oculis insunt, &amp; tunica nigra, uvea,
+se prodit. Ad hos tramite alio nervus venit.</i> Schneider in
+Blas. ibid.</p>
+
+<p>Some time since I made divers accurate Dissections of the
+<i>Eyes</i> of <i>Moles</i>, with the help of Microscopes, having a doubt
+whether what we take to be Eyes, were such or no. And
+upon a strict Scrutiny I plainly could distinguish the <i>Vitreous</i>
+and <i>Crystalline</i> Humours, yea, the <i>Ligamentum Ciliare</i>, and
+the atramentaceous <i>Mucus</i>. The <i>Pupil</i> I could manifestly
+discern to be round, and the <i>Cornea</i> copped, or conical:
+The Eye is at a great distance from the Brain, the Optick
+Nerve very slender and long, reaching from the Eye through
+the intermediate Flesh, and so passeth to the Brain, along
+with the pair of Nerves reaching to the Nose, which are
+much the largest that are in all the Animal. These Creatures,
+I imagine, have the Faculty of withdrawing their Eyes,
+if not quite into the Head, (as <i>Snails</i>) yet more or less within
+the Hair, as they have more or less Occasion to use or
+guard their Eyes.</p>
+
+<p><i>Galen</i> saith, <i>Moles</i> have Eyes, the <i>Crystalline</i> and <i>Vitreous</i>
+Humours, encompassed with <i>Tunicks</i>. <i>De Us. Part. l. 14.
+c. 6.</i> So accurate an Anatomist was he for his Time.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_130" href="#FNanchor_130" class="label">[n]</a> <i>Pliny</i> tells us of a sort of <i>Heron</i> with but one Eye,
+but ’twas only by hear-say. <i>Inter Aves Ardeolarum genere,
+quos Leucos vocant, altero oculo carere tradunt.</i> Nat. Hist. l. 11.
+c. 37. So the King of the <i>Nigræ</i> that hath but one Eye, and
+that in his Forehead, <i>l. 6. c. 30.</i> Which Fables I take notice
+of more for the Reader’s Diversion, than any Truth in
+them.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_131" href="#FNanchor_131" class="label">[o]</a> <i>Supra</i>, <a href="#Footnote_126"><i>Note (i).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_132" href="#FNanchor_132" class="label">[p]</a> The most celebrated Anatomists differ greatly about the
+Reason why we see not double with two Eyes. This <i>Galen</i>,
+and others after him, generally thought to be from a Coalition
+or Decussation of the Optick Nerves, behind the <i>Os
+Sphenoïdes</i>. But whether they decussate, coalesce, or only
+touch one another, they do not well agree. The <i>Bartholines</i>
+expressly assert they are united, <i>non per simplicem contactum vel
+intersectionem in homine, sed totalem substantiæ confusionem</i>,
+Anat. l. 3. c. 2. And whereas <i>Vesalius</i>, and some others had
+found some Instances of their being disunited; they say, <i>sed
+in plerisque ordinarie confunditur interior substantia, ut accuratâ
+disquisitione deprehendi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>But our Learned Dr. <i>Gibson</i>, (<i>Anat. l. 3. c. 10.</i>) saith, they
+<i>are united by the closest Conjunction, but not Confusion of their
+Fibres</i>.</p>
+
+<p>But others think the Reason is not from any Coalescence,
+Contact, or crossing of the Optick Nerves, but from a Sympathy
+between them. Thus Monsieur <i>Cartes</i> is of Opinion,
+that the <i>Fibrillæ</i> constituting the medullary Part of those
+Nerves, being spread in the <i>Retina</i> of each Eye, have each
+of them corresponding Parts in the Brain; so that when any
+of those <i>Fibrillæ</i> are struck by any part of an Image, the
+corresponding Parts of the Brain are thereby affected, and
+the Soul thereby informed, <i>&amp;c.</i> but see more hereafter under
+<a href="#Footnote_155"><i>Note (oo)</i></a>, from <i>Cartes</i> himself.</p>
+
+<p>Somewhat like this is the Notion of our judicious Dr.
+<i>Briggs</i>, who thinks the Optick Nerves of each Eye consist of
+<i>Homologous Fibres</i>, having their rise in the <i>Thalamus Nervorum
+Opticorum</i>, and thence continued to both the <i>Retinæ</i>,
+which are made of them; And farther, that those <i>Fibrillæ</i>
+have the same Parallelism, Tension, <i>&amp;c.</i> in both Eyes; and
+consequently when an Image is painted on the same corresponding,
+sympathizing Parts of each <i>Retina</i>, the same Effects
+are produced, the same Notice or Information is carried
+to the <i>Thalamus</i>, and so imparted to the Soul, or judging
+Faculty. That there is such an Ὁμοιοπάθεια between the
+<i>Retina</i>, &amp;c. he makes very probable from the ensuing of
+double Vision upon the Interruption of the Parallelism of
+the Eyes; as when one Eye is depressed with the Finger, or
+their Symphony interrupted by Disease, Drunkenness, <i>&amp;c.</i>
+And lastly, That simple Vision is not made in the former
+way, <i>viz.</i> by a Decussation or Conjunction of the Optick
+Nerves, he proves, because those Nerves are but in few Subjects
+decussated, and in none conjoined otherwise than by a
+bare Contact, which is particularly manifest in Fishes; and
+in some Instances it hath been found, that they have been
+separated without any double Vision ensuing thereupon. <i>Vid.</i>
+<i>Brig. Ophthalmogr.</i> cap. 11. &amp; 5. and <i>Nov. Vis. Theor.</i> <i>passim</i>.</p>
+
+<p>What the Opinion of our justly eminent Sir <i>Isaac Newton</i>
+is, may be seen in his <i>Opticks</i>, Qu. 15. <i>Are not the Species of
+Objects seen with both Eyes, united where the Optick Nerves
+meet before they come into the Brain, the Fibres on the right
+side of both Nerves uniting there, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> For the Optick Nerves
+of such Animals as look the same way with both Eyes, (as of
+Men, Dogs, Sheep, Oxen, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span>) meet before they come into the
+Brain; but the Optick Nerves of such Animals as do not look
+the same way with both Eyes, (as of Fishes and of the Cameleon)
+do not meet, if I am rightly informed.</i> Newt. Opt.
+Q. 15.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_133" href="#FNanchor_133" class="label">[q]</a> <i>Nigra est <span class="antiqua">[Uvea]</span> ut radios (ab Oculi fundo ad anteriorem
+ejus partem reflexos) obumbret; nè hi (ut ait clar. Cartesius)
+ad Oculi fundum retorti ibidem confusam visionem efficerent.
+Alia forsan ratio hujus nigredinis statuatur, quòd radii
+in visione superflui, qui ab objectis lateralibus proveniunt hoc
+ritu absorbeantur. Ita enim è loco obscuro interdiu objecta optimè
+intuemur, quia radii tunc temporis circumfuso lumine non
+diluuntur.</i> Brigg’s Ophthal. c. 3. §. 5.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_134" href="#FNanchor_134" class="label">[r]</a> <i>Admirandum Dei artificium ex diversorum animalium
+comparatione indies evadit manifestiùs. Mirantur omnes Trochlearem
+in oculis Hominum &amp; Quadrupedum, &amp; quidem jure:
+sed admirationem omnem superat, quòd sine Trochleâ oculum
+movens in Avibus novum genus Trochleæ longè artificiosiùs Nictitandi
+Membranæ dederit.</i> Blas. Anat. Animal. p. 2. c. 4. <i>ex
+Stenon.</i></p>
+
+<p><i><span class="antiqua">[Musculum Trochlearem]</span> per intermedium trochleam traductum,
+nunquam intueor, quin admirabundus mecum, Ὁ Θεὸς,
+exclamem ὀυ μόνον ἀεὶ γεωμετρεῖ, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀεὶ μηχανᾶται.</i> <i>I. C.
+Sturmii Exercit. Acad. 9. de Vis. Org. &amp; Rat.</i> c. 3. §. 4.
+p. 446.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_135" href="#FNanchor_135" class="label">[s]</a> <i>Observare est quod Quadrupedes, qui oculos in terram
+pronos, ac pendulos gerunt, Musculum peculiarem habent, quo
+Oculi globus suspenditur——Hoc Musculo Bos, Equus, Ovis,
+Lepus, Porcus, &amp;c. præditi sunt: hoc etiam Canis instruitur,
+sed alio modo conformatum habet.</i> Willis de An. Brut. p. 1. c. 15.</p>
+
+<p>Of this Opinion also was <i>Bartholine Anat.</i> l. 3. c. 8. and
+divers other eminent Anatomists.</p>
+
+<p>But Dr. <i>Briggs</i> is of Opinion that the <i>Adnata</i>, and the
+other Muscles sufficiently answer all those Ends ascribed to
+that Muscle by former Anatomists, and thinks <i>Probabiliùs itaque
+esse hunc Musculum nervi Optici actionem (per vices) confirmare,
+nè à prono Brutorum incessu &amp; copioso affluxu humorum
+debilitetur</i>, Ophthal. c. 2. §. 2.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Musculus Suspensorius</i> being in the <i>Porpess</i>, as well as
+Brutes, Dr. <i>Tyson</i> thinks the Use of it is not to suspend the
+Bulk of the Eye; but rather by its equal Contraction of the
+<i>Sclerotis</i>, to render the Ball of the Eye more or less Spherical,
+and so fitter for Vision. <i>Tyson’s Anat. of the Porpess</i>,
+p. 39.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_136" href="#FNanchor_136" class="label">[t]</a> <i>Musculus obliquus inferior oritur à peculiari quodam foramine
+in latere Orbitæ ocularis facto, (contra quam in cæteris,
+<span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span>) quo fit ut ex unâ parte à Musculo trochleari, ex alterâ
+verò ab hujus Musculi commodissimâ positione, Oculus in
+æquilibrio quodam constitutus, irretorto obtutu versus objecta feratur,
+nec plus justo accedat versus internum externumve canthum;
+quæ quidem Libratio omnino nulla fuisset, absque hujus
+Musculi peculiari originatione (cujus ratio omnes hucusque Anatomicos
+latuit).</i> And so this curious Anatomist goes on to
+shew farther the stupendous Artifice of the great Creator in
+this Position of the <i>Oblique Muscles</i>. Brigg’s <i>Nova Vis. Theor.</i>
+p. 11. <i>meo libro</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_137" href="#FNanchor_137" class="label">[u]</a> Besides those particular Motions which the Eye receives
+from the <i>Oblique Muscles</i>, and I may add its Libration also
+in some Measure, some Anatomists ascribe another no less considerable
+Use to them; namely, to lengthen and shorten the
+Eye (by squeezing and compressing it) to make it correspond
+to the Distances of all Objects, according as they are nigh or
+far off. Thus the ingenious Dr. <i>Keil</i>; <i>The Aqueous Humour
+being the thinnest and most liquid, easily changeth its Figure,
+when either the <span class="antiqua">Ligamentum Ciliate</span> contracts, or both the <span class="antiqua">Oblique
+Muscles</span> squeeze the middle of the Ball of the Eye, to
+render it Oblong when Objects are too near us.</i> <i><span class="antiqua">Keil</span>’s Anat.
+Chap. 4. Sect. 4.</i> See <a href="#Footnote_140"><i>Note (y).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_138" href="#FNanchor_138" class="label">[w]</a> <i>Quis verò opifex præter Naturam, quâ nihil potest esse
+callidiùs, tantam solertiam persequi potuisset in Sensibus? quæ
+primùm Oculos membranis tenuissimis vestivit, &amp; sepiit; quas
+primum perlucidas fecit, ut per eas cerni posset: firmas aurem,
+ut continerentur.</i> Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 57.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_139" href="#FNanchor_139" class="label">[x]</a> <i>Boyl</i> of <i>Final Causes.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_140" href="#FNanchor_140" class="label">[y]</a> It is easy to be observed, that the <i>Pupil</i> openeth in
+dark Places; as also when we look at far distant Objects, but
+contracts by an Increase of Light, and when the Objects are
+nigh. This Motion of the <i>Pupil</i> some say, is effected by
+the circular and strait Fibres of the <i>Uvea</i>, and some attribute
+it to the <i>Ligamentum Ciliare</i>. Yet I have no great doubt but
+that they both concur in that Action, and that the <i>Ligamentum
+Ciliare</i> doth, at the same time the Pupil opens or shuts,
+dilate or compress the <i>Crystalline</i>, and bring it nigher unto,
+or carry it farther off the <i>Retina</i>. For the Structure of the
+<i>Ligamentum Ciliare</i>, and its two Sorts of Fibres, drawn with
+the Help of a Microscope, I shall refer to Mr. <i>Cowper’s Anat.</i>
+T. 11.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_141" href="#FNanchor_141" class="label">[z]</a> <i>In Bove, Caprâ, Equo, Ove, &amp; quibusdam aliis elliptica
+est <span class="antiqua">(Pupilla)</span> ut eo magis in hisce forsan animalibus, quæ prono incessu
+victum in agris quæritant, radios laterales ad mala &amp; incommoda
+utrinque devitanda admittat.</i> <i><span class="antiqua">Briggs</span>’s Ophthal.</i> c. 7. §. 6.</p>
+
+<p><i>Homini erecto, aliisque, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> caput erigere, &amp; quaquaversus
+circumspicere solitis, plurima simul objecta, tum suprà, tum infrà,
+tum è latere utroque——visu excipiuntur; quapropter Oculi
+Pupilla rotunda esse debet.——Attamen bovi, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> caput ferè
+semper pronum——gerentibus, tantùm quæ coràm, &amp; paulo à latere
+obversantur, intuitu opus est: quapropter Pupilla——oblonga
+est, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Willis <i>de Anim. Brut.</i> p. 1. c. 15.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_142" href="#FNanchor_142" class="label">[aa]</a> Thus <i>Cats</i> (their Pupils being erect, and the shutting
+of their Eye-lids transverse thereunto) can so close their Pupil,
+as to admit of, as it were, one only single Ray of Light;
+and by throwing all open, they can take in all the faintest
+Rays. Which is an incomparable Provision for these Animals,
+that have occasion to watch and way-lay their Prey
+both by Day and Night.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_143" href="#FNanchor_143" class="label">[bb]</a> There is besides this large opening of the Pupil, in some
+nocturnal Animals, another admirable Provision, enabling
+them to catch their Prey in the Dark; and that is a Radiation
+of the Eyes: Of which Dr. <i>Willis</i> thus; <i>Hujus usus est Oculi
+Pupillam, quasi jubare insito, illuminare, ut res noctu, &amp; in tenebris
+positas conspicere valeat: quare in Fele plurimùm illustris
+est: at Homini, Avibus, &amp; Piscibus deest.</i> This Illumination
+he speaks of, is from the <i>Tapetum</i>, in the Bottom of the Eye,
+or the shining of the <i>Retina</i>, round the optick Nerve.</p>
+
+<p>Besides which, he saith, the <i>Iris</i> hath a Faculty also, in
+some, of darting out Rays of Light, so as to enable them to
+see in the Dark: Of which he tells this Story; <i>Novi quendam
+cerebro calidiori præditum, qui post uberiorem vini generosi potum
+in nocte atratâ, sive tenebris profundis, literas distincte legere potuit.
+Cujus ratio videtur esse, quòd spiritus animales velut accensi,
+adeòque ab hâc Iride irradiantes, jubare infito Medium illuminabant.</i>
+Willis Ibid.</p>
+
+<p>Such another Thing, <i>Pliny</i> tells us, was reported of <i>Tiberius
+Cæsar</i>: <i>Ferunt Tib. Cæs. nec alii genitorum mortalium, fuisse naturam,
+ut expergefactus noctu paulisper, haud alio modo quam
+luce clarâ, contueretur omnia.</i> Nat. Hist. l. 11. c. 37.</p>
+
+<p>So Dr. <i>Briggs</i>: <i>Virum sanè calidæ indolis novi in Comitatu Bedfordiensi
+degentem, qui oculis felineis——donatus est: adeò ut epistolam——mirè
+admodùm in loco obscuro (ubi eadem mihi vix
+apparuit) perlegit. Hujus verò Oculi (nisi quod Pupillas insigniores
+obsinuere) ab aliorum formatione neutiquam discrepabant.</i>
+Ophthal. c. 5. §. 12.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_144" href="#FNanchor_144" class="label">[cc]</a> The <i>Tunica Aranea</i> is taken notice of by <i>Frier Bacon</i>,
+who calls it, <i>Tela Aranea</i>, and saith, <i>in hâc continetur——glaciale
+vel Crystallinum</i>. <i><span class="antiqua">Rog. Bacon</span>’s Perspect. Distinct. 2.
+c. 3.</i> The wrinkling of this, and the <i>Cornea</i> (as the Skin is of
+old Persons) he thinks is the Cause of the Obscurity of the
+Sight in such Persons. <i>Bacon</i> Ib. par. 2. cap. 2. But this <i>Tunick</i>
+some deny, and others allow of: Dr. <i>A. M.</i> of <i>Trinity-College,
+Dublin</i>, (in his <i>Relat. of Anat. Obs.</i> in the Eyes of
+Animals, in a Letter to Mr. <i>Boyl</i>, <i>Ann. 1682.</i> annexed to his
+<i>Anat. Account of the Elephant burnt in <span class="antiqua">Dublin</span></i>, p. 57.) affirms
+the <i>Tunica Aranea</i>, and saith, <i>I have often seen it before ’twas
+exposed to the Air one Minute, notwithstanding what Dr. <span class="antiqua">Briggs</span>
+saith to the contrary, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> But Dr. <i>Briggs</i> his Opinion is, <i>Humor
+Crystallinus, nisi aeri diutiùs expositus, vel lenitèr coctus
+(instar lactis) cuticulam non acquirit: quæ verò impropriè, Tunica
+Aranea dicitur, cùm si tantùm adventitia, ut in Oculo Bovis
+recens execto appareat.</i> <i><span class="antiqua">Briggs</span>’s Ophthalm. c. 3.</i></p>
+
+<p>The <i>Crystalline Humour</i> being of a double Substance, outwardly
+like a Gelly, towards the Center as consistent as hard
+Suet, upon occasion whereof its Figure may be varied; which
+Variation may be made by the <i>Ligamentum Ciliare</i>; Dr. <i>Grew</i>
+doth, upon these Accounts, not doubt to ascribe to the <i>Ligamentum
+Ciliare</i>, a Power of making the <i>Crystalline</i> more Convex,
+as well as of moving it to, or from the <i>Retina</i>. See
+<i>Grew</i>’s <i>Cosmolog. Sacr.</i> l. 1. c. 4. Now it is certain by the
+Laws of Opticks, that somewhat of this is absolutely necessary
+to distinct Vision, inasmuch as the Rays proceeding
+from nigh Objects do more diverge, and those from distant
+Objects less: Which requires either that the <i>Crystalline Humour</i>
+should be made more Convex, or more flat; or else an
+Elongation, or shortning of the Eye, or of the Distance between
+the <i>Crystalline Humour</i> and the <i>Retina</i>.</p>
+
+<p>But although Dr. <i>Briggs</i> (so good a Judge) denies the <i>Tunica
+Crystallina</i>, contrary to the Opinion of most former Anatomists;
+yet there is great Reason to conclude he was in a
+Mistake, in my Opinion, from the Observations of the <i>French
+Anatomists</i>, of the <i>Crystalline</i> of the Eye, of the <i>Gemp</i> or <i>Chamois</i>,
+who say, <i>The Membrana Arachnoïdes was very thick,
+and hard, so that it was easily separated from the Crystallinus</i>,
+p. 145.</p>
+
+<p>The same Anatomists also favour the Surmise of Dr. <i>Grew</i>,
+This [Contraction of the Fibres of the <i>Ligamentum Ciliare</i> on
+one side, and Dilatation on the other] <i>would make us think
+that these Fibres of the <span class="antiqua">Ligamentum Ciliare</span>, are capable of
+Contraction, and voluntary Dilatation, like that of the Fibres of
+the Muscles; and that this Action may augment, or diminish the
+Convexity of the <span class="antiqua">Crystallinus</span>, according as the Need which the
+Distance of the Objects may make it to have on the Eye, to see
+more clearly and distinctly.</i> Anat. Descrip. of a <i>Bear</i>, p. 49.</p>
+
+<p>Since my penning the foregoing Notes, having as critically
+as I could, dissected many Eyes of Birds, Beasts and Fishes,
+I manifestly found the <i>Membrana Arachnoïdes</i>, and will undertake
+to shew it any one, with great Ease and Certainty.
+It is indeed so transparent, as not to be seen distinct from the
+<i>Crystalline</i>. But if the <i>Cornea</i> and <i>Uvea</i> be taken off before,
+or the <i>vitreous Humour</i> behind it, and the out-side of the <i>Crystalline</i>
+be gently cut, the <i>Arachnoïdes</i> may be seen to open,
+and the <i>Crystalline</i> will easily leap out, and part from the <i>Ligamentum
+Ciliare</i>; which otherwise it would not do: For it
+is by the <i>Arachnoïdes</i> braced to the <i>Ligamentum Ciliare</i>. This
+Membrane or Tunick, in the Ox, is so substantial and strong,
+though thin, that it yields to, or sinks under the sharpest Lancet,
+and requires (for so thin and weak a Membrane in appearance)
+a strong Pressure to pierce it.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_145" href="#FNanchor_145" class="label">[dd]</a> As Birds and Fishes are in divers Things conformable,
+so in some sort they are in their Eye; to enable it to correspond
+to all the Convergences, and Divergences of the Rays,
+which the Variations of each of the Mediums may produce.
+For this Service the <i>Tunica Choroeides</i>, (in Fishes) hath a musculous
+Substance at the Bottom of it, lying round the optick
+Nerve, at a small Distance from it; by which Means I imagine
+they are able to contract, and dilate the <i>Choroeides</i>, and
+thereby to lengthen and shorten the Eye: For the helping in
+which Service, I imagine it is that the <i>Choroeides</i>, and <i>Sclerotica</i>,
+are in a great Measure parted, that the <i>Choroeides</i> may
+have the greater Liberty of acting upon the Humours within.</p>
+
+<p>But in Birds, I have my self found, that although the <i>Choroeides</i>
+be parted from the <i>Sclerotica</i>; yet the <i>Choroeides</i> hath
+no Muscle, but instead thereof, a curious pectinated Work,
+seated on the optick Nerve, represented in <i><a href="#figures">Fig. 2.</a></i> In which
+<i>c.a.e.b.d.</i> represents the <i>Choroeides</i> and <i>Sclerotica</i>: <i>a.b.</i> the
+Part of the <i>optick Nerve</i>, that is within the Eye: <i>v.v.v.</i> the
+<i>vitreous Humour</i>: <i>a.f.g.b.</i> the <i>Pecten</i>: <i>h.i.</i> the <i>Crystalline</i>.
+For the Reception of this <i>Pecten</i>, the <i>optick Nerve</i> comes farther
+within the Eye, than in other Creatures. The Structure
+of this <i>Pecten</i>, is very like that of the <i>Ligamentum Ciliare</i>;
+and in the Eye of a <i>Magpy</i>, and some others, I could perceive
+it to be musculous towards the Bottom. This <i>Pecten</i> is
+so firmly fixed unto, or embodied in the <i>vitreous Humour</i>,
+that the <i>vitreous Humour</i> hangs firmly to it, and is not so easily
+parted from it. By which Means all the Motions of the
+<i>Pecten</i> are easily communicated to the <i>vitreous Humour</i>, and
+indeed to all contained in the <i>Choroeides</i>. And forasmuch as
+the <i>Crystalline</i> is connected to the <i>vitreous Humour</i>, therefore
+also the Alterations in the <i>vitreous Humour</i> affect also the <i>Crystalline</i>;
+and the <i>Crystalline</i> is hereby brought nearer unto,
+or farther from the <i>Retina</i>, as occasion is.
+Besides all which Observables in the <i>Choroeides</i>, and inner
+Eye, I have also found this farther remarkable in the <i>Sclerotica</i>,
+and outer-part of the Eye of Birds, <i>viz.</i> That the fore-part
+of the <i>Sclerotica</i> is horny and hard, the middle-part thin
+and flexible, and <i>Braces</i> intervene between the fore and hind-part,
+running between the <i>Choroeides</i> and <i>Sclerotica</i>; by which
+Means the <i>Cornea</i>, and back-part of the Eye, are brought to
+the same Conformity, that the rest of the Eye hath.</p>
+
+<p>The great End and Design of this singular and curious <i>Apparatus</i>
+in the Eyes, both of Birds and Fishes, I take to be,
+1. To enable those Creatures to see at all Distances, far off,
+or nigh; which (especially in the Waters) requireth a different
+Conformation of the Eye. In Birds also, this is of great
+Use, to enable them to see their Food at their Bill’s End, or
+to reach the utmost Distances their high Flights enable them
+to view; as to see over great Tracts of Sea or Land, whither
+they have occasion to fly; or to see their Food or Prey, even
+small Fishes in the Waters, and Birds, Worms, <i>&amp;c.</i> on the
+Earth, when they sit upon Trees, high Rocks, or are hovering
+high in the Air. 2. To enable those Animals to adapt
+their Eye to all the various Refractions of their <i>Medium</i>. Even
+the Air it self varies the Refractions, according as it is rarer
+or denser, more or less compressed; as is manifest from
+the learned and ingenious Mr. <i>Lowthorp</i>’s Experiment in <i>Phil.
+Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 257. and some other Experiments since of the before-commended
+Mr. <i>Hawksbee</i>, both in natural, rarify’d and
+compressed Air; in each of which, the Refractions constantly
+varied in exact Proportion to the Rarity or Density of the
+Air. <i>Vid.</i> <i>Hawksbee</i>’s <i>Exp.</i> pag. 175, <i>&amp;c.</i></p>
+
+<p>Besides this Conformity in general, between the Eyes of
+Birds and Fishes, <i>Du Hamel</i> tells us of a singular Conformity
+in the <i>Cormorant</i>’s Eye, and that is, that the <i>Crystalline</i>
+is globous, as in Fishes, to enable it to see and pursue its Prey
+under Water: Which <i>J. Faber</i>, in Mr. <i>Willoughby</i> saith, they
+do <i>with wonderful Swiftness, and for a long Time</i>. Will. Ornithol.
+p. 329.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_146" href="#FNanchor_146" class="label">[ee]</a> The <i>Crystalline Humour</i>, when dry’d, doth manifestly
+enough appear to be made up of many very thin spherical
+<i>Laminæ</i>, or Scales lying one upon another. Mr. <i>Lewenhock</i>
+reckons there may be 2000 of them in one <i>Crystalline</i>, from
+the outermost to the Center. Every one of these Scales, he
+saith, he hath discovered to be made up of one single Fibre,
+or finest Thread wound, in a most stupendous Manner, this
+way, and that way, so as to run several Courses, and meet in
+as many Centers, and yet not to interfere, or cross one another,
+in any one Place. In <i>Oxen</i>, <i>Sheep</i>, <i>Hogs</i>, <i>Dogs</i> and <i>Cats</i>,
+the Thread spreads into three several Courses, and makes as
+many Centers: In <i>Whales</i> five; but in <i>Hares</i> and <i>Rabbets</i> only
+two. In the whole Surface of an <i>Ox</i>’s <i>Crystalline</i>, he reckons
+there are more than 12000 Fibres juxtaposited. For the
+right and clear Understanding of the Manner of which admirable
+Piece of Mechanism, I shall refer to his Cuts and Descriptions
+in <i>Philos. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 165. and 293. The Truth
+hereof I have heard some ingenious Men question; but it is
+what I my self have seen, and can shew to any Body, with
+the Help of a good Microscope.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_147" href="#FNanchor_147" class="label">[ff]</a> <i>S. Malpighi</i> observed the Middle of the <i>optick Nerve</i>
+of the <i>Sword-Fish</i>, to be nothing else but a large Membrane,
+folded according to its Length in many Doubles, almost like
+a Fan, and invested by the <i>Dura mater</i>; whereas in Land-Animals
+it is a Bundle of Fibres. <i>V.</i> <i>Phil. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 27.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_148" href="#FNanchor_148" class="label">[gg]</a> <i>Certissimum est, quòd in omnibus Oculis humanis (quos
+saltem mihi dissecare contigit) Nervus opticus Pupillæ è diametro
+apponitur, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> Briggs</i>’s Ophthal. c. 3. §. 15. Ita <i>Willis de Anim.
+Brut.</i> p. 1. c. 15.</p>
+
+<p><i>Nervi Optici in nobis, item in Cane, Fele (&amp; in cateris forsan
+animalibus calidis) ad fundum Oculi delati Pupilla regioni prospiciunt,
+dum interim in aliis Quadrupedibus, uti etiam in Piscibus
+&amp; Volueribus, obliquè semper Tunica Sclerotidi inseruntur.
+Unde, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> <i>Willis Ib.</i> c. 7. §. 11.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_149" href="#FNanchor_149" class="label">[hh]</a> <i>This Pair is united at its Rise; whence is commonly
+drawn a Reason why one Eye being mov’d towards an Object,
+the other is directed also to the same.</i> Gibson’s Anat. <i>Book III.
+Chap. 11.</i> So <i>Bartholine Anat.</i> Libellus 3. c. 2.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_150" href="#FNanchor_150" class="label">[ii]</a> Among all the other Security the Eye hath, we may
+reckon the Reparation of the <i>aqueous Humour</i>; by which
+Means the Eye when wounded, and that in all Appearance
+very dangerously too, doth often recover its Sight: Of which
+<i>Bern. Verzascha</i> gives divers Examples ancient and modern.
+One is from <i>Galen</i>, of a Boy so wounded, that the <i>Cornea</i>
+fell, and became flaccid, but yet recovered his Sight. Other
+such like Instances also he gives from <i>Realdus Columbus</i>, <i>Rhodius</i>,
+and <i>Tulpius</i>; and one that he cured himself in these
+Words, <i>Ego in Nobilissimi viri filiolâ similem casum observavi:
+hæc dum levibus de causis cum fratre altercaret, iste iracundiâ
+percitus cultellum Scriptorium apprehendit, &amp; sororis oculo
+vulnus infligit, inde humor aqueus effluxit. Vocatus præsentem
+Chirurgum jussi sequens collyrium anodynum &amp; exsiccans tepidè
+sæpiùs admovere. <span class="antiqua">℞</span> aq. Plantag. <span class="antiqua">℥iv.</span> Rosar. Sanicul. Euphras.
+<span class="antiqua">ana</span> Trochisc. alb. Rhaf. cum Opio <span class="antiqua">℈ii.</span> Tutiæ pp. <span class="antiqua">℈i.</span> Croci
+orient. <span class="antiqua">℈ss. M.</span> Hoc Collyrium inflammationem compescuit, vulnus
+siccavit &amp; sanavit. Hinc post aliquot menses Humor aqueus
+succrevit. Nam visus, sed dibilior, cum summo parentum gaudio
+redivit.</i> B. Verzaschæ Observ. Medicæ. Obs. 14.</p>
+
+<p>Another Cure of this kind, was experimented by Dr. <i>Daniel
+Major</i>, upon a Goose, Ann. 1670, the <i>aqueous Humour</i>
+of both whose Eyes they let out, so that the Eyes fell, and
+the <i>Goose</i> became quite blind: But without the Use of any Medicine,
+in about two Days Time, Nature repaired the watery
+Humour again, the Eyes returned to their Former Turgency,
+and the <i>Goose</i> was in a Week after produced seeing
+before twenty eight or thirty Spectators. <i>Ephem. Germ.</i> T. 1.
+Add. ad. Obs. 117.</p>
+
+<p>From the same Cause, I doubt not, it was that the Eye of
+a Gentleman’s Daughter, and those of a Cock, when wounded,
+so that the <i>Cornea</i> sunk, were restored by a <i>Lithuanian</i>
+Chymist, that passed for a Conjurer, by the Use of a Liquor
+found in <i>May</i>, in the Vesiculæ of <i>Elm</i>. Of which see Mr.
+<i>Ray’s Catal. Cantab.</i> in <i>Ulmus</i> from <i>Henr. ab Heers</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_151" href="#FNanchor_151" class="label">[kk]</a> <i>Palpebræ, quæ sunt tegumenta Oculorum, mollissimæ
+tactu, nè lederent aciem, aptissimæ factæ, &amp; ad claudendas Pupillas,
+nè quid incideret, &amp; ad aperiendas; idque providit, ut
+identidem fieri posset cum maximâ celeritate. Munitæque sunt
+Palpebræ tanquàm vallo pilorum: quibus &amp; apertis Oculis, si
+quid incideret, repelleretur, &amp; somno conniventibus, cùm Oculis
+ad cernendum non egerimus, ut qui, tanquàm involuti, quièscerent.
+Latent prætereà utiliter, &amp; excelsis undique partibus
+sepiuntur. Primùm enim superiora Superciliis obducta sudorem
+à capitæ, &amp; fronte destuentem repellunt. Genæ deinde ab inferiore
+parte tutantur subjectæ, leviterque eminentes.</i> Cicer. de
+Nat. Deor. L. 2. c. 57.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tully</i>, in the Person of a <i>Stoick</i>, having so well accounted
+for the Use of the <i>Eye-Lids</i>, I shall for a further Manifestation
+of the Creator’s Contrivance and Structure of them,
+take notice of two or three Things: 1. They consist of a
+thin and flexible, but strong Skin, by which means they the
+better wipe, clean, and guard the <i>Cornea</i>. 2. Their Edges
+are fortified with a soft <i>Cartilage</i>, by which means they are
+not only enabled the better to do their Office, but also to
+close and shut the better. 3. Out of these Cartilages grow a
+Pallisade of stiff Hairs, of great Use to warn the Eye of the
+Invasion of Dangers, to keep off Motes, and to shut out too
+excessive Light, <i>&amp;c.</i> and at the same time to admit of (through
+their Intervals) a sufficient Passage for Objects to approach
+the Eye. And it is remarkable, that these Hairs grow but to
+a certain, commodious Length, and need no cutting, as many
+other Hairs of the Body do: Also, that their Points stand
+out of the way, and in the upper-lid bend upwards, as they
+do downwards in the lower lid, whereby they are well
+adapted to their Use. From which last Observables, we may
+learn how critical and nice the great Author of Nature hath
+been, in even the least and most trivial Conveniencies belonging
+to Animal Bodies; for which Reason I have added it to
+<i>Tully</i>’s Remarks. And more might have been added too, as
+particularly concerning the curious Structure and Lodgment
+of the <i>Right Muscle</i>, which opens the Eye-Lids; and the
+<i>Orbicularis</i>, or <i>Circular</i> one, that shuts them; the nice <i>Apparatus</i>
+of Glands that keep the Eye moist, and serve for
+<i>Tears</i>; together with the Reason why Man alone, who is a
+social Animal, doth exhibit his social Affections by such outward
+Tokens as <i>Tears</i>; the <i>Nerves</i> also, and other Organs
+acting in this Ministry. I might also speak of the Passages
+for discharging the superfluous Moisture of the Eyes
+through the Nostrils, and much more of the like kind. But
+it would take up too much Room in these Notes; and therefore
+it shall suffice to give only such Hints as may create a
+Suspicion of a noble Œconomy and Contrivance in this (I
+had almost said) least considerable part of the Eye. But for
+Particulars I shall refer to the Anatomists; and for some of
+these Things, particularly to Dr. <i>Willis</i>’s <i>Cereb. Anat.</i> and <i>de
+Anim. Brut.</i> and Mr. <i>Cowper</i>’s Elegant Cuts in the 11ᵗʰ <i>Tab.</i>
+of his <i>Anatomy</i>.</p>
+
+<p>To the Eye-Lids we may add another Guard afforded the
+Eyes of most Quadrupeds, Birds, and Fishes, by the <i>nictitating
+Membrane</i>, which Dr. <i>Willis</i> gives this Account of, <i>Plurimis
+<span class="antiqua">[Animalibus]</span> quibus Musculus suspensorius adest</i> (which
+Limitation he needed not to have added) <i>etiam alter Membranosus
+conceditur, qui juxta interiorem oculi canthum situs,
+quando elevatur, Oculi globum ferè totum obtegit. Hujus
+usus esse videtur, ut cùm Bestiæ inter gramina, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> capita sua
+propter victum capessendum demergunt, hic Musculus Oculi Pupillam,
+nè à stipularum incursu seriatur, oculit, munitque.</i> De
+Anim. Brut. p. 1. c. 15.</p>
+
+<p>This Membrane Man hath not, he having little Occasion
+to thrust his Head into such Places of Annoyance, as Beasts
+and other Animals; or if he hath, he can defend his Eyes
+with his Hands. But Birds (who frequent Trees and Bushes)
+and Quadrupeds, (Hedges and long Grass) and who have no
+part ready, like the Hand, to fence off Annoyances; these, I
+say, have this incomparable Provision made for the Safety of
+their Eyes. And for Fishes, as they are destitute of Eye-Lids,
+because in the Waters there is no occasion for a Defensative
+against Dust and Motes, offensive to the Eyes of
+Land Animals, nor to moisten and wipe the Eyes, as the
+Eye-Lids do, so the <i>Nictitating-Membrane</i> is an abundant
+Provision for all their Occasions, without the Addition of
+the Eye-Lids.</p>
+
+<p>And now, if we reflect, are these the Works of any Thing
+but a wise and indulgent Agent?</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_152" href="#FNanchor_152" class="label">[ll]</a> Although the Hardness and Firmness of the <i>Adnata</i>,
+or <i>Sclerotica</i> in Birds, is a good Guard to their Eyes, yet I do
+not think it is made thus, so much for a Defence, as to minister
+to the lengthning and shortning the Eye, mentioned before
+in <a href="#Footnote_144"><i>Note (cc).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_153" href="#FNanchor_153" class="label">[mm]</a> <i>Cochleis oculorum vicem Cornicula bina pratentu implent.</i>
+Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 11. c. 37. See more of the Eyes of <i>Snails</i>
+before in <a href="#Footnote_127"><i>Note (k)</i></a>; and in <a href="#Footnote_128"><i>Note (l)</i></a>, I said that I suspected
+<i>Moles</i> also might thrust out, or withdraw their Eyes more or
+less within the Hair or Skin.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_154" href="#FNanchor_154" class="label">[nn]</a> The diligent <i>Sturmius</i> was fully persuaded there could
+not be any speculative Atheism in any one that should well
+survey the Eye. <i>Nobis</i>, saith he, <i>fuit persuasissimum. Atheismum,
+quem vocant speculativum, h. e. obsirmatam de Deitate
+in Universo nullâ persuasionem, habere locum aut inveniri non
+posse in eo homine, qui vel unius corporis organici, &amp; speciatim
+Oculi fabricam attento animo aspexerit.</i> Sturm. Exerc. Acad.
+9. De Vis. Organ. &amp; Rat. in Epilogo.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_155" href="#FNanchor_155" class="label">[oo]</a> The glorious Landskips, and other Objects that present
+themselves to the Eye, are manifestly painted on the <i>Retina</i>,
+and that not erect, but inverted as the Laws of Opticks
+require; and is manifest to the Eye from <i>Monsieur Cartes</i>’s
+Experiment, of laying bare the vitreous Humour on the
+back part of the Eye, and clapping over it a Bit of white Paper,
+or the Skin of an Egg; and then placing the fore-part of
+the Eye to the Hole of the Window of a darkned Room. By
+which means we have a pretty Landskip of the Objects
+abroad invertedly painted on the Paper, on the back of the
+Eye. But now the Question is, How in this Case the Eye
+comes to see the Objects erect? <i>Monsieur Cartes</i>’s Answer is,
+<i>Notitia illius ex nullâ imagine pendet, nec ex ullâ actione ab objectis
+veniente, sed ex solo situ exiguarum partium cerebri, è quibus
+Nervi expullulant.——E.g. cogitandum in Oculo——situm
+capillamenti nervi optici——respondere ad alium
+quendam partis cerebri——qui facit ut Anima singula loca
+cognoscat, quæ jacent in rectâ, aut quasi rectâ lineæ; ut ita
+mirari non debeamus corpora in naturali situ videri, quamvis
+imago in oculo delineata contrarium habeat.</i> Dioptr. c. 6. But
+our most ingenious Mr. <i>Molyneux</i> answereth thus, <i>The Eye is
+only the Organ or Instrument, ’tis the Soul that sees by means
+of the Eye. To enquire then how the Soul perceives the
+Object erect, by an inverted Image, is to enquire into the Soul’s
+Faculties——But erect and inverted are only Terms of Relation
+to up and down; or farther from, or nigher to the Center
+of the Earth, in Parts of the same Thing.——But the
+Eye, or visive Faculty takes no notice of the internal Posture of
+its own Parts, but useth them as an Instrument only, contrived
+by Nature for the Exercise of such a Faculty.——Let us imagine,
+that the Eye <span class="antiqua">(on its lower Part)</span> receives an Impulse <span class="antiqua">[by a Ray
+from the upper part of the Object]</span> must not the visive Faculty
+be necessarily directed hereby to consider this Stroke, as coming
+from the top rather than the bottom <span class="antiqua">[of the Object]</span> and consequently
+be directed to conclude it the Representation of the
+top? Hereof we may be satisfied, by supposing a Man standing
+on his Head. For here, though the upper Parts of Objects are
+painted on the upper Parts of the Eye, yet the Objects are
+judged to be erect. What is said of Erect and Reverse, may be
+understood of Sinister and Dexter.</i> Molyneux’s Dioptr. Nov.
+Part I. Prop. 28.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_113"></a>[113]</span></p>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_IV_CHAP_III">CHAP. III.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the Sense of Hearing.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Concerning the Sense of <i>Hearing</i>, I shall take
+notice of two Things, the Organ, the <i>Ear</i>;
+and its Object, <i>Sound</i>.</p>
+
+<p>I. For the Organ, the <i>Ear</i>; I shall pass by its
+convenient Number of being double, which (as in
+the last Sense) serves for the commodious Hearing
+every way round us; as also a wise Provision for the
+utter Loss or Injury<a id="FNanchor_156" href="#Footnote_156" class="fnanchor">[a]</a> of one of the Ears. But
+I shall a little insist upon its Situation, and its admirable
+Fabrick and Parts.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_114"></a>[114]</span></p>
+
+<p>1. It is situated in the most convenient Part of
+the Body, (like as I said the Eye is) in a Part near
+the common Sensory in the Brain, to give the more
+speedy Information; in a Part where it can be best
+guarded, and where it is most free from Annoyances
+and Harms it self, and where it gives the least
+Annoyance and Hindrance to the Exercises of any
+other Part; in a Part appropriated to the peculiar Use
+of the principal Senses, in the most lofty, eminent
+Part of the Body, where it can perceive the most
+Objects, and receive the greatest Information: And
+lastly, in a Part in the Neighbourhood of its Sister
+Sense the Eye, with whom it hath peculiar and admirable
+Communication by its Nerves, as I intend
+to shew in its proper Place. In respect then of its
+Situation and Place in the Body, this Sense is well
+designed and contrived, and may so far be accounted
+the Work of some admirable Artist. But,</p>
+
+<p>2. If we survey its Fabrick and Parts, it will
+appear to be an admirable Piece of the Divine Wisdom,
+Art, and Power. For the Manifestation of
+which, let us distinctly survey the outward and the
+inward Part of its curious Organ.</p>
+
+<p>1. For the <i>outward Ear</i>: If we observe its Structure
+in all Kinds of Animals, it must needs be acknowledged
+to be admirably Artificial, it being so<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_115"></a>[115]</span>
+nicely prepared, and adjusted to the peculiar Occasions
+of each respective Animal. In Man<a id="FNanchor_157" href="#Footnote_157" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>, it is
+of a Form proper for the erect Posture of his Body.
+In Birds, of a Form proper for Flight; not protuberant,
+because that would obstruct their Progress, but
+close and covered, to afford the easier Passage through
+the Air. In Quadrupeds, its Form is agreeable to
+the Posture, and slower Motion of their Bodies;
+and in these too, various, according to their various
+Occasions. In some large, erect, and open, to
+hear the least Approaches of Dangers<a id="FNanchor_158" href="#Footnote_158" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>, in others
+covered, to keep out noxious Bodies. In the Subterraneous<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_116"></a>[116]</span>
+Quadrupeds, who are forced to mine,
+and dig for their Food and Habitation, as a protuberant
+Ear, like that of other Quadrupeds, would
+obstruct their Labours, and be apt to be torn and injured;
+so they have the contrary<a id="FNanchor_159" href="#Footnote_159" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>, their Ears short,
+lodged deep and backward in their Head, and passing<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_117"></a>[117]</span>
+to the under Part thereof, and all sufficiently
+fenced and guarded. And as for Insects, Reptiles,
+and the Inhabitants of the Waters, if they enjoy
+this Sense, (as there is great Reason to think they
+do,) it may probably be lodged commodiously under
+the same Security and Guard, as the Smelling,
+or some other Sense is.</p>
+
+<p>And moreover, as the Form of this Organ is various
+in various Animals, so in each of them its
+Structure is very curious and observable, being in
+all admirably contrived to collect the wandering,
+circumambient Impressions, and Undulations of
+Sound, and to convey them to the Sensory within.
+If I should run over the several <i>Genera</i> of Animals,
+we might find a notable Prospect of the handy-work
+of God<a id="FNanchor_160" href="#Footnote_160" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>, even in this so inconsiderable Part of
+Animals. But I shall only carry my Survey to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_118"></a>[118]</span>
+that of Man. And here the first Thing that offereth
+it self to our View, is the <i>Helix</i>, with its tortuous
+Cavities, made to stop, and collect the sonorous
+Undulations, to give them a gentle Circulation
+and Refraction, and so convey them to the <i>Concha</i>,
+or larger and more capacious round Cell at the Entrance
+of the Ear. And to bridle the Evagation of
+the Sound, when arrived so far, but withal not to
+make a Confusion thereof, by any disagreeable Repercussions,
+we may take notice of a very curious
+Provision in those little Protuberances, called the
+<i>Tragus</i>, and <i>Antitragus</i> of the outward Ear, of a
+commodious Form and Texture<a id="FNanchor_161" href="#Footnote_161" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>, and conveniently
+lodged for this Use. The great Convenience
+and Benefit of this Form and Contrivance of the
+outward Ear, is sufficiently manifest by the want
+thereof, which causeth a <i>Confusion in the Hearing,
+with a certain Murmur, or Swooing like the Fall of
+Waters</i><a id="FNanchor_162" href="#Footnote_162" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_119"></a>[119]</span></p>
+
+<p>Another wise Provision of the Creator, is in the
+Substance of the outward Ear, which is cartilaginous,
+the fittest for this Place. For (as an ingenious
+Anatomist<a id="FNanchor_163" href="#Footnote_163" class="fnanchor">[h]</a> observes) “If it had been Bone,
+it would have been troublesome, and might by
+many Accidents have been broken off: If Flesh,
+it would have been subject to Contusion”. But
+indeed a worse Consequence than this would have
+ensu’d such a Softness as that of Flesh, and that is,
+it would neither have remain’d expanded, neither
+would it so kindly receive and circulate the Sounds,
+but absorb, retard, or blunt their Progress into the
+inward Organ. But being hard, and curiously
+smooth and tortuous, Sounds find an easie Passage,
+with a regular Volutation and Refraction: As in a
+well-built Arch, Grotto, or musical Instrument,
+which magnify and meliorate Sounds; and some
+of which convey even a Whisper to a large Distance<a id="FNanchor_164" href="#Footnote_164" class="fnanchor">[i]</a>:
+But from the outward, let us carry our
+Survey,</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_120"></a>[120]</span></p>
+
+<p>2. To the inward Part of this admirable Organ.
+And here we find the most curious and artful Provision
+for every Emergency and Occasion. The
+<i>auditory Passage</i>, in the first Place, curiously tunnelled,
+and artfully turned, to give Sounds an easie
+Passage, as well as a gentle Circulation and Refraction;
+but withal, so as to prevent their too furious
+rushing in, and assaulting the more tender Parts
+within.</p>
+
+<p>And forasmuch as it is necessary that this Passage
+should be always open, to be upon the Watch<a id="FNanchor_165" href="#Footnote_165" class="fnanchor">[k]</a>;
+therefore to prevent the Invasion of noxious Insects,
+or other Animals, (who are apt to make
+their retreat in every little Hole), Nature hath
+secured this Passage<a id="FNanchor_166" href="#Footnote_166" class="fnanchor">[l]</a>, with a bitter nauseous<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_121"></a>[121]</span>
+Excrement<a id="FNanchor_167" href="#Footnote_167" class="fnanchor">[m]</a>, afforded from the Glands<a id="FNanchor_168" href="#Footnote_168" class="fnanchor">[n]</a> appointed
+for that Purpose.</p>
+
+<p>From hence let us approach the most inward
+Parts, in which we shall see Strokes of the most
+exquisite Art. To pass over the <i>innate Air</i>, that
+most Authors talk of<a id="FNanchor_169" href="#Footnote_169" class="fnanchor">[o]</a>, (because there is no such)<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_122"></a>[122]</span>
+the passage to the Palate<a id="FNanchor_170" href="#Footnote_170" class="fnanchor">[p]</a>, and their Uses, with
+divers other curious Things that might be named;
+let us stop a little at the Part containing the rest,
+namely, the Bone<a id="FNanchor_171" href="#Footnote_171" class="fnanchor">[q]</a>. The particular Texture and
+Hardness of which, above other Bones of the Body,
+is very remarkable; whereby it serves not only
+as a substantial Guard to the Sensory, but also to
+oppose the Impulses of the ætherial Matter, that
+there may be no loss, nor Confusion in the Sound;
+but that it may be conveyed regularly, and intirely
+to the auditory Nerves.</p>
+
+<p>The next Part I shall take Notice of, may be
+that fine Membrane, called the <i>Tympanum</i>, or <i>Membrana<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_123"></a>[123]</span>
+Tympani</i><a id="FNanchor_172" href="#Footnote_172" class="fnanchor">[r]</a>, with its inner Membrane<a id="FNanchor_173" href="#Footnote_173" class="fnanchor">[s]</a>;
+together with the four little appendent Bones<a id="FNanchor_174" href="#Footnote_174" class="fnanchor">[t]</a>,
+and the three inner Muscles to move them, and
+adjust the whole <i>Compages</i> to the several Purposes<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_124"></a>[124]</span>
+of Hearing, to hear all Manner of Sounds, loud or
+languid, harsh or grateful<a id="FNanchor_175" href="#Footnote_175" class="fnanchor">[u]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_125"></a>[125]</span></p>
+
+<p>From this Region of the <i>Tympanum</i>, I might<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_126"></a>[126]<br><a id="Page_127"></a>[127]</span>
+pass to that of the <i>Labyrinth</i><a id="FNanchor_176" href="#Footnote_176" class="fnanchor">[w]</a>, and therein survey
+the curious and admirable Structure of the <i>Vestibulum</i>,
+the <i>Semicircular Canals</i><a id="FNanchor_177" href="#Footnote_177" class="fnanchor">[x]</a>, and <i>Cochlea</i>; particularly
+the artificial Gyrations, and other singular
+Curiosities observable in the two latter.</p>
+
+<p>But I shall not expatiate on these recluse Parts;
+only there is one special Contrivance of the Nerves,
+ministring to this Sense of Hearing, which must<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_128"></a>[128]</span>
+not be passed by; and that is, the Branches of one
+of the <i>auditory Nerves</i><a id="FNanchor_178" href="#Footnote_178" class="fnanchor">[y]</a>, spread partly to the
+Muscles of the Ear, partly to the Eye, partly to
+the Tongue and Instruments of Speech, and inosculated
+with the Nerves to go to the Heart and
+Breast. By which Means there is an admirable,
+and useful Content between these Parts of the Body;
+it being natural for most Animals, upon the
+Hearing any uncouth Sound, to erect their Ears,
+and prepare them to catch every Sound; to open
+their Eyes (those constant faithful Sentinels) to stand
+upon their Watch; and to be ready with the Mouth
+to call out, or utter what the present Occasion shall
+dictate. And accordingly it is very usual for most
+Animals, when surpriz’d, and terrify’d with any
+Noise, presently to shriek and cry out.</p>
+
+<p>But there is besides this, in Man, another great
+Use of this nervous Commerce between the Ear and
+Mouth: And that is, (as one of the best Authors on
+this Subject expresseth it)<a id="FNanchor_179" href="#Footnote_179" class="fnanchor">[z]</a>, “That the Voice
+may correspond with the Hearing, and be a kind
+of Echo thereof, that what is <i>heard</i> with <i>one</i>
+of the two Nerves, may be readily expressed
+with the Voice, by the help of the <i>other</i>.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_129"></a>[129]</span></p>
+
+<p>Thus much shall suffice to have spoken concerning
+the Organ. Let us,</p>
+
+<p>II. Take Notice of the <i>Object</i> of this admirable
+Sense, namely, <i>Sound</i>; and so conclude this Chapter.
+I shall not here enquire into the Nature and
+Properties of <i>Sound</i>, which is in a great Measure intricate,
+and hath puzzelled the best Naturalists:
+Neither shall I shew how this admirable Effect of
+the divine Contrivance, may be improv’d to divers
+Uses<a id="FNanchor_180" href="#Footnote_180" class="fnanchor">[aa]</a> and Purposes in humane Life; but my
+Business will be to shew that this Thing, of so admirable
+Use in the animal World, is the Work of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_130"></a>[130]</span>
+God. And this will appear, let the subject Matter
+of Sounds be what it will; either the Atmosphere<a id="FNanchor_181" href="#Footnote_181" class="fnanchor">[bb]</a>
+in Gross, or the ætherial Part thereof,
+or soniferous Particles of Bodies, as some fancy, or<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_131"></a>[131]</span>
+whatever else the Philosopher may think it. For
+who but an intelligent Being, what less than an<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_132"></a>[132]</span>
+omnipotent and infinitely wise God could contrive,
+and make such a fine Body, such a Medium, so
+susceptible of every Impression, that the Sense of
+Hearing hath occasion for, to empower all Animals
+to express their Sense and Meaning to others; to
+make known their Fears, their Wants, their Pains<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_133"></a>[133]</span>
+and Sorrows in melancholick Tones; their Joys
+and Pleasures in more harmonious Notes; to send
+their Minds at great Distances<a id="FNanchor_182" href="#Footnote_182" class="fnanchor">[cc]</a>, in a short
+Time<a id="FNanchor_183" href="#Footnote_183" class="fnanchor">[dd]</a>, in loud Boations; or to express their
+Thoughts near at hand with a gentle Voice, or in
+secret Whispers! And to say no more, who less
+than the same most wise and indulgent Creator,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_134"></a>[134]</span>
+could form such an Oeconomy, as that of Melody
+and Musick is! That the <i>Medium</i> should (as I said)
+so readily receive every Impression of Sound, and
+convey the melodious Vibration of every musical
+String, the harmonious Pulses of every animal
+Voice, and of every musical Pipe; and the Ear be
+as well adapted, and ready to receive all these Impressions,
+as the <i>Medium</i> to convey them: And lastly,
+that by Means of the curious Lodgment, and
+Inosculations of the <i>auditory Nerves</i> before-mentioned,
+the Orgasms of the Spirits should be allay’d,
+and Perturbations of the Mind, in a great Measure
+quieted and stilled<a id="FNanchor_184" href="#Footnote_184" class="fnanchor">[ee]</a>: Or to express it in the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_135"></a>[135]<br><a id="Page_136"></a>[136]</span>
+Words of the last-cited famous Author<a id="FNanchor_185" href="#Footnote_185" class="fnanchor">[ff]</a>, “That
+Musick should not only affect the Fancy with
+Delight; but also give Relief to the Grief and
+Sadness of the Heart; yea, appease all those turbulent
+Passions, which are excited in the Breast
+by an immoderate Ferment, and Fluctuation of
+the Blood”.</p>
+
+<p>And now, who can reflect upon all this curious
+Apparatus of the <i>Sense of Hearing</i>, and not give
+the great Creator his due Praise! Who can survey
+all this admirable Work, and not as readily own
+it to be the Work of an omnipotent, and infinitely
+wise and good <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em><a id="FNanchor_186" href="#Footnote_186" class="fnanchor">[gg]</a>, as the most artful Melodies
+we hear, are the Voice or Performances of a
+living Creature!</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp75" style="max-width: 18.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/footer05.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_156" href="#FNanchor_156" class="label">[a]</a> I presume it will not be ungrateful to take notice here
+of the admirable, as well as useful Sagacity of some deaf
+Persons, that have learnt to supply their want of <i>Hearing</i> by
+understanding what is said by the Motion of the Lips. My
+very ingenious Friend Mr. <i>Waller</i>, <i>R. S. Secr.</i> gives this Account,
+<i>There live now and have from their Birth, in our Town,
+a Man and his Sister, each about fifty Years old, neither of
+which have the least Sense of Hearing,——yet both of these
+know, by the Motion of the Lips only, whatever is said to
+them, and will answer pertinently to the Question proposed to
+them——The Mother told me they could hear very well, and
+speak when they were Children, but both lost that Sense afterwards,
+which makes them retain their Speech; though that, to
+Persons not used to them, is a little uncouth and odd, but intelligible
+enough.</i> Phil. Trans. No. 312.</p>
+
+<p>Such another Instance is that of Mr. <i>Goddy</i>, Minister of
+St. <i>Gervais</i> in <i>Geneva</i>, his Daughter. <i>She is now about sixteen
+Years old. Her Nurse had an extraordinary Thickness of Hearing;
+at a Year old, the Child spake all those little Words that
+Children begin to speak at that Age.——At two Years old, they
+perceived she had lost her Hearing, and was so Deaf, that ever
+since, though she hears great Noises, yet she hears nothing that
+one can speak to her.——But by observing the Motions of the
+Mouth and Lips of others, she hath acquired so many Words,
+that out of these she hath formed a sort of Jargon, in which
+she can hold Conversation whole Days with those that can speak
+her own Language. I could understand some of her Words, but
+could not comprehend a Period, for it seemed to be but a confused
+Noise. She knows nothing that is said to her, unless she
+seeth the Motion of their Mouths that speak to her; so that in
+the Night, when it is necessary to speak to her, they must light
+a Candle. Only one thing appeared the strangest part of the
+whole Narration: She hath a Sister, with whom she hath
+practised her Language more than with any other: And in the
+Night, by laying her Hand on her Sister’s Mouth, she can perceive
+by that what she saith, and so can discourse with her in
+the Night.</i> Bishop <i>Burnet</i>’s Let. 4. p. 248.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_157" href="#FNanchor_157" class="label">[b]</a> I cannot but admire that our most eminent modern
+Anatomists should not agree, whether there be any Muscles
+in the outward Ear of Man or not. Dr. <i>Keil</i> saith there are
+two; Dr. <i>Drake</i> the same Number; and Dr. <i>Gibson</i> makes
+them to be four. So also doth <i>Monsieur Dionis</i>, and so did
+the ancient Anatomists: But Dr. <i>Schelhammer</i> expressly denies
+there are any, and saith, <i>Seduxit autem reliquos Brutorum
+Anatome, in quorum plerisque tales Musculi plures inveniuntur;
+putârunt autem fortassis ignominiosum Homini, si non &amp;
+his instructus esset, &amp; minùs inde perfectum animal fore.</i> Schel.
+de Auditu p. 1. c. 1. §. 7. But <i>Valsalva</i>, who wrote very
+lately, and is very accurate in his Survey of the Ear, saith,
+<i>Musculi auriculæ posteriores quandoque quatuor, quandoque duo;
+sed ut plurimùm tres adnotantur; &amp; quando solùm duo se manifestant,
+tunc unus ex illis duplicato tendine versùs Concham deferri
+solet. Horum musculorum in numero varietatem non solùm
+in diversis; verùm etiam in eodem subjecto quandoque vidi——Ex
+quibus differentiis subortæ sunt Auctorum discrepantiæ in horum
+Musculorum numero, &amp; positu:——quod non evenisset,
+si pluries in diversis Corporibus iidem Musculi quæsiti essent.</i> Ant.
+Mar. <i>Valsalva de Aur. Human.</i> c. 1. §. 6. But Dr. <i>Drake</i>
+thinks some of <i>Valsalva</i>’s Muscles the Product of Fancy. Mr.
+<i>Cowper</i> makes them to be three, one <i>Attollent</i>, and two <i>Retrabent
+Muscles</i>. See <i>Anat.</i> Tab. 12.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_158" href="#FNanchor_158" class="label">[c]</a> <i>Inter cætera <span class="antiqua">[animalia aurita]</span> maximè admirabilis est auris
+leporinæ fabrica, quod cùm timidissimum animal sit, &amp;
+prorsus inerme, natura id tum auditu acurissimo, tanquam hostium
+exploratore ad perfentienda pericula, tum pedibus ceu armis
+ad currendum aptis munisse videtur.</i> A. Kircher’s <i>Phonurg.</i>
+l. 1. §. 7. Technas. 2.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_159" href="#FNanchor_159" class="label">[d]</a> <i>Moles</i> have no protuberant Ear, but only a round Hole
+between the Neck and Shoulder; which Situation of it, together
+with the thick, short Fur that covers it, is a sufficient
+Defensative against external Annoyances. The <i>Meatus Auditorius</i>
+is long, round and cartilaginous, reaching to the under
+part of the Skull. Round the inside runs a little Ridge,
+resembling two Threads of a Skrew; at the Bottom whereof
+is a pretty Inlet, leading to the Drum, made, on one side
+with the aforesaid cochleous Ridge, and on the other, with
+a small Cartilage. I observed there was <i>Cerumen</i> in the
+<i>Meatus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>As to the <i>inner Ear</i>, it is somewhat singular, and different
+from that of the other Quadrupeds, and much more from
+Birds, although I have met with some Authors that make it
+agreeing with that of Birds. There are three small Bones
+only (all hollow) by which the <i>Drum</i> (to use the old Appellation)
+or the <i>Membrana Tympani</i> (as others call it) acteth
+upon the <i>Auditory Nerve</i>. The first is the <i>Malleus</i>, which
+hath two Processes nearly of equal Length; the longer of
+which is braced to the <i>Membrana Tympani</i>, the shorter to the
+side of the <i>Drum</i> or <i>Os Petrosum</i>; the back part of it resembles
+the Head and Stalk of a small <i>Mushroom</i>, such as are
+pickled. On the back of the <i>Malleus</i> lies the next small
+Bone, which may be called the <i>Incus</i>, long, and without any
+Process, having somewhat the Form of the short Scoop
+wherewith Water-men throw the Water out of their Wherries.
+To the end of this the third and last small Bone is tacked
+by a very tender Brace. This little Bone bears the Office of
+the <i>Stapes</i>, but is only forked without any Base. One of
+these Forks is at one <i>Fenestra</i>, or <i>Foramen</i>, the other at another;
+in which <i>Fenestra</i> I apprehend the Forks are tacked to the
+Auditory Nerve. These <i>Fenestra</i> (equivalent to the <i>Fenestra
+Ovalis</i>, and <i>Rotunda</i> in others) are the Inlets into the <i>Cochlea</i>
+and <i>Canales Semicirculares</i>, in which the <i>Auditory Nerve</i> lieth.
+The <i>Semicircular Canales</i> lie at a distance from the <i>Drum</i>,
+and are not lodged (as in other Animals) in a strong, thick
+Body of Bone, but are thrust out, within the Skull, making
+an <i>Antrum</i>, with an handsome <i>Arch</i> leading into it, into
+which a part of the Brain enters.</p>
+
+<p>One Leg of the <i>Malleus</i> being fastned to the <i>Membrana
+Tympani</i>, and the <i>Incus</i> to the back of the <i>Malleus</i>, and the
+top of that to the top of the <i>Stapes</i>, and the Forks or Branches
+of the <i>Stapes</i> to the <i>Auditory Nerve</i>, I observed that whenever
+I moved the Membrane, all the little Bones were at the
+same time moved, and consequently the <i>Auditory Nerve</i>
+thereby affected also.</p>
+
+<p>I hope the Reader will excuse me for being so particular in
+this Organ only of the <i>Mole</i>, a despised Creature, but as notable
+an Example of <i>God</i>’s Work, as its Life is different from
+that of other Quadrupeds; for which Reason it partly is that
+I have enlarged on this part differing from that of others,
+and which no Body that I know of, hath taken much notice
+of, and which is not discoverable without great Patience and
+Application; and partly because by comparing these Observations
+with <a href="#Footnote_545"><i>Book VII. Chap. 2. Note (d)</i></a>, we may judge how
+the Sense of Hearing is performed.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_160" href="#FNanchor_160" class="label">[e]</a> <i>Among many Varieties, both in the inner and outer
+Ear, those which appear in the Passage into the Rock-Bone, are
+remarkable. For in an <span class="antiqua">Owl</span>, that perches on a Tree or Beam,
+and hearkens after the Prey beneath her, it is produced farther
+out above than it is below, for the better Reception of the least
+Sound. But in a Fox, that scouteth underneath the Prey at
+Roost; it is for the same Reason, produced farther out below.
+In a <span class="antiqua">Pole-Cat</span>, which hearkens strait forward, it is produced
+behind, for the taking of a forward Sound. Whereas in a <span class="antiqua">Hare</span>,
+which is very quick of Hearing, and thinks of nothing but being
+pursued, it is supplied with a bony Tube, which as a natural
+Otocoustick, is so directed backward, as to receive the
+smallest and most distant Sound that comes behind her.</i> Grew’s
+Cosmolog. Sacr. <i>lib. 1. c. 5. §. 6</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_161" href="#FNanchor_161" class="label">[f]</a> The Texture of the <i>Tragus</i> and <i>Antitragus</i>, is softer
+than that of the <i>Helix</i>, which serveth gently to blunt, not
+forcibly to repel the Sound in the <i>Concha</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_162" href="#FNanchor_162" class="label">[g]</a> Dr. <i>Gibson</i>’s Anatomy, <i>Chap. 22. Book III</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Those whose Ears are cut off, have but a confused way of
+Hearing, and are obliged either to form a Cavity round the
+Ear with their own Hands, or else to make use of a Horn, and
+apply the end of it to the inner Cavity of the Ear, on order to
+receive the agitated Air. ’Tis likewise observed, that those
+whose Ears jut out, hear better than flat-eared Persons</i>. Monsieur
+Dionis’s <i>Anat. Demonstr. 8</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_163" href="#FNanchor_163" class="label">[h]</a> <i>Gibs.</i> Ibid.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_164" href="#FNanchor_164" class="label">[i]</a> It would nauseate the Reader to reckon up the Places
+famed for the Conveyance of Whispers, such as the Prison
+of <i>Dionysius</i> at <i>Syracuse</i>, which is said to encrease a Whisper
+to a Noise; the clapping ones Hands to the Sound of a Cannon,
+&amp;c. Nor the <i>Aquaducts</i> of <i>Claudius</i>, which carry a
+Voice sixteen Miles, and many others both Ancient and Modern.
+If the Reader hath a mind to be entertained in this
+way, he may find enough in <i>Kircher</i>’s <i>Phonurgia</i>. But it may
+not be irksome to mention one or two of our own in <i>England</i>.
+Among which, one of the most famed is the <i>Whispering-Place</i>
+in <i>Gloucester Cathedral</i>, which is no other than a
+Gallery above the East-end of the Choir, leading from one
+side thereof to the other. It consisteth, (if I mistake not)
+of five Angles, and six Sides, the middle-most of which is a
+naked, uncovered Window, looking into a Chapel behind it.
+I guess the two Whisperers stand at about twenty five Yards
+Distance from one another. But the <i>Dome</i> of St. <i>Paul</i>’s,
+<i>London</i>, is a more considerable <i>Whispering-Place</i>, where the
+ticking of a Watch (when no Noise is in the Streets) may
+be heard from Side to Side; yea, a Whisper may be sent all
+round the <i>Dome</i>. And not only in the Gallery below, but
+above, upon the Scaffold, I tried, and found that a Whisper
+would be carried over one’s Head round the top of the Arch,
+notwithstanding there is a large Opening in the middle of it
+into the upper part of the <i>Dome</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_165" href="#FNanchor_165" class="label">[k]</a> <i>Auditus autem semper patet: ejus enim sensu etiam dormientes
+egemus: A quo cùm sonus est acceptus, etiam è somno
+excitamur. Flexuosum iter habet, nè quid intrare possit, si simplex,
+&amp; directum pateret; provisum etiam, ut siqua minima
+bestiola conaretur irrumpere, in sordibus aurium, tanquàm in
+visco, inhæresceret.</i> Cicer. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 57.</p>
+
+<p>It deserves a particular Remark here, that in Infants in the
+Womb, and newly born, the <i>Meatus Auditorius</i> is shut up very
+closely, partly by the Constriction of the Passage, and
+partly by a glutinous Substance, whereby the <i>Tympanum</i> is
+guarded against the Water in the <i>Secundine</i>, and against the
+Injuries of the Air as soon as the Infant is born.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_166" href="#FNanchor_166" class="label">[l]</a> It is remarkable, that in most, if not all Animals, whose
+Ears are tunnelled, or where the <i>Meatus Auditorius</i> is long
+enough to afford Harbour to <i>Ear-wigs</i>, or other Insects; that,
+I say, in the Ears of such, <i>Ear-wax</i> is constantly to be found.
+But in Birds, whose Ears are covered with Feathers, and
+where the <i>Tympanum</i> lies but a little way within the Skull,
+no <i>Ear-wax</i> is found, because none is necessary to the Ears
+so well guarded, and so little tunnelled.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_167" href="#FNanchor_167" class="label">[m]</a> The <i>Ear-wax</i> was thought by the old Anatomists to be
+an Excrement of the Brain: <i>Humor biliosus à cerebro expugnatus</i>,
+the <i>Bartholines</i> say of it, l. 3. <i>c. 9.</i> But as <i>Schelhammer</i>
+well observes, <i>Nil absurdius, quàm cerebri excrementum
+hoc statuere. Nam &amp; ratio nulla suadet, ut in cerebro fieri excrementum
+tale credamus:——neque viæ patent per quas ab
+eo seclusum in meatum auditorium possit inde penetrare.</i> As to
+its Taste, <i>Casserius</i> gives Instances of its being sweet in some
+Creatures. But <i>Schelhammer</i> says, <i>Ego verò semper, cum amaritie
+aliquid dulcedinis in illo deprehendi</i>. Vid. Schel. de Audit.
+<i>p. 1. c. 2. §. 10</i>. But I could never distinguish any Sweetness
+in it; but think it insipid mixed with a Bitterness.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_168" href="#FNanchor_168" class="label">[n]</a> <i>Cerumina amara Arteriolis exudantia.</i> Willis de Anim.
+Brut. <i>par. 1. c. 14</i>. <i>In the Skin——are little Glands,
+which furnish a yellow and bitter Humour.</i> Monsieur Dionis’s
+Dem. 18. An handsome Cut of those <i>Glandulæ ceruminosæ</i>
+is in Dr. <i>Drake</i>, from <i>Valsalva</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pliny</i> attributes a great Virtue to the <i>Ear-wax</i>; <i>Morsus hominis
+inter asperrimos numeratur: medentur sordes ex auribus:
+ac ne quis miretur, etiam Scorpionum ictibus Serpentiumque
+statim impositæ.</i> Plin. Nat. Hist. <i>l. 28. c. 4</i>. And that it hath
+an healing Quality, and may be accounted a good Balsam, I
+my self have experienced.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_169" href="#FNanchor_169" class="label">[o]</a> That there is such a Thing as the <i>innate Air</i>, (talked
+of much by most Authors on this Subject) <i>Schelhammer</i> very
+justly, I think, denies, by Reason there is a Passage into the
+inner Ear from the Throat, through which the <i>innate Air</i>
+may pass out, and the outward Air enter in. <i>V.</i> <i>Par. Alt.</i>
+p. 2. c. 1. §. 10. When by stopping our Breath, and Straining,
+we force the external Air into the Ear, it may be heard
+rushing in; and if much be forced in, it may be felt also to
+beat against the <i>Tympanum</i>. When the Passage to the Throat
+is by any Means stopp’d, as by a Cold in the Head, &amp;c. the
+Hearing thereby becomes dull and blunt; by Reason the
+Communication between the outward and inward Air are obstructed:
+But when by strong Swallowing, or such-like Motion
+of the Throat, the Passage is opened, we perceive it by a
+sudden Smack or Crack, and we immediately hear very clearly;
+the load of feculent Air being at that Time discharged
+from the inner Ear.</p>
+
+<p>It is a wise Provision, that the Passage for the Air into the
+Ear, is from the Throat; <i>Ut non statim quivis aer externus irrumpere
+queat</i> (as <i>Schelhammer</i> saith, <i>Par. Ult. c. 4. §. 8.</i>) <i>sed
+nonnihil immutatus, ac temperatus, calore ex medio ventre exspirante;
+imò fortassis non facilè alius, nisi ex pulmonibus.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_170" href="#FNanchor_170" class="label">[p]</a> <i>Valsalva</i> hath given us a more accurate Description of
+the <i>Tuba Eustachiana</i>, or <i>Passage to the Palate</i>, than any other
+Author, to whom I therefore refer, <i>De Aur. Human.</i> c. 2. §.
+16, <i>&amp;c.</i></p>
+
+<p>The chief Use hereof, he thinks, is to give way to the inner
+Air, upon every Motion of the <i>Membrana Tympani</i>, the
+<i>Malleus</i>, <i>Incus</i> and <i>Stapes</i>. This Passage, if it be shut up,
+Deafness ensues: Of which he gives two Instances: One a Gentleman,
+who lost his Hearing by a Polypus in the Nose reaching
+to the <i>Uvula</i>; the other a Yeoman, labouring with an
+Ulcer above the left Side of the <i>Uvula</i>; which when he stopt
+with a Tent dipped in Medicine, he lost his Hearing in the
+left Ear, and recovered it, as soon as the Tent was out. <i>Ibid.
+c. 5. §. 10.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_171" href="#FNanchor_171" class="label">[q]</a> Os [petrosum] <i>ex quo interiores <span class="antiqua">[Labyrinthi]</span> cavitatum
+parietes conflati sunt, album, durissimum, necnon maximè compactum.
+Id autem à Naturâ ita comparatum esse videtur, ut
+materia ætherea Sonorum objectorum impressionibus onusta, dum
+prædictis impingitur Parietibus, nihil aut saltem ferè nihil motûs
+sui amittat, atque adeò illum qualem ab Objectis sonoris accepit,
+talem communicet spiritui animali contento intra expansiones rami
+mollioris Nervorum auris.</i> Dr. <i>Raym. Vieussens</i> of <i>Montpellier</i>,
+in Phil. Trans. Nᵒ. 258.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_172" href="#FNanchor_172" class="label">[r]</a> The <i>Tympanum</i> of the Ear, or as <i>Valsalva</i> and the Moderns,
+the <i>Membrana Tympani</i> was taken notice of as early as
+<i>Hippocrates</i>’s Time. In Birds, it is strained towards the outward
+Parts; in other Animals towards the Brain, or inner Parts.
+Monsieur <i>Dionis</i> saith, <i>It is not equally fastened to the whole
+Circumference of the bony Circle, in which it is inchased; for on
+the upper Side it hath a free disengaged Part, by which some can
+give vent to the Smoak in their Mouth.</i> Demonstr. 8. That there
+is some Passage I doubt not, but I question whether Monsieur
+<i>Dionis</i> ever saw the disengaged Part he mentions. I have
+my self carefully searched divers Subjects, and do not remember
+to have seen any such Passage; and I perceive it escaped
+the diligent <i>Schelhammer</i>’s Eye. <i>Valsalva</i> also by injecting in
+through the <i>Tuba Eustachiana</i>, could not force any Liquor
+into the <i>Meatus Auditorius</i>; but yet he imagines he found the
+Passage out in another Place of the Drum, in some morbid,
+and one sound Head. <i>Valsalv. de Aur. Hum.</i> c. 2. §. 8. Mr.
+<i>Cowper</i> also affirms there is a Passage by the upper Part of the
+Membrane. <i>Anat. Ap.</i> Fig. 8.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_173" href="#FNanchor_173" class="label">[s]</a> Dr. <i>Vieussens</i>, before-named, discovered a Membrane,
+<i>tenuissimæ raræque admodùm texturæ intra cavitatem Tympani</i>;
+as he describes it. Whose use he saith is, <i>1. Occludens Labyrinthi
+januam impedit nè naturalis purissimus ac subtilissimus Aer
+intra cavitates——communicationem——habeat cum aere crasso.
+2. Labyrinthi basin calefacit, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> ubi supra.</i> Probably
+this double Membrane may be such, or after the same Manner
+as it is in the <i>Tympanum</i> of Birds: Of which see my Observations
+in <a href="#Footnote_545"><i>Book VII. Chap. 2. Note (d).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_174" href="#FNanchor_174" class="label">[t]</a> The four little Bones being treated of by all that have
+concerned themselves about this Sense of Hearing, since their
+Discovery, I shall take Notice of only two Things concerning
+them. 1. The Discovery of them is owing wholly to the
+Diligence and Sagacity of the latter Ages; of which <i>Schelhammer</i>
+gives this Account from <i>Fallopius</i>, <i>Hæc Officula antiquis
+Anatomicis——ignota fuere; primusque qui in lucem produxit
+<span class="antiqua">[Malleum &amp; Incum]</span> fuit Jac. Carpensis; primus quoque
+procul omni dubio Anatomicæ artis, quam Vesalius posteà perfecit,
+restaurator. Tertium <span class="antiqua">[Stapedem]</span> invenit ac promulgavit primus
+Joh. Phil. ab Ingrassia, Siculus, Philosophus ac Medicus doctissimus.
+Quartum, Thomâ Bartholin. teste, viro longè celeberrimo,
+Fran. Sylvio debetur</i> Schel. <i>ubi supr.</i> c. 3. §. 9. 2.
+Their Difference in Animals: In <i>Man</i>, and <i>Quadrupeds</i>, they
+are four, curiously inarticulated with one another; with an
+external and internal Muscle to draw, or work them, in extending,
+or relaxing the <i>Drum</i>; but in <i>Fowls</i> the Case is very
+different: <i>His unum Ossiculum solùm largita est Natura, quod
+Collumellam fortè appellaveris: teres enim est &amp; subtilissimum,
+basi innitens latiori, rotundæ. Huic adnexa est cartilago valde
+mobilis, quæ in Tympanum videtur terminari.</i> Id. Ib. §. 8. <i>In
+the Ears of all the Fowl that I could examine, I never found any
+more than one Bone, and a Cartilage, making a Joynt with
+it, that was easily moveable. The Cartilage had generally an
+Epiphyse, or two, one on each Side.——The Bone was very hard
+and small, having at the end of it a broad Plate, of the same
+Substance, very thin, upon which it rested, as on its Basis.</i> Dr.
+<i>Al. Moulen</i> in Phil. Trans. Nᵒ. 100.</p>
+
+<p>These are the most material Things I find observed by others,
+concerning the Ears of Fowls, and some of them
+hardly, I believe, observed before. To which I shall subjoyn
+some other Things I have my self discovered, that I presume
+escaped the Eyes of those most curious and inquisitive Anatomists.
+Of which the last cited <a href="#Footnote_545"><i>Book VII. Chap. 2. Note (d).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_175" href="#FNanchor_175" class="label">[u]</a> <i>Videtur quòd Tympanum Auditionis instrumentum præliminare,
+&amp; quasi præparatorium fuerit, quad Soni impressionem,
+sive species sensibiles primo suscipiens, eas in debitâ proportione,
+&amp; aptâ conformitate, versùs Sensorium, quod adhuc interiùs situm
+est, dirigat: simili officio fungitur respectu Auditûs, ac tunicæ
+Oculi Pupillam constituentes, respectu Visûs; utræque Membranæ
+Species sensibiles refringunt &amp; quasi emolliunt, easque
+Sensorio non nisi proportionatas tradunt, cui nudo si adveniant,
+teneriorem ejus crasin facilè lædant, aut obruant. Reverà Tympanum
+non audit, sed meliori tutiorique Auditioni confert. Si
+hæc pars destruatur, Sensio adhuc aliquamdiu, rudi licèt modo,
+peragi possit; quippe experimento olim in Cane facto, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span>——Janitoris
+officio ut Tympanum rectè defungi possit, expansum ejus
+pro datâ occasione stringi, aut relaxari debet, veluti nimirùm
+Oculi Pupilla——Quapropter huic Auris Tympano, non secus
+ac bellico, machinæ sive tæniæ quædam apponuntur, quæ superficiem
+ejus modò tensiorem, modò laxiorem reddant: hoc enim efficiunt
+tria Ossicula, cum Musculo, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> <i>Willis</i>’s de Anim. Brut.
+c. 14.</p>
+
+<p>For this Opinion of Dr. <i>Willis</i>, Dr. <i>Schelhammer</i> is very severe
+upon him, deriding the Refractions he speaks of; and therefore
+seriously proves that they are the Humours, not Tunicks of the
+Eye, that refract the Rays of Light; and then jeeringly demandeth,
+Whether the sonorous Rays are refracted by passing
+through a different Medium? Whether the Convexity or Concavity
+of the Drum collects those Rays into a focal Point, or
+scatters them? <i>&amp;c.</i> And then saith, <i>Ob has rationes à clariss.
+Viri, ac de re Medicâ præclarè meriti, sententiâ non possumus non
+esse alieniores; in quo uti ingenium admiror, quoties medicamentorum
+vires, aut morborum causas explicat, sic ubi forum suum
+egressus, Philosophum agit, ac vel Partium usum, vel Chymicarum
+rerum naturam scrutetur, ejus haud semel non modò judicium
+desidero, verùm aliquando etiam fidem.</i> This is so severe
+and unjust a Censure of our truly famous Countryman, (a
+Man of known Probity) that might deserve a better Answer;
+but I have only Time to say, that although Dr. <i>Schelhammer</i>
+hath out-done all that wrote before him, in his Book <i>de
+Auditu</i>, and shewed himself a Man of Learning and Industry;
+yet as our Countryman wrote more than he, (though
+perhaps not free from Errors too) so he hath manifested himself
+to have been as curious and sagacious an Anatomist, as
+great a Philosopher, and as learned and skilful a Physician, as
+any of his Censurers, and his Reputation for Veracity and
+Integrity, was no less than any of theirs too. But after all
+this terrible Clamour, Dr. <i>Schelhammer</i> prejudicately mistaketh
+Dr. <i>Willis</i>’s Meaning, to say no worse. For by <i>utræque
+Membranæ refringunt</i>, Dr. <i>Willis</i> plainly enough, I think,
+means no more than a Restriction of the Ingress of too many
+Rays; as his following explicatory Words manifest, <i>viz. refringunt,
+&amp; quasi emolliunt, easque Sensorio non nisi proportionatas tradunt</i>.
+But indeed Dr. <i>Schelhammer</i> hath shewn himself a too
+rigid Censor, by making Dr. <i>Willis</i> say, the <i>Ear-Drum</i> hath
+such like Braces as the <i>War-Drum</i>, viz. <i>Quod porrò de machinis
+seu tæniis Tympani bellici adducit, dicitque idem in Tympano
+auditorio conspici, id prorsus falsissimum est.</i> I wonder Dr.
+<i>Schelhammer</i> did not also charge Dr. <i>Willis</i> with making it a
+Porter, since he saith in the same Paragraph, <i>Janitoris officio, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i>
+But Dr. <i>Willis</i>’s Meaning is plain enough, that the little Bones
+and Muscles of the <i>Ear-Drum</i> do the same Office in straining
+and relaxing it, as the Braces of the <i>War-Drum</i> do in that.
+And considering how curious and solemn an Apparatus there
+is of Bones, Muscles, and Joynts, all adapted to a ready Motion;
+I am clearly of Dr. <i>Willis</i>’s Opinion, that one great
+Use of the <i>Ear-Drum</i> is for the proportioning Sounds, and
+that by its Extension and Retraction, it corresponds to all
+Sounds, loud or languid, as the Pupil of the Eye doth to several
+Degrees of Light: And that they are no other than secondary
+uses assigned by Dr. <i>Schelhammer</i>, as the principal or
+sole Uses of keeping out the external colder Air, Dust, and
+other Annoyances; but especially that, <i>ob solius aerís interni
+potissimùm irrumpentis vim, hunc motum Tympani ac Mallei
+esse conditum, ut cedere primùm, deinde sibi restitui queat</i>; as
+his Words are, <i>P. ult.</i> c. 6. §. 13.</p>
+
+<p>It was no improbable thought of <i>Rohault, nos attentos præbere,
+nil aliud est, nisi <span class="antiqua">Tympanum</span>, ubi ita opus est facto, contendere
+aut laxare, &amp; operam dare ut illud in eâ positione intentum
+stet, in quâ tremulum aeris externi motum commodissimè
+excipere possit.</i> Roh. Phys. p. 1. c. 26. §. 48.</p>
+
+<p>The Hearing of deaf Persons more easily by Means of loud
+Noises, is another Argument of the Use of the Straining or
+Relaxation of the <i>Tympanum</i> in Hearing. Thus Dr. <i>Willis</i>
+(ubi supra) <i>Accepi olim à viro fide digno, se mulierem novisse,
+quæ licèt surda fuerit, quousque tamen intra conclave Tympanum
+pulsaretur, verba quævis clarè audiebat: quare Maritus ejus
+Tympanistam pro servo domestico conducebat, ut illius ope,
+colloquia interdum cum Uxore suâ haberet. Etiam de alio Surdastro
+mihi narratum est, qui prope Campanile degens, quoties
+unà plures Campanæ resonarent, vocem, quamvis facilè audire,
+&amp; non aliàs, potuit.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Abscisso Musculo <span class="antiqua">[Processus majoris Mallei]</span> in recenti aure,
+relaxatur <span class="antiqua">[Tympani Membrana]</span>.</i> <i>Valsalv. de Aur. Hum.</i> c.
+2. §. 5.</p>
+
+<p>Upon considering the great Difference in Authors Opinions,
+about the Use of the Parts, and Manner how Hearing is
+performed, as also what a curious Provision there is made in
+the Ear, by the four little Bones, the Muscles, Membrane,
+<i>&amp;c.</i> I was minded (since I penned this Note) to make enquiry
+my self into this Part, and not to rely upon Authority.
+And after a diligent search of various Subjects, I find we may
+give as rational and easie an Account of Hearing, as of Seeing,
+or any other Sense; as I have shewn in my last cited
+<a href="#Footnote_545"><i>Note (d) Book VII. Chap. 2.</i></a> with relation to Birds. And as to
+Man and Beasts, the Case is the same, but the Apparatus
+more complex and magnificent. For whereas in Birds, the
+<i>auditory Nerve</i> is affected by the Impressions made on the
+<i>Membrane</i>, by only the Intermediacy of the <i>Collumella</i>; in
+Man, it is done by the Intervention of the four little Bones,
+with the Muscles acting upon them; his Hearing being to be
+adjusted to all kinds of Sounds, or Impressions made upon the
+<i>Membrana Tympani</i>. Which Impressions are imparted to the
+<i>auditory Nerve</i>, in this Manner, <i>viz.</i> First they act upon the
+<i>Membrane</i> and <i>Malleus</i>, the <i>Malleus</i> upon the <i>Incus</i>, and the
+<i>Incus</i> upon the <i>Os Orbiculare</i> and <i>Stapes</i>; and the <i>Stapes</i> upon
+the <i>auditory Nerve</i>: For the Base of the <i>Stapes</i> (the same as
+the <i>Operculum</i> in Birds) not only covers the <i>Fenestra Ovalis</i>,
+within which the <i>auditory Nerve</i> lieth, but hath a Part of the
+<i>auditory Nerve</i> spread upon it too. It is manifest that this is
+the true Process of Hearing; because, if the <i>Membrane</i> be
+mov’d, you may see all the Bones move at the same Time,
+and work the Base of the <i>Stapes</i> up and down in the <i>Fenestra
+Ovalis</i>, as I shewed in this Chapter, <a href="#Footnote_159"><i>Note (d)</i></a> concerning the
+<i>Mole</i>; and as it may be seen in other Ears carefully opened,
+if the Parts remain <i>in situ</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_176" href="#FNanchor_176" class="label">[w]</a> I do not confine the <i>Labyrinth</i> to the <i>Canales Semicirculares</i>,
+or any other Part, as the elder Anatomists seem to
+have done, who by their erroneous and blind Descriptions
+seem not well to have understood there Parts; but with those
+much more curious and accurate Anatomists, <i>Monsieur de Vernay</i>,
+and Dr. <i>Valsalva</i>; under the <i>Labyrinth</i>, I comprehend
+the <i>Canales Semicirculares</i>, and the <i>Cochlea</i>, together with
+the intermediate Cavity, called by them the <i>Vestibulum</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_177" href="#FNanchor_177" class="label">[x]</a> In the <i>semicircular Canals</i>, two Things deserve to be
+noted. 1. That the three Canals are of three different Sizes,
+<i>Major</i>, <i>Minor</i>, and <i>Minimus</i>. 2. Although in different Subjects,
+they are frequently different; yet in the same Subject
+they are constantly the same. The Reason of all which, together
+with their Uses, <i>Valsalva</i> ingeniously thinks is, that as
+a Part of the tender <i>auditory Nerve</i> is lodged in these Canals,
+so they are of three Sizes, the better to suit all the Variety of
+Tones; some of the Canals suiting some, and others, other
+Tones. And although there be some Difference as to the
+Length and Size of these Canals, in different Persons; yet,
+lest there should be any discord in the auditory Organs of one
+and the same Man, those Canals are always in exact Conformity
+to one another in one and the same Man. <i>V.</i> <i>Valsal.</i>
+<i>ubi supr.</i> c. 3. §. 7. and c. 6. §. 4. 9.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_178" href="#FNanchor_178" class="label">[y]</a> <i>Hic posterior Nervus extra cranium delatus, in tres ramos
+dividitur, qui omnes motibus patheticis——inserviunt. Primus——musculis
+Auris impenditur. Proculdubio hujus actione
+efficitur, ut animalia quævis, à subito soni impulsu, aurs,
+quasi sonum nimis citò transeuntem captaturas erigant. Ramus
+alter——versus utrumque oculi angulum surculos emittit:
+qui musculis palpebrarum attollentibus inseruntur; quorum
+certè munus est ad subitum soni appulsum oculos confestim aperire,
+eosque velut ad Excubias vocare.——Tertius——ramus
+versus Linguæ radicem descendens, musculis ejus &amp; ossis Hyoeideos
+distribuitur, adeóque organa quædam vocis edendæ actuat, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i>
+<i>Willis</i>’s Cereb. Anat. c. 17.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_179" href="#FNanchor_179" class="label">[z]</a> <i>Hujusmodi Nervorum conformatio in Homine usum alium
+insigniorem præstas, nempe ut Vox, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> <i>Willis Ibid.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_180" href="#FNanchor_180" class="label">[aa]</a> Among the Uses to which the Wit of Man hath employ’d
+Sounds, we may reckon the Instruments useful in convocating
+Assemblies, managing Armies, and many other Occasions,
+wherein Bells, Trumpets, Drums, Horns, and other
+sounding Instruments are used; the Particularities of which it
+would be tedious to recount: As that the biggest <i>Bell</i> in <i>Europe</i>
+is reckoned to be at <i>Erfurt</i> in <i>Germany</i>, which they say
+may be heard twenty four Miles; with much more to the
+same Purpose. I shall therefore only for a Sample take notice
+of the <i>Speaking-Trumpet</i>; the Invention of which is commonly
+ascribed to our eminent Sir <i>Samuel Morland</i>; but was
+more probably <i>Ath. Kircher</i>’s; at least he had contrived such
+an Instrument, before Sir <i>Samuel</i> hit upon his. <i>Kircher</i> in his
+<i>Phonurg.</i> saith, the <i>Tromba</i> published last Year in <i>England</i>, he
+had invented twenty four Years before, and published in his
+<i>Misurgia</i>; that <i>Jac. Albanus Ghibbesius</i>, and <i>Fr. Eschinardus</i>
+ascribe it to him; and that <i>G. Schottus</i> testifieth he had such
+an Instrument in his Chamber in the <i>Roman College</i>, with
+which he could call to, and receive Answers from the Porter.
+And considering how famed <i>Alexander</i> the <i>Great</i>’s Tube was,
+which is said might be heard 100 <i>Stadia</i>, it is somewhat
+strange that no Body sooner hit upon the Invention. Of
+this <i>Stentorophonick Horn</i> of <i>Alexander</i>, there is a Figure preserved
+in the <i>Vatican</i>, which for Curiosity sake, I have from
+<i>Kircher</i> represented in <i><a href="#figures">Fig. 3.</a></i> He saith its Diameter was five
+Cubits, and that it was suspended on a Supporter.</p>
+
+<p>For the Make of the <i>Speaking-Trumpet</i>, and the Reason
+why it magnifies Sounds, I shall refer to <i>Kircher</i>; especially
+to Sir <i>Samuel Morland</i>’s <i>Tuba Stentorophonica</i>, Published
+in 1672.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_181" href="#FNanchor_181" class="label">[bb]</a> That the Air is the Subject, or <i>Medium</i> of Sound, is
+manifest from the Experiments in rarefied and condensed
+Air. In an unexhausted Receiver, a small Bell may be heard
+at the Distance of some Paces; but when exhausted, it can
+scarce be heard at the nearest Distance: And if the Air be
+compressed, the Sound will be louder, proportionably to the
+Compression or Quantity of Air crouded in, as I have often
+tried my self, and may be seen in Mr. <i>Hawksbee</i>’s curious
+Experiments, p. 97. Also his Experiments in <i>Phil. Trans.</i>
+Nᵒ. 321.</p>
+
+<p><i>Kircher</i> saith, he took one of these Trumpets of fifteen
+Palms length, along with him to the <i>Mons Eustachianus</i>,
+where he convocated 2200 Persons to Prayers, by means of
+the unusual Sound, at two, three, four, and five <i>Italian</i>
+Miles Distance.</p>
+
+<p>With these <i>Bellowing Trumpets</i>, I shall join some <i>Bellowing-Caves</i>
+for the Reader’s Diversion. <i>Ol. Magnus</i> describes a
+Cave in <i>Finland</i>, near <i>Viburg</i>, called <i>Smellen</i>, into which, if
+a Dog, or other Living Creature be cast, it sends forth so
+dreadful a Sound, that knocks down every one near it. For
+which Reason they have guarded the Cave with high Walls,
+to prevent the Mischiefs of its Noise. <i>Vid.</i> <i>Ol. Magn. Histor.</i>
+l. 11. c. 4. Such another <i>Peter Martyr</i> saith is in <i>Hispaniola</i>,
+which, with a small Weight cast into it, endangers Deafness
+at five Miles Distance. And in <i>Switzerland</i>, <i>Kircher</i> saith,
+in the <i>Cucumer-Mountain</i> is a Pit that sends out both a dreadful
+Noise and a great Wind therewith; and that there is a
+Well in his Country 3000 Palms deep, whose Sound is equal
+to that of a great Gun. <i>Vid.</i> <i>Kirch. Phonurg.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Ol. Magnus</i> speaking of the vast high Mountains of a Northern
+Province, call’d <i>Angermannia</i> saith, <i>Ubi bases eorum in
+profundissimo gurgite stantes, casu aliquo, vel proposito Nautæ
+accesserint, tantum horrorem ex altâ fluctuum collisione percipiunt,
+ut nisi præcipiti remigio, aut valido vento evaserint, solo
+pavore ferè exanimes fiant, multoque dierum curriculo, ob capitis
+turbationem, pristinæ mentis, &amp; sanitatis compotes vix evadant.
+Habent bases illorum montium in fluctuum ingressu &amp;
+regressu tortuosas rimas, sive scissuras, satis stupendo naturæ opificio
+fabricatas, in quibus longâ varagine formidabilis ille Sonitus
+quasi subterraneum tonitru generatur.</i> Ol. Magn. l. 2. c. 4.
+See also <a href="#BOOK_IV_CHAP_XII"><i>Chap. 12.</i></a></p>
+
+<p>Neither doth this succeed only in forced Rarefactions and
+Condensations of the Air, but in such also as are natural; as
+is evident from <i>David Frœdlichius</i> in <i>Varenius</i>, upon the
+highest Eminencies of <i>Carpathus</i>, near <i>Kesmarckt</i> in <i>Hungary</i>.
+The Story of <i>Frœdlichius</i> is this, <i>Ego Mense Junii 1615. tum
+adolescens, sublimitatem horum montium, cum duobus comitibus
+Scholaribus, experiri volens, ubi, cùm in primæ rupis vertice,
+magno labore, me summum terminum assecutum esse putarem,
+demum sese obtulit alia multo altior cautes, ubi pervasta
+eaque vacillantia saxa (quorum unum, si loco à viatore dimovetur——aliquot
+centena——rapit, &amp; quidem tanto cum
+fragore, ut illi metuendum sit nè totus Mons corruat, eumque
+obruat) enixus essem, iterum alia sublimior prodiit, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> donec
+summo vitæ periculo ad supremum cacumen penetraverim. Ex
+declivioribus montibus cùm in subjectas valles,——nil nisi
+obscuram noctem, aut cœruleum quid, instar profundi aeris,
+quod vulgò sudum cœlum appellatur, observare potui, mihique
+videbar, si de monte caderem, non in terram, sed recte in solum
+me prolapsurum. Nimiá enim declivitate, species visibiles
+extenuatæ &amp; hebetatæ fuerunt. Cum verò altiorem montem peterem,
+quasi intra nebulas densissimas hærebam——Et cùm
+non procul à summo vertice essem de sublimi quiescens prospexi
+&amp; animadverti iis in locis, ubi mihi antea videbar intra nebulas
+hæsisse, compactas atque albas sese movere nubes, supra quas,
+per aliquot milliaria, &amp; ultra terminos Sepusi commodus mihi
+prospectus patuit. Alias tamen etiam nubes altiores, alias item
+humiliores, necnon quasdam æqualiter à terrâ distantes vidi.
+Atque hinc tria intellexi, 1. Me tum transivisse principium
+media Aeris regionis. 2. Distantiam nubium à terrâ, non esse
+æqualem.——3. Distantiam nubium——non 72 Mill. Ger. ut
+quidam——sed tantum dimidiatum Mill. Ger. In summum
+montis verticem cùm pervenissem, adeò tranquillum &amp; subtilem
+aërem ibi offendi, ut nè pili quidem motum sentirem, cùm
+tamen in depressioribus ventum vehementem expertus sim: unde
+collegi summum cacumen istius montis Carpathici ad Mill. Germ.
+à radicibus suis imis exsurgere, &amp; ad supremam usque aëris regionem,
+ad quam Venti non ascendunt, pertingere. Explosi in
+eâ summitate Sclopetum: quod non majorem sonitum primò præ
+se tulit, quàm si ligillum vel bacillum confregissem; post intervallum
+autem temporis murmur prolixum invaluit, inferioresque
+montis partes, convalles &amp; sylvas opplevit. Descendendo per
+nives annosas intra convalles, cùm iterum Sclopetum exonerarem,
+major &amp; horribilior fragor, quàm ex tormento capacissimo
+inde exoriebatur: hinc verebar nè totus mons concussus mecum
+corrueret: duravitque hic sonus per semiquadrantem horæ usque
+dum abstrusissmas cavernas penetrâsset, ad quas aër undiq; multiplicatus
+resiliit.——In his celsis montibus, plerumq; ningit
+grandinatve mediâ astate, quoties nempe in subjectâ &amp; vicinâ
+planitie pluit, utì hoc ipsum expertus sum. Nives diversorum
+annorum ex colore &amp; cortice duriore dignosci possunt.</i> Varen.
+Georg. Gen. l. 1. c. 19. Prop. ult.</p>
+
+<p>The Story being diverting, and containing divers Things
+remarkable, I have chosen to note the whole of it (altho’
+somewhat long) rather than single out the Passages only which
+relate to the diminishing the Sound of his Pistol, by the Rarity
+of the Air at that great Ascent into the Atmosphere;
+and the magnifying the Sound by the Polyphonisms or Repercussions
+of the Rocks, Caverns, and other Phonocamptick
+Objects below in the Mount.</p>
+
+<p>But ’tis not the Air alone that is capable of the Impressions
+of Sound, but the Water also, as is manifest by striking a Bell
+under Water, the Sound of which may plainly enough be
+heard, but it is much duller, and not so loud; and it is also
+a fourth deeper, by the Ear of some great Judges in Musical
+Notes, who gave me their Judgments in the matter. But
+<i>Mersenne</i> saith, a Sound made under Water, is of the same
+Tone or Note, if heard under Water; as are also Sounds
+made in the Air, when heard under Water. <i>Vid.</i> <i>Mersen.
+Hydraul.</i></p>
+
+<p>Having mentioned the hearing of Sounds under Water,
+there is another Curiosity worth mentioning, that also farther
+proves Water to be susceptible of the Impressions of
+Sound, <i>viz.</i> <i>Divers</i> at the bottom of the Sea, can hear the
+Noises made above, only confusedly. But, on the contrary,
+those above cannot hear the Divers below. Of which an Experiment
+was made, that had like to have been fatal: One
+of the Divers blew an Horn in his Diving-Bell, at the bottom
+of the Sea; the Sound whereof (in that compressed Air)
+was so very loud and irksome, that stunned the Diver, and
+made him so giddy, that he had like to have dropt out of his
+Bell, and to have been drowned. <i>Vid.</i> <i>Sturmii Colleg. Cur.
+Vol. 2. Tentam. 1.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_182" href="#FNanchor_182" class="label">[cc]</a> As to the Distance to which Sound may be sent, having
+some doubt, whether there was any Difference between
+the Northern and Southern Parts, by the Favour of
+my learned and illustrious Friend Sir <i>Henry Newton</i>, her Majesty’s
+late Envoy at <i>Florence</i>: I procured some Experiments
+to be made for me in <i>Italy</i>. His most Serene Highness the
+<i>Great Duke</i>, was pleased to order great Guns to be fir’d for this
+purpose at <i>Florence</i>, and Persons were appointed on purpose
+to observe them at <i>Leghorne</i>, which they compute is no less
+than 55 Miles in a strait Line. But notwithstanding the Country
+between being somewhat hilly and woody, and the Wind
+also was not favouring, only very calm and still, yet the
+Sound was plainly enough heard. And they tell me, that
+the <i>Leghorne</i> Guns are often heard 66 Miles off, at <i>Porto Ferraio</i>;
+that when the <i>French</i> bombarded <i>Genoa</i>, they heard it
+near <i>Leghorne</i>, 90 Miles distant: and in the <i>Messina Insurrection</i>,
+the Guns were heard from thence as far as <i>Augusta</i> and
+<i>Syracuse</i>, about 100 <i>Italian</i> Miles. These Distances being so
+considerable, give me Reason to suspect, that Sounds fly
+as far, or nearly as far in the Southern, as in the Northern
+Parts of the World, notwithstanding we have a few Instances
+of Sounds reaching farther Distances. As Dr. <i>Hearn</i> tells us
+of Guns fired at <i>Stockholm</i> in 1685, that were heard 180
+<i>English</i> Miles. And in the <i>Dutch</i> War, 1672, the Guns were
+heard above 200 Miles. <i>Vid.</i> <i>Phil. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 113. Also
+there is this farther Reason of Suspicion, that the <i>Mercury</i>
+in the <i>Barometer</i> riseth higher without than within the Tropicks,
+and the more Northerly, still the higher, which may
+encrease the Strength of Sounds, by <a href="#Footnote_181"><i>Note (bb).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_183" href="#FNanchor_183" class="label">[dd]</a> As to the Velocity of Sounds, by Reason the most
+celebrated Authors differ about it, I made divers nice Experiments
+my self, with good Instruments; by which I found,
+1. That there is some, although a small Difference in the
+Velocity of Sounds, with or against the Wind: which also is,
+2. Augmented or diminished by the Strength or Weakness of
+the Wind. But that nothing else doth accelerate or retard it,
+not the Differences of Day or Night, Heat or Cold, Summer
+or Winter, Cloudy or Clear, Barometer high or low, <i>&amp;c.</i>
+3. That all kinds of Sounds have the same Motion, whether
+they be loud or languid, of Bells, Guns, great or small,
+or any other sonorous Body. 4. That they fly equal Spaces
+in equal Times. Fifthly and Lastly, That the Mean of their
+Flight is at the Rate of a Mile in 9¼ half Seconds, or 1142
+Feet in one Second of Time. <i>Vid.</i> <i>Phil. Trans. Ibid.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_184" href="#FNanchor_184" class="label">[ee]</a> <i>Timothy</i> a Musician could excite <i>Alexander the Great</i> to
+Arms with the <i>Phrygian</i> Sound, and allay his Fury with another
+Tone, and excite him to Merriment. So <i>Ericus</i> King
+of <i>Denmark</i>, by a certain Musician, could be driven to such a
+Fury, as to kill some of his best and most trusty Servants.
+More of this Power of Musick over the Affections, may be
+seen in <i>Ath. Kirch. Phonurg. L. 2. §. 1.</i> Also in <i>Is. Vossius de
+Poematum cantu, &amp; Rythmi viribus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>And not only upon the Affections, but also on the Parts of
+the Body. Musick is able to exert its Force, as appears from
+the <i>Gascoigne</i> Knight, <i>Cui Phormingis sono audito Vesica statim
+ad Urinam reddendam vellicabatur</i>. Such another we have in
+Aᵒ. 1. <i>Ephem. Nat. Curios. Observ. 134</i>. Also <i>Morhoff de
+Scyph. vitr. per cert. human. vocis sonum fracto</i>: where there
+is not only the Account of the <i>Dutchman</i> at <i>Amsterdam</i>, one
+<i>Nich. Peter</i>, that brake Romer-Glasses with the Sound of his
+Voice; but also divers other Instances of the Powers and Effects
+of Sound. But to the Story of the <i>Gascoigne</i> Knight,
+Mr. <i>Boyl</i>, from <i>Scaliger</i>, adds a pleasant Passage, That one he
+had disobliged, to be even with him, caused at a Feast, a
+Bag-pipe to be played, when he was hemmed in with the
+Company; which made the Knight bepiss himself, to the
+great Diversion of the Company, as well as Confusion of
+himself. <i>Boyl</i>’s <i>Essay of the Effect of Lang. Motion.</i> In the
+same Book are other Matters that may be noted here. One
+whose Arm was cut off, was exceedingly tormented with the
+discharge of the great Guns at Sea, although he was at a
+great Distance on Land. And a great Ship-Commander observed
+his wounded Men, with broken Limbs, suffered in like
+manner at the Enemies Discharges. An ingenious Domestick
+of his own would have his Gums bleed at the tearing
+of Brown-Paper. And an ingenious Gentleman of Mr. <i>Boyl</i>’s
+Acquaintance confessed to him, that he was inclined to the
+<i>Knight of Gascoigne</i>’s Distemper, upon hearing the Noise of
+a Tap running. The dancing to certain Tunes, of Persons
+bit with the <i>Tarantula</i>, he was assured of by an ingenious Acquaintance
+at <i>Tarentum</i>, who saw several, among the rest a
+Physician, affected with that Distemper. And many other
+Accounts of this kind, seemingly credible, are related in <i>Morhoff</i>,
+<i>Kircher</i>, and many others; although Dr. <i>Cornelio</i> questions
+the Matters of Fact relating to the cure of the <i>Tarantula</i>-bite,
+in <i>Phil. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 83. Mr. <i>Boyl</i> also saith, a sober
+Musician told him, he could make a certain Woman
+weep, by playing one Tune, which others would be little affected
+at. And he saith, that he himself had a kind of shivering
+at the repeating two Verses in <i>Lucan</i>. And I add, that
+I very well know one to have a sort of chill about his <i>Præcordia</i>
+and Head, upon reading or hearing the 53ᵈ Chapter of
+<i>Isaiah</i>; as also <i>David</i>’s Lamentations for <i>Saul</i> and <i>Jonathan</i>,
+1 Sam. i.</p>
+
+<p>Neither are our own Minds and Bodies only affected with
+Sounds, but inanimate Bodies are so also. Of which many
+Stories may be met with in <i>Kircher</i>, particularly a large Stone
+that would tremble at the Sound of one particular Organ-Pipe;
+in <i>Morhoff</i> also, who among many other Relations hath
+this, <i>Memini cùm ipsi [clarif. Willisio] de experimento Vitri per
+vocem fracti narrarem, ex eo audivisse, quod in adibus Musicis sibi
+vicinis aliquoties collapsum pavimentum fuerit; quod ipse sonis
+continuis adscribere non dubitavit.</i> Morhoff. cap. 12. <i>Mersenne</i>
+also, among many Relations in his <i>Harmon.</i> and other Books,
+tells a far more probable Story, of a particular Part of a
+Pavement, that would shake, as if the Earth would open,
+when the Organs played, than what he relates about <i>Antipathy</i>,
+in his <i>Quæst. Comment. in Genes.</i> viz. That the Sound of
+a Drum made of a Wolf’s Skin, will break another made of
+Sheep’s Skin: That Hens will fly at the Sound of an Harp
+strung with Fox-Gut-Strings, and more to the same purpose.
+Mr. <i>Boyl</i> also, in his last cited Book tells us, Seats will tremble
+at the Sound of Organs; and that he hath felt his Hat
+do so too under his hand, at certain Notes both of Organs,
+and in Discourse, that he tried an Arch that would answer
+to C fa-ut, and had done so an 100 Years; and that an
+experienced Builder told him any well-built Vault will answer
+some determinate Note. And at <i>Eastbury-House</i> near <i>Barking</i>,
+I my self discovered the Porch, (having firm Brick-Walls,)
+not only to sound when struck on the Bottom, but
+also to give almost as loud a Sound, when I sounded the same
+Note with my Voice.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_185" href="#FNanchor_185" class="label">[ff]</a> <i>Willis</i>, ubi supra.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_186" href="#FNanchor_186" class="label">[gg]</a> <i>Ille Deus est——qui non calamo tantùm cantare, &amp; agreste,
+atque inconditum carmen ad aliquam tantùm oblectationem
+modulari docuit, sed tot artes, tot vocum varietates, tot
+sonos, alios spiritu nostro, alios externo cantu edituros commentus
+est.</i> Senec. de Benef. l. 4. cap. 6.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_137"></a>[137]</span></p>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_IV_CHAP_IV">CHAP. IV.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the Sense of Smelling.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>This Sense I shall dispatch in less Compass
+than the two last, because its Apparatus (although
+sufficiently grand and admirable, yet) is not
+so multiplicious as of the Eye and Ear; it being
+sufficient in this Sense, that the odoriferous Effluvia
+of Bodies<a id="FNanchor_187" href="#Footnote_187" class="fnanchor">[a]</a> can have an easy, free Passage to the
+olfactory Nerves, without the Formalities of Refractions,
+and other Preparations necessary to the
+Perfection of the two former Senses. Accordingly
+the all-wise Creator hath made sufficient Provision
+for the Reception of Smells, by the Apertures of
+the Nostrils<a id="FNanchor_188" href="#Footnote_188" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>; made not of Flesh, or Bone, but
+cartilaginous, the better to be kept open, and
+withal, to be dilated or contracted, as there is occasion:
+For which Service it hath several proper
+and curious Muscles<a id="FNanchor_189" href="#Footnote_189" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_138"></a>[138]</span></p>
+
+<p>And forasmuch as it is by Breathing<a id="FNanchor_190" href="#Footnote_190" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>, that
+the odorant Particles are drawn in, and convey’d
+to the Sensory; therefore there is a very wise Provision
+made in the <i>Laminæ</i>, with which the upper
+Part of the Nose is barricaded, which serve to two
+excellent Uses: Partly, to fence out any noxious
+Substances from entering the breathing Passages in
+our Sleep, or when we cannot be aware<a id="FNanchor_191" href="#Footnote_191" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>; and
+partly, to receive the Divarications of the <i>olfactory
+Nerves</i>, which are here thick spread, and which do
+by these Means meet the Smells entring with the
+Breath, and striking upon them.</p>
+
+<p>And accordingly, the more accurate this Sense is
+in any Animal, the longer we may observe those
+<i>Laminæ</i> are; and more of them in number folded
+up, and crouded together, to contain the more
+nervous Filaments, and to detain and fetter the
+odoriferous Particles in their Windings and Turnings.</p>
+
+<p>And an admirable Provision this is, which the
+great Creator hath made for the good of brute
+Creatures<a id="FNanchor_192" href="#Footnote_192" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>; the chief Acts of many of whose
+Lives, are perform’d by the Ministry of this Sense.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_139"></a>[139]</span>
+In insects, and many other Creatures, it is of great
+Use in the Propagation of their Kind; as particularly
+in helping them to safe and convenient Places
+for the Incubation of their Eggs, and breeding up
+their Young. Others are by the Accuracy of this
+Sense, of Use to Mankind, which would be otherwise
+of little or no Use<a id="FNanchor_193" href="#Footnote_193" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>. And most of the irrational
+Animals, Birds, Beasts, and creeping Things,
+do, by their Smell, find out their Food; some at
+great Distances, and some at Hand. With what
+Sagacity do some discover their Food in the Midst
+of Mud and Dirt<a id="FNanchor_194" href="#Footnote_194" class="fnanchor">[h]</a>? With what Curiosity do the
+herbaceous Kind pick and chuse such Plants as afford
+them wholsome Food, or sometimes such as
+are Medicinal<a id="FNanchor_195" href="#Footnote_195" class="fnanchor">[i]</a>, and refute such as would hurt
+and destroy them? And all by the Help principally,
+if not only, of the Smell, assisted by its near Ally
+the Taste. Of which I shall in the next Place
+speak very briefly.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_187" href="#FNanchor_187" class="label">[a]</a> Piece of <i>Ambergrease</i> suspended in a Pair of Scales,
+that would turn with a very small Part of a Grain, lost nothing
+of its Weight in 3½ Days; neither did <i>Assa fœtida</i> in
+5½ Days; but an Ounce of <i>Nutmegs</i> lost 5½ Grains in 6
+Days; and <i>Cloves</i> 7⅘ Grains. <i>Boyl’s Subtil. of Effluv.</i> c. 5.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_188" href="#FNanchor_188" class="label">[b]</a> <i>Nares, eò quòd omnis Odor ad superiora fertur, rectè sursum
+sunt: Et quòd Cibi &amp; Potionis judicium magnum earum
+est, non sine causâ vicinitatem Oris secutæ sunt.</i> Cicero de
+Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 56.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_189" href="#FNanchor_189" class="label">[c]</a> Had not the Contriver of Animal Bodies been minded
+that his Work should have all the Signatures of Accuracy, this
+Sense might have been performed with a bare Aperture of
+the Nose; but that nothing might go imperfect out of his
+Hand, he hath made a part of the Nose easily moveable, and
+given a Set of Muscles to lift up, and open and shut the Nostrils;
+and so adjust it to every Occasion of this Sense.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_190" href="#FNanchor_190" class="label">[d]</a> <i>Odorem non aliud, quàm infectum Aera, intelligi posse.</i>
+Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 9. c. 7.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_191" href="#FNanchor_191" class="label">[e]</a> For a further Guard against the Ingress of noxious
+Things, the <i>Vibrissi</i>, or Hairs placed at the Entrance of the Nostrils
+serve, which, in some measure, stop the Entrance of
+Things improper, or however give Warning of them, but
+at the same Time allow an easy Passage to the Breath and
+Odours.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_192" href="#FNanchor_192" class="label">[f]</a> <i>Multò præclarius emicat [Olfactus] in brutis animalibus,
+quàm in homine: ista namque hoc solo indice, herbarum, aliorumque
+corporum priùs ignotorum virtutes certissimè dignoscunt,
+quin &amp; victum suum absentem, vel in abstruso positum, Odoratu
+venantur, ac facillimè investigant. Quòd autem minùs sagaces
+sunt hominum nares, illud non facultatis hujus abusui
+(prout nonnulli volunt) ascribi debet, verùm in causâ est ipsius
+Organi defectus: hoc enim circa victûs humani criteria (ubi ratio,
+&amp; intellectus adsunt) non ita accuratum requiritur: Proptereà
+enim inferiores potentiæ in homine, à naturâ minùs perfectæ
+existunt, ut superiorum cultui &amp; exercitio relinqueretur
+locus.</i> Willis de Anim. Brut. <i>cap. 13.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_193" href="#FNanchor_193" class="label">[g]</a> Thus the chief Use of Hounds is to hunt; and other
+Dogs, to be a Watch and Guard to our Houses by Night.
+For which Services (particularly in Hounds) their <i>Olfactory
+Nerves</i> are not only remarkably large, (like as they are in
+other Brutes,) but their Branches and Filaments are, in the
+<i>Laminæ</i> of the Nostrils, both more and larger than I have
+seen in any other Creature whatsoever. Also there are more
+Convulsions of the <i>Laminæ</i> than I ever remember to have
+found in any other Animal.</p>
+
+<p>The Sagacity of Hounds is prodigious, of which see an Instance
+in <a href="#Footnote_306"><i>Book IV. Chap. 11. Note (hhh).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_194" href="#FNanchor_194" class="label">[h]</a> See <a href="#Footnote_546"><i>Book VII. Chap. 2. Note (e).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_195" href="#FNanchor_195" class="label">[i]</a> <i>Vid.</i> <i>Plin. Hist. Nat.</i> l. 8. cap. 27. <i>Quæ animalia quas
+herbas ostenderunt.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_140"></a>[140]</span></p>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_IV_CHAP_V">CHAP. V.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the Taste<a id="FNanchor_196" href="#Footnote_196" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>In this, as in the last Sense, we have an <i>Apparatus</i>
+abundantly sufficient to the Sense; Nerves
+curiously divaricated about the Tongue<a id="FNanchor_197" href="#Footnote_197" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>, and
+Mouth, to receive the Impressions of every Gusto;
+and these Nerves guarded with a firm and proper
+Tegument to defend them from Harms; but withal,
+so perforated in the papillary Eminences, as to
+give a free Admission to Tastes.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_141"></a>[141]</span></p>
+
+<p>But I shall say no more of this Sense; only a
+Word or two of its Consent with the Smell, and
+the Situation of them both: Their Situation is in
+the most convenient Place imaginable, for the Discharge
+of their Offices; at the first Entrance<a id="FNanchor_198" href="#Footnote_198" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>,
+in the Way to the grand Receptacle of our Food
+and Nourishment; to survey what is to be admitted
+therein; to judge between what is wholsome,
+and fit for Nourishment, and what is unsavoury
+and pernicious. And for this End, the all-wise
+Creator seems to have establish’d a great Consent
+between the Eye, the Nose, and Tongue, by ordering
+the Branches of the same Nerves<a id="FNanchor_199" href="#Footnote_199" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>, to each
+of those three Parts; as also indeed to divers other
+Parts of the Body, which I may have occasion to
+mention in a more proper Place<a id="FNanchor_200" href="#Footnote_200" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>. By which<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_142"></a>[142]</span>
+Means, there is all the Guard that can be, against
+pernicious Food; forasmuch as before it is taken
+into the Stomach, it is to undergo the Trial of
+three of the Senses; the Scrutiny of the Eye, the
+strict Surveyor of its outward Appearance; and
+the Probation of the Smell and Taste, the two
+severest Judges of its natural Constitution and Composition.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_196" href="#FNanchor_196" class="label">[a]</a> τὰ δὲ εἴδη τῶν χυλῶν, &amp;c. <i>Saporum genera,——dulcis,
+pinguis, austerus, acerbus, acris, salsus, amarus, acidus.</i> Theophr.
+de Caus. Plant. l. 6. c. 1. What may the Cause of the
+difference of Tastes, he saith is hard to assign, πότερον γὰρ τοῖς
+πάθεσι, &amp;c. <i>Utrum affectionibus Sensuum——an figuris, quibus
+singuli constant, ut Democritus censet.</i> id. ib. Δημόκριτος δὲ,
+&amp;c. <i>Democritus——dulcem esse saporem qui rotundus: acerbum
+qui figurâ magnâ; asperum qui multis angulis, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> id. ib.
+&amp;c. But of the Diversities and Causes of Tastes, see Dr.
+<i>Grew</i>, <i>Lect.</i> 6. and Dr. <i>Willis de Anim. Brut.</i> c. 12.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_197" href="#FNanchor_197" class="label">[b]</a> <i>Intellectus Saporum est cæteris in primâ linguâ: Homini,
+&amp; in palato.</i> Plin. l. 11. c. 37.</p>
+
+<p>The Opinions of Anatomists concerning the Organ of
+<i>Taste</i>, are various. <i>Bauhin</i>, <i>T. Bartholin</i>, <i>Bartholette</i>, <i>Vestinge</i>,
+<i>Deusinge</i>, &amp;c. place it in the laxer, fleshy Parts of the Tongue.
+Our famous <i>Wharton</i>, in the Gland at the Root of the Tongue:
+<i>Laurentius</i> in the thin Tunick covering the Tongue; but the
+Learned <i>Malpighi</i> with great Probability concludes, because
+the outward Cover of the Tongue is perforated, under which
+lie papillary Parts, (of which Mr. <i>Cowper</i>, hath very good
+Cuts in his <i>Anat. Tab. 13.</i>) that in these the Taste lieth. <i>Malpighi</i>’s
+Words are, <i>Quare cùm dictis meatibus insignibus occurrant
+papillaria corpora, probabilius est in his ultimo, ex subintranti
+sapido humore titillationem, &amp; mordicationem quandam
+fieri, quæ Gustum efficiat.</i> Malpig. Op. Tom. 2. De Linguâ,
+pag. 18.</p>
+
+<p><i>Præcipuum ac ferè solum Gustatûs organon est Lingua; cui
+aliquatenus subobscure tamen Palatum, &amp; superior Gulæ pars
+consentiunt: in omnibus verò fibræ nervosæ immediata sensionis
+instrumenta sunt. Quare observare est, Linguam præ aliâ quâvis
+parte insigniter fibrosam esse, etiam texturâ valdè porosâ
+constare, in eum nempe finem, ut particulæ rei sapidæ copiosiùs ac
+penitiùs intra Sensorii meatus admittantur——Nervi autem
+qui fibris Linguæ densissimè intertextis famulantur, ac saporum
+impressiones τῷ πρώτῳ αἰσθητηρίῳ communicant, sunt——Nervi
+è paribus tum quinto, tum nono; &amp; ubique cum densâ propaginum
+serie per totam ejus compagem distributi.</i> Willis ibid.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_198" href="#FNanchor_198" class="label">[c]</a> <i>Gustatus, qui sentire eorum quibus vescimur genera debet,
+habitat in eâ parte Oris, quâ esculentis &amp; poculentis iter
+natura patefecit.</i> Cicer. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 56. <i>Vid.</i> <i>quoque
+supr.</i> <a href="#Footnote_188"><i>Note (b), Chap. 4.</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_199" href="#FNanchor_199" class="label">[d]</a> <i>Multa hujus <span class="antiqua">[quinti paris]</span> Nervi propagines Masticationis
+operi destinantur; ideoque quoniam alimenta ingerenda non
+modo Gustus, ast etiam Olfactûs &amp; Visûs examen subire debent,
+ab eodem Nervo, cujus rami ad Palatum &amp; Fauces missi, Manducationis
+negotium peragunt, propagines aliæ, velut exploratrites,
+ad Nares &amp; Oculos feruntur, nempe ut isthæc aliorum sensuum
+organa, etiam ad objecta Gustûs melius dignoscenda probationum
+auxiliis quibusdam instruantur.</i> Willis Nerv. Descrip.
+&amp; Usus. <i>cap. 22.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_200" href="#FNanchor_200" class="label">[e]</a> See <a href="#BOOK_V_CHAP_VIII"><i>Book V. chap. 8.</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_IV_CHAP_VI">CHAP. VI.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the Sense of Feeling<a id="FNanchor_201" href="#Footnote_201" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Having spent so much Time upon the other
+Senses, and therein given such ample Proofs
+of the infinite Creator’s Wisdom; I shall but briefly
+take Notice of two Things relating to this last
+Sense.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_143"></a>[143]</span></p>
+
+<p>One is its Organ, the Nerves. For as all Sensation
+is performed by the Nerves<a id="FNanchor_202" href="#Footnote_202" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>, and indeed the
+other Senses (performed by Nerves) are a kind of
+Feeling; so is this Sense of <i>Feeling</i> performed by
+Nerves likewise, spread in the most incomparable,
+curious Manner throughout the whole Body. But
+to describe their Origine in the Brain, and Spinal-Marrow,
+their Ramifications to all the Parts; their
+Inosculations with one another; and other Matters;
+whereby not only the Sense of <i>Feeling</i> is perform’d,
+but also animal Motion, and an admirable Consent
+and Harmony of all the Parts of the Body is effected:
+(To describe, I say, these Things) would take
+up too much Time, and I have already, and shall,
+as I go along, give some Hints thereof.</p>
+
+<p>The other Thing I shall take Notice of, is, the
+Dispersion of this Sense throughout the Body, both
+without, and within. The other Senses, I have observ’d,
+are seated in the very best Place for the
+Relief and Comfort, the Guard and Benefit of the
+Animal. And forasmuch as it is necessary to the
+Being, and well-being of the Body, that every
+Part should be sensible of Things safe, or Things
+prejudicial to it self; therefore it is an admirable
+Contrivance of the great Creator, to disperse this<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_144"></a>[144]</span>
+Sense of <i>Feeling</i> throughout every Part<a id="FNanchor_203" href="#Footnote_203" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>; to distinguish
+between Pleasure and Pain; Things salutary,
+and Things hurtful to the Body.</p>
+
+<p>Thus in the five Senses of Animals, we have an
+Œconomy worthy of the Creator, and manifestly
+demonstrating his Power, Wisdom and Indulgence.
+For whether we consider the Mechanism of the
+Organs, or the great Use and Convenience of each
+Sense, we find it noble and grand, curious and artificial;
+and every way worthy of its infinite Maker,
+and beyond the Wit and Power of any Thing
+but a GOD: And therefore we must even deny our
+Senses, by denying them to be God’s handy-work.</p>
+
+<p>And now from those chief Machines of animal
+Performances and Enjoyments, the five Senses; let
+us pass to another Thing in common to all the Sensitive
+Creatures, which is Respiration.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp87" style="max-width: 21.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/footer06.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_201" href="#FNanchor_201" class="label">[a]</a> <i>Malpighi</i> is of this Opinion, that as <i>Taste</i> is performed
+by the <i>Papillæ</i> in the Tongue, so is <i>Feeling</i> by such like <i>Papillæ</i>
+under the Skin. From several Dissections, and other Observations,
+he thus concludes, <i>Ex his &amp; similibus videbatur animus
+abundè certior redditus, earundem Papillarum pyramidalium
+copiam, quas aliàs in Linguâ descripsi, in locis præcipuè
+acquisitiori Tactui dicatis reperiri, eodem progigni nervoso &amp;
+cuticulari corpore, simulque circumvolvi reticulari involucro,
+&amp; extimam cuticulam, veluti ultimum terminum attingere.——Microscopio
+quilibet in manûs dorso pro sudore
+orificia quædam miro ordine dispersa intueri potest, circa quæ
+frequentia quædam capitula assurgunt; hæc verò sunt Papillarum
+fines, dum à cute assurgentes interpositum superant rete,
+simulque extimam cuticulam. Hæc repetitis sectionibus deprehendi;
+ex quibus non improbabiliter deducam, sicuti ex elatioribus——papillis——in
+Linguâ, Gustûs Organon elicitur,——ita
+ex copiosâ harum Papillarum congerie——in organis,
+ubi maximè animalia Tactûs motione afficiuntur,——adæquatum
+Tactûs organum sufficientèr haberi.</i> Malpig. de extern.
+Tact. Org. <i>p. 26.</i> <i>Consul. quoque ejusd. Vit.</i> p. 28.</p>
+
+<p>These Observations of <i>Malpighi</i>, our late curious and diligent
+Mr. <i>Cowper</i> hath confirmed, and given us very elegant
+Cuts both of the Skin, and the <i>Papillæ</i>, and the Nerves,
+Glands, <i>&amp;c.</i> under it, from Microscopical Observations. <i>Vid.</i>
+<i>Cowper’s Anat.</i> Introd. and Tab. 4.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_202" href="#FNanchor_202" class="label">[b]</a> Although the Eye be the usual Judge of Colours, yet
+some have been able to distinguish them by their Feeling.
+<i>Quidam fuit qui venit ad M. Duc. <span class="antiqua">Hetruriæ</span> aulam qui colores
+per Tactum cognoscebat. Pro experimento velum sericum, uniformiter
+textum, &amp; pluribus coloribus tinctum, offerebatur, &amp;
+veracitèr de colore to singulis partibus judicabat.</i> Grimald. de
+Lum. &amp; Col. prop. 43. §. 59.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_203" href="#FNanchor_203" class="label">[c]</a> <i>Tactus autem toto corpore æquabilitèr fusus est, ut omnes
+ictus, omnesque nimios &amp; frigoris, &amp; caloris appulsus sentire
+possimus.</i> Cicer. <i>ubi supr.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Tactus sensus omnibus est, etiam quibus nullus alius; nam
+&amp; Ostreis, &amp; terrestribus Vermibus quoque. Existimaverim omnibus
+sensum &amp; Gustatûs esse. Cur enim alios alia sapores appetunt?
+in quo vel præcipua Naturæ architectio.</i> Plin. Nat.
+Hist. l. 10. c. 71.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_145"></a>[145]</span></p>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_IV_CHAP_VII">CHAP. VII.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of Respiration.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Of all the Acts of Animal Life, this is one of
+the chief, and most necessary. For whatsoever
+hath Animal Life, hath also the Faculty of Respiration,
+or somewhat equivalent thereto<a id="FNanchor_204" href="#Footnote_204" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>. Indeed<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_146"></a>[146]</span>
+so congenial is this with Life, that <i>Breath</i>
+and <i>Life</i> are in Scripture Phrase and Common<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_147"></a>[147]</span>
+Speech taken as synonymous Things, or at least
+necessary Concomitants of one another.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_148"></a>[148]</span>
+<i>Moses</i><a id="FNanchor_205" href="#Footnote_205" class="fnanchor">[b]</a> expresseth animal Life, by [<i>The Breath of
+Life</i>]. Saith he, <i>Gen.</i> vii. 21, 22. <i>All Flesh that moved
+on the Earth, Fowl, Cattle, Beast, creeping
+Things, and Man; all in whose Nostrils was the
+Breath of Life in the dry Land died.</i> So the Psalmist,
+<i>Psal.</i> civ. 29. <i>Thou takest away their Breath,
+they die.</i> So grand an Act therefore in common to
+all Animals, may justly deserve a Place in this Survey
+of the Works of God in the animal Kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>And here I might launch out into an ample Description
+of all the Parts ministering to this necessary
+Act, and shew the curious Contrivance and artificial
+Structure of them; but a transient View
+shall suffice. I might begin with the outward
+Guards, the Nose and Mouth; but these have been
+already touched upon. But the exquisite Mechanism
+of the <i>Larynx</i>, its Variety of Muscles, its
+Cartilages, all so exquisitely made for the Purpose
+of Respiration, and forming the Voice<a id="FNanchor_206" href="#Footnote_206" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>, are very<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_149"></a>[149]</span>
+admirable: And no less so is the Tongue<a id="FNanchor_207" href="#Footnote_207" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>, which
+ministers to that, and many other Uses too.</p>
+
+<p>Next, the Fabrick of the<a id="FNanchor_208" href="#Footnote_208" class="fnanchor">[e]</a> <i>Trachea</i> deserves
+especial Remark. Its Valve, the <i>Epiglottis</i> on the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_150"></a>[150]</span>
+Top, to fence against all Annoyances; its cartilaginous
+Rings<a id="FNanchor_209" href="#Footnote_209" class="fnanchor">[f]</a> nearly environing it, with its membranous
+Part next the Gullet, to give the freer Passage
+to the Descent of the Food. And Lastly, Its
+inner Tegument of exquisite Sense to be readily affected
+with, and to make Efforts against every
+Thing that is hurtful or offensive; these, I say, do
+all justly deserve our Admiration.</p>
+
+<p>And no less prodigious are the Parts farther within;
+the <i>Bronchi</i>, the <i>Vesiculæ</i><a id="FNanchor_210" href="#Footnote_210" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>, with their muscular<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_151"></a>[151]</span>
+Fibres<a id="FNanchor_211" href="#Footnote_211" class="fnanchor">[h]</a>, as some assert they have, together
+with the Arteries and Veins, which every where
+accompany the airy Passages, for the Blood to receive
+there its Impregnations from the Air.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_152"></a>[152]</span></p>
+
+<p>From hence I might proceed to the commodious
+Form of the Ribs<a id="FNanchor_212" href="#Footnote_212" class="fnanchor">[i]</a>, the curious Mechanism of
+the Intercostal-Muscles<a id="FNanchor_213" href="#Footnote_213" class="fnanchor">[k]</a>, the Diaphragm, and all
+the other Muscles<a id="FNanchor_214" href="#Footnote_214" class="fnanchor">[l]</a> ministring both to the ordinary,
+and extraordinary Offices of Respiration.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_153"></a>[153]</span>
+But passing them by, I shall stop at one prodigious
+Work of Nature, and manifest Contrivance of the
+Almighty Creator, which although taken notice of
+by others<a id="FNanchor_215" href="#Footnote_215" class="fnanchor">[m]</a>, yet cannot be easily passed by in the
+Subject I am upon; and that is the Circulation of
+the Blood in the <i>Fœtus in the Womb</i>, so different
+from the Method thereof after it is Born. In the
+Womb, whilst it is as one Body with the Mother,
+and there is no Occasion, nor Place for Respiration,
+there are two Passages<a id="FNanchor_216" href="#Footnote_216" class="fnanchor">[n]</a> on purpose for the Transmission
+of the Blood without passing it through the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_154"></a>[154]</span>
+Lungs. But as soon as the <i>Fœtus</i> is Born, and become
+thereby a perfectly distinct Being, and breathes
+for it self, then these two Passages are shut up: one
+nearly obliterated, the other becomes only a Ligament,
+except in some Creatures that are Amphibious,
+or are forced to lie long under Water, in whom
+these Passages probably remain open<a id="FNanchor_217" href="#Footnote_217" class="fnanchor">[o]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>And now what Action of any rational Creature,
+what is there in a Man’s Life, that doth more<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_155"></a>[155]</span>
+plainly shew Design, Reason, and Contrivance,
+than this very Act of Nature doth the Contrivance<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_156"></a>[156]</span>
+and Design of the great GOD of Nature? What is
+Thought and Contrivance, if this be not? Namely,
+That there should be a temporary Part in the Body,
+made just for the present Exigence; to continue
+whilst there is occasion for it, and to cease when
+there is none; in some Creatures to remain always,
+by Reason of their amphibious Way of Living, and
+in Land-animals (purely such) to cease?</p>
+
+<p>Another excellent Contrivance, a-kin to the last,
+is, for the Preservation of such Creatures whose occasions<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_157"></a>[157]</span>
+frequently necessitate them to live without,
+or with but little Respiration: Fishes might be
+named here, whose Habitation is always in the
+Waters; but these belong to an Element which I
+cannot at present engage in. But there are many
+Animals of our own Element, or partly so, whose
+Organs of Respiration, whose Blood, whose Heart,
+and other Instruments of Life, are admirably accommodated
+to their Method of Living: Thus many
+amphibious Creatures<a id="FNanchor_218" href="#Footnote_218" class="fnanchor">[p]</a>, who live in Water
+as well as Air; many quadrupeds, Birds, Insects,
+and other Animals, who can live some Hours, Days,
+yea, whole Winters, with little or no Respiration,
+in a Torpitude, or sort of Sleep, or middle State
+between Life and Death: The Provision made for
+these peculiar Occasions of Life, in the Fabrick of
+the Lungs, the Heart, and other Parts of such<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_158"></a>[158]</span>
+Creatures<a id="FNanchor_219" href="#Footnote_219" class="fnanchor">[q]</a>, is manifestly the Work of him, who
+as St. <i>Paul</i> saith<a id="FNanchor_220" href="#Footnote_220" class="fnanchor">[r]</a>, <i>giveth to all Breath, and Life,
+and all Things</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_204" href="#FNanchor_204" class="label">[a]</a> The Uses assign’d to <i>Respiration</i> by all the Anatomists
+before <i>Malpighi</i>’s Discoveries of the Structure of the Lungs,
+are so various, and many of them so improbable, that it
+would be frivolous to recount them. But the more eminent
+modern Anatomists assign these Uses. <i>Willis</i> thus sums up his
+Opinion, <i>Præcipua Pulmonum functio, &amp; usus sunt, sanguinem
+&amp; aerem per totas partium compages, intimosque recessus, atq;
+ductus quosque minutissimos traducere, &amp; ubique invicem committere;
+in cum nempe finem, ut sanguis venosus à circuitu
+redux, &amp; chymo recenti dilutus,——tum perfectiùs misceatur
+&amp; velut subigatur, tum potissimùm ut secundùm omnes suas
+partes ab aëre nitroso de novo accendatur.</i> Pharmaceut. p. 2.
+S. 1. c. 2. §. 2. <i>Mayow</i> saith rightly, that one grand Use of
+<i>Expiration</i> is, <i>Ut cum aëre expulso, etiam vapores è sanguine
+exhalantes, simul exsufflentur.</i> And as for <i>Inspiration</i>, that it
+coveyeth a nitro-aerial ferment to the Blood, to which the
+Animal-Spirits are owing, and all Muscular-Motion. <i>Mayow
+de Respir.</i> p. 22. <i>&amp;c.</i> <i>meâ Edit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Somewhat of the Opinion of these two last cited, if I mistake
+not (it being long since I read their Tracts, and have
+them not now at hand,) were <i>Ent</i>, <i>Sylvius</i>, <i>Swammerdam</i>,
+<i>Diemerbroek</i>, and my Friend Mr. <i>Ray</i> in an unpublished Tract
+of his, and in his Letters now in my Hands.</p>
+
+<p>But our Dr. <i>Thurston</i>, for good Reasons, rejects these from
+being principal Uses of Respiration, and thinks, with great
+Reason, the principal Uses to be to move, or pass the Blood
+from the right to the left Ventricle of the Heart. Upon
+which account Persons hanged, drowned, or strangled by
+Catarrhs, so suddenly die, namely, because the Circulation of
+their Blood is stopped. For the same Reason also it is, that
+Animals die so soon in the Air-Pump. Among other Proofs
+he instanceth in an Experiment of Dr. <i>Croon</i>, <i>Profess. Gresh.</i>
+which he made before our <i>R. S.</i> by strangling a Pullet, so
+that not the least Sign of Life appear’d; but by blowing
+Wind into the Lungs through the <i>Trachea</i>, and so setting the
+Lungs a playing, he brought the Bird to Life again. Another
+Experiment was once tried by Dr. <i>Walter Needham</i>, before
+Mr. <i>Boyl</i>, and others at <i>Oxford</i>, by hanging a Dog, so
+that the Heart ceased moving. But hastily opening the Dog,
+and blowing Wind into the <i>Ductus Pecquetianus</i>, he put the
+Blood in Motion, and by that means the Heart, and so recovered
+the Dog to Life again. <i>V.</i> <i>Thurston de Respir. Us.</i>
+p. 60, and 63. <i>meâ Edit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Such an Experiment as Dr. <i>Croon</i>’s my Friend, the late
+justly renowned Dr. <i>Hook</i> shewed also our <i>R. S.</i> He cut away
+the <i>Ribs</i>, <i>Diaphragm</i>, and <i>Pericardium</i>, of a Dog; also
+the top of the Wind-Pipe, that he might tie it on to the Nose
+of a Pair of Bellows; and by blowing into the Lungs, he restored
+the Dog to Life; and then ceasing blowing, the Dog
+would soon fall into dying Fits; but by blowing again, he recovered;
+and so alternately would die, and recover, for a
+considerable Time, as long, and often as they pleased. <i>Philos.
+Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 28.</p>
+
+<p>For the farther Confirmation of Dr. <i>Thurston</i>’s Opinion,
+the ingenious Dr. <i>Musgrave</i> cut off, and close stopped up the
+Wind-Pipe of a Dog with a Cork, and then threw open the
+<i>Thorax</i>; where he found the Blood stagnating in the <i>Lungs</i>,
+the <i>Arteria Pulmonaris</i> the <i>right Ventricle</i> and <i>Auricle</i> of the
+<i>Heart</i>, and the two great Trunks of the <i>Cava</i>, distended with
+Blood to an immense Degree; but at the same Time, the <i>Vena
+Pulmonaris</i>, the <i>left Ventricle</i> and <i>Auricle</i> of the <i>Heart</i> in a
+manner empty, hardly a spoonful of Blood therein. <i>Philos.
+Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 240. Or both the Experiments may be together
+met with in <i>Lowth. Abridg. Vol. 3. p. 66, 67.</i></p>
+
+<p>This Opinion of our learned <i>Thurston</i>, the late learned <i>Etmullerus</i>
+espoused, who being particular in reckoning up the
+Uses of Respiration, I shall therefore the more largely cite
+him. Respiration, saith he, serves, <i>1. Ad Olfactum. 2. Ad
+Screatum &amp; Sputationem. 3. Ad Oscitationem, Tussim, Sternutationem,
+Emunctionemque. 4. Ad liquidorum Sorbitionem,
+Suctionemve. 5. Ad Loquelam, Cantum, Clamorem, Risum,
+Fletum, Flatum, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> 6. Ad facum Alvi, Urinæ, Fœtûs Molæve,
+necnon Secundinarum expulsionem. 7. Ad promovendi
+Ventriculi, Intestinorum, Lacteorumque vasorum, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> contenta.
+8. Ad halitus aqueos Sanguinis è pulmonibus, aëris ope, exportandos.
+9. Ad Diapnoën. 10. Ad exactiorem Chyli, Lymphaque,
+necnon Sanguinis——miscelam. 11. Ad conciliandum sanguini——coccineam
+rubedinem, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> 12. Nec merosè negabimus,
+aërem——pulmones, &amp; sanguinem illos transcurrentem,
+minùs calida reddere, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> 13. Quod denique aër sanguini singulis
+Respirationibus aliquantillâ sui parte, admixtus, paucissimas
+quasdam in spiritum animalium elaboratione particulas
+simul contribuat.</i> All these Uses, although of great Consequence,
+yet he thinks rather conduce to the <i>Well-Being</i>, than
+the Being of the Animal; because without any of them, the
+Animal would not so speedily die, as it doth by Strangling, or
+in the Air-Pump. He therefore assigns a 14ᵗʰ, and the principal
+Use of Respiration to be, <i>For the passing of the Blood
+through the Lungs, that is thrown into them by the Heart.</i>
+Etmull. Dissert. 2. c. 10. §. 1. &amp; 16.</p>
+
+<p>But the late Dr. <i>Drake</i>, with great Ingenuity and Address,
+(like a Person so considerable for his Years, as he was in his
+Time,) not only establish’d this Notion of Respiration, but
+also carries it farther, making it the true Cause of the <i>Diastole</i>
+of the Heart; which neither <i>Borelli</i>, <i>Lower</i>, or <i>Cowper</i>,
+much less any before those great Men, have well accounted
+for. That the Heart is a Muscle, is made evident beyond all
+doubt by Dr. <i>Lower</i>. And that the Motion of all Muscles
+consists in Constriction, is not to be doubted also. By which
+means the <i>Systole</i> is easily accounted for. But forasmuch as
+the Heart hath no <i>Antagonist-Muscle</i>, the <i>Diastole</i> hath puzzled
+the greatest Wits. But Dr. <i>Drake</i> with great Judgment,
+and much Probability of Reason, maketh the Weight of the
+Incumbent Atmosphere to be the true <i>Antagonist</i> to all the
+Muscles which serve both for ordinary Inspiration and the
+Constriction of the Heart. The Particulars of his Opinion
+may be seen in his <i>Anatomy</i>, l. 2. c. 7. And in <i>Philos.
+Trans. 281.</i></p>
+
+<p>And I remember when I was at the University, my most
+ingenious and learned Tutor Dr. <i>Wills</i>, when he read Anatomy
+to us, was of Opinion, that the Lungs were blown up
+by the Weight of the incumbent Air, and represented the
+manner of Respiration in this manner, <i>viz.</i> He put a Bladder
+into a Pair of Bellows, turning back the Neck of the Bladder,
+and tying it fast, so that no Air might enter in between
+the Bladder and Bellows. This being done, when the Bellows
+were opened, the Bladder would be blown up by the
+Weight of the incumbent Air; and when shut, the Air
+would be thereby pressed forcibly out of the Bladder, so as to
+blow the Fire. This Experiment I take Notice of here; because
+(besides the Illustration it gives to Respiration) that great
+<i>Genius</i> seems to have had a truer Notion of this <i>Phænomenon</i>,
+than was very common then, <i>viz.</i> about the Year 1677 or
+78; as also, because I have in some Authors met with the
+same Experiment, without mention of Dr. <i>Wills</i>, whose I
+take it to have been.</p>
+
+<p>Another Use of great Consideration, the already commended
+Dr. <i>Cheyne</i> assigns; namely, to form the elastick Globules
+of which the Blood principally consists, without which there
+would be a general Obstruction in all the capillary Arteries.
+<i>Cheyne</i>’s <i>Phil. Prin. of Nat. Rel.</i> or <i>Harris</i>’s <i>Lex. Tech. in Lungs.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_205" href="#FNanchor_205" class="label">[b]</a> <i>Gen.</i> ii. 7. vi. 17. <i>and</i> vii. 15.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_206" href="#FNanchor_206" class="label">[c]</a> Because it would be endless to specify the curious Mechanism
+of all the Parts, concurring to the Formation of the
+Voice; I shall therefore for a Sample note only two Things,
+1. There are thirteen Muscles provided for the Motion of the
+five Cartilages of the <i>Larynx</i>, <i>Gibs. Anat. l. 2. c. 14</i>, a Sign of
+the careful and elaborate Provision that is made for the Voice.
+2. It is a prodigious Faculty of the <i>Glottis</i>, in contracting and
+dilating itself with such Exquisiteness, as to form all Notes.
+For (as the ingenious Dr. <i>Keil</i> saith) <i>supposing the greatest Distance
+of the two Sides of the <span class="antiqua">Glottis</span>, to be one tenth Part of an
+Inch in sounding 12 Notes, (to which the Voice easily reaches;)
+this Line must be divided into 12 Parts, each of which gives the
+Aperture requisite for such a Note, with a certain Strength.
+But if we consider the Sub-division of Notes, into which the Voice
+can run, the Motion of the Sides of the <span class="antiqua">Glottis</span> is still vastly nicer.
+For if two Chords sounding exactly Unisons, one be shortened,
+⅟₂₀₀₀ Part of its Length, a just Ear will perceive the
+Disagreement, and a good Voice will sound the Difference, which
+is ⅟₁₉₆ Part of a Note. But suppose the Voice can divide a Note
+into 100 Parts, it follows that the different Apertures of the
+<span class="antiqua">Glottis</span> actually divide the tenth Part of an Inch into 1200
+Parts, the Effect of each of which produces a sensible Alteration
+upon a good Ear. But because each Side of the <span class="antiqua">Glottis</span> moves
+just equally, therefore the Divisions are just double, or the Sides
+of the <span class="antiqua">Glottis</span>, by their Motion do actually divide one tenth Part
+of an Inch into 2400 Parts.</i> <i>Keil</i>’s Anat. c. 3. Sect. 7.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_207" href="#FNanchor_207" class="label">[d]</a> Among the Instruments of Speech, the Tongue is a necessary
+one; and so necessary, that it is generally thought no
+Speech can be without it. But in the third Tome of the <i>Ephem.
+Germ.</i> is published, <i>Jac. Rolandi Aglossostomographia, sive
+Descriptio Oris sine Linguâ, quod perfecte loquitur, &amp; reliquas
+suas functiones naturalitèr exercet.</i> The Person described
+is one <i>Pet. Durand</i>, a <i>French</i> Boy of eight or nine Years old,
+who at five or six lost his Tongue by a <i>Gangrene</i>, occasioned
+the Small-Pox. Notwithstanding which, he could (as the Title
+saith) speak perfectly, as also taste, spit, swallow, and chew
+his Food; but this latter he could do only on that Side he put
+it into, not being able to turn it to the other Side his Mouth.</p>
+
+<p>In the same Tract, <i>Chap. 6.</i> is this Observation of <i>ventriloquous</i>
+Persons, <i>Memini me à quodam sat celebri Anatomico audivisse,
+dum de duplicaturâ Mediastini ageret, si Membrana ista
+duplex naturalitèr unita in duas partes dividatur, loquelam quasi
+ex pectore procedere, ut circumstantes credant Dæmoniacum
+hunc, aut Sternomythum.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_208" href="#FNanchor_208" class="label">[e]</a> <i>The Variation of the Wind-pipe is observable in every Creature,
+according as it is necessary for that of the Voice. In an
+<span class="antiqua">Urchin</span>, which hath a very small Voice, ’tis hardly more than
+membranous. And in a <span class="antiqua">Pigeon</span>, which hath a low and soft
+Note, ’tis partly cartilaginous, and partly membranous. In an
+<span class="antiqua">Owl</span>, which hath a good audible Note, ’tis more cartilaginous;
+but that of a <span class="antiqua">Jay</span>, hath hard Bones instead of Cartilages; and
+so of a <span class="antiqua">Linnet</span>: Whereby they have both of them a louder and
+stronger Note, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i></p>
+
+<p><i>The Rings of the Wind-pipe are fitted for the Modulation of
+the Voice: For in <span class="antiqua">Dogs</span> and <span class="antiqua">Cats</span>, which in the Expression of
+divers Passions use a great many Notes, (as Men do,) they are open
+and flexible, as in Man. Whereby all, or any of them are
+dilated, or contracted, more or less, as is convenient for a higher
+or deeper Note, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> whereas in some other Animals, as in
+the <span class="antiqua">Japan-Peacock</span>, which useth hardly more than one single
+Note, they are entire, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> <i>Grew</i>’s Cosmolog. Sacr. <i>Book I.
+Chap. 5. §. 9, 10.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_209" href="#FNanchor_209" class="label">[f]</a> It is a farther manifest Indication of singular Design in
+the cartilaginous Rings of the <i>aspera Arteria</i>, that all the Way
+where they are contiguous to the <i>Oesophagus</i>, they are membranous,
+to afford an easie Passage to the Food; but after that,
+in the <i>Bronchi</i>; they are, some compleatly annular, some triangular,
+<i>&amp;c.</i> And another observable is, the lower Parts of
+the superior Cartilages, receive the upper Parts of the inferior,
+in the <i>Bronchi</i>; whereas in the <i>aspera Arteria</i>, the Cartilages
+run and remain parallel to one another; which is a noble
+Difference or Mechanism in this (in a Manner) one and
+the same Part, enabling the Lungs and <i>Bronchi</i> to contract
+themselves in Expiration, and to extend and dilate themselves
+in Inspiration.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_210" href="#FNanchor_210" class="label">[g]</a> I shall not here intrench so much upon the Anatomist’s
+Province, to give a Description of the <i>Lungs</i>, although it be
+a curious Piece of God’s Workmanship; but refer to Seignior
+<i>Malpighi</i>, the first Discoverer of their <i>Vesiculæ</i> in 1660, in his
+two Letters to <i>Borelli de Pulmon</i>. Also to Dr. <i>Willis</i>’s <i>Pharm.
+Rat.</i> p. 2. S. 1. c. 1. <i>de Respir. Orig. &amp; Us.</i> who as he wrote after
+<i>Malpighi</i>, so hath more accurately described those parts;
+and to Mr. <i>Cowper</i>’s <i>Anat.</i> Tab. 24, 25. And if the Reader
+hath a Mind to see what Opposition Seignior <i>Malpighi</i>’s Discoveries
+met with at Home and Abroad, and what Controversies
+he had on that Account, as also his Censures of Dr.
+<i>Willis</i>’s Descriptions and Figures, he may consult <i>Malpighi</i>’s
+Life written by himself, <i>pag. 4 to 21</i>.</p>
+
+<p>That the <i>Lungs</i> consist of <i>Vesiculæ</i>, or <i>Lobuli</i> of <i>Vesiculæ</i> admitting
+of Air from the <i>Bronchi</i>, is visible, because they may
+be blown up, cleansed of Blood, and so dried. But Mr. <i>Cowper</i>
+saith, he could never part the <i>Lobuli</i>, (so as to make Dr.
+<i>Willis</i>’s <i>Fig. 1. Tab. 3. &amp; 4.</i>) so that probably the <i>Vesiculæ</i> are
+contiguous to one another throughout each Lobe of the
+Lungs. And not only Air; but <i>Diemerbroeck</i> proves, that
+the <i>Vesiculæ</i> admit of Dust also, from two asthmatick Persons
+he opened; one a Stonecutter’s Man, the <i>Vesiculæ</i> of whose
+Lungs were so stuffed with Dust, that in cutting, his Knife
+went as if through an Heap of Sand; the other was a Feather-driver,
+who had these Bladders filled with the fine Dust
+or Down of Feathers.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_211" href="#FNanchor_211" class="label">[h]</a> There is a considerable Difference between Dr. <i>Willis</i>,
+and <i>Etmuller</i>, <i>viz.</i> Whether the <i>Vesiculæ</i> of the Lungs have
+any muscular Fibres or not? <i>Etmuller</i> expressly saith, <i>Nullas
+Fibras musculosas, multo minùs rubicundam Musculorum compagem
+(sunt enim Vesiculæ albidæ &amp; fere diaphanæ) in ipsis reperiri.</i>
+ubi supr. c. 6. §. 2. And afterwards, §. 3. <i>Pulmones esse molles
+flexilesque musculosis fibris ceu propriæ explicationis organis destitutos.</i>
+But Dr. <i>Willis</i> as expressly alerts they have musculous
+Fibres, and assigns an excellent Use of them; <i>Cellulæ istæ
+vesiculares, ut nixus pro expiratione contractivos edant, etiam
+fibras, utì per Microscopium planè conspicere est, musculares obtinent</i>,
+ubi supr. §. 16. And in the next §, <i>Ut pro datâ occasione
+majorem aëris copiam exsufflent, aut materiam extussiendam ejiciant,
+fibris muscularibus donatæ, sese arctiùs contrahunt, contentaque
+sua penitùs exterminant. Et enim ordinariæ pectoris Systolæ,
+quas musculorum relaxationes ex parte efficiunt, aërem
+forsan totum à Tracheâ &amp; Bronchiis, haud tamen à Vesiculis,
+quâque vice ejiciunt: propter has (quoties opus erit) inaniendas,
+&amp; totius Pectoris cavitas plurimùm angustatur, &amp; cellulæ ipsæ
+vesiculures à propriis fibris constrictis coarctantur.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_212" href="#FNanchor_212" class="label">[i]</a> <i>Circa hos motus [Scil. Pectoris dilatationem, &amp;c.] divini
+Conditoris mechanicen, ad regulas Mathematicas planè adaptaram,
+satis admirari non possumus; siquidem nullâ aliâ in re
+manifestùs Ὁ Θεὸς γεωμετρεῖν videtur. Quippe cùm pectoris,
+tum ampliato, tum coarctatio à quibusdam Musculis (quorum
+munus unicum est contrahere) perfici debeat; res ita instituitur,
+ut Costæ quæ thoracis, volut parallelogrammi oblongi versus
+cylindrum incurvati, latera efformant, in figuram modò quadratam,
+cum angulis rectis, pro pectoris ampliatione; modò in
+rhomboeidem, cum angulis acutis pro ejusdem contractione, ducantur,
+<span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Willis, <i>ubi supr.</i> §. 28.</p>
+
+<p><i>Galen</i> having spoken of the Parts ministring to Respiration,
+concludeth, <i>Nihil usquam à Naturâ ullo pacto per incuriam,
+fuisse præteritum, qua cùm omnia præsentiret &amp; provideret, quæ
+sunt necessaria illa, quæ causa alicujus extiterunt, confecutura,
+omnibus instaurationes parare occupavit, cujus apparatus copiosa
+facultas admirabilem Sapientiam testantur.</i> De us. part. l. 5.
+c. 15. See also <i>l. 6. c. 1.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_213" href="#FNanchor_213" class="label">[k]</a> For the Structure of the <i>Intercostals</i>, <i>Midriff</i>, &amp;c. I
+shall refer to Dr. <i>Willis</i>, and other Anatomists. Bur Dr. <i>Drake</i>
+taxeth Dr. <i>Willis</i> with an Error in fancying there is an Opposition
+in the Office of the <i>Intercostals</i>, by reason that the Fibres
+of the <i>external</i> and <i>internal Intercostals</i> decussate; that
+therefore the <i>external</i> serve to raise the Ribs, the <i>internal</i>
+to draw them down. But Dr. <i>Drake</i> is of <i>Steno</i>’s, and Dr.
+<i>Mayow</i>’s Opinion, that notwithstanding the Decussation of their
+Fibres, the Power they exert upon, and the Motion they
+effect in the Ribs, is one and the same. <i>Drake</i>’s <i>Anat.</i> l. 2.
+c. 7. and l. 4. c. 5. <i>Mayow de Respir.</i> c. 7.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_214" href="#FNanchor_214" class="label">[l]</a> Although Dr. <i>Drake</i> and some others deny the <i>Intercostals</i>
+being Antagonist-Muscles, as in <a href="#Footnote_213">the preceding Note</a>,
+yet they, and most other Anatomists that I have met with,
+attribute a considerable Power to them in the act of Respiration,
+as they do also to the <i>Subclavian</i> and <i>Triangular Muscles</i>:
+but the learned <i>Etmuller</i> denies it for these three Reasons,
+<i>1. Quia respirando nullam in illis contractionem sentio.
+2. Quia——sibi invicem non adducuntur, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> 3. Quia
+Costæ omnes ab aliis modò enarratis musculis moventur, idque
+simul, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> Intercostales itaque, necnon Subclavios Musculos
+Costis, parietum instar, ad complenda interstitia intercostalia,
+pectusque integrandum, ac Costas connectendas, intertectos esse,
+probabiliter concludo; quo munere triangulares etiam——fungi,
+rationi consentaneum est.</i> Etmul. Dissert. 2. cap. 4. §. 6.</p>
+
+<p>But as to the Use of the <i>Triangular Muscle</i> in Respiration,
+we may judge of it, from its remarkable Size, and Use in a
+Dog; of which Dr. <i>Willis</i> gives this Account from <i>Fallopius</i>:
+<i>In Homine parvus adeò &amp; subtilis iste <span class="antiqua">[Musculus]</span> est, ut vix
+pro Musculo accipi queat: in Cane per totum os pectoris protenditur,
+&amp; cartilagines omnes, etiam verarum Costarum sterno inosculatas,
+occupat: Cujus discriminis ratio divinam circa Animalium
+fabricas Providentiam planè indigitat. Quippe cùm hoc
+animal, ad cursus velocissimos &amp; diu continuandos natum, quo
+sanguis, dum intensiùs agitatur, ritè accendatur eventileturque,
+aërem celerrimè &amp; fortiter uti inspirare, ita etiam exspirare debet——idcirco
+propter hunc actum firmiùs obeundum (cujus
+in Homine haud magnus est usus) musculus caninas molem ingentem
+&amp; tanto operi parem fortitur.</i> Willis <i>ubi supr.</i> §. 32.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_215" href="#FNanchor_215" class="label">[m]</a> <i>Ray</i>’s Wisdom of God in the Creation, p. 343.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_216" href="#FNanchor_216" class="label">[n]</a> Mr. <i>Cheselden</i>, an ingenious and most accurate Anatomist,
+having somewhat particular in his Observations about
+the Circulation of the Blood through the Heart of the <i>Fœtus</i>,
+I shall present the Reader with some of his Observations,
+which he favoured me with the Sight of. <i>The Blood</i>
+(saith he) <i>which is brought to the Heart by the ascending Cava,
+passes out of the right Auricle into the left, through a Passage
+called <span class="antiqua">Foramen Ovale</span>, in the <span class="antiqua">Septum</span> <span class="antiqua">[common to them
+both]</span> without passing through the right Ventricle (as after the
+Birth) while the Blood from the descending Cava passeth through
+the right Auricle and Ventricle into the pulmonary Artery, and
+thence into the <span class="antiqua">Aorta</span> through the Duct, betwixt that and the
+pulmonary Artery, called <span class="antiqua">Ductus Arteriosus</span>, whilst a small
+Portion of the Blood, thrown into the pulmonary Artery passeth
+through the Lungs, no more than is sufficient to keep open the
+pulmonary Vessels. Thus both Ventricles are employed in driving
+the Blood through the <span class="antiqua">Aorta</span> to all Parts of the <span class="antiqua">Fœtus</span>, and
+to the Mother too. But after the Birth, the Blood being to be
+driven from the <span class="antiqua">Aorta</span> through the <span class="antiqua">Fœtus</span> alone, and not the
+Mother too, one Ventricle becomes sufficient, whilst the other is
+employed in driving the Blood through the Lungs, the <span class="antiqua">Ductus
+Arteriosus</span> being shut up by means of the Alteration of its Position,
+which happens to it from the raising the <span class="antiqua">Aorta</span> by the Lungs
+when they become inflated. After that the Blood is thus driven
+into the Lungs, in its return it shuts the <span class="antiqua">Valve</span> of the <span class="antiqua">Foramen
+Ovale</span> against the <span class="antiqua">Foramen</span> it self, to whose Sides it soon
+adheres, and so stops up the Passage. The <span class="antiqua">Ductus Arteriosus</span>,
+or <span class="antiqua">Ductus Arteriosus in Ligamentum versus</span>, is seldom to be
+discerned in adult Bodies, but the Figure of the Foramen <span class="antiqua">Ovale</span>
+is never obliterated.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_217" href="#FNanchor_217" class="label">[o]</a> It hath been generally thought to be not improbable,
+but that on some Occasions the <i>Foramen Ovale</i> may remain
+open in Man. In a Girl of four or five Years of Age, Dr.
+<i>Connor</i> found it but half closed, and in the Form of a Crescent.
+And he thinks somewhat of this kind might be in the
+Person whose Skeleton was found to have no Joynts in the
+Back-Bone, Ribs, <i>&amp;c.</i> Of which a Description, with Cuts,
+may be found in <i>Phil. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 215. and more largely in his
+<i>Dissert. Med. Phys. de stupendo Ossium coalitu</i>, where he adds
+to the Girl, in whom the <i>For. Ov.</i> was not shut, a like Observation
+of another Girl he opened at <i>Oxford</i> of three Years
+Old, <i>In quâ Foramen Ovals ferè erat occlusum, in medio tamen,
+exili foramine, per quod Turundam facilè transmisi, erat
+pervium</i>, pag. 30. So Mr. <i>Cowper</i> (than whom none more
+accurate and a better Judge) saith, <i>I have often found the <span class="antiqua">Foramen
+Ovale</span> open in the Adult.</i> Anat. Append. Fig. 3. But
+Mr. <i>Cheselden</i> is of a different Opinion. Of which in <a href="#Footnote_218">the
+following Note</a>.</p>
+
+<p>From somewhat of this Cause I am apt to think it was
+that the <i>Tronningholm Gardiner</i> escaped drowning, and some
+others mentioned by <i>Pechlin</i>. His Stories are, <i>Hortulanus
+Tronningholmensis etiamnum vivens, annos natos 65, pro illâ
+ætate satis adhuc valens &amp; vegetus, cùm ante 18 annos, alii in
+aquas delapso opem ferre vellet, forte fortunâ &amp; ipse per glaciem
+incautiùs procedens, aquas incidet 18 ulnas profundas: ubi ille,
+corpore erecto quasi ad perpendiculum, pedibus fundo adhæsit.
+Constitit sic per 16 horas, antequàm produceretur in auras.
+Dixit autem, simul ac infra aquarum superficiem fuit demersus,
+statim obriguisse totum, &amp;, si quem tum habuit motum &amp;
+sensum, amisisse, nisi quod sonantes Stockolmii campanas etiam
+sub aquis obscuriùs percipere sibi sit visus. Sensit etiam, statim
+sese velut vesiculam ori applicâsse, adeò ut aqua nulla os penetraverit,
+in aures verò transitum, etiam sentiente illo, habuerit;
+atque inde auditum suum debilitatum aliquandiu esse. Hoc
+statu dum 16 horas permansit frustrà quæsitus, tandem repertum,
+conto in caput infixo, cujus etiam sensum se habuisse dixit, fundo
+extraxerunt, sperantes ex more aut persuasione gentis revicturum
+esse. Itaque pannis linteisque productum obvolvunt, ne
+aër admitti possit perniciosus futurus subito illapsu: custoditum
+sic satis ab aëre sensim sensimque tepidiori loco admovent mox
+calidis adoriuntur fasciis, fricant, radunt, &amp; sufflaminatum
+tot horis sanguinis corporisque motum negotiosâ illâ operâ reducunt:
+denique antapoplecticis &amp; genialibus liquoribus vitæ reddunt
+&amp; pristinæ mobilitati. Retulit is atque ostendit se etiamnum
+in capite circumferre vestigia violentiæ à conto illatæ, &amp;
+cephalalgiis vexari gravissimis. Et propter hunc ipsum casum,
+religiosè à popularibus, &amp; hujusce rei testibus probatum, Serenissimæ
+Reginæ matris munificentiâ &amp; annuo stipendio est donatus——&amp;
+Serenis. Principi——oblatus, vivus sui testis——Consignatam
+manu habes Historiam D. Tilasii, Biblioth. Reg.
+Præfecti, qui testatus est se prænovisse mulierem, quæ tres ipsos
+dies sub aquis hæsit, &amp; similem in modum, quo Hortulanus ille,
+resuscitata, adhuc dum lucis plenâ fruitur usurâ. Accedit Nob.
+Burmanni——fides. qui confessus est,——se in pago <span class="antiqua">Boness</span>
+parochiæ <span class="antiqua">Pithoviæ</span> concionem frequentâsse funebrem, in quâ,
+dum acta recenseret Præco Senis cujusdam septuagenarii Laur. Jonæ——audiverit
+ex ore Concionatoris, vivum eum, adolescentum
+17 annorum, aquis submersum, 7 demum hebdomadâ
+(rem prodigiosam!) extractum ad se rediisse vivum &amp; incolumem.</i>
+Pechlin. de Aer. &amp; Alim. def. c. 10.</p>
+
+<p>Shall we to this Cause, or to the Ossification, or more
+than ordinary Strength of the Wind-Pipe, attribute the Recovery
+to Life of Persons hanged? Of which <i>Pechlin</i> gives
+an Instance that fell under his own Knowledge, of a Woman
+hanged, and in all Appearance dead, but recovered by a Physician
+accidentally coming in, with a plentiful Administration
+of <i>Spir. Sal. Armon. Pechl. ib.</i> c. 7. And the Story of <i>Anne
+Green</i>, executed at <i>Oxford</i>, <i>Dec. 14. 1650.</i> is still well remembered
+among the Seniors there. <i>She was hanged by the Neck
+near half an Hour, some of her Friends in the mean Time
+thumping her on the Breast, others hanging with all their Weight
+upon her Legs, sometimes lifting her up, and then pulling her
+down again with a sudden Jirk, thereby the sooner to dispatch
+her out of her Pain</i>: as her printed Account wordeth it. After
+she was in her Coffin, being observed to breath, a lusty
+Fellow stamped with all his Force on her Breast and Stomach,
+to put her out of her Pain. But by the assistance of Dr <i>Peity</i>,
+Dr. <i>Willis</i>, Dr. <i>Bathurst</i>, and Dr. <i>Clark</i>, she was again brought
+to Life. I my self saw her many Years after, after that she
+had (I heard) born divers Children. The Particulars of her
+Crime, Execution and Restauration, see in a little Pamphlet,
+called <i>News from the Dead</i>, written, as I have been informed,
+by Dr. <i>Bathurst</i>, (afterwards the most vigilant and learned
+President of <i>Trinity-College, Oxon</i>,) and published in
+1651. with Verses upon the Occasion.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_218" href="#FNanchor_218" class="label">[p]</a> The Sea-Calf hath the <i>Foramen Ovale</i>, by which means
+it is enabled to stay long under the Water, as the <i>Paris. Anatomists</i>.
+Of which see in <a href="#Footnote_514"><i>Book VI. Chap. 5. Note (c).</i></a></p>
+
+<p>But the fore-commended Mr. <i>Cheselden</i> thinks the <i>Foramen
+Ovale</i> is neither open in amphibious Creatures, nor any adult
+Land-Animals. <i>When I first</i> (saith he) <i>applied my self to the
+Dissection of Human Bodies, I had no distrust of the frequent
+Accounts of the <span class="antiqua">Foramen Ovale</span> being open in Adults: but I
+find since, that I mistook the <span class="antiqua">Ostium Venarum Coronariarum</span>
+for the <span class="antiqua">Foramen</span>. The like I suppose Authors have done, who
+assert that it is always open in amphibious Animals: for we have
+made diligent Enquiry into those Animals, and never found it
+open. Neither would that (as they imagine) serve these Creatures
+to live under Water, as the <span class="antiqua">Fœtus</span> doth in <span class="antiqua">Utero</span>, unless
+the <span class="antiqua">Ductus Arteriosus</span> was open also.</i></p>
+
+<p>This Opinion of Mr. <i>Cheselden</i> hath this to render it probable,
+that the <i>Ostium Venarum Coronariarum</i> is so near the
+<i>Foramen Ovale</i>, that without due regard, it may be easily
+mistaken for it. Such therefore as have Opportunity of examining
+this Part in amphibious Animals, or any other Subject,
+ought to seek for the <i>Ostium</i>, whenever they suspect
+they have met with the <i>Foramen</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_219" href="#FNanchor_219" class="label">[q]</a> Of the singular Conformation of the Heart and Lungs
+of the <i>Tortoise</i>, which is an amphibious Animal. See <a href="#Footnote_513"><i>Book VI.
+Chap. 5. Note (b).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_220" href="#FNanchor_220" class="label">[r]</a> <i>Acts</i> xvii. 25.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_IV_CHAP_VIII">CHAP. VIII.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the Motion of Animals.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Next to the two grand Acts of animal Life,
+their Sense or Respiration, I shall consider
+their <i>Motion</i>, or <i>locomotive Faculty</i>; whereby they
+convey themselves from Place to Place, according
+to their Occasions, and Way of Life: And the admirable
+Apparatus to this Purpose, is a plain Demonstration
+of God’s particular Foresight, Care,
+and especial Providence towards all the animal
+World.</p>
+
+<p>And here I might view in the first Place the
+Muscles, their curious Structure<a id="FNanchor_221" href="#Footnote_221" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>, the nice tacking
+them to every Joynt, to pull it this Way, and
+that Way, and the other Way, according to the
+special Purpose, Design, and Office of every such
+Joint: Also their various Size and Strength; some<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_159"></a>[159]</span>
+large and corpulent, others less, and some scarce
+visible to the naked Eye; all exactly fitted to every
+Place, and every use of the Body. And lastly, I
+might take Notice of the muscular Motions, both
+involuntary and spontaneous<a id="FNanchor_222" href="#Footnote_222" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Next, I might survey the special Fabrick of the
+Bones<a id="FNanchor_223" href="#Footnote_223" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>, ministring to animal Motion. Next, I<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_160"></a>[160]<br><a id="Page_161"></a>[161]</span>
+might take notice of the Joynts<a id="FNanchor_224" href="#Footnote_224" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>, their compleat
+Form adjusted to the Place, and Office they
+are employed in; their Bandage, keeping them
+from Luxations; the oily Matter<a id="FNanchor_225" href="#Footnote_225" class="fnanchor">[e]</a> to lubricate<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_162"></a>[162]</span>
+them, and their own Smoothness to facilitate their
+Motion.</p>
+
+<p>And lastly, I might trace the various Nerves
+throughout the Body; sent about to minister to its
+various Motions<a id="FNanchor_226" href="#Footnote_226" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>. I might consider their Origine<a id="FNanchor_227" href="#Footnote_227" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>,
+their Ramifications to the several Parts,
+and their Inosculations with one another, according
+to the Harmony and Accord of one Part with another,
+necessary for the Benefit of the Animal. But
+some of those Things I have given some Touches upon<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_163"></a>[163]</span>
+already, and more I shall mention hereafter<a id="FNanchor_228" href="#Footnote_228" class="fnanchor">[h]</a>,
+and it would be tedious here to insist upon them all.</p>
+
+<p>I shall therefore only speak distinctly to the Locomotive
+Act it self, or what directly relates to it.</p>
+
+<p>And here it is admirable to consider the various
+Methods of Nature<a id="FNanchor_229" href="#Footnote_229" class="fnanchor">[i]</a>, suited to the Occasions of
+various Animals. In some their Motion is swift,
+in others slow. In some performed with two, four,
+or more Legs: in some with two, or four Wings:
+in some with neither<a id="FNanchor_230" href="#Footnote_230" class="fnanchor">[k]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>And first for swift or slow Motion. This we find
+is proportional to the Occasions of each respective
+Animal. <i>Reptiles</i>, whose Food, Habitation, and
+Nests, lie in the next Clod, Plant, Tree, or Hole,
+or can bear long Hunger and Hardship, they need
+neither Legs nor Wings for their Transportation;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_164"></a>[164]</span>
+but their vermicular or sinuous Motion (performed
+with no less Art, and as curiously provided for as
+the Legs or Wings of other Creatures: This, I
+say,) is sufficient for their Conveyance.</p>
+
+<p><i>Man</i> and <i>Beasts</i>, whose Occasions require a large
+Room, have accordingly a swifter Motion, with
+proper Engines for that Service; answerable to
+their Range for Food, their Occupation of Business,
+or their want of Armature, and to secure
+them against Harms<a id="FNanchor_231" href="#Footnote_231" class="fnanchor">[l]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>But for the winged Creatures (Birds and Insects,)
+as they are to traverse large Tracts of Land and Water,
+for their Food, for their commodious Habitation,
+or Breeding their Young, to find Places of
+Retreat and Security from Mischiefs; so they have
+accordingly the Faculty of flying in the Air; and
+that swiftly or slowly, a long or short a Time,
+according to their Occasions and Way of Life. And
+accordingly their Wings, and whole Body, are curiously
+prepared for such a Motion; as I intend to
+shew in a proper Place<a id="FNanchor_232" href="#Footnote_232" class="fnanchor">[m]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Another remarkable Thing in the motive Faculty
+of all Creatures, is the neat, geometrical Performance
+of it. The most accurate Mathematician,
+the most skilful in mechanick Motions, can’t prescribe
+a nicer Motion (than what they perform) to
+the Legs and Wings of those that walk or fly<a id="FNanchor_233" href="#Footnote_233" class="fnanchor">[n]</a>,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_165"></a>[165]</span>
+or to the Bodies of those that creep<a id="FNanchor_234" href="#Footnote_234" class="fnanchor">[o]</a>. Neither
+can the Body be more compleatly poised for the Motion
+it is to have in every Creature, than it already
+actually is. From the largest Elephant, to the smallest
+Mite, we find the Body artfully balanced<a id="FNanchor_235" href="#Footnote_235" class="fnanchor">[p]</a>.
+The Head not too heavy, nor too light for the rest
+of the Body, nor the rest of the Body for it<a id="FNanchor_236" href="#Footnote_236" class="fnanchor">[q]</a>.
+The <i>Viscera</i> are not let loose, or so placed, as to swag,
+over-balance, or over-set the Body; but well-braced,
+and distributed to maintain the æquipoise of the Body.
+The motive Parts also are admirably well fixed
+in respect to the Center of Gravity; placed in the
+very Point, fittest to support and convey the Body.
+Every Leg beareth his true Share of the Body’s
+Weight. And the Wings so nicely are set to the
+Center of Gravity, as even in that fluid <i>Medium</i>,
+the Air, the Body is as truly balanced, as we could
+have balanced it with the nicest Scales.</p>
+
+<p>But among all Creatures, none more elegant
+than the sizing the Body of <i>Man</i>, the gauging his
+Body so nicely, as to be able to stand erect, to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_166"></a>[166]</span>
+stoop, to sit, and indeed to move any way, only
+with the Help of so small a Stay as the Feet<a id="FNanchor_237" href="#Footnote_237" class="fnanchor">[r]</a>:
+whose Mechanism of Bones, Tendons and Muscles
+to this purpose, is very curious and admirable.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_221" href="#FNanchor_221" class="label">[a]</a> That the Muscles are compounded of Fibres, is visible
+enough. Which Fibres, the curious and ingenious <i>Borelli</i>
+saith, are cylindraceous; not hollow, but filled with a
+spungy, pithy Substance, after the manner of Elder, as he
+discovered by his Microscopes. <i>Borel. de Mot. Animal.</i> Part 1.
+These Fibres, he saith, are naturally white; but derive
+their Redness only from the Blood in them.</p>
+
+<p>These Fibres do in every Muscle, (in the Belly at least of
+the Muscle,) run parallel to one another, in a neat orderly
+Form. But they do not at all tend the same Way, but some
+run aslant, some longways, <i>&amp;c.</i> according to the Action or
+Position of each respective Muscle. The Particulars of which,
+and of divers other Observables in the Muscles, would, besides
+Figures, take up too much room in these Notes; and
+therefore I must refer to the Anatomists, particularly <i>Steno</i>,
+<i>Borelli</i>, <i>Cowper</i>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_222" href="#FNanchor_222" class="label">[b]</a> The infinite Creator hath generally exerted his Art and
+Care, in the Provision made by proper Muscles and Nerves,
+for all the different Motions in animal Bodies, both involuntary,
+and voluntary. It is a noble Providence that most of
+the vital Motions, such as of the Heart, Stomach, Guts, <i>&amp;c.</i>
+are involuntary, the Muscles acting whether we sleep or wake,
+whether we will or no. And it is no less providential that
+some, even of the vital Motions, are partly voluntary, partly
+involuntary, as that for Instance, of Breathing, which is
+performed both sleeping and waking; but can be intermitted
+for a short Time on occasion, as for accurate hearing any
+Thing, <i>&amp;c.</i> or can be encreased by a stronger Blast, to make
+the greater Discharges of the Blood from the Lungs, when
+that any Thing overcharges them. And as for the other
+Motions of the Body, as of the Limbs, and such as
+are voluntary, it is a no less Providence, that they are absolutely
+under the Power of the Will; so as that the Animal
+hath it in his Power to command the Muscles and Spirits of
+any part of its Body, to perform such Motions and Actions
+as it hath Occasion for.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_223" href="#FNanchor_223" class="label">[c]</a> <i>Quid dicam de Ossibus? quæ subjecta corpori mirabiles
+commissuras habent, &amp; ad stabilitatem aptas, &amp; ad artus finiendos
+accommodatas, &amp; ad motum, &amp; ad omnem corporis actionem.</i>
+Cicer. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 55.</p>
+
+<p>By Reason it would be endless to mention all the Curiosities
+observable in the Bones, I shall for a Sample, single out
+only an Instance or two, to manifest that Design was used in
+the Structure of these Parts in Man.</p>
+
+<p>The first shall be in the <i>Back-Bone</i>, which (among many
+others) hath these two Things remarkable. 1. Its different
+Articulations from the other Joynts of the Body. For here
+most of the Joynts are flat, and withal guarded with Asperities
+and Hollows, made for catching and holding; so as
+firmly to lock and keep the Joynts from Luxations, but withal
+to afford them such a Motion, as is necessary for the Incurvations
+of the Body. 2. The difference of its own Joynts
+in the Neck, Back and Loins. In the Neck, the <i>Atlas</i>, or
+upper <i>Vertebra</i>, as also the <i>Dentata</i>, are curiously made,
+and joynted (differently from the rest) for the commodious
+and easie bending and turning the Head every way. In the
+<i>Thorax</i>, or Back, the Joynts are more close and firm; and
+in the Loins, more lax and pliant; as also the Spines are different,
+and the Knobs and Sockets turned the quite contrary
+way, to answer the Occasions the Body hath to bend more
+there, than higher in the Back. I shall close this Remark
+with the ingenious Dr. <i>Keil</i>’s Observation.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Structure of the <span class="antiqua">Spine</span> is the very best that can be contrived;
+for had it been all Bone, we could have had no Motion
+in our Backs; had it been of two or three Bones articulated
+for Motion, the <span class="antiqua">Medulla Spinalis</span> must have been necessarily
+bruised at every Angle or Joynt; besides, the whole would not
+have been so pliable for the several Postures we have occasion to
+put our selves in. If it had been made of several Bones without
+intervening Cartilages, we should have had no more Use of
+it, than if it had been but one Bone. If each <span class="antiqua">Vertebra</span> had
+had its own distinct Cartilages, it might have been easily <span class="antiqua">dislocated</span>.
+And lastly, The oblique Processes of each superior and inferior
+<span class="antiqua">Vertebra</span>, keep the middle one that it can neither be thrust
+backwards nor forwards to compress the <span class="antiqua">Medulla Spinalis</span>.</i>
+<i>Keil</i>’s <i>Anat.</i> c. 5. §. 8.</p>
+
+<p>Compare here what <i>Galen</i> saith of the Articulations, Ligaments,
+Perforation, <i>&amp;c.</i> of the <i>Spine</i>, to prove the Wisdom
+and Providence of the Maker of animal Bodies, against such
+as found fault with Nature’s Works; among which he names
+<i>Diagoras</i>, <i>Anaxagoras</i>, <i>Asclepiades</i> and <i>Epicurus</i>. <i>V.</i> <i>Galen. de
+Us. Part. L. 12. init.</i> and <i>Chap. 11</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i> also <i>L. 13. init.</i></p>
+
+<p>2. The next Instance shall be in one or two Things, wherein
+the Skeletons of Sexes differ. Thus the <i>Pelvis</i> made in
+the Belly by the <i>Ilium</i>, <i>Ossa Coxendicis</i> and <i>Pubis</i>, is larger
+in a Female than Male Skeleton, that there may be more
+room for the lying of the <i>Viscera</i> and <i>Fœtus</i>. So the Cartilage
+bracing together the two <i>Ossa Pubis</i>, or <i>Sharebones</i>,
+<i>Bartholine</i> saith, is twice thicker and laxer in Women than
+Men: As also is the Cartilage that tieth the <i>Os Sacrum</i> to its
+<i>Vertebra</i>; and all to give way to the Passage of the <i>Fœtus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Another considerable Difference is in the cartilaginous Production
+of the seven long Ribs, whereby they are braced to
+the Breast-Bone. These are harder and firmer in Women
+than in Men; the better to support the Weight of the
+Breasts, the sucking Infant, <i>&amp;c.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_224" href="#FNanchor_224" class="label">[d]</a> It is remarkable in the Joynts, and a manifest Act of
+Caution and Design, 1. That altho’ the Motion of the Limbs
+be circular, yet the Center of that Motion is not in a Point,
+but an ample Superficies. In a Point, the Bones would wear
+and penetrate one another; the Joynts would be exceedingly
+weak, <i>&amp;c.</i> but the Joynts consisting of two large Superficies,
+Concave and Convex, some furrowed and ridged, some like
+a Ball and Socket, and all lubricated with an oily Substance,
+they are incomparably prepared both for Motion and Strength.
+2. That the Bones next the Joynt are not spungy, as their
+Extremities commonly are, nor hard and brittle, but capped
+with a strong, tough, smooth, cartilaginous Substance, serving
+both to Strength and Motion.</p>
+
+<p>But let us here take notice of what <i>Galen</i> mentions on this
+Subject. <i>Articulorum unusquisque Eminentiam Cavitati immissam
+habet: Veruntamen hoc fortasse non adeò mirabile est:
+Sed si, consideratâ omnium totius corporis ossium mutuâ connexione,
+Eminentias cavitatibus suscipientibus æquales semper inveneris;
+Hoc mirabile. Si enim justo amplior esset Cavitas, laxus
+sanè &amp; infirmus fieret Articulus; si strictior, motus difficulter
+fieret, ut qui nullam versionem haberet; ac periculum esset non
+parvum, eminintias ossium arctatas frangi: sed horum neutrum
+factum est.——Sed quoniam ex tam securâ constructione periculum
+erat, nè motiones difficiliùs fierent, &amp; eminentiæ ossium
+extererentur, duplex rursus auxilium in id Natura molita est.
+1. Cartilagine os utrumque subungens, atque oblinens: alterum,
+ipsis Cartilaginibus humorem unctuosum, velut oleum,
+superfundens; per quem facilè mobilis, &amp; attritu contumax omnis
+articulatio Ossium facta est.——Ut undique diligenter Articulus
+omnis custodiretur, Ligamenta quædam ex utroque osse
+produxit Natura.</i> Galen de Us. Part. l. 1. c. 15.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_225" href="#FNanchor_225" class="label">[e]</a> For the affording this oily or mucilaginous Matter,
+there are <i>Glandules</i> very commodiously placed near the Joynts,
+so as not to suffer too great Compression by the Motion of
+the neighbouring Bones, and yet to receive a due Pressure,
+so as to cause a sufficient Emission of the Mucilage into the
+Joynts. Also another Thing considerable is, that the excretory
+Ducts of the <i>mucilaginous Glands</i> have some Length in
+their Passage from the Glands to their Mouths; which is a
+good Contrivance, to prevent their Mouths being oppressed by
+the Mucilage, as also to hinder the too plentiful Effusion
+thereof, but yet to afford a due Expressure of it at all Times,
+and on all Occasions, as particularly in violent and long-continued
+Motions of the Joynts, when there is a greater than
+ordinary Expence of it. See <i>Cowper</i>’s <i>Anat. Tab.</i> 79.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_226" href="#FNanchor_226" class="label">[f]</a> There is no doubt to be made, but that the Muscles
+receive their Motion from the Nerves. For if a Nerve be
+cut, or straightly bound, that goes to any Muscle, that Muscle
+shall immediately lose its Motion. Which is doubtless
+the case of Paralyticks; whose Nerves are some of them by
+Obstructions, or such like Means, reduced to the same State
+as if cut or bound.</p>
+
+<p>And this also is the cause of that <i>Numness</i> or <i>Sleepiness</i> we
+find oftentimes, by long sitting or lying on any Part.</p>
+
+<p>Neither is this a modern Notion only: For <i>Galen</i> saith,
+<i>Principium Nervorum omnium Cerebrum est, &amp; spinalis Medulla.——Et
+Nervi à Cerebro animalem virtutem accipiunt——Nervorum
+utilitas est facultatem Sensûs &amp; Motûs à principio in
+partes diducere.</i> And this he intimates to have been the Opinion
+of <i>Hippocrates</i> and <i>Plato</i>. De Us. Part. l. 1. c. 16. <i>&amp;
+passim</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_227" href="#FNanchor_227" class="label">[g]</a> Dr. <i>Willis</i> thinks, that in the <i>Brain</i> the Spirits are elaborated
+that minister to voluntary Motion; but in the <i>Cerebellum</i>,
+such as effect involuntary, or natural Motions; such
+as that of the Heart, the Lungs, <i>&amp;c.</i> <i>Cerebri Anat.</i> c. 15.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_228" href="#FNanchor_228" class="label">[h]</a> See <a href="#BOOK_V_CHAP_VIII"><i>Book V. Chap. 8.</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_229" href="#FNanchor_229" class="label">[i]</a> To the foregoing, I shall briefly add some Examples of
+the special Provision made for the Motion of some Animals
+by <i>Temporary Parts</i>. <i>Frogs</i> and <i>Toads</i>, in their <i>Tadpole-state</i>,
+have Tails, which fall off when their Legs are grown out.
+The <i>Lacerta aquatica</i>, or <i>Water-Newt</i>, when Young, hath
+four neat ramified Fins, two on a Side, growing out a little
+above its Fore-Legs, to poise and keep its Body upright,
+(which gives it the Resemblance of a young Fish,) which
+fall off when the Legs are grown. And the <i>Nymphæ</i> and
+<i>Aureliæ</i>, of all or most of the Insects bred in the Waters, as
+they have particular Forms, different from the Insects they
+produce; so have also peculiar Parts afforded them for their
+Motion in the Waters: Oars, Tails, and every Part adapted
+to the Waters, which are utterly varied in the Insects themselves,
+in their mature State in the Air.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_230" href="#FNanchor_230" class="label">[k]</a> <i>Jam verò alia animalia gradiendo, alia serpendo ad
+pastum accedunt, alia volando, alia nando.</i> Cic. de Nat. Deor.
+l. 2. c. 47.</p>
+
+<p>Compare also what <i>Galen</i> excellently observes concerning
+the Number of Feet in Man, and in other Animals; and the
+wise Provision thereby made for the Use and Benefit of the
+respective Animals. <i>De Us. Part.</i> in the beginning of the
+third Book.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_231" href="#FNanchor_231" class="label">[l]</a> As I shall hereafter shew, that the indulgent Creator
+hath abundantly provided for the Safety of Animals by their
+Cloathing, Habitations, Sagacity and Instruments of Defence;
+so there appears to be a Contemperament of their
+<i>Motion</i> with these Provisions. They that are well armed and
+guarded, have commonly a slower Motion; whereas they that
+are destitute thereof, are swifter. So also timid helpless Animals
+are commonly swift; thus Deer and Hares: But Animals
+endowed with Courage, Craft, Arms, <i>&amp;c.</i> commonly
+have a slower Motion.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_232" href="#FNanchor_232" class="label">[m]</a> See <a href="#BOOK_VII_CHAP_I"><i>Book VII. Chap. 1.</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_233" href="#FNanchor_233" class="label">[n]</a> See <a href="#BOOK_VII_CHAP_I"><i>Book VII. Chap. 1.</i></a> the end.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_234" href="#FNanchor_234" class="label">[o]</a> See <a href="#Footnote_626"><i>Book IX. Chap. 1. Note (c).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_235" href="#FNanchor_235" class="label">[p]</a> <i>Siquis unquam alius Opifex, æqualitatis &amp; proportionis
+magnam habuit providentiam, certè Natura habuit in animalium
+corporibus conformandis; unde Hippocrates eam rectissimè
+justam nominat.</i> Galen. de Us. Part. l. 2. c. 16.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_236" href="#FNanchor_236" class="label">[q]</a> The Make of the Bodies of some Water-fowl, seems
+to contradict what I here say, the Heads and long Necks of
+some, as of Swans, Ducks and Geese; and the hinder Parts
+of others, as of the Doucker and More-hen, and some other
+Kinds, seeming to be too heavy for the rest of their Body.
+But instead of being an Argument against, it is a notable Instance
+of, the divine Art and Providence, these Things being
+nice Accommodations to their way of Life. Of such as
+have long Necks, see <a href="#Footnote_550"><i>Book VII. Chap. 2. Note (i).</i></a></p>
+
+<p>And as for such whose hinder Parts seem to over-balance
+their foremost Parts, whereby they fly with their Bodies in a
+manner erect, this also is an excellent Accommodation to
+their way of Life, which is Diving rather than Flying. <i>Vid.</i>
+<a href="#Footnote_566"><i>Book VII. Chap. 4. Note (k).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_237" href="#FNanchor_237" class="label">[r]</a> See <a href="#Footnote_449"><i>Book V. Chap. 2. Note (h).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_IV_CHAP_IX">CHAP. IX.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the Place allotted to the several Tribes
+of Animals.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Having dispatched the Motion of Animals, let
+us in the next Place consider the <i>Place</i> which
+the infinitely wise Creator hath appointed them to
+move and act, and perform the Offices of the Creation
+in. And here we find every Particular well
+ordered. All Parts of our Terraqueous Globe fit
+for an Animal to live and act in, are sufficiently
+stocked with proper Inhabitants: The watery Element
+(unfit, one would think, for Respiration and
+Life) abounding with Creatures fitted for it; its
+Bowels abundantly stored, and its Surface well bespread.
+The Earth also is plentifully stocked in all
+its Parts, where Animals can be of any Use; not
+probably the deepest Bowels thereof indeed, being
+Parts in all likelihood unfit for Habitation and Action,
+and where a living Creature would be useless in
+the World; but the Surface every where abundantly
+stored.</p>
+
+<p>But that which is most considerable in this Matter,
+and plainly sheweth the divine Management in
+the Case, is, that those Creatures are manifestly
+designed for the Place in which they are, and the
+Use and Services they perform therein. If all the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_167"></a>[167]</span>
+Animals of our Globe had been made by Chance,
+or placed by Chance, or without the divine Providence,
+their Organs would have been otherwise
+than they are, and their Place and Residence confused
+and jumbled. Their Organs (for Instance)
+of Respiration, of Vision, and of Motion, would
+have fitted any <i>Medium</i>, or have needed none;
+their Stomachs would have served any Food, and
+their Blood, and Covering of their Bodies been
+made for any Clime, or only one Clime. Consequently
+all the Animal World would have been in a
+confused, inconvenient, and disorderly Commixture.
+One Animal would have wanted Food, another Habitation,
+and most of them Safety. They would
+have all flocked to one, or a few Places, taken up
+their Rest in the Temperate Zones only, and coveted
+one Food, the easiest to be come at, and most
+specious in shew; and so would have poisoned, starved,
+or greatly incommoded one another. Bur as the
+Matter is now ordered, the Globe is equally bespread,
+so that no Place wanteth proper Inhabitants, nor
+any Creature is destitute of a proper Place, and all
+Things necessary to its Life, Health, and Pleasure.
+As the Surface of the Terraqueous Globe is covered
+with different Soils, with Hills and Vales,
+with Seas, Rivers, Lakes and Ponds, with divers
+Trees and Plants, in the several Places; so all these
+have their Animal Inhabitants, whole Organs of
+Life and Action are manifestly adapted to such and
+such Places and Things; whose Food and Physick,
+and every other Convenience of Life, is to
+be met with in that very Place appointed it. The
+watery, the amphibious<a id="FNanchor_238" href="#Footnote_238" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>, the airy Inhabitants,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_168"></a>[168]</span>
+and those on the dry Land Surface, and the Subterraneous
+under it, they all live and act with Pleasure,
+they are gay, and flourish in their proper Element
+and allotted Place, they want neither for
+Food, Cloathing, or Retreat; which would dwindle
+and die, destroy, or poison one another, if all
+coveted the same Element, Place, or Food.</p>
+
+<p>Nay, and as the Matter is admirably well ordered,
+yet considering the World’s increase, there
+would not be sufficient Room, Food, and other
+Necessaries for all the living Creatures, without
+another grand Act of the divine Wisdom and Providence,
+which is the <i>Balancing the Number of Individuals</i>
+of each Species of Creatures, in that Place
+appointed thereto: Of which in the next Chapter.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_238" href="#FNanchor_238" class="label">[a]</a> <i>Est etiam admiratio nonnulla in bestiis aquatilibus iis,
+quæ gignuntur in terrâ: veluti Crocodili, fluviatilesque Testudines,
+quædamque Serpentes ortæ extra aquam, simul ac primùm
+niti possunt, aquam persequuntur. Quin etiam Anatum
+ova Gallinis sæpe supponimus——<span class="antiqua">[Pulli]</span> deinde eas <span class="antiqua">[matres]</span>
+relinquunt——&amp; effugiunt, cùm primùm aquam, quasi naturalem
+domum, videre potuerunt.</i> Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 48.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_IV_CHAP_X">CHAP. X.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the Balance of Animals, or the due Proportion
+in which the World is flocked with
+them.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The whole Surface of our Globe can afford
+Room and Support only to such a Number of
+all Sorts of Creatures. And if by their doubling,
+trebling, or any other Multiplication of their
+Kind, they should encrease to double or treble that
+Number, they must starve, or devour one another.
+The keeping therefore the Balance even, is manifestly
+a Work of the divine Wisdom and Providence.
+To which end, the great Author of Life<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_169"></a>[169]</span>
+hath determined the Life of all Creatures to such a
+Length, and their Increase to such a Number, proportional
+to their Use in the World. The Life of
+some Creatures is long, and their Increase but small,
+and by that means they do not over-stock the World.
+And the same Benefit is effected, where the Increase
+is great, by the Brevity of such Creatures Lives, by
+their great Use, and the frequent Occasions there
+are of them for Food to Man, or other Animals.
+It is a very remarkable Act of the Divine Providence,
+that useful Creatures are produced in great
+Plenty<a id="FNanchor_239" href="#Footnote_239" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>, and others in less. The prodigious and
+frequent Increase of Insects, both in and out of
+the Waters, may exemplify the one; and ’tis observable
+in the other, that Creatures less useful, or
+by their Voracity pernicious, have commonly fewer
+Young, or do seldomer bring forth: Of which
+many Instances might be given in the voracious
+Beasts and Birds. But there is one so peculiar an Animal,
+as if made for a particular Instance in our
+present Case, and that is the <i>Cuntur</i> of <i>Peru</i><a id="FNanchor_240" href="#Footnote_240" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>: A
+Fowl of that Magnitude, Strength and Appetite, as
+to seize not only on the Sheep, and lesser Cattle, but
+even the larger Beasts, yea, the very Children too.
+Now these, as they are the most pernicious of Birds,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_170"></a>[170]</span>
+so are they the most rare, being seldom seen, or
+only one, or a few in large Countries; enough to
+keep up the Species; but not to over-charge the
+World.</p>
+
+<p>Thus the Balance of the animal World, is,
+throughout all Ages, kept even; and by a curious
+Harmony, and just Proportion between the Increase
+of all Animals, and the Length of their
+Lives, the World is through all Ages well; but
+not over-stored: <i>One Generation passeth away, and
+another Generation cometh</i><a id="FNanchor_241" href="#Footnote_241" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>; so equally in its
+Room, to balance the Stock of the terraqueous
+Globe in all Ages, and Places, and among all
+Creatures; that it is an actual Demonstration of
+our Saviour’s Assertion, <i>Mat.</i> x. 29. that the most
+inconsiderable, common Creature, <i>Even a Sparrow
+(two of which are sold for a Farthing) doth not fall
+on the Ground without our heavenly Father.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_171"></a>[171]</span></p>
+
+<p>This Providence of God is remarkable in every
+Species of living Creatures: But that especial Management
+of the Recruits and Decays of Mankind,
+so equally all the World over, deserves our especial
+Observation. In the Beginning of the World,
+and so after <i>Noah</i>’s Flood, the Longævity of Men,
+as it was of absolute Necessity to the more speedy
+peopling of the new World; so is a special Instance
+of the divine Providence in this Matter<a id="FNanchor_242" href="#Footnote_242" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>.
+And the same Providence appears in the following
+Ages, when the World was pretty well peopled,
+in reducing the common Age of Man then to 120
+Years, (<i>Gen.</i> vi. 3.) in Proportion to the Occasions
+of the World at that Time. And lastly, when the
+World was fully peopled after the Flood, (as it
+was in the Age of <i>Moses</i>, and so down to our present<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_172"></a>[172]</span>
+Time) the lessening the common Age of Man
+to 70 or 80 Years<a id="FNanchor_243" href="#Footnote_243" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>, (the Age mentioned by <i>Moses</i>,
+<i>Psal</i>. xc. 10. this, I say,) is manifestly an Appointment
+of the same infinite Lord that ruleth the
+World: For, by this Means, the peopled World
+is kept at a convenient Stay; neither too full, nor
+too empty. For if Men (the Generality of them,
+I mean) were to live now to <i>Methusalah</i>’s Age of
+969 Years, or only to <i>Abraham</i>’s, long after the
+Flood, of 175 Years, the World would be too
+much over-run; or if the Age of Man was limited
+to that of divers other Animals, to ten, twenty, or
+thirty Years only; the Decays then of Mankind
+would be too fast: But at the middle Rate mentioned,
+the Balance is nearly even, and Life and
+Death keep an equal Pace. Which Equality is so
+great and harmonious, and so manifest an Instance
+of the divine Management, that I shall spend some
+Remarks upon it.</p>
+
+<p>It appears from our best Accounts of these Matters,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_173"></a>[173]<br><a id="Page_174"></a>[174]</span>
+that in our <i>European</i> Parts<a id="FNanchor_244" href="#Footnote_244" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>, and I believe
+the same is throughout the World; that, I say,
+there is a certain Rate and Proportion in the Propagation
+of Mankind: Such a Number marry<a id="FNanchor_245" href="#Footnote_245" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_175"></a>[175]</span>
+so many are born, such a Number die; in Proportion
+to the Number of Persons in every Nation,
+County, or Parish. And as to Births, two Things
+are very considerable: One is the Proportion of
+Males and Females<a id="FNanchor_246" href="#Footnote_246" class="fnanchor">[h]</a>, not in a wide Proportion,
+not an uncertain, accidental Number at all Adventures;
+but nearly equal. Another Thing is, that a
+few more are born than appear to die, in any certain<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_176"></a>[176]</span>
+Place<a id="FNanchor_247" href="#Footnote_247" class="fnanchor">[i]</a>. Which is an admirable Provision
+for the extraordinary Emergencies and Occasions
+of the World; to supply unhealthful Places, where
+Death out-runs Life; to make up the Ravages of
+great Plagues, and Diseases, and the Depredations
+of War, and the Seas; and to afford a sufficient
+Number for Colonies in the unpeopled Parts of
+the Earth. Or on the other Hand, we may say,
+that sometimes those extraordinary Expences of
+Mankind, may be not only a just Punishment of
+the Sins of Men; but also a wise Means to keep
+the Balance of Mankind even; as one would be
+ready to conclude, by considering the <i>Asiatick</i>, and
+other the more fertile Countries, where prodigious
+Multitudes are yearly swept away with great Plagues,
+and sometimes War; and yet those Countries are
+so far from being wasted, that they remain full of
+People.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_177"></a>[177]</span></p>
+
+<p>And now upon the whole Matter, What is all
+this but admirable and plain Management? What
+can the maintaining throughout all Ages, and Places,
+these Proportions of Mankind, and all other
+Creatures; this Harmony in the Generations of
+Men be, but the Work of one that ruleth the
+World? Is it possible that every Species of Animals
+should so evenly be preserved, proportionate
+to the Occasions of the World? That they should
+be so well balanced in all Ages and Places, without
+the Help of almighty Wisdom and Power? How
+is it possible by the bare Rules, and blind Acts of
+Nature, that there should be any tolerable Proportion;
+for Instance, between Males and Females,
+either of Mankind, or of any other Creature<a id="FNanchor_248" href="#Footnote_248" class="fnanchor">[k]</a>;
+especially such as are of a ferine, not of a domestick
+Nature, and consequently out of the Command
+and Management of Man? How could Life
+and Death keep such an even Pace through all the
+animal World? If we should take it for granted,
+that, according to the Scripture History, the
+World had a Beginning, (as who can deny it<a id="FNanchor_249" href="#Footnote_249" class="fnanchor">[l]</a>;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_178"></a>[178]</span>
+or if we should suppose the Destruction thereof by
+<i>Noah</i>’s Flood: How is it possible, after the World
+was replenished,) that in a certain Number of Years,
+by the greater Increases and Doublings of each
+Species of Animals; that, I say, this Rate of Doubling<a id="FNanchor_250" href="#Footnote_250" class="fnanchor">[m]</a>
+should cease; or that it should be compensated
+by some other Means? That the World
+should be as well, or better stocked than now it is,
+in 1656 Years (the Time between the Creation
+and the Flood; this) we will suppose may be done
+by the natural Methods of each Species Doubling
+or Increase: But in double that Number of Years,
+or at this Distance from the Flood, of 4000 Years,
+that the World should not be over stock’d, can
+never be made out, without allowing an infinite
+Providence.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_179"></a>[179]</span></p>
+
+<p>I conclude then this Observation with the Psalmist’s
+Words, <i>Psal.</i> civ. 29, 30. <i>Thou hidest thy Face,
+all Creatures are troubled; thou takest away their
+Breath, they die, and return to their Dust. Thou
+sendest forth thy Spirit, they are created; and thou
+renewest the Face of the Earth.</i></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_239" href="#FNanchor_239" class="label">[a]</a> <i>Benigna circa hoc Natura, innocua &amp; esculenta animalia
+fœcunda generavit.</i> Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 8. c. 55.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_240" href="#FNanchor_240" class="label">[b]</a> <i>Captain <span class="antiqua">J. Strong</span> gave me this Account, together with a
+Quill-Feather of the <span class="antiqua">Cuntur</span> or <span class="antiqua">Condor</span> of <span class="antiqua">Peru</span>. On the Coast
+of <span class="antiqua">Chili</span>, they met with this Bird in about 33° S. Lat. not far
+from <span class="antiqua">Mocha</span>, an Island in the South-Sea,——they shot it sitting
+on a Cliff, by the Sea-side; that it was 16 Feet from Wing
+to Wing extended; that the <span class="antiqua">Spanish</span> Inhabitants told them they
+were afraid of these Birds, lest they should prey upon their
+Children. And the Feather he gave me</i> (saith the Doctor) <i>is
+2 Feet, 4 Inches long; the Quill-part 5¾ Inches long, and 1½
+Inch about in the largest Part. It weighed 3 dr. 17½ gr. and
+is of a dark brown Colour.</i> Dr. <i>Sloane</i> in Phil. Trans. Nᵒ. 208.</p>
+
+<p>To this Account, the Doctor, (in a Letter to Mr. <i>Ray</i>,
+<i>March 31, 1694</i>, with other Papers of Mr. <i>Ray</i>’s, in my
+Hands,) adds the Testimony of <i>Jos. Acosta</i>, l. 4. c. 7. and
+<i>Garcilass. de la Vega</i>, who l. 8. c. 19. saith, <i>There are other
+Fowls, call’d <span class="antiqua">Cuntur</span>, and by the <span class="antiqua">Spaniards</span> corruptly <span class="antiqua">Condor</span>.
+Many of these Fowls having been kill’d by the <span class="antiqua">Spaniards</span>, had
+their Proportion taken, and from End to End of their Wings
+measured 15 or 16 Feet.——Nature, to temper and allay
+their Fierceness, deny’d them the Talons which are given to the
+<span class="antiqua">Eagle</span>; their Feet being tipp’d with Claws like a Hen: However,
+their Beak is strong enough to tear off the Hide, and rip up the
+Bowels of an <span class="antiqua">Ox</span>. Two of them will attempt a <span class="antiqua">Cow</span> or <span class="antiqua">Bull</span>,
+and devour him: And it hath often happened, that one of then
+alone hath assaulted Boys of ten or twelve Years of Age, and
+eaten them. Their Colour is black and white, like a <span class="antiqua">Magpie</span>.
+It is well there are but few of them; for if they were many,
+they would very much destroy the Cattle. They have on the
+forepart of their Heads, a Comb, not pointed like that of a <span class="antiqua">Cock</span>;
+but rather even, in the Form of a Razor. When they come to
+alight from the Air, they make such an humming Noise, with
+the fluttering of their Wings, as is enough to astonish, or make
+a Man deaf.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_241" href="#FNanchor_241" class="label">[c]</a> <i>Eccles.</i> i. 4.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_242" href="#FNanchor_242" class="label">[d]</a> The Divine Providence doth not only appear in the
+Longævity of Man, immediately after the Creation and
+Flood; but also in their different Longævity at those two
+Times. Immediately after the Creation, when the World
+was to be peopled by one Man, and one Woman, the Age
+of the greatest Part of those on Record, was 900 Years, and
+upwards. But after the Flood, when there were three Persons
+by whom the World was to be peopled, none of those
+Patriarchs, except <i>Shem</i>, arriv’d to the Age of 500; and only
+the three first of <i>Shem</i>’s Line, <i>viz.</i> <i>Arphaxad</i>, <i>Salah</i>, and
+<i>Eber</i>, came near that Age; which was in the first Century
+after the Flood. But in the second Century, we do not find
+any reached the Age of 240. And in the third Century, (about
+the latter End of which <i>Abraham</i> was born,) none, except
+<i>Terah</i>, arriv’d to 200 Years: By which Time the World
+was so well peopled, (that Part of it, at least where <i>Abraham</i>
+dwelt,) that they had built Cities, and began to be cantoned
+into distinct Nations and Societies, under their respective
+Kings; so that they were able to wage War, four Kings against
+five, <i>Gen.</i> xiv. Nay, if the Accounts of <i>Anian</i>, <i>Berosus</i>,
+<i>Manetho</i>, and others, yea, <i>Africanus</i> be to be credited;
+the World was so well peopled, even before the Times we
+speak of, as to afford sufficient Numbers for the great Kingdoms
+of <i>Assyria</i>, <i>Ægypt</i>, <i>Persia</i>, &amp;c. But learned Men generally,
+with great Reason, reject these as legendary Accounts.
+If the Reader hath a Mind to see a Computation of the
+Increase of Mankind, in the three first Centuries after the
+Flood, he may find two different Ones of the most learned
+Archbishop <i>Usher</i>, and <i>Petavius</i>; together with a Refutation
+of the so early Beginning of the <i>Assyrian Monarchy</i>; as also
+Reasons for placing <i>Abraham</i> near 1000 Years after the Flood,
+in our most learned Bishop <i>Stillingfleet</i>’s <i>Orig. Sacr.</i> Book III.
+Chap. 4. §. 9.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_243" href="#FNanchor_243" class="label">[e]</a> That the common Age of Man hath been the same in
+all Ages since the World was peopled, is manifest from prophane,
+as well as sacred History. To pass by others: <i>Plato</i>
+lived to the Age of 81, and was accounted an old Man. And
+those which <i>Pliny</i> reckons up, <i>l. 7. c. 48.</i> as rare Examples of
+long Life, may for the most Part be match’d by our modern
+Histories; especially such as <i>Pliny</i> himself gave Credit unto.
+Dr. <i>Plot</i> hath given us divers Instances in his History of <i>Oxfordshire</i>,
+c. 2. §. 3. and c. 8. §. 54. and History of <i>Staffordshire</i>,
+c. 8. §. 91, <i>&amp;c.</i> Among others, one is of twelve Tenants
+of Mr. <i>Biddulph</i>’s, that together made 1000 Years of
+Age. But the most considerable Examples of aged Persons among
+us, is of old <i>Parre</i> of <i>Shropshire</i>, who lived 152 Years
+9 Months, according to the learned Dr. <i>Harvey</i>’s Account;
+and <i>Henry Jenkins</i> of <i>Yorkshire</i>, who lived 169 Years, according
+to the Account of my learned and ingenious Friend Dr.
+<i>Tancred Robinson</i>; of both which, with others, see <i>Lowth.
+Abridg. Phil. Trans.</i> V. 3. p. 306. The great Age of <i>Parre</i> of
+<i>Shropshire</i>, minds me of an Observation of the Reverend Mr.
+<i>Plaxton</i>, that in his two Parishes of <i>Kinardsey</i> and <i>Donington</i>
+in <i>Shropshire</i>, every sixth Soul was 60 Years of Age, or upwards,
+<i>Phil. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 310.</p>
+
+<p>And if we step farther North into <i>Scotland</i>, we shall find
+divers recorded for their great Age: Of which I shall present
+the Reader with only one modern Example of one <i>Laurence</i>,
+who married a Wife after he was 100 Years of Age, and
+would go out to Sea a Fishing in his little Boat, when he
+was 140 Years old; and is lately dead of no other Distemper
+but mere old Age, saith Sir <i>Rob. Sibbald</i>, <i>Prodr. Hist. Nat.
+Scot.</i> p. 44. <i>and</i> l. 3. p. 4.</p>
+
+<p>As for Foreigners, the Examples would be endless; and
+therefore that of <i>Joh. Ottele</i> shall suffice, who was as famous
+for his Beard, as for being 115 Years of Age. He was but
+two <i>Brabant</i> Ells ³⁄₉ high; and his long grey Beard was one
+Ell ¼ long. His Picture and Account may be seen in <i>Ephem.
+Germ. T. 3. Obs. 163.</i></p>
+
+<p>As for the Story <i>Roger Bacon</i> tells, of one that lived 900
+Years by the Help of a certain Medicine, and many other
+such Stories, I look upon them as fabulous. And no better is that
+of the <i>Wandring Jew</i>, named <i>Joh. Buttadæus</i>, said to have been
+present at our Saviour’s Crucifixion; although very serious
+Stories are told of his being seen at <i>Antwerp</i>, and in <i>France</i>,
+about the Middle of the last Century but one; and before in <i>Ann.
+1542</i>, conversed with by <i>Paul</i> of <i>Eitsen</i>, Bishop of <i>Sleswick</i>;
+and before that, <i>viz.</i> in 1228, seen and convers’d with by an
+<i>Armenian Archbishop</i>’s <i>Gentleman</i>; and by others at other
+Times.</p>
+
+<p>If the Reader hath a Mind to see more Examples, he may
+meet with some of all Ages, in the learned <i>Hakewill’s Apol.
+p. 181.</i> where he will also find that learned Author’s Opinion
+of the Causes of the Brevity and Length of humane Life.
+The Brevity thereof he attributeth to a too tender Education,
+sucking strange Nurses, too hasty Marriages; but above all,
+to Luxury, high Sauces, strong Liquors, <i>&amp;c.</i> The Longævity
+of the Ancients he ascribes to Temperance in Meat and
+Drink, anointing the Body, the Use of Saffron and Honey,
+warm Clothes, lesser Doors and Windows, less Physick and
+more Exercise.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_244" href="#FNanchor_244" class="label">[f]</a> The Proportions which Marriages bear to Births, and
+Births to Burials, in divers Parts of Europe, may be seen at
+an easy View in this Table:</p>
+
+<table class="borders">
+  <tr>
+    <th>Names of the Places.</th>
+    <th colspan="3">Marriages to<br>Births: As</th>
+    <th colspan="3">Births to<br>Burials: as</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><i>England</i> in general.</td>
+    <td class="nobr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdc nobr nobl">to</td>
+    <td class="nobl">4.63</td>
+    <td class="nobr">1.12</td>
+    <td class="tdc nobr nobl">to</td>
+    <td class="nobl">1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><i>London</i>.</td>
+    <td class="nobr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdc nobr nobl">to</td>
+    <td class="nobl">4.</td>
+    <td class="nobr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdc nobr nobl">to</td>
+    <td class="nobl">1.1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><i>Hantshire</i>, from 1569, to 1658.</td>
+    <td class="nobr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdc nobr nobl">to</td>
+    <td class="nobl">4.</td>
+    <td class="nobr">1.2</td>
+    <td class="tdc nobr nobl">to</td>
+    <td class="nobl">1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><i>Tiverton</i> in <i>Devon</i>, 1560, to 1649.</td>
+    <td class="nobr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdc nobr nobl">to</td>
+    <td class="nobl">3.7</td>
+    <td class="nobr">1.26</td>
+    <td class="tdc nobr nobl">to</td>
+    <td class="nobl">1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><i>Cranbrook</i> in <i>Kent</i>, 1560, to 1649.</td>
+    <td class="nobr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdc nobr nobl">to</td>
+    <td class="nobl">3.9</td>
+    <td class="nobr">1.6</td>
+    <td class="tdc nobr nobl">to</td>
+    <td class="nobl">1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><i>Aynho</i> in <i>Northamptonshire</i> for 118 Y.</td>
+    <td class="nobr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdc nobr nobl">to</td>
+    <td class="nobl">6</td>
+    <td class="nobr">1.6</td>
+    <td class="tdc nobr nobl">to</td>
+    <td class="nobl">1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><i>Leeds</i> in <i>Yorkshire</i> for 122 Years.</td>
+    <td class="nobr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdc nobr nobl">to</td>
+    <td class="nobl">3.7</td>
+    <td class="nobr">1.07</td>
+    <td class="tdc nobr nobl">to</td>
+    <td class="nobl">1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><i>Harwood</i> in <i>Yorkshire</i> 57 Years.</td>
+    <td class="nobr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdc nobr nobl">to</td>
+    <td class="nobl">3.4</td>
+    <td class="nobr">1.23</td>
+    <td class="tdc nobr nobl">to</td>
+    <td class="nobl">1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><i>Upminster</i> in <i>Essex</i> 100 Years.</td>
+    <td class="nobr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdc nobr nobl">to</td>
+    <td class="nobl">4.6</td>
+    <td class="nobr">1.08</td>
+    <td class="tdc nobr nobl">to</td>
+    <td class="nobl">1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><i>Frankfort</i> on the <i>Main</i> in 1695.</td>
+    <td class="nobr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdc nobr nobl">to</td>
+    <td class="nobl">3.7</td>
+    <td class="nobr">1.2</td>
+    <td class="tdc nobr nobl">to</td>
+    <td class="nobl">1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Old middle and lower <i>Marck</i> in 1698.</td>
+    <td class="nobr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdc nobr nobl">to</td>
+    <td class="nobl">3.7</td>
+    <td class="nobr">1.9</td>
+    <td class="tdc nobr nobl">to</td>
+    <td class="nobl">1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Domin. of the K. of <i>Prussia</i> in 1698.</td>
+    <td class="nobr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdc nobr nobl">to</td>
+    <td class="nobl">3.7</td>
+    <td class="nobr">1.5</td>
+    <td class="tdc nobr nobl">to</td>
+    <td class="nobl">1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><i>Breslaw</i> in <i>Silesia</i> from 1687 to 1691.</td>
+    <td class="nobr"></td>
+    <td class="tdc nobr nobl"></td>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="nobr">1.6</td>
+    <td class="tdc nobr nobl">to</td>
+    <td class="nobl">1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><i>Paris</i> in 1670, 1671, 1672.</td>
+    <td class="nobr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdc nobr nobl">to</td>
+    <td class="nobl">4.7</td>
+    <td class="nobr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdc nobr nobl">to</td>
+    <td class="nobl">1.6</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Which Table I made from Major <i>Graunt</i>’s Observations
+on the Bills of Mortality; Mr. <i>King</i>’s Observations in the first
+of Dr. <i>Davenant</i>’s <i>Essays</i>; and what I find put together by
+my ingenious Friend Mr. <i>Lowthorp</i>, in his <i>Abridgment</i>, Vol.
+3. p. 668. and my own Register of <i>Upminster</i>. That from
+<i>Aynho</i> Register in <i>Northamptonshire</i>, I had from the present
+Rector, the learned and ingenious Mr. <i>Wasse</i>: And I was promised
+some Accounts from the North, and divers others Parts
+of this Kingdom; but have not yet received them: Only
+those of <i>Leeds</i> and <i>Harwood</i> in <i>Yorkshire</i>, from my curious and
+ingenious friend Mr. <i>Thoresby</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_245" href="#FNanchor_245" class="label">[g]</a> The preceding Table shews, that Marriages, one with
+another, do each of them produce about four Births; not
+only in <i>England</i>, but in other Parts of <i>Europe</i> also.</p>
+
+<p>And by Mr. <i>King</i>’s Estimate, (the best Computations I imagine
+of any, being derived from the best Accounts; such as
+the Marriage, Birth, Burial-Act, the Poll Books, <i>&amp;c.</i> by his
+Estimate, I say,) about 1 in 104 marry. For he judgeth the
+Number of the People in <i>England</i>, to be about five Millions
+and a half; of which about 41000 annually marry. As to
+what might be farther remarked concerning Marriages, in regard
+of the Rights and Customs of several Nations, the Age
+to which divers Nations limited Marriage, <i>&amp;c.</i> it would be
+Endless, and too much out of the Way to mention them:
+I shall only therefore, for the Reader’s Diversion, take Notice
+of the Jeer of <i>Lactantias</i>, <i>Quare apud Poetas salacissimus
+<span class="antiqua">Jupiter</span> desiit liberos tollere? Utrum sexagenarius factus, &amp; ei Lex
+Papia fibulam imposuit?</i> Lactant. Instit. l. 1. c. 16. By which
+<i>Lex Papia</i>, Men were prohibited to marry after 60, and Women
+after 50 Years of Age.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_246" href="#FNanchor_246" class="label">[h]</a> <i>Major Graunt</i>, (whose Conclusions seem to be well-grounded,)
+and Mr. <i>King</i>, disagree in the Proportions they
+assign to Males and Females. This latter makes in <i>London</i>,
+10 Males to be to 13 Females; in other Cities and Market-Towns,
+8 to 9; and in the Villages and Hamlets, 100 Males
+to 99 Females. But Major <i>Graunt</i>, both from the <i>London</i>,
+and <i>Country</i> Bills, saith, there are 14 Males to 13 Females:
+From whence he justly infers, <i>That Christian Religion, prohibiting
+Polygamy, is more agreeable to the Law of Nature than</i>
+Mahumetism, <i>and others that allow it</i>, Chap. 8.</p>
+
+<p>This Proportion of 14 to 13, I imagine is nearly just, it
+being agreeable to the Bills I have met with, as well as those
+in Mr. <i>Graunt</i>. In the 100 Years, for Example, of my own
+Parish-Register, although the Burials of Males and Females
+were nearly equal, being 636 Males, and 623 Females in all
+that Time; yet there were baptized 709 Males, and but 675
+Females, which is 13 Females to 13.7 Males. Which Inequality
+shews, not only, that one Man ought to have but
+one Wife; but also that every Woman may, without Polygamy,
+have an Husband, if she doth not bar her self by the
+want of Virtue, by Denial, <i>&amp;c.</i> Also this Surplusage of
+Males is very useful for the Supplies of War, the Seas, and
+other such Expences of the Men above the Women.</p>
+
+<p>That this is a Work of the Divine Providence, and not
+a Matter of Chance, is well made out by the very Laws of
+Chance, by a Person able to do it, the ingenious and learned
+Dr. <i>Arbuthnot</i>. He supposeth <i>Thomas</i> to lay against <i>John</i>,
+that for eighty two Years running, more Males shall be born
+than Females; and giving all Allowances in the Computation
+to <i>Thomas</i>’s side, he makes the Odds against <i>Thomas</i>, that it
+doth not happen so, to be near five Millions of Millions, of
+Millions, of Millions to one; but for Ages of Ages (according
+to the World’s Age) to be near an infinite Number to
+one against <i>Thomas</i>. <i>Vid.</i> <i>Phil. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 328.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_247" href="#FNanchor_247" class="label">[i]</a> The foregoing Table shews, that in <i>England</i> in general
+fewer die than are born, there being but 1 Death to
+1¹²⁄₁₀₀ Births. But in <i>London</i> more die than are born. So by
+Dr. <i>Davenant</i>’s Table, the Cities likewise and Market-Towns
+bury ⁷⁄₁₀₀ to one Birth. But in <i>Paris</i> they out-do <i>London</i>,
+their Deaths being 1½ to one Birth: The Reason of which I
+conceive is, because their Houses are more crowded than in
+<i>London</i>. But in the Villages of <i>England</i>, there are fewer die
+than are born, there being but 1 Death to 1¹⁷⁄₁₀₀ Births. And
+yet Major <i>Graunt</i>, and Dr. <i>Davenant</i>, both observe, that
+there are more Breeders in <i>London</i>, and the Cities and Market-Towns,
+than are in the Country, notwithstanding the
+<i>London</i>-Births are fewer than the Country; the Reason of
+which see in <i>Graunt</i>, <i>Chap. 7.</i> and <i>Davenant ubi supr. p. 21.</i></p>
+
+<p>The last Remark I shall make from the foregoing Table,
+shall be, that we may from thence judge of the Healthfulness
+of the Places there mentioned. If the Year 1698 was
+the mean Account of the three <i>Marcks</i>, those Places bid the
+fairest for being most healthful; and next to them, <i>Aynho</i> and
+<i>Cranbrook</i> for <i>English</i> Towns.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_248" href="#FNanchor_248" class="label">[k]</a> <i>Quid loquar, quanta ratio in bestiis ad perpetuam conservationem
+earum generis appareat? Nam primum aliæ Mares,
+aliæ Fœminæ sunt, quod perpetuitatis causâ machinata natura
+est.</i> Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 51.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_249" href="#FNanchor_249" class="label">[l]</a> Altho’ <i>Aristotle</i> held the Eternity of the World, yet he
+seems to have retracted that Opinion, or to have had a different
+Opinion when he wrote his <i>Metaphysicks</i>; for in his
+first Book he affirms, that <i>God is the Cause and Beginning of
+all Things</i>; and in his Book <i>de Mundo</i> he saith, <i>There is no
+doubt, but God is the Maker and Conservator of all Things in
+the World</i>. And the <i>Stoicks</i> Opinion is well known, who
+strenuously contended that the Contrivance and Beauty of the
+Heavens and Earth, and all Creatures was owing to a wise,
+intelligent Agent. Of which <i>Tully</i> gives a large Account in
+his second Book <i>de Nat. Deor.</i> in the Person of <i>Balbus</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_250" href="#FNanchor_250" class="label">[m]</a> I have before in <a href="#Footnote_245"><i>Note (g)</i></a>, observed, that the ordinary
+rate of the Doubling or Increase of Mankind is, that every
+Marriage, one with another, produces about four Births; but
+some have much exceeded that. <i>Babo</i>, Earl of <i>Abensperg</i>,
+had thirty two Sons and eight Daughters, and being invited
+to hunt with the Emperor <i>Henry</i> II. and bring but few Servants,
+brought only one Servant, and his thirty two Sons.
+To these many others might be added; but one of the most
+remarkable Instances I have any where met with, is that
+of Mrs. <i>Honywood</i>, mentioned by <i>Hakewill</i>, <i>Camden</i>, and
+other Authors; but having now before me the Names, with
+some Remarks (which I received from a pious neighbouring
+Descendant of the same Mrs. <i>Honywood</i>) I shall give a more particular
+Account than they. Mrs. <i>Mary Honywood</i> was Daughter,
+and one of the Co-Heiresses of <i>Robert Atwaters</i>, Esq;
+of <i>Lenham</i> in <i>Kent</i>. She was born in 1527, married in
+<i>February</i> 1543, at sixteen Years of Age, to her only Husband
+<i>Robert Honywood</i>, of <i>Charing</i> in <i>Kent</i>, Esq; She died in the
+ninety third Year of her Age, in <i>May 1620</i>. She had sixteen
+Children of her own Body, seven Sons and nine Daughters;
+of which one had no issue, three died young, and the
+youngest was slain at <i>Newport Battle</i>, <i>June 20, 1600</i>. Her
+Grand-Children in the second Generation, were one hundred
+and fourteen; in the third two hundred and twenty eight;
+and nine in the fourth Generation. So that she could say
+the same that the Distick doth, made of one of the <i>Dalburg</i>’s
+Family of <i>Basil</i>:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0"><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">1</span>
+      <span style="margin-left: 3em;">2</span>
+      <span style="margin-left: 4em;">3</span>
+      <span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">4</span></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Mater ait Natæ, dic Natæ, filia Natam</i></div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0"><span style="margin-left: 6.5em;">5</span>
+      <span style="margin-left: 7em;">6</span></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Ut moneat, Natæ, plangere Filiolam.</i></div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">1</span>
+      <span style="margin-left: 4em;">2</span>
+      <span style="margin-left: 10em;">3</span></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Rise up Daughter, and go to thy Daughter,</i></div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0"><span style="margin-left: 6em;">4</span>
+      <span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">5</span>
+      <span style="margin-left: 7em;">6</span></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>for her Daughters Daughter hath a Daughter.</i></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Mrs. <i>Honywood</i> was a very pious
+Woman, afflicted, in her declining Age, with Despair, in
+some measure; concerning which, some Divines once discoursing
+with her, she in a Passion said, <i>She was as certainly
+damned as this Glass is broken</i>, throwing a <i>Venice</i>-Glass against
+the Ground, which she had then in her Hand. But the Glass
+escaped breaking, as credible Witnesses attested.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_IV_CHAP_XI">CHAP. XI.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the Food of Animals.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The preceding Reflection of the <i>Psalmist</i>,
+mindeth me of another Thing in common to
+Animals, that pertinently falleth next under Consideration,
+which is the <i>Appointment of Food</i>, mentioned<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_180"></a>[180]</span>
+in Verse 27, 28, of the last cited <i>Psalm</i> civ.
+<i>These <span class="antiqua">[Creatures]</span> wait all upon thee, that thou may’st
+give them their Meat in due Season. That thou givest
+them, they gather; thou openest thy Hand, they are
+filled with Good.</i> The same is again asserted in <i>Psal</i>.
+cxlv. 15, 16. <i>The Eyes of all wait upon thee, and thou
+givest them their Meat in due Season. Thou openest thy
+Hand, and satisfiest the Desire of every living Thing.</i></p>
+
+<p>What the <i>Psalmist</i> here asserts, affords us a glorious
+Scene of the divine Providence and Management.
+Which, (as I have shew’d it to concern it self in other
+lesser Things;) so we may presume doth exert it
+self particularly in so grand an Affair as that of Food,
+whereby the animal World subsists: And this will be
+manifested, and the <i>Psalmist</i>’s Observations exemplified,
+from these six following Particulars:</p>
+
+<p>I. From the subsisting and maintaining such a
+large Number of Animals, throughout all Parts of
+the World.</p>
+
+<p>II. From the proportionate Quantity of Food to
+the Eaters.</p>
+
+<p>III. From the Variety of Food suited to the Variety
+of Animals: Or the Delight which various
+Animals have in different Food.</p>
+
+<p>IV. From the peculiar Food which peculiar Places
+afford to the Creatures suited to those Places.</p>
+
+<p>V. From the admirable and curious Apparatus
+made for the gathering, preparing, and Digestion
+of the Food. And,</p>
+
+<p>VI. <i>and lastly</i>, From the great Sagacity of all Animals,
+in finding out and providing their Food.</p>
+
+<p>I. It is a great Act of the divine Power and
+Wisdom, as well as Goodness, to provide Food
+for such a World of Animals<a id="FNanchor_251" href="#Footnote_251" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>, as every where<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_181"></a>[181]</span>
+possess the terraqueous Globe; on the dry Land;
+and in the Sea and Waters; in the torrid and frozen
+Zones, as well as the temperate. That the
+temperate Climates, or at least the fertile Valleys,
+and rich and plentiful Regions of the Earth, should
+afford Subsistence to many Animals, may appear less
+wonderful perhaps: But that in all other the most
+likely Places for Supplies sufficient Food should be
+afforded to such a prodigious Number, and so great
+Variety of Beasts, Birds, Fishes and Insects; is owing
+to that Being, who hath as wisely adapted their
+Bodies to their Place and Food, as well as carefully
+provided Food for their Subsistence there.</p>
+
+<p>But I shall leave this Consideration, because it
+will be illustrated under the following Points; and
+proceed,</p>
+
+<p>II. To consider the Adjustment of the Quantity
+of Food, in Proportion to the Eaters. In all Places
+there is generally enough; nay, such a Sufficiency,
+as may be styled a Plenty; but not such a Superfluity,
+as to waste and corrupt, and thereby annoy
+the World. But that which is particularly remarkable
+here, is, that among the great Variety of
+Foods, the most useful is the most plentiful, most
+universal, easiest propagated, and most patient of
+Weather, and other Injuries. As the herbaceous
+Eaters, (for Instance) are many, and devour much;
+so the dryland Surface we find every where almost
+naturally carpeted over with Grass, and other agreeable
+wholsome Plants; propagating themselves in a
+Manner every where, and scarcely destroyable by
+the Weather, the Plough, or any Art. So likewise
+for Grain, especially such as is most useful, how easily
+is it cultivated, and what a large Increase doth
+it produce? <i>Pliny</i>’s Example of Wheat<a id="FNanchor_252" href="#Footnote_252" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>, is a sufficient<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_182"></a>[182]</span>
+Instance in this Matter; which (as that curious
+Heathen observes) being principally useful to
+the Support of Man, is easily propagated, and in
+great Plenty: And an happy Faculty that is of it,
+that it can bear either extreams of Heat or Cold,
+so as scarce to refuse any Clime.</p>
+
+<p>III. Another wise Provision the Creator hath made
+relating to the Food of Animals, is, that various
+Animals delight in various Food<a id="FNanchor_253" href="#Footnote_253" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>; some in Grass
+and Herbs; some in Grain and Seeds; some in
+Flesh; some in Insects; some in this<a id="FNanchor_254" href="#Footnote_254" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>, some in
+that; some more delicate and nice; some voracious
+and catching at any Thing. If all delighted in, or
+subsisted only with one Sort of Food, there would
+not be sufficient for all; but every Variety chusing
+various Food, and perhaps abhorring that which others
+like, is a great and wise Means that every Kind
+hath enough, and oftentimes somewhat to spare.</p>
+
+<p>It deserves to be reckoned as an Act of the divine
+Appointment, that what is wholesome Food<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_183"></a>[183]</span>
+to one, is nauseous, and as a Poyson to another;
+what is a sweet and delicate Smell and Taste to
+one, is fœtid and loathsome to another: By which
+Means all the Provisions the Globe affords are
+well dispos’d of. Not only every Creature is well
+provided for, but a due Consumption is made of
+those Things that otherwise would encumber the
+World, lie in the Way, corrupt, rot, stink and annoy,
+instead of cherishing and refreshing it. For
+our most useful Plants, Grain and Fruits, would
+mould and rot; those Beasts, Fowls and Fishes,
+which are reckoned among the greatest Dainties,
+would turn to Carrion, and poyson us: Nay, those
+Animals which are become Carrion, and many other
+Things that are noysome, both on the Dry-land,
+and in the Waters, would be great Annoyances,
+and breed Diseases, was it nor for the Provision
+which the infinite Orderer of the World
+hath made, by causing these Things to be sweet,
+pleasant, and wholsome Food to some Creature
+or other, in the Place where those Things fall: To
+Dogs, Ravens, and other voracious Animals, for
+Instance, on the Earth; and to rapacious Fishes,
+and other Creatures inhabiting the Waters.</p>
+
+<p>Thus is the World in some Measure kept sweet
+and clean, and at the same Time, divers Species of
+Animals supply’d with convenient Food. Which
+Providence of God, particularly in the Supplies
+afforded the <i>Ravens</i>, is divers Times taken Notice
+of in the Scriptures<a id="FNanchor_255" href="#Footnote_255" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>; but whether for the Reasons
+now hinted, or any other special Reasons, I
+shall not enquire. Thus our Saviour, <i>Luke</i> xii. 24.
+<i>Consider the Ravens; for they neither sow nor reap,
+which neither have Storehouse, nor Barn, and God<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_184"></a>[184]</span>
+feedeth them.</i> It is a manifest Argument of the
+divine Care and Providence, in supplying the
+World with Food and Necessaries, that the <i>Ravens</i>,
+accounted as unclean, and little regarded by
+Man, destitute of Stores, and that live by Accidents,
+by what falleth here and there; that such a
+Bird, I say, should be provided with sufficient
+Food; especially if that be true, which <i>Aristotle</i><a id="FNanchor_256" href="#Footnote_256" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>,
+<i>Pliny</i><a id="FNanchor_257" href="#Footnote_257" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>, and <i>Ælian</i><a id="FNanchor_258" href="#Footnote_258" class="fnanchor">[h]</a>, report of their
+unnatural Affection and Cruelty to their Young:
+“That they expel them their Nests as soon as
+they can fly, and then drive them out of the
+Country”.</p>
+
+<p>Thus having considered the wise Appointment
+of the Creator, in suiting the Variety of Food, to
+Variety of Animals: Let us in the</p>
+
+<p>IV. Place, Take a View of the peculiar Food,
+which particular Places afford to the Creatures inhabiting
+therein.</p>
+
+<p>It hath been already observed<a id="FNanchor_259" href="#Footnote_259" class="fnanchor">[i]</a>, that every
+Place on the Surface of the terraqueous Globe, is
+stocked with proper Animals, whose Organs of
+Life and Action are curiously adapted to each respective
+Place. Now it is an admirable Act of the
+divine Providence, that every Place affords a
+proper Food to all the living Creatures therein.
+All the various Regions of the World, the different
+Climates<a id="FNanchor_260" href="#Footnote_260" class="fnanchor">[k]</a>, the various Soils, the Seas, the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_185"></a>[185]</span>
+Waters, nay our very Putrefactions, and most nasty
+Places about the Globe, as they are inhabited by
+some or other Animal, so they produce some proper
+Food or other, affording a comfortable Subsistence
+to the Creatures living there. I might for
+Instances<a id="FNanchor_261" href="#Footnote_261" class="fnanchor">[l]</a> of this, bring the great Variety of
+Herbs, Fruits and Grains on the Earth, the large
+Swarms of Insects in the Air, with every other
+Food of the Creatures residing in the Earth, or
+flying in the Air. But I shall stop at the <i>Waters</i>,
+because the <i>Psalmist</i>, in the fore-cited civᵗʰ <i>Psalm</i>,
+speaks with relation to the especial Provision for
+the Inhabitants of the Waters; and also by reason
+that many Land Animals have their chief Maintenance
+from thence.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_186"></a>[186]</span></p>
+
+<p>Now one would think, that the Waters were a
+very unlikely Element to produce Food for so great
+a Number of Creatures, as have their Subsistence
+from thence. But yet how rich a Promptuary is
+it, not only to large multitudes of Fishes, but also
+to many amphibious Quadrupeds, Insects, Reptiles,
+and Birds! From the largest <i>Leviathan</i>, which the
+<i>Psalmist</i> saith<a id="FNanchor_262" href="#Footnote_262" class="fnanchor">[m]</a> <i>playeth in the Seas</i>, to the smallest
+Mite in the Lakes and Ponds, all are plentifully
+provided for; as is manifest from the Fatness of
+their Bodies, and the Gaiety of their Aspect and
+Actions.</p>
+
+<p>And the Provision which the Creator hath made
+for this Service in the Waters is very observable;
+not only by the Germination of divers aquatick
+Plants there, but particularly by appointing the
+Waters to be the Matrix of many Animals, particularly
+of many of the Insect-Kind, not only of
+such as are peculiar to the Waters, but also of many
+appertaining to the Air and the Land, who, by
+their near Alliance to the Waters, delight to be
+about them, and by that means become a Prey,
+and plentiful Food to the Inhabitants of the Waters.
+And besides these, what prodigious Shoals
+do we find of minute Animals, even sometimes discolouring
+the Waters<a id="FNanchor_263" href="#Footnote_263" class="fnanchor">[n]</a>! Of these (not only in
+the Water, but in the Air and on Land) I have
+always thought there was some more than ordinary<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_187"></a>[187]</span>
+Use intended by the All-wise Creator. And
+having bent many of my Observations that way, I
+have evidently found it accordingly to be. For be
+they never so numberless or minute, those Animals
+serve for Food to some Creatures or other. Even
+those Animalcules in the Waters, discoverable only
+with good Microscopes, are a Repast to others
+there, as I have often with no less Admiration than
+Pleasure seen<a id="FNanchor_264" href="#Footnote_264" class="fnanchor">[o]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_188"></a>[188]</span></p>
+
+<p>But now the usual Objection is, that Necessity
+maketh Use<a id="FNanchor_265" href="#Footnote_265" class="fnanchor">[p]</a>. Animals must be fed, and they
+make use of what they find: In the desolate Regions,
+and in the Waters, for Instance, they feed
+upon what they can come at; but, when in greater
+Plenty, they pick and chuse.</p>
+
+<p>But this Objection hath been already in some
+measure answered by what hath been said; which<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_189"></a>[189]</span>
+plainly argues Design, and a super-intending Wisdom,
+Power and Providence in this special Business
+of Food. Particularly the different Delight of divers
+Animals in different Food, so that what is
+nauseous to one, should be Dainties to another,
+is a manifest Argument, that the Allotment of
+Food is not a Matter of mere Chance, but entailed
+to the very Constitution and Nature of Animals;
+that they chuse this, and refuse that, not
+by Accident, or Necessity, but because the one is
+a proper Food, agreeable to their Constitution, and
+so appointed by the infinite Contriver of their Bodies;
+and the other is disagreeable and injurious to
+them.</p>
+
+<p>But all this Objection will be found frivolous,
+and the Wisdom and Design of the great Creator
+will demonstratively appear, if we take a Survey,</p>
+
+<p>V. Of the admirable and curious Apparatus in
+all Animals, made for the Gathering, Preparing and
+Digestion of their Food. From the very first
+Entrance, to the utmost Exit of the Food, we find
+every Thing contrived, made and disposed with
+the utmost Dexterity and Art, and curiously adapted
+to the Place the Animal liveth in, and the Food
+it is to be nourished with.</p>
+
+<p>Let us begin with the <i>Mouth</i>. And this we find,
+in every Species of Animals, nicely conformable
+to the Use of such a Part; neatly sized and shaped
+for the catching of Prey, for the gathering or receiving
+Food<a id="FNanchor_266" href="#Footnote_266" class="fnanchor">[q]</a>, for the Formation of Speech,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_190"></a>[190]</span>
+and every other such like Use<a id="FNanchor_267" href="#Footnote_267" class="fnanchor">[r]</a>. In some Creatures
+it is wide and large, in some little and narrow:
+in some with a deep Incisure up into the
+Head<a id="FNanchor_268" href="#Footnote_268" class="fnanchor">[s]</a>, for the better catching and holding of
+Prey, and more easy Comminution of hard, large
+and troublesome Food; in others with a much
+shorter Incisure, for the gathering and holding of
+herbaceous Food.</p>
+
+<p>In <i>Insects</i> it is very notable. In some forcipated;
+to catch hold and tear their Prey<a id="FNanchor_269" href="#Footnote_269" class="fnanchor">[t]</a>. In some<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_191"></a>[191]</span>
+aculeated, to pierce and wound Animals<a id="FNanchor_270" href="#Footnote_270" class="fnanchor">[u]</a>, and
+suck their Blood. And in others strongly rigged
+with Jaws and Teeth, to gnaw and scrape out their
+Food, to carry Burdens<a id="FNanchor_271" href="#Footnote_271" class="fnanchor">[w]</a> to perforate the Earth,
+yea the hardest Wood, yea even Stones themselves,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_192"></a>[192]</span>
+for Houses<a id="FNanchor_272" href="#Footnote_272" class="fnanchor">[x]</a> to themselves, and Nests for their
+young.</p>
+
+<p>And lastly, in <i>Birds</i> it is no less remarkable. In
+the first Place, it is neatly shaped for piercing the
+Air, and making Way for the Body thro’ the airy
+Regions. In the next Place, it is hard and horny,
+which is a good Supplement for the want of Teeth,
+and causeth the Bill to have the Use and Service of
+the Hand. It’s hooked Form is of great Use to
+the rapacious Kind<a id="FNanchor_273" href="#Footnote_273" class="fnanchor">[y]</a>, in catching and holding
+their Prey, and in the Comminution thereof by
+tearing; to others it is no less serviceable to their
+Climbing, as well as neat and nice Comminution
+of their Food<a id="FNanchor_274" href="#Footnote_274" class="fnanchor">[z]</a>. Its extraordinary Length and
+Slenderness is very useful to some, to search and
+grope for their Food in moorish Places<a id="FNanchor_275" href="#Footnote_275" class="fnanchor">[aa]</a>; as
+its Length and Breadth is to others to hunt and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_193"></a>[193]</span>
+search in muddy Places<a id="FNanchor_276" href="#Footnote_276" class="fnanchor">[bb]</a>: And the contrary
+Form, namely, a thick, short, and sharp-edg’d
+Bill, is as useful to other Birds, who have occasion
+to husk and flay the Grains they swallow. But it
+would be endless, and tedious, to reckon up all the
+various Shapes, and commodious Mechanism of
+all; the Sharpness and Strength of those who have
+Occasion to perforate Wood and Shells<a id="FNanchor_277" href="#Footnote_277" class="fnanchor">[cc]</a>; the
+Slenderness and Neatness of such as pick up small Insects;
+the Cross-form of such as break up Fruits<a id="FNanchor_278" href="#Footnote_278" class="fnanchor">[dd]</a>;
+the compressed Form of others<a id="FNanchor_279" href="#Footnote_279" class="fnanchor">[ee]</a>, with many other
+curious and artificial Forms, all suited to the
+Way of Living, and peculiar Occasions of the
+several Species of Birds. Thus much for the
+Mouth.</p>
+
+<p>Let us next take a short View of the <i>Teeth</i><a id="FNanchor_280" href="#Footnote_280" class="fnanchor">[ff]</a>,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_194"></a>[194]</span>
+In which their peculiar Hardness<a id="FNanchor_281" href="#Footnote_281" class="fnanchor">[gg]</a> is remarkable,
+their Growth<a id="FNanchor_282" href="#Footnote_282" class="fnanchor">[hh]</a> also, their firm Insertion
+and Bandage in the Gums and Jaws, and their various
+Shape and Strength, suited to their various
+Occasion and Use<a id="FNanchor_283" href="#Footnote_283" class="fnanchor">[ii]</a>; the foremost weak and
+farthest from the Center, as being only Preparers
+to the rest; the others being to grind and mince,
+are accordingly made stronger, and placed nearer<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_195"></a>[195]</span>
+the Center of Motion and Strength. Likewise
+their various Form<a id="FNanchor_284" href="#Footnote_284" class="fnanchor">[kk]</a>, in various Animals is considerable,
+being all curiously adapted to the peculiar
+Food<a id="FNanchor_285" href="#Footnote_285" class="fnanchor">[ll]</a>, and Occasions of the several Species
+of Animals<a id="FNanchor_286" href="#Footnote_286" class="fnanchor">[mm]</a>. And lastly, the temporary Defect
+of them<a id="FNanchor_287" href="#Footnote_287" class="fnanchor">[nn]</a>, is no less observable in Children,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_196"></a>[196]</span>
+and such young Creatures, where there is no Occasion
+for them; but they would be rather an Annoyance
+to the tender Nipples and Breasts.</p>
+
+<p>From the Teeth, the grand Instruments of Mastication;
+let us proceed to the other ministerial
+Parts. And here the <i>Parotid</i>, <i>Sublingual</i>, and <i>maxillary
+Glands</i>; together with those of the Cheeks
+and Lips, are considerable; all lodged in the most
+convenient Places about the Mouth and Throat
+to afford that noble digestive salival Liquor, to be
+mixed with the Food in Mastication, and to moisten
+and lubricate the Passages, to give an easie
+descent to the Food. The commodious Form also
+of the Jaws, deserves our Notice; together with
+the strong Articulation of the lowermost, and its
+Motion. And lastly, the curious Form, the great
+Strength, the convenient Lodgment and Situation
+of the several Muscles and Tendons<a id="FNanchor_288" href="#Footnote_288" class="fnanchor">[oo]</a>, all ministring
+to this so necessary an Act of Life, as
+Mastication is; they are such Contrivances, such
+Works, as plainly set forth the infinite Workman’s
+Care and Skill.</p>
+
+<p>Next to the Mouth, the <i>Gullet</i> presenteth it self;
+in every Creature well-siz’d to the Food it hath
+occasion to swallow; in some but narrow, in others<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_197"></a>[197]</span>
+as large and extensive<a id="FNanchor_289" href="#Footnote_289" class="fnanchor">[pp]</a>; in all exceedingly
+remarkable for the curious Mechanism of its
+Muscles, and the artificial Decussation and Position
+of their Fibres<a id="FNanchor_290" href="#Footnote_290" class="fnanchor">[qq]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>And now we are arriv’d to the grand Receptacle
+of the Food, the <i>Stomach</i>; for the most Part
+as various as the Food to be convey’d therein.
+And here I might describe the admirable Mechanism
+of its Tunicks, Muscles, Glands, the Nerves,
+Arteries and Veins<a id="FNanchor_291" href="#Footnote_291" class="fnanchor">[rr]</a>; all manifesting the super-eminent
+Contrivance and Art of the infinite<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_198"></a>[198]</span>
+Workman<a id="FNanchor_292" href="#Footnote_292" class="fnanchor">[ss]</a>; they being all nicely adjusted to
+their respective Place, Occasion and Service. I
+might also insist upon that most necessary Office
+of <i>Digestion</i>; and here consider that wonderful Faculty
+of the Stomachs of all Creatures, to dissolve<a id="FNanchor_293" href="#Footnote_293" class="fnanchor">[tt]</a>
+all the several Sorts of Food appropriated
+to their Species; even sometimes Things of
+that Consistency as seem insoluble<a id="FNanchor_294" href="#Footnote_294" class="fnanchor">[uu]</a>; especially
+by such seemingly simple and weak <i>Menstruums</i>
+as we find in their Stomachs: But I shall only
+give these Things a bare mention, and take more
+peculiar Notice of the Special Provision made in
+the particular Species of Animals, for the Digestion
+of that special Food appointed them.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_199"></a>[199]</span></p>
+
+<p>And in the first Place it is observable, that, in
+every Species of Animals, the Strength and Size
+of their Stomach<a id="FNanchor_295" href="#Footnote_295" class="fnanchor">[ww]</a> is conformable to their
+Food. Such whose Food is more delicate, tender,
+and nutritive, have commonly this Part thinner,
+weaker, and less bulky; whereas such whose Aliment
+is less nutritive, or whose Bodies require larger
+Supplies to answer their Bulk, their Labours, and
+waste of Strength and Spirits, in them it is large
+and strong.</p>
+
+<p>Another very remarkable Thing in this Part, is,
+the Number of Ventricles in divers Creatures. In
+many but one; in some two or more<a id="FNanchor_296" href="#Footnote_296" class="fnanchor">[xx]</a>. In
+such as make a sufficient Comminution of the
+Food in the Mouth, one suffices. But where Teeth
+are wanting, and the Food dry and hard, (as in
+granivorous Birds,) there the Defect is abundantly
+supply’d by one thin membranaceous Ventricle,
+to receive and moisten the Food, and another
+thick, strong, muscular one, to grind and
+tear<a id="FNanchor_297" href="#Footnote_297" class="fnanchor">[yy]</a> it. But in such Birds, and other Creatures,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_200"></a>[200]</span>
+whose Food is not Grain, but Flesh, Fruits, Insects,
+or partly one, partly the other, there their
+Stomachs are accordingly conformable to their
+Food<a id="FNanchor_298" href="#Footnote_298" class="fnanchor">[zz]</a>, stronger or weaker, membranaceous
+or muscular.</p>
+
+<p>But as remarkable a Thing, as any in this Part of
+Animals, is, the curious Contrivance and Fabrick
+of the several Ventricles of ruminating Creatures.
+The very Act it self of <i>Rumination</i>, is an excellent
+Provision for the compleat Mastication of the
+Food, at the Resting, leisure Times of the Animal.
+But the Apparatus for this Service, of divers
+Ventricles for its various Uses and Purposes,
+together with their curious Mechanism, deserves
+great Admiration<a id="FNanchor_299" href="#Footnote_299" class="fnanchor">[aaa]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Having thus far pursu’d the Food to the Place,
+where by its Reduction into Chyle, it becomes
+a proper Aliment for the Body; I might next trace
+it through the several Meanders of the <i>Guts</i>, the
+<i>Lacteals</i>, and so into the <i>Blood</i><a id="FNanchor_300" href="#Footnote_300" class="fnanchor">[bbb]</a>, and afterwards<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_201"></a>[201]</span>
+into the very Habit of the Body: I might
+also take Notice of the Separation made in the
+<i>Intestines</i>, of what is nutritive, (which is received,)
+and what is feculent, (being ejected;) and the Impregnations
+there from the <i>Pancreas</i> and the <i>Gall</i>;
+and after it hath been strained through those curious
+Colanders, the <i>lacteal Veins</i>, I might also
+observe its Impregnations from the <i>Glands</i> and <i>Lymphæducts</i>;
+and, to name no more, I might farther
+view the exquisite Structure of the Parts ministring<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_202"></a>[202]</span>
+to all these delicate Offices of Nature;
+particularly the artificial Conformation of the Intestines
+might deserve a special Enquiry, their Tunicks,
+Glands, Fibres traversing one another<a id="FNanchor_301" href="#Footnote_301" class="fnanchor">[ccc]</a>,
+and peristaltick Motion in all Creatures; and their
+cochleous Passage<a id="FNanchor_302" href="#Footnote_302" class="fnanchor">[ddd]</a> to retard the Motion of the
+Chyle, and to make amends for the Shortness of
+the Intestines, in such Creatures who have but one
+Gut; together with many other Accommodations
+of Nature in particular Animals that might be mention’d.
+But it shall suffice to have given only a general
+Hint of those curious and admirable Works
+of God. From whence it is abundantly manifest
+how little weight there is in the former atheistical
+Objection. Which will receive a further Confutation
+from the</p>
+
+<p>VI. and last Thing relating to Food, that I shall
+speak of, namely, <i>The great Sagacity of all Animals,
+in finding out and providing their Food.</i> In Man
+perhaps we may not find any Thing very admirable,
+or remarkable in this Kind, by Means of his
+Reason and Understanding, and his Supremacy over
+the inferior Creatures; which answereth all his
+Occasions relating to this Business: But then even
+here the Creator hath shewed his Skill, in not<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_203"></a>[203]</span>
+over-doing the Matter; in not providing Man with
+an unnecessary Apparatus, to effect over and over
+again what is feasible, by the Reach of his Understanding,
+and the Power of his Authority.</p>
+
+<p>But for the inferior Creatures, who want Reason,
+the Power of that natural Instinct, that Sagacity<a id="FNanchor_303" href="#Footnote_303" class="fnanchor">[eee]</a>
+which the Creator hath imprinted upon
+them, do amply compensate that Defect. And
+here we shall find a glorious Scene of the divine
+Wisdom, Power, Providence and Care, if we view
+the various Instincts of Beasts, great and small, or
+Birds, Insects and Reptiles<a id="FNanchor_304" href="#Footnote_304" class="fnanchor">[fff]</a>. For among every
+Species of them, we may find notable Acts of
+Sagacity, or Instinct, proportional to their Occasions
+for Food. Even among those whose Food is
+near at Hand, and easily come at; as Grass and
+Herbs; and consequently have no great need of
+Art to discover it; yet, that Faculty of their accurate
+Smell and Taste, so ready at every turn, to
+distinguish between what is salutary, and what pernicious<a id="FNanchor_305" href="#Footnote_305" class="fnanchor">[ggg]</a>,
+doth justly deserve Praise. But for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_204"></a>[204]</span>
+such Animals, whose Food is not so easily come at,
+a Variety of wonderful Instinct may be met with,
+sufficient to entertain the most curious Observer.
+With what entertaining Power, and Artifice do
+some Creatures hunt<a id="FNanchor_306" href="#Footnote_306" class="fnanchor">[hhh]</a>, and pursue their Game
+and Prey! And others watch and way-lay theirs<a id="FNanchor_307" href="#Footnote_307" class="fnanchor">[iii]</a>!
+With what prodigious Sagacity do others grope<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_205"></a>[205]</span>
+for it under Ground, out of Sight, in moorish Places,
+in Mud and Dirt<a id="FNanchor_308" href="#Footnote_308" class="fnanchor">[kkk]</a>; and others dig and
+delve for it, both above<a id="FNanchor_309" href="#Footnote_309" class="fnanchor">[lll]</a>, and under the Surface
+of the drier Lands<a id="FNanchor_310" href="#Footnote_310" class="fnanchor">[mmm]</a>! And how curious
+and well designed a Provision is it of particular
+large Nerves in such Creatures, adapted to that especial
+Service!</p>
+
+<p>What an admirable Faculty is that of many Animals,
+to discover their Prey at vast Distances;
+some by their Smell some Miles off<a id="FNanchor_311" href="#Footnote_311" class="fnanchor">[nnn]</a>; and
+some by their sharp and piercing Sight, aloft in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_206"></a>[206]</span>
+the Air, or at other great Distances<a id="FNanchor_312" href="#Footnote_312" class="fnanchor">[ooo]</a>! An Instance
+of the latter of which GOD himself giveth,
+(<i>Job</i> xxxix. 27, 28, 29.) in the Instinct of the <i>Eagle</i>:
+<i>Doth the Eagle mount up at thy Command, and make
+her Nest on high? She dwelleth and abideth on the
+Rock, upon the Crag of the Rock, and the strong
+Place<a id="FNanchor_313" href="#Footnote_313" class="fnanchor">[ppp]</a>. From thence she seeketh her Prey, and
+her Eyes behold afar off.</i> What a commodious Provision
+hath the Contriver of Nature made for Animals,
+that are necessitated to climb for their Food;
+not only in the Structure of their Legs and Feet,
+and in the Strength of their Tendons and Muscles,
+acting in that particular Office<a id="FNanchor_314" href="#Footnote_314" class="fnanchor">[qqq]</a>; but also in
+the peculiar Structure of the principal Parts, acting
+in the Acquest of their Food<a id="FNanchor_315" href="#Footnote_315" class="fnanchor">[rrr]</a>! What a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_207"></a>[207]</span>
+Provision also is that in nocturnal Birds and Beasts,
+in the peculiar Structure of their Eye<a id="FNanchor_316" href="#Footnote_316" class="fnanchor">[sss]</a>, (and we
+may perhaps add the Accuracy of their Smell too)
+whereby they are enabled to discover their Food in
+the Dark? But among all the Instances we have of
+natural Instinct, those Instincts, and especial Provisions
+made to supply the Necessities of Helpless
+Animals, do in a particular Manner demonstrate
+the great Creator’s Care. Of which I shall give
+two Instances.</p>
+
+<p>1. The Provision made for young Creatures.
+That Στοργὴ, that natural Affection, so connatural
+to all, or most Creatures towards their Young<a id="FNanchor_317" href="#Footnote_317" class="fnanchor">[ttt]</a>,
+what an admirable noble Principle is it, implanted<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_208"></a>[208]</span>
+in them by the wise Creator? By Means of
+which, with what Alacrity do they transact their
+parental Ministry? With what Care do they nurse
+up their Young; think no Pains too great to be
+taken for them, no Dangers<a id="FNanchor_318" href="#Footnote_318" class="fnanchor">[uuu]</a> too great to
+be ventured upon for their Guard and Security?
+How carefully will they lead them about in
+Places of Safety, carry them into Places of Retreat
+and Security; yea, some of them admit them into
+their own Bowels<a id="FNanchor_319" href="#Footnote_319" class="fnanchor">[www]</a>? How will they caress<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_209"></a>[209]</span>
+them with their affectionate Notes, lull and
+quiet them with their tender parental Voice, put
+Food into their Mouths, suckle them, cherish and
+keep them warm, teach them to pick, and eat,
+and gather Food for themselves; and, in a word,
+perform the whole Part of so many Nurses, deputed
+by the Sovereign Lord and Preserver of the
+World, to help such young and shiftless Creatures,
+till they are come to that Maturity, as to be able to
+shift for themselves?</p>
+
+<p>And as for other Animals (particularly Insects,
+whose Sire is partly the Sun, and whose numerous
+Off-spring would be too great for their Parent-Animal’s
+Care and Provision) these are so generated, as
+to need none of their Care, by Reason they arrive
+immediately to their Ἡλικία, their perfect, adult
+State, and are able to shift for themselves. But
+yet, thus far their parental Instinct (equivalent to
+the most rational Care and Fore-sight) doth extend,
+that the old ones do not wildly drop their
+Eggs and Sperm any where, at all Adventures, but
+so cautiously reposit it in such commodious Places
+(some in the Waters, some on Flesh, some on Plants
+proper and agreeable to their Species<a id="FNanchor_320" href="#Footnote_320" class="fnanchor">[xxx]</a>; and
+some shut up agreeable Food in their Nests, partly
+for Incubation, partly for Food<a id="FNanchor_321" href="#Footnote_321" class="fnanchor">[yyy]</a>,) that their
+young in their <i>Aurelia</i>, or <i>Nympha</i> State, may find
+sufficient and agreeable Food to bring them up, till
+they arrive to their Maturity.</p>
+
+<p>Thus far the Parental Instinct and Care.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_210"></a>[210]</span></p>
+
+<p>Next we may observe no less in the young
+themselves, especially in those of the irrational Animals.
+Forasmuch as the Parent-Animal is not
+able to bear them about, to cloath them, and to
+dandle them, as Man doth; how admirably hath
+the Creator contrived their State, that those poor
+young Creatures can soon walk about, and with
+the little Helps of their Dam, shift for, and help
+themselves? How naturally do they hunt for their
+Teat, suck, pick<a id="FNanchor_322" href="#Footnote_322" class="fnanchor">[zzz]</a>, and take in their proper
+Food?</p>
+
+<p>But for the young of Man, their Parents Reason,
+joined with natural Affection, being sufficient
+to help, to nurse, to feed, and to cloath them;
+therefore they are born helpless, and are more absolutely
+than other Creatures, cast upon their Parents
+Care<a id="FNanchor_323" href="#Footnote_323" class="fnanchor">[aaaa]</a>. A manifest Act and Designation
+of the Divine Providence.</p>
+
+<p>2. The other Instance I promised, is the Provision
+made for the Preservation of such Animals as
+are sometimes destitute of Food, or in Danger of
+being so. The Winter is a very inconvenient, improper
+Season, to afford either Food or Exercise
+to Insects, and many other Animals. When the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_211"></a>[211]</span>
+flowry Fields are divested of their Gaiety; when
+the fertile Trees and Plants are stripp’d of their
+Fruits, and the Air, instead of being warmed with
+the cherishing Beams of the Sun, is chilled with
+rigid Frost; what would become of such Animals
+as are impatient of Cold? What Food could be
+found by such as are subsisted by the Summer-Fruits?
+But to obviate all this Evil, to stave off the Destruction
+and Extirpation of divers Species of Animals,
+the infinitely wise Preserver of the World hath as
+wisely ordered the matter; that, in the first Place,
+such as are impatient of Cold, should have such a
+special Structure of their Body, particularly of their
+Hearts, and Circulation of their Blood<a id="FNanchor_324" href="#Footnote_324" class="fnanchor">[bbbb]</a>, as
+during that Season, not to suffer any waste of their
+Body, and consequently not to need any Recruits;
+but that they should be able to live in a kind of
+sleepy, middle State, in their Places of safe Retreat,
+until the warm Sun revives both them and
+their Food together.</p>
+
+<p>The next Provision is for such as can bear the
+Cold, but would want Food then; and that is in
+some by a long Patience of Hunger<a id="FNanchor_325" href="#Footnote_325" class="fnanchor">[cccc]</a>, in others<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_212"></a>[212]</span>
+by their notable Instinct in laying up Food beforehand
+against the approaching Winter<a id="FNanchor_326" href="#Footnote_326" class="fnanchor">[dddd]</a>. Of
+this many entertaining Examples may be given;
+particularly we may, at the proper Season, observe
+not only the little Treasures and Holes well-stocked
+with timely Provisions, but large Fields<a id="FNanchor_327" href="#Footnote_327" class="fnanchor">[eeee]</a>
+here and there throughout bespread with considerable<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_213"></a>[213]</span>
+Numbers of the Fruits of the neighbouring
+Trees, laid carefully up in the Earth, and covered
+safe, by the provident little Animals inhabiting
+thereabouts. And not without Pleasure have I seen
+and admired the Sagacity of other Animals, hunting
+out those subterraneous Fruits, and pillaging
+the Treasures of those little provident Creatures.</p>
+
+<p>And now from this bare transient View of this
+Branch of the Great Creator’s Providence and
+Government, relating to the <i>Food</i> of his Creatures, we
+can conclude no less, than that since this grand
+Affair hath such manifest Strokes of admirable and
+wise Management, that since this is demonstrated
+throughout all Ages and Places, that therefore it
+is God’s Handy-Work. For how is it possible that
+so vast a World of Animals should be supported,
+such a great Variety equally and well supplied with
+proper Food, in every Place fit for Habitation,
+without an especial Superintendency and Management,
+equal to, at least, that of the most prudent
+Steward and Housholder? How should the Creatures
+be able to find out their Food when laid up
+in secret Places? And how should they be able to
+gather even a great deal of the common Food, and
+at last to macerate and digest it, without peculiar
+Organs adapted to the Service? And what less than
+an infinitely Wise God could form such a Set of
+curious Organs, as we find every Species endowed
+with, for this very Life? Organs so artificially made,
+so exquisitely fitted up, that the more strictly we
+survey them, the more accurately we view them<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_214"></a>[214]</span>
+(even the meanest of them with our blest Glasses)
+the less Fault we find in them, and the more we
+admire them: Whereas the best polished, and
+most exquisite Works, made by human Art, appear
+through our Glasses, as rude and bungling, deformed
+and monstrous; and yet we admire them, and
+call them Works of Art and Reason. And lastly,
+What less than Rational and Wise could endow irrational
+Animals with various Instincts, equivalent,
+in their special Way, to Reason it self? Insomuch
+that some from thence have absolutely concluded,
+that those Creatures had some Glimmerings of Reason.
+But it is manifestly Instinct, not Reason they
+act by, because we find no varying, but that every
+Species doth naturally pursue at all Times the same
+Methods and Way, without any Tutorage or Learning:
+Whereas <i>Reason</i>, without Instruction, would
+often vary, and do that by many Methods, which
+<i>Instinct</i> doth by one alone. But of this more hereafter.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_251" href="#FNanchor_251" class="label">[a]</a> <i>Pastum animantibus largè &amp; copiosè natura eum, qui
+cuique aptus erat, comparavit.</i> Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 47.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ille Deus est,——qui per totum orbem armenta dimisit, qui
+gregibus ubique passim vagantibus pabulum præstat.</i> Senec. de
+Benef. l. 4. c. 6.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_252" href="#FNanchor_252" class="label">[b]</a> <i>Tritico nihil est fertilius: hoc ei natura tribuit, quoniam
+eo maximè alat hominem; utpote cùm è modio, si sit aptum
+solum——150 modii reddantur. Misit D. Augusto procurator—ex
+uno grano (vix credibile dictu) 400 paucis minùs germina.
+Misit &amp; Neroni similiter 340 stipulas ex uno grano.</i>
+Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 18. c. 10.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_253" href="#FNanchor_253" class="label">[c]</a> <i>Sed illa quanta benignitas Natura, quòd tam multa ad
+vescendum, tam varia, tam jucunda gignit: neque ea uno
+tempore anni, ut semper &amp; novitate delectemur &amp; copiâ.</i> Cic.
+de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 53.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_254" href="#FNanchor_254" class="label">[d]</a> <i>Swammerdam</i> observes of the <i>Ephemeron Worms</i>, that
+their Food is Clay, and that they make their Cells of the
+same. Upon which occasion he saith of <i>Moths</i>, that eat
+Wool and Fur, <i>There are two Things very considerable, 1. That
+the Cells they make to themselves, wherein they live, and with
+which (as their House, Tortoise-like) they move from Place to
+Place, they make of the Matter next at hand. 2. That they
+feed also on the same, therefore when you find their Cells, or
+rather Coats or Cases to be made of yellow, green, blue or
+black Cloth, you will also find their Dung of the same Colour.</i>
+Swammerd. Ephem. vita. Published by Dr. <i>Tyson</i>, <i>Chap. 3.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_255" href="#FNanchor_255" class="label">[e]</a> <i>Job</i> xxxviii. 41. <i>Psal.</i> cxlvii. 9.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_256" href="#FNanchor_256" class="label">[f]</a> <i>Aristot. l. 9. c. 31. Hist. Animal.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_257" href="#FNanchor_257" class="label">[g]</a> <i>Pliny</i> affirms this of the <i>Crow</i> as well as <i>Raven</i>: <i>Cæteræ
+omnes <span class="antiqua">[i.e. Cornices]</span> ex eodem genere pellunt nidis pullos,
+ac volare cogunt, sicut &amp; Corvi, qui——robustos suos fœtus
+fugant longiùs.</i> Nat. Hist. l. 10. c. 12.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_258" href="#FNanchor_258" class="label">[h]</a> <i>Var. Hist.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_259" href="#FNanchor_259" class="label">[i]</a> <a href="#BOOK_IV_CHAP_IX"><i>Chap. 9.</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_260" href="#FNanchor_260" class="label">[k]</a> <i>Admiranda Naturæ dispensatio est, ut aliter, alioque modo,
+tempore, &amp; industriâ colatur terra septentrionalis, aliter
+Æthiopia, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> Quoad Aquilonares, hoc certum est, in plerisque
+agris Vestrogothorum, parte objectâ Meridionali plagæ, Hordeum
+spatio 36 Dierum à femine projecto maturum colligi, hoc
+est à fine Junii usque medium Augusti, aliquando celerius. Ea
+namque maturitas ex soli naturâ, aërisque clementiâ, ac humore
+lapillorum fovente radices, Soleque torrente, necessariò provenit,
+ut ita nascatur, ac maturetur, talesque spicæ sex ordines
+in numero aristæ habent.</i> Ol. Mag. Hist. l. 15. c. 8. <i>Prata
+&amp; pascua tantâ luxuriant graminum ubertate ac diversitate,
+ut necessum sit inde arcere jumenta, nè nimio herbarum
+esu crepent, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Id. ib. l. 19. c. 36.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_261" href="#FNanchor_261" class="label">[l]</a> Among the many noble Contrivances for Food, I cannot
+but attribute that universal Aliment, <i>Bread</i>, to the Revelation,
+or at least the Inspiration of the Creator and Conservator
+of Mankind; not only because it is a Food used in all,
+or most Parts of the World; but especially because it is of
+incomparable Use in the great Work of Digestion, greatly
+assisting the Ferment, or whatever causes the Digestion of
+the Stomach. Of which take this Example from the noble
+Mr. <i>Boyle</i>. “He extracted a <i>Menstruum</i> from Bread alone,
+that would work on Bodies more Compact than many
+hard Minerals, nay even on Glass it self, and do many
+Things that <i>Aqua-fortis</i> could not do——Yet by no
+means was this so corrosive a Liquor as <i>Aq. fort.</i> or as the
+other <i>acid Menstruum</i>”. <i>Vid.</i> the ingenious and learned
+Dr. <i>Harris</i>’s <i>Lex. Tech. verbo Menstruum</i>, where the way of
+preparing it may be met with.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_262" href="#FNanchor_262" class="label">[m]</a> <i>Psal.</i> civ. 26.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_263" href="#FNanchor_263" class="label">[n]</a> The Insects that for the most part discolour the Waters,
+are the small Insects of the <i>Shrimp-kind</i>, called by <i>Swammerdam</i>,
+<i>Pulex aquaticus arborescens</i>. These I have often
+seen so numerous in stagnating Waters in the Summer-Months,
+that they have changed the Colour of the Waters
+to a pale or deep Red, sometimes a Yellow, according to
+the Colour they were of. Of this <i>Swammerdam</i> hath a pretty
+Story told him by Dr. <i>Florence Schuyl</i>, viz. <i>Se aliquando
+Studiis intentum, magno quodam &amp; horrifico rumore fuisse turbatum,
+&amp; simul ad causam ejus inquirendam excitatum; verùm
+se vix eum in finem surrexisse, cùm Ancilla ejus pœne exanimis
+adcurreret, &amp; multo cum singultu referret, omnem Lugduni
+<span class="antiqua">[Batavorum]</span> aquam esse mutatam in sanguinem</i>. The
+Cause of which, upon Examination he found to be only
+from the numerous Swarms of those <i>Pulices</i>. V. Swamm.
+Hist. Insect. p. 70.</p>
+
+<p>The Cause of this great Concourse, and Appearance of
+those little Insects, I have frequently observed to be to perform
+their Coït; which is commonly about the latter end of
+<i>May</i>, and in <i>June</i>. At that Time they are very venereous,
+frisking and catching at one another; and many of them
+conjoined Tail to Tail, with their Bellies inclined one towards
+another.</p>
+
+<p>At this Time also they change their Skin or <i>Slough</i>; which
+I conceive their rubbing against one another mightily promoteth.
+And what if at this Time they change their Quarters?
+<i>Vid.</i> <a href="#Footnote_580"><i>Book VIII. Chap. 4. Note (f).</i></a></p>
+
+<p>These small Insects, as they are very numerous, so are
+Food to many Water-Animals. I have seen not only <i>Ducks</i>
+shovel them up as they swim along the Waters, but divers Insects
+also devour them, particularly some of the middle-sized
+<i>Squillæ aquaticæ</i>, which are very voracious Insects.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_264" href="#FNanchor_264" class="label">[o]</a> Besides the <i>Pulices</i> last mentioned, there are in the Waters
+other Animalcules very numerous, which are scarce visible
+without a Microscope. In <i>May</i>, and the Summer
+Months, the green Scum on the top of stagnating Waters, is
+nothing else but prodigious Numbers of these Animalcules:
+So is likewise the green Colour in them, when all the Water
+seems green. Which Animalcules, in all Probability, serve
+for Food to the <i>Pulices Aquatici</i>, and other the minuter Animals
+of the Waters. Of which I gave a pregnant Instance
+in one of the <i>Nymphæ</i> of <i>Gnats</i>, to my Friend the late admirable
+Mr. <i>Ray</i>, which he was pleased to publish in the last
+Edition of his <i>Wisdom of God in the Creation</i>, p. 430.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_265" href="#FNanchor_265" class="label">[p]</a></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Nil adeò quoniam natum’st in Corpore, ut uti</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Possemus, sed quod natum’st, id procreat usum.</i></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>And afterwards,</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Propterea capitur Cibus, ut suffulciat artus,</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Et recreet vireis interdatus, atque patentem</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Per membra ac venas ut amorem obturet edendi.</i></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>And after the same manner he discourseth of Thirst, and
+divers other Things. <i>Vid.</i> <i>Lucret. l. 4. v. 831, &amp;c.</i></p>
+
+<p>Against this Opinion of the <i>Epicureans</i>, <i>Galen</i> ingeniously
+argues in his Discourse about the Hand. <i>Non enim Manus
+ipsæ</i> (saith he) <i>hominem artes docuerunt, sed Ratio. Manus
+autem ipsæ sunt artium organa; sicut Lyra musici——Lyra
+musicam non docuit, sed est ipsius artifex per eam, quâ præditus
+est, Rationem: agere autem non potest ex arte absque organis,
+ita &amp; una quælibet anima facultates quasdam à suâ ipsius
+substantiâ obtinet,——Quòd autem corporis particulæ animam
+non impellunt,——manifeste videre licet, si animalia recèns
+nata confideres, quæ quidem priùs agere conantur, quàm
+perfectas habeant particulas. Ego namque Bovis vitulum cornibus
+petere conantem sæpenumero vidi, antequam ei nata essent
+cornua; Et pullum Equi calcitrantem, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> Omne enim
+animal suæ ipsius Animæ facultates, ac in quos usus partes suæ
+polleant maximè, nullo doctore, præsentit.——Quâ igitur ratione
+dici potest, animalia partium usus à partibus doceri, cùm
+&amp; antequam illas habeant, hoc cognoscere videantur? Si igitur
+Ova tria acceperis, unum Aquilæ, alterum Anatis, reliquum
+Serpentis, &amp; calore modico foveris, animaliaque excluseris;
+illa quidem alis volare conantia, antequàm volare possint;
+hoc autem revolvi videbis, &amp; serpere affectans, quamvis molle
+adhuc &amp; invalidam fuerit. Et si, dum perfecta erunt, in
+unâ eâdemque domo nutriveris, deinde ad locum subdialem
+ducta emiseris, Aquila quidem ad sublime; Anas autem in
+paludem;——Serpens verò sub terrâ irrepet——Animalia quidem
+mihi videntur Naturâ magis quàm Ratione artem aliquam <span class="antiqua">[τεχνικὰ
+artificiosa]</span> exercere: Apes fingere alveolos, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Galen de
+usu. Part I. c. 3.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_266" href="#FNanchor_266" class="label">[q]</a> <i>Alia dentibus prædantur, alia unguibus, alia rostri aduncitate
+carpunt, alia latitudine <span class="antiqua">[ejusdem]</span> ruunt, alia acumine
+excavant, alia sugunt, alia lambunt, sorbent, mandunt,
+vorant. Nec minor varietas in Pedum ministerio, ut rapiant,
+distrahant, teneant, premant, pendeant, tellurem scabere non
+cessent.</i> Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 10. c. 71.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_267" href="#FNanchor_267" class="label">[r]</a> Because it would be tedious to reckon up the Bones,
+Glands, Muscles, and other Parts belonging to the Mouth,
+it shall suffice to observe, that, for the various Services of
+Man’s Mouth, besides the Muscles in common with other
+Parts, there are five Pair, and one single one proper to the
+Lips only, as Dr. <i>Gibson</i> reckons them: But my most diligent
+and curious Friend the late Mr. <i>Cowper</i>, discovered a
+sixth Pair. And accordingly Dr. <i>Drake</i> reckons six Pair, and
+one single one proper to the Lips, <i>l. 3.</i> c. 13.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_268" href="#FNanchor_268" class="label">[s]</a> <i>Galen</i> deserves to be here consulted, who excellently
+argues against the casual Concourse of the Atoms of <i>Epicurus</i>
+and <i>Asclepiades</i>, from the provident and wise Formation
+of the Mouths of Animals, and their Teeth answerable
+thereto. In Man, his Mouth without a deep Incisure, with
+only one canine Tooth on a side, and flat Nails, because,
+saith he, <i>Hic Natura certò sciebat, se animal mansuetum ac
+civile effingere, cui robur &amp; vires essent ex sapientiâ, non ex
+corporis fortitudine</i>. But for <i>Lions</i>, <i>Wolfs</i> and <i>Dogs</i>, and all
+such as are called Καρχαρόδοντες, (or having sharp, serrated
+Teeth) their Mouths are large, and deep cut; Teeth strong
+and sharp, and their Nails sharp, large, strong and round,
+accommodated to holding and tearing. <i>Vid.</i> <i>Galen. de Us. Part.
+l. 11. c. 9.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_269" href="#FNanchor_269" class="label">[t]</a> Among Insects the <i>Squillæ aquaticæ</i>, as they are very
+rapacious, so are accordingly provided for it: Particularly
+the <i>Squilla aquatica maxima recurva</i> (as I call it) who hath
+somewhat terrible in its very Aspect, and in its Posture in
+the Water, especially its Mouth, which is armed with long,
+sharp Hooks, with which it boldly, and greedily catcheth
+any thing in the Waters, even one’s Fingers. When they
+have seized their Prey, they will so tenaciously hold it with
+their forcipated Mouth, that they will not part therewith,
+even when they are taken out of the Waters, and jumbled
+about in one’s Hand. I have admired at their peculiar way
+of taking in their Food; which is done by piercing their
+Prey with their <i>Forcipes</i> (which are hollow) and sucking the
+Juice thereof through them.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Squilla</i> here mentioned, is the first and second in
+<i>Mouffet</i>’s <i>Theat. Insect. l. 2. c. 37.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_270" href="#FNanchor_270" class="label">[u]</a> For an Instance of Insects endued with a Spear, I
+shall, for its Peculiarity, pitch upon one of the smallest, if
+not the very smallest of all the <i>Gnat</i>-kind, which I call, <i>Culex
+minimus nigricans maculatus sanguisuga</i>. Among us in
+<i>Essex</i>, they are called <i>Nidiots</i>, by <i>Mouffet Midges</i>. It is about
+⅒ of an Inch, or somewhat more long, with short
+<i>Antennæ</i>, plain in the Female, in the Male feather’d, somewhat
+like a Bottle-Brush. It is spotted with blackish Spots,
+especially on the Wings, which extend a little beyond the
+Body. It comes from a little slender Eel-like Worm, of a
+dirty white Colour, swimming in stagnating Waters by a
+wrigling Motion; as in <i><a href="#figures">Fig. 5.</a></i></p>
+
+<p>Its <i>Aurelia</i> is small, with a black Head, little short Horns,
+a spotted, slender, rough Belly, <i>Vid.</i> <i><a href="#figures">Fig. 6.</a></i> It lies quietly
+on the top of the Water, now and then gently wagging it
+self this way and that.</p>
+
+<p>These <i>Gnats</i> are greedy Blood-Suckers, and very troublesome,
+where numerous, as they are in some Places near the
+<i>Thames</i>, particularly in the Breach-Waters that have lately
+befallen near us, in the Parish of <i>Dagenham</i>; where I found
+them so vexatious, that I was glad to get out of those Marshes.
+Yea, I have seen Horses so stung with them, that they have
+had Drops of Blood all over their Bodies, where they were
+wounded by them.</p>
+
+<p>I have given a Figure (in <i><a href="#figures">Fig. 7.</a></i>) and more particular
+Description of the <i>Gnats</i>, because, although it be common,
+it is no where taken notice of by any Author I know, except
+<i>Mouffet</i>, who, I suppose, means these <i>Gnats</i>, which he
+calls <i>Midges</i>, <i>c. 13. p. 82.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_271" href="#FNanchor_271" class="label">[w]</a> <i>Hornets</i> and <i>Wasps</i> have strong Jaws, toothed, wherewith
+they can dig into Fruits, for their Food; as also gnaw
+and scrape Wood, whole Mouthfuls of which they carry
+away to make their Combs. <i>Vid.</i> <i>infr.</i> <a href="#Footnote_349"><i>Chap. 13. Note (c).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_272" href="#FNanchor_272" class="label">[x]</a> <i>Monsieur de la Voye</i> tells of an ancient Wall of Free-Stone
+in the <i>Benedictines-Abby</i> at <i>Caen</i> in <i>Normandy</i>, so eaten
+with Worms, that one may run ones Hand into most of the
+Cavities: That these Worms are small and black, lodging in a
+greyish Shell, that they have large flattish Heads, a large
+Mouth, with four black Jaws, <i>&amp;c.</i> <i>Phil. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 18.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_273" href="#FNanchor_273" class="label">[y]</a> <i>Pro iis <span class="antiqua">[Labris]</span> cornea &amp; acuta Volucribus Rostra.
+Eadem rapto viventibus adunca: collecto, recta: herbas ruentibus
+limumque lata, ut Suum generi. Jumentis vice manûs ad
+colligenda pabula: ora apertiora laniatu viventibus.</i> Plin. Nat.
+Hist. l. 11. c. 37.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_274" href="#FNanchor_274" class="label">[z]</a> <i>Parrots</i> have their Bills nicely adapted to these Services,
+being hooked, for climbing and reaching what they
+have occasion for; and the lower Jaw being compleatly fitted
+to the Hooks of the upper, they can as minutely break their
+Food, as other Animals do with their Teeth.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_275" href="#FNanchor_275" class="label">[aa]</a> Thus in <i>Woodcocks</i>, <i>Snipes</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i> who hunt for Worms
+in moorish Ground, and, as Mr. <i>Willughby</i> saith, live also on
+the fatty unctuous Humour they suck out of the Earth. So also
+the Bills of <i>Curlews</i>, and many other Sea-Fowl, are very
+long, to enable them to hunt for the Worms, <i>&amp;c.</i> in the
+Sands on the Sea-shore, which they frequent.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_276" href="#FNanchor_276" class="label">[bb]</a> <i>Ducks</i>, <i>Geese</i>, and divers others, have such long broad
+Bills, to quaffer and hunt in Water and Mud; to which we
+may reckon the uncouth Bill of the <i>Spoon-Bill</i>: but that
+which deserves particular Observation in the Birds named in
+these two last Notes is, the Nerves going to the end of their
+Bills, enabling them to discover their Food out of Sight;
+of which see <a href="#Footnote_546"><i>Book VII. Chap. 2. Note (e).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_277" href="#FNanchor_277" class="label">[cc]</a> The <i>Picus viridis</i>, or <i>Green-Woodspite</i>, and all the
+<i>Wood-Peckers</i> have Bills, curiously made for digging Wood,
+strong, hard, and sharp. A neat Ridge runs along the top
+of the green <i>Wood-Pecker</i>’s Bill, as if an Artist had designed
+it for Strength and Neatness.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_278" href="#FNanchor_278" class="label">[dd]</a> The <i>Loxia</i>, or <i>Cross-Bill</i>, whose Bill is thick and
+strong, with the Tips crossing one another; with great Readiness
+breaks open Fir-cones, Apples, and other Fruit, to
+come at their Kernels, which are its Food, as if the crossing
+of the Bill was designed for this Service.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_279" href="#FNanchor_279" class="label">[ee]</a> The <i>Sea-Pie</i> hath a long, sharp, narrow Bill, compressed
+side-ways, and every way so well adapted to the
+raising <i>Limpets</i> from the Rocks (which are its chief, if not
+only Food) that Nature (or rather the Author of Nature)
+seems to have framed it purely for that Use.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_280" href="#FNanchor_280" class="label">[ff]</a> <i>Those animals which have Teeth on both Jaws, have
+but one Stomach; but most of those which have no upper Teeth,
+or none at all, have three Stomachs; as in Beasts, the Paunch,
+the Read, and the Feck; and in all granivorous Birds, the
+Crop, the Echinus and the Gizard. For as chewing is to an
+easie Digestion, so is swallowing whole to that which is more
+laborious.</i> Dr. <i>Grew</i>’s Cosmol. Sacr. c. 5. §. 24.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_281" href="#FNanchor_281" class="label">[gg]</a> <i>J. Peyer</i> saith, the Teeth are made of convolved
+Skins hardened; and if we view the Grinders of <i>Deer</i>, <i>Horses</i>,
+<i>Sheep</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i> we shall find great Reason to be of his Mind.
+His Observations are, <i>Mirum autem eos <span class="antiqua">(<i>i.e.</i> Dentes)</span> cùm
+primùm è pelliculis imbricatim convolutis &amp; muco viscido constarent,
+in tantam dirigescere soliditatem, quæ ossa cuncta superet.
+Idem fit etiam in Ossiculis Ceraforum, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span>——Separatione
+factâ, per membranas conditur Magma locellis, quos formant
+laminæ tenues, ac duriusculæ ad Dentis figuram anteà divinitùs
+compositæ.</i> J. Peyer Merycol. l. 2. c. 8.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_282" href="#FNanchor_282" class="label">[hh]</a> <i>Qui autem <span class="antiqua">(<i>i.e.</i> Dentes)</span> renascuntur, minimè credendi
+sunt à facultate aliquâ plasticâ Brutorum denuò formari, sed
+latentes tantummodo in conspectum producuntur augmento molis
+ex effluente succo.</i> Id. ibid.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_283" href="#FNanchor_283" class="label">[ii]</a> From these, and other like Considerations of the
+Teeth, <i>Galen</i> infers, that they must needs be the Work of
+some wise, provident <i>Being</i>; not <i>Chance</i>, nor a fortuitous
+Concourse of <i>Atoms</i>. For the Confirmation of which he
+puts the Case, That suppose the order of the Teeth should
+have been inverted, the <i>Grinders</i> set in the room of the <i>Incisors</i>,
+<i>&amp;c.</i> (which might as well have been, had not the
+Teeth been placed by a wise Agent) in this case, what Use
+would the Teeth have been of? What Confusion by such
+a slight Error in their Disposal only? Upon which he argues,
+<i>At siquis choream hominum 32</i> (the Number of the Teeth)
+<i>ordine disposuit, eum ut hominem industrium laudaremus; cùm
+verò Dentium choream Natura tam bellè exornârit, nonne ipsam
+quoque laudabimus?</i> And then he goes on with the Argument,
+from the Sockets of the Teeth, and their nice fitting
+in them, which being no less accurately done, than
+what is done by a Carpenter, or Stone-Cutter, in fitting a
+Tenon into a Mortice, doth as well infer the Art and Act of
+the wise <i>Maker</i> of Animal Bodies, as the other doth the Act
+and Art of Man. And so he goes on with other Arguments
+to the same Effect. <i>Galen. de Us. Part. l. 11. c. 8.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_284" href="#FNanchor_284" class="label">[kk]</a> A curious Account of this may be found in an <i>Extract
+of a Letter concerning the Teeth of divers Animals</i>.
+Printed at <i>Paris</i>, in <i>M. Vaugnion</i>’s Compleat Body of Chirurg.
+Oper. Chap. 53.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_285" href="#FNanchor_285" class="label">[ll]</a> As it hath been taken notice of, that various Animals
+delight in various Food; so it constantly falls out, that their
+Teeth are accordingly fitted to their Food; the rapacious to
+catching, holding and tearing their Prey; the herbaceous to
+Gathering and Comminution of Vegetables: And such as
+have no Teeth, as Birds, their Bill, Craw and Gizard, are
+assisted with Stones, to supply the defect of Teeth. But the
+most considerable Example of this Kind is in some Families
+of the Insect-Tribes, as the <i>Papilio-Kind</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i> who have
+Teeth, and are voracious, and live on tender Vegetables in
+their <i>Nympha</i>, or <i>Caterpillar-State</i>, when they can only
+creep; but in their mature <i>Papilio-State</i>, they have no Teeth,
+but a <i>Proboscis</i>, or <i>Trunk</i> to suck up Honey, <i>&amp;c.</i> their Parts
+for gathering Food, as well as their Food being changed, as
+soon as they have Wings to enable them to fly to it.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_286" href="#FNanchor_286" class="label">[mm]</a> It is remarkable in the Teeth of Fishes, that in some
+they are sharp, as also jointed, so as to fall back, the better
+to catch and hold their Prey, and to facilitate its Passage into
+the Stomach: So in others they are broad and flat, made to
+break the Shells of Snails and Shell-Fish devoured by them.
+These <i>Teeth</i>, or <i>Breakers</i>, are placed, in some, in the
+Mouth; in some, in the Throat; and in <i>Lobsters</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i> in the
+Stomach it self; in the bottom of whose Stomachs are three
+of those <i>Grinders</i>, with peculiar Muscles to move them.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_287" href="#FNanchor_287" class="label">[nn]</a> What is there in the World can be called an Act of
+Providence and Design, if this temporary Defect of Teeth
+be not such; that Children, for Instance, should have none
+whilst they are not able to use them, but to hurt themselves;
+or the Mother; and that at the very Age when they can take
+in more substantial Food, and live without the Breast, and
+begin to need Teeth, for the sake of Speech; that then, I
+say, their Teeth should begin to appear, and gradually grow,
+as they more and more stand in need of ’em.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_288" href="#FNanchor_288" class="label">[oo]</a> It would be endless to particularize here, and therefore
+I shall refer to the Anatomists; among the rest, particularly
+to <i>Galen</i>, for the sake of his Descant upon this Subject.
+For having described the great Accuracy of the Contrivance
+and Make of these Parts, he saith, <i>Haud scio an hominum
+sit sobriorum ad Fortunam opificem id revocare: alioqui
+quid tandem erit, quod cum Providentiâ atque Arte efficitur?
+Omnino enim hoc ei contrariaum esse debet, quod casu ac fortuitè
+fit.</i> Galen. de Us. Part. l. 11. c. 7. <i>ubi plura.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_289" href="#FNanchor_289" class="label">[pp]</a> <i>The Bore of the Gullet is not in all Creatures alike answerable
+to the Body or Stomach. As in the <span class="antiqua">Fox</span>, which both
+feeds on Bones, and swallows whole, or with little chewing;
+add next in a <span class="antiqua">Dog</span>, and other ossivorous Quadrupeds, ’tis very
+large, <span class="antiqua">viz.</span> to prevent a Contusion therein. Next in a <span class="antiqua">Horse</span>,
+which though he feeds on Grass, yet swallows much at once,
+and so requires a more open Passage. But in a <span class="antiqua">Sheep</span>, <span class="antiqua">Rabbit</span>,
+or <span class="antiqua">Ox</span>, which bite short, and swallow less at once, ’tis smaller.
+But in a <span class="antiqua">Squirrel</span>, still lesser, both because he eats fine, and to keep
+him from disgorging his Meat upon his descending Leaps. And
+so in <span class="antiqua">Rats</span> and <span class="antiqua">Mice</span>, which often run along Walls with their
+Heads downwards.</i> Dr. <i>Grew</i>’s Comp. Anat. of Stom. and
+Guts. <i>Chap. 5.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_290" href="#FNanchor_290" class="label">[qq]</a> Of this see Dr. <i>Willis</i>’s <i>Pharm. Rat.</i> Part 1. Sect. 1.
+c. 2. <i>Steno</i> also, and <i>Peyer Mery</i>, l. 2.</p>
+
+<p>The Description these give of the muscular Part of the
+Gullet, the late ingenious and learned Dr. <i>Drake</i> saith is very
+exact in Ruminants, but not in Men. <i>In Men, this Coat
+<span class="antiqua">(the second of the Gullet)</span> consists of two fleshy <span class="antiqua">Lamellæ</span>,
+like two distinct Muscles. The outward being compared of strait
+longitudinal Fibres.——The inner Order of Fibres is annular,
+without any observable Angles.——The Use of this Coat, and
+these Orders of Fibres is to promote Deglutition; of which the
+Longitudinal,——shorten the <span class="antiqua">Oesophagus</span>, and so make its
+Capacity larger, to admit of the Matter to be swallowed. The
+Annular, on the contrary, contract the Capacity, and closing
+behind the descending Aliment, press it downwards.</i> Drake’s
+Anat. vol. 1. l. 1. c. 9.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_291" href="#FNanchor_291" class="label">[rr]</a> See <i>Willis</i>, ibid. <i>Cowper</i>’s <i>Anat. Tab. 35.</i> and many
+other Authors.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_292" href="#FNanchor_292" class="label">[ss]</a> <i>Promptuarium autem hoc, alimentum universum excipiens,
+ceu Divinum, non Humanum sit opificium.</i> Galen. de
+Us. Part. l. 4. c. 1.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_293" href="#FNanchor_293" class="label">[tt]</a> <i>How great a Comprehension of the Nature of Things,
+did it require, to make a <span class="antiqua">Menstruum</span>, that should corrode all
+sorts of Flesh coming into the Stomach, and yet not the Stomach
+it self, which is also Flesh?</i> Dr. <i>Grew</i>’s Cosmol. Sacr. c. 4.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_294" href="#FNanchor_294" class="label">[uu]</a> The Food of the <i>Castor</i> being oftentimes, if not always,
+dry Things, and hard of Digestion, such as the Roots
+and Bark of Trees, ’tis a wonderful Provision made in that
+Creature’s Stomach, by the digestive Juice lodged in the curious
+little Cells there. A Description of whose admirable
+Structure and Order may be found in <i>Blasius</i> from <i>Wepser</i>;
+concerning which he saith, <i>In quibus Mucus reconditus, non
+secus ac Mel in Favis.——Nimiram quia Castoris alimentum
+exsuccum, &amp; coctu difficillimum est, sapientissimus &amp; summè
+admirandus in suis operibus rerum Conditor, D. O. M. ipsi
+pulcherrimâ istâ &amp; affabrè factâ structurâ benignissimè prospexit,
+ut nunquam deesset Fermentum, quod ad solvendum, &amp; comminuendum
+alimentum durum &amp; asperum par foret.</i> Vid.
+Blas. Anat. Animal. c. 10. <i>Confer etiam Act. Erud. Lips.</i> Ann.
+1684. p. 360.</p>
+
+<p>Most of our modern Anatomists and Physicians attribute
+Digestion to a dissolving <i>Menstruum</i>; but Dr. <i>Drake</i> takes it
+to be rather from fermentative, dissolving Principles in the
+Aliment it self, with the Concurrence of the Air and Heat
+of the Body; as in Dr. <i>Papin</i>’s <i>Digester</i>. <i>Vid.</i> <i>Dr. Anat. vol. 1.
+c. 14.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_295" href="#FNanchor_295" class="label">[ww]</a> <i>All carnivorous Quadrupeds have the smallest Ventricles,
+Flesh going farthest. Those that feed on Fruits, and Roots,
+have them of a middle Size. Yet the <span class="antiqua">Mole</span>, because it feeds unclean,
+hath a very great one. <span class="antiqua">Sheep</span> and <span class="antiqua">Oxen</span>, which feed on
+Grass, have the greatest. Yet the <span class="antiqua">Horse</span> (and for the same
+Reason the <span class="antiqua">Coney</span> and <span class="antiqua">Hare</span>) though Graminivorous, yet comparatively
+have but little ones. For that a <span class="antiqua">Horse</span> is made for
+Labour, and both this, and the <span class="antiqua">Hare</span>, for quick and continued
+Motion; for which, the most easie Respiration, and so the freest
+Motion of the Diaphragme is very requisite; which yet could
+not be, should the Stomach lie big and cumbersome upon it, as in
+<span class="antiqua">Sheep</span> and <span class="antiqua">Oxen</span> it doth</i>, Grew, ib. Chap. 6.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_296" href="#FNanchor_296" class="label">[xx]</a> The <i>Dromedary</i> hath four Stomachs, one whereof is
+peculiarly endowed with about twenty Cavities, like Sacks,
+in all Probability for the holding of Water. Concerning
+which, see <a href="#Footnote_510"><i>Book VI. Chap. 4. Note (a).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_297" href="#FNanchor_297" class="label">[yy]</a> To assist in which Office, they swallow small angular
+Stones, which are to be met with in the Gizards of all granivorous
+Birds; but in the Gizard of the <i>Iynx</i>, or <i>Wryneck</i>,
+which was full only of <i>Ants</i>, I found not one Stone. So in
+that of the <i>Green Wood-Pecker</i> (full of <i>Ants</i> and <i>Tree-maggots</i>)
+there were but few Stones.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_298" href="#FNanchor_298" class="label">[zz]</a> <i>In most carnivorous Birds, the third Ventricle is Membranous;
+where the Meat is concocted, as in a Man: Or somewhat
+Tendinous, as in an <span class="antiqua">Owl</span>; as if it were made indifferently
+for Flesh, or other Meat, as he could meet with either. Or
+most thick and tendinous, called the Gizard; wherein the
+Meat, as in a Mill, is ground to Pieces.</i> Grew, <i>ubi supra</i>,
+Chap. 9.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_299" href="#FNanchor_299" class="label">[aaa]</a> It would be much too long a Task to insist upon it
+here as it deserves, and therefore concerning the whole Business
+of Rumination, I shall refer to <i>J. Conr. Peyeri Merycolog.
+seu de Ruminantibus &amp; Ruminatione Commentar.</i> where
+he largely treateth of the several Ruminating Animals, of
+the Parts ministring to this Act, and the great Use and Benefit
+thereof unto them.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_300" href="#FNanchor_300" class="label">[bbb]</a> There are too many Particulars to be insisted on, observable
+in the Passages of the <i>Chyle</i>, from the Guts to the
+<i>Left Subclavian Vein</i>, where it enters into the Blood; and
+therefore I shall only, for a Sample of this admirable Oeconomy,
+take notice of some of the main and more general
+Matters. And,</p>
+
+<p>1. After the Food is become Chyle, and gotten into the
+Guts, it is an excellent Provision made, not only for its Passage
+through the Guts, but also for its Protrusion into the
+<i>Lacteals</i>, by the <i>Peristaltick</i> Motion and <i>Valvulæ conniventes</i>
+of the Guts. 2. It is an admirable Provision, that the
+Mouths of the <i>Lacteals</i>, and indeed the <i>Lacteals primi generis</i>
+themselves are small and fine, not wider than the <i>Capillary
+Arteries</i> are, lest by admitting Particles of the Nourishment
+grosser than the <i>Capillaries</i>, dangerous Obstructions
+might be thereby produced. 3. After the Reception of the
+Aliment into the <i>Lacteals primi generis</i>, it is a noble Provision
+for the Advancement of its Motion, that in the <i>Mesenterick
+Glands</i>, it meets with some of the <i>Lymphæ-Ducts</i>, and
+receives the Impregnations of the <i>Lympha</i>. And passing on
+from thence, it is no less Advantage. 4. That the <i>Lacteals</i>,
+and <i>Lymphæ-Ducts</i> meet in the <i>Receptaculum Chyli</i>, where
+the Aliment meeting with more of the <i>Lympha</i>, is made of
+a due Consistence, and Temperament, for its farther Advancement
+through the <i>Thoracick Duct</i>, and so into the <i>Left Subclavian
+Vein</i> and Blood. Lastly, This <i>Thoracick Duct</i> it self
+is a Part of great Consideration. For (as Mr. <i>Cowper</i> saith)
+<i>If we consider in this Duct its several Divisions and Inosculations,
+its numerous Valves looking from below upwards, its advantagious
+Situation between the great Artery and <span class="antiqua">Vertebræ</span>
+of the Back, together with the Ducts discharging their refluent
+<span class="antiqua">Lympha</span> from the Lungs, and other neighbouring Parts, we
+shall find all conduce to demonstrate the utmost Art of Nature
+used in furthering the steep and perpendicular Ascent of the
+Chyle.</i> Anat. Introduct.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_301" href="#FNanchor_301" class="label">[ccc]</a> These, although noble Contrivances and Works of
+God, are too many to be insisted on, and therefore I shall
+refer to the Anatomists, particularly Dr. <i>Willis</i> <i>Pharmaceut.</i>
+Dr. <i>Cole</i>, in <i>Phil. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 125. and Mr. <i>Cowper</i>’s elegant
+Cuts in <i>Anat. Tab.</i> 34, 35. and <i>Append. Fig.</i> 39, 40.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_302" href="#FNanchor_302" class="label">[ddd]</a> In the <i>Thornback</i>, and some other Fishes, it is a very
+curious Provision that is made to supply the Paucity and
+Brevity of the Guts; by the Perforation of their single Gut, going
+not strait along, but round like a Pair of Winding Stairs; so
+that their Gut, which seems to be but a few Inches long,
+hath really a Bore of many Inches. But of these, and many
+other noble Curiosities and Discoveries in Anatomy, the
+Reader will, I hope, have a better and larger Account from
+the curious and ingenious Dr. <i>Dowglas</i>, who is labouring in
+those Matters.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_303" href="#FNanchor_303" class="label">[eee]</a> <i>Quibus bestiis erat is cibus, ut alius generis bestiis vescerentur,
+aut vires natura dedit, aut celeritatem: data est quibusdam
+etiam machinatio quædam, atque solertia, &amp;c.</i> Cic. de
+Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 48.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_304" href="#FNanchor_304" class="label">[fff]</a> Among Reptiles that have a strange Faculty to shift
+for Food, <i>&amp;c.</i> may be reckoned <i>Eels</i>, which, although belonging
+to the Waters, can creep on the Land from Pond to
+Pond, <i>&amp;c.</i> Mr. <i>Mosely</i> of <i>Mosely</i>, saw them creep over the
+Meadows, like so many Snakes from Ditch to Ditch; which
+he thought, was not only for bettering their Habitation, but
+also to catch Snails in the Grass. <i>Plot</i>’s <i>Hist. of Staffordshire</i>,
+c. 7. §. 32.</p>
+
+<p>And as early as the Year 1125, the Frost was so very intense,
+that the <i>Eels</i> were forced to leave the Waters, and
+were frozen to Death in the Meadows. <i>Vid.</i> <i>Hakewill</i>’s <i>Apol</i>.
+<i>l. 2. Chap. 7. S. 2.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_305" href="#FNanchor_305" class="label">[ggg]</a> <i>Enumerare possum, ad pastum capessendum conficiendúmque,
+quæ sit in figuris animantium &amp; quam solers, subtilisque
+descriptio partium, quámque admirabilis fabrica membrorum.
+Omnia enim quæ intus inclusa sunt, ita nata, atque ita
+locata sunt, ut nihil eorum supervacaneum sit, nihil ad vitam retinendam
+non necessarium. Dedit autem eadem Natura belluis
+&amp; sensum, &amp; appetitum, ut altero conatum haberent ad
+naturales pastus capessendos; altero secernerent pestifera à salutaribus.</i>
+Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 37. See <a href="#BOOK_IV_CHAP_IV"><i>Book IV. Chap. 4.</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_306" href="#FNanchor_306" class="label">[hhh]</a> It would be endless to give Instances of my own and
+others Observations of the prodigious Sagacity of divers Animals
+in Hunting, particularly Hounds, Setting-Dogs, <i>&amp;c.</i> one
+therefore shall suffice of Mr. <i>Boyl</i>’s, viz. <i>A Person of Quality——to
+make a Trial, whether a young Blood-Hound was
+well instructed,——caused one of his Servants——to walk to
+a Town four Miles off, and then to a Market-Town three Miles
+from thence.——The Dog, without seeing the Man he was to
+pursue, followed him by the Scent to the abovementioned Places,
+notwithstanding the Multitude of Market-People that went along
+in the same Way, and of Travellers that had occasion to cross it.
+And when the Blood-Hound came to the chief Market-Town, he
+passed through the Streets, without taking notice of any of the
+People there, and left not till he had gone to the House, where
+the Man he sought rested himself, and found him in an upper
+Room, to the wonder of those that followed him.</i> Boyl. Determ.
+Nat. of Effluv. Chap. 4.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_307" href="#FNanchor_307" class="label">[iii]</a> There are many Stories told of the Craft of the <i>Fox</i>,
+to compass his Prey; of which <i>Ol. Magnus</i> hath many such,
+as, feigning the barking of a <i>Dog</i>, to catch Prey near Houses;
+feigning himself dead, to catch such Animals as come to
+feed upon him; laying his Tail on a Wasp-Nest, and then
+rubbing it hard against a Tree, and then eating the <i>Wasps</i>
+so killed: Ridding himself of <i>Fleas</i>, by gradually going into
+Water, with a Lock of Wool in his Mouth, and so driving
+the <i>Fleas</i> up into it, and then leaving it in the Water;
+By catching <i>Crab</i>-Fish with his Tail, which he saith he himself
+was an Eye-Witness of; <i>Vidi &amp; ego in Scopulis Norvegia
+Vulpem, inter rupes immissâ caudâ in aquas, plures educere
+Cancros, ac demum devorare.</i> Ol. Mag. Hist. l. 18. c. 39, 40.
+But <i>Pliny</i>’s fabulous Story of the <i>Hyæna</i> out-does these
+Relations of the <i>Fox</i>, <i>Sermonem humanum inter pastorum stabula
+assimulare, nomenque alicujus addiscere, quem evocatum
+foràs laceret. Item Vomitionem hominis imitari ad sollicitandos
+Canes quos invadat.</i> Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 8. c. 30.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_308" href="#FNanchor_308" class="label">[kkk]</a> This do <i>Ducks</i>, <i>Woodcocks</i>, and many other Fowls,
+which seek their Food in dirty, moorish Places. For which
+Service they have very remarkable Nerves reaching to the
+end of their Bills. Of which see <a href="#Footnote_546"><i>Book VII. Chap. 2. Note (e).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_309" href="#FNanchor_309" class="label">[lll]</a> <i>Swine</i>, and other Animals that dig, have their Noses
+made more tendinous, callous, and strong for this Service,
+than others that do not dig. They are also edged with a proper,
+tough Border, for penetrating and lifting up the Earth;
+and their Nostrils are placed well, and their Smell is very accurate,
+to discover whatsoever they pursue by digging.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_310" href="#FNanchor_310" class="label">[mmm]</a> The <i>Mole</i>, as its Habitation is different from that
+of other Animals, so hath its Organs in every respect curiously
+adapted to that way of Life; particularly its Nose made
+sharp, and slender, but withal tendinous and strong, <i>&amp;c.</i> But
+what is very remarkable, it hath such Nerves reaching to the
+end of its Nose and Lips, as <i>Ducks</i>, <i>&amp;c</i>. have, mentioned
+above in <a href="#Footnote_308"><i>Note (kkk).</i></a> Which Pair of Nerves I observed to be
+much larger in this Animal than any other Nerves proceeding
+out of its Brain.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_311" href="#FNanchor_311" class="label">[nnn]</a> Predacious Creatures, as <i>Wolfs</i>, <i>Foxes</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i> will discover
+Prey at great Distances; so will <i>Dogs</i> and <i>Ravens</i> discover
+Carrion a great way off by their Smell. And if (as
+the Superstitious imagine) the latter flying over and haunting
+Houses be a sign of Death, it is no doubt from some cadaverous
+Smell, those Ravens discover in the Air by their
+accurate Smell, which is emitted from those diseased Bodies,
+which have in them the Principles of a speedy Death.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_312" href="#FNanchor_312" class="label">[ooo]</a> Thus <i>Hawks</i> and <i>Kites</i> on Land, and <i>Gulls</i> and other
+Birds that prey upon the Waters, can at a great Height in
+the Air see <i>Mice</i>, little Birds and Insects on the Earth, and
+small Fishes, <i>Shrimps</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i> in the Waters, which they will
+dart down upon, and take.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_313" href="#FNanchor_313" class="label">[ppp]</a> Mr. Ray gives a good Account of the Nidification of
+the <i>Chrysaëtos caudâ annulo albo cinctâ. Hujus Nidus Ann.
+1668. in sylvosis prope Derwentiam, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> inventus est è bacillis
+seu virgis ligneis grandioribus compositus, quorum altera extremitas
+rupis cujusdam eminentiæ, altera duabus Betulis innitebatur,—Erat
+Nidus quadratus, duas ulnas latus.—In eo pullus
+unicus, adjacentibus cadaveribus unius agni, unius leporis, &amp;
+trium Grygallorum pullorum.</i> Synops. Method. Avium, p. 6.
+And not only <i>Lambs</i>, <i>Hares</i>, and <i>Grygalli</i>, but Sir <i>Robert
+Sibbald</i> tells us, they will seize <i>Kids</i> and <i>Fawns</i>, yea, and
+Children too: Of which he hath this Story of an <i>Eagle</i> in
+one of the <i>Orcades</i> Islands, <i>Quæ Infantulum unius anni pannis
+involutum arripuit (quem Mater tessellas ustibiles pro igne
+allatura momento temporis deposuerat in loco <span class="antiqua">Houton-Hed</span> dicto)
+cumque deportâsse per 4 milliaria passuum ad <span class="antiqua">Hoiam</span>; quâ re ex
+matris ejulatibus cognitâ, quatuor viri illuc in naviculâ profecti
+sunt, &amp; scientes ubi Nidus esset, infantulum illæsum &amp; intactum
+deprehenderunt.</i> Prod. Nat. Hist. Scot. l. 3. p. 2. p. 14.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_314" href="#FNanchor_314" class="label">[qqq]</a> See in <a href="#Footnote_538"><i>Book VII. Chap. 1. Note (l).</i></a> the Characteristicks
+of the <i>Wood-Pecker-kind</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_315" href="#FNanchor_315" class="label">[rrr]</a> <i>The Contrivance of the Legs, Feet and Nails [of the
+<span class="antiqua">Opossum]</span> seems very advantagious to this Animal in climbing
+Trees (which it doth very nimbly) for preying upon Birds.</i> But
+that which is most singular in this Animal, is the Structure of
+its Tail, to enable it to hang on Boughs. <i>The Spines, or
+Hooks——in the middle of the under side of the <span class="antiqua">Vertebræ</span> of
+the Tail; are a wonderful Piece of Nature’s Mechanism. The
+first three <span class="antiqua">Vertebræ</span> had none of these Spines, but in all the rest
+they were to be observed.——They were placed just at the
+Articulation of each Joynt, and in the middle from the Sides.——For
+the performing this Office <span class="antiqua">[of hanging by the Tail]</span> nothing,
+I think, could be more advantagiously contrived. For when the
+Tail is twirled or wound about a Stick, this Hook of the <span class="antiqua">Spinæ</span>
+easily sustains the Weight, and there is but little labour of the
+Muscles required, only enough for bowing or crooking the Tail.</i>
+This, and more to the same purpose, see in Dr. <i>Tyson</i>’s <i>Anat.</i>
+of the <i>Oposs.</i> in <i>Phil. Trans.</i> No. 239.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_316" href="#FNanchor_316" class="label">[sss]</a> See before <a href="#Footnote_141"><i>Chap. 2. Note (z), (aa), (bb).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_317" href="#FNanchor_317" class="label">[ttt]</a> <i>Quid dicam quantus amor bestiarum sit in educandis
+custodiendisque iis, qua procreaverint, usque ad eum finem, dum
+possint seipsa defendere?</i> And having instanced in some Animals,
+where this Care is not necessary, and accordingly is
+not employed, he goes on, <i>Jam Gallinæ, avesque reliquæ,
+&amp; quietum requirunt ad pariendum locum, &amp; cubilia sibi, nidosque
+construunt, eosque quàm possunt mollissimè substernunt,
+ut quàm facillime ova serventur. Ex quibus pullos cùm excluserint,
+ita tuentur, ut &amp; pennis foveant, ne frigore lædantur,
+&amp; si est calor, à sole se opponant.</i> Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2.
+c. 51, 52.</p>
+
+<p>To this natural Care of Parent-Animals to their young,
+we may add the Returns made by the young of some towards
+the old ones. <i>Pliny</i> saith of <i>Rats</i>, <i>Genitores suos fesses senectâ,
+alunt insigni pietate.</i> Nat. Hist. l. 8. c. 57. So <i>Cranes</i>,
+he saith, <i>Genitricum senectam invicem educant.</i> L. 10. c. 23.</p>
+
+<p>This St. <i>Ambrose</i> takes Notice of in his <i>Hexameron</i>, and
+<i>Ol. Magnus</i> after him, <i>Depositi patris artus, per longævum senectutis
+plumis nudatos circumstans soboles pennis propriis fovet,——collatitio
+cibo pascit, quando etiam ipsa naturæ reparat
+dispendia, ut hinc inde senem sublevantes, fulcro alarum suarum
+ad volandum exerceant, &amp; in pristinos usus desueta membra
+reducant.</i> For which Reason this Bird is denominated <i>Pia.
+Vid. Ol. Mag. Hist. l. 19. c. 14.</i></p>
+
+<p>Hereto may be added also the conjugal Στοργὴ of the little
+green <i>Æthiopian Parrot</i>, which Mr. <i>Ray</i> describes from
+<i>Clusius</i>. <i>Fœmellea senescentes (quod valdè notabile) vix edere
+volebant, nisi cibum jam à mare carptum, &amp; aliquandiu in prolobo
+retentum, &amp; quasi coctum rostro suo exciperent, ut Columbarum
+pulli à matre ali solent.</i> Synops. Meth. Av. p. 32.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_318" href="#FNanchor_318" class="label">[uuu]</a> The most timid Animals, that at other Times abscond,
+or hastily fly from the Face of Man, Dogs, <i>&amp;c.</i> will,
+for the sake of their young, expose themselves. Thus among
+Fowls, <i>Hens</i> will assault, instead of fly from such as meddle
+with their Brood. So <i>Partridges</i>, before their young
+can fly, will drop frequently down, first at lesser, and then
+at greater Distances, to dodge and draw off Dogs from pursuing
+their young.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_319" href="#FNanchor_319" class="label">[www]</a> The <i>Opossum</i> hath a curious Bag on purpose for the
+securing and carrying about her young. There are belonging
+to this Bag two Bones (not to be met with in any other
+Skeleton) and four Pair of Muscles; and some say Teats
+lie therein also. Dr. <i>Tyson</i>, <i>Anat.</i> of the <i>Oposs.</i> in <i>Phil.
+Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 239. where he also, from <i>Oppian</i>, mentions the
+<i>Dog-Fish</i>, that upon any Storm or Danger, receives the
+young Ones into her Belly, which come out again when the
+Fright is over. So also the <i>Squatina</i> and <i>Glaucus</i>, the same
+Author saith, have the same Care for their young, but receive
+them into different Receptacles.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_320" href="#FNanchor_320" class="label">[xxx]</a> See <a href="#BOOK_VIII_CHAP_VI"><i>Book VIII. Chap. 6.</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_321" href="#FNanchor_321" class="label">[yyy]</a> See <a href="#Footnote_349"><i>Chap. 13. Note (c).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_322" href="#FNanchor_322" class="label">[zzz]</a> There is manifestly a superintending Providence in
+this Case, that some Animals are able to suck as soon as ever
+they are born, and that they will naturally hunt for the
+Teat before they are quite gotten out of the Secundines, and
+parted from the Navel-String, as I have seen. But for <i>Chickens</i>,
+and other young Birds, they not being able immediately
+to pick till they are stronger, have a notable Provision made
+for such a Time, by a part of the Yolk of the Egg being
+inclosed in their Belly, a little before their Exclusion or
+Hatching, which serves for their Nourishment, till they are
+grown strong enough to pick up Meat. <i>Vid.</i> <a href="#Footnote_557"><i>Book VII. Chap. 4.
+Note (a).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_323" href="#FNanchor_323" class="label">[aaaa]</a> <i>Qui <span class="antiqua">[Infantes]</span> de ope nostrâ ac de divinâ misericordia
+plus merentur, qui in primo statim nativitatis sua ortu plorantes
+ac stentes, nil aliud faciunt quam deprecantur.</i> Cypr.
+Ep. ad Fid.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_324" href="#FNanchor_324" class="label">[bbbb]</a> I might name here some of the Species of Birds,
+the whole Tribe almost of Insects, and some among other
+Tribes, that are able to subsist for many Months without
+Food, and some without Respiration too, or very little;
+But it may suffice to instance only in the <i>Land-Tortoise</i>, of
+the Structure of whose Heart and Lungs: See <a href="#Footnote_513"><i>Book VI. Chap. 5.
+Note (b).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_325" href="#FNanchor_325" class="label">[cccc]</a> <i>Inediam diutissimè tolerat Lupus, ut &amp; alia omnia carnivora,
+licèt voracissima; magnâ utique naturæ providentiâ;
+quoniam esca non semper in promptu est.</i> <i><span class="antiqua">Ray</span>’s</i> Synops. Quadr.
+p. 174.</p>
+
+<p>To the long Abstinence mentioned of Brute-Animals, I
+hope the Reader will excuse me if I add one or two Instances
+of extraordinary Abstinence among Men. One <i>Martha Taylor</i>,
+born in <i>Derbyshire</i>, by a Blow on the Back fell into such
+a Prostration of Appetite, that she took little Sustenance,
+but some Drops with a Feather, from <i>Christmas 1667.</i> for
+thirteen Months, and slept but little too all the Time. See Dr.
+<i>Sampson</i>’s Account thereof in <i>Ephem. Germ. T. 3. Obs. 173.</i></p>
+
+<p>To this we may add the Case of <i>S. Chilton</i>, of <i>Tinsbury</i>,
+near <i>Bath</i>, who in the Years 1693, 1696, and 97, slept divers
+Weeks together. And although he would sometimes,
+in a very odd manner, take Sustenance, yet would lie a long
+Time without any, or with very little, and all without any
+considerable Decay. See <i>Phil. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 304.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_326" href="#FNanchor_326" class="label">[dddd]</a> They are admirable Instincts which the <i>Sieur de
+Beauplan</i> relates of his own Knowledge, of the little Animals
+called <i>Bohaques</i> in <i>Ukraine</i>. <i>They make Burroughs like <span class="antiqua">Rabbets</span>,
+and in <span class="antiqua">October</span> shut themselves up, and do not come out
+again till <span class="antiqua">April</span>.——They spend all the Winter under Ground,
+eating what they laid up in Summer.——Those that are lazy
+among them, they lay on their Backs, then lay a great handful
+of dry Herbage upon their Bodies, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> then others drag those
+Drones to the Mouths of their Burroughs, and so those Creatures
+serve instead of Barrows, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> I have often seen them
+practise this, and have had the Curiosity to observe them whole
+Days together.——Their Holes are parted like Chambers; some
+serve for Store-Houses, others for Burying-Places, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> Their
+Government is nothing inferior to that of <span class="antiqua">Bees</span>, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> They never
+go abroad without posting a Centinel upon some high Ground, to
+give notice to the others whilst they are feeding. As soon as
+the Centinel sees any Body, it stands upon his Hind-Legs and
+whistles.</i> Beauplan’s <i>Description of <span class="antiqua">Ukraine</span></i>, <i>in</i> Vol. I. <i>of the</i>
+Collection of Voyages, <i>&amp;c.</i></p>
+
+<p>A like Instance of the Northern <i>Galli Sylvestres</i>, see in
+<a href="#Footnote_353"><i>Chap. 13. Note (g).</i></a></p>
+
+<p>As for the Scriptural Instance of the <i>Ant</i>, see hereafter
+<a href="#Footnote_591"><i>Book VIII. Chap. 5. Note (d).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_327" href="#FNanchor_327" class="label">[eeee]</a> I have in <i>Autumn</i>, not without Pleasure observed,
+not only the great Sagacity and Diligence of <i>Swine</i>, in hunting
+out the Stores of the <i>Field-Mice</i>; but the wonderful Precaution
+also of those little Animals, in hiding their Food beforehand
+against Winter. In the Time of Acorns falling, I
+have, by means of the <i>Hogs</i>, discovered, that the Mice had,
+all over the neighbouring fields, treasured up single Acorns
+in little Holes they had scratched, and in which they had
+carefully covered up the Acorn. These the <i>Hogs</i> would,
+Day after Day, hunt out by their Smell.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_IV_CHAP_XII">CHAP. XII.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the Cloathing of Animals.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Having in the foregoing Chapter somewhat
+largely taken a view of the Infinite Creator’s
+Wisdom and Goodness towards his Creatures,
+in ordering their Food, I shall be more brief in this
+Chapters in my View of their <i>Cloathing</i><a id="FNanchor_328" href="#Footnote_328" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>; another<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_215"></a>[215]</span>
+necessary Appendage of Life, and in which
+we have plain Tokens of the Creator’s Art, manifested
+in these two Particulars; the <i>Suitableness of
+Animals Cloathing to their Place and Occasions</i>; and
+the <i>Garniture and Beauty thereof</i>.</p>
+
+<p>I. The Cloathing of Animals is suited to their
+Place of Abode, and Occasions there; a manifest
+Act of Design and Skill. For if there was a Possibility,
+that Animals could have been accoutred
+any other Way, than by God that made them, it
+must needs have come to pass, that their Cloathing
+would have been at all Adventures, or all made the
+same Mode and Way, or some of it, at least, inconvenient
+and unsuitable. But on the contrary,
+we find all is curious and compleat, nothing too
+much, nothing too little, nothing bungling, nothing
+but what will bear the Scrutiny of the most
+exquisite Artist; yea, and so far out-do his best
+Skill, that his most exquisite Imitations, even of
+the meanest Hair, Feather, Scale, or Shell, will be
+found only as so many ugly, ill-made Blunders and
+Botches, when strictly brought to the Test of good
+Glasses. But we shall find an Example remarkable
+enough in the present Case, if we only compare the
+best of Cloathing which Man makes for himself,
+with that given by the Creator for the Covering of
+the irrational Creatures. Of which it may be said,
+as our <i>Saviour</i> doth of the Flowers of the Field,
+<i>Mat</i>. vi. 29. <i>That even Solomon, in all his Glory, was
+not arrayed like one of these.</i></p>
+
+<p>But let us come to Particulars, and consider the
+Suitableness of the different Method the Creator
+hath taken in the Cloathing of Man, and of the
+irrational Animals. This <i>Pliny</i><a id="FNanchor_329" href="#Footnote_329" class="fnanchor">[b]</a> pathetically laments,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_216"></a>[216]</span>
+and says, <i>It is hard to judge, whether Nature
+hath been a kinder Parent, or more cruel Step-Mother
+to Man.</i> For, says he, <i>Of all Creatures, he
+alone is covered with other’s Riches, whereas Nature
+hath given various Cloathing to other Animals, Shells,
+Hides, Prickles, Shag, Bristles, Hair, Down, Quills,
+Scales, Fleeces; and Trees she hath fenced with a Bark
+or two against the Injuries of Cold and Heat. Only
+poor naked Man</i>, says he, <i>is in the Day of his Birth
+cast into the wide World, to immediate crying and
+squalling; and none of all Creatures besides, so soon to
+Tears in the very beginning of their Life.</i></p>
+
+<p>But here we have a manifest Demonstration of
+the Care and Wisdom of God towards his Creatures;
+that such should come into the World with
+their Bodies ready furnished and accommodated,
+who had neither Reason nor Forecast to contrive,
+nor Parts adapted to the Artifices and Workmanship
+of Cloathing; but for Man, he being endowed
+with the transcending Faculty of Reason, and
+thereby made able to help himself, by having<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_217"></a>[217]</span>
+Thoughts to contrive, and withal Hands to effect,
+and sufficient Materials<a id="FNanchor_330" href="#Footnote_330" class="fnanchor">[c]</a> afforded him from the
+Skins and Fleeces of Animals, and from various
+Trees and Plants: Man, I say, having all this
+Provision made for him, therefore the Creator<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_218"></a>[218]</span>
+hath wisely made him naked, and left him to shift
+for himself, being so well able to help himself.</p>
+
+<p>And a notable Act this is of the Wisdom of God,
+not only as the more setting forth his Care and
+Kindness to them that most needed his Help, the
+helpless irrational Animals, and in his not over-doing
+his Work; but also as it is most agreeable to
+the Nature and State of Man<a id="FNanchor_331" href="#Footnote_331" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>, both on natural
+and political Accounts. That Man should cloath
+himself is most agreeable to his Nature, particularly<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_219"></a>[219]</span>
+(among other Things,) as being most salutary, and
+most suitable to his Affairs. For by this Means,
+Man can adapt his Cloathing to all Seasons, to all
+Climates, to this, or to any Business. He can hereby
+keep himself sweet and clean, fence off many
+Injuries; but above all, by this Method of Cloathing,
+with the natural Texture of his Skin adapted
+to it, it is that grand Means of Health, namely,
+<i>insensible Perspiration</i><a id="FNanchor_332" href="#Footnote_332" class="fnanchor">[e]</a> is perform’d, at least greatly
+promoted, without which an human Body would
+be soon over-run with Disease.</p>
+
+<p>In the next Place, there are good political Reasons
+for Man’s cloathing himself, inasmuch as his
+Industry is hereby employ’d in the Exercises of his
+Art and Ingenuity; his Diligence and Care are
+exerted in keeping himself sweet, cleanly, and
+neat; many Callings and Ways of Life arise from
+thence, and, (to name no more,) the Ranks and
+Degrees of Men are hereby in some Measure render’d
+visible to others, in the several Nations of
+the Earth.</p>
+
+<p>Thus it is manifestly best for Man that he should
+cloath himself.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_220"></a>[220]</span></p>
+
+<p>But for the poor shiftless Irrationals, it is a
+prodigious Act of the great Creator’s Indulgence,
+that they are all ready furnished with such Cloathing,
+as is proper to their Place and Business<a id="FNanchor_333" href="#Footnote_333" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>.
+Some covered with Hair<a id="FNanchor_334" href="#Footnote_334" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>, some with<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_221"></a>[221]</span>
+Feathers<a id="FNanchor_335" href="#Footnote_335" class="fnanchor">[h]</a>, some with Scales, some with Shells<a id="FNanchor_336" href="#Footnote_336" class="fnanchor">[i]</a>,
+some only Skin, and some with firm and stout Armature;
+all nicely accommodated to the Element
+in which the Creature liveth, and its occasions
+there<a id="FNanchor_337" href="#Footnote_337" class="fnanchor">[k]</a>. To <i>Quadrupeds</i> Hair is a commodious
+Cloathing; which, together with the apt Texture
+of their Skin, fitteth them for all Weathers,
+to lie on the Ground, and to do the Offices of
+Man; and the thick and warm Furs and Fleeces of
+others, are not only a good Defensative against the
+Cold and Wet; but also a soft Bed to repose
+themselves in; and to many of them, a comfortable
+covering, to nurse and cherish their tender Young.</p>
+
+<p>And as Hair to Quadrupeds; so Feathers are as
+commodious a Dress to such as fly in the Air, to
+Birds, and some Insects; not only a good Guard
+against Wet and Cold, and a comfortable Covering<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_222"></a>[222]</span>
+to such as hatch and brood their Young; but
+also most commodious for their Flight. To which
+purpose they are nicely and neatly placed every
+where on the Body, to give them an easie Passage
+through the Air<a id="FNanchor_338" href="#Footnote_338" class="fnanchor">[l]</a>, and to assist in the wafting
+their Body through that thin Medium. For which
+Service, how curious is their Texture for Lightness,
+and withal for Strength? Hollow and thin
+for Lightness, but withal, context and firm for
+Strength. And where ’tis necessary they should
+be filled, what a light and strong medullary Substance
+is it they are filled with? By which curious
+Contrivances, even the very heaviest Parts made for
+Strength, are so far from being a Load to the Body,
+that they rather assist in making it light and buoyant,
+and capacitate it for Flight. But for the Vanes,
+the lightest part of the Feather, how curiously are
+they wrought with capillary Filaments, neatly interwoven
+together<a id="FNanchor_339" href="#Footnote_339" class="fnanchor">[m]</a>, whereby they are not only
+light, but also sufficiently close and strong, to keep
+the Body warm, and guard it against the Injuries of
+Weather, and withal, to impower the Wings, like
+so many Sails, to make strong Impulses upon the
+Air in their Flight<a id="FNanchor_340" href="#Footnote_340" class="fnanchor">[n]</a>. Thus curious, thus artificial,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_223"></a>[223]</span>
+thus commodious is the Cloathing of Beasts
+and Birds: Concerning which, more in proper Place.</p>
+
+<p>And no less might I shew that of Reptiles and
+Fishes<a id="FNanchor_341" href="#Footnote_341" class="fnanchor">[o]</a> to be, if it was convenient to enlarge upon
+this Branch of the Creator’s Works. How well
+adapted are the <i>Annuli</i> of some Reptiles, and the
+Contortions of the Skin of others, not only to fence
+the Body sufficiently against outward Injuries; but
+to enable them to creep, to perforate the Earth<a id="FNanchor_342" href="#Footnote_342" class="fnanchor">[p]</a>,
+and in a word, to perform all the Offices of their
+Reptile State, much better than any other Tegument
+of the Body would do? And the same might
+be said of the Covering of the Inhabitants of the
+Waters, particularly the Shells of some, which are
+a strong Guard to the tender Body that is within,
+and consistent enough with their slower Motion;
+and the Scales and Skins of others, affording them
+an easie and swift Passage through the Waters. But<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_224"></a>[224]</span>
+it may be sufficient to give only a Hint of these
+Things, which more properly belong to another
+Place.</p>
+
+<p>Thus hath the indulgent Creator furnish’d the
+whole animal World with convenient, suitable
+Cloathing.</p>
+
+<p>II. Let us in the next Place take a short View
+of the <i>Garniture</i><a id="FNanchor_343" href="#Footnote_343" class="fnanchor">[q]</a>, and <i>Beauty</i> thereof. And here
+we shall thus far, at least, descry it to be beautiful;
+that it is compleat and workman-like. Even
+the Cloathing of the most sordid Animals, those
+that are the least beautified with Colours, or rather
+whose Cloathing may regrate the Eye<a id="FNanchor_344" href="#Footnote_344" class="fnanchor">[r]</a>;
+yet when we come strictly to view them, and seriously
+consider the nice Mechanism of one Part,
+the admirable Texture of another, and the exact
+Symmetry of the Whole; we discern such Strokes
+of inimitable Skill, such incomparable Curiosity,
+that we may say with <i>Solomon</i>, Eccl. iii. 11. [God]
+<i>hath made every Thing beautiful in his Time</i>.</p>
+
+<p>But for a farther Demonstration, of the super-eminent
+Dexterity of his almighty Hand, he hath
+been pleas’d, as it were on Purpose, to give surprizing
+Beauties to divers Kinds of Animals. What
+radiant Colours are many of them, particularly
+some Birds and Insects<a id="FNanchor_345" href="#Footnote_345" class="fnanchor">[s]</a>, bedeck’d with! What<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_225"></a>[225]</span>
+a prodigious Combination is there often of these,
+yea, how nice an Air frequently of meaner Colours<a id="FNanchor_346" href="#Footnote_346" class="fnanchor">[t]</a>,
+as to captivate the Eye of all Beholders,
+and exceed the Dexterity of the most exquisite Pencil
+to copy?</p>
+
+<p>And now, when we thus find a whole World of
+Animals, cloathed in the wisest Manner, the most
+suitable to the Element in which they live, the
+Place in which they reside, and their State and Occasions
+there; when those that are able to shift for
+themselves, are left to their own Discretion and Diligence,
+but the Helpless well accouter’d and provided
+for; when such incomparable Strokes of Art
+and Workmanship appear in all, and such inimitable
+Glories and Beauties in the Cloathing of others;
+who can, without the greatest Obstinacy and Prejudice,
+deny this to be <em class="gesperrt"><i>GOD</i></em>’s Handy-work? The
+gaudy, or even the meanest Apparel which Man
+provideth for himself, we readily enough own to be
+the Contrivance, the Work of Man: And shall
+we deny the Cloathing of all the Animal World
+betides (which infinitely surpasseth all the Robes of
+earthly Majesty; shall we, dare we, deny that) to
+be the Work of any Thing less than of an infinite,
+intelligent Being, whose Art and Power are equal to
+such glorious Work!</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_328" href="#FNanchor_328" class="label">[a]</a> Concerning the Cloathing of Animals, <i>Aristotle</i> observes,
+<i>That such Animals have Hair as go on Feet and are viviparous;
+and that such are covered with a Shell, as go on Feet,
+and are oviparous</i>, Hist. Anim. l. 3. c. 10.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_329" href="#FNanchor_329" class="label">[b]</a> <i>Cujus <span class="antiqua">[Hominis]</span> causâ videtur cuncta alia genuisse Natura,
+magnâ &amp; sævâ mercede contra tanta sua munera: ut
+non sit satìs æstimare, Parens melior homini, an tristior Noverca
+fuerit. Ante omnia unum Animantium cunctorum alienis
+velat opibus: cæteris variè tegumenta tribuit, testas, cortices,
+coria, spinas, villos, setas, pilos, plumam, pennas, squamas,
+vellera. Truncos etiam arboresque cortice, interdum gemino,
+à frigoribus, &amp; calore tutata est. Hominem tantum nudum,
+&amp; in nudâ humo, natali die abjicit ad vagitus statim &amp;
+ploratum, nullumque tot animalium aliud ad lacrymas, &amp; has
+protinus vita principio.</i> Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 7. Proœm.</p>
+
+<p>Let <i>Seneca</i> answer this Complaint of <i>Pliny</i>, although perhaps
+what he saith might be more properly noted in another
+Place: <i>Quisquis es iniquus æstimator fortis humana, cogita
+quanta nobis tribuerit Parens noster, quanto valentiora animalia
+sub jugum miserimus, quanto velociora assequamur, quàm
+nihil sit mortale non sub ictu nostro positum. Tot virtutes accepimus,
+tot artes, animum denique cui nihil non eodem quo intendit
+momento pervium est, Sideribus velociorem, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Senec. de
+Benef. l. 2. c. 29.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_330" href="#FNanchor_330" class="label">[c]</a> <i>Mirantur plurimi quomodo tutè, &amp; sanè vivant homines
+in horrendis frigoribus plagæ Septentrionalis; hancque levem quæstionem
+ultra 30 annos audieram in Italia, præsertim ab Æthiopibus,
+&amp; Indis, quibus onerosus videtur vestitus sub Zonâ terridâ.——Quibus
+respondetur,——Gaudet Indus multiplici plumarum
+genere, magìs forsan pro tegumento, quàm necessitate:
+rursus Scytha villoso vestitu——Ita sub polo Arctico adversùs
+asperrimas hyemes——opportuna remedia faciliter administrat
+<span class="antiqua">[Natura]</span>. Ligna videlicet in maxima copia, &amp; levissimo pretio,
+&amp; demum Pelles diversorum animalium, tam sylvestrium quàm
+domesticorum.</i> Then he gives a Catalogue of them, and saith,
+<i>Quarum omnium experti pellifices ita ingeniosè noverunt mixturas
+componere, ut pulcherrimum decorum ostendat varietas, &amp; calidissimum
+fomentum adjuncta mollities.</i> Ol. Mag. Hist. l. 6. c. 20.</p>
+
+<p>To this Guard against the Cold, namely, of Fire and
+Cloathing; I hope the Reader will excuse me, if I take this
+Opportunity of adding some other Defensatives Nature, (or
+rather the great Author of Nature,) hath afforded these northern
+Regions: Such are their high Mountains, abounding,
+as <i>Ol. Magnus</i> saith, through all Parts; also their numerous
+Woods, which besides their Fire, do, with the Mountains,
+serve as excellent Screens against the Cold, piercing Air and
+Winds. Their prodigious Quantities of Minerals, and Metals,
+also afford Heat, and warm Vapours, <i>Mineræ septentrionalium
+regionum satìs multæ, magnæ, diversæ, &amp; opulentæ sunt</i>,
+saith the same curious, and (for his Time,) learned Archbishop,
+<i>l. 6. c. 1.</i> and in other Places. And for the Warmth
+they afford, the <i>Volcano</i>’s of those Parts are in Evidence; as
+are also their terrible Thunder and Lightning, which are observ’d
+to be the most severe and mischievous in their metalline
+Mountains, in which large Herds of Cattle are sometimes
+destroy’d; the Rocks so rent and shatter’d, that new Veins of
+Silver are thereby discover’d; and a troublesome Kind of
+Quinsie is produc’d in their Throats, by the stench, and poisonous
+Nature of the sulphureous Vapours, which they dissolve,
+by drinking warm Beer and Butter together, as <i>Olaus</i>
+tells us in the same Book, <i>Chap. 11.</i></p>
+
+<p>To all which Defensatives, I shall, in the last Place add,
+the warm Vapours of their Lakes, (some of which are prodigiously
+large, of 130 <i>Italian</i> Miles in Length, and not much
+less in Breadth;) also of their Rivers, especially the Vapours
+which arise from the Sea. Of which Guard against severe
+Cold, we have lately had a convincing Proof in the <i>great
+Frost</i>, in 1708, wherein, when <i>England</i>, <i>Germany</i>, <i>France</i>,
+<i>Denmark</i>; yea, the more southerly Regions of <i>Italy</i>, <i>Switzerland</i>,
+and other Parts suffer’d severely, <i>Ireland</i> and <i>Scotland</i>
+felt very little of it, hardly more than in other Winters; of
+the Particulars of which, having given an Account in the
+<i>Phil. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 324. I shall thither refer the Reader. But it
+seems this is what doth ordinarily befal those northern Parts;
+particularly the <i>Islands</i> of <i>Orkney</i>, of which the learned Dr.
+<i>Wallace</i> gives this Account: <i>Here the Winters are generally
+more subject to Rain than Snow; nor doth the Frost and Snow
+continue so long here, as in other Parts of <span class="antiqua">Scotland</span>; but the
+Wind in the mean Time will often blow very boisterously; and
+it Rains sometimes, not by Drops, but by spouts of Water, as if
+whole Clouds fell down at once. In the Year 1680, in the
+Month of <span class="antiqua">June</span>, after great Thunder, there fell Flakes of Ice
+near a Foot thick.</i> <i>Wall.</i> Account of <i>Ork.</i> Chap. 1. <i>p. 4.</i> From
+which last Passage I observe; That although in those Parts,
+the Atmosphere near the Earth be warm, it is excessively
+cold above; so as to freeze some of those Spouts of Water
+in their Descent, into such great, and almost incredible Masses
+of Hail. And whence can this Warmth proceed, but from
+the Earth, or Sea, emitting Heat sufficient to stave off the
+Cold above? Consult <a href="#Footnote_64"><i>Book II. Chap. 5. Note (c).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_331" href="#FNanchor_331" class="label">[d]</a> <i>Sicut enim si innata sibi <span class="antiqua">[i.e. Homini]</span> aliqua haberat
+arma, illa ei sola semper adessent, ita &amp; si artem aliquam Natura
+fortitus esset, reliquas sanè non haberet. Quia verò ei melius
+erat omnibus armis, omnibusque artibus uti, neutrum eorum
+à naturâ ipsi propterea datum est.</i> Galen. de Us. Part.
+l. 1. c. 4.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_332" href="#FNanchor_332" class="label">[e]</a> Concerning <i>insensible Perspiration</i>, <i>Sanctorius</i> observes,
+That it much exceeds all the Sensible put together. <i>De Stat.
+Med. Aph. 4.</i> That as much is evacuated by <i>insensible Perspiration</i>
+in one Day, as is by <i>Stool</i> in fourteen Days. Particularly,
+that, in a Night’s Time, about sixteen Ounces is
+commonly sent out by <i>Urine</i>, four Ounces by Stool; but above
+forty Ounces by <i>insensible Perspiration</i>, Aphor. 59, 60.
+That if a Man eats and drinks 8 <i>l.</i> in a Day, 5 <i>l.</i> of it is spent
+in <i>insensible Perspiration</i>, §. 1. Aph. 6. And as to the Times,
+he saith, <i>Ab assumpto cibo 5 horis 1 l. circiter perspirabilis——exhalare
+solet, à 5a ad 12am 3 l. circiter; à 12a ad 16am vix
+selibram</i>, Aph. 56.</p>
+
+<p>And as to the wonderful Benefits of <i>insensible Perspiration</i>,
+they are abundantly demonstrated by the same learned Person,
+<i>ubi supra</i>; as also by <i>Borelli</i> in his second Part, <i>De Mot. Animal</i>,
+Prop. 168. who saith, <i>Necessaria est insensibilis Transpiratio,
+ut vita Animalis conservetur.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_333" href="#FNanchor_333" class="label">[f]</a> <i>Animantium verò quanta varietas est? Quanta ad cam
+rem vis, ut in suo quæque genere permaneant? Quaram aliæ
+coriis tectæ sunt, aliæ villis vesticæ, aliæ spinis hirsutæ: plumâ
+alias, alias squamâ videmus obductas, alias esse cornibus armatas,
+alias habere effugia pennarum.</i> Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2.
+c. 47.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_334" href="#FNanchor_334" class="label">[g]</a> From <i>Malpighi</i>’s curious Observations of the <i>Hair</i>, I
+shall note three Things. 1. Their Structure is fistulous, or
+tubular; which hath long been a Doubt among the curious.
+<i>Fistulosum <span class="antiqua">[esse Pilum]</span> demonstrant lustratio pilarum à caudâ
+&amp; collo Equorum, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span>——præcipuè setarum Apri, quæ patentiorem
+ex fistulis compositionem exhibent. Est autem dictus Apri
+pilus Cylindricum corpus quasi diaphanum——fistularum aggere
+conflatum, &amp; speciem columnæ striatæ præ se fert. Componentes
+fistulæ in gyrum situatæ in apice patentiores redduntur; nam hians
+pilus in geminas dividitur partes, &amp; componentes minimæ fistulæ——libersores
+redditæ manifestantur, ita ut enumerari
+possunt; has autem 20, &amp; ultra numeravi.——Expositæ fistulæ——tubulosæ
+sunt, &amp; frequentibus tunicis transversaliter
+situatis, veluti valvulis pollent. Et quoniam Spinæ, in Erinaceis
+præcipui, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> nil aliud sunt, quam duri &amp; rigidi pili, ideo,
+<span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> And then he describes the <i>Hedgehog</i>’s Spines, in which
+those Tubes manifestly appear; together, with medullary
+Valves and Cells; not inelegant, which he hath figur’d in
+<i>Tab. 16.</i> at the End of his Works.</p>
+
+<p>That which this sagacious, and not enough to be commended
+Observer, took notice of in the Structure of Hair,
+and its Parity to the Spines; I have my self observ’d in some
+Measure to be true, in the Hair of <i>Cats</i>, <i>Rats</i>, <i>Mice</i>, and divers
+other Animals; which look very prettily when view’d
+with a good Microscope. The Hair of a <i>Mouse</i>, (the most
+transparent of any I have view’d,) seems to be one single
+transparent Tube, with a Pith made up of a fibrous Substance,
+running in dark Lines; in some Hairs tranversly, in others
+spirally, as in <i><a href="#figures">Fig. 14, 15, 16, 17.</a></i> These darker medullary
+Parts, or Lines, I have observ’d, are no other than small Fibres
+convolved round, and lying closer together than in other
+Parts of the Hair. They run from the Bottom, to the Top
+of the Hair; and I imagine, serve to the gentle Evacuation
+of some Humour out of the Body; perhaps the Hair serves
+as well for the <i>insensible Perspiration</i> of hairy Animals, as to
+fence against Cold and Wet. In <i><a href="#figures">Fig. 14, 16</a></i>, is represented
+the Hair of a <i>Mouse</i>, as it appears through a small Magnifier;
+and in <i><a href="#figures">Fig. 15, 17</a></i>, as it appears when view’d with a larger
+Magnifier.</p>
+
+<p>Upon another Review, I imagine, That although in <i><a href="#figures">Fig.
+14, 15</a></i>, the dark Parts of the Pith seem to be transverse; that
+they, as well as in the two other Figures, run round in a screw-like
+Fashion.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_335" href="#FNanchor_335" class="label">[h]</a> See <a href="#Footnote_531"><i>Book VII. Chap. 1. Note (d) (e).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_336" href="#FNanchor_336" class="label">[i]</a> See <a href="#Footnote_371"><i>Chap. XIV. Note (c).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_337" href="#FNanchor_337" class="label">[k]</a> It is a Sign some wise Artist was a Contriver of the
+Cloathing of Animals; not only as their Cloathing varies,
+as their Way of Living doth; but also because every Part
+of their Bodies is furnish’d with proper suitable Cloathing.
+Thus divers Animals, that have their Bodies cover’d
+for the most Part with short, smooth Hair; have some Parts
+left naked, where Hair would be an Annoyance: And some
+Parts beset with long Hair; as the Mane and Tail; And
+some with stiff, strong Bristles; as about the Nose; And
+sometimes within the Nostrils; to guard off, or give warning
+of Annoyances.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_338" href="#FNanchor_338" class="label">[l]</a> The Feathers being placed from the Head towards the
+Tail, in close and neat Order, and withal preened and dressed
+by the Contents of the Oil-Bag, afford as easie a Passage
+through the Air, as a Boat new cleaned and dressed finds in
+its Passage through the Waters. Whereas, were the Feathers
+placed the contrary, or any other way (as they would have
+been, had they been placed by Chance, or without Art) they
+would then have gathered Air, and been a great Encumbrance
+to the Passage of the Body through the Air. See <a href="#Footnote_529"><i>Book VII.
+Chap. 1. Note (b).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_339" href="#FNanchor_339" class="label">[m]</a> In <a href="#Footnote_532"><i>Book VII. Chap. 1. Note (e).</i></a> there is a particular Account
+of the Mechanism of their Vanes, from some nice Microscopical
+Observations, and therefore I shall take no farther
+Notice of it here.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_340" href="#FNanchor_340" class="label">[n]</a> <i>Vid.</i> <i>Borell. de Mot. Animal.</i> Prop. 182. Vol. I.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_341" href="#FNanchor_341" class="label">[o]</a> See <a href="#BOOK_IX"><i>Book IX.</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_342" href="#FNanchor_342" class="label">[p]</a> For a Sample of this Branch of my Survey, let us
+chuse the Tegument of <i>Earth-Worms</i>, which we shall find
+compleatly adapted to their Way or Life and Motion, being
+made in the most compleat Manner possible for terebrating
+the Earth, and creeping where their Occasions lead them.
+For their Body is made throughout of small Rings, and these
+Rings have a curious <i>Apparatus</i> of Muscles, enabling those
+Creatures with great Strength to dilate, extend, or contract
+their <i>Annuli</i>, and whole Body; those <i>Annuli</i> also are each
+of them armed with small, stiff, sharp <i>Beards</i>, or <i>Prickles</i>,
+which they can open, to lay hold on, or shut up close to their
+Body: And lastly, Under the Skin there lies a <i>slimy Juice</i>,
+that they emit, as Occasion is, at certain Perforations between
+the <i>Annuli</i>, to lubricate the Body, and facilitate their
+Passage into the Earth. By all which Means they are enabled
+with great Speed, Ease, and Safety, to thrust and wedge
+themselves into the Earth; which they could not do, had
+their Bodies been covered with Hair, Feathers, Scales, or
+such like Cloathing of the other Creatures. See more concerning
+this Animal, <a href="#Footnote_624"><i>Book IX. Chap. 1. Note (a).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_343" href="#FNanchor_343" class="label">[q]</a> <i>Aristotle</i>, in his <i>Hist. Anim. l. 3. c. 12.</i> names several
+Rivers, that by being drank of, change the Colour of the Hair.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_344" href="#FNanchor_344" class="label">[r]</a> For an Example; Let us take the Cloathing of the
+<i>Tortoise</i> and <i>Viper</i>; because, by an incurious View, it rather
+regrateth, than pleaseth the Eye: But yet, by an accurate
+Survey, we find the Shells of the Former, and the Scales of
+the Latter, to be a curious Piece of Mechanism, neatly
+made; and so compleatly, and well put, and tack’d together,
+as to exceed any human Composures: Of the Latter see more
+in <a href="#Footnote_626"><i>Book IX. Chap. 1. Note (c).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_345" href="#FNanchor_345" class="label">[s]</a> It would be endless to enter into the Particulars of the
+beautiful <i>Birds</i> and <i>Insects</i> of our <i>European</i> Parts; but especially
+those inhabiting the Countries between the Tropicks,
+which are observed as much to exceed our Birds in their Colours,
+as ours do theirs in their Singing.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_346" href="#FNanchor_346" class="label">[t]</a> The <i>Wryneck</i>, at a Distance, is a Bird of mean Colour;
+neither are indeed its Colours radiant, or beautiful, singly
+considered: But when it is in the Hand we see its light and
+darker Colours so curiously mixed together, as to give the
+Bird a surprizing Beauty. The same is also observable in many
+Insects, particularly of the <i>Phalæna kind</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_226"></a>[226]</span></p>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_IV_CHAP_XIII">CHAP. XIII.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the Houses and Habitation of Animals.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Having in the last Chapter, as briefly as well I
+could, surveyed the <i>Cloathing</i> of Animals, I
+shall in this take a View of their <i>Houses</i>, <i>Nests</i>,
+their <i>Cells</i> and <i>Habitations</i>; another Thing no less
+necessary to their Well-being than the last; and in
+which the Great Creator hath likewise signalized
+his Care and Skill, by giving Animals an architectonick
+Faculty, to build themselves convenient Places
+of Retirement, in which to repose and secure
+themselves, and to nurse up their Young.</p>
+
+<p>And here, as before, we may consider the case of
+Man, and that of the irrational Animals. Man having
+(as I said) the Gift of Reason and Understanding,
+is able to shift for himself, to contrive and
+build, as his Pleasure leads him, and his Abilities
+will admit of. From the meanest Huts and Cottages,
+he can erect himself stately Buildings, bedeck
+them with exquisite Arts of Architecture, Painting,
+and other Garniture, ennoble them, and render them
+delightful with pleasant Gardens, Fountains, Avenues,
+and what not? For Man therefore the Creator
+hath abundantly provided in this respect, by
+giving him an Ability to help himself. And a wise
+Provision this is, inasmuch as it is an excellent Exercise
+of the Wit, the Ingenuity, the Industry and
+Care of Man.</p>
+
+<p>But since Ingenuity, without Materials, would
+be fruitless, the Materials therefore which the Creator
+hath provided the World with, for this very
+Service of Building, deserves our Notice. The<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_227"></a>[227]</span>
+great Varieties of Trees<a id="FNanchor_347" href="#Footnote_347" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>, Earth, Stones and
+Plants, answering every Occasion and Purpose of
+Man for this Use, in all Ages and Places all the
+World over, is a great Act of the Creator’s Goodness;
+as manifesting, that since he has left Man to
+shift for himself, it should not be without sufficient
+Help to enable him to do so, if he would but make
+use of them, and the Sense and Reason which God
+hath given him.</p>
+
+<p>Thus sufficient Provision is made for the Habitation
+of Man.</p>
+
+<p>And no less shall we find is made for the rest of
+the Creatures; who although they want the Power
+of Reason to vary their Methods, and cannot
+add to, or diminish from, or any way make Improvements
+upon their natural Way; yet we find
+that natural Instinct, which the Creator’s infinite
+Understanding hath imprinted in them, to be abundantly
+sufficient, nay, in all Probability, the very
+best or only Method they can take, or that can be
+invented for the respective Use and Purpose of each
+peculiar Species of Animals<a id="FNanchor_348" href="#Footnote_348" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>. If some Creatures
+make their Nests in Holes, some in Trees,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_228"></a>[228]</span>
+some in Shrubs, some in the Earth<a id="FNanchor_349" href="#Footnote_349" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>, some in
+Stone, some in the Waters, some here, and some
+there, or have none at all; yet we find, that that
+Place, that Method of Nidification doth abundantly
+answer the Creatures Use and Occasions. They
+can there sufficiently and well repose, and secure
+themselves, lay, and breed up their Young. We
+are so far from discovering any Inconvenience in
+any of their respective Ways, from perceiving any
+Loss befal the Species, any decay, any perishing
+of their Young; that in all Probability, on the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_229"></a>[229]</span>
+contrary, in that particular Way they better thrive,
+are more secure, and better able to shift for, and
+help themselves. If, for Instance, some Beasts make
+to themselves no Habitation, but lie abroad in the
+open Air, and there produce their Young; in this
+case we find there is no need it should be otherwise,
+by Reason they are either taken care of by
+Man <a id="FNanchor_350" href="#Footnote_350" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>, or in no Danger, as other Creatures,
+from Abroad. If others reposite their Young in
+Holes<a id="FNanchor_351" href="#Footnote_351" class="fnanchor">[e]</a> and Dens, and secure themselves also
+therein, it is, because such Guard, such Security is
+wanting, their Lives being sought either by the
+Hostility of Man, or to satisfie the Appetite of rapacious
+Creatures<a id="FNanchor_352" href="#Footnote_352" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>. If among Birds, some build
+their Nests close, some open, some with this, some
+with another Material, some in Holes, some in
+Trees, some on the Ground<a id="FNanchor_353" href="#Footnote_353" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>, some on Rocks
+and Crags on high (of which God himself hath<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_230"></a>[230]</span>
+given an Instance in the <i>Eagle</i>, Job xxxix. 27, 28.)
+And so among the Insect and Reptile Kinds, if some
+reposite their Eggs or Young in the Earth, some in
+Wood, some in Stone, some on one Kind of Plant,
+some on another, some in warm and dry Places, some
+in the Water and moist Places, and some in their
+own Bodies only, as shall be shewn in proper Place;
+in all these Cases it is in all Probability, the best or
+only Method the Animal can take for the Hatching
+and Production of its Young, for their Supplies,
+Safety, or some other main Point of their Being
+or Well-being. This is manifest enough in many
+Cases, and therefore probable in all. It is
+manifest that such Animals, for Instance, as breed
+in the Waters (as not only Fish, but divers Insects,
+and other Land-Animals do) that their Young
+cannot be hatched, fed, or nursed up in any other
+Element. It is manifest also, that Insects, which
+lay their Eggs on this, and that, and the other agreeable
+Tree, or Plant, or in Flesh, <i>&amp;c.</i> that it is
+by that Means their Young are fed and nursed up.
+And it is little to be doubted also, but that these
+Matrixes may much conduce to the Maturation and
+Production of the Young. And so in all other the
+like Cases of Nidification, of Heat or Cold, Wet
+or Dry, Exposed or Open, in all Probability this is
+the best Method for the Animal’s Good, most salutary
+and agreeable to its Nature, most for its Fecundity,
+and the Continuance and Increase of its Species;
+to which every Species of Animals is naturally
+prompt and inclined.</p>
+
+<p>Thus admirable is the natural Sagacity and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_231"></a>[231]</span>
+Instinct<a id="FNanchor_354" href="#Footnote_354" class="fnanchor">[h]</a> of the irrational Animals in the Convenience
+and Method of their Habitations. And no
+less is it in the Fabrick of them. Their architectonick
+Skill, exerted in the Curiosity and Dexterity
+of their Works, and exceeding the Skill of Man
+to imitate; this, I say, deserves as much or more
+Admiration and Praise, than that of the most exquisite
+Artist among Men. For with what inimitable
+Art<a id="FNanchor_355" href="#Footnote_355" class="fnanchor">[i]</a> do these poor untaught Creatures lay
+a parcel of rude and ugly Sticks and Straws, Moss
+and Dirt together, and form them into commodious
+Nests? With what Curiosity do they line
+them within, wind and place every Hair, Feather,
+or Lock of Wool, to guard the tender Bodies of
+themselves and their Young, and to keep them
+warm? And with what Art and Craft do many
+of them thatch over, and coat their Nests without,
+to dodge and deceive the Eye of Spectators,
+as well as to guard and fence against the Injuries of
+Weather<a id="FNanchor_356" href="#Footnote_356" class="fnanchor">[k]</a>? With what prodigious Subtilty do<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_232"></a>[232]</span>
+some foreign Birds<a id="FNanchor_357" href="#Footnote_357" class="fnanchor">[l]</a> not only plat and weave the
+fibrous Parts of Vegetables together, and curiously
+tunnel them, and commodiously form them into Nests,
+but also artificially suspend them on the tender Twigs
+of Trees, to keep them out of the reach of rapacious
+Animals?</p>
+
+<p>And so for <i>Insects</i>, those little, weak, those tender
+Creatures; yet, what admirable Artists are they
+in this Business of Nidification! With what great
+Diligence doth the little <i>Bee</i> gather its Combs
+from various Trees<a id="FNanchor_358" href="#Footnote_358" class="fnanchor">[m]</a> and Flowers, the <i>Wasp</i><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_233"></a>[233]</span>
+from solid<a id="FNanchor_359" href="#Footnote_359" class="fnanchor">[n]</a> Timber! And with what prodigious
+geometrical Subtilty do those little Animals
+work their deep hexagonal Cells, the only proper
+Figure that the best Mathematician could chuse for
+such a Combination of Houses<a id="FNanchor_360" href="#Footnote_360" class="fnanchor">[o]</a>! With what
+Accuracy do other Insects perforate the Earth<a id="FNanchor_361" href="#Footnote_361" class="fnanchor">[p]</a>,
+Wood, yea, Stone it self<a id="FNanchor_362" href="#Footnote_362" class="fnanchor">[q]</a>! For which Service,
+the compleat Apparatus of their Mouths<a id="FNanchor_363" href="#Footnote_363" class="fnanchor">[r]</a>, and
+Feet<a id="FNanchor_364" href="#Footnote_364" class="fnanchor">[s]</a>, deserves particular Observation, as hath<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_234"></a>[234]</span>
+been, and will be hereafter observ’d. And further
+yet; With what Care and Neatness do most
+of those little sagacious Animals line those their
+Houses within, and seal them up, and fence them
+without<a id="FNanchor_365" href="#Footnote_365" class="fnanchor">[t]</a>! How artificially will others fold up
+the Leaves of Trees and Plants<a id="FNanchor_366" href="#Footnote_366" class="fnanchor">[u]</a>; others house
+themselves in Sticks and Straws; others glue light
+and floating Bodies together<a id="FNanchor_367" href="#Footnote_367" class="fnanchor">[w]</a>, and by that Artifice
+make themselves floating Houses in the Waters,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_235"></a>[235]</span>
+to transport themselves at Pleasure after their
+Food, or other necessary Occasions of Life! And
+for a Close, let us take the scriptural Instance of
+the <i>Spider</i>, Prov. xxx. 28. which is one of the four
+little Things, which, v. 44. <i>Agur</i> says, is <i>exceeding
+Wise: The Spider taketh hold with her Hands, and is
+in Kings Palaces</i><a id="FNanchor_368" href="#Footnote_368" class="fnanchor">[x]</a>. I will not dispute the Truth
+of our <i>English</i> Translation of this Text, but supposing
+the Animal mention’d to be that which is
+meant; it is manifest, that the Art of that Species
+of Creatures, in spinning their various Webs, and
+the Furniture their Bodies afford to that Purpose,
+are an excellent Instinct, and Provision of Nature,
+setting forth its glorious Author.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_236"></a>[236]</span></p>
+
+<p>And now from this short and transient View of
+the architectonick Faculty of Animals, especially
+the Irrationals; we may easily perceive some superiour
+and wise Being was certainly concern’d in
+their Creation or Original. For, how is it possible
+that an irrational Creature should, with ordinary
+and coarse, or indeed any Materials, be ever able
+to perform such Works, as exceed even the Imitation
+of a rational Creature? How could the
+Bodies of many of them, (particularly the last mention’d,)
+be furnish’d with architective Materials?<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_237"></a>[237]</span>
+How could they ever discover them to be in their
+Bodies, or know what Use to make of them? We
+must therefore necessarily conclude, That the Irrationals
+either have Reason and Judgment, not
+only Glimmerings thereof, but some of its superiour
+Acts, as Wisdom and Foresight, Discretion,
+Art and Care; or else, that they are only passive in
+the Case, and act by Instinct, or by the Reason of
+some superiour Being imprinted in their Nature, or
+some Way or other, (be it how it will,) congenial
+with them. That they are Rational, or excel
+Man in Art and Wisdom, none surely will be so
+foolish as to say: And therefore we must conclude,
+That those excellent Ends they pursue, and that
+admirable Art they exert, is none of their own,
+but owing to that infinitely wise and excellent Being,
+of whom it may be said, with reference to
+the irrational, as well as rational Creatures, as it is,
+<i>Prov</i>. ii. <i>6</i>. <i>The Lord giveth Wisdom; out of his
+Mouth cometh Knowledge and Understanding.</i></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp87" style="max-width: 21.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/footer07.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_347" href="#FNanchor_347" class="label">[a]</a></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent20"><i>——Dant utile lignum</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Navigiis Pinos, domibus Cedrosque, Cupressosque:</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Hinc radios trivere Rotis, hinc tympana plaustris</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Agricolæ, &amp; pandas ratibus posuere carinas.</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Viminibus Salices fœcundæ, frondibus Ulmi;</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>At Myrtus validis hastilibus, &amp; bona bello,</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Cornus; Ityræos Taxi torquentur in arcus.</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Nec Tiliæ leves, aut torno rasile Buxum,</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Non formam accipiunt, ferroque cavantur acuto:</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Necnon &amp; torrentum undam levis innatat Alnus</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Missa Pado: necnon &amp; apes examina condunt</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Corticibusque cavis, vitiosæque Ilicis alveo.</i></div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse right">Virg. Georg. l. 2. carm. 442.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_348" href="#FNanchor_348" class="label">[b]</a> See <a href="#BOOK_IV_CHAP_XV"><i>Chap. 15.</i></a> and <a href="#BOOK_VIII_CHAP_VI"><i>Book VIII. Chap. 6.</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_349" href="#FNanchor_349" class="label">[c]</a> Many of the <i>Vespæ-Ichneumones</i> are remarkable enough
+for their Nidification and Provision for their Young. Those
+that build in Earth (who commonly have golden and black
+Rings round their <i>Alvi</i>) having lined the little Cells, they
+have perforated, lay therein their Eggs, and then carry into
+them Maggots from the Leaves of Trees, and seal them up
+close and neatly. And another <i>Ichneumon</i>, more of the <i>Vespa</i>
+than <i>Musca-Ichneumon</i> Kind (having a little Sting in its
+Tail, of a black Colour) gave me the Pleasure, one Summer,
+of seeing it build its Nest in a little Hole in my Study-Window.
+This Cell was coated about with an odoriferous, resinous
+Gum, collected, I suppose, from some Fir-Trees near;
+after which it laid two Eggs (I think the Number was) and
+then carried in divers Maggots, some bigger than it self.
+These it very sagaciously sealed close up into the Nest, leaving
+them there doubtless, partly to assist the Incubation; and especially
+for Food to the future Young when hatched.</p>
+
+<p>Of this Artifice of these <i>Ichneumons</i>, <i>Aristotle</i> himself takes
+Notice, (but I believe he was scarce aware of the Eggs sealed
+up with the Spiders). Ὁι δὲ Σφῆκες Ιχνεύμονες καλούμενοι, &amp;c.
+<i>As to the <span class="antiqua">Vespæ</span>, called <span class="antiqua">Ichneumones</span>, (less than others) they
+kill <span class="antiqua">Spiders</span>, and carry them into their Holes, and having sealed
+them up with Dirt, they therein hatch, and produce those of
+the same Kind.</i> Hist. Anim. l. 5. c. 20.</p>
+
+<p>To what hath been said about these <i>Ichneumon Wasps</i>, I
+shall add one Observation more, concerning the providential
+Structure of their Mouth in every of their Tribes, <i>viz.</i> their
+Jaws are not only very strong, but nicely sized, curved and
+placed for gnawing and scraping those compleat little Holes
+they perforate in Earth, Wood, yea in Stone it self.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_350" href="#FNanchor_350" class="label">[d]</a> <i>Tully</i> having spoken of the Care of some Animals towards
+their Young, by which they are nursed and brought
+up, saith, <i>Accedit etiam ad nonnulloram animantium, &amp; earum
+rerum quas terra gignit, conservationem, &amp; salutem, hominum
+etiam solertia &amp; diligentia. Nam multæ &amp; pecudes, &amp;
+stirpes sunt, quæ fine procuratione hominum salvæ esse non possunt.</i>
+Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 52.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_351" href="#FNanchor_351" class="label">[e]</a> Prov. xxx. 26. <i>The Conies are but a feeble Folk, yet make
+they their Houses in the Rocks.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_352" href="#FNanchor_352" class="label">[f]</a> See <a href="#Footnote_357"><i>Note (l).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_353" href="#FNanchor_353" class="label">[g]</a> It is a notable Instinct which <i>Ol. Magnus</i> tells of the
+<i>Galli Sylvestres</i> in his Northern Country, to secure themselves
+against the Cold and Storms of the Winter. <i>Cùm nives
+instar collium terræ superficiem ubique cooperiunt, ramosque
+arborum diutiùs deprimunt &amp; condensant, certos fructus Betulæ
+arboris——in formâ longi Piperis vorant, &amp; glutiunt indigestos;
+idque tantâ aviditate, ac quantitate, ut repletum
+guttur toto corpore majus appareat. Deinde partitis agminibus
+sese inter medios nivium colles immergunt, præfortim in Jan.
+Febr. Martio, quando nives ut turbines, typhones, vel tempestates
+gravissimæ è nubibus descendunt. Cumque coopertæ sunt,
+certis hebdomadis cibo in gutture collecto, egesto, &amp; resumpto vivunt.
+Venatorum canibus non produntur.——Quod si præsentiunt
+nivem imminere majorem, prædicto fructu, iterum devorato,
+aliud domicilium captant, in eoque manent usque ad sinem
+Martii, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Ol. Mag. Hist. l. 19. c. 33.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_354" href="#FNanchor_354" class="label">[h]</a> It is a very odd Story (which I rather mention for
+the Reader’s Diversion, than for its Truth) which Dr. <i>Lud.
+de Beaufort</i> relates, <i>Vir fide dignus narravit mihi, quod cùm
+semel, animi gratiâ, nidum aviculæ ligno obturâsset, seque
+occultâsset, cupidus videndi, quid in tali occasione præstaret; illa
+cùm frustra sæpiùs tentâsset rostro illud auferre, casus admodum
+impatiens, abiit, &amp; post aliquod temporis spatium reversa
+est, rostro gerens plantulam, quâ obturamento applicatâ, paulò
+post, illud veluti telum eripuit tantâ vi, ut dispersa impetu
+herbula, ac occasionem ipsi, ab aviculâ ejus virtutem discendi,
+præripuerit.</i> Cosmop. divina, Sect. 5. C. 1. Had he told us
+what the Plant was, we might have given better Credit to
+this Story.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_355" href="#FNanchor_355" class="label">[i]</a> Of the Subtilty of Birds in Nidification, see <i>Plin. Nat.
+Hist. l. 10. c. 33.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_356" href="#FNanchor_356" class="label">[k]</a> Among many Instances that might be given of this
+Subtilty of birds, and other Creatures, that of the <i>long-tailed
+Titmouse</i> deserves Observation, who with great Art builds
+her Nest with Mosses, Hair, and the Webs of <i>Spiders</i>, cast
+out from them when they take their Flight (see <a href="#Footnote_579"><i>Book VIII.
+Chap. 4. Note (e)</i></a>) with which the other Materials are strongly
+tied together. Having neatly built, and covered her Nest
+with these Materials without; she thatcheth it on the top with
+the <i>Muscus arboreus ramosus</i>, or such like broad, whitish
+Moss, to keep out Rain, and to dodge the Spectator’s Eye;
+and within she lineth it with a great Number of soft Feathers;
+so many, that I confess I could not but admire how so small
+a Room could hold them, especially that they could be laid
+so close and handsomely together, to afford sufficient Room
+for a Bird with so long a Tail, and so numerous an Issue as
+this Bird commonly hath, which Mr. <i>Ray</i> saith (<i>Synops. Method.
+Avium</i>, p. 74.) <i>Ova inter omnes aviculas numerosissima
+ponit.</i> See more of the Nest of this Bird, from <i>Aldrovand.</i>
+in <i>Willugh. Ornith.</i> p. 243.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_357" href="#FNanchor_357" class="label">[l]</a> The Nest of the <i>Guira tangeima</i>, the <i>icterus minor</i>,
+and the <i>Jupujuba</i>, or whatever other Name the <i>American
+Hang-Nests</i> may be called by, are of this Kind. Of which
+see <i>Willughby</i>’s <i>Ornith. Lib. 2. Chap. 5. Sect. 12, 13.</i> Also
+Dr. <i>Grew</i>’s <i>Museum Reg. Soc. Part 1. Sect. 4. Chap. 4.</i> These
+Nests I have divers Times seen, particularly in great Perfection
+in our <i>R. S.</i> Repository, and in the noble and well-furnished
+<i>Museum</i> of my often-commended Friend Sir <i>Hans
+Sloane</i>; and at the same Time I could not but admire at the
+neat Mechanism of them, and the Sagacity of the Bird, in
+hanging them on the Twigs of Trees, to secure their Eggs
+and Young from the <i>Apes</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_358" href="#FNanchor_358" class="label">[m]</a> I mention Trees, because I have seen <i>Bees</i> gather the
+Gum of Fir-Trees, which at the same Time gave me the
+Pleasure of seeing their way of loading their Thighs therewith;
+performed with great Art and Dexterity.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_359" href="#FNanchor_359" class="label">[n]</a> <i>Wasps</i>, at their first Coming, may be observ’d to frequent
+Posts, Boards, and other Wood that is dry and sound;
+but never any that is rotten. There they may be heard to
+scrape and gnaw; and what they so gnaw off, they heap
+close together between their Chin and Fore-Legs, until they
+have gotten enough for a Burden, which they then carry away
+in their Mouths, to make their Cells with.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_360" href="#FNanchor_360" class="label">[o]</a> Circular Cells would have been the most capacious;
+but this would by no Means have been a convenient Figure,
+by Reason much of the Room would have been taken up by
+Vacancies between the Circles; therefore it was necessary to
+make Use of some of the rectilinear Figures. Among which
+only three could be of Use; of which <i>Pappus Alexandrin</i>.
+thus discourseth; <i>Cùm igitur tres figuræ sunt, quæ per seipsas
+locum circa idem punctum consistentem replere possunt, Triangulum
+seil. Quadratum &amp; Hexagonum, Apes illam quæ ex pluribus
+angulis constat sapienter delegerunt, utpote suspicantes eam plus
+mellis capere quàm utramvis reliquarum. At Apes quidem illud
+tantùm quod ipsis utile est cognoscunt, viz. Hexagonum Quadrato
+&amp; Triangulo esse majus &amp; plus Mellis capere posse, nimirum
+æquali materiâ in constructionem uniuscujusque consumptâ. Nos
+verò qui plus sapientiæ quàm Apes habere profitemur, aliquid etiam
+magìs insigne investigabimus.</i> Collect. Math. l. 5.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_361" href="#FNanchor_361" class="label">[p]</a> See before <a href="#Footnote_349"><i>Note (c).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_362" href="#FNanchor_362" class="label">[q]</a> See <a href="#Footnote_272"><i>Chap. 11. Note (x).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_363" href="#FNanchor_363" class="label">[r]</a> See <a href="#Footnote_273"><i>Chap. 11. Note (y).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_364" href="#FNanchor_364" class="label">[s]</a> Among many Examples, the Legs and Feet of the
+<i>Mole-Cricket</i>, (<i>Gryllotalpa</i>,) are very remarkable. The Fore-Legs
+are very brawny and strong; and the Feet armed each
+with four flat strong Claws, together with a small Lamina,
+with two larger Claws, and a third with two little Claws:
+Which Lamina is joynted to the Bottom of the Foot, to be
+extended, to make the Foot wider, or withdrawn within the
+Foot. These Feet are placed to scratch somewhat sideways
+as well as downward, after the Manner of <i>Moles</i> Feet; and
+they are very like them also in Figure.</p>
+
+<p>Somewhat of this Nature, <i>Swammerdam</i> observes of the
+Worms of the <i>Ephemeron</i>. <i>To this Purpose, <span class="antiqua">[to dig their
+Cells,]</span> the wise Creator hath furnish’d them</i>, (saith he,) <i>with
+fit Members. For, besides that their two Fore-Legs are formed
+somewhat like those of the ordinary <span class="antiqua">Moles</span>, or <span class="antiqua">Gryllotalpa</span>; he
+hath also furnish’d them with two toothy Cheeks, somewhat like
+the Sheers of <span class="antiqua">Lobsters</span>, which serve them more readily to bore
+the Clay.</i> Swammerdam’s Ephem. Vit. Publish’d by Dr. <i>Tyson</i>,
+Chap. 3.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_365" href="#FNanchor_365" class="label">[t]</a> See the before-cited <a href="#Footnote_349"><i>Note (c).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_366" href="#FNanchor_366" class="label">[u]</a> They are for the most Part, some of the <i>Phalænæ</i>-Tribe,
+which inhabit the tunnelled, convolved Leaves, that
+we meet with on Vegetables in the Spring and Summer.
+And it is a somewhat wonderful Artifice, how so small and
+weak a Creature, as one of those newly-hatch’d Maggots,
+(for doubtless it is they, not the Parent-Animal, because she
+emits no Web, nor hath any tectrine Art,) can be able to convolve
+the stubborn Leaf, and then bind it in that neat round
+Form, with the Thread or Web it weaves from its own Body;
+with which it commonly lines the convolved Leaf, and
+stops up the two Ends, to prevent its own falling out; and
+<i>Earwigs</i>, and other noxious Animals getting in.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_367" href="#FNanchor_367" class="label">[w]</a> The several Sorts of <i>Phryganea</i>, or <i>Cadews</i>, in their
+<i>Nympha</i>, or <i>Maggot-state</i>, thus house themselves; one Sort
+in Straws, call’d from thence <i>Straw-Worms</i>; others in two or
+more Sticks, laid parallel to one another, creeping at the Bottom
+of Brooks; others with a small Bundle of Pieces of Rushes,
+Duck-weed, Sticks, <i>&amp;c.</i> glu’d together, where-with they
+float on the Top, and can row themselves therein about the
+Waters, with the Help of their Feet: Both these are call’d
+<i>Cob-bait</i>. Divers other Sorts there are, which the Reader
+<i>may</i> see a Summary of, from Mr <i>Willughby</i>, in <i>Raii Method.
+Insect.</i> p. 12. together with a good, though very brief Description
+of the <i>Papilionaceous</i> Fly, that comes from the <i>Cod-bait
+Cadew</i>. It is a notable architectonick Faculty, which all
+the Variety of these Animals have, to gather such Bodies as
+are fittest for their Purpose, and then to glue them together;
+some to be heavier than Water, that the Animal may remain
+at the Bottom, where its Food is; (for which Purpose they
+use Stones, together with Sticks, Rushes, <i>&amp;c.</i>) and some to
+be lighter than Water, to float on the Top, and gather its
+Food from thence. These little Houses look coarse and
+shew no great Artifice outwardly; but are well tunnelled,
+and made within with a hard tough Paste; into which the
+hinder Part of the Maggot is so fix’d, that it can draw its
+Cell after it any where, without Danger of leaving it behind;
+as also thrust its Body out, to reach what it wanteth; or
+withdraw it into its Cell, to guard it against Harms.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_368" href="#FNanchor_368" class="label">[x]</a> Having mention’d the <i>Spider</i>, I shall take this Occasion,
+(although it be out of the Way,) to give an Instance of
+the Poyson of some of them. <i>Scaliger Exerc. 186. relates,
+That in <span class="antiqua">Gascony</span>, his Country, there are <span class="antiqua">Spiders</span> of that virulency,
+that if a Man treads upon them, to crush them, their
+Poyson will pass through the very Soles of his Shoe.</i> Boyl. Subtil.
+of Effluv. c. 4.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. <i>Leewenhoek</i> put a <i>Frog</i> and a <i>Spider</i> together into a
+Glass, and having made the <i>Spider</i> sting the <i>Frog</i> divers Times,
+the <i>Frog</i> dy’d in about an Hour’s Time. <i>Phil. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 272.</p>
+
+<p>In the same <i>Transaction</i>, is a curious Account of the Manner
+how <i>Spiders</i> lay, and guard their eggs, <i>viz.</i> they emit
+them not out of the hindermost Part of the Body, but under
+the upper Part of her Belly, near the Hind-Legs, <i>&amp;c.</i> Also
+there is an Account of the Parts from which they emit their
+Webs, and divers other Things worth Observation, with
+Cuts illustrating the Whole.</p>
+
+<p>But in <i>Phil. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 22. Dr. <i>Nath. Fairfax</i>, from <i>S.
+Redi</i>, and his own Observations, thinks <i>Spiders</i> not venomous;
+several Persons, as well as Birds, swallowing them without
+Hurt: Which I my self have known in a Person of Learning,
+who was advis’d to take them medicinally at first, and
+would at any Time swallow them, affirming them to be
+sweet, and well tasted: And not only innocuous, but they
+are very salutiferous too, in some of the most stubborn Diseases,
+if the pleasant Story in <i>Mouffet</i> be true; of a rich <i>London</i>
+Matron, cur’d of a desperate <i>Tympany</i>, by a certain Debauchee,
+that hearing of her Case, and that she was given over
+by the Doctors, went to her, pretending to be a Physician,
+and confidently affirming he would cure her; which she being
+willing to believe, agrees with him for so much Money, one
+half to be paid down, the other upon Cure. Upon which
+he gives her a <i>Spider</i>, promising her Cure in three Days. Upon
+which, (not doubting but that he had poison’d her, and
+fearing he might be call’d to account for it,) he gets out of
+Town as fast as he could. But instead of being poison’d, she
+soon recover’d. After some Months, the Quack gets privately
+to Town, when he thought the Bustle might be over;
+and enquiring how his Patient did, was inform’d of her Cure;
+and thereupon visiting her, and making an Excuse for his
+Absence, he receiv’d his Pay with great Applause and Thanks.
+<i>Mouff. Insect. l. 2. c. 15.</i></p>
+
+<p>Having said so much of <i>Spiders</i>, I might here add their
+Flight: But of this, see <a href="#Footnote_579"><i>Book VIII. Chap. 4. Note (e).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_238"></a>[238]</span></p>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_IV_CHAP_XIV">CHAP. XIV.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of Animals Self-Preservation.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Having thus consider’d the Food, Cloathing,
+and Houses of Animals; let us in this Chapter
+take a Glance of another excellent Provision,
+the wise Creator hath made for the Good of the
+animal World; and that is, the Methods which all
+Animals naturally take for their <i>Self-Preservation</i>
+and <i>Safety</i>. And here it is remarkable, (as in the
+Cases before,) that <i>Man</i>, who is endow’d with Reason,
+is born without Armature, and is destitute of
+many Powers, which irrational Creatures have in a
+much higher Degree than he, by Reason he can
+make himself Arms to defend himself, can contrive
+Methods for his own Guard and Safety, can many
+Ways annoy his Enemy, and stave off the Harms
+of noxious Creatures.</p>
+
+<p>But for others, who are destitute of this super-eminent
+Faculty; they are some Way or other provided
+with sufficient Guard<a id="FNanchor_369" href="#Footnote_369" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>, proportionate to
+their Place of Abode, the Dangers they are like to
+incur there<a id="FNanchor_370" href="#Footnote_370" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>; and in a Word, to their greatest<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_239"></a>[239]</span>
+Occasions, and Need of Security. Accordingly,
+some are sufficiently guarded against all common
+Dangers, by their natural Cloathing, by their Armature
+of Shells, or such like hard, and impregnable
+Covering of their Body<a id="FNanchor_371" href="#Footnote_371" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>. Others destitute of
+this Guard, are armed, some with Horns<a id="FNanchor_372" href="#Footnote_372" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>, some
+with sharp Quills and Prickles<a id="FNanchor_373" href="#Footnote_373" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>, some with<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_240"></a>[240]</span>
+Claws, some with Stings<a id="FNanchor_374" href="#Footnote_374" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>; some can shift and
+change their Colours<a id="FNanchor_375" href="#Footnote_375" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>; some can make their
+Escape by the Help of their Wings, and others by<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_241"></a>[241]</span>
+the Swiftness of their Feet; some can screen themselves
+by diving in the Waters, others by tinging
+and disordering the Waters<a id="FNanchor_376" href="#Footnote_376" class="fnanchor">[h]</a>, can make their Escape;
+and some can guard their Bodies, even in
+the very Flames, by the Ejection of the Juice of
+their Bodies<a id="FNanchor_377" href="#Footnote_377" class="fnanchor">[i]</a>; and some by their accurate Smell,
+Sight or Hearing, can foresee Dangers<a id="FNanchor_378" href="#Footnote_378" class="fnanchor">[k]</a>; others<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_242"></a>[242]</span>
+by their natural Craft, can prevent or escape
+them<a id="FNanchor_379" href="#Footnote_379" class="fnanchor">[l]</a>; others by their Uncouth Noise<a id="FNanchor_380" href="#Footnote_380" class="fnanchor">[m]</a>;
+by the horrid Aspect, and ugly Gesticulations of
+their Body<a id="FNanchor_381" href="#Footnote_381" class="fnanchor">[n]</a>; and some even by the Power of
+their Excrements, and their Stink<a id="FNanchor_382" href="#Footnote_382" class="fnanchor">[o]</a>, can annoy<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_243"></a>[243]</span>
+their Enemy, and secure themselves; and against
+some<a id="FNanchor_383" href="#Footnote_383" class="fnanchor">[p]</a>, the divine Providence it self hath provided
+a Guard.</p>
+
+<p>By such Shifts and Means as these, a sufficient
+Guard is ministred to every Species of Animals, in
+its proper respective Place; abundantly enough to
+secure the Species from Destruction, and to keep
+up that Balance, which I have formerly shew’d, is
+in the World among every, and all the Species of
+Animals; but yet not enough to secure Individuals,
+from becoming a Prey to Man, or to other Creatures,
+as their Necessities of Life require. To
+which Purpose, the natural Sagacity and Craft of
+the one intrapping<a id="FNanchor_384" href="#Footnote_384" class="fnanchor">[q]</a>, and captivating, being in
+some Measure equivalent to that of the other in evading,
+is as excellent a Means for the maintaining
+the one, as preserving the other; and if well consider’d,
+argues the Contrivance of the infinitely wise
+Creator and Preserver of the World.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_369" href="#FNanchor_369" class="label">[a]</a> <i>Callent in hoc cuncta animalia, sciuntque non sua modò
+commoda, verum &amp; hostium adversa; nôrunt sua cela, nôrunt
+occasiones, partesque dissidentium imbellis. In ventre mollis est
+tenuisque cutis Crocodilo: ideoque se, ut territi, mergent Delphini,
+subcuntesque alvum illâ secant spinâ.</i> Plin. Nat. Hist.
+l. 8. c. 25.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_370" href="#FNanchor_370" class="label">[b]</a> <i>Omnibus aptum est Corpus Animæ moribus &amp; facultatibus:
+Equo fortibus ungulis &amp; juba est ornatum (etenim velox
+&amp; superbum &amp; generosum est animal.) Leoni autem, utpose animoso
+&amp; feroci, dentibus &amp; unguibus validum. Ita autem &amp;
+Tauro &amp; Apro; illi enim Cornua, huic exerti Dentes.——
+Cervo autem &amp; Lepori (timida enim animalia) velox corpus,
+sed inerme. Timidis enim velocitas, arma audacibus conveniebant——Homini
+autem (sapiens enim est——) manus
+dedit, instrumentum ad omnes artes necessarium, paci non minùs
+quàm bello idoneum. Non igitur indiguit Cornu sibi innato
+cùm meliora Cornibus arma manibus, quandocunque volet,
+possit accipere: Etenim Ensis &amp; Hasta majora sunt Arma,
+&amp; ad incidendum promptiora.——Neque Cornu, neque Ungulæ
+quicquam nisi cominùs agere possunt; Hominum verò arma eminùs
+juxtà ac cominùs agunt: telum quidem &amp; sagitta magis
+quàm cornua.——Non igitur est nudus, neque inermis.——sed
+ipsi est Thorax ferreus, quandocunque libet, omnibus Coriis
+difficilius sauciatu organum.——Nec Thorax solùm sed &amp;
+Domus, &amp; Murus, &amp; Turris, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Galen. de Us. Part. l. 1.
+c. 2.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_371" href="#FNanchor_371" class="label">[c]</a> Shells deserve a Place in this Survey, upon the Account
+of their great Variety; the curious and uncouth Make
+of some, and the beautiful Colours, and pretty Ornaments
+of others; but it would be endless to descend to Particulars.
+Omitting others, I shall therefore only take Notice of
+the <i>Tortoiseshell</i>, by Reason a great deal of Dexterity appears,
+even in the Simplicity of that Animal’s Skeleton. For,
+besides that the Shell is a stout Guard to the Body, and affords
+a safe Retreat to the Head, Legs and Tail, which it
+withdraws within the Shell upon any Danger; besides this, I
+say, the Shell supplieth the Place of all the Bones in the Body,
+except those of the extreme Parts, the Head and Neck,
+and the four Legs and Tail. So that at first Sight, it is somewhat
+surprizing to see a compleat Skeleton consisting of so
+small a Number of Bones, and they abundantly sufficient for
+the Creature’s Use.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_372" href="#FNanchor_372" class="label">[d]</a></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Dente timentur Apri: defendunt cornua Tauros:</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Imbelles Dame quid nisi præda sumus!</i></div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse right">Martial. l. 13. Epigr. 94.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_373" href="#FNanchor_373" class="label">[e]</a> The <i>Hedgehog</i> being an helpless, slow, patient Animal,
+is accordingly guarded with Prickles, and a Power of
+rolling it self up in them. <i>Clavis terebrari sibi pedes, &amp; discindi
+viscera patientissimè ferebat, omnes cultri ictus sine gemitu
+plusquam Spartanâ nobilitate concoquens.</i> Borrichius in Blas.
+de Echino. <i>Panniculum carnosum amplexabatur Musculus panè
+circularis, admirandæ fabricæ, lacinius suas ad pedes, caudam,
+caput, variè exporrigens, cujus minsterio Echinus se ad
+arbitrium in orbem contrahit.</i> Act. Dan. in Blasio.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Iste licèt digitos restudine pungat acutâ,</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent4"><i>Cortice deposito mollis Echinus erit.</i></div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse right">Mart. l. 13. Epig. 86.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_374" href="#FNanchor_374" class="label">[f]</a> The <i>Sting</i> of a <i>Wasp</i>, or <i>Bee</i>, &amp;c. is so pretty a Piece
+of Work, that it is worth taking Notice of, so far as I have
+not found others to have spoken of it. Others have observ’d
+the Sting to be an hollow Tube, with a Bag of sharp penetrating
+Juices, (its Poison,) joined to the End of it, within
+the Body of the <i>Wasp</i>, which is, in Stinging, injected into the
+Flesh through the Tube. But there are besides this, two small,
+sharp, bearded Spears, lying within this Tube or Sting, as in
+a Sheath. In a <i>Wasp</i>’s Sting, I counted eight Beards on the
+Side of each Spear, somewhat like the Beards of Fish-hooks.
+These Spears in the Sting, or Sheath, lie one with its Point
+a little before that of the other; as is represented in <a href="#figures"><i>Fig. 21.</i></a>
+to be ready, (I conceive,) to be first darted into the Flesh;
+which being once fix’d, by Means of its foremost Beard, the
+other then strikes in too, and so they alternately pierce deeper
+and deeper, their Beards taking more and more hold in
+the Flesh; after which the Sheath or Sting follows, to convey
+the Poison into the Wound. Which, that it may pierce
+the Better, it is drawn into a Point, with a small Slit a little
+below that Point, for the two Spears to come out at. By
+Means of this pretty Mechanism in the Sting, it is, that the
+Sting when out of the Body, and parted from it, is able to
+pierce and sting us: And by Means of the Beards being lodged
+deep in the Flesh, it comes to pass that <i>Bees</i> leave their
+Stings behind them, when they are disturbed before they
+have Time to withdraw their Spears into their Scabbard. In
+<a href="#figures"><i>Fig. 21.</i></a> is represented the two Spears as they lie in the Sting.
+In <a href="#figures"><i>Fig. 22.</i></a> the two Spears are represented when squeez’d out
+of the Sting, or the Scabbard; in which Latter, <a href="#figures"><i>Fig. A c b</i></a>, is
+the Sting, <a href="#figures"><i>c d</i></a>, and <a href="#figures"><i>b e</i></a>, the two bearded Spears thrust out.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_375" href="#FNanchor_375" class="label">[g]</a> The <i>Camelion</i> is sufficiently fam’d on this Account.
+Besides which, <i>Pliny</i> tells us of a Beast as big as an <i>Ox</i>, called
+the <i>Tarandus</i>, that when he pleaseth, assumes the Colour
+of an <i>Ass</i>, and <i>Colorem omnium fruticum, arborum, florum,
+locorumgue reddit, in quibus latet metuens, ideoque rarò capitur.</i>
+Plin. l. 8. c. 34.</p>
+
+<p>How true this is, there may be some Reason to doubt;
+but if any Truth be in the Story, it may be from the Animal’s
+chusing such Company, or Places, as are agreeable to
+its Colour: As I have seen in divers <i>Caterpillars</i>, and other
+Insects, who I believe were not able to change their Colour,
+from one Colour to another; yet I have constantly observ’d,
+do fix themselves to such Things as are of the same Colour;
+by which Means they dodge the Spectator’s Eye. Thus the
+<i>Caterpillar</i> that feeds on <i>Elder</i>, I have more than once seen,
+so cunningly adhering to the small Branches of the same Colour,
+that it might be easily mistaken for a small Stick, even
+by a careful View. So a large green <i>Caterpillar</i>, that feeds
+on <i>Buckthorn</i>, and divers others. To which I may add the
+prodigious Sagacity of the <i>Ichneumon Flies</i>, that make the
+<i>Kermes</i>, (for of that Tribe all the <i>Kermes</i> I ever saw was;)
+how artificially they not only inclose their Eggs within that
+gummy Skin, or Shell; but also so well humour the Colour
+of the Wood they adhere to, by various Streaks and Colours,
+that it is not easie to distinguish them from the Wood
+it self.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_376" href="#FNanchor_376" class="label">[h]</a> <i>Contra metum &amp; vim, suis se armis quæque defendit.
+Cornibus Tauri, Apri dentibus, morsu Leones, aliæ fugâ se, aliæ
+occultatione tutantur: atramenti effusione Sepia, torpore Topedines.
+Multa etiam insectantes odoris intolerabili, fœditate depellunt.</i>
+Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 50.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_377" href="#FNanchor_377" class="label">[i]</a> A Knight call’d <i>Corvini</i> at <i>Rome</i>, cast a <i>Salamander</i> into
+the Fire, which presently swell’d, and then vomited Store
+of thick slimy Matter, which put out the Coals; to which
+the <i>Salamander</i> presently retir’d, putting them out again in
+the same Manner, as soon as they re-kindled, and by this
+Means sav’d it self from the Force of the Fire for the Space
+of two Hours: After which it liv’d nine Months. <i>Vid.</i> <i>Philos.
+Transact.</i> Nᵒ. 21. in <i>Lowth. Abridg. Vol. 2.</i> p. 816.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_378" href="#FNanchor_378" class="label">[k]</a> <i>Pliny</i> gives an Instance in each. <i>L. 10. c. 69.</i> <i>Aqullæ
+clariùs cernunt <span class="antiqua">[quàm homines;]</span> Vultures sagaciùs odorantur:
+liquidiùs audiunt Talpæ obrutæ terrâ, tam denso atque surdo naturæ
+elemento.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_379" href="#FNanchor_379" class="label">[l]</a> The <i>Doubling</i> of the <i>Hare</i>, before she goes to Form,
+thereby to dodge and deceive the <i>Dogs</i>, although a vulgar
+Observation, is a notable Instinct for an Animal, less fam’d
+for Cunning than the <i>Fox</i>, and some others.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_380" href="#FNanchor_380" class="label">[m]</a> It is natural for many Quadrupeds, Birds and Serpents,
+not only to put on a torvous angry Aspect, when in <i>Danger</i>;
+but also to snarl, hiss, or by some other Noise deter
+their Adversary.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_381" href="#FNanchor_381" class="label">[n]</a> The <i>Iynx</i>, or <i>Wryneck</i>, although a Bird of very beautiful
+Feathers, and consequently far enough off from being any
+way terrible; yet being in Danger, hath such odd Contortions
+of its Neck, and Motions of its Head, that I remember
+have scar’d me, when I was a Boy, from taking their
+Nests, or touching the Bird; daring no more to venture my
+Hand into their Holes, than if a Serpent had lodged in it.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_382" href="#FNanchor_382" class="label">[o]</a> <i>Bonasus tuetur se calcibus &amp; stercore, quòd ab se quaternis
+passibus <span class="antiqua">[trium jugerum longitudine. <i>Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 8.
+c. 15.</i>]</span> ejaculatur, quod sæpe comburit adeò ut deglabrentur canes.</i>
+Ray’s Synops. Quadr. p. 71.</p>
+
+<p><i>Camelus Peruvianus Clama dictus neminem offendit, sed miro
+admodum ingenio se ab iliatâ vindicat injuriâ, nimirum vomitæ
+vel cibi, vel humoris in vexantem retrarsum cum impetu
+ejaculato, ob protensam colli longitudinem.</i> Id. ib. p. 146.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tzquiepatl</i> (Anglicè <i>Squnck</i> Præf. and one that I saw they
+call’d a <i>Stonck</i>.) <i>Cùm quis eam insectatur, fundit cum ventris
+crepitu halitum fœtidissimum: quin ipsa tota teterrimum exhalat
+odorem, &amp; urina stercusque est fœtidissimum, atque adeò pestilens,
+ut nihil sit reperire in nostro orbe, cui in hâc re possit
+comparari: quo fit, ut in periculo constituta, urinam &amp; fæces ad
+8 pluriumve passuum intervallum ejiciat, hoc modo se ab omnibus
+vindicans injuriit, ac vestes inficiens maculis luteis indelibilibus,
+&amp; nunquam satis perspirante odore: aliàs innoxium Animal
+eduleque, hæc solâ ratione horrendissimum.</i> Id. ib. p. 182.</p>
+
+<p><i>Si Accipiter Ardeam in sublimi molestat, stercore immisso in
+pennas ejus, eas putrescere facit: utì Solinus scribis de Bonaso,
+<span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> Ita &amp; Lupus urinam spargit in persequentem.</i> Ol. Mag.
+Hist. l. 19. c. 14.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_383" href="#FNanchor_383" class="label">[p]</a> Thus against the <i>Crocodile</i>, which can catch its Prey
+only before it, not on one Side. So the <i>Shark</i>, of which take
+my often-commended Friend Sir <i>Hans Sloane</i>’s Observation:
+<i>It hath this particular to it, with some others of its own Tribe;
+that the Mouth is in its under Part, so that it must turn the
+Belly upwards to Prey. And was it not for that Time it is in
+turning, in which the pursu’d Fishes escape, there would be nothing
+that could avoid it; for it is very quick in Swimming,
+and hath a vast Strength, with the largest Swallow of any Fish,
+and is very devouring.</i> Sloane’s <i>Voyage to</i> Jamaica, p. 23.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_384" href="#FNanchor_384" class="label">[q]</a> See <a href="#Footnote_307"><i>Chap. 11. Note (iii).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_244"></a>[244]</span></p>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_IV_CHAP_XV">CHAP. XV.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the Generation of Animals.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>There remains now only one Thing more of the
+ten Things in common to Animals, and that
+is what relates to their Generation<a id="FNanchor_385" href="#Footnote_385" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>,
+    and Conservation<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_245"></a>[245]<br><a id="Page_246"></a>[246]</span>
+of their Species<a id="FNanchor_386" href="#Footnote_386" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>, by that Means. It
+would not be seemly to advance far in this admirable
+Work of God; neither shall I at all insist upon
+that of Man for the same Reason. And as for
+the Irrationals<a id="FNanchor_387" href="#Footnote_387" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>, I shall confine my self to these
+five Matters.</p>
+
+<p>I. Their natural Sagacity in chusing the fittest
+Places to reposite their Eggs and Young.</p>
+
+<p>II. The fittest Times and Seasons they make use
+of for their Generation.</p>
+
+<p>III. The due and stated Number of their Young.</p>
+
+<p>IV. Their Diligence and earnest Concern in their
+Breeding up.</p>
+
+<p>V. Their Faculty of Feeding them, and their
+Art and Sagacity exerted therein.</p>
+
+<p>I. The natural Sagacity of irrational Animals, in
+chusing the fittest Places to reposite their Eggs and
+Young. Of this I have given larger Hints already
+than I needed to have done, when I spake of the
+Architecture<a id="FNanchor_388" href="#Footnote_388" class="fnanchor">[d]</a> of Animals, intending then to have
+wholly pass’d by this Business of Generation; I shall
+therefore now only superadd a few other Instances,
+the more to illustrate this Matter.</p>
+
+<p>It hath been already shewn, and will hereafter<a id="FNanchor_389" href="#Footnote_389" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>
+farther appear, that the Places in which the several
+Species of Animals lay up their Eggs, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_247"></a>[247]</span>
+Young, are the best for that Purpose; Waters<a id="FNanchor_390" href="#Footnote_390" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>
+for one; Flesh for another; Holes in Wood<a id="FNanchor_391" href="#Footnote_391" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>,
+Earth, or Stone<a id="FNanchor_392" href="#Footnote_392" class="fnanchor">[h]</a>, for others; and Nests for others;
+and we shall find, that so ardent is the Propensity
+of all Animals, even of the meanest Insects,
+to get a fit Place for the Propagation of their
+Young; that, as will hereafter appear, there is
+scarce any Thing that escapeth the Inquest of those
+little subtile Creatures. But besides all this, there
+are two or three Things more observable, which
+plainly argue the Instinct of some superior rational
+Being. As,</p>
+
+<p>1. The compleat and neat Order which many
+Creatures observe in laying up their Seed, or Eggs,
+in proper Repositories: Of which I shall speak in
+another Place<a id="FNanchor_393" href="#Footnote_393" class="fnanchor">[i]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_248"></a>[248]</span></p>
+
+<p>2. The suitable Apparatus in every Creature’s
+Body, for the laying-up its Eggs, Seed, or Young,
+in their proper Place. It would be as endless as
+needless to name all Particulars, and therefore an Instance
+or two of the Insect-Tribe may serve for a
+Specimen in this Place, till I come to other Particulars.
+Thus Insects, who have neither Feet adapted
+to scratch, nor Noses to dig, nor can make artificial
+Nests to lay up their Young; yet what abundant
+Amends is there made them, in the Power
+they have either to extend the <i>Abdomen</i><a id="FNanchor_394" href="#Footnote_394" class="fnanchor">[k]</a>, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_249"></a>[249]</span>
+thereby reach the commodious Places they could
+not otherwise come at; or else they have some aculeous
+Part or Instrument to terebrate, and make
+Way for their Eggs into the Root<a id="FNanchor_395" href="#Footnote_395" class="fnanchor">[l]</a>,
+    Trunk<a id="FNanchor_396" href="#Footnote_396" class="fnanchor">[m]</a>,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_250"></a>[250]</span>
+Fruit<a id="FNanchor_397" href="#Footnote_397" class="fnanchor">[n]</a>, Leaves<a id="FNanchor_398" href="#Footnote_398" class="fnanchor">[o]</a>,
+    and the tender Buds of Vegetables<a id="FNanchor_399" href="#Footnote_399" class="fnanchor">[p]</a>,
+or some other such curious and secure
+Method they are never destitute of. To which we
+may add,</p>
+
+<p>3. The natural Poison<a id="FNanchor_400" href="#Footnote_400" class="fnanchor">[q]</a>, (or what can I call
+it?) which many or most of the Creatures, last intended,
+have, to cause the Germination of such<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_251"></a>[251]</span>
+Balls, Cases, and other commodious Repositories,
+as are an admirable Lodgment to the Eggs and
+Young; that particularly in the Incubation
+and Hatching the Young, and then afford them
+sufficient Food and Nourishment in all their <i>Nympha-State</i>,
+in which they need Food; and are afterwards
+commodious Houses and Beds for them in
+their <i>Aurelia-State</i>, till they are able to break Prison,
+fly abroad, and shift for themselves. But this
+shall be taken Notice of, when I come to treat of
+Insects.</p>
+
+<p>II. As irrational Animals chuse the fittest Place,
+so also the fittest Times and Seasons for their Generation.
+Some indeed are indifferent to all Times,
+but others make use of peculiar Seasons<a id="FNanchor_401" href="#Footnote_401" class="fnanchor">[r]</a>. Those,
+for Instance, whose Provisions are ready at all Seasons,
+or who are under the Tuition of Man, produce
+their Young without any great regard to Heat
+or Cold, Wet or Dry, Summer or Winter. But
+others, whose Provisions are peculiar, and only to
+be met with at certain Seasons of the Year, or who,
+by their Migration and Change of Place, are tied
+up to certain Seasons; these (as if endowed with a
+natural Care and Foresight of what shall happen)
+do accordingly lay, hatch and nurse up their Young
+in the most proper Seasons of all the Year for their
+Purpose; as in Spring, or Summer, the Times of
+Plenty of Provisions, the Times of Warmth for
+Incubation, and the most proper Seasons to breed
+up their Young, till they are able to shift for themselves,
+and can range about for Food, and seek
+Places of Retreat and Safety, by flying long Flights
+as well as their Progenitors, and passing into far<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_252"></a>[252]</span>
+distant Regions, which (when others fail) afford
+those helpless Creatures the Necessaries of Life.</p>
+
+<p>III. To the special Seasons, I may add the peculiar
+Number of Young produced by the irrational
+Creatures. Of which I have already taken some
+Notice, when I spake of the Balance of Animals<a id="FNanchor_402" href="#Footnote_402" class="fnanchor">[s]</a>.
+Now, if there was not a great deal
+more than Chance in this Matter, even a wise Government
+of the Creation, it could never happen
+that every Species of Animals should be tied up to
+a certain Rate and Proportion of its Increase; the
+most useful would not be the most fruitful, and the
+most pernicious produce the fewest Young, as I
+have observed it commonly is. Neither would every
+Species produce such a certain Rote as it is only
+able to breed up: But all would be in a confused,
+huddled State. Instead of which, on the contrary,
+we find every Thing in compleat Order;
+the Balance of <i>Genera</i>, Species and Individuals always
+proportionate and even; the Balance of Sexes
+the same; most Creatures tied up to their due
+Stint and Number of Young, without their own
+Power and Choice, and others (particularly of the
+winged<a id="FNanchor_403" href="#Footnote_403" class="fnanchor">[t]</a> Kind) producing their due Number at<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_253"></a>[253]</span>
+their Choice and Pleasure; some large Numbers,
+but not more than they can cover, feed and foster;
+others fewer, but as many as they can well nurse
+and breed up. Which minds me,</p>
+
+<p>IV. Of the Diligence and earnest Concern which
+irrational Animals have of the Production and Breeding
+up their Young. And here I have already taken
+Notice of their Στοργὴ, or natural Affection,
+and with what Zeal they feed and defend,
+their Young. To which may be added these two
+Things.</p>
+
+<p>1. The wonderful Instinct of Incubation. It is
+utterly impossible, that ever unthinking, untaught
+Animals should take to that only Method of hatching
+their Young, was it not implanted in their
+Nature by the infinitely wise Creator. But so ardent
+is their Desire, so unwearied is their Patience
+when they are ingaged in that Business, that they
+will abide their Nests for several Weeks, deny
+themselves the Pleasures, and even the Necessaries
+of Life; some of them even starving themselves
+almost, rather than hazard their Eggs, to get
+Food, and others either performing the Office by
+Turns<a id="FNanchor_404" href="#Footnote_404" class="fnanchor">[u]</a>, or else the one kindly seeking out, and
+carrying Food to the other<a id="FNanchor_405" href="#Footnote_405" class="fnanchor">[w]</a>, engaged in the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_254"></a>[254]</span>
+office of Incubation. But of these Matters in a
+more proper Place<a id="FNanchor_406" href="#Footnote_406" class="fnanchor">[x]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>2. When the young ones are produced, not only
+with what Care do they feed and nurse them, but
+with what surprizing Courage do all or most Creatures
+defend them! It is somewhat strange to see
+timid Creatures<a id="FNanchor_407" href="#Footnote_407" class="fnanchor">[y]</a>, who at other Times are cowardly,
+to be full of Courage, and undaunted at that
+Time; to see them furiously and boldly encounter
+their Enemy, instead of flying from him, and expose
+themselves to every Danger, rather than hazard and
+forsake their Young.</p>
+
+<p>With this earnest Concern of the irrational Animals
+for their Young, we may join in the</p>
+
+<p>V. And last Place, Their Faculty and Sagacity of
+feeding them. About which I shall take notice of
+three Things.</p>
+
+<p>1. The Faculty of suckling the Young, is an excellent
+Provision the Creator hath made for those
+helpless Creatures. And here the Agreeableness and
+Suitableness of that Food to young Creatures, deserves
+particular Observation, as also their Delight
+in it, and Desire and Endeavours after it, even as
+soon as born<a id="FNanchor_408" href="#Footnote_408" class="fnanchor">[z]</a>, together with the Willingness of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_255"></a>[255]</span>
+all, even the most savage and fierce Animals, to
+part with it, and to administer it to their Young,
+yea, to teach and institute them in the Art of taking
+it.</p>
+
+<p>And lastly, to name no more, the curious <i>Apparatus</i>
+which is made for this Service in the divers
+Species of Animals, by a due Number of Breasts,
+proportionable to the Occasions of each Animal, by
+curious Glands in those Breasts, to separate that nutritive
+Juice, the Milk, by Arteries and Veins to
+convey it to them, and proper Rivulets and Channels
+to convey it from them, with Dugs and Nipples,
+placed in the most convenient Part of the
+Body<a id="FNanchor_409" href="#Footnote_409" class="fnanchor">[aa]</a> of each Animal, to administer it to
+their Young; all these Things, I say, do manifestly
+proclaim the Care and Wisdom of the great
+Creator.</p>
+
+<p>2. As for such Animals as do in another manner
+breed up their Young, by finding out Food, and
+putting it into their Mouth, the Provision made in
+them for this Service, to strike, catch, to pouch<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_256"></a>[256]</span>
+and convey their Prey and Food to their Young<a id="FNanchor_410" href="#Footnote_410" class="fnanchor">[bb]</a>,
+is very considerable. And so is also their Sagacity
+in equally distributing it among them, that among
+many, all shall be duly, equally, and in good Order,
+fed.</p>
+
+<p>3. There is yet another Instinct remaining, of
+such Animals as can neither administer Suck to their
+Young, neither lay them in Places affording Food,
+nor can convey and bring them Food, but do with<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_257"></a>[257]</span>
+their Eggs, lay up Provisions for their future Young.
+Somewhat of this is reported of some Birds<a id="FNanchor_411" href="#Footnote_411" class="fnanchor">[cc]</a>;
+but I have my self with Pleasure, frequently seen
+some of the Species of Insects to carry ample Provisions
+into their dry and barren Cells, where they
+have seal’d them carefully and cautiously up with
+their Eggs, partly, ’tis like, for Incubation sake,
+and partly as an easy Bed to lodge their Young; but
+chiefly for future Provision for their Young, in
+their <i>Nympha-State</i>, when they stand in need of
+Food<a id="FNanchor_412" href="#Footnote_412" class="fnanchor">[dd]</a>.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_385" href="#FNanchor_385" class="label">[a]</a> <i>Spontaneous Generation</i>, is a Doctrine so generally exploded,
+that I shall not undertake the Disproof of it. It is so
+evident, that all Animals, yea, Vegetables too, owe their
+Production to Parent-Animals and Vegetables; that I have often
+admir’d at the Sloath and Prejudices of the ancient Philosophers,
+in so easily taking upon Trust the <i>Aristotelian</i>, or rather,
+the <i>Ægyptian</i> Doctrine of <i>equivocal Generation</i>; that when
+they saw <i>Flies</i>, <i>Frogs</i> and <i>Lice</i>, for Instance, to be Male and
+Female, and accordingly to ingender, lay Eggs, <i>&amp;c.</i> they
+could ever imagine any of these Creatures should be spontaneously
+produc’d, especially in so romantick a Manner, as in
+the Clouds: as they particularly thought <i>Frogs</i> were, and that
+they dropp’d down in Showers of Rain. For an Answer to
+this Case of <i>Frogs</i>, I shall refer to a Relation of my own,
+which my late most ingenious, and learned Friend, the great
+Mr. <i>Ray</i>, requested of me, and was pleas’d to publish in his
+last Edition of his <i>Wisdom of God manifested</i>, &amp;c. <i>p. 365</i>.</p>
+
+<p>But some will yet assert the Raining of <i>Frogs</i>; among
+which the curious Dr. <i>Plot</i> is somewhat of this Opinion; telling
+us of <i>Frogs</i> found on the Leads of the Lord <i>Aston</i>’s Gatehouse,
+at <i>Tixal</i> in <i>Staffordshire</i>, which he thinks by some such
+Means came there; as also on the Bowling-Green, frequently
+after a Shower of Rain. <i>Plot</i>’s <i>Hist. Staff.</i> c. 1. §. 47.</p>
+
+<p>But we may take a Judgment of this, and an Hundred such
+like Reports, to be met with in considerable Authors, from
+other the like Reports that have been better inquir’d into. In
+a Scarcity in <i>Silesia</i>, a mighty Rumour was spread of its <i>raining
+Millet-Seed</i>; but the Matter being inquir’d into, ’twas
+found to be only the Seeds of the <i>Ivy-leaved Speedwell</i>, or
+<i>small Henbit</i>, growing in the Place in great Plenty. <i>Eph.
+Germ. An. 3. Obs. 40.</i> So in the <i>Archipelago</i>, it was thought
+Ashes were rain’d, Ships being cover’d therewith at a hundred
+Leagues Distance; but in all Probability, it was from an
+Eruption of <i>Vesuvius</i>, that then happen’d. About <i>Warminster</i>
+in <i>Wilts</i>, ’twas reported it <i>rain’d Wheat</i>; but a curious Observer,
+Mr. <i>Cole</i>, found it to be only <i>Ivy-Berries</i>, blown thither
+in a considerable Quantity by a Tempest. In the Year
+1696, at <i>Cranstead</i> near <i>Wrotham</i> in <i>Kent</i>, a Pasture-Field
+was over-spread with little young <i>Whitings</i>, suppos’d to fall
+from the Clouds, in a Tempest of Thunder and Rain; but
+doubtless they were brought thither with Waters from the
+Sea by the Tempest. See the before-commended Mr. <i>Lowth</i>.
+<i>Abridg. Philos. Trans. Vol. 2.</i> p. 143, 144.</p>
+
+<p>Neither needeth it seem strange, that <i>Ashes</i>, <i>Ivy-Berries</i>,
+small <i>Fishes</i>, or young <i>Frogs</i>, (which yet may have some other
+Conveyance,) should be thus transported by tempestuous
+Winds, considering to what Distance, and in what Quantities
+the Sea-Waters were carry’d by the <i>Great-Storm</i>, <i>Nov. 26.
+1703</i>, of which an ingenious Friend sent me these Accounts
+from <i>Lewes</i> in <i>Sussex</i>, viz. <i>That a Physician travelling soon after
+the Storm, to <span class="antiqua">Tisehurst</span>, twenty Miles from the Sea, as he
+rode along pluck’d some Tops of Hedges, and chewing them,
+found them Salt: That some <span class="antiqua">Grapes</span> hanging on the Vines at
+<span class="antiqua">Lewes</span> were so too. That Mr. <span class="antiqua">Williamson</span> Rector of <span class="antiqua">Ripe</span>,
+found the Twigs in his Gardens Salt the <span class="antiqua">Monday</span> after the Storm;
+and others observ’d the same a Week after. That the Grass of
+the Downs about <span class="antiqua">Lewes</span>, was so Salt, that the Sheep would not
+feed till Hunger compell’d them: And that the <span class="antiqua">Miller</span> of <span class="antiqua">Berwick</span>,
+(three Miles from the Sea,) attempting with his Man to
+secure his Mill, were so wash’d with Flashes of Sea-Water, like
+the Breakings of Waves against the Rocks, that they were almost
+strangled therewith, and forced to give over their Attempt.</i></p>
+
+<p>I call’d this Doctrine of <i>equivocal Generation</i>, an <i>Ægyptian
+Doctrine</i>; because probably it had its Rise in <i>Ægypt</i>, to salve
+the Hypothesis, of the Production of Men, and other Animals,
+out of the Earth, by the Help of the Sun’s Heat. To
+prove which, the <i>Ægyptians</i>, (as <i>Diod. Sicul.</i> saith,) <i>produce
+this Observation, That about <span class="antiqua">Thebes</span>, when the Earth is moistened
+by the <span class="antiqua">Nile</span>, by the Intense Heat of the Sun, an innumerable
+Number of <span class="antiqua">Mice</span> do spring out.</i> From whence he infers,
+That all Kinds of Animals, might as well at first come likewise
+out of the Earth. And from these the learned Bishop
+<i>Stillingfleet</i> thinks other Writers, as <i>Ovid</i>, <i>Mela</i>, <i>Pliny</i>, &amp;c.
+have, without examining its Truth, taken up the same Hypothesis.
+<i>V.</i> <i>Stillingfleet</i>’s <i>Orig. Sacr.</i> Part 2. Book 1. Chap. 1.</p>
+
+<p>The before-commended Dr. <i>Harris</i>, from the Observations
+of Dr. <i>Harvey</i>, Sr. <i>Malpighi</i>, Dr. <i>de Graaf</i>, and Mr. <i>Leewenhoeck</i>,
+infers three Things concerning <i>Generation</i> as highly
+probable. <i>1. That Animals are <span class="antiqua">ex Animalculo</span>. 2. That the
+Animalcules are originally <span class="antiqua">in femine Marium, &amp; non in Fœminis</span>.
+3. That they can never come forward, or be formed into
+Animals of the respective Kind, without the <span class="antiqua">Ova in Fœminis</span>.</i>
+His Proofs and Illustrations, see under the Word <i>Generation</i>,
+in his <i>Lex. Techn. Vol. 2.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_386" href="#FNanchor_386" class="label">[b]</a> <i>At certè Natura, si fieri potuisset, maximè optasset suum
+opificium esse immortale: quod cùm per materiam non liceret
+(nam quod——ex carne est compositum, incorruptibile esse non
+potest) subsidium quod potuit ipsi ad immortalitatem est sacricata,
+sapientis cujusdam urbis conditoris exemplo, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> Nam mirabilem
+quondam rationem invenit, quomodo in demortui animalis
+locum, novum aliud sufficiat.</i> Galen. de Usu. Part. l. 14.
+c. 22.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_387" href="#FNanchor_387" class="label">[c]</a> <i>Animantia Bruta Obstetricibus non indigent in edendo
+Partu, cùm inditâ Naturæ vi Umbilicus seipsum occludat.</i> Ol.
+Rudbeck in Blasii Anat. Felis.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_388" href="#FNanchor_388" class="label">[d]</a> <a href="#BOOK_IV_CHAP_XIII"><i>Chap. 13.</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_389" href="#FNanchor_389" class="label">[e]</a> <a href="#BOOK_VIII_CHAP_VI"><i>Book VIII. Chap. 6.</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_390" href="#FNanchor_390" class="label">[f]</a> The <i>Ephemeron</i>, as it is an unusual and special Instance
+of the Brevity of Life; so I take to be a wonderful Instance
+of the special Care and Providence of God, in the Conservation
+of the Species of that Animal. For, 1. As an Animal,
+whose Life is determin’d in about five or six Hours Time,
+(<i>viz.</i> from about six in the Evening, till about eleven a Clock
+at Night,) needs no Food; so neither doth the <i>Ephemeron</i> eat,
+after it is become a <i>Fly</i>. 2. As to its Generation; in those
+five Hours of its Life, it performs that, and all other necessary
+Offices of Life: For in the Beginning of its Life, it
+sheds its Coat; and that being done, and the poor little Animal
+thereby render’d light and agile, it spends the rest of its short
+Time in striking over the Waters, and at the same Time the
+Female droppeth her Egg on the Waters, and the Male his
+Sperm on them to impregnate them. These Eggs are spread
+about by the Waters; descend to the Bottom by their own
+Gravity; and are hatch’d by the Warmth of the Sun, into little
+Worms, which make themselves Cases in the Clay, and
+feed on the same without any Need of parental Care. <i>Vid.</i>
+<i>Ephem. vita</i>, translated by Dr. <i>Tyson</i> from <i>Swammerdam</i>. See
+also <a href="#Footnote_608"><i>Book VIII. Chap. 6. Note (r).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_391" href="#FNanchor_391" class="label">[g]</a> See <a href="#Footnote_349"><i>Chap. 13. Note (c)</i></a>, and <a href="#BOOK_VIII_CHAP_VI"><i>Book VIII. Chap. 6.</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_392" href="#FNanchor_392" class="label">[h]</a> The <i>Worms</i> in <a href="#Footnote_272"><i>Chap. 11. Note (x)</i></a>, breed in the Holes
+they gnaw in Stone, as manifest from their Eggs found
+therein.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_393" href="#FNanchor_393" class="label">[i]</a> See <a href="#Footnote_607"><i>Book VIII. Chap. 6. Note (q).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_394" href="#FNanchor_394" class="label">[k]</a> Many, if not most Flies, especially those of the <i>Flesh-Fly</i>-kind,
+have a Faculty of extending their <i>Uropygia</i>, and
+thereby are enabled to thrust their Eggs into convenient
+Holes, and Receptacles for their Young, in Flesh, and whatever
+else they Fly-blow. But none more remarkable than the
+<i>Horse-Fly</i>, called by <i>Pennius</i>, in <i>Mouffet</i>, (p. 62.) Σκολιοῦρος,
+i.e. <i>Curvicauda</i>, and the <i>Whame</i> or <i>Burrel-Fly</i>, which is vexatious
+to Horses in Summer, not by stinging them, but only
+by their bombylious Noise, or tickling them in sticking their
+Nits, or Eggs on the Hair; which they do in a very dexterous
+Manner, by thrusting out their <i>Uropygia</i>, bending them
+up, and by gentle, slight Touches, sticking the Eggs to the
+Hair of the Legs, Shoulders, and Necks, commonly of Horses;
+so that Horses which go abroad, and are seldom dressed,
+are somewhat discoloured by the numerous Nits adhering to
+their Hair.</p>
+
+<p>Having mentioned so much of the Generation of this Insect,
+although it be a little out of the Way, I hope I shall
+be excused for taking Notice of the long-tailed Maggot,
+which is the Product of these Nits or Eggs, called by Dr. <i>Plot</i>,
+<i>Eruca glabra</i>, [or rather <i>Eula Scabra</i>, it should be] <i>caudata
+aquatico-arborea</i>, it being found by him in the Water of an
+hollow Tree, but I have found it in Ditches, Saw-Pits, Holes
+of Water in the High-way, and such-like Places where the
+Waters are most still and foul. This Maggot I mention, as
+being a singular and remarkable Work of God, not so much
+for its being so utterly unlike as it is to its Parent <i>Bee</i>-like-Fly,
+as for the wise Provision made for it by its long Tail;
+which is so joynted at certain Distances from the Body, as
+that it can be withdrawn, or sheathed, one Part within another,
+to what Length the Maggot pleaseth, so as to enable it
+to reach the Bottom of very shallow, or deeper Waters, as it
+hath Occasion, for the gathering of Food. At the end of
+this tapering is a Ramification of <i>Fibrillæ</i>, or small Hairs representing,
+when spread, a Star; with the help of which,
+spread out on the top of the Waters, it is enabled to hang
+making by that means a small Depression or Concavity on
+the Surface of the Water. In the midst of this Star, I imagine
+the Maggot takes in Air, there being a Perforation,
+which with a Microscope I could perceive to be open, and
+by the Star to be guarded against the Incursion of the
+Water.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_395" href="#FNanchor_395" class="label">[l]</a> The Excrescences on the Root of <i>Cabbages</i>, <i>Turneps</i>,
+and divers other Plants, have always a Maggot in them; but
+what the Animal is that thus makes its way to the Root under
+Ground, whether <i>Ichneumon</i>, <i>Phalæna</i>, <i>Scarab</i>, or <i>Scolopendra</i>,
+I could never discover, being not able to bring them to
+any thing in Boxes.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_396" href="#FNanchor_396" class="label">[m]</a> I presume they are only of the <i>Ichneumon-Fly-kind</i>,
+that have their Generation in the Trunks of Vegetables. In
+<i>Malpighi de Gallis</i>, <i>Fig. 61.</i> is a good Cut of the gouty Excrescences,
+or rather Tumours of the <i>Briar-stalk</i>: From
+which proceeds a small black <i>Ichneumon-Fly</i>, with red <i>Legs</i>;
+black, smooth jointed <i>Antennæ</i>; pretty large <i>Thorax</i>; and
+short, round <i>Belly</i>, of the Shape of an Heart. It leapeth as
+a <i>Flea</i>. The <i>Male</i>, (as in other Insects,) is lesser than the <i>Female</i>,
+and very venereous, in spite of Danger, getting upon
+the Female, whom they beat and tickle with their Breeches
+and Horns, to excite them to a <i>Coït</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Another Example of the Generation in the Trunks of Vegetables,
+shall be from the Papers of my often-commended
+Friend Mr. <i>Ray</i>, which are in my Hands, and that is an Observation
+of the ingenious Dr. <i>Nath. Wood</i>: <i>I have</i> (said he)
+<i>lately observed many Eggs in the common Rush. One sort are
+little transparent Eggs, in Shape somewhat like a Pear, or Retort,
+lying within the Skin, upon, or in the <span class="antiqua">Medulla</span>, just against
+a brownish Spot on the out-side of the Rush; which is apparently
+the Creatrix of the Wound made by the Fly, when she
+puts her Eggs there. Another Kind is much longer, and not so
+transparent, of a long oval, or rather cylindrical Form; six,
+eight, or more, lie commonly together, across the Rush, parallel
+to each other, like the Teeth of a Comb, and are as long as the
+Breadth of the Rush.</i> Letter from <i>Kilkenny</i> in <i>Ireland</i>, Apr.
+28. 1697.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_397" href="#FNanchor_397" class="label">[n]</a> See <a href="#Footnote_595"><i>Book VIII. Chap. 6. Note (d).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_398" href="#FNanchor_398" class="label">[o]</a> I have in <a href="#Footnote_366"><i>Chap. 13. Note (u)</i></a>, and <a href="#Footnote_594"><i>Book VIII. Chap. 6.
+Note (c), (f)</i></a>, taken Notice of the Nidification and Generation
+of some Insects on the Leaves of Vegetables, and shall
+therefore, for the Illustration of this Place, chuse an uncommon
+Example out of the <i>Scarab-kind</i> (the Generation of
+which Tribe hath not been as yet mentioned) and that is of
+a small <i>Scarab</i> bred in the very Tips of <i>Elm-Leaves</i>. These
+Leaves, in Summer, may be observed to be, many of them,
+dry and dead, as also turgid; in which lieth a dirty, whitish,
+rough Maggot. From which proceeds a <i>Beetle</i> of the smallest
+kind, of a light, <i>Weesle</i> Colour, that leapeth like a <i>Grashopper</i>,
+although its Legs are but short. Its Eyes are blackish,
+<i>Elytra</i> thin, and prettily furrowed, with many Concavities
+in them; small club-headed <i>Antennæ</i>, and a long <i>Rostrum</i>
+like a <i>Proboscis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The same, or much like this, I have met with on Tips of
+<i>Oaken</i> and <i>Holly-Leaves</i>. How the <i>Scarab</i> lays its Eggs in the
+Leaf, whether by terebrating the Leaf, or whether the <i>Maggot</i>,
+when hatched, doth it, I could never see. But with
+great Dexterity, it makes its Way between the upper and under
+Membranes of the Leaf feeding upon the parenchymous
+Part thereof. Its Head is slenderer and sharper than most of
+<i>Maggots</i>, as if made on purpose for this Work; but yet I
+have often wondered at their Artifice in so nicely separating
+the Membranes of the <i>Elm-Leaf</i>, without breaking them,
+and endangering their own tumbling out of ’em, considering
+how thin and very tender the Skins of that Leaf (particularly)
+are.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_399" href="#FNanchor_399" class="label">[p]</a> See <a href="#Footnote_615"><i>Book VIII. Chap. 6. Note (z).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_400" href="#FNanchor_400" class="label">[q]</a> See <a href="#BOOK_VIII_CHAP_VI"><i>Book VIII. Chap. 6.</i></a> to <a href="#Footnote_617"><i>Note (bb)</i></a>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_401" href="#FNanchor_401" class="label">[r]</a> Πολλὰ δὲ καὶ πρὸς τὰς ἐκτροφὰς τῶν τέκνων στοχαζέμενα,
+ποιοῦνται τὸν συνδυασμὸν ἐν τῇ ἀπαρτιζούσῃ ὥρᾳ. Arist. Hist. An.
+l. 5. c. 8 ubi plura.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_402" href="#FNanchor_402" class="label">[s]</a> <a href="#BOOK_IV_CHAP_X"><i>Chap. 10.</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_403" href="#FNanchor_403" class="label">[t]</a> Mr. <i>Ray</i> alledges good Reasons to conclude, that although
+Birds have not an exact Power of numbering, yet, that
+they have of distinguishing many from few, and knowing
+when they come near to a certain Number; and that they
+have it in their Power to lay many or few Eggs. All which
+he manifesteth from <i>Hens</i>, and other domestick Fowls, laying
+many more Eggs when they are withdrawn, than when
+not. Which holds in wild as well as domestick Birds, as appears
+from Dr. <i>Lister</i>’s Experiment in withdrawing a <i>Swallow</i>’s
+Eggs, which by that Means laid nineteen Eggs successively
+before she gave over. <i>V.</i> <i><span class="antiqua">Ray</span>’s Wisdom of God</i>, &amp;c.
+p. 137.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_404" href="#FNanchor_404" class="label">[u]</a> <i>Palumbes incubat fœmina post meridiana in matutinum,
+cætero mas. Columbæ incubant ambo, interdiu Mas, noctu Fœmina.
+Plin.</i> Nat. Hist. l. 10. c. 58.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_405" href="#FNanchor_405" class="label">[w]</a> Of the common <i>Crow</i>, Mr. <i>Willughby</i> saith, <i>The Females
+only sit, and that diligently, the Males in the mean time
+bring them Victuals, as</i> Aristotle <i>saith. In most other Birds,
+which pair together, the Male and Female sit by Turns.</i> Ornithol.
+l. 2. §. 1. c. 2. §. 2. And I have observed the Female-Crows
+to be much fatter than the Males, in the Time of Incubation,
+by Reason the Male, out of his conjugal Affection,
+almost starves himself, to supply the Female with
+Plenty.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_406" href="#FNanchor_406" class="label">[x]</a> See <a href="#BOOK_VII_CHAP_IV"><i>Book VII. Chap. 4.</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_407" href="#FNanchor_407" class="label">[y]</a> <i>Volucribus Natura novam quandam, Pullos educandi, rationem
+excogitavit: ipsis enim præcipuum quendam amorem in ea
+quæ procrearent, ingeneravit, quo impulsu bellum pro pullis cum
+ferocibus animalibus, quæ ante declinârunt, intrepide suscipiunt,
+victúmque ipsis convenientem suppeditant.</i> Galen. de Us. Part.
+l. 14. c. 4.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_408" href="#FNanchor_408" class="label">[z]</a> <i>In iis animanatibus quæ lacte aluntur, omnis ferè cibus
+matrum lactescere incipit; eaque, quæ paulo antè nata sunt,
+sine magistro, duce naturâ, mammas appetunt, earumque ubertate
+saturantur. Atque ut intelligamus nihil horum esse fortutitum,
+&amp; hæc omnia esse provida, solertisque naturæ, quæ multiplices
+fœtus procreant, ut Sues, ut Canes, his Mammarum data
+est multitudo; quas easdam paucas habent eæ bestiæ, quæ pauca
+gignunt.</i> Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 51. <i>Consule quoque</i>
+Galen de Us. Part. l. 4. c. 4. <i>&amp;</i> l. 15. c. 7.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_409" href="#FNanchor_409" class="label">[aa]</a> <i>Animalia solidipeda, &amp; ruminantia, vel cornigera, inter
+femora Mammas habent, quorum Fœtus statim à partu pedibus
+insistunt, quòd matres inter lactandum non decumbant, ut
+Equa, Asina, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> Animalia digitata &amp; multipara in medio
+ventre, scil. spatio ab inguine ad pectus (in Cuniculo usque ad
+jugulum) duplicem mammarum seriem fortita sunt, quæ omnia
+decumbentia ubera fœtibus admovent, ut Ursa, Leæna, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> Si
+verò hæc in solo inguine Mammas gererent, propria cura inter
+decumbendum fœtus accessum ad mammas nonnihil præpedirent.
+Mulieribus Mammæ binæ sunt, ut &amp; Papillæ, nimirum
+ut latus lateri conformitèr respondeat, &amp; ut alternatim infans
+à latere in latus inter sugendum tranferatur, ne corpus ejus
+uni lateri nimis assuescens quoquo modo incurvetur. Simia,
+homo Sylvestris, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Blas. Anat. Animal. Par. 1. Cap. 6.
+<i>de Cane ex Whartono</i>. See here what <i>Pliny</i> hath also, L. 11.
+<i>Cap. 40.</i></p>
+
+<p>In the <i>Elephant</i>, the Nipples are near the Breast, by Reason
+the old one is forced to suck her self, and by the help of
+her Trunk conveys the Milk into the Mouth of her Young.
+<i>Vid.</i> <i>Phil. Trans.</i> No. 336.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_410" href="#FNanchor_410" class="label">[bb]</a> For an Exemplification, I might name many Animals,
+particularly Birds, whole Parts are compleatly suited to
+this Service. They are Characteristicks of rapacious Birds,
+to have aduncous Bills and Talons to hold and tear, and
+strong brawny Thighs to strike and carry their Prey, as well
+as a sharp piercing Sight to spy it afar off. <i>Raii Synops. Method.
+Av.</i> p. 1. The <i>Pelecane</i> also might be here named, for
+its prodigious Bag under its Bill and Throat, big enough to
+contain thirty Pints. <i>Id. ibid.</i> p. 122. And to name no more,
+the common <i>Heron</i> hath its most remarkable Parts adapted
+to thus Service; long Legs for wading, and a long Neck answerable
+thereto to reach Prey, a wide, extensive Throat to
+pouch it; long Toes, with strong hooked Talons, (one of
+which is remarkably serrate on the Edge) the better to hold
+their Prey; a long sharp Bill to strike their Prey, and serrate
+towards the Point, with sharp hooked Beards standing backward,
+to hold their Prey fast when struck; and lastly, large,
+broad, concave Wings (in Appearance much too large, heavy
+and cumbersome for so small a Body, but) of greatest
+Use to enable them to carry the greater Load to their Nests
+at several Miles Distance; as I have seen them do from several
+Miles beyond me, to a large Heronry above three Miles
+distant from me. In which I have seen <i>Plaise</i>, and other
+Fish, some Inches long, lying under the high Trees in which
+they build; and the curious and ingenious Owner thereof,
+<i>D’Acre Barret</i>, Esq; hath seen a large Eel convey’d by
+them, notwithstanding the great Annoyance it gave them in
+their Flight, by its twisting this Way and that Way about
+their Bodies.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_411" href="#FNanchor_411" class="label">[cc]</a> This is reported of the <i>American Ostrich</i>, mentioned
+by <i>Acarette</i>, in <i>Phil. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 89. Of which see <a href="#Footnote_561"><i>Book VII.
+Chap. 4. Note (e).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_412" href="#FNanchor_412" class="label">[dd]</a> <i>Hornets</i>, <i>Wasps</i>, and all the Kinds of <i>Bees</i> provide Honey;
+and many of the <i>Pseudosphecæ</i>, and <i>Ichneumon Wasps</i>
+and <i>Flies</i>, carry <i>Maggots</i>, <i>Spiders</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i> into their Nests; of
+which see above, <a href="#Footnote_349"><i>Note (c) Chap. 13.</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_IV_CHAP_XVI">CHAP. XVI.</h4>
+
+<p><i>The Conclusion.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Thus I have, as briefly as well I could (and
+much more briefly than the Matters deserved)
+dispatched the Decad of Things I proposed in common
+to the sensitive Creatures. And now let us
+pause a little, and reflect. And upon the whole
+Matter, what less can be concluded than that there
+is a Being infinitely Wise, Potent, and Kind, who
+is able to contrive and make this glorious Scene of
+Things, which I have thus given only a Glance of?
+For what less than Infinite, could stock so vast a
+Globe with such a noble Set of Animals? All so
+Contrived, as to minister to one another’s Help some<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_258"></a>[258]</span>
+Way or other, and most of them serviceable to
+Man peculiarly, the Top of this lower World, and
+who was made, as it were, on purpose to observe,
+and survey, and set forth the Glory of the infinite
+<i>Creator</i>, manifested in his Works! Who! What
+but the Great <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em> could so admirably provide
+for the whole Animal World every Thing serviceable
+to it, or that can be wished for, either to conserve
+its Species, or to minister to the Being or
+Well-being of Individuals! Particularly, who could
+<i>Feed</i> so spacious a World, who could please so large
+a Number of Palates, or suit so many Palates to so
+great a Variety of Food, but the infinite Conservator
+of the World! And who but the same great
+<em class="gesperrt"><i>HE</i></em>, could provide such commodious <i>Cloathing</i> for
+every Animal; such proper <i>Houses</i>, <i>Nests</i> and <i>Habitations</i>;
+such suitable <i>Armature</i> and <i>Weapons</i>; such
+<i>Subtilty</i>, <i>Artifice</i> and <i>Sagacity</i>, as every Creature is
+more or less armed and furnished with, to fence off
+the Injuries of the Weather, to rescue it self from
+Dangers, to preserve it self from the Annoyances of
+its Enemies; and, in a word, to conserve its Self,
+and its Species! What but an infinite superintending
+Power could so equally <i>balance</i> the several Species
+of Animals, and conserve the <i>Numbers</i> of the
+individuals of every Species so even, as not to over
+or under-people the terraqueous Globe! Who, but
+the infinite wise Lord of the World, could allot
+every Creature its most suitable <i>Place</i> to live in, the
+most suitable Element to <i>breath</i>, and <i>move</i>, and <i>act</i>
+in. And who but <em class="gesperrt"><i>HE</i></em> could make so admirable a
+Set of Organs, as those of Respiration are, both
+in Land and Water-Animals! Who could contrive
+so curious a Set of Limbs, Joynts, Bones, Muscles,
+and Nerves, to give to every Animal the most commodious
+<i>Motion</i> to its State and Occasions! And to
+name no more, what Anatomist, Mathematician,
+Workman, yea Angel, could contrive and make so
+curious, so commodious, and every way so exquisite<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_259"></a>[259]</span>
+a Set of Senses, as the <i>five Senses</i> of Animals are;
+whole Organs are so dexterously contrived, so conveniently
+placed in the Body, so neatly adjusted, so
+firmly guarded, and so compleatly suited to every
+Occasion, that they plainly set forth the Agency of
+the infinite Creator and Conservator of the World.</p>
+
+<p>So that here, upon a transient View of the Animal
+World in general only, we have such a Throng
+of Glories, such an enravishing Scene of Things as
+may excite us to admire, praise, and adore the infinitely
+wise, powerful, and kind <em class="gesperrt">CREATOR</em>; to
+condemn all atheistical Principles; and with holy
+<i>David</i>, <i>Psalm</i> xiv. 1. to conclude that he is in good
+earnest a <i>Fool</i>, that dares to say, <i>There is no God</i>,
+when we are every where surrounded with such manifest
+Characters, and plain Demonstrations of that
+infinite Being.</p>
+
+<p>But in the next Book we shall still find greater
+Tokens, if possible, when I come to take a View of
+Animals in particular.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp87" style="max-width: 21.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/footer07.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_260"></a>[260]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/header09.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="ANIMALS"><span class="smaller">A</span><br>
+SURVEY<br>
+<span class="smaller">Of the Particular</span><br>
+Tribes of <i>ANIMALS</i>.</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<img class="dropcap" src="images/dropcap-i3.jpg" alt="">
+</div>
+
+<p class="dropcap">In the foregoing Book, having taken
+a View of the Things in common to
+Animals, my Business in the next, will
+be to inspect the particular Tribes, in
+order to give further Manifestations of
+the Infinite Creator’s Wisdom, Power and Goodness
+towards the Animal World.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/header07.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_V">BOOK V.</h3>
+
+<p><i>A SURVEY of <span class="smcap">Man</span>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<img class="dropcap" src="images/dropcap-t2.jpg" alt="">
+</div>
+
+<p class="dropcap">The first <i>Genus</i> of Animals that I shall
+take Notice of, shall be <i>Man</i>, who may
+justly claim the Precedence in our Discourse,
+inasmuch as God hath given him
+the Superiority in the Animal World; <i>Gen.</i> i. 26.
+<i>And God said, Let us make Man in our Image, after<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_261"></a>[261]</span>
+our Likeness; and let them have Dominion over the
+Fish of the Sea, and over the Fowl of the Air, and
+over the Cattle, and over all the Earth, and over every
+creeping Thing that creepeth upon the Earth.</i></p>
+
+<p>And as to Man, we have so excellent a Piece of
+Workmanship, such a Microcosm, such an Abridgment
+of the Creator’s Art in him, as is alone sufficient
+to demonstrate the Being and Attributes of
+<em class="gesperrt">GOD</em>. Which will appear by considering the
+<i>Soul</i> and the <i>Body</i> of Man.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_V_CHAP_I">CHAP. I.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the <span class="smcap">Soul</span> of Man.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>My Survey of Man, I shall begin with the Soul
+of Man, by Reason it is his most noble
+Part<a id="FNanchor_413" href="#Footnote_413" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>, the Copy of the Divine Image in us<a id="FNanchor_414" href="#Footnote_414" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>,
+in which we have enough to fill us with Admiration
+of the Munisence, Power, and Wisdom of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_262"></a>[262]</span>
+Infinite Creator<a id="FNanchor_415" href="#Footnote_415" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>, when we contemplate the noble
+Faculties of this our superiour Part, the vast
+Reach and Compass of its <i>Understanding</i>, the prodigious
+Quickness and Piercingness of its <i>Thought</i>, the
+admirable Subtilty of its <i>Invention</i>, the commanding
+Power of its <i>Wisdom</i>, the great Depth of its
+<i>Memory</i><a id="FNanchor_416" href="#Footnote_416" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>, and in a word, its Divine Nature and
+Operations.</p>
+
+<p>But I shall not dwell on this, tho’ the superiour
+Part of Man, because it is the least known. Only<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_263"></a>[263]</span>
+there are two Things I can’t easily pass by, because
+they manifest the especial Concurrence and Design
+of the infinitely Wise Creator, as having a particular
+and necessary Tendency to the Management and
+good Order of the World’s Affairs. The</p>
+
+<p>I. Of which is the various <i>Genii</i>, or <i>Inclinations
+of Men’s Minds</i> to this, and that, and the other Business<a id="FNanchor_417" href="#Footnote_417" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>.
+We see how naturally Men betake themselves
+to this and that Employment: Some delight
+most in Learning and Books, some in Divinity,
+some in Physick, Anatomy and Botany, some in
+Critical Learning and Philology, some in Mathematicks,
+some in Metaphysicks, and deep Researches;
+and some have their Delight chiefly in Mechanicks,
+Architecture, War, Navigation, Commerce,
+Agriculture; and some have their Inclinations lie
+even to the servile Offices of the World, and an
+hundred Things besides.</p>
+
+<p>Now all this is an admirably wise, as well as most
+necessary Provision, for the easy and sure transacting
+the World’s Affairs; to answer every End and Occasion
+of Man, yea, to make Man Helpful to the
+poor, helpless Beasts, as far as his Help is needful
+to them; and all, without any great Trouble, Fatigue,
+or great Inconvenience to Man; rather as a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_264"></a>[264]</span>
+Pleasure, and Diversion to him. For so far it is
+from being a Toil, that the greatest Labours<a id="FNanchor_418" href="#Footnote_418" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>,
+Cares, yea, and Dangers too, become pleasant to
+him who is pursuing his <i>Genius</i>; and whose Ardour
+of Inclination eggs him forward, and buoys him
+up under all Opposition, and carrieth him through
+every Obstacle, to the End of his Designs and
+Desires.</p>
+
+<p>II. The next is, The <i>inventive</i> Power of the
+Soul<a id="FNanchor_419" href="#Footnote_419" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>. Under which I might speak of many
+Things; but I shall take Notice only of two, because
+they manifest the particular Concern and Agency
+of the infinitely wise Creator. The</p>
+
+<p>1. Is, That <i>Man’s Invention</i> should reach to such
+a great Variety of Matters; that it should hit upon
+every Thing, that may be of any Use, either to
+himself, or to human Society; or that may any
+Ways promote, (what in him lies,) the Benefit of
+this lower Part of the Creation.</p>
+
+<p>For the Illustration of this, I might take a View
+of all the Arts and Sciences, the Trades, yea, the
+very Tools they perform their Labours, and Contrivances
+with, as numerous as their Occasions and
+Contrivances are various. Indeed, What is there
+that falleth under the Reach of Man’s Senses, that<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_265"></a>[265]</span>
+he doth not employ to some Use and Purpose, for
+the World’s Good? The celestial Bodies, the Sun,
+the Moon, with the other Planets, and the fix’d
+Stars, he employs to the noble Uses of Astronomy,
+Navigation and Geography. And, What a noble
+Acumen, what a vast Reach must the Soul be endow’d
+with, to invent those curious Sciences of
+Geometry and Arithmetick, both Specious, and in
+Numbers; and those nice and various Instruments,
+made use of by the Geometrician, Astronomer, Geographer
+and Sailor? And lastly, What a wonderful
+Sagacity is shewn in the Business of Optics, and
+particularly in the late Invention of the Telescope;
+wherewith new Wonders are discover’d among God’s
+Works, in the Heavens, as there are here on Earth,
+with the Microscope, and other Glasses.</p>
+
+<p>And as for this lower World, What Material is
+here to be found; what kind of Earth, or Stone,
+or Metal; what Animal, Tree, or Plant, yea, even
+the very Shrubs of the Field; in a Word, what
+of all the excellent Variety, the Creator has furnish’d
+the World with, for all its Uses and Occasions,
+in all Ages; what, I say, that Man’s Contrivance
+doth not extend unto, and make some Way
+or other advantagious to himself, and useful
+for Building, Cloathing, Food, Physick, or for
+Tools or Utensils, or for even only Pleasure and
+Diversion?</p>
+
+<p>But now considering the great Power and Extent
+of human Invention.</p>
+
+<p>2. There is another Thing, that doth farther demonstrate
+the Super-intendence of the great Creator,
+and Conservator of the World; and that is,
+That Things of great, and absolutely necessary Use,
+have soon, and easily occurr’d to the Invention of
+Man; but Things of little Use, or very dangerous
+Use, are rarely and slowly discover’d, or still utterly
+undiscover’d. We have as early as the <i>Mosaick</i>
+History, an Account of the Inventions of the more<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_266"></a>[266]</span>
+useful Crafts and Occupations: Thus <i>Gen.</i> iii. 23.
+Adam <i>was sent forth from the Garden of <span class="antiqua">Eden</span>, by
+God himself, to till the Ground.</i> And in the next
+Chapter, his two Sons <i>Cain</i> and <i>Abel</i>; the one was
+of the same Occupation, a Tiller of the Ground,
+the other a Keeper of Sheep<a id="FNanchor_420" href="#Footnote_420" class="fnanchor">[h]</a>. And the Posterity
+of these, are in the latter End of <i>Gen.</i> iv. recorded,
+<i><span class="antiqua">Jabal</span> to have been the Father of such as dwell in
+Tents</i><a id="FNanchor_421" href="#Footnote_421" class="fnanchor">[i]</a>; <i>i.e.</i> He was the <i>Inventor of Tents</i>, and
+pitching those moveable Houses in the Fields, for
+looking after, and depasturing their Cattel in the
+Desarts, and uncultivated World. <i><span class="antiqua">Tubal-Cain</span> was
+an Instructer of every Artificer in Brass and Iron</i><a id="FNanchor_422" href="#Footnote_422" class="fnanchor">[k]</a>, or
+the First that found out the Art of <i>melting, and
+malleating<a id="FNanchor_423" href="#Footnote_423" class="fnanchor">[l]</a> Metals</i>, and making them useful for
+Tools, and other necessary Implements. And his
+Sister <i>Naamah</i>, whose Name is only mentioned, is
+by some thought to have been the Inventor of <i>Spinning</i>
+and <i>Cloathing</i>. Yea, the very Art of <i>Musick</i>
+is thus early ascribed to <i>Jubal</i><a id="FNanchor_424" href="#Footnote_424" class="fnanchor">[m]</a>; so indulgent was
+the Creator, to find a Means to divert Melancholy,
+to cheer the Spirits, and to entertain and please
+Mankind. But for Things of no Use, or but little
+Use, or of pernicious Consequence; either they have
+been much later thought of, and with great Difficulty,
+and perhaps Danger too, brought to pass;
+or else they still are, and perhaps will always remain,
+Exercises of the Wit and Invention of Men.</p>
+
+<p>Of this we might give divers Instances: In Mathematicks,
+about squaring the Circle<a id="FNanchor_425" href="#Footnote_425" class="fnanchor">[n]</a>; in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_267"></a>[267]</span>
+Mechanicks<a id="FNanchor_426" href="#Footnote_426" class="fnanchor">[o]</a>, about the Art of Flying; and in
+Navigation, about finding the Longitude. These
+Things, although some of them in Appearance innocent,
+yea, perhaps very useful, yet remain for
+the most Part secret; not because the Discovery of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_268"></a>[268]</span>
+most of them is more impossible, or difficult than
+of many other Things, which have met with a
+Discovery; nor is it for want of Man’s Diligence
+therein, or his careful Pursuit and Enquiry after
+them, (for perhaps, nothing already discover’d hath
+been more eagerly sought after;) but with much
+better Reason, (I am sure with greater Humility
+and Modesty,) we may conclude it is, because the
+infinitely wise Creator, and Ruler of the World,
+hath been pleas’d to lock up these Things from
+Man’s Understanding and Invention, for some Reasons
+best known to himself, or because they might
+be of ill Consequence, and dangerous amongst Men.</p>
+
+<p>As in all Probability the Art of Flying would
+particularly be: An Art which in some Cases might
+be of good Use, as to the Geographer and Philosopher;
+but in other Respects, might prove of dangerous
+and fatal Consequence: As for instance, By
+putting it in Man’s Power to discover the Secrets
+of Nations and Families, more than is consistent
+with the Peace of the World, for Man to know;
+by giving ill Men greater Opportunities to do Mischief,
+which it would not lie in the Power of others
+to prevent; and, as one<a id="FNanchor_427" href="#Footnote_427" class="fnanchor">[p]</a> observes, by making
+Men less sociable: “For upon every true or
+false Ground of Fear, or Discontent, and other
+Occasions, he would have been fluttering away
+to some other Place; and Mankind, instead of
+cohabiting in Cities, would, like the Eagle, have
+built their Nests upon Rocks”.</p>
+
+<p>That this is the true Reason of these Matters, is
+manifest enough from holy Scripture, and Reason<a id="FNanchor_428" href="#Footnote_428" class="fnanchor">[q]</a>
+also gives its Suffrage thereto. The <i>Scripture</i>
+expressly tells us, That <i>every good Gift, and every<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_269"></a>[269]</span>
+perfect Gift, is from above, and cometh down from the
+Father of Lights</i>, <i>S.</i> James i. 17. <i>Solomon</i>, Prov. ii. 6.
+saith, <i>The Lord giveth Wisdom; out of his Mouth cometh
+Knowledge and Understanding.</i> And <i>Elihu</i> is
+very express, Job xxxii. 8. <i>But there is a Spirit in
+Man, and the Inspiration of the Almighty giveth them
+Understanding</i>, Πνοὴ παντοκράτορός ἐστιν ἡ διδάσκουσα, as
+the LXX render it, <i>The Inspiratus, the Afflatus of
+the Almighty, is their Instructor, Mistress or Teacher.</i>
+And in Scripture, not only the more noble, superiour
+Acts of Wisdom or Science; but much inferiour
+also, bear the Name of Wisdom, Knowledge
+and Understanding, and are ascrib’d unto GOD.
+’Tis well known that <i>Solomon</i>’s Wisdom is wholly
+ascrib’d unto GOD; and the Wisdom and Understanding
+which GOD is said to have given him,
+1 <i>Kings</i> iv. 29. is particularly set forth in the
+following Verses, by his great Skill in moral and natural
+Philosophy, in Poetry, and probably in Astronomy,
+Geometry, and such other of the politer Sciences,
+for which <i>Ægypt</i>, and the <i>eastern Nations</i> were celebrated
+of old<a id="FNanchor_429" href="#Footnote_429" class="fnanchor">[r]</a>: <i>And <span class="antiqua">Solomon</span>’s Wisdom excell’d
+the Wisdom of all the Children of the east Country,
+and all the Wisdom of <span class="antiqua">Ægypt</span>. For he was wiser
+than all Men, than <span class="antiqua">Ethan</span>, &amp;c. And he spake 3000
+Proverbs: And his Songs were 1005. And he spake
+of Trees, from the Cedar to the Hyssop of the Wall,
+<span class="antiqua">(<i>i.e.</i> of all Sorts of Plants;)</span> also of Beasts, Fowl,
+creeping Things, and Fishes.</i> So likewise the Wisdom
+of <i>Daniel</i>, and his three Companions, is ascrib’d
+unto GOD, <i>Dan.</i> i. 17. <i>As for these four<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_270"></a>[270]</span>
+Children, God gave them Knowledge, and Skill in all
+Learning and Wisdom; and <span class="antiqua">Daniel</span> had Understanding
+in all Visions and Dreams.</i> And accordingly in
+the next Chapter, <i>Daniel</i> acknowledgeth and praiseth
+God. ℣. 20. 21. <i><span class="antiqua">Daniel</span> answered and said,
+Blessed be the Name of God for ever and ever, for
+Wisdom and Might are his.——He giveth Wisdom
+unto the Wise, and Knowledge to them that know Understanding.</i>
+But not only Skill in the superiour
+Arts and Sciences; but even in the more inferiour
+mechanick Art, is call’d by the same Names, and
+ascrib’d unto GOD: Thus for the Workmanship
+of the Tabernacle, <i>Exod.</i> xxxi. 2. to ℣. 6. <i>See, I have
+call’d <span class="antiqua">Bezaleel</span>; and I have fill’d him with the Spirit
+of God, in Wisdom, and in Understanding, and in
+all Manner of Workmanship: To devise cunning Works,
+to work in Gold, Silver and Brass; and in cutting of
+Stones, to set them; and in carving of Timber, to
+work in all Manner of Workmanship.</i> So the <i>Spinsters</i>,
+<i>Weavers</i>, and other Crafts-people, are call’d
+wise-hearted, <i>Exod.</i> xxxiv. 10. 25. and other Places.
+And in <i>Exod.</i> xxxvi. 1. &amp;c. the LORD is
+said to have put this Wisdom in them, and Understanding
+to know how to work all these Manner
+of Works, for the Service of the Sanctuary. And
+lastly, to name no more Instances, <i>Hiram</i> the chief
+Architect of <i>Solomon</i>’s <i>Temple</i>, is in 1 <i>Kings</i> vii. 14.
+and 2 <i>Chron.</i> ii. 14. call’d <i>a cunning Man, fill’d with
+Wisdom and Understanding, to work in Gold, Silver,
+Brass, Iron, Stone, Timber, Purple, Blue, fine Linen,
+and Crimson; also to grave, and find out every
+Device which should be put to him.</i></p>
+
+<p>Thus doth the Word of <i>God</i>, ascribe the Contrivances
+and Crafts of Men, to the Agency, or Influence
+of the <i>Spirit</i> of <i>God</i>, upon that of Man. And
+there is the same Reason for the Variety of <i>Genii</i>, or
+<i>Inclinations</i> of Men also; which from the same Scriptures,
+may be concluded to be a Designation, and
+Transaction of the same almighty Governour of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_271"></a>[271]</span>
+World’s Affairs. And who indeed but HE, could
+make such a divine Substance, endow’d with those
+admirable Faculties, and Powers, as the rational Soul
+hath; a Being to bear the great Creator’s Vicegerency
+in this lower World; to employ the several Creatures;
+to make Use of the various Materials; to manage
+the grand Businesses; and to survey the Glories
+of all the visible Works of God? A Creature, without
+which this lower World would have been a dull,
+uncouth, and desolate kind of Globe. Who, I say,
+or what less than the <i>infinite GOD</i>, could make such
+a rational Creature, such a divine Substance as the
+Soul? For if we should allow the Atheist any of his
+nonsensical Schemes, the <i>Epicurean</i> his fortuitous
+Concourse of Atoms, or the <i>Cartesian</i><a id="FNanchor_430" href="#Footnote_430" class="fnanchor">[s]</a> his created
+Matter put in Motion; yet with what tolerable
+Sense could he, in his Way, produce such a divine,
+thinking, speaking, contriving Substance as
+the Soul is; endow’d exactly with such Faculties,
+Power, and Dispositions as the various Necessities
+and Occasions of the World require from such a
+Creature? Why should not rather all the Acts, the
+Dispositions and Contrivances of such a Creature as
+Man, (if made in a mechanical Way, and not contriv’d<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_272"></a>[272]</span>
+by God,) have been the same? Particularly,
+Why should he not have hit upon all Contrivances
+of equal Use, early as well as many Ages since?
+Why not that Man have effected it, as well as
+this, some thousands of Years after? Why also
+should not all Nations, and all Ages<a id="FNanchor_431" href="#Footnote_431" class="fnanchor">[t]</a>, improve<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_273"></a>[273]</span>
+in every Thing, as well as this, or that Age, or
+Nation<a id="FNanchor_432" href="#Footnote_432" class="fnanchor">[u]</a> only? why should the <i>Greeks</i>, the <i>Arabians</i>,
+the <i>Persians</i>, or the <i>Ægyptians</i> of old, so
+far exceed those of the same Nations now? Why
+the <i>Africans</i> and <i>Americans</i> so generally ignorant
+and barbarous, and the <i>Europeans</i>, for the most
+part, polite and cultivated, addicted to Arts and
+Learning? How could it come to pass that the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_274"></a>[274]</span>
+Use of the Magnet<a id="FNanchor_433" href="#Footnote_433" class="fnanchor">[w]</a>, Printing<a id="FNanchor_434" href="#Footnote_434" class="fnanchor">[x]</a>,
+    Clocks<a id="FNanchor_435" href="#Footnote_435" class="fnanchor">[y]</a>,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_275"></a>[275]</span>
+Telescopes<a id="FNanchor_436" href="#Footnote_436" class="fnanchor">[z]</a>, and all hundred Things besides,
+should escape the Discovery of <i>Archimedes</i>, <i>Anaximander</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_276"></a>[276]</span>
+<i>Anaximenes</i>, <i>Posidonius</i>, or other great Virtuoso’s
+of the early Ages, whose Contrivances of
+various Engines, Spheres, Clepsydræ and other curious
+Instruments are recorded<a id="FNanchor_437" href="#Footnote_437" class="fnanchor">[aa]</a>? And why<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_277"></a>[277]</span>
+cannot the present or past Age, so eminent for
+polite Literature, for Discoveries and Improvements
+in all curious Arts and Businesses (perhaps
+beyond any known Age of the World; why cannot
+it, I say) discover those hidden <i>Quæsita</i>, which
+may probably be reserved for the Discovery of future
+and less learned Generations?</p>
+
+<p>Of these Matters, no satisfactory Account can
+be given by any mechanical Hypothesis, or any other
+Way, without taking in the Superintendence
+of the great Creator and Ruler of the World;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_278"></a>[278]</span>
+who oftentimes doth manifest himself in some of
+the most considerable of those Works of Men,
+by some remarkable Transactions of his Providence,
+or by some great Revolution or other happening
+in the World thereupon. Of this I might instance
+in the Invention of Printing<a id="FNanchor_438" href="#Footnote_438" class="fnanchor">[bb]</a>, succeeded
+first by a train of Learned Men, and the Revival
+of Learning, and soon after that by the Reformation,
+and the much greater Improvements
+of Learning at this Day. But the most considerable
+Instance I can give is, the Progress of Christianity,
+by means of the civilized Disposition, and
+large Extent of the <i>Roman Empire</i>. The latter
+of which, as it made way for human Power; so
+the former made way for our most excellent Religion
+into the Minds of Men. And so I hope,
+and earnestly pray, that the Omnipotent and All-wise
+Ruler of the World will transact the Affairs
+of our most Holy Religion, e’er it be long, in the
+Heathen World; that the great Improvements
+made in the last, and present Age, in Arts and
+Sciences, in Navigation and Commerce, may be
+a Means to transport our Religion, as well as
+Name, through all the Nations of the Earth. For
+we find that our Culture of the more polite and
+curious Sciences, and our great Improvements in
+even the Mechanick Arts, have already made a
+Way for us into some of the largest and farthest<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_279"></a>[279]</span>
+distant Nations of the Earth; particularly into the
+great Empire of <i>China</i><a id="FNanchor_439" href="#Footnote_439" class="fnanchor">[cc]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>And now, before I quit this Subject, I cannot
+but make one Remark, by way of practical Inference,
+from what has been last said; and that is,
+Since it appears that the Souls of Men are ordered,
+disposed and actuated by God, even in secular,
+as well as spiritual Christian Acts; a Duty
+ariseth thence on every Man, to pursue the Ends,
+and answer all the Designs of the divine Providence,
+in bestowing his Gifts and Graces upon
+him. Men are ready to imagine their Wit, Learning,
+Genius, Riches, Authority, and such like,
+to be Works of Nature, Things of Course, or owing
+to their own Diligence, Subtilty, or some Secondary
+Causes; that they are Masters of them,
+and at Liberty to use them as they please, to gratifie
+their Lust or Humour, and satsifie their depraved
+Appetites. But it is evident, that these
+Things are the Gifts of God, they are so many
+Talents entrusted with us by the infinite Lord of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_280"></a>[280]</span>
+the World, a Stewardship, a Trust reposed in us;
+for which we must give an Account at the Day
+when our Lord shall call; according to the parabolical
+Representation of this Matter by our Blessed
+Saviour, <i>Matt.</i> xxv. 14.</p>
+
+<p>Our Duty then is not to abuse these Gifts of
+God, <i>not to neglect the Gift that is in us</i>, not to
+<i>hide our Talent in the Earth</i>; but as St. <i>Paul</i> exhorteth
+<i>Timothy</i>, <i>2 Tim.</i> i. <i>6.</i> we must <i>stir up the
+Gift of God which is in us</i>, and not let it lie idle,
+concealed or dead; but we must ἀναζωπυρεῖν τὸ χάρισμα,
+<i>blow it up, and enkindle it</i>, as the Original
+imports; we must improve and employ our Gift
+to the Glory of the Giver; or in that Ministration,
+that Use and Service of the World, for which
+he gave it. Our Stewardship, our Craft, our Calling,
+be it that of Ambassadors of Heaven, committed
+to us, as ’twas to <i>Timothy</i>,<a id="FNanchor_440" href="#Footnote_440" class="fnanchor">[dd]</a> by the laying on
+of Hands; or be it the more secular Business of the
+Gentleman, Tradesman, Mechanick, or only Servant;
+nay, our good Genius, our Propensity to
+any Good, as suppose to History, Mathematicks,
+Botany, Natural Philosophy, Mechanicks, <i>&amp;c.</i> I
+say all these Occupations, in which the Providence
+of God hath engaged Men, all the Inclinations to
+which his Spirit hath disposed them, ought to be
+discharged with that Diligence, that Care and Fidelity,
+that our great Lord and Master may not
+say to us, as He said to the unfaithful Steward,
+<i>Luke</i> xvi. 2. <i>Give an Account of thy Stewardship,
+for thou mayest be no longer Steward</i>; but that he
+may say, as ’tis in the Parable before cited, <i>Mat.</i>
+xxv. 21. <i>Well done thou good and faithful Servant,
+thou hast been faithful over a few Things, I
+will make thee Ruler over many Things, enter thou<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_281"></a>[281]</span>
+into the Joy of thy Lord</i>. Since now the Case is
+thus, let us be persuaded to follow <i>Solomon</i>’s Advice,
+<i>Eccles.</i> ix. 10. <i>Whatsoever thy Hand findeth
+to do, do it with thy Might</i><a id="FNanchor_441" href="#Footnote_441" class="fnanchor">[ee]</a>: “Lay hold on
+every Occasion that presents it self, and improve
+it with the utmost Diligence; because now is the
+Time of Action, both in the Employments of
+the Body, and of the Mind; now is the Season
+of studying either Arts and Sciences, or
+Wisdom and Virtue, for which thou wilt have
+no Opportunities in the Place whither thou art
+going in the other World. <i>For there is no Work,
+nor Device, nor Knowledge, nor Wisdom in the
+Grave whither thou goest.</i>”</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_413" href="#FNanchor_413" class="label">[a]</a> <i>Fam verò, Animum ipsum, Mentemque homines, Rationem,
+Consilium, Prudentiam, qui non divinâ curá perfecta esse
+perspicit, is his ipsis rebus mihi videtur carere.</i> Cic. de Nat,
+Deor. l. 2. c. 59.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_414" href="#FNanchor_414" class="label">[b]</a></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Sensum à Cælesti demissum traximus arce,</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Cujus egent prona, &amp; terram spectantia: mundi</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Principio indulsit communis Conditur, illis</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Tantùm Animas; nobis Animum quoque.</i></div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse right">Juven. Sat. xv. v. 144.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Es cum non aliter possent mortalia singi.</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Adjunxit geminas, illæ cum corpore lapsæ</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Intereunt: hæc sola manet, bustoque superstes</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Evolat.</i></div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse right">Claud. de 4 Consul. Hon.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_415" href="#FNanchor_415" class="label">[c]</a> <i>Nam siquis nulli sectæ addictus, sed liberâ sententiâ rerum
+considerationem inierit, conspicatus in tantâ carnium ac
+succorum colluvie tantam mentem habitare; conspicatus item &amp;
+cujusvis animalis constructionem (omnia enim declarans Opisicis
+Sapientiam) Mentis, quæ homini inest, excellentiam intelliget,
+tum opus de partium utilitate, quod prius exiguum esse sibi videbatur,
+perfectissimæ Theologiæ verum principium constituet; quæ
+Theologia multò est major atque præstantior totâ Medicinâ.</i> Galen.
+de usu Part. L. 17. c. 1.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_416" href="#FNanchor_416" class="label">[d]</a> Among many Examples that I could give of Persons
+famous for <i>Memory</i>, <i>Seneca</i>’s Account of himself may be one,
+<i>Hanc [Memoriam] aliquando in me floruisse, ut non tantùm ad
+usum sufficeret, sed in miraculum usque procederet, non nego.
+Nam &amp; 2000 nominum recitata, quo ordine erant dicta, reddebam:
+&amp; ab his qui ad audiendum præceptorem nostrum convenerunt,
+singulos versus à singulis datos, cùm plures quàm 200
+efficerentur, ab ultimo incipiens usque ad primum recitabam.</i>
+After which, mention is made of the great Memory of <i>Latro
+Porcius</i> (<i>charissimi mihi sodalis</i>, <i>Seneca</i> calls him) who retained
+in his Memory all the Declamations he had ever spoken,
+and never had his Memory fail him, not so much as in
+one single Word. Also he takes Notice of <i>Cyneas</i>, Ambassador
+to the <i>Romans</i> from King <i>Pyrrhus</i>, who in one Day had
+so well learnt the Names of his Spectators, that <i>postero die novus
+homo &amp; Senatum, &amp; omnem urbanam circumfusam Senatui
+plebem, nominibus suis persalutavit</i>. Senec. controvers.
+L. 1. init. Vid. quoque Plin. L. 7. c. 24. where he also adds
+other Examples, viz. <i>Cyrus rex omnibus in exercitu suo militibus
+nomina reddidit; L. Scipio populo Rom. Mithidrates 22 gentium
+rex, totidem linguis jura dedit, pro concione singulas sine
+interprete affatus. Charmidas (seu potiùs Carneades)——quæ
+quis exegerat volumina in bibliothecis, legentis modo repræsentavit.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_417" href="#FNanchor_417" class="label">[e]</a></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Diversis etenim gaudet natura ministris,</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Ut fieri diversa queant ornantia terras.</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Nec patitur cunctos ad eandem currere metam,</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Sed varias jubet ire vias, variosque labores</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Suscipere, ut vario cultu sit pulchrior orbis.</i></div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse right">Paling. in Scorp.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Οἵτως ὀυ παντεπι Θεὸς χαρίεντα δίδωσι Ἀνδράσιν, &amp;c.
+<i>Ita non omnibus hominibus sua dona dat Deus,
+neque bonam indolem, neque prudentiam, nec eloquentiam:
+alius namque vultum habet deformem; sed Deus formam eloquentiâ
+ornat, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Homer. Odys. 8. The like also in <i>Iliad.
+L. 13.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_418" href="#FNanchor_418" class="label">[f]</a> Although <i>Solomon</i> declares, <i>Eccles.</i> xii. 12. <i>That much
+Study is a Weariness to the Flesh</i>; yet we see with what Pleasure
+and Assiduity many apply themselves to it. Thus <i>Cicero</i>
+tells of <i>Cato</i>, whom he casually found in <i>Lucullus</i>’s Library,
+<i>M. Catonem vidi in Bibliothecâ sedentem, multis circumfusum
+Stoicorum libris. Erat enim, ut scis, in eo inexhausta aviditas
+legendi, nec satiari poterat: quippe ne reprehensionem quidem
+vulgi inanem reformidans, in ipsa curiâ soleret legere sæpe, dum
+senatus cogeretur——ut Heluo librorum——videbatur.</i> Cicer.
+de finib. L. 3. c. 2.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_419" href="#FNanchor_419" class="label">[g]</a> <i>Mentem hominis, quamvis eam non videas, ut Deum non
+vides, tamen ut Deum agnoscis ex operibus ejus, sic ex memoriâ
+rerum, &amp; Inventione, &amp; celeritate motûs, omnique pulchritudine
+virtutis vim divinam mentis agnoscito.</i> Cicer. Tusc. Quæst.
+L. 1. c. 29.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_420" href="#FNanchor_420" class="label">[h]</a> <i>Gen.</i> iv. 2.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_421" href="#FNanchor_421" class="label">[i]</a> ℣. 20.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_422" href="#FNanchor_422" class="label">[k]</a> ℣. 22.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_423" href="#FNanchor_423" class="label">[l]</a> Σφυροκόπος, the LXX call him, <i>i.e.</i> A Worker with
+an Hammer.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_424" href="#FNanchor_424" class="label">[m]</a> ℣. 21.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_425" href="#FNanchor_425" class="label">[n]</a> Although the <i>Quadrature of the Circle</i>, hath in former
+Ages exercis’d some of the greatest mathematical Wits; yet
+nothing has been done in that Way so considerable, as in,
+and since the Middle of the last Century; when in the Year
+1657, those very ingenious and great Men, Mr <i>William Neile</i>,
+and my Lord <i>Brounker</i>, and Sir <i>Christopher Wren</i> afterwards,
+in the same Year, geometrically demonstrated the Equality of
+some Curves to a strait Line. Soon after which, others at
+Home, and Abroad, did the like in other Curves. And not
+long afterwards, this was brought under an <i>analytical Calculus</i>:
+The first Specimen whereof, that was ever publish’d.
+Mr. <i>Mercator</i> gave in 1688, in a Demonstration of my Lord
+<i>Brounker</i>’s Quadrature of the <i>Hyperbola</i>, by Dr <i>Wallis</i>’s Reduction
+of a Fraction, into an infinite Series by Division.
+But the penetrating Genius of Sir <i>Isaac Newton</i>, had discover’d
+a Way of attaining the Quantity of all quadrible Curves
+analytically, by his Method of <i>Fluxions</i>, some Time before
+the Year 1668, as I find very probable from an historical Account,
+in a long Letter of Mr. <i>Collins</i>, written in his own
+Hand, and sent to <i>Richard Townley</i>, Esq; of <i>Lancashire</i>, whose
+Papers are in my Hands. In that Letter, Mr. <i>Collins</i> saith,
+That <i>in <span class="antiqua">September 1668</span>, Mr. <span class="antiqua">Mercator</span> publish’d his <span class="antiqua">Logarithmotechnia</span>,
+one of which he soon sent to Dr. <span class="antiqua">Barrow</span>, who
+thereupon sent him up some Papers of Mr. <span class="antiqua">Newton</span>’s, <span class="antiqua">[now Sir
+<i>Isaac</i>;]</span> by which, and former Communications made thereof by
+the Author, to the Doctor; it appears that the said Method was
+invented some Years before, by the said Mr. <span class="antiqua">Newton</span>, and generally
+apply’d.</i> And then he goes on to give some Account of
+the Method; what it performs in the Circle, <i>&amp;c.</i> what Mr.
+<i>Gregory</i> had done in that kind, <i>who intended to publish somewhat
+in <span class="antiqua">Latin</span> about it, but would not anticipate Mr. <span class="antiqua">Newton</span>,
+the first Inventor thereof</i>; with much more of this Nature.
+The Design, I find, of that indefatigable Promoter of Mathematicks,
+Mr. <i>Collins</i>, was to acquaint Mr. <i>Townley</i>, in his
+Letter, with what had been done; and to get the Assistance
+of that ingenious Gentleman, towards the compleating a Body
+of <i>Algebra</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_426" href="#FNanchor_426" class="label">[o]</a> I do not mention here the <i>perpetual Motion</i>, which hath
+exercis’d the mechanical Wits for many Ages; because it is a
+Thing impossible, if not a Contradiction: As the before-commended
+Dr. <i>Clarke</i> asserts in <i>Rohaul. Phys.</i> p. 133.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_427" href="#FNanchor_427" class="label">[p]</a> <i><span class="antiqua">Grew</span>’s Cosmol. Sacr. l. 1. c. 5. §. 25.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_428" href="#FNanchor_428" class="label">[q]</a> <i>Nemo igitur vir magnus sine aliquo afflatu divino unquam
+fuit.</i> Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 66.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_429" href="#FNanchor_429" class="label">[r]</a> <i>Ægypt</i>, and some of the <i>eastern</i> Nations, are celebrated
+for their Skill in polite Literature: both in Scripture and
+profane story: <i>Job</i> was of those Parts; so were the Σοφοὶ
+and Μάγοι, the <i>Brachmans</i> and <i>Gymnosophists</i>. <i>Moses</i> and <i>Daniel</i>
+had their Education in these Parts: And <i>Pythagoras</i>, <i>Democritus</i>,
+and others, travell’d into these Parts for the Sake
+of their Learning.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_430" href="#FNanchor_430" class="label">[s]</a> As we are not to <i>accuse</i> any <i>falsly</i>; so far be it from
+me to detract from so great a Man as <i>Monsieur Cartes</i> was:
+Whose Principles, although many have perverted to atheistical
+Purposes, and whose Notions have, some of them, but an
+ill Aspect; yet I am unwilling to believe he was an Atheist;
+since in his <i>Principia Philosiphiæ</i>, and other of his Works, he
+vindicates himself from this Charge; and frequently shews
+seemingly a great Respect for Religion: Besides, That many
+of his suspicious Opinions are capable of a favourable Interpretation,
+which will make them appear in a better Form:
+Thus when he discardeth <i>final Causes</i> from his Philosophy, it
+is not a Denial of them; but only excluding the Consideration
+of them, for the Sake of free philosophising; it being
+the Business of a Divine, rather than a Philosopher, to treat
+of them.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_431" href="#FNanchor_431" class="label">[t]</a> For Ages of <i>Learning</i> and <i>Ignorance</i>, we may compare
+the present, and some of the Ages before the Reformation.
+The last Century, and the few Years of this, have had the
+Happiness to be able to vie with any Age for the Number of
+learned Men of all Professions, and the Improvement made
+in all Arts and Sciences; too many, and too well known to
+need a Specification.</p>
+
+<p>But for Ignorance, we may take the ninth Age, and so
+down to the Reformation; even as low as Queen <i>Elizabeth</i>,
+although Learning began to flourish; yet we may guess how
+Matters stood, even among the Clergy, by her 53 <i>Injunct.</i> Nᵒ.
+1559, <i>Such as are but mean Readers, shall peruse over before,
+once or twice, the Chapters and Homilies, to the Intent they
+may read to the better Understanding of the People, the more Encouragement
+of Godliness.</i> Spar. Collect. p. 82. But this is
+nothing, in comparison to the Ages before, when the Monk
+said, <i>Græcum non est legi</i>; or as <i>Espencæus</i> more elegantly hath
+it, <i>Gracè nôsse suspectum, Hebraicè prope Hæreticum</i>. Which
+Suspicion, (said the learned <i>Hakewill</i>,) <i>Rhemigius</i> surely was
+not guilty of, in commenting upon <i>diffamatus</i>, 1 <i>Thes.</i> i. 8.
+who saith, that St. <i>Paul</i> somewhat improperly put that for <i>divulgatus</i>,
+not being aware that St. <i>Paul</i> wrote in <i>Greek</i>, and
+not in <i>Latin</i>. Nay, so great was their Ignorance, not only of
+<i>Greek</i>, but of <i>Latin</i> too, that a Priest baptiz’d <i>in nomine Patria,
+&amp; Filia, &amp; Spiritua sancta</i>. Another suing his Parishioners
+for not paving his Church, prov’d it from <i>Jer.</i> xvii. 18. <i>Paveant
+illi, non paveam ego</i>. Some Divines in <i>Erasmus</i>’s Time,
+undertook to prove Hereticks ought to be burnt, because the
+Apostle said, <i>Hæreticum devita</i>. Two Fryars disputing about
+a Plurality of Worlds, one prov’d it from <i>Annon decem sunt
+facti mundi?</i> The other reply’d, <i>Sed ubi sunt novem?</i> And
+notwithstanding their Service was read in <i>Latin</i>, yet so little
+was that understood, that an old Priest in <i>Hen.</i> VIII. read
+<i>Mumpsimus Domine</i>, for <i>Sumpsimus</i>: And being admonish’d
+of it, he said, he had done so for thirty Years, and would
+not leave his old <i>Mumpsimus</i> for their new <i>Sumpsimus</i>. Vid.
+<i>Hakew. Apol.</i> L. 3. c. 7. <i>Sect. 2.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_432" href="#FNanchor_432" class="label">[u]</a> <i>There is (it seems) in Wits and Arts, as in all Things
+beside, a kind of circular Progress: They have their Birth,
+their Growth, their Flourishing, their Failing, their Fading;
+and within a while after, their Resurrection, and Reflourishing
+again. The Arts flourished for a long Time among the <span class="antiqua">Persians</span>,
+the <span class="antiqua">Chaldæans</span>, the <span class="antiqua">Ægyptians</span>.——But afterwards
+the <span class="antiqua">Grecians</span> got the start of them, <span class="antiqua">and are now become as
+barbarous themselves, as formerly they esteemed all besides
+themselves to be</span>.</i> About the Birth of <i>Christ</i>, Learning began
+to flourish in <i>Italy</i>, and spread all over <i>Christendom</i>; till
+the <i>Goths</i>, <i>Huns</i>, and <i>Vandals</i> ransacked the Libraries, and
+defaced almost all the Monuments of Antiquity: so that the
+Lamp of Learning seemed to be put out for near the Space
+of 1000 Years, till the first <i>Mansor</i>, king of <i>Africa</i> and
+<i>Spain</i>, raised up, and spurred forward the <i>Arabian</i> Wits, by
+great Rewards and Encouragement. Afterwards <i>Petrarch</i>
+opened such Libraries as were undemolished. He was seconded
+by <i>Boccace</i>, and <i>John</i> of <i>Ravenna</i>, and soon after by
+<i>Aretine</i>, <i>Philelphus</i>, <i>Valla</i>, &amp;c. And those were followed
+by <i>Æneas Sylvius</i>, <i>Angelus Politianus</i>, <i>Hermolaus Barbarus</i>,
+<i>Marsilius Ficinus</i>, and <i>Joh. Picus</i>, of <i>Mirandula</i>. These
+were backed by <i>Rud. Agricola</i>, <i>Reucline</i>, <i>Melancthon</i>, <i>Joach.
+Camerarius</i>, <i>Wolphlazius</i>, <i>Beat. Rhenanus</i>, Almaines; By <i>Erasmus</i>
+of <i>Rotterdam</i>; <i>Vives</i> a <i>Spaniard</i>; <i>Bembus</i>, <i>Sadoletus</i>,
+<i>Eugubinus</i>, Italians: <i>Turnebus</i>, <i>Muretus</i>, <i>Ramus</i>, <i>Pithæus</i>,
+<i>Budæus</i>, <i>Amiot</i>, <i>Scaliger</i>, Frenchmen; Sir <i>Tho. More</i> and <i>Linaker</i>,
+Englishmen. And about this Time, even those Northern
+Nations yielded their great Men; <i>Denmark</i> yielded <i>Olaus
+Magnus</i>, <i>Holster</i>, <i>Tycho Brahe</i>, and <i>Hemingius</i>; and <i>Poland</i>,
+<i>Hosius</i>, <i>Frixius</i>, and <i>Crumerus</i>. But to name the Worthies
+that followed these, down to the present Time, would
+be endless, and next to impossible. See therefore <i>Hakewill</i>’s
+<i>Apolog.</i> L. 3. c. 6. §. 2.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_433" href="#FNanchor_433" class="label">[w]</a> Dr. <i>Gilbert</i>, the most learned and accurate Writer on
+the <i>Magnet</i>, shews, that its <i>Attractive</i> Virtue was known as
+early as <i>Plato</i> and <i>Aristotle</i>: but its <i>Direction</i> was a Discovery
+of later Ages. He saith, <i>Superiori ævo 300 aut 400 labentibus
+annis, Motus Magneticus in Boream &amp; Austrum repertus,
+aut ab hominibus rursus recognitus fuit.</i> De Mag.
+L. 1. c. 1. But who the happy Inventer of this lucky
+Discovery was, is not known. There is some, not inconsiderable,
+Reason, to think our famous Country-man, <i>Rog.
+Bacon</i>, either discovered, or at least knew of it. But for
+its Use in Navigation, Dr. <i>Gilbert</i> saith, <i>in regno Neapolitano
+Melphitani omnium primi (utì ferunt) pyxidem instruebant
+nauticam.——edocti à cive quodam Jol. Goia</i> A. D. 1300.
+ibid. If the Reader hath a mind to see the Arguments for
+the Invention, being as old as <i>Solomon</i>’s or <i>Plautus</i>’s Time,
+or of much younger Date, he may consult <i>Hakewill.</i> ib. c. 10.
+§. 4. or <i>Purchas Pilgr.</i> L. 1. c. 1. §. 1.</p>
+
+<p>As to the Magnetick Variation, Dr. <i>Gilbert</i> attributes the
+Discovery of it to <i>Sebastian Cabott</i>. And the Inclination,
+or Dipping of the Needle, was the Discovery of our ingenious
+<i>Rob. Norman</i>. And lastly, The Variation of the Variation
+was first found out by the ingenious Mr. <i>H. Gellibrand</i>.
+Astr. Prof. of <i>Gresham-Col.</i> about 1634. <i>Vid.</i> <i>Gellibr. Disc.
+Math. on the Variat. of the Mag. Need. and its Variat.</i> Anno
+1635.</p>
+
+<p>But since that, the before commended Dr. <i>Halley</i>, having
+formerly, in <i>Philos. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 148, and 195, given a probable
+Hypothesis of the Variation of the Compass, did in
+the Year 1700, undertake a long and hazardous Voyage, as
+far as the Ice near the South Pole, in order to examine his
+said Hypothesis, and to make a System of the Magnetical
+Variations: Which being soon after published, has been since
+abundantly confirmed by the <i>French</i>, as may be seen in several
+of the late <i>Memoirs de Physique &amp; de Mathematique</i>,
+publish’d by the French <i>Academie des Sciences</i>.</p>
+
+<p>To these Discoveries, I hope the Reader will excuse me,
+if I add one of my own, which I deduced some Years ago,
+from some magnetical Experiments and Observations I made;
+which Discovery I also acquainted our Royal Society with
+some time since, <i>viz.</i> That as the common, horizontal Needle
+is continually varying up and down, towards the E. and
+W. so is the Dipping-Needle varying up and down, towards
+or fromwards the Zenith, with its Magnetick Tendency,
+describing a Circle round the Pole of the World, as
+I conceive, or some other Point. So that if we could procure
+a Needle so nicely made, as to point exactly according
+to its Magnetick Direction, it would, in some certain Number
+of Years, describe a Circle, of about 13 <i>gr.</i> Radius round
+the Magnetick Poles Northerly and Southerly. This I have
+for several Years suspected, and have had some Reason for
+it too, which I mentioned three or four Years ago at a
+Meeting of our Royal Society, but I have not yet been
+so happy to procure a tolerable good Dipping-Needle, or
+other proper one to my Mind, to bring the Thing to sufficient
+Test of Experience; as in a short Time I hope to do,
+having lately hit upon a Contrivance that may do the Thing.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_434" href="#FNanchor_434" class="label">[x]</a> It is uncertain who was the Inventer of the Art of
+<i>Printing</i>, every Historian ascribing the Honour thereof to
+his own City or Country. Accordingly some ascribe the Invention
+of it to <i>John Guttenburg</i>, a <i>Knight</i> of <i>Argentine</i>,
+about 1440, and say, that <i>Faustus</i> was only his Assistant. <i>Bertius</i>
+ascribes it to <i>Laurence John</i>, of <i>Harlem</i>, and saith, <i>Fust</i>
+or <i>Faust</i>, stole from him both his Art and Tools. And to
+name no more, some attribute it to <i>John Fust</i> or <i>Faust</i>, and
+<i>Peter Schoeffer</i> (called by <i>Fust</i> in some of his <i>Imprimaturs</i>,
+<i>Pet. de Gerneshem puer meus</i>.) But there is now to be seen at
+<i>Haerlem</i>, a Book or two printed by <i>Lau. Kofter</i>, before any
+of these, <i>viz.</i> in 1430, and 1432. (<i>See Mr. <span class="antiqua">Ellis</span>’s Letter to
+Dr. <span class="antiqua">Tyson</span></i>, in <i>Phil. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 286.) But be the first Inventer
+who it will, there is however great Reason to believe,
+the Art receiv’d great improvements from <i>Faust</i> and his Son-in-Law
+<i>Schoeffer</i>, the latter being the Inventer of metalline
+Types, which were cut in Wood before, first in whole
+Blocks, and afterwards in single Types or Letters. See my
+learned Friend Mr. <i>Wanley</i>’s Observations, in <i>Philos. Trans.</i>
+Nᵒ. 288, and 310.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_435" href="#FNanchor_435" class="label">[y]</a> Concerning the Antiquity and Invention of <i>Clocks</i>
+and <i>Clock Work</i>, I refer the Reader to a little Book, called
+<i>the Artificial Clock-maker</i>, chap. 6. Where there is some Account
+of the Ancients Inventions in Clock-Work, as <i>Archimedes</i>’s
+<i>Sphere</i>, <i>Cresibius</i>’s <i>Clock</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_436" href="#FNanchor_436" class="label">[z]</a> The Invention of <i>Telescopes</i>, <i>Hieron. Syrturus</i> gives
+this Account of, <i>Prodiit</i> Anno 1609, <i>Seu Genius, seu alter
+vir adhuc incognitus, Hollandi specie, qui Middelburgi in Zelandiâ
+convenit Job. Lippersein——Jussit perspicilla plura
+tam cava quam convexa, confeci. Condicto die rediit, absolutum
+opus cupiens, atque ut statim habuit præ manibus, bina
+suscipiens, cavum scil. &amp; convexum, unum &amp; alterum oculo
+admovebat, &amp; sensim dimovebat sive ut punctum concursûs,
+sive ut artificis opus probaret, postea abiit. Artifex, ingenii
+minimè expers, &amp; novitatis curiosus cœpit idem facere &amp; imitari,
+<span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Vid. Mus. Worm. L. 4. c. 7.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_437" href="#FNanchor_437" class="label">[aa]</a> Among the curious Inventions of the Ancients <i>Archytas</i>’s
+<i>Dove</i> was much famed; of which <i>Aul. Gellius</i> gives
+this Account: <i>Scripserunt Simulachrum Columbæ è ligno ab
+Archytâ ratione quâdam disciplinâque mechanicâ factum, volâsse:
+Ita erat scilicet libramentis suspensum, &amp; aurâ spiritûs
+inclusâ atque occultâ concitum.</i> Noct. Attic. L. 10. c. 12.
+The same eminent <i>Pythagoræan</i> Philosopher (as <i>Favorinus</i>
+in <i>Gellius</i> calls him) is by <i>Horace</i> accounted a noble Geometrician
+too, <i>Te maris &amp; terræ, numeroque carentis arenæ Mensorum
+Archyta.</i> Among the rest of his Inventions, <i>Children’s
+Rattles</i> are ascribed to him. <i>Aristotle</i> calls them Ἀρχύτου
+πλαταγὴ, <i>Polit.</i> 8. i.e. <i>Archytas</i>’s <i>Rattle</i>. And <i>Diogenianus</i>
+the Grammarian, gives the Reason of his Invention,
+Ἀρχύτου πλαταγὴ ἐπὶ τῶν, &amp;c. <i>That <span class="antiqua">Archytas’s Rattle</span>
+was to quiet Children; for he having Children, contrived the
+Rattle, which he gave them to prevent their [tumbling, διασαλεύσωσι]
+other Things about the House.</i></p>
+
+<p>To these Contrivances of <i>Archytas</i>, we may add <i>Regiomontanus’s
+Wooden Eagle, which flew forth of the City aloft
+in the Air, met the Emperor a good Way off, coming towards
+it, and having saluted him, return’d again, waiting on him
+to the City Gates</i>. Also his <i>Iron-fly</i>, which at a Feast <i>flew
+forth off his Hands, and taking a Round, returned thither again</i>.
+Vid. Hakewill ub. supr. c. 10. §. 1.</p>
+
+<p>As to other Inventions of the Ancients, such as of Letters,
+Brick and Tiles, and building Houses, with the Saw,
+Rule, and Plumber, the Lath, Augre, Glue, <i>&amp;c.</i> also the
+making Brass, Gold, and other Metals; the use of Shields,
+Swords, Bows and Arrows, Boots, and other Instruments
+of War; the Pipe, Harp, and other Musical Instruments;
+the building of Ships and Navigation, and many other
+Things besides; the Inventors of these (as reported by ancient
+Heathen Authors) may be plentifully met with in <i>Plin.
+Nat. Hist.</i>, L. 7. c. 56.</p>
+
+<p>But in this Account of <i>Pliny</i>, we may observe whence
+the Ancients (even the <i>Romans</i> themselves in some measure)
+had their Accounts of these Matters, <i>viz.</i> from the fabulous
+<i>Greeks</i>, who were fond of ascribing every Thing to
+themselves. <i>The Truth is</i> (saith the most learned Bishop <i>Stillingfleet</i>)
+<i>there is nothing in the World useful or beneficial to
+Mankind, but they have made a shift to find the Author of
+it among themselves. If we enquire after the Original of Agriculture,
+we are told of <span class="antiqua">Ceres</span> and <span class="antiqua">Triptolemus</span>; if of Pasturage,
+we are told of an <span class="antiqua">Arcadian Pan</span>; if of Wine, we presently
+hear of a <span class="antiqua">Liber Pater</span>; if of iron Instruments, then who
+but <span class="antiqua">Vulcan</span>? if of Musick, none like to <span class="antiqua">Apollo</span>. If we press
+them then with the History of other Nations, they are as well
+provided here; if we enquire an Account of <span class="antiqua">Europe</span>, <span class="antiqua">Asia</span>, or
+<span class="antiqua">Libya</span>; for the first we are told a fine Story of <span class="antiqua">Cadmus</span>’s Sister;
+for the second of <span class="antiqua">Prometheus</span>’s Mother of that Name;
+and for the third of a Daughter of <span class="antiqua">Epaphus</span>.</i> And so the
+learned Author goes on with other particular Nations,
+which they boasted themselves to be the Founders of. <i>Only
+the grave <span class="antiqua">Athenians</span> thought Scorn to have any Father assigned
+them, their only Ambition was to be accounted <span class="antiqua">Aborigines &amp;
+genuini Terræ</span>.</i> But the Ignorance and Vanity of the <i>Greek</i>
+History, that learned Author hath sufficiently refuted. <i>Vid.</i>
+<i>Stilling. Orig. Sacr.</i> Part. 1. B. 1. c. 4.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_438" href="#FNanchor_438" class="label">[bb]</a> Whether <i>Printing</i> was invented in 1440, as many
+imagine, or was sooner practised, in 1430, or 1432, as
+Mr. <i>Ellis</i>’s Account of the <i>Dutch</i> Inscription in <i>Phil. Trans.</i>
+Nᵒ. 286. doth import; it is however manifest, how great
+an Influence (as it was natural) this Invention had in the
+promoting of Learning soon afterwards, mentioned before
+in <a href="#Footnote_434"><i>Note (x).</i></a> After which followed the Reformation about
+the Year 1517.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_439" href="#FNanchor_439" class="label">[cc]</a> The <i>Chinese</i> being much addicted to Judicial Astrology,
+are great Observers of the Heavens, and the Appearances
+in them. For which Purpose they have an <i>Observatory</i>
+at <i>Pekin</i>, and five Mathematicians appointed to watch
+every Night; four towards the four Quarters of the World,
+and one towards the Zenith, that nothing may escape their
+Observation. Which Observations are the next Morning
+brought to an Office to be registred. But notwithstanding
+this their Diligence for many Ages, and that the Emperor
+hath kept in his Service above 100 Persons to regulate the
+Kalendar, yet are they such mean Astronomers, that they
+owe the Regulation of their Kalendar, the Exactness in calculating
+Eclipses, <i>&amp;c.</i> to the <i>Europeans</i>; which renders the
+<i>European</i> Mathematicians so acceptable to the Emperor, that
+Father <i>Verbiest</i> and divers others, were not only made Principals
+in the Observatory, but put into Places of great Trust
+in the Empire, and had the greatest Honours paid them at
+their Deaths. <i>Vid.</i> <i>La Comte Mem. of China.</i> Letter 2d. <i>&amp;c.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_440" href="#FNanchor_440" class="label">[dd]</a> 1 Tim. iv. 14. 2 Tim. i. 6.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_441" href="#FNanchor_441" class="label">[ee]</a> Bishop <i>Patrick</i> in loc.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_V_CHAP_II">CHAP. II.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of Man’s <span class="smcap">Body</span>, particularly its <span class="smcap">Posture</span>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Having thus, as briefly as well I could, surveyed
+the <i>Soul</i>, let us next take a View of <i>Man’s
+Body</i>. Now here we have such a Multiplicity of
+the most exquisite Workmanship, and of the best
+Contrivance, that if we should strictly survey the
+Body from Head to Foot, and search only into the
+known Parts (and many more lie undiscovered) we
+should find too large and tedious a Task to be dispatched.
+I shall therefore have Time only to
+take a transient and general Kind of View of this
+admirable Machine, and that somewhat briefly too,
+being prevented by others, particularly two excellent<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_282"></a>[282]</span>
+Authors of our own<a id="FNanchor_442" href="#Footnote_442" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>, who have done it
+on the same Account as my self. And the</p>
+
+<p>I. Thing that presents itself to our View, is the
+<i>Erect Posture</i><a id="FNanchor_443" href="#Footnote_443" class="fnanchor">[b]</a> of Man’s Body; which is far the
+most, if not the only commodious Posture for a
+rational Creature, for him that hath Dominion
+over the other Creatures, for one that can invent
+useful Things, and practise curious Arts. For
+without this erect Posture, he could not have
+readily turned himself to every Business, and on every
+Occasion. His Hand<a id="FNanchor_444" href="#Footnote_444" class="fnanchor">[c]</a> particularly could<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_283"></a>[283]</span>
+not have been in so great a Readiness to execute
+the Commands of the Will, and Dictates of the
+Soul. His Eyes would have been the most prone,
+and incommodiously situated of all Animals; but
+by this Situation, he can cast his Eyes upwards,
+downwards, and round about him; he hath a
+glorious Hemisphere of the Heavens<a id="FNanchor_445" href="#Footnote_445" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>, and
+an ample Horizon on Earth<a id="FNanchor_446" href="#Footnote_446" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>, to entertain
+his Eye.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_284"></a>[284]<br><a id="Page_285"></a>[285]</span></p>
+
+<p>And as this Erection of Man’s Body is the most
+compleat Posture for him; so if we survey the
+Provision made for it, we find all done with manifest
+Design, the utmost Art and Skill being employ’d
+therein. To pass by the particular Conformation
+of many of the Parts, the Ligaments
+and Fastnings to answer this Posture; as the Fastning,
+for Instance, of the <i>Pericardium</i> to the <i>Diaphragm</i>,
+(which is peculiar to Man<a id="FNanchor_447" href="#Footnote_447" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>; I say,
+passing by a deal of this Nature, manifesting this
+Posture to be an Act of Design,) let us stop a little
+at the curious Fabrick of the Bones, those Pillars
+of the Body. And how artificially do we
+find them made, how curiously plac’d from the
+Head to Foot! The <i>Vertebræ</i> of the Neck and
+Back-bone<a id="FNanchor_448" href="#Footnote_448" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>, made short and complanated, and
+firmly braced with Muscles and Tendons, for easy
+Incurvations of the Body; but withal for greater
+Strength, to support the Body’s own Weight,
+together with other additional Weights it may
+have Occasion to bear. The <i>Thigh-bones</i> and Legs
+long, and strong, and every Way well fitted for
+the Motion of the Body. The <i>Feet</i> accommodated
+with a great Number of Bones, curiously and
+firmly tack’d together, to which must be added
+the Ministry of the Muscles<a id="FNanchor_449" href="#Footnote_449" class="fnanchor">[h]</a>, to answer all the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_286"></a>[286]</span>
+Motions of the Legs and Thighs, and at the same
+Time to keep the Body upright, and prevent its
+falling, by readily assisting against every Vacillation
+thereof, and with easy and ready Touches keeping
+the <i>Line of Innixion</i>, and <i>Center of Gravity</i> in
+due Place and Posture<a id="FNanchor_450" href="#Footnote_450" class="fnanchor">[i]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>And as the Bones are admirably adapted to
+prop; so all the Parts of the Body are as incomparably
+plac’d to poise it. Not one Side too heavy
+for the other; but all in nice Æquipoise: The
+Shoulders, Arms, and Side æquilibrated on one
+Part; on the other Part the <i>Viscera</i> of the Belly
+counterpois’d with the Weight of the scapular
+Part, and that useful Cushion of Flesh behind.</p>
+
+<p>And lastly, To all this we may add the wonderful
+Concurrence, and Ministry of the prodigious
+Number and Variety of Muscles, plac’d throughout
+the Body for this Service; that they should
+so readily answer to every Posture; and comply
+with every Motion thereof, without any previous<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_287"></a>[287]</span>
+Thought or Reflex act, so that (as the excellent
+<i>Borelli</i><a id="FNanchor_451" href="#Footnote_451" class="fnanchor">[k]</a> saith), “It is worthy of Admiration,
+that in so great a Variety of Motions, as running,
+leaping, and dancing, Nature’s Laws of
+Æquilibration should always be observed; and
+when neglected, or wilfully transgressed, that
+the Body must necessarily and immediately tumble
+down.”</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_442" href="#FNanchor_442" class="label">[a]</a> <i>Mr. <span class="antiqua">Ray</span> in his Wisdom of God manifested in the Works
+of Creation</i>, Part 2. and <i>Dr. <span class="antiqua">Cockburn</span>’s Essays on Faith</i>,
+Part 1. Essay 5.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_443" href="#FNanchor_443" class="label">[b]</a> <i>Ad hanc providentiam Naturæ tam diligentera <span class="antiqua">[of which
+he had been before speaking]</span> tamque solertem adjungi multa
+possunt, è quibus intelligatur, quantæ res hominibus à Deo,
+quamque eximiæ tributæ sunt: qui primùm eos humo excitaros,
+celsos &amp; erectos constituit, ut Deorum cognitionem, cœlum
+intuentes, capere possunt. Sunt enim è terra homines non ut incolæ,
+atque habitatores, sed quasi spectatores superarum rerum,
+atque cœlestium, quarum spectaculum ad nullum aliud genus
+animantium pertinet.</i> Cic. de Nat. Deor. L. 2. c. 56.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_444" href="#FNanchor_444" class="label">[c]</a> <i>Ut autem sapientissimum animalium est Homo, sic &amp; Manus
+sunt organa sapienti animali convenientia. Non enim quia
+Manus habuit, propterea est sapientissimum, ut Anaxagoras dicebat;
+sed quia sapientissimum erat, propter hoc Manus habuit,
+ut rectissimè censuit Aristoteles. Non enim Manus ipse
+hominem artes docuerunt, sed Ratio. Manus autem ipsa sunt
+artium organa, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Galen. de Us. Part. L. 1. c. 3. After
+which, in the rest of this first Book, and part of the second,
+he considers the Particulars of the <i>Hand</i>, in order to enquire,
+as he saith, ch. 5. <i>Num eam omnino Constitutionem habeas
+<span class="antiqua">[manus]</span> quâ meliorem aliam habere non potuit.</i></p>
+
+<p>Of this Part, (and indeed of the other Parts of human
+Bodies) he gives so good an Account, that I confess I could
+not but admire the Skill of that ingenious and famed Heathen.
+For an Example, (because it is a little out of the
+Way,) I shall pitch upon his Account of the different Length
+of the Fingers, <i>L. 1. 2. 24.</i> The Reason of this Mechanism,
+he saith, is, That the Tops of the Fingers may come
+to an Equality, <i>cùm magnas aliquas moles in circuitu comprehendunt,
+&amp; cùm in seipsis humidum vel parvum corpus continere
+conantur.——Apparent verò in unam circuli circumferentiam
+convenire Digiti quinque in actionibus hujusmodi maximè
+quando exquisitè sphæricum corpus comprehendunt.</i> And
+this Evenness of the Fingers Ends, in grasping sphærical,
+and other round Bodies, he truly enough saith, makes the
+Hold the firmer. And it seems a noble and pious Design
+he had in so strictly surveying the Parts of Man’s Body,
+which take in his own translated Words, <i>Cùm multa namque
+esset apud veteres, tam Medicos, quàm Philosophos de utilitate
+particularum dissensio (quidam enim corpora nostra nullius gratiâ
+esse facta existimant, nullâque omnino arte; alii autem &amp;
+alicujus gratiâ, &amp; artificiosè,——) primum quidem tantæ
+hujus dissensionis κριτήριον invenire studui: deinde verò &amp; unam
+aliquam universalem methodum constituere, quâ singularum
+partium corporis, &amp; eorum quæ illis accidunt utilitatem invenire
+possemus.</i> Ibid. cap. 8.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_445" href="#FNanchor_445" class="label">[d]</a></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Pronaque cum spectant animalia cætera terram,</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Os Homini sublime dedit, cœlumque tueri</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Jussit, &amp; erectos ad sidera tollere vultus.</i></div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse right">Ovid. Metam. L. 1. car. 84.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_446" href="#FNanchor_446" class="label">[e]</a> If any should be so curious, to desire to know how
+far a Man’s Prospect reacheth, by Means of the Height of
+his Eye, supposing the Earth was an uninterrupted Globe;
+the Method is a common Case of right-angled plain Triangles,
+where two Sides, and an opposite Angle are given:
+Thus in <a href="#figures">Fig. 4.</a> <i>A H B</i> is the Surface, or a great Circle of
+the terraqueous Globe; <i>C</i> the Center, <i>H C</i> its Semidiameter,
+<i>E</i> the <i>Height</i> of the Eye; and foreasmuch as <i>H E</i> is a
+Tangent, therefore the Angle at <i>H</i> is a right Angle: So
+that there are given <i>H C</i> 398,386 Miles, or 21034781 <i>English</i>
+Feet, (according to <a href="#Footnote_52"><i>Book II. Chap. 2. Note (a)</i></a>;) <i>C E</i>
+the same Length with the Height of the Eye, on the Mast
+of a Ship, or at only a Man’s Height, <i>&amp;c.</i> added to it; and
+<i>E H C</i> the opposite right Angle. By which three Parts given,
+it is easy to find all the other Parts of the Triangle.
+And first, the Angle at <i>C</i>, in order to find the Side <i>H E</i>,
+the Proportion is, As the Side <i>C E</i>, to the Angle at <i>H</i>; so
+the Side <i>H C</i>, to the Angle at <i>E</i>, which being substracted out
+of 90 <i>gr.</i> the Remainder is the Angle at <i>C</i>. And then, As
+the Angle at <i>E</i>, is to its opposite Side <i>H C</i>, or else as the
+Angle at <i>H</i> is to its opposite Side <i>C E</i>; so the Angle at
+<i>C</i>, to its opposite Side <i>E H</i>, the visible Horizon. Or the
+Labour may be shortned, by adding together the Logarithm
+of the Sum of the two given Sides, and the Logarithm of
+their Difference; the half of which two Logarithms, is the
+Logarithm of the Side requir’d, nearly. For an Example,
+We will take the two Sides in Yards, by Reason scarce
+any Table of Logarithms will serve us farther. The Semidiameter
+of the Earth is 7011594 Yards; the Height
+of the Eye is two Yards more, the Sum of both Sides, is
+14023190.</p>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Logar. of which Sum is,</td>
+    <td>7,1468468</td>
+    </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Logar. of two Yards (the Differ.) is,</td>
+    <td>0,3010300</td>
+    </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sum of both Logar.</td>
+    <td class="bt">7,4478768</td>
+    </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>The half Sum,</td>
+    <td class="bt">3,7239384<br>
+</table>
+
+<p class="noindent">is the Logar. of 5296 Yards = three Miles, which is the
+Length of the Line <i>E H</i>, or Distance the Eye can reach at
+six Feet Height.</p>
+
+<p>This would be the Distance, on a perfect Globe, did the
+visual Rays come to the Eye in a strait Line; but by Means
+of the Refractions of the Atmosphere, distant Objects on
+the Horizon, appear higher than really they are, and may
+be seen at a greater Distance, especially on the Sea; which
+is a Matter of great Use, especially to discover at Sea the
+Land, Rocks, <i>&amp;c.</i> and it is a great Act of the divine Providence,
+in the Contrivance and Convenience of the Atmosphere,
+which by this Means enlargeth the visible Horizon,
+and is all one, as if the terraqueous Globe was much
+larger than really it is. As to the Height of the Apparent
+above the true Level, or how much distant Objects are
+rais’d by the Refractions, the ingenious and accurate Gentlemen
+of the <i>French Academy Royal</i>, have given us a Table
+in their <i>Measure of the Earth</i>, Art. 12.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_447" href="#FNanchor_447" class="label">[f]</a> See <a href="#Footnote_518"><i>Book VI. Chap. 5. Note (g).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_448" href="#FNanchor_448" class="label">[g]</a> See <a href="#Footnote_223"><i>Book IV. Chap. 8. Note (c).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_449" href="#FNanchor_449" class="label">[h]</a> The Mechanism of the Foot, would appear to be
+wonderful, if I should descend to a Description of all its
+Parts; but that would be too long for these Notes; therefore
+a brief Account, (most of which I owe to the before-commended
+Mr. <i>Cheselden</i>,) may serve for a Sample: In the
+first Place, It is necessary the Foot should be concave, to
+enable us to stand firm, and that the Nerves and Blood-Vessels
+may be free from Compression when we stand or
+walk. In order hereunto, the long <i>Flexors</i> of the Toes
+cross one another at the Bottom of the Foot, in the Form
+of a St. <i>Andrew</i>’s Cross, to incline the lesser Toes towards
+the great One, and the great One towards the lesser. The
+<i>short Flexors</i> are chiefly concern’d in drawing the Toes towards
+the Heel. The <i>transversalis Pedis</i> draws the Outsides
+of the Foot towards each other; and by being inserted
+into one of the <i>sesamoid</i> Bones, of the great Toe, diverts
+the Power of the <i>abductor Muscle</i>, (falsly so call’d,)
+and makes it become a <i>Flexor</i>. And lastly, the <i>peronæus
+Longus</i> runs round the outer Ankle, and obliquely forwards
+cross the Bottom of the Foot, and at once helps to extend
+the <i>Tarsus</i>, to constrict the Foot, and to direct the Power
+of the other <i>Extensors</i> towards the Ball of the great Toe:
+Hence the Loss of the <i>great Toe</i>, is more than of all the other
+Toes. See also Mr. <i>Cowper</i>’s <i>Anat.</i> Tab. 28. <i>&amp;c.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_450" href="#FNanchor_450" class="label">[i]</a> It is very well worth while to compare here what <i>Borelli</i>
+saith, <i>de motu Animal.</i> Par. 1. cap. 18. <i>De statione
+Animal.</i> Prop. 132, <i>&amp;c.</i> To which I refer the Reader, it
+being too long to recite here.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_451" href="#FNanchor_451" class="label">[k]</a> Borel. ibid. Prop. 142.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_V_CHAP_III">CHAP. III.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the <span class="smcap">Figure</span> and <span class="smcap">Shape</span> of Man’s <span class="smcap">Body</span>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The Figure and Shape of Man’s Body, is the
+most commodious that could possibly be invented
+for such an Animal; the most agreeable to
+his Motion, to his Labours, and all his Occasions.
+For had he been a rational Reptile, he could not
+have moved from Place to Place fast enough for
+his Business, nor indeed have done any almost. Had
+he been a rational Quadrupede, among other Things,
+he had lost the Benefit of his Hands, those noble
+Instruments of the most useful Performances of the
+Body. Had he been made a Bird, besides many
+other great Incoveniencies, those before-mentioned
+of his Flying would have been some. In a
+word, any other Shape of Body, but that which
+the All-wise Creator hath given Man, would have
+been as incommodious, as any Posture but that of
+erect; it would have rendered him more helpless,
+or have put it in his Power to have been more pernicious,
+or deprived him of Ten thousand Benefits,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_288"></a>[288]</span>
+or Pleasures, or Conveniences, which his present
+Figure capacitates him for.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_V_CHAP_IV">CHAP. IV.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the <span class="smcap">Stature</span> and <span class="smcap">Size</span> of Man’s <span class="smcap">Body</span>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>As in the Figure, so in the Stature and Size of
+Man’s Body, we have another manifest Indication
+of excellent Design. Not too Pygmean<a id="FNanchor_452" href="#Footnote_452" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>,
+nor too Gigantick<a id="FNanchor_453" href="#Footnote_453" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>, either of which
+Sizes would in some particular or other, have been
+incommodious to Himself, or to his Business, or
+to the rest of his Fellow-Creatures. Too Pygmean
+would have rendered him too puny a Lord
+of the Creation; too impotent and unfit to manage
+the inferiour Creatures, would have exposed him
+to the Assaults of the weakest Animals, to the ravening
+Appetite of voracious Birds, and have put
+him in the Way, and endangered his being trodden
+in the Dirt by the larger Animals. He would
+have been also too weak for his Business, unable
+to carry Burdens, and in a word, to transact the
+greater part of his Labours and Concerns.</p>
+
+<p>And on the other hand, had Man’s Body been
+made too monstrously strong, too enormously<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_289"></a>[289]</span>
+Gigantick<a id="FNanchor_454" href="#Footnote_454" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>,
+    it would have rendered him a dangerous<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_290"></a>[290]<br><a id="Page_291"></a>[291]</span>
+Tyrant in the World, too strong<a id="FNanchor_455" href="#Footnote_455" class="fnanchor">[d]</a> in some
+Respects, even for his own Kind, as well as the
+other Creatures. Locks and Doors might perhaps<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_292"></a>[292]</span>
+have been made of sufficient Strength to have
+barricaded our Houses; and Walls, and Ramparts
+might perhaps have been made strong enough to
+have fenced our Cities. But these Things could
+not have been without a great and inconvenient
+Expence of Room, Materials, and such Necessaries,
+as such vast Structures and Uses would have
+occasioned; more perhaps than the World could
+have afforded to all Ages and Places. But let us
+take the Descant of a good Naturalist and Physician
+on the Case<a id="FNanchor_456" href="#Footnote_456" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>. “Had Man been a Dwarf
+(said he) he had scarce been a reasonable Creature.
+For he must then have had a Jolt Head;
+so there would not have been Body and Blood
+enough to supply his Brain with Spirits; or he
+must have had a small Head, answerable to his
+Body, and so there would not have been Brain
+enough for his Business—Or had the Species of
+Mankind been Gigantick, he could not have
+been so commodiously supplied with Food. For
+there would not have been Flesh enough of the
+best edible Beasts, to serve his Turn. And if
+Beasts had been made answerably bigger, there
+would not have been Grass enough.” And so he
+goeth on. And a little after, “There would not
+have been the same Use and Discovery of his
+Reason; in that he would have done many
+Things by mere Strength, for which he is now
+put to invent innumerable Engines—. Neither
+could he have used an Horse, nor divers other
+Creatures. But being of a middle Bulk, he is
+fitted to manage and use them all. For (saith
+he) no other cause can be aligned why a Man
+was not made five or ten Times bigger, but his<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_293"></a>[293]</span>
+Relation to the rest of the Universe.” Thus far
+our curious Author.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_452" href="#FNanchor_452" class="label">[a]</a> What is here urged about the Size of Man’s Body,
+may answer one of <i>Lucretius</i>’s Reasons why <i>Nil ex nihilo
+gignitur</i>. His Argument is</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Denique cur Homines ramos natura parare</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Non potuit, pedibus qui pontum per vada possent</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Transire, &amp; magnos manibus divellere monteis?</i></div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse right">Lucret. <i>L. 1. Carm. 200.</i></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_453" href="#FNanchor_453" class="label">[b]</a> <i>Haud facile fit ut quisquam &amp; ingentes corporis vires,
+&amp; ingenium subtile habeat.</i> Diodor. Sic. L. 17.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_454" href="#FNanchor_454" class="label">[c]</a> Altho’ we read of <i>Giants</i> before <i>Noah</i>’s Flood, <i>Gen.</i>
+vi. 4. and more plainly afterwards in <i>Numb.</i> xiii. 33. Yet
+there is great Reason to think the Size of Man was always
+the same from the Creation. For as to the <i>Nephilim</i> or <i>Giants</i>,
+in <i>Gen.</i> vi. the Ancients vary about them; some taking
+them for great Atheists, and Monsters of Impiety, Rapine,
+Tyranny, and all Wickedness, as well as of monstrous Stature,
+according as indeed the <i>Hebrew</i> Signification allows.</p>
+
+<p>And as for the <i>Nephilim</i> in <i>Numb.</i> xiii. which were evidently
+Men of a Gigantick Size, it must be considered, that
+it is very probable, the Fears and Discontentments of the
+Spies might add somewhat thereunto.</p>
+
+<p>But be the Matter as it will, it is very manifest, that in
+both these Places, <i>Giants</i> are spoken of as Rarities, and
+Wonders of the Age, not of the common Stature. And
+such Instances we have had in all Ages; excepting some fabulous
+Relations; such as I take to be that of <i>Theutobotchus</i>,
+who is said to have been dug up, <i>Anno</i> 1613, and to have
+been higher than the Trophies, and 26 Feet long; and no
+better I suppose the Giants to have been, that <i>Ol. Magnus</i>
+gives an Account of in his 5ᵗʰ Book, such as <i>Harthen</i>, and
+<i>Starchater</i>, among the Men; and among the Women, <i>reperta
+est</i> (saith he) <i>puella——in capite vulnerata, ac mortua,
+induta chlamyde purpureâ, longitudinis cubitorum 50, latitudinis
+inter humeros quatuor.</i> Ol. Mag. Hist. L. 5. c. 2.</p>
+
+<p>But as for the more credible Relations of <i>Goliath</i> (<i>whose
+height was 6 Cubits and a Span</i>, 1 Sam. xvii. 4. which according
+to the late curious and learned <i>Lord Bishop of <span class="antiqua">Peterborough</span></i>
+is somewhat above 11 Feet <i>English</i>, <i>vid.</i> Bishop <i>Cumberland
+of Jewish Weights and Measures</i>) of <i>Maximinus</i> the
+Emperor, who was 9 Feet high, and others in <i>Augustus</i>, and
+other Reigns, of about the same Height: To which we
+may add the Dimensions of a <i>Skeleton</i>, dug up lately in the
+Place of a <i>Roman</i> Camp near St. <i>Albans</i>, by an Urn inscribed,
+<i>Marcus Antoninus</i>; of which an Account is given by
+Mr. <i>Cheselden</i>, who judgeth by the Dimensions of the Bones,
+that the Person was 8 Foot high, <i>vid.</i> <i>Philos. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 333.
+These antique Examples and Relations, I say, we can match,
+yea, out-do, with modern Examples; of which we have divers
+in <i>J. Ludolph. Comment. in Hist. Æthiop.</i> L. 1. c. 2.
+§. 22. <i>Magus</i>, <i>Conringius</i>, Dr. <i>Hakewill</i>, and others. Which
+later relates from <i>Nannez</i>, of Porters and Archers belonging
+to the Emperor of <i>China</i>, of 15 Feet high; and others
+from <i>Purchas</i>, of 10 and 12 Feet high, and more. See the
+learned Author’s <i>Apolog.</i> p. 208.</p>
+
+<p>These indeed exceed what I have seen in <i>England</i>; but
+in 1684, I my self measur’d an <i>Irish</i> Youth, said to be not
+19 Years old, who was 7 Feet near 8 Inches, and in 1697,
+a Woman who was 7 Feet 3 inches in Height.</p>
+
+<p>But for the ordinary size of Mankind, in all Probability,
+it was always (as I said) the same, as may appear from the
+Monuments, Mummies, and other ancient Evidences to be
+seen at this Day. The most ancient Monument at this Day,
+I presume is that of <i>Cheops</i>, in the first and fairest Pyramid
+of <i>Ægypt</i>; which was, no doubt, made of Capacity every
+Way sufficient to hold the Body of so great a Person as was
+intended to be laid up in it. But this we find by the nice
+Measures of our curious Mr. <i>Greaves</i>, hardly to exceed our
+common Coffins. <i>The hollow Part within</i> (saith he) <i>is in Length
+<span class="antiqua">only</span> 6,488 Feet, <span class="antiqua">and</span> in Breadth <span class="antiqua">but</span> 2,218 Feet: The Depth
+2,860 Feet. A narrow space, yet large enough to contain a
+most potent and dreadful Monarch, being dead; to whom living,
+all <span class="antiqua">Ægypt</span> was too streight and narrow a Circuit. By
+these Dimensions, and by such other Observations, as have
+been taken by me from several embalmed Bodies in <span class="antiqua">Ægypt</span>, we
+may conclude there is no decay in Nature (though the Question
+is as old as <span class="antiqua">Homer</span>) but that the Men of this Age are of
+the same Stature they were near 3000 Years ago</i>, vid. <i>Greaves</i>
+of the Pyr. in 1638, in Ray’s Collect. of <i>Trav.</i> Tom. 1.
+pag. 118.</p>
+
+<p>To this more ancient, we may add others of a later Date.
+Of which take these, among others, from the curious and
+learned <i>Hakewill</i>. The Tombs at <i>Pisa</i>, that are some thousand
+Years old, are not longer than ours; so is <i>Athelstane</i>’s
+in <i>Malmesbury</i>-Church; so <i>Sehba</i>’s in St. <i>Paul</i>’s, of the Year
+693; so <i>Etheldred</i>’s, &amp;c. Apol. 216, <i>&amp;c.</i></p>
+
+<p>The same Evidence we have also from the Armour,
+Shields, Vessels, and other Utensils dug up at this Day.
+The Brass Helmet dug up at <i>Metaurum</i>, which was not
+doubted to have been left there at the <i>Overthrow of Asdrubal</i>,
+will fit one of our Men at this Day.</p>
+
+<p>Nay, besides all this, probably we have some more certain
+Evidence. <i>Augustus</i> was 5 Foot 9 Inches high, which
+was the just Measure of our famous Queen <i>Elizabeth</i>, who
+exceeded his Height 2 Inches, if proper Allowance be made
+for the Difference between the <i>Roman</i> and our Foot. <i>Vid.</i>
+<i>Hakew. ib. p. 215.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_455" href="#FNanchor_455" class="label">[d]</a> To the Stature of Men in <a href="#Footnote_454">the foregoing Note</a>, we
+may add some Remarks about their unusual <i>Strength</i>. That
+of <i>Sampson</i> (who is not said to have exceeded other Men in
+Stature as he did in Strength) is well known. So of old,
+<i>Hector</i>, <i>Diomedes</i>, <i>Hercules</i>, and <i>Ajax</i> are famed; and since
+them many others; for which I shall seek no farther than
+the before commended <i>Hakewill</i>, who by his great and curious
+Learning, hath often most of the Examples that are to
+be met with on all his Subjects he undertakes. Of the After-Ages
+he names <i>C. Marius</i>, <i>Maximinus</i>, <i>Aurelian</i>, <i>Scanderberge</i>,
+<i>Bardesin</i>, <i>Tamerlane</i>, <i>Siska</i>, and <i>Hunniades</i>. Anno
+1529, <i>Klunher</i>, Provost of the great Church at <i>Misnia</i>, carry’d
+a Pipe of Wine out of the Cellar, and laid it in the
+Cart. <i>Mayolus</i> saw one hold a Marble Pillar in his Hand
+3 Foot long, and 1 Foot diameter, which he toss’d up in
+the Air, and catched again, as if it were a Ball. Another
+of <i>Mantua</i>, and a little Man, named <i>Rodamas</i>, could break
+a Cable, <i>&amp;c.</i> <i>Ernando Burg</i>, fetched up Stairs an Ass laden
+with Wood, and threw both into the Fire. At <i>Constantinople</i>,
+<i>Anno 1582</i>, one lifted a Piece of Wood, that twelve
+Men could scarce raise: then lying along, he bare a Stone
+that ten Men could but just roll to him. <i>G.</i> of <i>Fronsberge</i>,
+Baron <i>Mindlehaim</i>, could raise a Man off his Seat, with only
+his middle Finger; stop an Horse in his full Career; and
+shove a Cannon out of its Place. <i>Cardan</i> saw a Man dance
+with two Men in his Arms, two on his Shoulders, and one
+on his Neck. <i>Patacoua</i>, Captain of the <i>Cossacks</i>, could tear
+an Horse-Shoe (and if I mistake not, the same is reported
+of the present King <i>Augustus</i> of <i>Poland</i>.) A Gigantick Woman
+of the <i>Netherlands</i> could lift a Barrel of <i>Hamburgh</i> Beer.
+Mr. <i>Carew</i> had a Tenant that could carry a But’s Length,
+6 Bushel of Wheaten Meal (of 15 Gallon Measure) with the
+Lubber, the Miller of 24 Years of Age, on the top of it.
+And <i>J. Roman</i> of the same County, could carry the Carcass
+of an Ox. Vid. <i>Hakewill</i>, ib. p. 238.</p>
+
+<p><i>Viros aliquot moderna memoria tam à mineralibus, quàm aliis
+Seuthia &amp; Gothia provinciis adducere congruis, tantâ fortitudine
+præditos, ut quisque eorum in humeros sublevatum Equum,
+vel Bovem maximum, imò vas ferri 600, 800, aut
+1000 librarum (quale &amp; alique Puellæ levare possunt) ad plura
+stadia portaret.</i> Ol. Mag. ubi supr.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_456" href="#FNanchor_456" class="label">[e]</a> Grew’s <i>Cosmol. Sacr.</i> B. 1. ch. 5. §. 25.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_V_CHAP_V">CHAP. V.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the <span class="smcap">Structure</span> of the <span class="smcap">Parts</span> of
+Man’s Body.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Having thus taken a View of the Posture,
+Shape, and Size of Man’s Body, let us in
+this Chapter survey the Structure of its Parts.
+But here we have so large a Prospect, that it
+would be endless to proceed upon Particulars. It
+must suffice therefore to take Notice, in general
+only, how artificially every Part of our Body is
+made. No Botch, no Blunder, no unnecessary <i>Apparatus</i>
+(or in other Words) no Signs of Chance<a id="FNanchor_457" href="#Footnote_457" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>;
+but every Thing curious, orderly, and performed
+in the shortest and best Method, and adapted to
+the most compendious Use. What one Part is
+there throughout the whole Body, but what is
+composed of the fittest Matter for that Part;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_294"></a>[294]</span>
+made of the most proper Strength and Texture;
+shaped in the compleatest Form; and in a word,
+accouter’d with every Thing necessary for its Motion,
+Office, Nourishment, Guard, and what not!
+What so commodious a Structure and Texture
+could have been given to the Bones, for Instance,
+to make them firm and strong, and withal light,
+as that which every Bone in the Body hath? Who
+could have shaped them so nicely to every Use,
+and adapted them to every Part, made them of such
+just Lengths, given them such due Sizes and Shapes,
+chanelled, hollowed, headed, lubricated, and every
+other Thing ministring, in the best and most
+compendious manner to their several Places and
+Uses? What a glorious Collection and Combination
+have we also of the most exquisite Workmanship
+and Contrivance in the Eye, in the Ear, in the
+Hand<a id="FNanchor_458" href="#Footnote_458" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>, in the Foot<a id="FNanchor_459" href="#Footnote_459" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>, in the Lungs, and other
+Parts already mention’d? What an Abridgment of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_295"></a>[295]</span>
+Art, what a Variety of Uses<a id="FNanchor_460" href="#Footnote_460" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>, hath Nature laid
+upon that one Member of the Tongue, the grand Instrument
+of Taste, the faithful Judge, the Centinel,
+the Watchman of all our Nourishment, the artful
+Modulator of our Voice, the necessary Servant of
+Mastication, Swallowing, Sucking, and a great
+deal besides? But I must desist from proceeding
+upon Particulars, finding I am fallen upon what I
+propos’d to avoid.</p>
+
+<p>And therefore for a Close of this Chapter, I
+shall only add Part of a Letter I receiv’d from the
+before-commended very curious and ingenious Physician
+Dr. <i>Tancred Robinson</i>, <i>What</i>, (saith he,) <i>can
+possibly be better contriv’d for animal Motion and
+Life, than the quick Circulation of the Blood and
+Fluids, which run out of Sight in capillary Vessels,
+and very minute Ducts, without Impediment, (except
+in some Diseases,) being all directed to their peculiar
+Glands and Chanels, for the different Secretion, sensible
+and insensible; whereof the last is far the greatest
+in Quantity and Effects, as to Health and Sickness,
+acute Distempers frequently arising from a Diminution
+of Transpiration, through the cutaneous Chimneys,
+and some chronical Ones from an Augmentation:
+Whereas Obstructions in the Liver, Pancreas,
+and other Glands, may only cause a Schirrus,
+a Jaundice, an Ague, a Dropsy, or other slow Diseases.
+So an Increase of that Secretion may accompany
+the general Colliquations, as in Fluxes, hectick
+Sweats and Coughs, Diabetes, and other Consumptions.
+What a mighty Contrivance is there to preserve
+these due Secretions from the Blood, (on which<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_296"></a>[296]</span>
+Life so much depends,) by frequent Attritions, and
+Communications of the Fluids in their Passage through
+the Heart, the Lungs, and the whole System of the
+Muscles? What Mæanders and Contortions of Vessels,
+in the Organs of Separation? And, What a Concourse
+of elastick Bodies from the Air, to supply the
+Springs, and continual Motions of some Parts, not
+only in Sleep, and Rest; but in long violent Exercises
+of the Muscles? Whose Force drive the Fluids round
+in a wonderful rapid Circulation through the minutest
+Tubes, assisted by the constant Pabulum of the Atmosphere,
+and their own elastick Fibres, which impress
+that Velocity on the Fluids.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Now I have mention’d some Uses of the Air, in
+carrying on several Functions in animal Bodies; I
+may add the Share it hath in all the Digestions of the
+solid and fluid Parts. For when this System of Air
+comes, by divine Permittance, to be corrupted with
+poysonous, acrimonious Steams, either from the Earth,
+from Merchandise, or infected Bodies, What Havock
+is made in all the Operations of living Creatures?
+The Parts gangrene, and mortify under Carbuncles,
+and other Tokens: Indeed, the whole animal
+Oeconomy is ruin’d; of such Importance is the Air to
+all the parts of it.</i> Thus my learned Friend.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp87" style="max-width: 21.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/footer08.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_457" href="#FNanchor_457" class="label">[a]</a> It is manifestly an Argument of Design, that in the
+Bodies of different Animals, there is an Agreement of the
+Parts, so far as the Occasions and Offices agree, but a difference
+of those, where there is a difference of these. In an
+Human Body are many Parts agreeing with those of a Dog
+for Instance; but in his Forehead, Fingers, Hand, Instruments
+of Speech, and many other Parts, there are Muscles,
+and other Members which are not in a Dog. And so contrariwise
+in a Dog, which is not in a Man. If the Reader
+is minded to see what particular Muscles are in a Man, that
+are not in a Dog; or in a Dog that are not in an Humane
+Body, let him consult the curious and accurate Anatomist
+Dr. <i>Douglass</i>’s <i>Myogr. compar.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_458" href="#FNanchor_458" class="label">[b]</a> <i>Galen</i> having described the Muscles, Tendons, and other
+Parts of the Fingers, and their Motions, cries out, <i>Considera
+igitur etiam hìc mirabilem <span class="smcap">Creatoris</span> sapientiam!</i>
+De Us. Part. L. 1. c. 18.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_459" href="#FNanchor_459" class="label">[c]</a> And not only in the Hand, but in his Account of the
+Foot (<i>L. 3.</i>) he frequently takes notice of what he calls <i>Artem,
+Providentiam &amp; Sapientiam Conditoris</i>. As Ch. 13. <i>An
+igitur non equum est hìc quoque admirari Providentiam Conditoris,
+qui ad utrumque usum, eisi certè contrarium, exactè
+convenientes &amp; consentientes invicem fabricatus est totius membri
+<span class="antiqua">[tibiæ]</span> particulas?</i> And at the end of the Chap. <i>Quòd
+si omnia quæ ipsarum sunt partium mente immutaverimus, neque
+invenerimus positionem aliam meliorem eâ quam nunc sortita
+sunt, neque figuram, neque magnitudinem, neque connexionem,
+neque (ut paucis omnia complectar) aliud quidquam
+eorum, quæ corporibus necessariò insunt, perfectissimam pronunciare
+oportet, &amp; undique recte constitutam præsentem ejus constructionem.</i>
+The like also concludes, Ch. 15.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_460" href="#FNanchor_460" class="label">[d]</a> <i>At enim Opisicis indistrii maximum est indicium (quemadmodum
+antè sapenumerò jam diximus) iis quæ ad alium usum
+fuerunt comparata, ad alias quoque utilitates abuti, neque
+laborare ut singulis utilitatibus singulas faciat proprius particulas.</i>
+Galen. ub. supr. L. 9. c. 5.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_297"></a>[297]</span></p>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_V_CHAP_VI">CHAP. VI.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the <span class="smcap">Placing</span> the <span class="smcap">Parts</span> of Man’s Body.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>In this Chapter, I propose to consider the Lodgment
+of the curious Parts of Man’s Body,
+which is no less admirable than the Parts themselves,
+all set in the most convenient Places of the
+Body, to minister to their own several Uses and
+Purposes, and assist, and mutually to help one another.
+Where could those faithful Watchmen
+the Eye, the Ear, the Tongue, be so commodiously
+plac’d, as in the upper Part of the Building?
+Where could we throughout the Body find so
+proper a Part to lodge four of the five Senses, as
+in the Head<a id="FNanchor_461" href="#Footnote_461" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>, near the Brain<a id="FNanchor_462" href="#Footnote_462" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>, the common
+Sensory, a Place well guarded, and of little other
+Use than to be a Seat to those Senses? And, How
+could we lodge the fifth Sense, that of <i>Touching</i>
+otherwise<a id="FNanchor_463" href="#Footnote_463" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>, than to disperse it to all Parts of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_298"></a>[298]</span>
+Body? Where could we plant the Hand<a id="FNanchor_464" href="#Footnote_464" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>, but
+just where it is, to be ready at every Turn, on all
+Occasions of Help and Defence, of Motion, Action,
+and every of its useful Services? Where could
+we set the Legs and Feet, but where they are, to
+bear up, and handsomely to carry about the Body?
+Where could we lodge the Heart, to labour about
+the whole Mass of Blood, but in, or near the
+Center of the Body<a id="FNanchor_465" href="#Footnote_465" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>? Where could we find
+Room for that noble Engine to play freely in?
+Where could we so well guard it against external
+Harms, as it is in that very Place in which it is
+lodg’d and secur’d? Where could we more commodiously
+Place, than in the Thorax and Belly,
+the useful <i>Viscera</i> of those Parts, so as not to swag,
+and jog, and over-set the Body, and yet to minister
+so harmoniously, as they do, to all the several
+Uses of Concoction, Sanguification, the Separation
+of various Ferments from the Blood, for
+the great Uses of Nature, and to make Discharges
+of what is useless, or would be burdensome or
+pernicious to the Body<a id="FNanchor_466" href="#Footnote_466" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>? How could we plant
+the curious and great Variety of Bones, and of
+Muscles, of all Sorts and Sizes, necessary, as I
+have said, to the Support, and every Motion of
+the Body? Where could we lodge all the Arteries
+and Veins, to convey Nourishment; and the
+Nerves, Sensation throughout the Body? Where,
+I say, could we lodge all these Implements of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_299"></a>[299]</span>
+Body, to perform their several Offices? How
+could we secure and guard them so well, as in the
+very Places, and in the self same Manner in which
+they are already plac’d in the Body? And lastly,
+to name no more, What Covering, what Fence
+could we find out for the whole Body, better than
+that of Nature’s own providing, the Skin<a id="FNanchor_467" href="#Footnote_467" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>?
+How could we shape it to, or brace it about every
+Part better, either for Convenience or Ornament?
+What better Texture could we give it,
+which although less obdurate and firm, than that
+of some other Animals; yet is so much the more
+sensible of every touch, and more compliant with
+every Motion? And being easily defensible by the
+Power of Man’s Reason and Art, is therefore
+much the properest Tegument for a reasonable
+Creature.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp87" style="max-width: 21.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/footer02.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_461" href="#FNanchor_461" class="label">[a]</a> <i>Sensus, interpretes ac nuntii rerum, in capite, tanquam
+in arce, mirificè ad usus necessarios &amp; facti, &amp; collocati sunt.
+Nam oculi tanquam speculatores, altissimum locum obtinent;
+ex quo plurima conspicientes, fungantur suo munere. Et aures
+cum sonum recipere debeant, qui naturâ in sublime fertur; rectè
+in illis corporum partibus collocata sunt.</i> Cic. de Nat. Deor.
+L. 2. c. 56. ubi plura de cæteris Sensibus.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_462" href="#FNanchor_462" class="label">[b]</a> <i>Galen</i> well observes, that the Nerves ministring to Motion,
+are hard and firm, to be less subject to Injury; but
+those ministring to Sense, are soft and tender; and that for
+this Reason it is, that four of the five Senses are lodg’d so
+near the Brain, <i>viz.</i> partly to partake of the Brain’s Softness
+and Tenderness, and partly for the Sake of the strong Guard
+of the Skull. Vid. <i>Gal. de Us. Part.</i> L. 8. c. 5. 6.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_463" href="#FNanchor_463" class="label">[c]</a> See <a href="#Footnote_203"><i>Book IV. Chap. 6. Note (c).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_464" href="#FNanchor_464" class="label">[d]</a> <i>Quàm verò aptas, quamque multarum artium ministras
+Manus natura homini dedit?</i> The Particulars of which, enumerated
+by him, see in <i>Cic. ubi supr.</i> c. 60.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_465" href="#FNanchor_465" class="label">[e]</a> See <a href="#BOOK_VI_CHAP_V"><i>Book VI. Chap. 5.</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_466" href="#FNanchor_466" class="label">[f]</a> <i>Ut in ædificiis Architecti avertunt ab oculis &amp; naribus
+dominorum ea, quæ profluentia necessariò tetri essent aliquid habitura;
+sic natura res similes (scil. excrementa) procul amandavit
+à sensibus.</i> Cicer. de Nat. Deor. L. 2. c. 56.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_467" href="#FNanchor_467" class="label">[g]</a> Compare here <i>Galen</i>’s Observations <i>de Us. Part.</i> L. 11.
+c. 15. Also <i>L. 2. c. 6.</i> See also <i>Cowper. Anat.</i> where in
+Tab. 4. are very elegant Cuts of the Skin in divers Parts of
+the Body, drawn from microscopical Views; as also of the
+<i>papillæ Pyramidales</i>, the <i>sudoriferous Glands</i> and Vessels, the
+<i>Hairs</i>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_300"></a>[300]</span></p>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_V_CHAP_VII">CHAP. VII.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the <span class="smcap">Provision</span> in Man’s Body against
+<span class="smcap">Evils</span>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Having taking a transient View of the Structure,
+and Lodgment of the Parts of human
+Bodies; let us next consider the admirable
+Provision that is made throughout Man’s Body,
+to stave off Evils, and to discharge<a id="FNanchor_468" href="#Footnote_468" class="fnanchor">[a]</a> them when
+befallen. For the Prevention of Evils, we may
+take the Instances already given, of the Situation
+of those faithful Sentinels, the Eye, the Ear, and
+Tongue, in the superiour Part of the Body, the
+better to descry Dangers at a Distance, and to
+call out presently for Help. And how well situated
+is the Hand to be a sure and ready Guard to
+the Body, as well as the faithful Performer of
+most of its Services? The Brain, the Nerves, the
+Arteries, the Heart<a id="FNanchor_469" href="#Footnote_469" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>, the Lungs; and in a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_301"></a>[301]</span>
+Word, all the principal Parts, how well are they
+barricaded, either with strong Bones, or deep
+Lodgments in the Flesh, or some such the wisest,
+and fittest Method, most agreeable to the Office
+and Action of the Part? Besides which, for greater
+Precaution, and a farther Security, what an
+incomparable Provision hath the infinite Contriver
+of Man’s Body made for the Loss of, or any
+Defect in some of the Parts we can least spare, by
+doubling them? By giving us two Eyes, two
+Ears, two Hands, two Kidneys, two Lobes of
+the Lungs, Pairs of the Nerves, and many Ramifications
+of the Arteries and Veins in the fleshy
+Parts, that there may not be a Defect of Nourishment
+of the Parts, in Cases of Amputation, or
+Wounds, or Ruptures of any of the Vessels.</p>
+
+<p>And as Man’s Body is admirably contriv’d, and
+made to prevent Evils; so no less Art and Caution
+hath been us’d to get rid of them, when they
+do happen. When by any Misfortune, Wounds
+or Hurts do befal; or when by our own wicked
+Fooleries and Vices, we pull down Diseases and
+Mischiefs upon our selves, what Emunctories<a id="FNanchor_470" href="#Footnote_470" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>,
+what admirable Passages<a id="FNanchor_471" href="#Footnote_471" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>, are dispers’d throughout<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_302"></a>[302]</span>
+the Body; what incomparable Methods doth
+Nature take<a id="FNanchor_472" href="#Footnote_472" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>; what vigorous Efforts is she enabled<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_303"></a>[303]</span>
+to make, to discharge the peccant Humours,
+to correct the morbifick Matter; and in a Word,
+to set all Things right again? But here we had
+best take the Advice of a learned Physician in the
+Case: “The Body, (saith he,) is so contriv’d, as
+to be well enough secur’d against the Mutations
+in the Air, and the lesser Errors we daily
+run upon; did we not in the Excesses of Eating,
+Drinking, Thinking, Loving, Hating, or
+some other Folly, let in the Enemy, or lay violent
+Hands upon our selves. Nor is the Body
+fitted only to prevent; but also to cure, or mitigate
+Diseases, when by these Follies brought
+upon us. In most Wounds, if kept clean, and
+from the Air,——the Flesh will glew together,
+with its own native Balm. Broken Bones are
+cemented with the <i>Callus</i>, which themselves
+help to make”. And so he goes on with ample
+Instances in this Matter, too many to be here
+specify’d<a id="FNanchor_473" href="#Footnote_473" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>. Among which he instanceth in the
+Distempers of our Bodies, shewing that even many
+of them are highly serviceable to the Discharge
+of malignant Humours, and preventing greater
+Evils.</p>
+
+<p>And no less kind than admirable is this Contrivance
+of Man’s Body, that even its Distempers<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_304"></a>[304]</span>
+should many Times be its Cure<a id="FNanchor_474" href="#Footnote_474" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>; that when the
+Enemy lies lurking within to destroy us, there
+should be such a Reluctancy, and all Nature excited
+with its utmost Vigour to expel him thence.
+To which Purpose, even Pain it self is of great
+and excellent Use, not only in giving us Notice
+of the Presence of the Enemy, but by exciting us
+to use our utmost Diligence and Skill to root out
+so troublesome and destructive a Companion.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_468" href="#FNanchor_468" class="label">[a]</a> One of Nature’s most constant Methods here, is by
+the <i>Glands</i>, and the <i>Secretions</i> made by them; the Particulars
+of which being too long for these Notes, I shall refer
+to the modern Anatomists, who have written on these Subjects;
+and indeed, who are the only Men that have done it
+tolerably: Particularly, our learned Drs. <i>Cockburn</i>, <i>Keil</i>, <i>Morland</i>,
+and others at Home and Abroad: An Abridgment of
+whose Opinions and Observations, for the Reader’s Ease,
+may be met with in Dr. <i>Harris</i>’s <i>Lex. Tech.</i> Vol. 2. under
+the Words <i>Glands</i>, and <i>Animal Secretion</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_469" href="#FNanchor_469" class="label">[b]</a> In Man, and most other Animals, the Heart hath the
+Guard of Bones; but in the <i>Lamprey</i>, which hath no Bones,
+(no not so much as a Back-bone,) <i>the Heart is very strangely
+secur’d, and lies immur’d, or capsulated in a Cartilage, or grisly
+Substance, which includes the Heart, and its Auricle, as the
+Skull——doth the Brain in other Animals</i>. <i>Powers</i> Micros.
+Obser. 22.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_470" href="#FNanchor_470" class="label">[c]</a> <i>Here <span class="antiqua">[from the Pustules he observ’d in Monomotapa]</span>
+were Grounds to admire the Contrivance of our Blood, which
+on some Occasions, so soon as any Thing destructive to the Constitution
+of it, comes into it, immediately by an intestine Commotion,
+endeavoureth to thrust it forth, and is not only freed
+from the new Guest; but sometimes what likewise may have
+lain lurking therein——for a great while. And from hence
+it comes to pass, that most Part of Medicines, when duly administred,
+are not only sent out of the body themselves; but
+likewise great Quantities of morbifick Matter: As in Salivation</i>,
+&amp;c. Dr. <i>Sloane</i>’s Voy. to <i>Jamaica</i>, p. 25.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_471" href="#FNanchor_471" class="label">[d]</a> <i>Valsalva</i> discover’d some Passages into the Region of
+the <i>Ear-drum</i>, of mighty Use, (among others,) to make Discharges
+of Bruises, Imposthumes, or any purulent, or morbifick
+Matter from the Brain, and Parts of the Head. Of
+which he gives two Examples: One, a Person, who from a
+Blow on his Head, had dismal Pains therein, grew Speechless,
+and lay under an absolute Suppression and Decay of his
+Strength; but found certain Relief, whenever he had a Flux
+of Blood, or purulent Matter out of his Ear; which after
+his Death <i>Valsalva</i> discover’d, was through those Passages.</p>
+
+<p>The other was an <i>apoplectical Case</i>, wherein he found a
+large Quantity of extravasated Blood, making Way from the
+Ventricles of the Brain, through those same Passages. <i>Valsal.
+de Aure hum.</i> c. 2. §. 14. and c. 5. §. 8.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_472" href="#FNanchor_472" class="label">[e]</a> <i>Hippocrates Lib. de Alimentis</i>, takes notice of the Sagacity
+of Nature, in finding out Methods and Passages for the
+discharging Things offensive to the Body, of which the late
+learned and ingenious Bishop of <i>Clogher</i>, in <i>Ireland</i>, (<i>Boyle</i>,)
+gave this remarkable Instance, to my very curious and ingenious
+Neighbour and Friend, <i>D’Acre Barret</i>, Esq; <i>viz.</i> That
+in the Plague Year, a Gentleman at the University, had a
+large Plague Sore gather’d under his Arm, which, when they
+expected it would have broken, discharg’d it self by a more
+than ordinary large and fœtid Stool; the Sore having no other
+Vent for it, and immediately becoming sound and well
+thereon.</p>
+
+<p>Like to which, is the Story of <i>Jos. Lazonius</i>, of a Soldier
+of thirty five Years of Age, who had a Swelling in his
+right Hip, accompany’d with great Pain, <i>&amp;c.</i> By the Use
+of emollient Medicines, having ripen’d the Sore, the Surgeon
+intended the next Day to have open’d it; but about
+Midnight, the Patient having great Provocations to stool,
+disburthen’d himself three Times; immediately upon which,
+both the Tumor and Pain ceas’d, and thereby disappointed
+the Surgeon’s Intentions. <i>Ephem. Germ.</i> Anno 1690. Obs.
+49. More such Instances we find of Mr. <i>Tonges</i> in <i>Philos.
+Transact.</i> Nᵒ. 323. But indeed there are so many Examples
+of this Nature in our <i>Phil. Trans.</i> in the <i>Ephem. German.
+Tho. Bartholine</i>, <i>Rhodius</i>, <i>Sennertus</i>, <i>Hildanus</i>, &amp;c. that it
+would be endless to recount them. Some have swallow’d
+Knives, Bodkins, Needles and Pins, Bullets, Pebbles, and
+twenty other such Things as could not find a Passage the ordinary
+Way, but have met with an <i>Exit</i> through the Bladder,
+or some other Way of Nature’s own providing. But passing
+over many Particulars, I shall only give one instance more,
+because it may be a good Caution to some Persons, that
+these Papers may probably fall into the Hands of; and that
+is, The Danger of swallowing <i>Plum-stones</i>, <i>Prune-stones</i>, &amp;c.
+Sir <i>Francis Butler</i>’s Lady had many <i>Prune-stones</i> that made
+Way through an Abscess near her Navel. <i>Philos. Trans.</i> Nᵒ.
+165. where are other such like Examples. More also may
+be found in Nᵒ. 282, 304, <i>&amp;c.</i> And at this Day, a young
+Man, living not far off me, laboureth under very troublesome
+and dangerous Symptoms, from the Stones of <i>Sloes</i>
+and <i>Bullace</i>, which he swallow’d eight or ten Years ago.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_473" href="#FNanchor_473" class="label">[f]</a> <i><span class="antiqua">Grew</span>’s Cosmol.</i> §. 28. 29.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_474" href="#FNanchor_474" class="label">[g]</a> <i>Nor are Diseases themselves useless: For the Blood in a
+Fever, if well govern’d, like Wine upon the Fret, dischargeth
+it self of all heterogeneous Mixtures; and Nature, the Disease,
+and Remedies, clean all the Rooms of the House; whereby that
+which threatens Death, tends, in Conclusion, to the prolonging
+of Life.</i> Grew ubi supr. §. 52.</p>
+
+<p>And as Diseases minister sometimes to Health; so to other
+good Uses in the Body, such as quickning the Senses:
+Of which take these Instances relating to the Hearing and
+Sight.</p>
+
+<p><i>A very ingenious Physician falling into an odd Kind of Fever,
+had his Sense of Hearing thereby made so very nice and
+tender, that he very plainly heard soft Whispers, that were
+made at a considerable Distance off, and which were not in the
+least perceiv’d by the Bystanders, nor would have been by him
+before his Sickness.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>A Gentleman of eminent Parts and Note, during a Distemper
+he had in his Eyes, had his Organs of Sight brought to be
+so tender, that both his Friends, and himself have assur’d me,
+that when he wak’d in the Night, he could for a while plainly
+see and distinguish Colours, as well as other Objects, discernible
+by the Eye, as was more than once try’d.</i> Boyl. deter. nat.
+of Effluv. ch. 4.</p>
+
+<p><i><span class="antiqua">Daniel Fraser</span>——continu’d Deaf and Dumb from his Birth,
+till the 17ᵗʰ Year of his Age——After his Recovery from a Fever,
+he perceiv’d a Motion in his Brain, which was very uneasy
+to him; and afterwards he began to hear, and in Process of
+Time, to understand Speech, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Vid. Philos. Trans. Nᵒ. 312.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_305"></a>[305]</span></p>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_V_CHAP_VIII">CHAP. VIII.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the <span class="antiqua">Consent</span> between the <span class="smcap">Parts</span> of
+Man’s Body.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>It is an admirable Provision the merciful Creator
+hath made for the Good of Man’s Body,
+by the Consent and Harmony between the Parts
+thereof: Of which let us take St. <i>Paul</i>’s Description,
+in 1 <i>Cor.</i> xii. 8. <i>But now hath God set the
+Members, every one of them in the Body, as it hath
+pleas’d him.</i> And (℣. 21) <i>The Eye cannot say unto
+the Hand, I have no need of thee: Nor again, the
+Head to the Feet, I have no need of you.</i> But such
+is the Consent of all the Parts, or as the Apostle
+wordeth it, <i>God hath so temper’d the Body together,
+that the Members should have the same Care one for
+another</i>, ℣. 25. So that <i>whether one Member suffer,
+all the Members suffer with it; or one Member
+be honoured</i>, (or affected with any Good,) <i>all the
+Members rejoyce</i>, [and sympathize] <i>with it</i>, ℣. 26.</p>
+
+<p>This mutual Accord, Consent and Sympathy of
+the Members, there is no Reason to doubt<a id="FNanchor_475" href="#Footnote_475" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>, is
+made by the Commerce of the Nerves<a id="FNanchor_476" href="#Footnote_476" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_306"></a>[306]</span>
+their artificial Positions, and curious Ramifications
+throughout the whole Body, which is admirable
+and incomparable, and might deserve a Place
+in this Survey, as greatly, and manifestly setting
+forth the Wisdom and Benignity of the great Creator;
+but that to give a Description thereof from
+the Origin of the Nerves, in the <i>Brain</i>, the <i>Cerebellum</i>
+and <i>Spine</i>, and so through every Part of
+the Body, would be tedious, and intrench too
+much upon the Anatomist’s Province: And therefore
+one Instance shall suffice for a Sample of the
+Whole; and that shall be, (what was promis’d before<a id="FNanchor_477" href="#Footnote_477" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>),
+the great Sympathy occasion’d by the
+<i>fifth Pair</i> of Nerves; which I chuse to instance
+in, rather than the <i>Par vagum</i>, or any other of the
+Nerves; because although we may have less variety
+of noble Contrivance and Art, than in that
+Pair; yet we shall find enough for our Purpose,
+and which may be dispatch’d in fewer Words.
+Now this <i>fifth Conjugation</i> of <i>Nerves</i>, is branch’d
+to the Ball, the Muscles, and Glands of the Eye;
+to the Ear; to the Jaws, the Gums, and Teeth;
+to the Muscles of the Lips<a id="FNanchor_478" href="#Footnote_478" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>; to the Tonsils,
+the Palate, the Tongue, and the Parts of the
+Mouth; to the <i>Præcordia</i> also, in some Measure,
+by inosculating with one of its Nerves; and lastly,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_307"></a>[307]</span>
+to the Muscles of the Face, particularly the Cheeks,
+whose sanguiferous Vessels it twists about.</p>
+
+<p>From hence it comes to pass, that there is a
+great Consent and Sympathy<a id="FNanchor_479" href="#Footnote_479" class="fnanchor">[e]</a> between these
+Parts; so that a gustable Thing seen or smelt, excites
+the Appetite, and affects the Glands and
+Parts of the Mouth; that a Thing seen or heard,
+that is shameful, affects the Cheeks with modest
+Blushes; but on the contrary, if it pleases and
+tickles the Fancy, that it affects the <i>Præcordia</i>,
+and Muscles of the Mouth and Face with Laughter;
+but a Thing causing Sadness and Melancholy,
+doth accordingly exert it self upon the <i>Præcordia</i>,
+and demonstrate it self by causing the Glands of
+the Eyes to emit Tears<a id="FNanchor_480" href="#Footnote_480" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>, and the Muscles of
+the Face to put on the sorrowful Aspect of Crying.
+Hence also that torvous sour Look produc’d
+by Anger and Hatred: And that gay and pleasing
+Countenance accompanying Love and Hope. And
+in short, it is by Means of this Communication of
+the Nerves, that whatever affects the Soul, is demonstrated,
+(whether we will or no,) by a consentaneous
+Disposition of the <i>Præcordia</i> within,
+and a suitable Configuration of the Muscles and Parts
+of the Face without. And an admirable Contrivance
+of the great GOD of <i>Nature</i> this is; That
+as a Face is given to Man, and as <i>Pliny</i> saith<a id="FNanchor_481" href="#Footnote_481" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>,
+to Man alone of all Creatures; so it should be, (as
+he observes,) <i>the Index of Sorrow and Chearfulness,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_308"></a>[308]</span>
+of Compassion and Severity. In its ascending Part
+is the Brow, and therein a Part of the Mind too.
+Therewith we deny, therewith we consent. With
+this it is we shew our Pride, which hath its Source
+in another Place; but here its Seat: In the Heart it
+hath its Birth; but here it abides and dwells; and
+that because it could find no other Part throughout
+the Body higher, or more craggy<a id="FNanchor_482" href="#Footnote_482" class="fnanchor">[h]</a>, where it might
+reside alone.</i></p>
+
+<p>Thus I have dispatch’d what I shall remark concerning
+the Soul and Body of Man. There are
+divers other Things, which well deserve a Place
+in this Survey; and these that I have taken Notice
+of, deserv’d to have been enlarg’d upon: But
+what hath been said, may suffice for a Taste and
+Sample of this admirable Piece of God’s Handy-work;
+at least serve as a Supplement to what others
+have said before me. For which Reason I
+have endeavour’d to say as little wittingly as I
+could, of what they have taken Notice of, except
+where the Thread of my Discourse laid a Necessity upon me.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_475" href="#FNanchor_475" class="label">[a]</a> See <a href="#BOOK_IV_CHAP_VIII"><i>Book 4. Chap. 8.</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_476" href="#FNanchor_476" class="label">[b]</a> <i>Tria proposita ipsi Naturæ in Nervorum distributione fuerunt.
+1. Ut sensoriis instrumentis Sensum impertiret. 2. Ut
+motoriis Motum. 3. Ut omnibus aliis [partibus] daret, ut quæ
+si dolorem adferrent, dignoscerent.</i> And afterwards, <i>Si quis
+in dissectionibus spectavit, consideravitque justéne, an secus Natura
+Nervos non eâdem mensurâ omnibus partibus distribuerit,
+sed aliis quidem liberaliùs, aliis verò parciùs, eadem cum Hippocrate,
+velit nolit, de Naturâ omnino pronunciabit, quod ea
+scilicet sagax, justa, artificiosa, animaliumque provida est.</i> Galen.
+de Us. Part. L. 5. c. 9.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_477" href="#FNanchor_477" class="label">[c]</a> <a href="#BOOK_IV_CHAP_V"><i>Book 4. Chap. 5.</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_478" href="#FNanchor_478" class="label">[d]</a> Dr. <i>Willis</i> gives the Reason, <i>cur mutua Amasiorum oscula
+labiis impressa, tum præcordia, tum genitalia afficiendo, amorem
+ac libidinem tam facilè irritant</i>, to be from the Consent
+of those Parts, by the Branches of this fifth Pair. <i>Nerv.
+Deser. c. 22.</i></p>
+
+<p>And Dr. <i>Sachs</i> judges it to be from the Consent of the <i>Labia
+Oris cum Labiis Uteri</i>, that in <i>April 1669</i>, a certain breeding
+Lady, being affrighted with seeing one that had scabby
+Lips, which they told her were occasion’d by a pestilential
+Fever, had such like Pustules brake out in the <i>Labia Uteri</i>.
+Ephem. Germ. T. 1. Obs. 20.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_479" href="#FNanchor_479" class="label">[e]</a> Consult <i>Willis ubi suprà</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_480" href="#FNanchor_480" class="label">[f]</a> Tears serve not only to moisten the Eye, to clean
+and brighten the <i>Cornea</i>, and to express our Grief; but also
+to alleviate it, according to that of <i>Ulysses</i> to <i>Andromache</i>,
+in <i>Seneca</i>’s <i>Troas</i>, ℣. 762.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Tempus moramque dabimus, arbitrio tuo</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Implere lacrymis: Fletus ærumnas levat.</i></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_481" href="#FNanchor_481" class="label">[g]</a> <i>Plin.</i> Nat. Hist. L. 11. c. 37.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_482" href="#FNanchor_482" class="label">[h]</a> <i>Nihil altius simul abruptiusque invenit.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_V_CHAP_IX">CHAP. IX.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the Variety of Mens <span class="smcap">Faces</span>, <span class="smcap">Voices</span>,
+and <span class="smcap">Hand-Writing</span>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Here I would have put an End to my Observations
+relating to Man; but that there
+are three Things so expressly declaring the Divine
+Management and Concurrence, that I shall just
+mention them, although taken Notice of more
+amply by others; and that is, The great Variety<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_309"></a>[309]</span>
+throughout the World of Mens Faces<a id="FNanchor_483" href="#Footnote_483" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>,
+Voices<a id="FNanchor_484" href="#Footnote_484" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>, and Hand-writing. Had Man’s Body
+been made according to any of the atheistical
+Schemes, or any other Method than that of the
+infinite Lord of the World, this wise Variety
+would never have been: But Mens Faces would
+have been cast in the same, or not a very different
+Mould, their Organs of Speech would have sounded
+the same, or not so great a Variety of Notes;
+and the same Structure of Muscles and Nerves,
+would have given the Hand the same Direction
+in Writing. And in this Case, what Confusion,
+what Disturbance, what Mischiefs would the
+World eternally have lain under? No Security
+could have been to our Persons; no Certainty, no
+Enjoyment of our Possessions<a id="FNanchor_485" href="#Footnote_485" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>; no Justice between<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_310"></a>[310]</span>
+Man and Man; no Distinction between
+Good and Bad, between Friends and Foes, between
+Father and Child, Husband and Wife, Male
+or Female; but all would have been turn’d topsey-turvey,
+by being expos’d to the Malice of the Envious
+and Ill-natur’d, to the Fraud and Violence of
+Knaves and Robbers, to the Forgeries of the crafty
+Cheat, to the Lusts of the Effeminate and Debauch’d,
+and what not! Our Courts of Justice<a id="FNanchor_486" href="#Footnote_486" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>,
+can abundantly testify the dire Effects of mistaking
+Men’s Faces, of counterfeiting their Hands, and
+forging Writings. But now, as the infinitely wise
+Creator and Ruler hath order’d the Matter, every
+Man’s Face can distinguish him in the Light, and
+his Voice in the Dark; his Hand-writing can speak
+for him though absent, and be his Witness, and
+secure his Contracts in future Generations. A manifest,
+as well as admirable Indication of the divine
+Super-intendence and Management<a id="FNanchor_487" href="#Footnote_487" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_311"></a>[311]</span></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_483" href="#FNanchor_483" class="label">[a]</a> If the Reader hath a Mind to see Examples of Men’s
+Likeness, he may consult <i>Valer. Maximus</i>, (L. 9. c. 14.) concerning
+the Likeness of <i>Pompey</i> the Great, and <i>Vibius</i> and
+<i>Publicius Libertinus</i>; as also of <i>Pompey</i> the Father, who got
+the Name of <i>Coquus</i>, he being like <i>Menogenes</i> the Cook;
+with divers others.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_484" href="#FNanchor_484" class="label">[b]</a> As the Difference of Tone makes a Difference between
+every Man’s Voice, of the same Country, yea, Family; so
+a different Dialect and Pronunciation, differs Persons of divers
+Countries; yea, Persons of one and the same Country,
+speaking the same Language: Thus in <i>Greece</i>, there were
+the <i>Ionick</i>, <i>Dorick</i>, <i>Attick</i>, and <i>Æolick</i> Dialects. So in <i>Great-Britain</i>,
+besides the grand Diversity of <i>English</i>, and <i>Scotch</i>, the
+different Counties vary very much in their Pronunciation,
+Accent and Tone, although all one and the same Language.
+And the Way of the <i>Gileadites</i> proving the <i>Ephraimites</i>, Judg.
+xii. 6. by the Pronunciation of <i>Shibboleth</i>, with a <i>Schin</i>, or
+<i>Sibboleth</i> with a <i>Samech</i>, is well known. So <i>à Lapide</i> saith,
+the <i>Flemings</i> prove whether a Man be a <i>Frenchman</i> or not,
+by bidding him pronounce, <i>Act en tachtentich</i>; which they
+pronounce, <i>Acht en tactentic</i>, by Reason they can’t pronounce
+the Aspirate <i>h</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_485" href="#FNanchor_485" class="label">[c]</a> <i>Regi Antiocho unus ex æqualibus——nomine Artemon,
+perquam similis fuisse traditur. Quem Laodice, uxor Antiochi,
+interfecto viro, dissimulandi sceleris gratiâ, in lectulo perinde
+quasi ipsum Regem ægrum collocavit. Admissumq; universum
+populum, &amp; sermone ejus &amp; vultu consimili fefellit: credideruntque
+homines ab Antiocho moriente Laodicen &amp; natos ejus
+sibi commendari.</i> Valer. Max. ib.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_486" href="#FNanchor_486" class="label">[d]</a> <i>Quid Trebellius Calca! quàm asseveranter se Clodium
+tulit! &amp; quidem dum de bonis ejus contendit, in centumvirale
+judicium adeò favorabilis descendit, ut vix justis &amp; æquis sententiis
+consternatio populi ullum relinqueret locum. In illâ tamen
+quæstione neque calumniæ petitoris, neque violentiæ plebis
+judicantium religio cessit.</i> Val. Max. ib. c. 15.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_487" href="#FNanchor_487" class="label">[e]</a> To the foregoing Instances of divine Management,
+with relation to the political State of Man, I shall add another
+Thing, that I confess hath always seem’d to me somewhat
+odd, but very providential; and that is, the Value that
+Mankind, at least the civiliz’d Part of them, have in all Ages
+put upon Gems, and the purer finer Metals, Gold and
+Silver; so as to think them equivalent unto, and exchange
+them for Things of the greatest Use for Food, Cloathing,
+and all other Necessaries and Conveniences of Life. Whereas
+those Things themselves are of very little, if any Use in
+Physick, Food, Building or Cloathing, otherwise than for
+Ornament, or to minister to Luxury; as <i>Suetonius</i> tells us
+of <i>Nero</i>, who fish’d with a Net gilt with Gold, and shod his
+Mules with Silver; but his Wife <i>Poppæa</i>, shod her Horses
+with Gold. <i>Vit. Ner.</i> c. 30. Plin. N. H. L. 33. c. 11. So the
+same <i>Suetonius</i> tells us, <i>Jul. Cæsar</i> lay in a Bed of Gold, and
+rode in a silver Chariot. But <i>Heliogabalus</i> rode in one of
+Gold, and had his Close-stool Pans of the same Metal. And
+<i>Pliny</i> saith, <i>Vasa Coquinaria ex argento Calvus Orator fieri
+queritur.</i> <i>Ibid.</i> Neither are those precious Things of greater
+Use to the making of Vessels, and Utensils, (unless some
+little Niceties and Curiosities,) by Means of their Beauty,
+Imperdibility, and Ductility. Of which last, the great Mr.
+<i>Boyle</i> hath among others, there two Instances, in his <i>Essay
+about are Subtilty of Effluviums</i>. Chap. 2. <i>Silver, whose
+Ductility, and Tractility, are very much inferior to those of
+Gold, was, by my procuring, drawn out to so slender a Wire,
+that——a single Grain of it amounted to twenty seven Feet.</i>
+As to Gold, he demonstrates it possible to extend an Ounce
+thereof, to reach to 777600 Feet, or 155 Miles and an half,
+yea, to an incredibly greater Length.</p>
+
+<p>And as to Gems, the very Stories that are told of their
+prodigious Virtues, are an Argument, that they have very
+little, or none more than other hard Stones. That a <i>Diamond</i>
+should discover whether a Woman be true or false to
+her Husband’s Bed; cause Love between Man and Wife;
+secure against Witchcraft, Plague and Poisons; that the <i>Ruby</i>
+should dispose to Cheerfulness, cause pleasant Dreams,
+change its Colour against a Misfortune befalling, <i>&amp;c.</i> that
+the <i>Sapphire</i> should grow foul, and lose its Beauty, when
+worn by one that is Leacherous; that the <i>Emerald</i> should
+fly to pieces, if it touch the Skin of any unchaste Person
+in the Act of Uncleanness: That the <i>Chrysolite</i> should lose
+its Colour, if Poyson be on the Table, and recover it again
+when the Poyson is off: And to name no more, that the
+<i>Turcoise</i>, (and the same is said of a gold Ring,) should strike
+the Hour when hung over a drinking Glass, and much more
+the same Purpose: All these, and many other such fabulous
+Stories, I say, of Gems, are no great Arguments, that their
+Virtue is equivalent to their Value. Of these, and other Virtues,
+consult <i>Worm</i> in his <i>Museum</i>, L. 1. §. 2. c. 17, <i>&amp;c.</i></p>
+
+<p>But as to <i>Gems</i> changing their Colour, there may be somewhat
+of Truth in that, particularly in the <i>Turcoise</i> last mention’d.
+Mr. <i>Boyle</i> observ’d the Spots in a <i>Turcoise</i>, to shift
+their Place from one Part to another, by gentle Degrees.
+So did the Cloud in an <i>Agate</i>-handle of a Knife. A <i>Diamond</i>
+he wore on his Finger, he observ’d to be more illustrious
+at some Times than others: Which a curious Lady
+told him she had also observ’d in hers. So likewise a rich
+<i>Ruby</i> did the same. <i>Boyle</i> of <i>Absol. Rest in Bodies</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_312"></a>[312]</span></p>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_V_CHAP_X">CHAP. X.</h4>
+
+<p><i>The <span class="antiqua">Conclusion</span> of the <span class="antiqua">Survey</span> of <span class="smcap">Man</span>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>And now having taken a View of <i>Man</i>, and
+finding every Part of him, every Thing relating
+to him contriv’d, and made in the very best
+Manner; his Body fitted up with the utmost Foresight,
+Art and Care; and this Body, (to the great
+Honour, Privilege, and Benefit of Man,) possess’d
+by a divine Part, the <i>Soul</i>, a Substance made as
+’twere on Purpose to contemplate the Works of
+God, and glorify the great Creator; and since this
+Soul can discern, think, reason, and speak; What
+can we conclude upon the whole Matter, but that
+we lie under all the Obligations of Duty and Gratitude,
+to be thankful and obedient to, and to set forth
+the Glories of our great Creator, and noble Benefactor?
+And what ungrateful Wretches are we, how
+much worse than the poor Irrationals, if we do
+not employ the utmost Power of our Tongue, and
+all our Members, and all the Faculties of our Souls
+in the Praises of God! But above all, should
+we, who have the Benefit of those glorious Acts
+and Contrivances of the Creator, be such wicked,
+such base, such worse than brutal Fools, to
+deny the Creator<a id="FNanchor_488" href="#Footnote_488" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>, in some of his noblest<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_313"></a>[313]</span>
+Works? Should we so abuse our Reason, yea,
+our very Senses; should we be so besotted by the
+Devil, and blinded by our Lusts, as to attribute
+one of the best contriv’d Pieces of Workmanship
+to blind Chance, or unguided Matter and Motion,
+or any other such sottish, wretched, atheistical
+Stuff; which we never saw, nor ever heard
+made any one Being<a id="FNanchor_489" href="#Footnote_489" class="fnanchor">[b]</a> in any Age since the Creation?
+No, No! But like wise and unprejudic’d
+Men, let us with <i>David</i> say, <i>Psalm</i> cxxxix. 14.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_314"></a>[314]</span>
+(with which I conclude,) <i>I will praise thee, for I
+am fearfully and wonderfully made; marvellous are
+thy Works, and that my Soul knoweth right well.</i></p>
+
+<p>Having thus made what (considering the Copiousness
+and Excellence of the Subject,) may be called
+a very brief Survey of <i>Man</i>, and seen such admirable
+Marks of the divine Design and Art; let
+us next take a transient View of the other inferiour
+Creatures; and begin with <span class="smcap">Quadrupeds</span>.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp87" style="max-width: 21.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/footer09.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_488" href="#FNanchor_488" class="label">[a]</a> It was a pious, as well as just Conclusion, the ingenious
+<i>Laurence Bellini</i> makes of his <i>Opusculum de Motu Cordis</i>,
+in these Words: <i>De Motu Cordis isthæc. Quæ equidem omnia,
+si à rudi intelligentiâ Hominis tantum consilii, tantum ratiocinii,
+tantum peritiæ mille rerum, tantum scientiarum exigunt,
+ad hoc, ut inveniantur, seu ad hoc, ut percipiantur postquam
+facta sunt; illum, cujus operâ, fabrefacta sunt hæc singula, tam
+vani erimus atque inanes, ut existimemus esse consilii impotem,
+rationis expertem, imperitum, aut ignarum omnium rerum?
+Quantum ad me attinet, nolim esse Rationis compos, si tantum
+insudandum mihi esset ad consequendam intelligentiam earum
+rerum, quas fabrefaceret nescio quæ Vis, quæ nihil intelligeret
+eorum quæ fabrefaceret; mihi etenim viderer esse vile quiddam,
+atque ridiculum, qui vellem totam ætatem meam, sanitatem,
+&amp; quicquid humanum est deterere, nihil curare quicquid est jucunditatum,
+quicquid latitiarum, quicquid commodorum; non
+divitias, non dignitates; non pœnas etiam, &amp; vitam, ipsam,
+ut gloriari possem postremo invenisse unum, aut alterum, &amp; fortasse
+me invenisse quidem ex iis innumeris, quæ produxisset, nescio
+quis ille, qui sine labore, sine curâ, nihil cogitans, nihil cognoscens,
+non unam aut alteram rem, neque dubiè, sed certò produxisset
+innumeras innumerabilitates rerum in hoc tam immenso
+spatio corporum, ex quibus totus Mundus compingitur. Ab
+Deum immortalem! Video præsens numen tuum in hisce tam
+prodigiosis Generationis initiis, &amp; in altissimâ eorum contemplatione
+defixus, nescio quo œstro admirationis conciter, &amp; quasi
+divinè furens cohiberi me minimè possum quin exclamem.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Magnus Dominus! Magnus Fabricator Hominum Deus! Magnus
+atque Admirabilis! Conditor rerum Deus quàm Magnus es!</i>
+Bellin. de Mot. Cord. fin.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_489" href="#FNanchor_489" class="label">[b]</a> <i>Hoc <span class="antiqua">[<i>i.e.</i> mundum effici ornatissimum, &amp; pulcherrimum
+ex concursione fortuita]</span> qui existimat fieri potuisse, non
+intelligo cur non idem putet, si innumerabiles unius, &amp; viginti
+formæ literarum, vel aureæ, vel qualeslibet, aliquo conficiantur,
+posse ex his in terram excussis annales Ennii ut deinceps legi possint,
+effici, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span>——Quod si Mundum efficere potest concursus
+Atomorum, cur porticum, cur templum, cur domum, cur urbem
+non potest? Quæ sunt minus operosa, &amp; multo quidem faciliora.</i>
+Cicero de Nat. Deor. L. 2. c. 37.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_315"></a>[315]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/header09.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_VI">BOOK VI.</h3>
+
+<p><i>A <span class="antiqua">Survey</span> of <span class="smcap">Quadrupeds</span>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/header07.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_VI_CHAP_I">CHAP. I.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of their Prone <span class="antiqua">Posture</span>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<img class="dropcap" src="images/dropcap-i4.jpg" alt="">
+</div>
+
+<p class="dropcap">In taking a View of this Part of the Animal
+World, so far as the Structure of
+their Bodies is conformable to that of
+Man, I shall pass them by, and only
+take notice of some Peculiarities in them, which
+are plain Indications of Design, and the Divine
+Super-intendence and Management. And, 1. The
+most visible apparent Variation is the <i>Prone Posture
+of their Body</i>: Concerning which, I shall take
+notice only of two Things, the Parts ministring
+thereto, and the Use and Benefit thereof.</p>
+
+<p>I. As for the Parts, ’tis observable, that in all
+these Creatures, the <i>Legs</i> are made exactly conformable
+to this Posture, as those in Man are to his
+erect Posture: And what is farther observable also,
+is, that the Legs and Feet are always admirably
+suited to the Motion and Exercises of each
+Animal: In some they are made for Strength only,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_316"></a>[316]</span>
+to support a vast, unwieldy Body<a id="FNanchor_490" href="#Footnote_490" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>; in others
+they are made for Agility and Swiftness<a id="FNanchor_491" href="#Footnote_491" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>, in some
+they are made for only Walking and Running, in
+others for that, and Swimming too<a id="FNanchor_492" href="#Footnote_492" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>; in others
+for Walking and Digging<a id="FNanchor_493" href="#Footnote_493" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>; and in others for
+Walking and Flying<a id="FNanchor_494" href="#Footnote_494" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>: In some they are made
+more lax and weak, for the plainer Lands; in others
+rigid, stiff, and less flexible<a id="FNanchor_495" href="#Footnote_495" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>, for traversing<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_317"></a>[317]</span>
+the Ice, and dangerous Precipices of the high
+Mountains<a id="FNanchor_496" href="#Footnote_496" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>; in some they are shod with tough
+and hard Hoofs, some whole, some cleft; in others
+with only a callous Skin. In which latter, ’tis observable
+that the Feet are composed of Toes, some
+short for bare-going; some long to supply the
+Place of a Hand<a id="FNanchor_497" href="#Footnote_497" class="fnanchor">[h]</a>; some armed with long and
+strong Talons, to catch, hold, and tear the Prey;
+some fenced only with short Nails, to confirm the
+Steps in Running and Walking.</p>
+
+<p>II. As the Posture of Man’s Body is the fittest
+for a rational Animal, so is the Prone Posture of
+<i>Quadrupeds</i> the most useful and beneficial to themselves,
+as also most serviceable to Man. For they
+are hereby better made for their gathering their
+Food, to pursue their Prey, to leap, to climb, to
+swim, to guard themselves against their Enemies,
+and in a word, to do whatever may be of principal
+Use to themselves; as also they are hereby rendered
+more useful and serviceable to Man, for carrying
+his Burdens, for tilling his Ground, yea, even
+for his Sports and Diversions.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_318"></a>[318]</span></p>
+
+<p>And now I might here add a Survey of the excellent
+Contrivances of the Parts ministring to this
+Posture of the four-footed Animals, the admirable
+Structure of the Bones<a id="FNanchor_498" href="#Footnote_498" class="fnanchor">[i]</a>, the Joints and Muscles;
+their various Sizes and Strength; their commodious
+Lodgment and Situation, the nice Æquipoise
+of the Body, with a great deal more to the same
+purpose. But I should be tedious to insist minutely
+upon such Particulars, and besides, I have given
+a Touch upon these Kinds of Things, when I
+spake of Man.</p>
+
+<p>Passing by therefore many Things of this Kind,
+that might deserve Remark, I shall only consider
+some of the Parts of <i>Quadrupeds</i>, differing from
+what is found in Man<a id="FNanchor_499" href="#Footnote_499" class="fnanchor">[k]</a>, and which are manifest
+Works of Design.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_490" href="#FNanchor_490" class="label">[a]</a> The Elephant being a Creature of prodigious Weight,
+the largest of all Animals; <i>Pliny</i> saith, hath its Legs accordingly
+made of an immense Strength, like Pillars, rather
+than Legs.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_491" href="#FNanchor_491" class="label">[b]</a> Deer, Hares, and other Creatures, remarkable for
+Swiftness, have their Legs accordingly slender, but withal
+strong, and every way adapted to their Swiftness.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_492" href="#FNanchor_492" class="label">[c]</a> Thus the Feet of the <i>Otter</i> are made, the Toes being
+all conjoined with Membranes, as the Feet of Geese and
+Ducks are. And in Swimming, it is observable, that when
+the Foot goes forward in the Water, the Toes are close;
+but when backward, they are spread out, whereby they
+more forcibly strike the Water, and drive themselves forward.
+The same may be observed also in Ducks and Geese,
+<i>&amp;c.</i></p>
+
+<p>Of the <i>Castor</i> or <i>Beaver</i>, the <i>French</i> Academists say, <i>The
+Structure of the Feet was very extraordinary, and sufficiently
+demonstrated, that Nature hath designed this Animal to live
+in the Water, as well as upon Land. For although it had four
+Feet, like Terrestrial Animals, yet the hindmost seemed more
+proper to swim than walk with, the Five Toes of which they
+were compos’d, being joined together like those of a Goose by a
+Membrane, which serves this Animal to swim with. But the
+fore ones were made otherwise; for there was no Membrane
+which held those Toes joined together: And this was requisite
+for the Conveniency of this Animal, which useth them as
+Hands like a Squirrel, when he eats.</i> Memoirs for a Nat.
+Hist. of Animals, <i>pag. 84.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_493" href="#FNanchor_493" class="label">[d]</a> The <i>Mole</i>’s Feet are a remarkable Instance.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_494" href="#FNanchor_494" class="label">[e]</a> The Wings of the <i>Bat</i> are a prodigious Deviation from
+Nature’s ordinary Way. So ’tis in the <i>Virginian Squirrel</i>,
+whose Skin is extended between the Fore-Legs and its Body.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_495" href="#FNanchor_495" class="label">[f]</a> Of the Legs of the <i>Elk</i>, the <i>French</i> Academists say,
+<i>Although some Authors report, that there are <span class="antiqua">Elks</span> in <span class="antiqua">Moscovia</span>,
+whose Legs are jointless; there is great Probability, that
+this Opinion is founded on what is reported of those <span class="antiqua">Elks</span> of
+<span class="antiqua">Muscovia</span>, as well as of <span class="antiqua">Cæsar</span>’s <span class="antiqua">Alce</span>, and <span class="antiqua">Pliny</span>’s
+    <span class="antiqua">Machlis</span>,
+that they have Legs so stiff and inflexible, that they do run on
+Ice without slipping; which is a Way that is reported that they
+have to save themselves from the Wolves, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> ibid. p. 108.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_496" href="#FNanchor_496" class="label">[g]</a> The common tame <i>Goat</i> (whose Habitation is generally
+on Mountains and Rocks, and who delighteth to walk on
+the tops of Pales, Houses, <i>&amp;c.</i> and to take great and seemingly
+dangerous Leaps) I have observ’d, hath the Joints of
+the Legs very stiff and strong, the Hoof hollow underneath,
+and its Edges sharp. The like, I doubt not, is to be found
+the <i>Wild Goat</i>, considering what Dr. <i>Scheuchzer</i> hath said
+of its climbing the most dangerous Craggs of the <i>Alps</i>, and
+the Manner of their hunting it. <i>Vid.</i> <i>Iter. Alpin.</i> 3. p. 9.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_497" href="#FNanchor_497" class="label">[h]</a> Thus in <i>Apes</i> and <i>Monkeys</i>, in the <i>Beaver</i> before, and
+divers others.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_498" href="#FNanchor_498" class="label">[i]</a> It is a singular Provision Nature hath made for the
+Strength of the <i>Lion</i>, if that be true, which <i>Galen</i> saith is
+reported of its Bones being not hollow (as in other Animals)
+but solid: Which Report he thus far confirms, that most of
+the Bones are so; and that those in the Legs, and some other
+Parts, have only a small and obscure Cavity in them. <i>Vid.</i>
+<i>Galen. de Us. Part.</i> L. 11. c. 18.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_499" href="#FNanchor_499" class="label">[k]</a> <i>These Sorts of Differences in the Mechanism of Animals,
+upon the Score of the Position of their Bodies, occur so often,
+that it would be no mean Service to Anatomy——if any
+one would give us a History of those Variations of the Parts of
+Animals, which spring from the different Postures of their Bodies.</i>
+Drake Anat. V. 1. B. 1. c. 17.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_319"></a>[319]</span></p>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_VI_CHAP_II">CHAP. II.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the <span class="smcap">Heads</span> of <span class="smcap">Quadrupeds.</span></i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>It is remarkable, that in Man, the Head is of
+one singular Form; in the four-footed Race,
+as various as their Species. In some square and
+large, suitable to their slow Motion, Food, and
+Abode; in others less, slender, and sharp, agreeable
+to their swifter Motion, or to make their Way
+to their Food<a id="FNanchor_500" href="#Footnote_500" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>, or Habitation under Ground<a id="FNanchor_501" href="#Footnote_501" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>.
+But passing by a great many Observations that
+might be made of this Kind, I shall stop a little at
+the Brain, as the most considerable Part of this
+part of the Body, being the great Instrument of
+Life and Motion in <i>Quadrupeds</i>, as ’tis in Man of
+that, as also in all Probability the chief Seat of his
+immortal Soul. And accordingly it is a remarkable
+Difference, that in Man the Brain is large, affording
+Substance and Room for so noble a Guest;
+whereas in <i>Quadrupeds</i>, it is but small. And another
+Thing no less remarkable, is the Situation of
+the <i>Cerebrum</i> and <i>Cerebellum</i>, or the greater or lesser
+Brain, which I shall give in the Words of one
+of the most exact Anatomists we have of that<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_320"></a>[320]</span>
+Part<a id="FNanchor_502" href="#Footnote_502" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>: “Since, saith he, God hath given
+to Man a lofty Countenance, to behold the
+Heavens, and hath also seated an immortal Soul
+in the Brain, capable of the Contemplation of
+heavenly Things; therefore, as his Face is erect,
+so the Brain is set in an higher Place, namely,
+above the <i>Cerebellum</i> and all the Sensories. But
+in Brutes, whose Face is prone towards the
+Earth, and whose Brain is capable of Speculation,
+the <i>Cerebellum</i>, (whose Business it is to
+minister to the Actions and Functions of the
+<i>Præcordia</i>, the principal Office in those Creatures)
+in them is situated in the higher Place,
+and the <i>Cerebrum</i> lower. Also some of the Organs
+of Sense, as the Ears and Eyes, are placed,
+if not above the <i>Cerebrum</i>, yet at least equal
+thereto.”</p>
+
+<p>Another Convenience in this Position of the <i>Cerebrum</i>
+and <i>Cerebellum</i>, the last ingenious Anatomist<a id="FNanchor_503" href="#Footnote_503" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>
+tells us is this, “In the Head of Man,
+saith he, the Base of the <i>Brain</i> and <i>Cerebell</i>, yea,
+of the whole Skull, is set parallel to the Horizon;
+by which Means there is the less Danger of
+the two Brains joggling, or slipping out of their
+Place. But in <i>Quadrupeds</i>, whose Head hangs
+down, the Base of the Skull makes a right Angle
+with the Horizon, by which Means the Brain
+is undermost, and the <i>Cerebell</i> uppermost; so
+that one would be apt to imagine the <i>Cerebell</i>
+should not be steady, but joggle out of its
+Place. To remedy which Inconvenience he
+tells us, And lest the frequent Concussions of
+the <i>Cerebell</i> should cause a Fainting, or disorderly<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_321"></a>[321]</span>
+Motion of the Spirits about the <i>Præcordia</i>,
+therefore, by the Artifice of Nature, sufficient
+Provision is made in all, by the <i>dura Meninx</i>
+closely encompassing the <i>Cerebellum</i>; besides
+which, it is (in some) guarded with a strong
+bony Fence; and in others, as the Hare, the
+Coney, and such lesser <i>Quadrupeds</i>, a part
+of the <i>Cerebell</i> is on each Side fenced with the
+<i>Os Petrosum</i>: So that by this double Stay, its
+whole Mass is firmly contained within the Skull.”</p>
+
+<p>Besides these Peculiarities, I might take notice
+of divers other Things no less remarkable, as the
+<i>Nictitating Membrane</i> of the Eye<a id="FNanchor_504" href="#Footnote_504" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>, the different
+Passages of the <i>Carotid Arteries</i><a id="FNanchor_505" href="#Footnote_505" class="fnanchor">[f]</a> through the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_322"></a>[322]</span>
+Skull, their Branching into the <i>Rete Mirabile</i><a id="FNanchor_506" href="#Footnote_506" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>,
+the different Magnitude of the <i>Nates</i>, and some
+other Parts of the Brain in Beasts, quite different
+from what it is in Man: But the Touches already
+given, may be Instances sufficient to prevent my
+being tedious in inlarging upon these admirable
+Works of God.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_500" href="#FNanchor_500" class="label">[a]</a> Thus <i>Swine</i>, for Instance, who dig in the Earth for
+Roots and other Food, have their Neck, and all Parts of
+their Head very well adapted to that Service. Their Neck
+short, brawny, and strong; their Eyes set pretty high out of
+the Way; their Snout long; their Nose callous and strong;
+and their Sense of Smelling very accurate, to hunt out and
+distinguish their Food in Mud, under Ground, and other the
+like Places where it lies concealed.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_501" href="#FNanchor_501" class="label">[b]</a> What hath been said of <i>Swine</i> is no less, rather more
+remarkable in the <i>Mole</i>, whose Neck, Nose, Eyes and Ears,
+are all fitted in the nicest Manner to its subterraneous Way
+of Life.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_502" href="#FNanchor_502" class="label">[c]</a> <i>Willis Cereb. Anat.</i> cap. 6. <i>Cumque huic Deus os sublime
+dederit, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_503" href="#FNanchor_503" class="label">[d]</a> Id. paulo post. <i>In capite humano Cerebri &amp; Cerebelli, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_504" href="#FNanchor_504" class="label">[e]</a> See <a href="#Footnote_151"><i>Book IV. Ch. 2. Note (kk).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_505" href="#FNanchor_505" class="label">[f]</a> <i>Arteria Carotis Aliquanto posterius in homine quàm in
+alio quovis animali, Calvariam ingreditur, scil. juxta illud foramen,
+per quod sinus lateralis in Venam jugularem desiturus
+cranio elabitur; nam in cæteris hæc arteria sub extremitate, seu
+processu acuto ossis petrosi, inter cranium emergit: verùm in capite
+humano, eadem, ambage longiori circumducta (ut sanguinis
+torrens, priusquam ad cerebri oram appellit, fracto impetu,
+leniùs &amp; placidiùs fluat) prope specum ab ingressu sinûs lateralis
+factum, Calvariæ basin attingit;——&amp; in majorem
+cautelam, tunicâ insuper ascititiâ crassiore investitur.</i> And so
+he goes on to shew the Conveniency of this Guard the Artery
+hath, and its Passage to the Brain, and then saith, <i>Si hujusmodi
+conformationis ratio inquiritur, facilè occurrit, in capite
+humano, ubi generosi affectus &amp; magni animorum impetus
+ac ardores excitantur, sanguinis in Cerebri oras appulsum
+debere esse liberum &amp; expeditum, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> Atque hoc quidem respectu
+differt Homo à plerisque Brutis, quibus, Arteria in mille
+surculos divisa, ne sanguinem pleniore alveo, aut citatiore,
+quàm par est, cursu, ad cerebrum evehat, Plexus Retiformes
+constituit, quibus nempe efficitur, ut sanguis tardo admodum,
+lenique &amp; æquabili fere stillicidio, in cerebrum illabatur.</i> And
+then he goes on to give a farther Account of this <i>Artery</i>,
+and the <i>Rete mirabile</i> in divers Creatures. <i>Willis</i>, ibid.
+cap. 8.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_506" href="#FNanchor_506" class="label">[g]</a> <i>Galen</i> thinks the <i>Rete mirabile</i> is for concocting and
+elaborating the Animal Spirits, as the <i>Epididymides</i>, [the
+Convolutions κιρσοειδοῦς ἕλικος] are for elaborating the Seed.
+<i>De Us. Part.</i> L. 9. c. 4. This <i>Rete</i> is much more conspicuous
+in Beasts than Man; and as Dr. <i>Willis</i> well judges, serves,
+1. To bridle the too rapid Incursion of the Blood into
+the Brain of those Creatures, whose Heads hang down much.
+2. To separate some of the superfluous serous Parts of the
+Blood, and send them to the Salival Glands, before the Blood
+enters the Brain of those Animals, whose Blood is naturally
+of a watery Constitution. 3. To obviate any Obstructions
+that may happen in the Arteries, by giving a free Passage
+through other Vessels, when some are stopped.</p>
+
+<p>In <i>Quadrupeds</i>, as the <i>Carotid Arteries</i> are branched into
+the <i>Rete Mirabile</i>, for the bridling the too rapid Current of
+Blood into the Brain; so the <i>Vertebral Arteries</i>, are, near
+their Entrance into the Skull, bent into an acuter Angle
+than in Man, which is a wise Provision for the same Purpose.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_VI_CHAP_III">CHAP. III.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the Necks of <span class="smcap">Quadrupeds</span>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>From the Head pass we to the Neck, no principal
+Part of the Body, but yet a good Instance
+of the Creator’s Wisdom and Design, inasmuch
+as in Man it is short, agreeable to the
+Erection of his Body; but in the Four-footed
+Tribe it is long, answerable to the Length of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_323"></a>[323]</span>
+Legs<a id="FNanchor_507" href="#Footnote_507" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>, and in some of these long, and less strong,
+serving to carry the Mouth to the Ground; in others
+shorter, brawny and strong, serving to dig,
+and heave up great Burdens<a id="FNanchor_508" href="#Footnote_508" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>But that which deserves especial Remark, is that
+peculiar Provision made in the Necks of all, or most
+granivorous <i>Quadrupeds</i>, for the perpetual holding
+down their Head in gathering their Food, by that
+strong, tendinous and insensible <i>Aponeurosis</i>, or Ligament<a id="FNanchor_509" href="#Footnote_509" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>
+braced from the Head to the middle of
+the Back. By which means the Head, although
+heavy, may be long held down without any Labour,
+Pain, or Uneasiness to the Muscles of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_324"></a>[324]</span>
+Neck, that would otherwise be wearied by being
+so long put upon the Stretch.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_507" href="#FNanchor_507" class="label">[a]</a> It is very remarkable, that in all the Species of <i>Quadrupeds</i>,
+this Equality holds, except only the <i>Elephant</i>; and
+that there should be a sufficient special Provision made for
+that Creature, by its <i>Proboscis</i> or <i>Trunk</i>. A Member so admirably
+contrived, so curiously wrought, and with so great
+Agility and Readiness, applied by that unwieldy Creature to
+all its several Occasions, that I take it to be a manifest Instance
+of the Creator’s Workmanship. See its Anatomy to
+Dr. <i>A. Moulen</i>’s <i>Anat. of the <span class="antiqua">Elephant</span></i>, p. 33. As also in
+Mr. <i>Blair</i>’s Account in <i>Phil. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 326.</p>
+
+<p><i>Aliorum ea est humilitas ut cibum terrestrem rostris facilè
+contingant. Quæ autem altiora sunt, ut Anseres, ut Cygni,
+ut Grues, ut Cameli, adjuvantur proceritate collorum. Manus
+etiam data Elephantis, qui propter magnitudinem corporis
+difficiles aditus habebant ad pastum.</i> Cic. de N. D. L. 2. c. 47.</p>
+
+<p><i>Quod iis animalibus quæ pedes habent fissos in digitos, Collum
+brevius sit factum, quàm ut per ipsum Cibum ori admovere
+queant: iis verò quæ ungulas habent solidas, aut bifidas, longius,
+ut prona atque inclinantia pasci queant. Qui id etiam
+opus non sit Artificis utilitatis memoris? Ad hæc quòd Grues
+at Ciconiæ, cùm crura haberent longiora, ob eam causam Rostrum
+etiam magnum, &amp; Collum longius habuerint. Pisces
+autem neque Collum penitus habuere, utpote qui neque Crura
+habent. Quo pacto non id etiam est admirandum?</i> Galen. de
+Us. part. L. 11. c. 8.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_508" href="#FNanchor_508" class="label">[b]</a> As in <i>Moles</i> and <i>Swine</i>, in <a href="#Footnote_500"><i>Ch. 2. Note (a).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_509" href="#FNanchor_509" class="label">[c]</a> Called the <i>Whiteleather</i>, <i>Packwax</i>, <i>Taxwax</i>, and <i>Fixfax</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_VI_CHAP_IV">CHAP. IV.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the <span class="smcap">Stomachs</span> of <span class="smcap">Quadrupeds</span>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>From the Neck, let us descend to the <i>Stomach</i>,
+a Part as of absolute Necessity to the
+Being and Well-being of Animals, so is in the several
+Species of <i>Quadrupeds</i>, sized, contrived, and
+made with the utmost Variety and Art.<a id="FNanchor_510" href="#Footnote_510" class="fnanchor">[a]</a> What
+Artist, what Being, but the infinite Conservator
+of the World, could so well adapt every Food to
+all the several Kinds of those grand Devourers of
+it! Who could so well sute their Stomachs to the
+Reception and Digestion thereof; one kind of Stomach
+to the Carnivorous, another to the Herbaceous
+Animals; one fitted to digest by bare Mastication;
+and a whole set of Stomachs in others,
+to digest with the Help of <i>Rumination</i>! Which
+last Act, together with the <i>Apparatus</i> for that Service,
+is so peculiar, and withal so curious an Artifice
+of Nature, that it might justly deserve a more<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_325"></a>[325]</span>
+particular Enquiry; but having formerly mention’d
+it<a id="FNanchor_511" href="#Footnote_511" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>, and least I should be too tedious, I shall
+pass it by.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_510" href="#FNanchor_510" class="label">[a]</a> The peculiar Contrivance and Make of the <i>Dromedary</i>’s
+or <i>Camel</i>’s Stomach, is very remarkable, which I will
+give from the <i>Parisian Anatomists</i>: <i>At the top of the Second
+<span class="antiqua">[of the 4 Ventricles]</span> there were several square Holes, which
+were the Orifices of about 30 Cavities, made like Sacks placed
+between the two Membranes, which do compose the Substance
+of this Ventricle. The View of these Sacks made us to think
+that they might well be the Reservatories, where <span class="antiqua">Pliny</span> saith,
+that Camels do a long Time keep the Water, which they drink in
+great Abundance——to supply the Wants thereof in the
+dry Desarts, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Vid. Memoirs, <i>&amp;c.</i> Anat. of Dromedary,
+p. 39. See also <i>Peyer</i>, <i>Merycol.</i> L. 2. c. 3.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_511" href="#FNanchor_511" class="label">[b]</a> <a href="#BOOK_IV_CHAP_XI"><i>Book IV. ch. 11.</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_VI_CHAP_V">CHAP. V.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the <span class="smcap">Heart</span> of <span class="smcap">Quadrupeds</span>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>In this Part there is a notable Difference found
+between the Heart of Man and that of Beasts,
+concerning the latter, of which I might take notice
+of the remarkable Confirmation of the Hearts
+of Amphibious <i>Quadrupeds</i>, and their Difference
+from those of Land-Animals, some having but one
+Ventricle<a id="FNanchor_512" href="#Footnote_512" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>, some three<a id="FNanchor_513" href="#Footnote_513" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>, and some but two
+(like Land-Animals) but then the <i>Foramen Ovale</i>
+therewith<a id="FNanchor_514" href="#Footnote_514" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>. All which may be justly esteemed<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_326"></a>[326]</span>
+as wonderful, as they are excellent Provisions for
+the Manner of those Animals living. But I shall
+content my self with bare Hints of these Things,
+and speak only of two Peculiars more, and that but
+briefly.</p>
+
+<p>One is the Situation of the Heart, which in Beasts
+is near the middle of the whole Body; in Man,
+nearer the Head<a id="FNanchor_515" href="#Footnote_515" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>. The Reasons of which I
+shall give from one of the most curious Anatomists
+of that Part<a id="FNanchor_516" href="#Footnote_516" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>. “Seeing, saith he, the Trajection
+and Distribution of the Blood depends wholly
+on the Systole of the Heart, and that its Liquor
+is not driven of its own Nature so readily
+into the upper Parts as into Vessels even with it,
+or downwards into those under it: If the Situation
+of the Heart had been further from the Head,
+it must needs either have been made stronger to
+cast out its Liquor with greater Force; or else
+the Head would want its due Proportion of
+Blood. But in Animals that have a longer Neck,
+and which is extended towards their Food as it
+were, the Heart is seated as far from the other
+Parts; and they find no Inconvenience from it,
+because they feed with their Head for the most
+part hanging down; and so the Blood, as it hath
+farther to go to their Head than in others, so it
+goes a plainer and often a steep Way<a id="FNanchor_517" href="#Footnote_517" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_327"></a>[327]</span></p>
+
+<p>The other peculiar Matter is, the fastning (I
+formerly mentioned) which the Cone of the <i>Pericardium</i>
+hath in Man to the <i>Diaphragm</i><a id="FNanchor_518" href="#Footnote_518" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>, whereas
+in all <i>Quadrupeds</i> it is loose. By which Means
+the Motion of the <i>Midriff</i>, in that necessary Act
+of Respiration, is assisted both in the upright Posture
+of Man, as also in the prone Posture of <i>Quadrupeds</i><a id="FNanchor_519" href="#Footnote_519" class="fnanchor">[h]</a>;
+which would be hindred, or rendred
+more difficult, if the Case was otherwise: “Which
+must needs be the Effect of Wisdom and Design,
+and that Man was intended by Nature to walk
+erect, and not upon all-four, as <i>Quadrupeds</i> do:”
+To express it in the Words of a great Judge in
+such Matters <a id="FNanchor_520" href="#Footnote_520" class="fnanchor">[i]</a>.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_512" href="#FNanchor_512" class="label">[a]</a> <i>Frogs</i> are generally thought to have but one Ventricle
+in their Hearts.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_513" href="#FNanchor_513" class="label">[b]</a> The <i>Tortoise</i> hath three Ventricles, as the <i>Parisian Academists</i>
+in their <i>Memoirs</i> affirm. <i>Besides these two Ventricles
+<span class="antiqua">[before spoken of]</span> which were in the hinder Part of the
+Heart, which faceth the Spine; there was</i>, say they, <i>a third
+in the Fore-part, inclining a little towards the Right-side, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i>
+Memoirs, <i>&amp;c.</i> p. 259. But Mr. <i>Bussiere</i> charges this as a Mistake
+in those ingenious Gentlemen, and asserts there is but
+one Ventricle in the <i>Tortoise</i>’s Heart. See his Description
+of the Heart of the <i>Land Tortoise</i>, in <i>Philos. Transact.</i> Nᵒ.
+328.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_514" href="#FNanchor_514" class="label">[c]</a> The <i>Sea-Calf</i> is said by the <i>French Academists</i>, to have
+this Provision, and their Account of it is this: <i>Its Heart was
+round and flat. Its Ventricles appeared very large, and its Auricles
+small.——Underneath the great Aperture, through
+which the Trunk of the <span class="antiqua">Vena Cava</span> conveyed the Blood into
+the right Ventricle of the Heart, there was another, which penetrated
+into the <span class="antiqua">Arteria Venosa</span>, and from thence into the
+left Ventricle, and afterwards into the <span class="antiqua">Aorta</span>. This Hole called
+the <span class="antiqua">Foramen Ovale</span> in the <span class="antiqua">Fœtus</span>, make the <span class="antiqua">Anastomisis</span>, by
+the Means of which, the Blood goes from the <span class="antiqua">Cava</span> into the
+<span class="antiqua">Aorta</span>, without passing through the Lungs.</i> French Anatomists,
+p. 124.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_515" href="#FNanchor_515" class="label">[d]</a> Τὴν τε Καρδίαν περὶ τὸ μέσον πλὴν ἐν ἀνθρώπῳ, &amp;c. Arist.
+Hist. An. L. 2. c. 17.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_516" href="#FNanchor_516" class="label">[e]</a> Dr. <i>Lower</i>, <i>de Corde</i>, c. 1.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_517" href="#FNanchor_517" class="label">[f]</a> I might have mentioned another wise Provision from
+the same Author, which take in his own Words: <i>In Vitulu
+&amp; Equis, imò plerique aliis animalibus majoribus, non solas
+propagines à Nervo sexti paris ut in Homine, sed etiam plurimas
+à Nervo intercostali, ubi rectà cor transit, cor accedere,
+imò in parenchyma ejus dimitti: &amp; hoc ideo à Naturâ quasi
+subsidium Brutis comparatum, ne capita quæ terram prona spectant,
+non satis facilè aut copiosè Spiritus Animales impertirent.</i>
+Blasii Anat. Animal. Par. 1. c. 4. ex Lowero. de Corde.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_518" href="#FNanchor_518" class="label">[g]</a> <i>Diaphragmatis circulo nerveo firmiter adheret <span class="antiqua">[Pericardium]</span>
+quod Homini singulare; nam ab eo in Canibus &amp; Simiis
+distat, item in aliis animalibus omnibus.</i> Bartholm. Anat.
+L. 2. c. 5.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_519" href="#FNanchor_519" class="label">[h]</a> <i>Finalem causam quod atrinet,——cùm erectus sit Hominis
+incessus atque figura, eoque facilius abdominis viscera suo pondere
+descendant, minore Diaphragmatis nixu atque Systole ad
+Inspirationem opus est; porro, cùm in Exspiratione pariter necessarium
+sit Diaphragma relaxari,——cùm capsula cordis omnino
+connectendum fuit, in Homine, ne fortè, quamdiu erectus
+incedit, ab Hepatis aliorumque viscerum appensorum pondere deorsum
+adeò deprimeretur, ut neque Pulmo satis concidere, neque
+Expiratio debito modo peragi potuerit. Quocirea in Quadrupedibus,
+ubi abdominis viscera in ipsum Diaphragma incumbunt,
+ipsumque in pectoris cavitatem suo pondere impellant, ista partium
+accretio Exspirationi quidem inutilis, Inspirationi autem
+debitam Diaphragmatis tensionem impediendo, prorsus incommoda
+fuisset.</i> Lower, ib. p. 8.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_520" href="#FNanchor_520" class="label">[i]</a> <i>Dr. <span class="antiqua">Tyson</span>’s Anat. of the Orang-Outang, in <span class="antiqua">Ray</span>’s Wisd.
+of God</i>, p. 262.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_328"></a>[328]</span></p>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_VI_CHAP_VI">CHAP. VI.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the Difference between <span class="smcap">Man</span> and <span class="smcap">Quadrupeds</span>
+in the <span class="antiqua">Nervous</span> Kind.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>There is only one Difference more between
+<i>Man</i> and <i>Quadrupeds</i> that I shall take notice
+of, and that is the Nervous Kind: And because it
+would be tedious to insist upon many Particulars<a id="FNanchor_521" href="#Footnote_521" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>,
+I shall, for a Sample, insist chiefly upon one, and
+that is, of Nature’s prodigious Care for a due Communication
+and Correspondence between the Head
+and Heart of Man, more than what is in the four-footed
+Tribe. For this Purpose, besides the Correspondence,
+those Parts have by Means of the
+Nerves of the <i>Par Vagum</i> (common both to Man
+and Beast) there is a farther and more special Communication
+and Correspondence occasioned by the
+Branches<a id="FNanchor_522" href="#Footnote_522" class="fnanchor">[b]</a> of the <i>intercostal Pair</i> sent from the
+<i>Cervical Plexus</i> to the Heart, and <i>Præcordia</i>. By
+which Means the Heart and Brain of Man have a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_329"></a>[329]</span>
+mutual and very intimate Correspondence and Concern
+with each other, more than is in other Creatures;
+or as one of the most curious Anatomists
+and Observers of these Things saith<a id="FNanchor_523" href="#Footnote_523" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>, “Brutes
+are as ’twere Machines made with a simpler,
+and less operose <i>Apparatus</i>, and endowed therefore
+with only one and the same Kind of Motion,
+or determined to do the same Thing:
+Whereas in Man, there is a great Variety of
+Motions and Actions. For by the Commerce
+of the aforesaid <i>Cervical Plexus</i><a id="FNanchor_524" href="#Footnote_524" class="fnanchor">[d]</a> he saith,
+The Conceptions of the Brain presently affect
+the Heart, and agitate its Vessels and whole
+Appendage, together with the <i>Diaphragm</i>. From
+whence the Alteration in the Motion of the
+Blood, the Pulse and Respiration. So also on
+the contrary, when any Thing affects or alters
+the Heart, those Impressions are not only retorted
+to the Brain by the same Duct of the
+Nerves, but also the Blood it self (its Course
+being once changed) flies to the Brain with a
+different and unusual Course, and there agitating
+the animal Spirits with divers Impulses,
+produceth various Conceptions and Thoughts
+in the Mind.” And he tells us, “That hence
+it was that the ancient Divines and Philosophers
+too, made the Heart the Seat of Wisdom; and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_330"></a>[330]</span>
+certainly (saith he) the Works of Wisdom and
+Virtue do very much depend upon this Commerce
+which is between the Heart and Brain:”
+And so he goeth on with more to the same purpose.
+Upon the Account of this <i>Intercostal Commerce</i>
+with the Heart, being wanting in Brutes,
+there is another singularly careful and wise Provision
+the infinite Creator hath made in them,
+and that is, That by Reason both the <i>Par Vagum</i>
+and the <i>Intercostal</i> too, do not send their Branches
+to the Heart, and its Appendage in Brutes, therefore,
+lest their Heart should want a due Proportion
+of Nervous Vessels, the <i>Par Vagum</i> sends
+more Branches to their Heart than to that of
+Man. This as it is a remarkable Difference between
+Rational and Irrational Creatures; so it is
+as remarkable an Argument of the Creator’s Art
+and Care; who altho’ he hath denied Brute-Animals
+Reason, and the Nerves ministring thereto,
+yet hath another Way supplied what is necessary
+to their Life and State. But let us hear the same
+great Author’s Descant upon the Point<a id="FNanchor_525" href="#Footnote_525" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>; “Inasmuch
+saith he, as Beasts are void of Discretion,
+and but little subject to various and different
+Passions, therefore there was no need that
+the Spirits that were to be convey’d from the
+Brain to the <i>Præcordia</i>, should pass two different
+Ways, namely, one for the Service of the vital
+Functions, and another for the reciprocal Impressions
+of the Affections; but it was sufficient that
+all their Spirits, whatever Use they were designed
+for, should be conveyed one and the same
+Way.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_331"></a>[331]</span></p>
+
+<p>Here now in the <i>Nervous Kind</i> we have manifest
+Acts of the Creator’s Design and Wisdom, in
+this so manifest and distinct a Provision for Rational
+and Irrational Creatures; and that <i>Man</i> was
+evidently intended to be the one, as the <i>Genus</i> of
+<i>Quadrupeds</i> was the other.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_521" href="#FNanchor_521" class="label">[a]</a> Amongst these, I might name the Site of the Nerves
+proceeding from the <i>Medulla Spinalis</i>, which Dr. <i>Lower</i> takes
+notice of. In Beasts, whose Spine is above the rest of the
+Body, the Nerves tend directly downwards; but in Man, it
+being erect, the Nerves spring out of the Spine, not at Right,
+but in Oblique Angles downwards, and pass also in the Body
+the same Way. <i>Ibid.</i> p. 16.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_522" href="#FNanchor_522" class="label">[b]</a> <i>In plerisq; Brutis tantùm hâc viâ <span class="antiqua">(i.e. by the <i>Par vagum</i>)</span>
+&amp; vix omnino per ullos Paris Intercostalis nervos, aditus
+ad cor aut Appendicem ejus patescit. Verùm in Homine, Nervus
+Intercostalis, præter officia ejus in imo ventre huic cum cæteris
+animalibus communia, etiam ante pectoris claustra internuncii
+specialis loco est, qui Cerebri &amp; Cordis sensa mutua ultra
+citraque refert.</i> Willis Nervor. descr. &amp; usus, Cap. 26.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_523" href="#FNanchor_523" class="label">[c]</a> Id. ib. <i>Dum hanc utriusque speciei differentiam perpendo,
+succurrit animo, Bruta esse velut machinas, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_524" href="#FNanchor_524" class="label">[d]</a> That our great Man was not mistaken, there is great
+Reason to imagine, from what he observed in dissecting a
+<i>Fool</i>. Besides, the Brain being but small, he saith, <i>Præcipua
+autem discriminis nota quam inter illius &amp; viri cordati partes
+advertimus, bæcce erat; nempe quòd prædictus Nervi Intercacostalis
+Plexus, quem Cerebri &amp; Cordis internuncium &amp; Hominis
+proprium diximus, in Stulto hoc valde exilis, &amp; minori
+Nervorum satellitio stipatus fuerit.</i> Ibid.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_525" href="#FNanchor_525" class="label">[e]</a> Id. ib. cap. 29. <i>In quantum Bestiæ prudentiâ carent, &amp;
+variis diversisque passionibus, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_VI_CHAP_VII">CHAP. VII.</h4>
+
+<p><i>The <span class="smcap">Conclusion</span>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>And now ’tis Time to pause a while, and
+reflect upon the whole. And as from the
+Confederations in the preceding Book, we have
+especial Reason to be thankful to our infinitely
+merciful Maker, for his no less kind than wonderful
+Contrivances of our Body; so we have Reason
+from this brief View I have taken of this last Tribe
+of the Creation, to acknowledge and admire the
+same Creator’s Work and Contrivances in them.
+For we have here a large Family of Animals, in
+every particular Respect, curiously contrived and
+made, for that especial Posture, Place, Food, and
+Office or Business which they obtain in the World.
+So that if we consider their own particular Happiness
+and Good, or Man’s Use and Service; or if
+we view them throughout, and consider the Parts
+wherein they agree with Man, or those especially
+wherein they differ, we shall find all to be so far
+from being Things fortuitous, undesigned, or any
+way accidental, that every Thing is done for
+the best; all wisely contrived, and incomparably
+fitted up, and every way worthy of the great Creator.
+And he that will shut his Eyes, and not see<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_332"></a>[332]</span>
+God<a id="FNanchor_526" href="#Footnote_526" class="fnanchor">[a]</a> in these his Works, even of the poor
+Beasts of the Earth, that will not say (as <i>Elihu</i>
+hath it, Job xxxv. 10, 11.) <i>Where is God my Maker,
+who teacheth us more than the Beasts of the Earth,
+and maketh us wiser than the Fowls of the Heaven?</i>
+Of such an one we may use the Psalmist’s Expression,
+<i>Psal</i>. xlxix. 12. That <i>he is like the Beasts<a id="FNanchor_527" href="#Footnote_527" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>
+that perish</i>.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp87" style="max-width: 21.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/footer10.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_526" href="#FNanchor_526" class="label">[a]</a></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>——Deum namque ire per omnes</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Terrasque tractusque Maris, Cœlumque profundum,</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Hinc Pecudes, Armenta, viros, genus omne Ferarum.</i></div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse right">Virgil Georg. L. 4.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_527" href="#FNanchor_527" class="label">[b]</a> <i>Illos qui nullum omnino Deum esse dixerunt, non modò
+non Philosophos, sed ne homines quidem fuisse dixerim; qui,
+mutis simillimi, ex solo corpore constiterunt, nihil videntes animo.</i>
+Lactant. L. 7. c. 9.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_333"></a>[333]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/header10.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_VII">BOOK VII.</h3>
+
+<p><i>A <span class="antiqua">Survey</span> of <span class="smcap">Birds</span>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<img class="dropcap" src="images/dropcap-h2.jpg" alt="">
+</div>
+
+<p class="dropcap">Having briefly, as well as I could,
+dispatch’d the Tribe of <i>Quadrupeds</i>,
+I shall next take as brief and transient
+a View of the <i>feather’d Tribe</i>.</p>
+
+<p>And here we have another large
+Province to expatiate in, if we should descend to
+every Thing wherein the Workmanship of the Almighty
+appears. But I must contract my Survey
+as much as may be; and shall therefore give only
+such Hints and Touches upon this curious Family
+of Animals, as may serve for Samples of the rest
+of what might be observ’d.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/header11.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_VII_CHAP_I">CHAP. I.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the <span class="smcap">Motion</span> of Birds, and the <span class="smcap">Parts</span>
+ministring thereto.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>As this Tribe hath a different Motion from
+that of other Animals, and an amphibious
+Way of Life; partly in the Air, and partly on
+the Land and Waters; so is their Body accordingly
+shap’d, and all their Parts incomparably fitted
+for that Way of Life and Motion; as will be found
+by a cursory View of some of the Particulars.
+And the</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_334"></a>[334]</span></p>
+
+<p>I. And most visible Thing, is the Shape and
+Make of their Body, not thick and clumsy, but
+incomparably adapted to their Flight: Sharp before,
+to pierce and make Way through the Air,
+and then by gentle Degrees rising to its full Bulk.
+To which we may add,</p>
+
+<p>II. The neat Position of the <i>Feathers</i> throughout
+the Body; not ruffled, or discompos’d, or plac’d
+some this, some a contrary Way, according to the
+Method of Chance; but all artificially plac’d<a id="FNanchor_528" href="#Footnote_528" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>,
+for facilitating the Motion of the Body, and its Security
+at the same Time, by way of Cloathing:
+And for that End, most of the Feathers tend backward,
+and are laid over one another in exact and regular
+Method, armed with warm and soft Down
+next the Body, and more strongly made, and curiously
+clos’d next the Air and Weather, to fence
+off the Injuries thereof. To which Purpose, as
+also for the more easy and nimble gliding of the
+Body through the Air, the Provision Nature hath
+made, and the Instinct of these Animals to <i>preen</i>
+and <i>dress</i> their Feathers, is admirable; both in respect
+of their Art and Curiosity in doing it, and
+the <i>Oyl-bag</i><a id="FNanchor_529" href="#Footnote_529" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>, Glands, and whole Apparatus for
+that Service.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_335"></a>[335]</span></p>
+
+<p>III. And now having said thus much relating to
+the Body’s Motion, let us survey the grand Instrument
+thereof, the <i>Wings</i>. Which as they are principal
+Parts, so are made with great Skill, and plac’d
+in the most commodious Point of the Body<a id="FNanchor_530" href="#Footnote_530" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>, to
+give it an exact Equipoise in that subtile Medium,
+the Air.</p>
+
+<p>And here it is observable, with what incomparable
+Curiosity every Feather is made; the <i>Shaft</i>
+exceeding strong, but hollow below, for Strength
+and Lightness sake; and above, not much less
+strong, and fill’d with a <i>Parenchyma</i> or <i>Pith</i>, both
+strong and light too. The <i>Vanes</i> as nicely gaug’d
+on each Side as made; broad on one Side, and narrower
+on the other; both which incomparably minister
+to the progressive Motion of the Bird, as also
+to the Union and Closeness of the Wing<a id="FNanchor_531" href="#Footnote_531" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_336"></a>[336]</span></p>
+
+<p>And no less exquisite is the textrine Art of the
+<i>Plumage</i><a id="FNanchor_532" href="#Footnote_532" class="fnanchor">[e]</a> also; which is so curiously wrought,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_337"></a>[337]</span>
+and so artificially interwoven, that it cannot be
+viewed without Admiration, especially when the
+Eye is assisted with Glasses.</p>
+
+<p>And as curiously made, so no less curiously are
+the Feathers placed in the Wing, exactly according
+to their several Lengths and Strength: The
+<i>Principals</i> set for Stay and Strength, and these again
+well lined, faced, and guarded with the <i>Covert</i>
+and <i>Secondary Feathers</i>, to keep the Air from
+passing through, whereby the stronger Impulses
+are made thereupon.</p>
+
+<p>And lastly, To say no more of this Part, that
+deserves more to be said of it, what an admirable
+<i>Apparatus</i> is there of <i>Bones</i>, very strong, but withal
+light and incomparably wrought? of <i>Joynts</i>,
+which open, shut, and every way move, according
+to the Occasions either of extending it in
+Flight, or withdrawing the Wing again to the
+Body? And of various <i>Muscles</i>; among which the
+peculiar Strength of the <i>Pectoral Muscles</i> deserves
+especial Remark, by Reason they are much stronger<a id="FNanchor_533" href="#Footnote_533" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>
+in Birds than in Man, or any other Animal,
+not made for Flying.</p>
+
+<p>IV. Next the Wings, the Tail is in Flight considerable;
+greatly assisting in all Ascents and Descents<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_338"></a>[338]</span>
+in the Air, as also serving to steady<a id="FNanchor_534" href="#Footnote_534" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>
+Flight, by keeping the Body upright in that subtile
+and yielding <i>Medium</i>, by its readily turning
+and answering every Vacillation of the Body.</p>
+
+<p>And now to the Parts serving to Flight, let us add
+the nice and compleat Manner of its Performance;
+all done according to the strictest Rules of Mechanism<a id="FNanchor_535" href="#Footnote_535" class="fnanchor">[h]</a>.
+What Rower on the Waters, what Artist
+on the Land, what acutest Mathematician
+could give a more agreeable and exact Motion to
+the Wings, than these untaught flying Artists do
+theirs! Serving not only to bear their Bodies up in
+the Air, but also to waft them along therein, with
+a speedy progressive Motion, as also to steer and
+turn them this Way and that Way, up and down,
+faster or slower, as their Occasions require, or their
+Pleasure leads them.</p>
+
+<p>V. Next to the Parts for Flight, let us view the
+<i>Feet</i> and <i>Legs</i> ministering to their other Motion:
+Both made light, for easier Transportation through
+the Air; and the former spread, some with Membranes
+for Swimming<a id="FNanchor_536" href="#Footnote_536" class="fnanchor">[i]</a>, some without, for steady<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_339"></a>[339]</span>
+Going, for Perching, for Catching and Holding
+of Prey<a id="FNanchor_537" href="#Footnote_537" class="fnanchor">[k]</a>, or for Hanging by the Heels to gather
+their Food<a id="FNanchor_538" href="#Footnote_538" class="fnanchor">[l]</a>, or to fix themselves in their
+Places of Retreat and Safety. And the latter, namely
+the <i>Legs</i>, all curved for their easy Perching,
+Roosting, and Rest, as also to help them upon
+their Wings in taking their Flight, and to be
+therein commodiously tucked up to the Body, so
+as not to obstruct their Flight. In some long, for
+Wading and Searching the Waters; in some of a
+moderate Length, answerable to their vulgar Occasions;
+and in others as remarkably short, to answer
+their especial Occasions and Manner of Life<a id="FNanchor_539" href="#Footnote_539" class="fnanchor">[m]</a>.
+To all which let us add the placing these last mentioned<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_340"></a>[340]</span>
+Parts in the Body. In all somewhat out of
+the Center of the Body’s Gravity<a id="FNanchor_540" href="#Footnote_540" class="fnanchor">[n]</a>, but in such
+as swim, more than in others, for the better rowing
+their Bodies through the Waters, or to help
+them in that Diving<a id="FNanchor_541" href="#Footnote_541" class="fnanchor">[o]</a> too.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_528" href="#FNanchor_528" class="label">[a]</a> See before <a href="#Footnote_338"><i>Book IV. Chap. 12. Note (l).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_529" href="#FNanchor_529" class="label">[b]</a> Mr. <i>Willughby</i> saith, there are two Glands for the Secretion
+of the unctuous Matter in the <i>Oyl-bag</i>. And so they
+appear to be in Geese. But upon Examination, I find, that
+in most other Birds, (such at least as I have enquir’d into,)
+there is only one Gland: In which are divers little Cells,
+ending in two or three larger Cells, lying under the Nipple
+of the <i>Oyl-bag</i>. This <i>Nipple</i> is perforated, and being pressed,
+or drawn by the Bird’s Bill, or Head, emits the liquid
+Oyl, as it is in some Birds, or thicker unctuous Grease, as it
+is in others. The whole <i>Oyl-bag</i> is in its structure somewhat
+conformable to the Breasts of such Animals as afford Milk.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_530" href="#FNanchor_530" class="label">[c]</a> In all Birds that fly much, or that have the most occasion
+for their Wings, it is manifest that their Wings are
+plac’d in the very best Part, to balance their Body in the Air,
+and to give as swift a Progression, as their Wings and Body
+are capable of: For otherwise we should perceive them to
+reel, and fly unsteadily; as we see them to do, if we alter
+their Æquipoise, by cutting the End of one of the Wings,
+or hanging a Weight at any of the extreme Parts of the Body.
+But as for such Birds as have as much occasion for Swimming
+as Flying, and whole Wings are therefore set a little out of the
+Center of the Bodies Gravity. See <a href="#Footnote_236"><i>Book IV. Chap. 8. Note (q).</i></a>
+And for such as have more occasion for Diving than Flying,
+and whose Legs are for that Reason set more backward, and
+their Wings more forward. <a href="#Footnote_566"><i>Chap. 4. Note (k)</i></a> of this <i>Book</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_531" href="#FNanchor_531" class="label">[d]</a> The wise Author of Nature hath afforded an Example
+of the great Nicety in the Formation of Birds, by the
+Nicely observ’d in a Part no more considerable than the
+Vanes of the Flag-feathers of the Wing. Among others,
+these two Things are observable: 1. The Edges of the exterior
+or narrow Vanes bend downwards, but of the interior
+or wider Vanes upwards; by which Means they catch, hold,
+and lie close to one another, when the Wing is spread; so
+that not one Feather may miss its full Force and Impulse
+upon the Air. 2. A yet lesser Nicety is observ’d, and that
+is, in the very sloping the Tips of the Flag-feathers: The
+interiour Vanes being neatly slop’d away to a Point, towards
+the outward Part of the Wing; and the exteriour
+Vanes slop’d towards the Body, at least in many Birds; and
+in the Middle of the Wing, the Vanes being equal, are but
+little slop’d. So that the Wing, whether extended or shut,
+is as neatly slop’d and form’d, as if constantly trimm’d with
+a Pair of Scissors.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_532" href="#FNanchor_532" class="label">[e]</a> Since no exact Account that I know of, hath been given
+of the Mechanism of the <i>Vanes</i>, or <i>Webs</i> of the Feathers,
+my Observations may not be unacceptable. The <i>Vane</i> consists
+not of one continu’d Membrane; because if one broken, it
+would hardly be reparable: But of many <i>Laminæ</i>, which
+are thin, stiff, and somewhat of the Nature of a thin Quill.
+Towards the Shaft of the Feather, (especially in the Flag-feathers
+of the Wing,) those <i>Laminæ</i> are broad, <i>&amp;c.</i> of a
+semicircular Form; which serve for Strength, and for the
+closer shutting of the <i>Laminæ</i> to one another, when Impulses
+are made upon the Air. Towards the outer Part of the
+Vane, those <i>Laminæ</i> grow slender and taper: On their under
+Side they are thin and smooth, but their upper outer
+Edge is parted into two hairy Edges, each Side having a
+different Sort of Hairs, laminated or broad at Bottom, and
+slender and bearded above the other half. I have, as well
+as I could, represented the uppermost Edge of one of these
+<i>Laminæ</i> in <a href="#figures">Fig. 18.</a> with some of the Hairs on each Side,
+magnify’d with a Microscope. These bearded Bristles, or
+Hairs, on one Side the <i>Laminæ</i>, have strait Beards, as in <a href="#figures">Fig.
+19.</a> those on the other Side, have hook’d Beards on one
+Side the slender Part of the Bristle, and strait ones on the other,
+as in <a href="#figures">Fig. 20.</a> Both these Sorts of Bristles magnify’d,
+(only scattering, and not close,) are represented as they grow
+upon the upper Edge of the <i>Lamina s. t.</i> in <a href="#figures">Fig. 18.</a> And
+in the Vane, the hook’d Beards of one <i>Lamina</i>, always lie
+next the strait Beards of the next <i>Lamina</i>; and by that Means
+lock and hold each other; and by a pretty Mechanism, brace
+the <i>Laminæ</i> close to one another. And if at any Time the
+Vane happens to be ruffled and discompos’d, it can by this
+pretty easy Mechanism, be reduc’d and repair’d. Vid. <a href="#Footnote_339"><i>Book
+IV. Chap. 12. Note (m).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_533" href="#FNanchor_533" class="label">[f]</a> <i>Pectorales Musculi Hominis flectentes humeros, parvi
+&amp; parum carnosi sunt; non æquant 50am aut 70am partem
+omnium Musculorum Hominis. E contra in Avibus, Pectorales
+Musculi vastissimi sunt, &amp; aquant, imò excedunt, &amp; magìs
+pendent, quàm reliqui omnes Musculi ejusdem Avis simul
+sumpti.</i> Borell. de Mot. Animal. Vol. I. Prop. 184.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. <i>Willughby</i> having made the like Observation, hath this
+Reflection on it, <i>whence, if it be possible for Man to fly, it is
+thought by them who have curiously weighed and considered the
+matter, that he would attempt such a Thing with Hopes
+of Success, must so contrive and adapt his Wings, that he may
+make use of his Legs, and not his Arms in managing them</i>:
+(because the Muscles of the Legs are stronger, as he observes.)
+Willugh. Ornith. L. 1. c. 1. §. 19.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_534" href="#FNanchor_534" class="label">[g]</a> Mr. <i>Willughby</i>, <i>Ray</i>, and many others, imagine the
+principal use of the Tail to be to steer, and turn the Body in
+the Air, as a Rudder. But <i>Borelli</i> hath put it beyond all
+doubt, that this is the least use of it, and that it is chiefly to
+assist the Bird in its Ascents and Descents in the Air, and to
+obviate the Vacillations of the Body and Wings. For as for
+turning to this or that Side, it is performed by the Wings
+and Inclination of the Body, and but very little by the help
+of the Tail.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_535" href="#FNanchor_535" class="label">[h]</a> See <i>Borelli ubi supr.</i> Prop. 182, <i>&amp;c.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_536" href="#FNanchor_536" class="label">[i]</a> It is considerable in all Water-Fowl, how exactly their
+Legs and Feet correspond to that way of Life. For either
+their Legs are long, to enable them to wade in the Waters:
+In which case, their Legs are bare of Feathers a good way
+above the Knees, the more conveniently for this Purpose.
+Their Toes also are all abroad; and in such as bear the
+Name of <i>Mudsuckers</i>, two of the Toes are somewhat joined,
+that they may not easily sink in walking upon boggy
+Places. And as for such as are whole-footed, or whose
+Toes are webbed together (excepting some few) their Legs
+are generally short, which is the most convenient Size for
+Swimming. And ’tis pretty enough to see how artificially
+they gather up their Toes and Feet when they withdraw
+their Legs, or go to take their Stroke; and as artificially again
+extend or open their whole Foot, when they press upon,
+or drive themselves forward in the Waters.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_537" href="#FNanchor_537" class="label">[k]</a> Some of the Characteristicks of Rapacious Birds, are,
+<i>to have hooked, strong, and sharp-pointed Beaks and Talons,
+fitted for Rapine, and tearing of Flesh; and strong and brawny
+Thighs, for striking down their Prey.</i> Willughby Ornith.
+L. 2. c. 1. Raii Synops. Av. Method. p. 1.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_538" href="#FNanchor_538" class="label">[l]</a> Such Birds as climb, particularly those of the <i>Wood-pecker</i>
+Kind, have for this Purpose (as Mr. <i>Willughby</i> observes, L. 2.
+c. 4.) 1. Strong and musculous Thighs. 2. Short Legs and
+very strong. 3. Toes standing two forwards and two backwards.
+Their Toes also are close joined together, that they
+may more strongly and firmly lay hold on the Tree they
+climb upon. 4. All of them——have a hard stiff Tail bending
+also downwards, on which they lean, and so bear up
+themselves in climbing.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_539" href="#FNanchor_539" class="label">[m]</a> <i>Swifts</i> and <i>Swallows</i> have remarkably short Legs, especially
+the former, and their Toes grasp any Thing very
+strongly. All which is useful to them in building their Nests,
+and other such Occasions as necessitate them to hang frequently
+by their Heels. But there is far greater use of this
+Structure of their Legs and Feet, if the Reports be true of
+their hanging by the Heels in great Clusters (after the manner
+of Bees) in Mines and Grotto’s, and on the Rocks by
+the Sea, all the Winter. Of which latter, I remember the
+late learned Dr. <i>Fry</i> told this Story at the University, and
+confirmed it to me since, <i>viz.</i> That an ancient Fisherman,
+accounted an honest Man, being near some Rocks on the
+Coast of <i>Cornwal</i>, saw at a very low Ebb, a black List of
+something adhering to the Rock, which when he came to
+examine, he found it was a great Number of <i>Swallows</i>, and,
+if I misremember not, of <i>Swifts</i> also, hanging by the Feet to
+one Another, as Bees do; which were covered commonly
+by the Sea-Waters, but revived in his warm Hand, and by
+the Fire. All this the Fisherman himself assured the Doctor
+of. Of this, see more, <a href="#Footnote_555"><i>Chap. 3. Note (d)</i></a> of this Book.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_540" href="#FNanchor_540" class="label">[n]</a> In Birds that frequent not the Waters, the Wings are
+in the Center of Gravity, when the Bird lies along, as in
+Flying; but when it stands or walks, the Erection of the
+Body throws the Center of Gravity upon the Thighs and
+Feet.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_541" href="#FNanchor_541" class="label">[o]</a> See <a href="#Footnote_566"><i>Chap. 4. Note (k).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_VII_CHAP_II">CHAP. II.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the <span class="smcap">Head</span>, <span class="smcap">Stomach</span>, and other
+Parts of Birds.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Thus having dispatched the Parts principally
+concerned in the Motion of the <i>Feather’d
+Tribe</i>, let us proceed to some other Parts not yet<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_341"></a>[341]</span>
+animadverted upon. And we will begin with the
+<i>Head</i>, concerning which I have already taken notice
+of its Shape for making way through the Air;
+of the make of the <i>Bill</i>, for gathering Food, and
+other Uses; the commodious Situation of the <i>Eye</i>;
+and I might add that of the <i>Ear</i> too, which would
+be in the way, and obstruct Flight, if ’twas like
+that of most other Animals: Also I might say a
+great deal of the Conformation of the <i>Brain</i>, and
+of the Parts therein wanting, and of others added,
+like to what is observable in Fishes; whose Posture
+in the Waters resembles that of Birds in the Air<a id="FNanchor_542" href="#Footnote_542" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>,
+and both very different from Man and Beasts;
+and lastly, to hint at no more, I might survey
+the peculiar Structure of the <i>Larynx</i><a id="FNanchor_543" href="#Footnote_543" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>, the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_342"></a>[342]</span>
+<i>Tongue</i><a id="FNanchor_544" href="#Footnote_544" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>, the inner <i>Ear</i><a id="FNanchor_545" href="#Footnote_545" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>,
+    and many Matters<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_343"></a>[343]<br><a id="Page_344"></a>[344]</span>
+besides; but for a Sample, I shall only insist upon
+the wonderful Provision in the Bill for the judging
+of the Food, and that is by peculiar Nerves
+lodged therein for that Purpose; small and less numerous
+in such as have the Assistance of another
+Sense, the Eye; but large, more numerous, and
+thickly branched about, to the very End of the
+Beak, in such as hunt for their Food out of Sight
+in the Waters, in Mud, or under Ground<a id="FNanchor_546" href="#Footnote_546" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_345"></a>[345]</span></p>
+
+<p>And now from the Head and Mouth, pass we
+to its near Ally, the Stomach, another no less notable
+than useful Part; whether we consider the
+Elegancy of its Fibres and Muscles, or its Multiplicity;
+one to soften and macerate, another to digest;
+or its Variety, suited to various Foods, some
+membraneous, agreeable to the frugivorous, or carnivorous
+Kind; same musculous and strong<a id="FNanchor_547" href="#Footnote_547" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>, suited
+to the Comminution, and grinding of Corn
+and Grain, and so to supply the Defect of Teeth.</p>
+
+<p>And now to this Specimen of the Parts, I
+might add many other Things, no less curiously
+contriv’d, made and suited to the Occasions of these
+Volatiles; as particularly the Stratum and Lodgment<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_346"></a>[346]</span>
+of the <i>Lungs</i><a id="FNanchor_548" href="#Footnote_548" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>; the Configuration of the
+<i>Breast</i>, and its Bone, made like a Keel, for commodious
+Passage through the Air, to bear the large
+and strong Muscles, which move the Wings, and
+to counterpoise the Body, and support and rest it
+upon at roost. The <i>Neck</i> also might deserve our
+Notice, always either exactly proportion’d to the
+Length of the Legs, or else longer, to hunt out
+Food, to search in the Waters<a id="FNanchor_549" href="#Footnote_549" class="fnanchor">[h]</a>; as also to
+counterpoise the Body in Flight<a id="FNanchor_550" href="#Footnote_550" class="fnanchor">[i]</a>. And lastly,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_347"></a>[347]</span>
+I might here take Notice of the Defect of the Diaphragm,
+so necessary in other Animals to Respiration;
+and also of divers other Parts redundant, defective,
+or varying from other Animals. But it
+would be tedious to insist upon all; and therefore to
+the Examples already given, I would rather recommend
+a nice Inspection<a id="FNanchor_551" href="#Footnote_551" class="fnanchor">[k]</a>, of those curious Works
+of God, which would be manifest Demonstrations
+of the admirable Contrivance and Oeconomy of the
+Bodies of those Creatures.</p>
+
+<p>From the Fabrick therefore of their Bodies, I
+shall pass to a Glance of one or two Things, relating
+to their <i>State</i>; and so conclude this Genus of
+the animal World.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_542" href="#FNanchor_542" class="label">[a]</a> <i>Cerebra Hominum &amp; Quadrupedum in plerisque similia
+existunt——Capitibus Volucrum &amp; Piscium contenta, ab
+utrisque prioribus longè diversa, tamen inter se, quoad præcipuas
+ἐγκεφάλου partes, Symbola reperiuntur.</i> The Particulars
+wherein the Brains of Birds and Fishes agree with one another,
+and wherein they differ from the Brain of Man and
+Beasts, see in the same justly famous Author, <i>Willis Cereb.
+Anat.</i> c. 5.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_543" href="#FNanchor_543" class="label">[b]</a> <i>Circa bifurcationem Asperæ Arteriæ, elegans Artificis liberè
+agentis indicium detegitur ex Avium comparatione cum
+Quadrupedibus: cùm Vocis gratia in diversis Avibus diversam
+musculorum fabricam bifurcationi Asperæ Arteriæ dederit, quorum
+nullum vestigium extat in Homine &amp; Quadrupedibus mihi
+visis, ubi omnes vocis musculos capiti Arteriæ junxit. In Aquilâ,
+<span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> supra bifurcationem, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Steno in Blas. Anat.
+Animal. P. 2. c. 4.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Aspera Arteria</i> is very remarkable in the <i>Swan</i>, which
+is thus described by <i>T. Bartholin</i>, viz. <i>Aspera Arteria admirandæ
+satìs structuræ. Nam pro Colli longitudine deorsum Oesophagi
+comes protenditur donec ad sternum perveniat, in cujus
+capsulam se incurvo flexu insinuat &amp; recondit, velut in tuto
+loco &amp; thecâ, moxque ad fundum ejusdem cavitatis delata sursum
+reflectitur, egrediturque angustias Sterni, &amp; Claviculis mediis
+concensis, quibus ut fulcro nititur, ad Thoracem se flectit——Miranda
+hercle modis omnibus constitutio &amp; Respriationi
+inservit &amp; Voci. Nam cùm in stagnorum fundo edulia pro
+victu quærat, longissimo indiguis collo, ne longa mora suffocationis
+incurreret periculum. Et certè dum dimidiam fere horam
+toto Capite &amp; Collo pronis vado immergitur, pedibus in altum
+elatis cœloque obversis, ex eâ Arteriæ quæ pectoris dictæ vaginæ
+reclusa est portione, tanquam ex condo promo spiritum haurit.</i>
+Blas. ib. c. 10.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_544" href="#FNanchor_544" class="label">[c]</a> The Structure of the <i>Tongue</i> of the <i>Wood-Pecker</i> is very
+singular and remarkable, whether we look at its great Length,
+its Bones and Muscles, its encompassing part of the Neck
+and Head, the better to exert it self in Length; and again,
+to retract it into its Cell; and lastly, whether we look at
+its sharp, horny, bearded Point, and the glewy Matter at
+the end of it, the better to stab, to stick unto, and draw
+out little Maggots out of Wood. <i>Utilis enim Picis</i> (saith
+<i>Coiter</i>) <i>ad Vermiculos, Formicas, aliaque Insectæ venanda talis
+Lingua foret. Siquidem Picus, innata suâ sagacitate cùm deprehendit
+alibi in arboribus, vel carie, vel aliâ de causâ cavatis,
+Vermes insectaque delitescere, ad illas volitat, seseque digitis,
+ungulisque posterioribus robustissimis, &amp; Caudæ pennis rigidissimis
+sustentat, donec valido ac peracuto Rostro arborent pertundat;
+arbore pertusâ, foramini rostrum immittit, ac quo animacula
+stridore excitet percellatque, magnam in arboris cavo
+emittit vocem, insecta vociferatione hâc concitata huc illucque
+repunt; Picus v. linguam suam exerit, atque aculeis, hamisque
+animalia infigit, infixa attrahit &amp; devorat.</i> Vid. Blasii ubi
+supra. P. 2. c. 24.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_545" href="#FNanchor_545" class="label">[d]</a> I have before, in <a href="#Footnote_175"><i>Book IV. Chap. 3. Note (u)</i></a>, taken
+notice of what others have observed concerning the <i>inner
+Ear</i> of <i>Birds</i>, reserving my own Observations for this Place:
+Which I hope may be acceptable, not only for being some
+of them new, but also shewing the Mechanism of Hearing
+in general.</p>
+
+<p>In this Organ of Birds, I shall take notice only of three
+Parts, the <i>Membranes</i> and <i>Cartilages</i>; the <i>Columella</i>; and
+the <i>Conclave</i>: The <i>Drum</i>, as some call it, or <i>Membrana
+Tympani</i>, as others, consists of two Membranes, the Outer,
+which covers the whole <i>Meatus</i>, Bason or <i>Drum</i>, (as some
+call it) and the inner Membrane. To support, distend and
+relax the outermost, there is one single Cartilage, reaching
+from the Side of the <i>Meatus</i>, to near the middle of the
+Membrane. On the top of the <i>Columella</i> is another Cartilage,
+consisting of three Branches, <i>a.b.c.</i> in <a href="#figures">Fig. 23.</a> The
+longest middle Branch <i>a</i>. is joined to the top of the single
+upper Cartilage before spoken of, and assists it to bear up
+the upper outer Membrane: The two Branches, <i>b.c.</i> are
+joined to the <i>Os Petrosum</i>, at some distance from the outer
+Membrane: Upon this inner Cartilage, is the inner Membrane
+fixed, the two outer Sides of which, <i>a.b.</i> and <i>a.c.</i>
+are joined to the outer Membrane, and make a kind of
+three-square Bag. The Design of the two Branches or Legs
+of the Cartilage, <i>b.c.</i> are I conceive to keep the <i>Cartilage</i>
+and <i>Columella</i> from wavering side-ways, and to hinder them
+from flying too much back: There is a very fine slender Ligament
+extended from the opposite side, quite cross the <i>Meatus</i>
+or Bason, to the Bottom of the <i>Cartilage</i>, near its joining
+to the <i>Columella</i>. Thus much for the <i>Membranæ Tympani</i>,
+and their <i>Cartilages</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The next Part is the <i>Columella</i> (as <i>Schelhammer</i> calls it.)
+This is a very fine, thin, light, bony Tube; the Bottom of
+which spreads about, and gives it the Resemblance of a
+wooden Pot-lid, such as I have seen in Country-Houses. It
+exactly shuts into, and covers a <i>Foramen</i> of the <i>Conclave</i>,
+to which it is braced all round, with a fine subtile Membrane,
+composed of the tender Auditory Nerve. This Bottom
+or Base of the <i>Columella</i>, I call the <i>Operculum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The last Part, which some call the <i>Labyrinth</i> and <i>Cochlea</i>,
+consisting of Branches more like the <i>Canalos Semicirculares</i>
+in Man, than the <i>Cochlea</i>, I call the <i>Conclave Auditûs</i>. It
+is (at in most other Animals) made of hard context Bone.
+In most of the Birds I have opened, there are <i>circular Canals</i>,
+some larger, some lesser, crossing one another at right Angles,
+which open into the <i>Conclave</i>. But in the <i>Goose</i> it is
+otherwise, there being cochleous Canals, but not like those
+of other Birds. In the <i>Conclave</i>, at the Side opposite to the
+<i>Operculum</i>, the tender Part of the <i>Auditory Nerve</i> enters, and
+lineth all those inner retired Parts, <i>viz.</i> the <i>Conclave</i> and <i>Canals</i>.</p>
+
+<p>As to the <i>Passages</i>, <i>Columnæ</i>, and other Parts observable in
+the Ear of Birds, I shall pass them by, it being sufficient to
+my Purpose, to have described the Parts principally concerned
+in the Act of Hearing. And as the Ear is in Birds the
+most simple and incomplex of any Animals Ear; so we may
+from it make an easy and rational Judgment, how <i>Hearing</i>
+is performed, <i>viz.</i> <i>Sound</i> being a <i>Tremor</i>, or <i>Undulation</i> in
+the Air, caused by the Collision of Bodies, doth as it moves
+along, strike upon the <i>Drum</i>, or <i>Membrana Tympani</i> of the
+Ear: Which Motion, whether strong or languid, shrill or
+soft, tuneful or not, is at the same Instant impressed upon
+the <i>Cartilages</i>, <i>Columella</i>, and <i>Operculum</i>, and so communicated
+to the <i>Auditory Nerve</i> in the <i>Conclave</i>.</p>
+
+<p>And now if we compare the Organ and Act of Hearing,
+with those of Sight, we shall find, that the <i>Conclave</i> is to
+Hearing, as the <i>Retina</i> is to Sight; that sonorous Bodies make
+their Impressions thereby on the Brain, as visible Objects do
+by the <i>Retina</i>. Also, that as there is an <i>Apparatus</i> in the Eye,
+by the opening and shutting of the Pupil, to make it correspond
+to all the Degrees of Light, so there is in the Ear to make
+it conformable to all the Degrees of Sound, a noble Train of
+little Bones and Muscles in Man, <i>&amp;c.</i> to strain and relax the
+Membrane, and at the same Time to open and shut the <i>Basis</i>
+of the <i>Stapes</i> (the same as what I call the <i>Operculum</i> in
+Birds:) But in Birds, there is a more simple, but sufficient
+<i>Apparatus</i> for this Purpose, tender Cartilages, instead of
+Bones and Joints, to correspond to the various Impressions
+of Sounds, and to open and shut the <i>Operculum</i>. Besides
+which, I suspect the Ligament I mentioned, is only the Tendon
+of a Muscle, reaching to the inner <i>Membrana Tympani</i>,
+and joined thereto (as I find by a stricter Scrutiny) and not
+to the Cartilage, as I imagined. By this Muscle, the inner
+Membrane, and by Means of that the Outer also can be distended
+or relaxed, as it is in Man, by the <i>Malleus</i> and its
+Muscle, <i>&amp;c.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_546" href="#FNanchor_546" class="label">[e]</a> <i>Flat-billed Birds, that grope for their Meat, have three
+Pair of Nerves, that come into their Bills, whereby they have
+that Accuracy to distinguish what is proper for Food, and what
+to be rejected by their Taste, when they do not see it. This
+was most evident in a Duck’s Bill and Head; a Duck having
+larger Nerves that come into their Bills than Geese, or any
+other Bird that I have seen; and therefore quaffer and grope
+out their Meat the most. But then I discovered none of these
+Nerves in round-bill’d Birds. But since, in my Anatomies in
+the Country, in a Rook, I first observed two Nerves that came
+down betwixt the Eyes into the upper Bill, but considerably
+smaller than any of the three Pair of Nerves, in the Bills of
+Ducks, but larger than the Nerves in any other round-bill’d
+Birds. And ’tis remarkable that these Birds, more than any
+other round-bill’d Birds, seem to grope for their Meat in Cow-dung,
+<span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> <i>Mr.</i> J. Clayton, <i>in</i> Philos. Transact. Nᵒ. 206.</p>
+
+<p><i>I observ’d three Pair of Nerves in all the broad-bill’d Birds
+that I could meet with, and in all such at feel for their Food
+out of Sight, as Snipes, Woodcocks, Curlews, Geese, Ducks, Teals,
+Widgeons, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> These Nerves are very large, equalling almost
+the Optic Nerve in Thickness.——Two are distributed nigh the
+End of the upper Bill, and are there very much expanded, passing
+through the Bone into the Membrane, lining the Roof of the
+Mouth.</i> Dr. <i>A. Moulen</i>. Ibid. Nᵒ. 199. Or both in Mr.
+<i>Lowthorp</i>’s Abridg. V. 2. p. 861, 862.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_547" href="#FNanchor_547" class="label">[f]</a> The <i>Gizzard</i> is not only made very strong, especially
+in the Granivorous; but hath also a Faculty of Grinding
+what is therein. For which Purpose, the Bird swalloweth
+rough Stones down, which, when grown smooth, are rejected
+and cast out of the Stomach, as useless. This Grinding
+may be heard in Falcons, Eagles, <i>&amp;c.</i> by laying the Ear close
+to them, when their Stomachs are empty, as the famous Dr.
+<i>Harvey</i> saith. <i>De Generat. Exer.</i> 7.</p>
+
+<p>As to the Strength of the <i>Gizzard</i>, and the Use of Stones
+to the Digestion of Fowls, divers curious Experiments may
+be met with, try’d by <i>Seigneur Redi</i>, with glass Bubbles, solid
+Glass, Diamonds, and other hard Bodies. See his <i>Exp. Nat.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_548" href="#FNanchor_548" class="label">[g]</a> It is no less remarkable in Birds, that their <i>Lungs</i> adhere
+to the <i>Thorax</i>, and have but little play, than that to other
+Animals they are loose, and play much, which is a good
+Provision for their steady Flight. Also they want the <i>Diaphragm</i>,
+and instead thereof, have divers large Bladders made
+of thin transparent Membranes, with pretty large Holes out
+of one into the other. These Membranes seem to me to serve
+for <i>Ligaments</i>, or <i>Braces</i> to the <i>Viscera</i>, as well as to contain
+Air. Towards the upper Part, each Lobe of the Lungs is
+perforated in two Places, with large Perforations; whereof
+one is towards the outer, the other towards the inner Part
+of the Lobe. Through these Perforations, the Air hath a
+Passage into the Belly, (as in <a href="#Footnote_9"><i>Book I. Chap. 1. Note (b)</i></a>;) that
+is, into the foremention’d Bladders; so that by blowing into
+the <i>aspera Arteria</i>, the Lungs will be a little rais’d, and the
+whole Belly blown up, so as to be very turgid. Which doubtless
+is a Means to make their Bodies more or less buoyant, according
+as they take in more or less Air, to facilitate thereby,
+their Ascents, and Descents: Like as it is in the <i>Air-bladders</i>
+of Fishes, in the last cited Place. <a href="#Footnote_550"><i>Note (i).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_549" href="#FNanchor_549" class="label">[h]</a> <i>Such Birds as have long Legs, have also a long Neck; for
+that otherwise they could not commodiously gather up their Food,
+either on Land, or in the Water. But on the other Side, those
+which have long Necks, have not always long Legs, as in Swans——whose
+Necks serve them to reach to the Bottom of Rivers,
+<span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Willughby’s Ornithol. L. 1. c. 1. §. 7.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_550" href="#FNanchor_550" class="label">[i]</a> We have sufficient Instances of this in <i>Geese</i>, <i>Ducks</i>, &amp;c.
+whose Wings, (their Bodies being made for the Convenience
+of Swimming,) are plac’d out of the Center of Gravity,
+nearer the Head. But the extending the Neck and Heads in
+Flight, causeth a due Æquipoise and Libration of the Body
+upon the Wing. Which is another excellent Use of the
+long Necks of these Birds, besides that of reaching and searching
+in the Waters for their Food.</p>
+
+<p>But in the <i>Heron</i>, whose Head and long Neck, (although
+tuck’d up in Flight,) over-balance the hinder Part of the Body;
+the long Legs are extended in Flight, to counterpoise
+the Body, as well as to supply what is wanting in the Tail,
+from the Shortness of it.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_551" href="#FNanchor_551" class="label">[k]</a> <i>Steno</i> thus Concludes his Myology of the Eagle, <i>Imperfecta
+hæc Musculorum descriptio, non minùs arida est Legentibus,
+quàm Inspectantibus fuerit jucunda eorundem præparatio.
+Elegantissima enim Mechanices artificia, creberrimè in illis obvia,
+verbis non nisi obscure exprimuntur, carnium autem ductu,
+tendinum colore, insertionum proportione, &amp; trochlearam
+distributione oculis exposita omnem superant admirationem.</i> Steno
+in Blas. Anat. Animal. P. 2. c. 4.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_VII_CHAP_III">CHAP. III.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the <span class="smcap">Migration</span> of Birds.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Concerning the <i>State</i> of this Tribe of <i>Animals</i>,
+the first Thing I shall speak of, (by
+Reason God himself instanceth in it,) shall be
+their Migration, mention’d, <i>Jer.</i> viii. 7. <i>Yea, the
+Stork in the Heaven knoweth her appointed Times,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_348"></a>[348]</span>
+and the Turtle, and the Crane, and the Swallow observe
+the Time of their Coming; but my People, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i></p>
+
+<p>In which Act of Migration, there are two
+Things to me, exceedingly notable. One is what
+the Text speaks of, their knowing their proper
+Times for their <i>Passage</i>, when to come<a id="FNanchor_552" href="#Footnote_552" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>, when
+to go; as also that some should come when others
+go; and some others go when these come. There
+is no doubt but the Temperature of the Air, as to
+Heat and Cold, and their natural Propensity to
+breed their Young; may be great Incentives to those
+Creatures to change their Habitation: But yet it is
+a very odd Instinct, that they should at all shift
+their Habitation: That some certain Place is not
+to be found in all the terraqueous Globe, affording
+them convenient Food and Habitation all the Year,
+either in the colder Climes, for such as Delight in
+the colder Regions, or the hotter, for such <i>Birds
+of Passage</i> as fly to us in Summer.</p>
+
+<p>Also it is somewhat strange, that those untaught,
+unthinking Creatures, should so exactly know the
+best and only proper Seasons to go and come.
+This gives us good Reason to interpret the ‎‏מועדיה‏‎
+<i>appointed times</i><a id="FNanchor_553" href="#Footnote_553" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>, in the Text, to be such Times
+as the Creator hath appointed those Animals, and
+hath accordingly, for this End, imprinted upon
+their Natures such an Instinct, as exciteth and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_349"></a>[349]</span>
+moveth them thus, at proper Times, to fly from
+a Place that would obstruct their Generation, or
+not afford convenient Food for them, and their
+Young, and betake themselves to another Place, affording
+all that is wanting for Food or Incubation.</p>
+
+<p>And this leads me to another Thing remarkable
+in this Act of Migration; and that is, That those
+unthinking Creatures should know what Way to
+steer their Course<a id="FNanchor_554" href="#Footnote_554" class="fnanchor">[c]</a> and whither to go. What
+but the great Creator’s Instinct should ever move a
+poor foolish Bird, to venture over vast Tracts of
+Land, but especially over large Seas? If it should
+be said, That by their high Ascents up into the Air,
+they can see cross the Seas; yet what should teach
+or persuade them, that that Land is more proper
+for their Purpose, than this? That <i>Britain</i>, (for
+Instance,) should afford them better Accommodations
+than <i>Ægypt</i><a id="FNanchor_555" href="#Footnote_555" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>, than the <i>Canaries</i>, than <i>Spain</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_350"></a>[350]</span>
+or any of those many intermediate Places over
+which some of them probably fly.</p>
+
+<p>And lastly, to all this, let us briefly add the Accommodations
+these <i>Birds of Passage have</i>, to enable
+them to take such long Flights, <i>viz.</i> the
+Length of their Wings, or their more than ordinary
+Strength<a id="FNanchor_556" href="#Footnote_556" class="fnanchor">[e]</a> for Flight.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_552" href="#FNanchor_552" class="label">[a]</a> <i>Curiosa res est, scire, quàm exacte hoc genus avium,
+<span class="antiqua">[Gruum]</span> quontannis observet tempora sui reditûs ad nos. Anno
+1667. primæ Grues comparuerunt in campestribus Pisæ 20 Feb.
+<span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> F. Redi Exp. Nat. p. 100. ubi plura.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_553" href="#FNanchor_553" class="label">[b]</a> From ‎‏יעד‏‎ <i>indixit</i>, <i>constituit</i>, <i>scil locum, vel tempus, ubi
+vel quando aliquid fieri debet</i>. Buxt. in verb.</p>
+
+<p><i>De voluntate suâ certiorem reddidit.</i> Con. Kircher concordant.
+Pars. 1. Col. 1846. ‎‏מועד‏‎ <i>Generaliter pro re aliguâ certà,
+artestatâ, &amp; definitâ accipitur. 1. Pro tempore certo &amp;
+constituto. 2. Deinde pro sesto seu Solennitate, quæ certo &amp; stato
+tempore celebratur. 3. Pro loco certo constituto.</i> Id. ibid.
+Col. 1847.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_554" href="#FNanchor_554" class="label">[c]</a> <i>Quis non cum admiratione videat ordinem &amp; politiam peregrinantium
+Avium, in itinere, turmatim volantium, per longos
+terrarum &amp; maris tractus absque Acu marinâ?——Quis
+eas certum iter in aëris mutabili regione docuit? Quis præteritæ
+signa, &amp; futuræ viæ indicia; quis eas ducit, nutrit, &amp; vitæ
+necessaria ministrat? Quis insulas &amp; hospitia, illa, in quibus
+victum reperiant, indicavat; modumque ejusmodi loca in peregrinationibus
+suis inveniendi? Hæc sanè superant hominum captum
+&amp; industriam, qui non nisi longis experientiis, multis itinerariis,
+chartis geographicis,——&amp; acûs magneticæ beneficio,——ejusmodi
+marium &amp; terrarum tractus conficere tentant &amp;
+audent.</i> Lud. de Beaufort. Cosmop. divina Sect. 5. c. 1.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_555" href="#FNanchor_555" class="label">[d]</a> I instance particularly in <i>Ægypt</i>, because Mr. <i>Willughby</i>
+thinks <i>Swallows</i> fly thither, and into <i>Æthiopia</i>, &amp;c. and
+that they do nor lurk in Holes, or under Water, as <i>Olaus
+Magnus</i> Reports. <i>Vid.</i> <i>Ornith.</i> L. 2. c. 3. But <i>Etmuller</i> puts
+the Matter out of doubt; who saith, <i>Memini me plures, quàm
+quas Medimnus caperit, Hirundines arcte coacervatas intra Piscinæ
+cannas, sub glacie prorsus ad sensum exanimes pulsantes
+tamen, reperiisse.</i> Etmuller Dissert. 2. c. 10. §. 5. This as
+it is like what <i>Ol. Magnus</i> saith, so is a Confirmation of it.
+The Archbishop’s Account is, <i>In Septentrionalibus aquis sæpius
+casu Piscatoris extrahuntur Hirundines, in modum conglemeratæ
+massæ, quæ ore ad os, &amp; alâ ad alam, &amp; pede ad pedem
+post principium autumni sese inter cannas descensuræ colligârunt.——Massa
+autem illa per imperitos adolescentes——extracta,
+atque in æstuaria portata, caloris accessu Hirundines resolutæ,
+volare quidem incipiunt, sed exiguo tempore durant.</i> Ol. Mag.
+Hist. L. 19. c. 20.</p>
+
+<p>Since my penning this Note, we had, at a Meeting of the
+Royal-Society, <i>Feb. 12. 1712-13.</i> a farther Confirmation of
+<i>Swallows</i> retiring under Water in Winter, from Dr. <i>Golas</i>, a
+Person very curious in these Matters; who speaking of their
+Way of Fishing in the northern Parts, by breaking Holes,
+and drawing their Nets under the Ice, saith, that he saw sixteen
+Swallows so drawn out of the <i>Lake of Samrodt</i>, and about
+Thirty out of the King’s great Pond in <i>Rosineilen</i>; and
+that at <i>Schlebitten</i>, near an House of the Earl of <i>Dohna</i>, he
+saw two Swallows just come out of the Waters, that could
+scarce stand, being very wet and weak, with their Wings
+hanging on the Ground: And that he hath observ’d the Swallows
+to be often weak for some Days after their Appearance.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_556" href="#FNanchor_556" class="label">[e]</a> As <i>Swallows</i> are well accommodated for long Flights,
+by their long Wings, so are <i>Quails</i> by the Strength of their
+<i>pectoral Muscles</i>, by the Breadth of their Wings, <i>&amp;c.</i> For
+Quails have but short Wings for the Weight of their Body;
+and yet they fly from us into warmer Parts, against Winter,
+and to us in Spring, crossing our Seas. So divers Travellers
+tell us they cross the <i>Mediterranean</i> twice a Year, flying from
+<i>Europe</i> to <i>Africa</i>, and back again: Thus <i>Bellonius</i> in Mr.
+<i>Willughby</i>, saith, When we sail’d from <i>Rhodes</i> to <i>Alexandria</i>
+of <i>Ægypt</i>, many Quails flying from the North towards the
+South, were taken in our Ship; <i>whence I am verily persuaded,
+that they shift Places: For formerly also, when I sail’d
+out of the Isle of <span class="antiqua">Zant</span> to <span class="antiqua">Morea</span>, or <span class="antiqua">Negropont</span>, in the Spring
+Time, I had observ’d <span class="antiqua">Quails</span> flying the contrary Way, from
+<span class="antiqua">South</span> to <span class="antiqua">North</span>, that they might abide there all Summer. At
+which Time also, there were a great many taken in our Ship.</i>
+Ornith. p. 170.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_351"></a>[351]</span></p>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_VII_CHAP_IV">CHAP. IV.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the <span class="smcap">Incubation</span> of Birds.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Another Thing relating to the State of this
+Tribe of Animals, is their <i>Incubation</i>.</p>
+
+<p>And first, the <i>Egg</i> it self deserves our Notice.
+Its Parts within, and its crusty Coat without, are
+admirably well fitted for the Business of Incubation.
+That there should be one Part provided for
+the Formation of the Body<a id="FNanchor_557" href="#Footnote_557" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>, before its Exit into
+the World, and another for its Nourishment,
+after it is come into the World, till the Bird is able
+to shift for, and help it self; and that these
+Parts should be so accurately brac’d, and kept in
+due Place<a id="FNanchor_558" href="#Footnote_558" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>, is certainly a design’d, as well as
+curious Piece of Workmanship.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_352"></a>[352]</span></p>
+
+<p>And then as to the Act it self, of <i>Incubation</i>,
+What a prodigious Instinct is it in all, or almost
+all the several Species of Birds, that they, and only
+they, of all Creatures, should betake themselves to
+this very Way of Generation? How should they
+be aware that their Eggs contain their Young, and
+that their Production is in their Power<a id="FNanchor_559" href="#Footnote_559" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>? What
+should move them to betake themselves to their
+Nests, and there with Delight and Patience to abide
+the due Number of Days? And when their
+Young are gotten into the World, I have already
+shewn how admirable their Art, their Care, and
+Στοργὴ is in bringing them up until, and only until,
+they are able to shift for themselves.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_353"></a>[353]</span></p>
+
+<p>And lastly, when almost the whole Tribe of
+Birds, do thus by Incubation, produce their Young,
+it is a wonderful Deviation, that some few Families
+only, should do it in a more novercal Way<a id="FNanchor_560" href="#Footnote_560" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>,
+without any Care or Trouble at all, only by laying
+their Eggs in the Sand, exposed to the Heat
+and Incubation of the Sun. Of this the Holy
+Scripture it self gives us an Instance in the Ostrich:
+Of which we have an Hint, <i>Lam.</i> iv. 3.
+<i>The Daughter of my People is become cruel, like the
+Ostriches in the Wilderness.</i> This is more plainly
+expressed in <i>Job</i> xxxix. 14, 15, 16, 17. <i><span class="antiqua">[The Ostrich]</span>
+leaveth her Eggs in the Earth, and warmeth
+them in the Dust, and forgetteth that the Foot may
+crush them, or that the Wild-Beast may break them.
+She is hardened against her Young ones, as though they
+were not hers: Her Labour is in vain, without Fear.
+Because God hath deprived her of Wisdom, neither
+hath he imparted unto her Understanding.</i> In which
+Words I shall take notice of three Things, 1. Of
+this anomalous Way of Generation. It is not very
+strange, that no other Incubation but that of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_354"></a>[354]</span>
+the Sun, should produce the Young; but ’tis very
+odd and wonderful that any one Species should
+vary from all the rest of the Tribe. But above all,
+2. The singular Care of the Creator, in this Case,
+is very remarkable, in supplying some other Way
+the Want of the Parent-Animals Care and Στοργὴ<a id="FNanchor_561" href="#Footnote_561" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>,
+so that the Young should notwithstanding
+be bred up in those large and barren Desarts of <i>Arabia</i>
+and <i>Africa</i>, and such like Places where those
+Birds dwell, the most unlikely and unfitting (in
+all human Opinion) to afford Sustenance to young
+helpless Creatures; but the fittest therefore to give
+Demonstrations of the Wisdom, Care, and especial
+Providence of the infinite Creator and Conservator
+of the World. 3. The last Thing I shall remark
+is, That the Instincts of Irrational Animals,
+at least of this specified in the Text, is attributed
+to <span class="smcap">God</span>. For the Reason the Text gives why
+the <i>Ostrich is hardened against her young Ones, as
+though they were not hers, is, Because <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em> hath
+deprived her of Wisdom, and not imparted Understanding
+to her</i>; <i>i.e.</i> he hath denied her that Wisdom,
+he hath not imparted that Understanding,
+that Στοργὴ, that natural Instinct to provide for,
+and nurse up her Young, that most other Creatures
+of the same, and other Tribes are endowed
+with.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_355"></a>[355]</span></p>
+
+<p>Thus I have dispatched what I intend to insist
+upon concerning the State of this Set of Animals;
+of which, as also of their admirable Instincts, a
+great deal more might deserve our especial Observation;
+particularly the admirable Curiosity, Art,
+and Variety of Nidification<a id="FNanchor_562" href="#Footnote_562" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>, used among the
+various Species of Birds; the great Sagacity,
+and many Artifices used by them in the Investigation
+and Capture of their Prey<a id="FNanchor_563" href="#Footnote_563" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>, the due Proportion
+of the more and less useful, the Scarcity
+of the Voracious and Pernicious, and the Plenty
+of the Mansuete and Useful<a id="FNanchor_564" href="#Footnote_564" class="fnanchor">[h]</a>. Also the Variety
+of their Motion and Flight might deserve Consideration,
+the Swiftness of such whose Food is to
+be sought in far distant Places, and different Seasons<a id="FNanchor_565" href="#Footnote_565" class="fnanchor">[i]</a>;
+the slower Motion and short Flights of
+others more domestick; and even the Aukwardness
+of some others to Flight, whose Food is near
+at hand, and to be gotten without any great Occasion
+of Flight<a id="FNanchor_566" href="#Footnote_566" class="fnanchor">[k]</a>. These and divers other such
+like Things as these, I say, I might have spoken
+more largely unto; but I shall pass them by with
+only a bare Mention, having already taken notice
+of them in the Company of other Matters of the
+like Nature, and manifested them to be Acts of excellent
+Design, Wisdom, and Providence, in the
+great Creator.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_557" href="#FNanchor_557" class="label">[a]</a> <i>The Chicken is form’d out of, and nourish’d by the White
+alone, till it be grown great. The Yolk serves for the Chicken’s
+Nourishment, after it is well grown, and partly also after it is
+hatch’d. For a good Part of the Yolk remains after Exclusion,
+being receiv’d into the Chicken’s Belly; and being there reserv’d,
+as in a Store-house, is by the <span class="antiqua">Appendicula</span>, or <span class="antiqua">Ductus intestinalis</span>,
+as by a Funnel, convey’d into the Guts, and serves instead
+of Milk, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Willugh. Ornith. L. 1. c. 3. <i>Ipsum animal
+ex albo liquore Ovi corporatur. Cibus ejus in lutco est.</i>
+Plin. L. 10. c. 53.</p>
+
+<p><i>Aristotle</i> saith, <i>The long sharp Eggs bring Females; the round
+ones, with a larger Compass at the sharper End, Males.</i> Hist.
+An. L. 6. c. 2. After which, he tells of a Sott at <i>Syracuse</i>,
+that sate drinking so long, till Eggs were hatch’d; as also of
+the Custom of <i>Ægypt</i>, of hatching Eggs in Dunghills.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_558" href="#FNanchor_558" class="label">[b]</a> As the Shell and Skin keep the Yolk and two Whites
+together; so each of the Parts, (the Yolk and inner White
+at least,) are separated by Membranes, involving them. At
+each End of the Egg is a Treddle, so call’d, because it was
+formerly thought to be the Sperm of the Cock. <i>But the
+Use of these</i>, (saith Dr. <i>Harvey</i> in <i>Willugh. Ornith.</i> c. 3.) <i>is to
+be as ’twere, the Poles of this Microcosm, and the Connections
+of all the Membranes twisted and knit together, by which the
+Liquors are not only conserv’d, each in its Place, but do also retain
+their due Position one to another.</i> This, although in a
+great Measure true, yet doth not come up to what I have
+my self observ’d; for I find, that these <i>Chalazæ</i>, or <i>Treddles</i>,
+serve not barely to keep the Liquors in their Place, and Position
+to one another; but also to keep one and the same
+Part of the Yolk uppermost, let the Egg be turn’d nearly
+which way it will; which is done by this Mechanism: The
+<i>Chalazæ</i> are specifically lighter than the Whites, in which
+they swim; and being brac’d to the Membrane of the Yolk,
+not exactly in the <i>Axis</i> of the Yolk, but somewhat out of
+it; causeth one Side of the Yolk to be heavier than the other;
+so that the Yolk being by the <i>Chalazæ</i> made buoyant,
+and kept swimming in the Midst of two Whites, is by its
+own heavy Side kept with the same Side always uppermost;
+which uppermost Side I have some Reason to think, is that
+on which the <i>Cicatricula</i> lies; that being commonly uppermost
+in the Shell, especially in some Species of Eggs more I
+think than others.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_559" href="#FNanchor_559" class="label">[c]</a> All Birds lay a certain Number of Eggs, or nearly that
+Number, and then betake themselves to their Incubation;
+but if their Eggs be withdrawn, they will lay more. Of
+which, see Mr. <i>Ray</i>’s Wis. of God, p. 137.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_560" href="#FNanchor_560" class="label">[d]</a> The <i>Tabon</i> is a Bird no bigger than a Chicken, but is
+said to lay an Egg larger than a Goose’s Egg, and bigger
+than the Bird it self. These they lay a Yard deep in the
+Sand, where they are hatch’d by the Warmth of the Sun;
+after which they creep out, and get to Sea for Provisions.
+<i>Navarett</i>’s <i>Account of China in Collect. of Voyages</i>, Vol. 1.
+This Account is in all Probability borrow’d from <i>Nieremberg</i>,
+or <i>Hernandez</i>, (that copy’d from him,) who call this Bird by
+the Name of <i>Daie</i>, and its Eggs <i>Tapun</i>, not the Bird it
+self, as <i>Navarette</i> doth. But my Friend Mr. <i>Ray</i> saith of
+it, <i>Historia isthæc proculdubio fabulosa &amp; falsa est. Quamvis
+enim Aves nonnulla maxima ova pariunt, ut v.g. <span class="antiqua">Alkæ</span>,
+<span class="antiqua">Lomwiæ</span>, <span class="antiqua">Anates</span>, <span class="antiqua">Arcticæ</span>, &amp;c. hujusmodi tamen unum duntaxat,
+non plura ova ponunt antequam incubent: nec ullam in
+rerum naturâ avem dari existimo cujus ova albumine careant.
+Cum Albumen præcipua ovi pars sit, quodque primum fœtus alimentum
+subministrat.</i> Raii Synop. Av. Method. p. 155.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_561" href="#FNanchor_561" class="label">[e]</a> <i>The Eggs of the Ostrich being buried in the Sand, are
+cherished only by the Heat of the Sun, till the Young be excluded.
+For the Writers of Natural History do generally agree,
+that the old Birds, after they have laid and covered their Eggs
+in the Sand, forsake them, and take no more Care of them.</i>
+Willugh. Ornith. L. 2. c. 8. §. 1.</p>
+
+<p>But there is another <i>Ostrich</i> [of <i>America</i>] which <i>Acaret</i>
+tells us of, that takes more Care of her Young, by carrying
+four of her Eggs, a little before she hatcheth, to four Parts
+of her Nest, there to breed Worms for Food for her Young.
+<i>Acaret’s Disc. in Philos. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 89.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_562" href="#FNanchor_562" class="label">[f]</a> See <a href="#BOOK_IV_CHAP_XIII"><i>Book IV. ch. 13.</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_563" href="#FNanchor_563" class="label">[g]</a> See <a href="#BOOK_IV_CHAP_XI"><i>Book IV. ch. 11. and 14.</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_564" href="#FNanchor_564" class="label">[h]</a> See <a href="#BOOK_IV_CHAP_X"><i>Book IV. ch. 10.</i></a> beginn.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_565" href="#FNanchor_565" class="label">[i]</a> See <a href="#BOOK_IV_CHAP_VIII"><i>Book IV. ch. 8.</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_566" href="#FNanchor_566" class="label">[k]</a> The <i>Colymbi</i>, or <i>Douckers</i>, having their Food near at
+hand in the Waters, are remarkably made for Diving therein.
+Their Heads are small, Bills sharp-pointed, Wings
+small, Legs flat and broad, and placed backward, and nearer
+the Tail than in Other Birds; and lastly, their Feet; some
+are whole-footed, some cloven-footed, but withal fin-toed.
+<i>Vid.</i> <i>Willugh. Ornith.</i> L. 3. §. 5.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_356"></a>[356]</span></p>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_VII_CHAP_V">CHAP. V.</h4>
+
+<p><i>The <span class="smcap">Conclusion</span>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>And now, if we reflect upon the whole Matter,
+we shall here find another large Tribe
+of the Creation, abundantly setting forth the Wisdom
+and Glory of their great Creator. We praise
+the Ingenuity and Invention of Man, for the Contrivance
+of various pneumatick Engines; we think
+them witty, even for their unsuccessful Attempts
+to swim in, and sail through that subtle Element
+the Air; and the curious Mechanism of that Artist
+is had in Remembrance, and praised to this
+Day, who made a Dove, or an <i>Eagle</i><a id="FNanchor_567" href="#Footnote_567" class="fnanchor">[a]</a> to fly
+but a short Space. And is not therefore all imaginable
+Honour and Praise due to that infinite Artist,
+that hath so admirably contrived and made,
+all the noble Variety of Birds; that hath with
+such incomparable Curiosity and Art, formed their
+Bodies from Head to Tail, without and within,
+that not so much as any Muscle, or Bone, no, not
+even a Feather<a id="FNanchor_568" href="#Footnote_568" class="fnanchor">[b]</a> is unartificially made, misplaced,
+redundant, or defective, in all the several Families
+of this large Tribe? But every Thing is so
+incomparably performed, so nicely fitted up for
+Flight, as to surpass even the Imitation of the most
+ingenious Artificer among mortal rational Beings.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_567" href="#FNanchor_567" class="label">[a]</a> <i>Vid.</i> <a href="#Footnote_437"><i>Book V. ch. 1. Note (aa).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_568" href="#FNanchor_568" class="label">[b]</a> <i>Deus non solùm Angelum, &amp; Hominem, sed nec exigui
+&amp; contemptibilis animantis viscera, nec Avis pennulam, nec
+Herbæ flosculum, nec Arboris folium sine suarum partium convenientiâ
+dereliquit.</i> Augustin. de Civ. Dei, L. 5. c. 11.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_357"></a>[357]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/header09.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_VIII">BOOK VIII.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Of <span class="smcap">Insects</span> and <span class="smcap">Reptiles</span>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/header07.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_VIII_CHAP_I">CHAP. I.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of <span class="smcap">Insects</span> in general.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<img class="dropcap" src="images/dropcap-h3.jpg" alt="">
+</div>
+
+<p class="dropcap">Having dispatch’d that Part of the animal
+World, which used to be accounted
+the more perfect, those Animals styled
+less perfect or imperfect, will next deserve
+a Place in our Survey, because when strictly
+enquired into, we shall find them to be so far from
+deserving to be accounted mean and despicable Parts
+of the Creation, owing their Original and Production
+to Putrefactions, <i>&amp;c.</i> as some have thought,
+that we shall find them, I say, noble, and most
+admirable Works of <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em>. For, as the famous
+Natural Historian, <i>Pliny</i><a id="FNanchor_569" href="#Footnote_569" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>, prefaceth his Treatise
+of <i>Insects</i>, to prevent the Reproach of condescending
+(as might be thought) to so mean a Subject:
+<i>In great Bodies</i>, saith he, <i>Nature had a large
+and easy Shop to work upon obsequious Matter. Whereas</i>,
+saith he, <i>in these so small, and as it were no Bodies,
+what Footsteps of Reason, what Power, what<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_358"></a>[358]</span>
+great Perfection is there?</i> Of this having given an
+Instance or two of the exquisite Senses, and curious
+Make of some Insects<a id="FNanchor_570" href="#Footnote_570" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>, he then goes on,
+<i>We admire</i>, saith he, <i>turrigerous Shoulders of Elephants,
+the lofty Necks and Crests of others; but</i>,
+saith he, <i>the Nature of Things is never more compleat
+than in the least Things.</i> For which Reason
+he intreats his Readers (as I do mine) <i>that because
+they slighted many of the Things themselves which
+he took notice of, they would not therefore disdainfully
+condemn his Accounts of them, since, saith he, in
+the Contemplation of Nature, nothing ought to seem
+superfluous.</i></p>
+
+<p>Thus that eminent Naturalist hath made his
+own, and my Excuse too; the Force and Verity
+whereof will farther appear, by what I shall say
+of these Animals which (as despicable as they have
+been, or perhaps may be thought) we shall find
+as exquisitely contrived, and curiously made for
+that Place and Station they bear in the World,
+as any other Part of the Animal World. For if
+we consider the innumerable Variety of their Species,
+the prodigious Numbers of Individuals, the
+Shape and Make of their little Bodies, and every<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_359"></a>[359]</span>
+Part thereof, their Motion, their Instincts, their
+regular Generation and Production; and, to name
+no more, the incomparable Beauty and Lustre of
+the Colours of many of them, what more admirable
+and more manifest Demonstration of the infinite
+Creator, than even this little contemned
+Branch of the Animal World? But let us take a
+short View of Particulars.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_569" href="#FNanchor_569" class="label">[a]</a> <i>In magnis siquidem corporibus, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Plin. Nat. Hist.
+L. 11. c. 2.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_570" href="#FNanchor_570" class="label">[b]</a> <i>Ubi tot sensus collocavit in Culice? Et sunt alla dictu
+minora. Sed ubi Visum in eo prætendit: Ubi Gustatum applicavit?
+Ubi Odoratum inferuit? Ubi verò truculentam illam &amp;
+portione maximam vocem ingeneravit? Quâ subtilitate Pennas
+adnexuit? prælongavit Pedum crura? Desposuit jejunam Caveam,
+utì Alvum? Avidam Sanguinis, &amp; potissimum humani,
+sitim, accendit? Telum verò perfodiendo tergori, quo spiculavit
+ingenio? Atque ut capaci, cùm cerni non possit exilitas, ita
+reciprocâ geminavit arte, ut fodiendo acuminatum pariter sorbendoque
+fistulosum esset. Quos Teredini ad perforanda Robora
+cum sono teste dentes affixit? Potissimumque è ligno cibatum fecit:
+Sed turrigeros Elephantorum miramur humeros, Taurorumque
+colla, &amp; truces in sublime jactus, Tigrium rapinas,
+Leonum jubas, cùm rerum natura nusquam magìs quàm in minimis,
+tota sit.</i> Plin. ibid.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_VIII_CHAP_II">CHAP. II.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the <span class="antiqua">Shape</span> and <span class="antiqua">Structure</span> of <span class="smcap">Insects</span>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Let us begin with the Shape and Fabrick of
+their Bodies. Which although it be somewhat
+different from that of Birds, being particularly,
+for the most part, not so sharp before, to cut
+and make way through the Air, yet is better adapted
+to their manner of Life. For considering
+that there is little Necessity of long Flights, and
+that the Strength and Activity of their Wings doth
+much surpass the Resistance their Bodies meet
+with from the Air, there was no great Occasion
+their Bodies should be so sharpened before. But
+the Condition of their Food, and the Manner of
+gathering it, together with the great Necessity of
+accurate Vision by that admirable Provision made
+for them by the reticulated <i>Cornea</i> of their Eyes;
+these Things, I say, as they required a larger
+Room, so were a good Occasion for the Largeness
+of the Head, and its Amplitude before. But
+for the rest of their Body, all is well made, and
+nicely poised for their Flight, and every other of
+their Occasions.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_360"></a>[360]</span></p>
+
+<p>And as their <i>Shape</i>; so the <i>Fabrick</i> and <i>Make</i> of
+their Bodies is no less accurate, admirable, and
+singular; not built throughout with Bones, and
+cover’d with Flesh and Skin, as in most other
+Animals; but cover’d with a curious Mail of a
+middle Nature<a id="FNanchor_571" href="#Footnote_571" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>, serving both as Skin and Bone
+too, for the Shape, as well as Strength and Guard
+of the Body, and as it were on Purpose to shew
+that the great Contriver of Nature is not bound
+up to one Way only.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_571" href="#FNanchor_571" class="label">[a]</a> <i>Insecta non videntur Nervos habere, nec Ossa, nec Spinas,
+nec Cartilaginem, nec Pinguia, nec Carnes, ne crustam quidem
+fragilem, ut quædam marina, nec quæ jure dicatur Curis: sed
+media cujusdam inter omnia hæc naturæ corpus, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Plin. N.
+H. L. 11. c. 4.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_VIII_CHAP_III">CHAP. III.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the <span class="antiqua">Eyes</span> and <span class="antiqua">Antennæ</span> of <span class="smcap">Insects</span>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>To this last-mention’d Guard, we may add,
+that farther Guard provided in the <i>Eyes</i> and
+<i>Antennæ</i>. The Structure of the Eye, is, in all
+Creatures, an admirable Piece of Mechanism; but
+that observable in the Eyes of Insects so peculiar,
+that it must needs excite our Admiration: Fenced
+with its own Hardness, yea, even its own accurate
+Vision, is a good Guard against external Injuries;
+and its <i>Cornea</i>, or outward Coat, all over beset
+with curious, transparent, lenticular<a id="FNanchor_572" href="#Footnote_572" class="fnanchor">[a]</a> Inlets, enabling<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_361"></a>[361]</span>
+those Creatures to see, (no doubt,) very accurately
+every Way, without any Interval of Time
+or Trouble to move the Eye towards Objects.</p>
+
+<p>And as for the other Part, the <i>Antennæ</i>, or
+<i>Feelers</i>, whatever their Use may be in cleaning
+the Eyes, or other such like use; they are, in
+all Probability, a good Guard to the Eyes and
+Head, in their Walk and Flight, enabling them,
+by the Sense of Feeling, to discover such Annoyances,
+which by their Proximity may perhaps escape
+the Reach of the Eyes and Sight<a id="FNanchor_573" href="#Footnote_573" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>. Besides<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_362"></a>[362]</span>
+which, they are a curious Piece of Workmanship,
+and in many, a very beautiful Piece of<a id="FNanchor_574" href="#Footnote_574" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>
+Garniture to the Body.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_572" href="#FNanchor_572" class="label">[a]</a> The <i>Cornea</i> of Flies, Wasps, <i>&amp;c.</i> are so common an
+Entertainment with the Microscope, that every body knows
+it is a curious Piece of Lattice-work. In which this is remarkable,
+that every <i>Foramen</i> is of a lenticular Nature; so
+that we see Objects through them topsey-turvey, as through
+so many convex Glasses: Yea, they become a small Telescope,
+when there is a due focal Distance between them and
+the <i>Lens</i> of the Microscope.</p>
+
+<p>This lenticular Power of the <i>Cornea</i>, supplies, (as I imagine,)
+the Place of the Crystalline, if not of the vitreous
+Humour too, there being neither of those Humours that I
+could ever find, (although for Truth Sake, I confess I have
+not been so diligent as I might in this Enquiry;) but instead
+of <i>Humours</i> and <i>Tunicks</i>, I imagine that every <i>Lens</i> of the
+<i>Cornea</i>, hath a distinct Branch of the <i>optick Nerve</i> ministring
+to it, and rendring it as so many distinct Eyes. So that as
+most Animals are binocular, Spiders for the most Part octonocular,
+and some, (as Mr. <i>Willughby</i> thought, <i>Raii Hist. Insect.</i>
+p. 12.) senocular; so Flies, <i>&amp;c.</i> are multocular, having
+as many Eyes as there are Perforations in their <i>Cornea</i>. By
+which Means, as other Creatures are oblig’d to turn their
+Eyes to Objects, these have some or other of their Eyes
+ready plac’d towards Objects, nearly all round them: Thus
+particularly it is in the <i>Dragon-Fly</i>, (<i>Libella</i>,) the greatest
+Part of whose Head is possess’d by its Eyes: Which is of excellent
+Use to that predatious Insect, for the ready seeing
+and darting at small Flies all round it, on which it preys.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_573" href="#FNanchor_573" class="label">[b]</a> It is manifest, that Insects clean their Eyes with their
+Fore-legs, as well as <i>Antennæ</i>. And considering, that as they
+walk along, they are perpetually feeling, and searching before
+them, with their <i>Feelers</i>, or <i>Antennæ</i>; therefore I am
+apt to think, that besides wiping and cleaning the Eyes, the
+Uses here nam’d may be admitted. For as their Eyes are
+immoveable, so that no Time is requir’d for the turning
+their Eyes to Objects; so there is no Necessity of the <i>Retina</i>,
+or <i>optick Nerve</i> being brought nigher unto, or set farther off
+from the <i>Cornea</i>, (which would require Time,) as it is in other
+Animals: But their <i>Cornea</i> and <i>optick Nerve</i>, being always
+at one and the same Distance, are fitted only to see distantial
+Objects, but not such as are very nigh: Which Inconvenience
+the <i>Feelers</i> obviate, lest it should be prejudicial,
+in occasioning the Insect to run its Head against any Thing.</p>
+
+<p>And that this, rather than the wiping the Eyes, is the
+chief Use of the <i>Feelers</i>, is farther manifest from the <i>Antennæ</i>
+of the <i>Flesh-Fly</i>, and many other Insects, which are short,
+and strait, and incapable of being bent unto, or extended over
+the Eyes: As also from others enormously long, such as
+those of the <i>Capricorni</i>, or <i>Goat-chasers</i>, the <i>Cadew-Fly</i>, and
+divers others, both Beetles and Flies.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_574" href="#FNanchor_574" class="label">[c]</a> The lamellated <i>Antennæ</i> of some, the clavellated of others,
+the neatly articulated of others, the feather’d and divers
+other Forms of others, of the <i>Scarab</i>, <i>Papilionaceous
+Gnat</i>, and other Kinds; are surprizingly beautiful, when
+view’d through a Microscope. And in some, those <i>Antennæ</i>
+distinguish the Sexes: As in the <i>Gnat-kind</i>, all those with
+Tufts, Feathers, and Brush-horns, are Males; those with
+short, single shafted <i>Antennæ</i>, are Females.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_VIII_CHAP_IV">CHAP. IV.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the <span class="antiqua">Parts</span> and <span class="antiqua">Motion</span> of <span class="smcap">Insects</span>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>From the Head, pass we to the Members,
+concern’d in their Motion. And here we
+have a copious Subject, if I was minded to expatiate.
+I might take Notice of the admirable Mechanism
+in those that creep; the curious Oars in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_363"></a>[363]</span>
+those amphibious Insects that swim and walk<a id="FNanchor_575" href="#Footnote_575" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>;
+the incomparable Provision made in the Feet of
+such as walk, or hang upon smooth Surfaces<a id="FNanchor_576" href="#Footnote_576" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>;
+the great Strength and Spring in the Legs of such
+as leap<a id="FNanchor_577" href="#Footnote_577" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>; the strong and well-made Feet and
+Talons of such as dig<a id="FNanchor_578" href="#Footnote_578" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>: And to name no more,
+the admirable Faculty of such as cannot fly, to
+convey themselves with Speed and Safety, by the
+Help of their Webs<a id="FNanchor_579" href="#Footnote_579" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>, or some other Artifice to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_364"></a>[364]</span>
+make their Bodies lighter than the Air<a id="FNanchor_580" href="#Footnote_580" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>: These,
+and a Multitude of other such like Things as these,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_365"></a>[365]</span>
+I might, I say, take Notice of, as great Evidences
+of the infinite Creator’s Wisdom: But lest I
+should be too tedious, I will confine my Observations
+to the Legs and Wings only. And these,
+at first View, we find to be incomparably fitted
+up for their intended Service, not to over-load the
+body, not in the least to retard it; but to give it the
+most proper and convenient Motion. What, for Example,
+can be better contriv’d, and made for this Service,
+than the Wings? Distended and strengthen’d
+by the finest Bones, and these cover’d with the
+finest and lightest Membranes, some of them adorn’d
+with neat and beautiful Feathers<a id="FNanchor_581" href="#Footnote_581" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>; and
+many of them provided with the finest Articulations,
+and Foldings, for the Wings to be withdrawn,
+and neatly laid up in their <i>Vaginæ</i>, and
+Cases, and again readily extended for Flight<a id="FNanchor_582" href="#Footnote_582" class="fnanchor">[h]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_366"></a>[366]</span></p>
+
+<p>And then for the Poising of the Body, and keeping
+it upright, and steady in Flight, it is an admirable
+Artifice and Provision for this Purpose; in
+some, by four Wings<a id="FNanchor_583" href="#Footnote_583" class="fnanchor">[i]</a>; and in such as have but
+two, by Pointels, and Poises plac’d under the
+Wings, on each Side the Body.</p>
+
+<p>And lastly, It is an amazing Thing to reflect
+upon the surprizing Minuteness, Art, and Curiosity
+of the<a id="FNanchor_584" href="#Footnote_584" class="fnanchor">[k]</a> Joynts, the Muscles, the Tendons,
+the Nerves, necessary to perform all the Motions
+of the Legs, the Wings, and every other Part. I
+have already mention’d this in the larger Animals;
+but to consider, that all these Things concur in
+minute Animals, even in the smallest Mite; yea,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_367"></a>[367]</span>
+the Animalcules, that, (without good Microscopes,)
+escape our Sight; to consider, I say, that those
+minutest Animals have all the Joynts, Bones, Muscles,
+Tendons and Nerves, necessary to that brisk
+and swift Motion that many of them have, is so
+stupendous a Piece of curious Art<a id="FNanchor_585" href="#Footnote_585" class="fnanchor">[l]</a>, as plainly
+manifesteth the Power and Wisdom of the infinite
+Contriver of those inimitable Fineries. But having
+nam’d those minute Animals, Why should I mention
+only any one Part of their Bodies, when we
+have, in that little Compass, a whole and compleat
+Body, as exquisitely form’d, and, (as far as our
+Scrutiny can possibly reach,) as neatly adorn’d as
+the largest Animal? Let us consider, that there
+we have Eyes, a Brain, a Mouth, a Stomach, Entrails,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_368"></a>[368]</span>
+and every other Part of an animal Body, as
+well as Legs and Feet; and that all those Parts
+have each of them their necessary <i>Apparatus</i> of
+Nerves, of various Muscles, and every other Part
+that other Insects have; and that all is cover’d and
+guarded with a well-made Tegument, beset with
+Bristles, adorn’d with neat Imbrications, and many
+other Fineries. And lastly, Let us consider in
+how little Compass all Art and Curiosity may lie,
+even in a Body many Times less than a small Grain
+of Sand<a id="FNanchor_586" href="#Footnote_586" class="fnanchor">[m]</a>; so that the least Drop of Water can
+contain many of them, and afford them also sufficient
+Room to dance and frisk about in<a id="FNanchor_587" href="#Footnote_587" class="fnanchor">[n]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Having survey’d as many of the Parts of Insects
+as I care to take Notice of; I shall in the
+next Place say somewhat of their State, and Circumstances
+of Life. And here I shall take Notice
+only of two Things, which have been only hinted
+at before; but will deserve more particular
+Consideration here, as being Acts of a wonderful
+Instinct; namely, Their Security of themselves against
+Winter; and their special Care of preserving
+their Species.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_575" href="#FNanchor_575" class="label">[a]</a> All the Families of <i>Hydrocanthari</i>, <i>Notonecti</i>, &amp;c. have
+their hindmost Legs made very nicely, with commodious
+Joynts flat, and Bristles on each Sides towards the End, serving
+for Oars to swim; and then, nearer the Body, are two
+stiff Spikes, to enable them to walk when Occasion is.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_576" href="#FNanchor_576" class="label">[b]</a> I might here name divers Flies, and other Insects, who,
+besides their sharp hook’d Nails, have alto skinny Palms to
+their Feet, to enable them to stick on Glass, and other smooth
+Bodies, by Means of the Pressure of the Atmosphere. But
+because the Example will illustrate another Work of Nature,
+as well as this, I shall chuse a singular Piece of Mechanism,
+in one of the largest Sorts of <i>Hydrocanthari</i>. Of these large
+ones there are two Sorts, one largest, all black, with <i>Antennæ</i>
+handsomely emboss’d at the Ends. The other somewhat
+lesser, hardly so black, with capillary <i>Antennæ</i>; the Forehead,
+Edges of the <i>Vaginæ</i>, and two Rings on the <i>Thorax</i>,
+of a tawney Colour. The Female hath <i>Vaginæ</i> prettily furrow’d,
+the Male smooth. But that which is most to our Purpose
+in this Male, is a Flap, or hollowish Cap near the middle
+Joynt of the Fore-legs; which when clap’d on the Shoulders
+of the Female <i>in Coitu</i>, sticks firmly thereon: After the
+Manner as I have seen Boys carry heavy Stones, with only a
+wet Piece of Leather clap’d on the Top of the Stone.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_577" href="#FNanchor_577" class="label">[c]</a> Thus, <i>Grasshoppers</i> and <i>Crickets</i> have brawny strong
+Thighs, with long, slender, but strong Legs, which enable
+them to leap with great Agility and Strength.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_578" href="#FNanchor_578" class="label">[d]</a> I have wonder’d to see with what great Quickness,
+Art and Strength, many <i>Vespæ-Ichneumons</i>, <i>Wild-Bees</i>, and
+<i>Beetles</i>, perforate the Earth; yea, even Wood it self: But
+the most remarkable Animal to this Way, is the <i>Mole-Cricket</i>
+in <a href="#Footnote_364"><i>Book IV. Chap. 13. Note (s).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_579" href="#FNanchor_579" class="label">[e]</a> I have with Pleasure often seen Spiders dart out their
+Webs, and sail away by the Help thereof. For the Manner
+of which, see Mr. <i>Lowth</i>, Abridg. <i>Vol. 2. p. 794.</i> from Dr.
+<i>Lister</i> and Dr. <i>Hulse</i>, who both claim’d the Discovery thereof.
+And do both seem to have hit thereupon, without
+any Foreknowledge of what each other hath discover’d, as
+is said in the last cited Place, and as I more particularly
+find by Mr. <i>Ray</i>’s <i>Philos.</i> Letters, Printed <i>Ann. 1718</i>.
+p. 95, <i>&amp;c.</i> By which also I find the two ingenious Doctors
+were very modest in their Claims, and very amicable
+in the Matter. In one of Dr. <i>Lister</i>’s to Mr. <i>Ray</i>, he thinks
+there is a fair Hint of the Darting of Spiders in <i>Arist. Hist.
+An.</i> L. 9. c. 39. And in <i>Pliny</i>, L. 11. c. 24. But for their
+Sailing, that the Ancients are silent of, and he thinks it was
+seen first by him. And in another Letter, <i>Jan. 20, 1670</i>,
+speaking of the Height Spiders are able to fly, he saith, <i>The
+last <span class="antiqua">October</span>, &amp;c. I took Notice, that the Air was very full
+of Webs, I forthwith mounted to the Top of the highest Steeple
+on the Minster, <span class="antiqua">[in York,]</span> and could thence discern them yet
+exceeding high above me. Some that fell, and were intangled
+upon the Pinacles, I took and found them to be <span class="antiqua">Lupi</span>: which
+Kind seldom or never enter Houses, and cannot be suppos’d to
+have taken their Flight from the Steeple.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_580" href="#FNanchor_580" class="label">[f]</a> There are, (I imagine,) divers Animals, as well as
+Spiders, that have some Way of Conveyance, as little known
+to us, as that of Spiders formerly was. Thus the <i>Squillulæ</i>,
+<i>pulices Arborescentes</i>, and <i>microscopical Animalcules</i> of the stagnating
+Waters, so numerous in them, as to discolour sometimes
+the Water, and make them look as if they were tinged
+Red, Yellow or Green, or cover’d with a thick green
+Scum; all which is nothing but Animalcules of that Colour.
+That these Creatures have some Way of Conveyance, I
+conclude: because most stagnating Waters are stock’d with
+them; new Pits and Ponds, yea, Holes and Gutters on the
+Tops of Houses and Steeples. That they are not bred there
+by æquivocal Generation, every ingenious, considering Philosopher
+will grant; that they have not Legs for travelling
+so far, is manifest from Inspection: And therefore I am apt to
+think, that they have some Faculty of inflating their Bodies,
+or darting out Webs, and making their Bodies buoyant, and
+lighter than Air; or their Bodies, when dry, may be lighter
+than Air, and so they can swim from Place to Place; or
+the Eggs of such as are oviparous, may be light enough to
+float in the Air. But then the Viviparous, (as my late ingenious
+Friend, Mr. <i>Charles King</i>, shew’d me the <i>Pulices aquat.
+arbores.</i> are; these I say,) can’t be this Way accounted for.
+The Cause of these latter Suspicions was, that in the Summer
+Months, I have seen the <i>Pulices arbores.</i> and the green
+Scum on the Waters, (nothing but Animalcules, as I said,)
+lie in a Manner dry on the Surface of the Waters; at which
+Time, (as I have shewn in <a href="#Footnote_263"><i>Book IV. Chap. 11. Note (n)</i></a>,)
+those Animalcules copulate; and perhaps, they may at the
+same Time change their Quarters, and seek out new Habitations
+for their numerous Offspring, as well as themselves.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_581" href="#FNanchor_581" class="label">[g]</a> It is well known to all Persons any Way conversant in
+microscopical Observations, that these elegant Colours of
+<i>Moths</i>, and <i>Butterflies</i>, are owing to neat and well-made Feathers,
+set with great Curiosity and Exactness in Rows, and
+good Order.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_582" href="#FNanchor_582" class="label">[h]</a> All that have <i>Elytra</i>, <i>Scarabs</i> (who have whole <i>Elytra</i>,
+or reaching to the <i>Podex</i>,) or the Ἡμικουλεόπτεροι, such
+as <i>Earwigs</i>, and <i>Staphylini</i> of all Sorts, do, by a very curious
+Mechanism, extend and withdraw their membranaceous
+Wings, (wherewith they chiefly fly;) and it is very pretty
+to see them prepare themselves for Flight, by thrusting out,
+and unfolding their Wings; and again withdraw those Joynts,
+and neatly fold in the Membranes, to be laid up safely in
+their <i>Elytra</i> or Cases. For which Service the Bones are
+well plac’d, and the Joynts ministring thereunto are accurately
+contriv’d, for the most compendious, and commodious
+folding up the Wings.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_583" href="#FNanchor_583" class="label">[i]</a> For the keeping the Body steady and upright in Flight,
+it generally holds true, (if I mistake not,) that all bipennated
+Insects have <i>Poises</i> joyn’d to the Body, under the hinder
+Part of their Wings; but such as have four Wings, or Wings
+with <i>Elytra</i>, none. If one of the Poises, or one of the
+lesser auxiliary Wings be cut off, the Insect will fly as if one
+Side overbalanc’d the other, until it falleth on the Ground;
+so if both be cut of, they will fly aukwardly, and unsteadily,
+manifesting the Defect of some very necessary Part.
+These <i>Poises</i>, or <i>Pointells</i> are, for the most Part, little Balls,
+set at the Top of a slender Stalk, which they can move every
+Way at Pleasure. In some they stand alone, in others,
+(as in the whole <i>Flesh-Fly</i> Tribe,) they have little Covers or
+Shields, under which they lie and move. The Use, no
+doubt, of these <i>Poises</i>, and <i>secondary</i> lesser Wings, is to poise
+the Body, and to obviate all the Vacillations thereof in
+flight; serving to the Insect, as the long Pole, laden at the
+Ends with Lead, doth the <i>Ropedancer</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_584" href="#FNanchor_584" class="label">[k]</a> As all the Parts of Animals are mov’d by the Help of
+these; so there is, no doubt, but the minutest Animals have
+such like Parts: But the Muscles and Tendons of some of
+the larger Insects, and some of the lesser too, may be seen
+with a Microscope.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_585" href="#FNanchor_585" class="label">[l]</a> The minute Curiosities, and inimitable Fineries, observable
+in those lesser Animals, in which our best Microscopes
+discover no Botch, no rude ill-made Work, (contrary
+to what is in all artificial Works of Man,) Do they not
+far more deserve our Admiration, than those celebrated Pieces
+of humane Art? Such as the Cup made of a Pepper-Corn,
+by <i>Oswald Nerlinger</i>, that held 1200 ivory Cups, all
+gilt on the Edges, and having each of them a Foot, and
+yet affording Room for 400 more, in the <i>Ephem. Germ.</i>
+T. 1. Addend. ad Obs. 13. Such also was <i>Phaëton</i> in a
+Ring, which <i>Galen</i> thus reflects upon, when he speaks of
+the Art and Wisdom of the Maker of Animals, particularly
+such as are small, <i>Quanto</i>, saith he, <i>ipsum minus fuerit, tanto
+majorem admirationem tibi excitabit; quod declarant Opifices
+cùm in corporibus parvis aliquid insculpant: cujus generis
+est quòd nuper quidam in Annulo Phaëtonta quatuor equis invectum
+sculpsit. Omnes enim æqui frænum, os, &amp; dentes anteriores
+habebant, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> And then having taken Notice, that
+the Legs were no bigger than those of a <i>Gnat</i>, he shews
+that their Make did not come up to those of the <i>Gnat</i>; as
+also, saith he, <i>Major adhuc alia quædam esse videtur artis ejus,
+qui Pulicem condidit, Vis atque Sapientia, quod, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> Cùm
+igitur Ars tanta in tam abjectis animalibus appareat,——quantam
+ejus Vim ac Sapientiam in præstantioribus inesse putabimus?</i>
+Galen. de Us. Part. L. 17. c. 1. fin.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_586" href="#FNanchor_586" class="label">[m]</a> It will in some Measure appear, how wonderfully
+minute some microscopical Animalcules are, by what follows
+in <a href="#Footnote_587">the next Note</a>. But because more particular Examples
+would be endless, I shall refer to the Observations of
+Mr. <i>Leuwenhoeck</i>, and others, in the <i>Philos. Trans.</i> and elsewhere.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_587" href="#FNanchor_587" class="label">[n]</a> It is almost impossible, by Reason of their perpetual
+Motion, and changing Places, to count the Number of the
+Animalcules, in only a Drop of the green Scum upon Water;
+but I guess I have sometimes seen not fewer than 100
+frisking about in a Drop no bigger than a Pin’s Head. But
+in such a Drop of Pepper-water, a far greater Number;
+these being much less than those.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_369"></a>[369]</span></p>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_VIII_CHAP_V">CHAP. V.</h4>
+
+<p><i>The <span class="antiqua">Sagacity</span> of <span class="smcap">Insects</span> to secure themselves
+against Winter.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>It is an extraordinary Act of Instinct and Sagacity,
+observable in the generality of the Insect-Tribe,
+that they all take Care to secure themselves,
+and provide against the Necessities of Winter.
+That when the Distresses of Cold and Wet force
+them, they should retire to warm and dry Places
+of Safety, is not strange; but it is a prodigious
+Act of the infinite Conservator’s Care to enable
+some to live in a different Kind of Insect-State;
+others to live, as without Action, so without Food;
+and others that act and eat, to lay up in Summer
+sufficient Provisions against the approaching Winter.
+Some, I say, live in a different State. For
+having sufficiently fed, nourished, and bred up
+themselves to the Perfection of their <i>Vermicular</i>,
+<i>Nympha-State</i>, in the Summer-Months, they then
+retire to Places of Safety, and there throw off
+their <i>Nympha</i>, and put on their <i>Aurelia</i> or <i>Chrysalis-State</i>
+for all the Winter, in which there are
+no Occasions for Food. This is the constant Method
+of many Families of the Insect-Tribe<a id="FNanchor_588" href="#Footnote_588" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_370"></a>[370]</span></p>
+
+<p>But there are others, and some of them in
+their most perfect State too, that are able to subsist
+in a kind of Torpitude or Sleeping State, without
+any Food at all; by Reason as there is no Action
+so no Waste of Body, no Expence of Spirits, and
+therefore no need of Food<a id="FNanchor_589" href="#Footnote_589" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>But for others that move and act, and need
+Food, it is a prodigious Instinct and Foresight the
+Creator hath imprinted on them, to lay up sufficient
+Food in Summer for the Winter’s<a id="FNanchor_590" href="#Footnote_590" class="fnanchor">[c]</a> Necessities<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_371"></a>[371]</span>
+and Occasions. And it is very pretty to see
+with what unwearied Diligence all Hands are at
+work for that Purpose, all the warmer Months.
+Of this the Holy Scripture it self gives us an Instance
+in the <i>Ant</i>, calling that little Animal <i>exceeding
+wise</i>, Prov. xxx. 24. And the Reason is, ℣. 25.
+<i>The Ants are a People not strong, yet they prepare
+their Meat in the Summer.</i> And therefore <i>Solomon</i>
+sends the Sluggard to this little contemptible Creature,
+to learn Wisdom, Foresight, Care and Diligence,
+Prov. vi. 6, 7, 8. <i>Go to the Ant, thou Sluggard,
+consider her Ways, and be wise: which having
+no Guide, Overseer, or Ruler, provideth her
+Meat in the Summer, and gathereth her Food in the
+Harvest.</i></p>
+
+<p>To this Scriptural Example, give me leave to
+anticipate, and subjoin an Observation of the farther
+great Wisdom of this little Creature; and
+that is their unparallelled Στοργὴ, their Tenderness,
+Sagacity, and Diligence about their Young<a id="FNanchor_591" href="#Footnote_591" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_372"></a>[372]</span>
+’Tis very diverting, as well as admirable to see,
+with what Affection and Care they carry about
+their Young in their Mouths, how they expose
+themselves to the greatest Dangers, rather than
+leave their Young exposed or forsaken; how they
+remove them from Place to Place in their little
+Hills, sometimes to this Part, sometimes to that,
+for the Benefit of convenient Warmth, and proper
+Moisture; and then again withdraw, and guard
+them against Rain and Cold. Now that this great
+Wisdom which the Scriptures attribute unto, and
+is discernible in this little Animal, is owing only to
+the Instinct, or Infusions of the great Conservator<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_373"></a>[373]</span>
+of the World, is evident, because either this
+Wisdom, Thought, and Forecast, is an Act of the
+Animal it self, or of some other Being that hath
+Wisdom. But the Animal being irrational, ’tis
+impossible it can be its own Act, but must be derived,
+or received from some wise Being. And who?
+What can that be, but the infinite Lord, Conservator
+and Governour of all the World?</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_588" href="#FNanchor_588" class="label">[a]</a> It would be endless to enter into Particulars here, because
+all the <i>Papilionaceous</i>, <i>Flesh</i>, and <i>Ichneumon-Fly</i> Tribes,
+and all others that undergo the <i>Nympha</i> and <i>Aurelia</i>-State,
+between that of the Egg and <i>Mature</i>-State, (which are very
+numerous) appertain to this Note. For a Sample therefore
+only, I shall take what some may think a mean one, but if
+considered, deserves our Admiration, and that is the Sagacity
+of the <i>White Butter-fly Caterpiller</i>, which having fed it
+self its due Time, then retires to Places of Security. I have
+seen great Trains of them creeping up the Walls and Posts
+of the next Houses, where, with the help of some Cobweb-like
+Filaments, they hang themselves to the Cielings,
+and other commodious Places, and then become <i>Aureliæ</i>;
+in which State and Places they hang secure from Wet and
+Cold, till the Spring and warmer Months, when they are
+transmuted into Butter-Flies.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_589" href="#FNanchor_589" class="label">[b]</a> I shall not name any of the particular Species of Insects
+which live in this State, because they are very numerous,
+but only remark two Things observable in their Sagacity
+in this Matter: 1. That they are not driven by Stress
+of Weather to their Retirement, but seem as naturally to
+betake themselves thereto, as other Animals do to Rest and
+Sleep. For before the Approach of cold Weather, towards
+the End of Summer, we may see some Kinds of them flocking
+together in great Numbers within Doors (as <i>Swallows</i>
+do a little before they leave us) as if they were making
+ready for their Winter’s Rest. 2. That every Species betakes
+it self to a proper convenient Receptacle; some under
+the Waters to the Bottoms of Ponds; some under the
+Earth, below the Frosts; some under Timber, Stone, &amp;c.
+lying on the Ground; some into hollow Trees, or under the
+Bark, or in the Wood; some into warm and dry Places;
+and some into dry alone.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_590" href="#FNanchor_590" class="label">[c]</a> There are not many Kinds that thus provide their
+Food before-hand. The most remarkable, are the <i>Ant</i> and
+the <i>Bee</i>; concerning the first of which, <i>Origen</i> hath this Remark,
+<i>viz.</i> <i>De solertiâ Formicarum, venturæ hyemi maturè
+prospiciontium, sibique invicem sub onere sessis succurrentium;
+quódque fruges arrosas condunt, ne rursus enascantur, sed per
+annum alimento sint, non ratiocinationem Formicarum in causâ
+debemus credere, sed almam matrem Naturam bruta quoque
+sic ornantem, ut etiam minimis addat sua quædam ingenia.</i> Orig.
+cont. Cels. L. 4.</p>
+
+<p>But as for <i>Wasps</i>, <i>Hornets</i>, <i>Humble Bees</i>, and other <i>Wild-Bees</i>,
+<i>Vespæ Ichneumons</i>, and divers others that carry in Materials
+for Nests and Food; this is only for the Service of
+their Generation, for hatching their Eggs, and nourishing
+their Young, not for Supplies in Winter; for they all forsake
+their Nests towards Winter, and retire to other Quarters,
+living (I conceive) without Food all that Time.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_591" href="#FNanchor_591" class="label">[d]</a> <i>Hos vermiculos <span class="antiqua">[Formicarum Ova vulgò vocatos]</span> incredibili
+Στοργὴ &amp; curâ Formicæ educant, summamque dant operam,
+ne vel tantillum, quod spectet eorum vermiculorum educationem
+atque nutritionem, omittant; quem in finem fere
+semper eosdem ore circumportant secum, ne ulla eos lædet injuria.
+In museo meo nonnullas istius generis formicas, vitro
+terrâ repleto, conclusas cum Vermiculis istis adservabam; ibi
+non sine jucunditate spectabam, quo terra fieret in superficie
+siccior, eo profundiùs Formicas cum fœtibus suis prorepere: cùm
+verò aquam adfunderem, visu mirificum erat, quanto affectu,
+quanta solicitudine, quanta Στοργὴ omnem in eo collacarent operam,
+ut fœtus suos sicciore &amp; tuto loco reponerent. Sæpiùs vidi,
+cùm aliquot diebus aquâ caruissent, atque cùm affuso tantillo
+aquæ terram illam humectarem, è vestigio à Formicis fœtus
+suos eo loci fuisse allatos, quos ibi distinctè conspiciebam moveri
+atque fugere humorem. Multoties fui conatus, ut eos Vermiculos
+ipse educarem, at semper conatum fefellit eventus: neque
+ipsas Formicarum Nymphas alimenti jam non indigas unquam
+sine ipsis Formicis potui fotu artificiali excludere.</i> J. Swammerd.
+Epilog. ad Hist. Insect. p. 153.</p>
+
+<p>Sir <i>Edward King</i>, who was very curious in examining the
+Generation of <i>Ants</i>, observes their great Care and Diligence,
+1. About their Sperm, or true Eggs, which is a fine white
+Substance, like Sugar, which they diligently gather together
+into a Heap, when scattered; and on which they lie in Multitudes.
+(I suppose, by way of Incubation.) 2. I have observed,
+saith he, in Summer, that in the Morning they
+bring up those of their Young (call’d Ant-Eggs) towards the
+Top of the Bank: So that you may from 10 in the Morning,
+until 5 or 6 Afternoon, find them near the Top——for
+the most Part on the South-side the Bank. But towards
+7 or 8 at Night, if it be cool, or likely to rain, you may dig
+a Foot deep before you can find them. <i>Philos. Trans.</i> Nᵒ.
+23. or <i>Lowthorp</i>’s <i>Abridg.</i> V. 2. p. 7. and 9.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_VIII_CHAP_VI">CHAP. VI.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the Care of <span class="smcap">Insects</span> about their <span class="antiqua">Young</span>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The other notable Instinct I am to treat of,
+is the peculiar Art and Care of the Insect-Tribe,
+about the Preservation of their Species.
+Here I might speak of many Things, but I have
+occasionally mentioned divers of them before, under
+some or other of the general Heads, and therefore
+shall fix only upon two Things relating to their
+special Art and Care about the Production<a id="FNanchor_592" href="#Footnote_592" class="fnanchor">[a]</a> of
+their Young, which have not been so particularly
+spoken to as they deserve.</p>
+
+<p>One Thing is their singular Providence for their
+Young, in making or finding out such proper Receptacles
+and Places for their Eggs and Seed, as
+that they may receive the Advantage of a sufficient<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_374"></a>[374]</span>
+Incubation, and that the Young, when produced,
+may have the Benefit of proper and sufficient
+Food for their Nurture and Education, till
+they are able to shift for themselves. It is admirable
+to see with what Diligence and Care the several
+Species of Insects lay up their Eggs or Sperm
+in their several proper Places; not all in the Waters,
+in Wood, or on Vegetables; but those whose
+Subsistence is in the Waters<a id="FNanchor_593" href="#Footnote_593" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>, in the Water;
+those to whom Flesh is a proper Food; in Flesh<a id="FNanchor_594" href="#Footnote_594" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_375"></a>[375]</span>
+those to whom the Fruits<a id="FNanchor_595" href="#Footnote_595" class="fnanchor">[d]</a> or Leaves of Vegetables<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_376"></a>[376]</span>
+are Food, are accordingly reposited, some in
+this Fruit, some on this Tree<a id="FNanchor_596" href="#Footnote_596" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>, some on that
+Plant<a id="FNanchor_597" href="#Footnote_597" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>, some on another, and another; but constantly<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_377"></a>[377]</span>
+the same Family on the same Tree or Plant,
+the most agreeable to that Family. And as for others
+that require a constant and greater Degree
+of Warmth, they are accordingly provided by the
+Parent-Animal with some Place in or about the
+Body of other Animals; some in the Feathers of
+Birds<a id="FNanchor_598" href="#Footnote_598" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>; some in the Hair of Beasts<a id="FNanchor_599" href="#Footnote_599" class="fnanchor">[h]</a>;
+    some<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_378"></a>[378]</span>
+in the very Scales of Fishes<a id="FNanchor_600" href="#Footnote_600" class="fnanchor">[i]</a>; some in the
+Nose<a id="FNanchor_601" href="#Footnote_601" class="fnanchor">[k]</a>; some in the Flesh<a id="FNanchor_602" href="#Footnote_602" class="fnanchor">[l]</a>;
+    yea, some in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_379"></a>[379]</span>
+the very Bowels<a id="FNanchor_603" href="#Footnote_603" class="fnanchor">[m]</a>; and inmost Recesses of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_380"></a>[380]</span>
+the Bodies of Man and other Creatures<a id="FNanchor_604" href="#Footnote_604" class="fnanchor">[n]</a>:
+And as for others to whom none of these Methods<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_381"></a>[381]</span>
+are proper, but make themselves Nests by Perforations
+in the Earth, in Wood, or Combs they
+build, or such like Ways; ’tis admirable to see
+with what Labour and Care they carry in, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_382"></a>[382]</span>
+seal up Provisions, that serve both for the Production
+of their Young, as also for their Food and
+Nurture when produc’d<a id="FNanchor_605" href="#Footnote_605" class="fnanchor">[o]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The other Piece of remarkable Art and Care about
+the Production of their Young, is their Curiosity
+and Neatness in repositing their Eggs, and
+in their Nidification.</p>
+
+<p>As to the first of which, we may observe that
+great Curiosity, and nice Order is generally observ’d
+by them in this Matter. You shall always
+see their Eggs laid carefully and commodiously
+up<a id="FNanchor_606" href="#Footnote_606" class="fnanchor">[p]</a>. When upon the Leaves of Vegetables,
+or other Material on Land, always glu’d thereon
+with Care, with one certain End lowermost, and
+with handsom juxta-Positions<a id="FNanchor_607" href="#Footnote_607" class="fnanchor">[q]</a>. Or if in the Waters,
+in neat and beautiful Rows oftentimes, in that
+spermatick, gelatine Matter, in which they are reposited,
+and that Matter carefully ty’d and fastned
+in the Waters, to prevent its Dissipation<a id="FNanchor_608" href="#Footnote_608" class="fnanchor">[r]</a>,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_383"></a>[383]</span>
+or if made to float, so carefully spread and poised,
+as to swim about with all possible Artifice.</p>
+
+<p>And as to their other Faculty, that of Nidification,
+whether it be exerted by boring the Earth<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_384"></a>[384]</span>
+or Wood, or building themselves Cells<a id="FNanchor_609" href="#Footnote_609" class="fnanchor">[s]</a>, or
+spinning and weaving themselves Cases and Webs,
+it is all a wonderful Faculty of those poor little
+Animals, whether we consider their Parts wherewith
+they work, or their Work it self. Thus
+those who perforate the Earth, Wood, or such
+like, they have their Legs, Feet, Mouth, yea,
+and whole Body accommodated to that Service;
+their Mouth exactly formed to gnaw those handsome
+round Holes, their Feet as well made to
+scratch and bore<a id="FNanchor_610" href="#Footnote_610" class="fnanchor">[t]</a>, and their Body handsomely
+turned and fitted to follow. But for such as
+build or spin themselves Nests, their Art justly
+bids Defiance to the most ingenious Artist among
+Men, so much as tolerably to copy the nice Geometrical
+Combs of some<a id="FNanchor_611" href="#Footnote_611" class="fnanchor">[u]</a>, the Earthen Cells
+of others, or the Webs, Nets and Cases<a id="FNanchor_612" href="#Footnote_612" class="fnanchor">[w]</a> woven<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_385"></a>[385]</span>
+by others. And here that natural Glue<a id="FNanchor_613" href="#Footnote_613" class="fnanchor">[x]</a>
+which their Bodies afford some of them to consolidate
+their Work, and combine its Materials together,
+and which in others can be darted out at
+Pleasure, and spun and woven by them into silken
+Balls<a id="FNanchor_614" href="#Footnote_614" class="fnanchor">[y]</a> or Webs. I say, this so peculiar, so<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_386"></a>[386]</span>
+serviceable a Material, together with the curious
+Structure of all Parts ministring to this textrine
+Power, as mean a Business as it may seem, is such
+as may justly be accounted among the noble Designs
+and Works of the infinite Creator and Conservator
+of the World.</p>
+
+<p>In the last Place, there is another prodigious
+Faculty, Art, Cunning, or what shall I call it?
+that others of those little Animals have, to make
+even Nature it self serviceable to their Purpose;
+and that is the making the Vegetation and Growth
+of Trees and Plants, the very Means of the building
+of their little Nests and Cells<a id="FNanchor_615" href="#Footnote_615" class="fnanchor">[z]</a>; such, as are<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_387"></a>[387]</span>
+the Galls and Balls found on the Leaves and Branches
+of divers Vegetables, such as the Oak, the Willow<a id="FNanchor_616" href="#Footnote_616" class="fnanchor">[aa]</a>,
+the Briar, and some others.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_388"></a>[388]</span></p>
+
+<p>Now this is so peculiar an Artifice, and so far
+out of the Reach of any mortal Understanding,
+Wit, or Power, that if we consider the Matter,
+with some of its Circumstances, we must needs
+perceive manifest Design, and that there is the
+Concurrence of some great and wise Being, that
+hath, from the Beginning, taken Care of, and
+provided for the Animal’s Good: For which Reason,
+as mean as the Instance may seem, I might be
+excused, if I should enlarge upon its Particulars.
+But two or three Hints shall suffice.</p>
+
+<p>In the first Place, ’tis certain that the Formation
+of those <i>Cases</i> and <i>Balls</i> quite exceeds the
+Cunning of the Animal it self; but it is the Act
+partly of the Vegetable, and partly of some
+Virulency (or what shall I call it?) in the Juyce,
+or Egg, or both, reposited on the Vegetable
+by the Parent Animal<a id="FNanchor_617" href="#Footnote_617" class="fnanchor">[bb]</a>. And as this Virulency
+is various, according to the Difference<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_389"></a>[389]</span>
+of its Animal, so is the Form and Texture of
+the Cases and Balls excited thereby; some being
+hard Shells<a id="FNanchor_618" href="#Footnote_618" class="fnanchor">[cc]</a>,
+    some tender Balls<a id="FNanchor_619" href="#Footnote_619" class="fnanchor">[dd]</a>,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_390"></a>[390]</span>
+some scaly<a id="FNanchor_620" href="#Footnote_620" class="fnanchor">[ee]</a>, some smooth<a id="FNanchor_621" href="#Footnote_621" class="fnanchor">[ff]</a>,
+    some Hairy<a id="FNanchor_622" href="#Footnote_622" class="fnanchor">[gg]</a>,
+some Long, some Round, some Conical,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_391"></a>[391]</span>
+<i>&amp;c.</i><a id="FNanchor_623" href="#Footnote_623" class="fnanchor">[hh]</a>. And in the last Place, let us
+add, That those Species of Insects are all endowed
+with peculiar and exactly made Parts for this<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_392"></a>[392]</span>
+Service, to bore and pierce the Vegetable, and to
+reach and inject their Eggs and Juice into the tender
+Parts thereof.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_592" href="#FNanchor_592" class="label">[a]</a> The Doctrine of Æquivocal Generation, is at this
+Day so sufficiently exploded by all learned Philosophers, that
+I shall not enter the Dispute, but take it for granted, that
+all Animals spring from other Parent-Animals. If the Reader
+hath any doubt about it, I refer him to <i>Seigneur Redi de
+Gen. Insect.</i> and M. <i>Ray</i>’s <i>Wisd. of God</i>, &amp;c. p. 344. See also
+before, <a href="#Footnote_385"><i>Book IV. Ch. 15. Note (a).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_593" href="#FNanchor_593" class="label">[b]</a> It would be endless to specify the various Species of
+Insects, that have their Generation in the Waters. And
+therefore I shall only observe of them, 1. That their Eggs
+are always laid up with great Care, and in good Order.
+And also, 2. Where proper and sufficient Food is. 3. That
+in their <i>Nympha</i>-State in the Waters, they have Parts proper
+for Food and Motion; and in many, or most of them,
+very different from what they have in their <i>Mature</i>-State, a
+manifest Argument of the Creator’s Wisdom and Providence.
+For an Instance, see <a href="#Footnote_608"><i>Note (r).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_594" href="#FNanchor_594" class="label">[c]</a> As <i>Seigneur Redi</i> was one of the first that made it
+his Business to discard Anomalous Generation, so he tried
+more Experiments relating to the Vermination of Serpents,
+Flesh, Fish, putrified Vegetables; and in short, whatever
+was commonly known to be the Nursery of Maggots, more
+I say probably, than any one hath done since. And in all
+his Observations, he constantly found the Maggots to turn
+to <i>Aureliæ</i>, and these into <i>Flies</i>. But then, saith he, <i>Dubitare
+cœpi, utrùm omne hoc vermium in carne genus, ex solo
+Muscarum semine, an ex ipsis putrefactis carnibus oriretur, tantoque
+magis confirmabar in hoc meo dubio, quanto in omnibus
+generationibus——sapiùs videram, in carnibus, antequàm
+verminare inciperent, resedisse ejusdem speciei Muscas, cujus
+propago postea nascebatur.</i> Upon this he tells us, he put Fish,
+Flesh, <i>&amp;c.</i> into Pots, which he covered close from the Flies
+with Paper, and afterwards (for the free Air sake) with
+Lawn, whilst other Pots were left open, with such like
+Flesh, <i>&amp;c.</i> in them; that the Flies were very eager to get
+into the covered Pots; and that they produced not one
+Maggot, when the open ones had many. <i>Fr. Redi de Gener.</i>
+<i>Insect.</i></p>
+
+<p>Among the Insects that come from the Maggots he mentions,
+he names <i>Culices</i>. Now from the most critical Observations
+I have made, I never observed any sort of <i>Gnat</i> to
+come from putrified Flesh, Vegetables, or any other Thing
+he taxeth with them. So that either he means by <i>Culex</i>,
+some Fly that we call not by the Name of <i>Gnat</i>; or else
+their <i>Gnats</i> in <i>Italy</i>, vary in their Generation from ours in
+<i>England</i>. For among above 30, near 40 distinct Species of
+<i>Gnats</i> that I have observed about the Place where I live, I
+never found any to lay their Eggs in Flesh, Filth, <i>&amp;c.</i> but
+the largest Sort, called by <i>Aldrovand</i>, <i>Culices maximi</i>, by
+<i>Swammerdam</i>, <i>Tipulæ terrestres</i>, lay their Eggs in Meadows,
+<i>&amp;c.</i> under the Grass; one of the larger middle Sort, in dead
+Beer, Yeast, <i>&amp;c.</i> lying on the Tops, or in the Leaks of
+Beer-Barrels, <i>&amp;c.</i> and all the rest (as far as ever I have observed)
+lay and hatch in the Waters, as in <a href="#Footnote_608"><i>Note (r).</i></a></p>
+
+<p>The Generation of the Second of these being akin to some
+of the foregoing instances, and a little out of the way, may
+deserve a Place here. This <i>Gnat</i> lays its Eggs commonly
+in dead Beer, <i>&amp;c.</i> as I said, and probably in Vinegar, and
+other such Liquors. Some Time after which, the Maggots
+are so numerous, that the whole Liquor stirreth as if it was
+alive; being full of Maggots, some larger, some smaller;
+the larger are the off-spring of our <i>Gnat</i>, the smaller, of a
+small dark coloured Fly, tending to reddish; frequent in
+Cellars, and such obscure Places. All these <i>Maggots</i> turn to
+<i>Aurelia</i>, the larger of which, of a Tan-Colour, such as our
+<i>Gnat</i>. This <i>Gnat</i> is of the unarmed Kind, having no Spear
+in its Mouth. Its Head is larger than of the common <i>Gnats</i>,
+a longer Neck, short jointed <i>Antennæ</i>, spotted Wings, reaching
+beyond its slender <i>Alvus</i>; it is throughout of a brown
+Colour, tending to red, especially in the Female: The chief
+Difference between the Male and Female, is (as in other
+<i>Gnats</i>, yea, most Insects) the Male is less than the Female,
+and hath a slenderer Belly, and its <i>Podex</i> not so sharp as the
+Female’s is.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_595" href="#FNanchor_595" class="label">[d]</a> The Insects that infest Fruits, are either of the <i>Ichneumon-Fly</i>
+Kind, or <i>Phalænæ</i>. Plums, Pease, Nuts, <i>&amp;c.</i> produce
+some or other <i>Ichneumon-Fly</i>. That generated in the
+<i>Plum</i> is black, of a middle Size, its <i>Body</i> near ³⁄₁₀ Inch long,
+its Tail not much less, consisting of three Bristles, wherewith
+it conveys its Eggs into Fruits: Its <i>Antennæ</i>, or Horns,
+long, slender, recurved; its Belly longish, tapering, small
+towards the <i>Thorax</i>; <i>Legs</i> reddish; <i>Wings</i> membranaceous,
+thin and transparent, in Number 4, which is one Characteristic
+of the <i>Ichneumon Fly</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Pease Ichneumon-Fly</i>, is very small, Wings large,
+reaching beyond the <i>Podex</i>; <i>Antennæ</i> long; <i>Alvus</i> short,
+shaped like an Heart, with the Point towards the <i>Anus</i>; it
+walketh and flieth slowly. No Tail appears as in the former;
+but they have one lieth hidden under the Belly, which
+they can at Pleasure bend back to pierce Pease when they
+are young and tender, and other Things also, as I have Reason
+to suspect, having met with this (as indeed the former
+two) in divers Vegetables.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pears</i> and <i>Apples</i> I could never discover any Thing to
+breed in, but only the lesser <i>Phalæna</i>, about ⁴⁄₁₀ Inch long,
+whitish underneath; greyish brown above (dappled with
+brown Spots, inclining to a dirty Red) all but about a third
+Part at the End of the Wings, which is not grey, but
+brown, elegantly striped with wavey Lines, of a Gold Colour,
+as if gilt; its Head is small, with a Tuft of whitish
+brown in the Forehead; <i>Antennæ</i> smooth, moderately long.
+The <i>Aurelia</i> of this Moth is small, of a yellowish brown.
+I know not what Time they require for their Generation
+out of Boxes; but those I laid up in <i>August</i>, did not become
+Moths before <i>June</i> following.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_596" href="#FNanchor_596" class="label">[e]</a> There are many of the <i>Phalænæ</i> and <i>Ichneumon-Fly</i>
+Tribes, that have their Generation on the Leaves or other
+Parts of Trees and Shrubs, too many to be here reckoned
+up. The <i>Oak</i> hath many very beautiful <i>Phalænæ</i>, bred in
+its convolved Leaves, white, green, yellow, brown spotted
+prettily, and neatly dappled, and many more besides;
+and its Buds afford a Place for Cases, and Balls of various
+Sorts, as shall be shewn hereafter; its Leaves expanded,
+minister to the Germination of globular, and other sphæroidal
+Balls, and flat <i>Thecæ</i>, some like Hats, some like Buttons
+excavated in the Middle, and divers others such like
+Repositories, all belonging to the <i>Ichneumon-Fly</i> Kind. And
+not only the <i>Oak</i>, but the <i>Maple</i> also, the <i>White-Thorn</i>, the
+<i>Briar</i>, <i>Privet</i>, and indeed almost every Tree and Shrub.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_597" href="#FNanchor_597" class="label">[f]</a> And as Trees and Shrubs, so Plants have their peculiar
+Insects. The <i>White-Butterfly</i> lays its voracious Offspring
+on Cabbage-Leaves; a very beautiful reddish ocellated
+one, its no less voracious black Off-spring of an horrid Aspect,
+on the Leaves of Nettles; as also doth a very beautiful,
+small, greenish <i>Ichneumon-Fly</i>, in Cases on the Leaves
+of the same Plant: And to name no more (because it would
+be endless) the beautiful <i>Ragwort-Moth</i>, whose upper Wings
+are brown, elegantly spotted with red and underwings edged
+with brown; these, I say, provide for their golden ring’d <i>Eruce</i>
+upon the <i>Ragwort-Plant</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_598" href="#FNanchor_598" class="label">[g]</a> Many, if not most Sort of Birds, are infested with a
+distinct Kind of Lice, very different from one another in
+Shape, Size, <i>&amp;c.</i> For Figures and Descriptions of them, I
+shall refer to <i>Signieur Redi of Insects</i>. See also <i>Moufet</i>, L. 2.
+<i>c. 23.</i> These Lice lay their Nits among the Feathers of the
+respective Birds, where they are hatched and nourished; and
+as <i>Aristotle</i> saith, would destroy the Birds, particularly <i>Pheasants</i>,
+if they did not dust their Feathers. <i>Loco infr. citat.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_599" href="#FNanchor_599" class="label">[h]</a> And as Birds, so the several Sorts of Beasts have their
+peculiar Sorts of Lice; all distinct from the two Sorts infesting
+Man: Only the <i>Ass</i>, they say, is free, because our <i>Saviour</i>
+rode upon one, as some think; but I presume it is rather
+from the Passage in <i>Pliny</i>, L. 11. c. 33. or rather <i>Arist.
+Hist. Animal</i>. L. 3. c. 31. who saith, <i>Quibus pilus est, non
+carent eodem <span class="antiqua">[Pediculo]</span> excepto Asino, qui non Pediculo tantùm,
+verùm etiam Redivio immunis est.</i> And a little before,
+speaking of those in Men, he shews what Constitutions are
+most subject to them, and instanceth in <i>Alcman</i> the Poet,
+and <i>Pherecydes Syrius</i> that died of the <i>Pthiriasis</i>, or Lowly
+Disease. For which foul Distemper, if Medicines are desired,
+<i>Moufet de Insect.</i> p. 261. may be consulted. Who in
+the same Page hath this Observation, <i>Animadverterunt nostrates——ubi
+Asores insulas à tergo reliquerint, Pediculos
+confestim omnes tabascere: atque ubi eas reviserint, iterum innumeros
+alios subitò oriri.</i> Which Observation is confirmed
+by Dr. <i>Stubs.</i> Vid. <i>Lowth. Abridg.</i> V. 3. p. 558. And many
+Seamen have told me the same.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_600" href="#FNanchor_600" class="label">[i]</a> Fishes, one would think, should be free from Lice, by
+Reason they live in the Waters, and are perpetually moving
+in, and brushing through them; but yet have their
+Sorts too.</p>
+
+<p>Besides which, I have frequently found great Numbers of
+long slender Worms in the Stomachs, and other Parts of Fish,
+particularly <i>Codfish</i>, especially such as are poor; which
+Worms have work’d themselves deeply into the Coats and
+Flesh, so that they could nor easily be gotten out: So <i>Aristotle</i>,
+saith of some Fishes, <i>Ballero &amp; Tilloni Lumbricus, innascitur,
+qui debilitat, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> Chalcis vitio infestatur diro, ut
+Pediculi sub Branchiis innati quàm multi interimant.</i> Hist.
+An. L. 8. c. 20.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_601" href="#FNanchor_601" class="label">[k]</a> Of Insects bred in the Nose of Animals, those in the
+Nostrils of <i>Sheep</i> are remarkable. I have my self taken out
+not fewer at a Time than twenty or thirty rough Maggots,
+lying among the <i>Laminæ</i> of the Nostrils. But I could never
+hatch any of them, and so know not what Animal they proceed
+from: But I have no great doubt, they are of the <i>Ichneumon-Fly</i>
+Kind; and not improbably of that with a long
+Tail, call’d <i>Triseta</i>, whose three Bristles seem very commodious
+for conveying its Eggs into deep Places.</p>
+
+<p>I have also seen a rough whitish Maggot, above two Inches
+within the <i>Intestinum rectum</i> of Horses, firmly adhering
+thereto, that the hard Dung did not rub off. I never could
+bring them to Perfection, but suspect the <i>Side-Fly</i> proceeds
+from it.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_602" href="#FNanchor_602" class="label">[l]</a> In the Backs of <i>Cows</i>, in the Summer-Months, there
+are Maggots generated, which in <i>Essex</i> we call <i>Wornils</i>; which
+are first only a small Knot in the Skin; and I suppose no other
+than an Egg laid there by some Insect. By Degrees
+these Knots grow bigger, and contain in them a Maggot lying
+in a purulent Matter: They grow to be as large as the
+End of one’s Finger, and may be squeez’d out at a Hole
+they have always open: They are round and rough, and of
+a dirty White. With my utmost Endeavour and Vigilance,
+I could never discover the Animal they turn into; but as
+they are somewhat like, so may be the same as those in <a href="#Footnote_601">the
+Note before</a>.</p>
+
+<p>In <i>Persia</i> there are very long slender Worms, bred in the
+Legs, and other Parts of Men’s Bodies, 6 or 7 Yards long.
+In <i>Philos. Trans.</i> Mr. <i>Dent</i>, and Mr. <i>Lewis</i>, relate divers Examples
+of <i>Worms</i> taken out of the Tongue, Gums, Nose,
+and other Parts, by a Woman at <i>Leicester</i>, which they were
+Eye-witnesses of. These, and divers others mention’d in
+the <i>Transactions</i>, may be seen together in Mr. <i>Lowthorp</i>’s
+<i>Abridg.</i> Vol. 3. p. 132.</p>
+
+<p><i>Narrat mihi vir fide dignus——Casp. Wendlandt——se
+in Poloniâ, puero cuidam rustico duorum annorum, Vermiculum
+album è palbebrâ extraxisse,——magnitudinis Erucæ.——Similem
+fere huic casum mihi <span class="antiqua">[Schulzio]</span> &amp; D. Segero narravit
+hoc. Anno 1676. chirurgus noster Ant. Statlender, qui cuidam
+puero, ex Aure, extraxit Vermiculum talem, qualis in nucibus
+avellanis perforatis latitare solet, sed paulò majorem, coloris albissimi;
+alteri minores 5 ejusdem generis similiter ex Aure:
+Omnes aliquot horas supervixerunt——Vermiculos adhuc
+viventes oculis nostris vidimus.</i> Ephem. Germ. T. 2. Obs.
+24. ubi Vermiculi Icon. Many other Instances may be met
+with in the same Tome. Obs. 147, 148, 154.</p>
+
+<p>The Worms in <i>Deer</i> are mention’d often among ancient
+Writers. <i>Aristotle</i> saith, Σκώληκας μεν τοι πάντες ἔχουσιν, ἐν τῇ
+κεφαλῇ ζῶντας, &amp;c. <i>They <span class="antiqua">[Deer]</span> all have Live Worms in their
+Heads; bred under the Tongue, in a Cavity near the <span class="antiqua">Vertebra</span>,
+on which the Head is plac’d; their Size not less than of the
+largest Maggots; they are bred all together, in number about
+twenty.</i> Aristot. Hist. Animal. l. 2. c. 15.</p>
+
+<p>To these Examples may be added the Generation of the
+<i>Ichneumon-Fly</i> in the Bodies of Caterpillars, and other <i>Nymphæ</i>
+of Insects. In many of which, that I have laid up to
+be hatch’d in Boxes, instead of <i>Papilios</i>, &amp;c. as I expected,
+I have found a great Number of small <i>Ichneumon-Flies</i>,
+whose Parent-Animal had wounded those <i>Nymphæ</i>, and darted
+its Eggs into them, and so made them the Foster-Mother
+of its Young. More Particulars of this Way of Generation
+may be seen in the great Mr. <i>Willughby</i>’s Observations in <i>Philos.
+Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 76. But concerning the farther Generation of
+this Insect, I have taken Notice of other Particulars in other
+places of these Notes.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_603" href="#FNanchor_603" class="label">[m]</a> The Animals ordinarily bred in the Stomach and
+Guts, are the three Sorts of Worms call’d <i>Lati</i>, <i>Teretes</i>, and
+<i>Ascarides</i>; concerning which, it would be irksome to speak
+in Particular, and therefore I shall refer to <i>Moufet</i>, L. 2. c.
+31, 32, 33. Dr. <i>Tyson</i>’s Anatomy of them in Mr. <i>Lowthorp</i>’s
+<i>Abridg.</i> V. 3. p. 121. <i>Seignior Redi</i>’s <i>Obs</i>. and others that
+have written of them.</p>
+
+<p>And not only <i>Worms</i>, but other Creatures also are said to
+be found in the Stomach; Instances of which are so innumerable,
+that I shall only select a few related by Persons of the
+best Credit. And first of all, by some of our own Countrymen.
+Dr. <i>Lister</i>, (whose Credit and Judgment will hastily
+be question’d,) gives an Account of true <i>Caterpillars</i>, vomited
+up by a Boy of nine Years old; and another odd Animal
+by a poor Man. Mr. <i>Jessop</i>, (another very judicious,
+curious and ingenious Gentleman,) saw <i>Hexapods</i> vomited up
+by a Girl; which <i>Hexapods</i> liv’d and fed for five Weeks. See
+<i>Lowth.</i> ib. p. 135.</p>
+
+<p>And to Foreigners, it is a very strange Story (but attested
+by Persons of great Repute,) of <i>Catharina Geileria</i>, that
+dy’d in <i>Feb</i>. 1662, in the Hospital of <i>Altenburg</i>, in <i>Germany</i>,
+who for twenty Years voided by Vomit and Stool, <i>Toads</i>
+and <i>Lizzards</i>, &amp;c. <i>Ephemer. Germ.</i> T. 1. Obs. 103. See
+also the 109. Observation of a Kitten bred in the Stomach,
+and vomited up; of Whelps also, and other Animals, bred
+in like Manner. But I fear a Stretch of Fancy might help
+in some of those last Instances, in those Days when spontaneous
+Generation was held, when the Philosophers seem to
+have more slightly examined such Appearances than now
+they do. But for the breeding of <i>Frogs</i> or <i>Toads</i>, or <i>Lacertæ
+Aquaticæ</i> in the Stomach, when their Spawn happeneth to
+be drank, there is a Story in the second <i>Tome</i> of the <i>Ephem.
+Germ.</i> Obs. 56. that favours it, <i>viz.</i> <i>In the Year 1667, a <span class="antiqua">Butcher’s</span>
+Man going to buy some Lambs in the Spring, being
+thirsty, drank greedily of some standing Water, which a while
+after, caus’d great Pains in his Stomach, which grew worse
+and worse, and ended in dangerous Symptoms. At last he
+thought somewhat was alive in his Stomach, and after that,
+vomited up three live Toads; and so recover’d his former
+Health.</i></p>
+
+<p>Such another Story Dr. <i>Sorbait</i> tells, and avoucheth it
+seen with his own Eyes, of one that had a Toad came
+out of an Abscess, which came upon drinking foul Water.
+<i>Obs.</i> 103.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_604" href="#FNanchor_604" class="label">[n]</a> Not only in the Guts, and in the Flesh; but in many
+other Parts of the Body, Worms have been discover’d.
+One was voided by Urine, by Mr. <i>Mat. Milford</i>, suppos’d
+to have come from the Kidneys. <i>Lowth.</i> ib. p. 135. More
+such Examples <i>Moufet</i> tells of. <i>Ibid.</i> So the <i>Vermes Cucurbitini</i>
+are very common in the Vessels in Sheeps Livers: And
+Dr. <i>Lister</i> tells of them, found in the Kidney of a Dog, and
+thinks that the Snakes and Toads, <i>&amp;c.</i> said to be found in
+Animals Bodies, may be nothing else. <i>Lowth.</i> ib. p. 120.
+Nay, more than all this: In Dr. <i>Bern. Verzascha</i>’s sixth Observation,
+there are divers Instances of Worms bred in the
+<i>Brain</i> of Man. One, a patient of his, troubled with a violent
+Headach, and an itching about the Nostrils, and frequent
+Sneezing; who, with the Use of a Sneezing-Powder,
+voided a Worm, with a great deal of Snot from his Nose.
+A like Instance he gives from <i>Bartholine</i>, of a Worm voided
+from the Nose of <i>O. W.</i> which he guesseth was the famous
+<i>Olaus Wormius</i>: Another, from a Country Woman of <i>Dietmarsh</i>;
+and others in <i>Tulpius</i>, <i>F. Hildanus</i>, <i>Schenchius</i>, &amp;c.
+These Worms he thinks are undoubtedly bred in the Brain:
+But what way they can come from thence, I can’t tell.
+Wherefore I rather think, they are such Worms as are
+mentioned in <a href="#Footnote_601"><i>Note (k)</i></a>, and even that Worm that was actually
+found in the Brain of the <i>Paris Girl</i> (when opened)
+I guess might be laid in the <i>Laminæ</i> of the Nostrils, by some
+of the <i>Ichneumon</i>, or other Insect Kind, and might gnaw its way
+into the Brain, through the <i>Os cribiforme</i>. Of this he tells
+us from <i>Bartholine</i>, <i>Tandem cùm tabida obiisset, statim aperto
+cranio præsentes Medici totam cerebelli substantiam, quæ ad dexterum
+vergit, à reliquo corpore sejunctam, nigrâque tunicâ involutam
+deprehenderunt: hæc tunica ruptæ, latentem Vermem
+vivum, &amp; pilosum, duobus punctis splendidis loco oculorum prodidit,
+ejusdem fere molis cum reliquâ Cerebri portione, qui duarum
+horaram spacio supervixit.</i> B. Verzas. Obs. Medicæ,
+p. 16.</p>
+
+<p><i>Hildanus</i> tells us such another Story, <i>viz.</i> <i>Filius Theod. aust
+der Roulen, Avunculi mei, diuturno vexabatur dolore capitis.——Deinde
+febriculâ &amp; sternutatione exortâ, ruptus est
+Abscessus circa os cribrosum——&amp; Vermis prorepsit.</i> By his
+Figure of it, the Maggot was an Inch long, and full of Bristles.
+<i>Fabri Hildan. Cent.</i> 1. Obs.</p>
+
+<p><i>Galenus Wierus</i> (Physician to the <i>Princ. Jul. &amp; Cleve</i>) he
+saith, told him, that he had, at divers Times, found Worms
+in the <i>Gall-bladder</i> in Persons he had opened at <i>Dusseldorp</i>.
+Id. ib. Obs. 60.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_605" href="#FNanchor_605" class="label">[o]</a> See before <a href="#Footnote_349"><i>Book IV. Chap. 13. Note (c).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_606" href="#FNanchor_606" class="label">[p]</a> Some Insects lay up their Eggs in Clusters, as in Holes
+of Flesh, and such Places, where it is necessary they should
+be crowded together; which, no question, prevents their
+being too much dried up in dry Places, and promotes their
+hatching. But,</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_607" href="#FNanchor_607" class="label">[q]</a> As for such as are not to be clustered up, great Order
+is used. I have seen upon the Posts and Sides of Windows,
+little round Eggs, resembling small Pearl, which produced
+small hairy Caterpillars, that were very neatly and orderly
+laid. And to name no more, the <i>White Butterfly</i> lays its
+neat Eggs on the Cabbage Leaves in good Order, always
+gluing one certain End of the Egg to the Leaf. I call them
+neat Eggs, because if we view them in a Microscope, we
+shall find them very curiously furrowed, and handsomely
+made and adorned.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_608" href="#FNanchor_608" class="label">[r]</a> By Reason it would be endless to specify the various
+Generation of Insects in the Water, I shall therefore (because
+it is little observed) raise <i>Pliny</i>’s Instance of the <i>Gnat</i>, a
+mean and contemned Animal, but a notable Instance of
+Nature’s Work, as he saith.</p>
+
+<p>The first Thing considerable in the Generation of this Insect
+is (for the Size of the Animal) its vast <i>Spawn</i>, being
+some of them above an Inch long, and half a quarter Diameter;
+made to float in the Waters, and tied to some Stick,
+Stone, or other fix’d Thing in the Waters, by a small Stem,
+or Stalk. In this gelatine, transparent Spawn, the Eggs are
+neatly laid; in some Spawns in a single, in some in a double
+spiral Line, running round from end to end, as in <a href="#figures">Fig.
+9, and 10</a>; and in some transversly, as <a href="#figures">Fig. 8.</a></p>
+
+<p>When the Eggs are by the Heat of the Sun, and Warmth
+of the Season hatched into small Maggots, these Maggots
+descend to the bottom, and by means of some of the gelatine
+Matter of the Spawn (which they take along with
+them) they stick to Stones, and other Bodies at the bottom,
+and there make themselves little Cases or Cells, which they
+creep into, and out of at Pleasure, until they are arrived
+to a more mature <i>Nympha-State</i>, and can swim about here
+and there, to seek for what Food they have occasion;
+at which Time, they are a kind of Red-worms, above half
+an Inch long, as in <a href="#figures">Fig. 11.</a></p>
+
+<p>Thus far this mean Insect is a good Instance of the divine
+Providence towards it. But if we farther consider,
+and compare the three States it undergoes after it is hatched,
+we shall find yet greater Signals of the Creator’s Management,
+even in these meanest of Creatures. The three States
+I mean, are its <i>Nympha-Vermicular</i> State, its <i>Aurelia</i>, and
+<i>Mature</i>-State, all as different as to Shape and Accoutrements,
+as if the Insect was three different Animals. In its <i>Vermicular</i>-State,
+it is a Red-Maggot, as I said, and hath a Mouth
+and other Parts accommodated to Food: In its <i>Aurelia</i>-State
+it hath no such Parts, because it then subsists without
+Food; but in its <i>Mature</i>, <i>Gnat</i>-State, it hath a curious well-made
+Spear, to wound and suck the Blood of other Animals.
+In its <i>Vermicular</i>-State, it hath a long Worm-like Body,
+and something analogous to Fins or Feathers, standing
+erect near its Tail, and running parallel with the Body, by
+means of which resisting the Waters, it is enabled to swim
+about by Curvations, or flapping its Body, side-ways, this
+way and that, as in <a href="#figures">Fig. 12.</a></p>
+
+<p>But in its <i>Aurelia</i>-State, it hath a quite different Body,
+with a <i>Club-Head</i> (in which the Head, <i>Thorax</i>, and Wings
+of the <i>Gnat</i> are inclosed) a slender <i>Alvus</i>, and a neat <i>finny
+Tail</i>, standing at right Angles with the Body, quite contrary
+to what it was before; by which means, instead of easy
+flapping side-ways, it swims by rapid, brisk Jirks, the quite
+contrary way; as is in some measure represented in <a href="#figures">Fig. 13.</a>
+But when it becomes a <i>Gnat</i>, no finny Tail, no Club-Head,
+but all is made in the most accurate manner for Flight and
+Motion in the Air, as before it was for the Waters.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_609" href="#FNanchor_609" class="label">[s]</a> See <a href="#Footnote_359"><i>Book IV. Chap. 13. Notes (n), (o).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_610" href="#FNanchor_610" class="label">[t]</a> Thus the Mouths and other Parts of the <i>Ichneumon-Wasps</i>
+in <a href="#Footnote_365"><i>Book IV. Chap. 13. Note (t).</i></a> So the Feet of the
+<i>Gryllotalpa</i>, <i>ibid.</i> <a href="#Footnote_364"><i>Note (s).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_611" href="#FNanchor_611" class="label">[u]</a> See the last cited Places, <a href="#Footnote_360"><i>Note (o).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_612" href="#FNanchor_612" class="label">[w]</a> Of the textrine Art of the <i>Spider</i>, and its Parts serving
+to that Purpose, see the last cited Place, <a href="#Footnote_368"><i>Note (x).</i></a></p>
+
+<p>Besides these, <i>Caterpillars</i>, and divers other Insects, can
+emit Threads, or Webs for their Use. In this their <i>Nympha-State</i>,
+they secure themselves from falling, and let themselves
+down from the Boughs of Trees, and other high
+Places, with one of these Threads. And in the Cases they
+weave, they secure themselves in their <i>Aurelia-State</i>.</p>
+
+<p>And not only the Off-spring of the <i>Phalæna-Tribe</i>, but
+there are some of the <i>Ichneumon-Fly</i> Kind also, endowed
+with this textrine Art. Of these I have met with two
+Sorts; one that spun a Milk-white, long, round, silken
+Web, as big as the top of ones Fingers, not hollow within,
+as many are, but filled throughout with Silk. These are
+woven round Bents, Stalks of Ribwort, &amp;c. in Meadows.
+The other is a lump of many yellow, silken Cases, sticking
+confusedly together on Posts, under Cole-worts, <i>&amp;c.</i> These
+Webs contain in them, small, whitish Maggots; which
+turn to a small, black, <i>Ichneumon-Fly</i>, with long, capillary
+<i>Antennæ</i>; Tan-coloured Legs; long Wings reaching beyond
+their Body, with a black Spot near the middle; the <i>Alvus</i>,
+like an Heart; and in some, a small setaceous Tail.
+Some of these Flies were of a shining, beautiful green Colour.
+I could not perceive any Difference, at least, not
+specifical, between the Flies coming from those two Productions.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_613" href="#FNanchor_613" class="label">[x]</a> I have often admired how <i>Wasps</i>, <i>Hornets</i>, <i>Ichneumon-Wasps</i>,
+and other Insects that gather dry Materials for
+building their Nests, have found a proper matter to cement
+and glue their Combs, and line their Cells; which we find
+always sufficiently context and firm. But in all Probability,
+this useful Material is in their own Bodies; as ’tis in the
+<i>Tinea vestivora</i>, the <i>Cadew Worm</i>, and divers others. <i>Goedart</i>
+observes of his <i>Eruca</i>, <i>Num.</i> xx. 6. that fed upon <i>Sallow-Leaves</i>,
+that it made its Cell of the comminuted Leaves,
+glued together with its own Spittle, <i>hæc pulveris aut arenæ
+instar comminuit, ac pituitoso quodam sui corporis succo ita
+maceravit, ut inde accommodatum subeundæ mutationi instanti
+locum sibi extruxerit. Domuncula hæc à communi Salicum
+ligno nihil differre videbatur, nisi quòd longè esset durior, adeò
+ut cultro vix disrumpi posset.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_614" href="#FNanchor_614" class="label">[y]</a> <i>An ingenious Gentlewoman of my Acquaintance, Wife
+to a learned Physician, taking much Pleasure to keep Silk-Worms,
+had once the Curiosity to draw out one of the oval
+Cases, which the Silk-Worm spins——into all the Silken Wire
+it was made up of, which, to the great Wonder as well of her
+Husband, as her self,——appeared to be, by measure, a
+great deal above 300 Yards, and yet weighed but two Grains
+and an half.</i> Boyl Subtil. of Effluv. ch. 2.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_615" href="#FNanchor_615" class="label">[z]</a> Since my penning this, I have met with the most sagacious
+<i>Malpighi</i>’s Account of <i>Galls</i>, &amp;c. and find his Descriptions
+to be exceedingly accurate and true, having traced
+my self many of the Productions he hath mentioned.
+But I find <i>Italy</i> and <i>Sicily</i> (his Book <i>de Gallis</i> being published
+long after he was made Professor of <i>Messina</i>) more luxuriant
+in such Productions than <i>England</i>, at least, than the
+Parts about <i>Upminster</i> (where I live) are. For many, if not
+most of those about us, are taken Notice of by him, and
+several others besides that I never met with; although I
+have for many Years as critically observed all the Excrescences,
+and other morbid Tumors of Vegetables, as is almost
+possible, and do believe that few of them have escaped
+me.</p>
+
+<p>As to the Method how those <i>Galls</i> and <i>Balls</i> are produced,
+the most simple, and consequently the most easy to be
+accounted for, is that in the Gems of Oak, which may be
+called <i>Squamous-Oak-Cones</i>, <i>Capitula squamata</i>, in <i>Malpighi</i>:
+Whose Description not exactly answering our <i>English-Cones</i>
+in divers Respects, I shall therefore pass his by, and shew
+only what I have observed my self concerning them.</p>
+
+<p>These <i>Cones</i> are, in outward Appearance, perfectly like
+the Gems, only vastly bigger; and indeed they are no other
+than the Gems, encreased in Bigness, which naturally ought
+to be pushed out in Length: The Cause of which Obstruction
+of the Vegetation is this: Into the very Heart of the
+young tender Gem or Bud (which begins to be turgid in
+<i>June</i>, and to shoot towards the latter end of that Month,
+or beginning of the next; into this, I say) the Parent-Insect
+thrusts one or more Eggs, and not perhaps without
+some venomous Ichor therewith. This Egg soon becomes
+a Maggot, which eats it self a little Cell in the very Heart
+or Pith of the Gem, which is the Rudiment of the Branch,
+together with its Leaves and Fruit, as shall be hereafter
+shewn. The Branch being thus wholly destroyed, or at least
+its Vegetation being obstructed, the Sap that was to nourish
+it, is diverted to the remaining Parts of the Bud, which
+are only the scaly Teguments; which by these Means grow
+large and flourishing, and become a Covering to the Insect-Case,
+as before they were to the tender Branch and its Appendage.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Case</i> lying within this Cone, is at first but small, as
+the Maggot included in it is, but by degrees, as the Maggot
+increaseth, so it grows bigger, to about the Size of a large
+white Pease, long and round, resembling the Shape of a
+small Acorn.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Insect</i> it self, is (according to the modern Insectologers)
+of the <i>Ichneumon-Fly</i> Kind; with four Membranaceous
+<i>Wings</i>, reaching a little beyond the Body, articulated
+<i>Horns</i>, a large <i>Thorax</i>, bigger than the Belly; the <i>Belly</i> short
+and conical; much like the Heart of Animals: The <i>Legs</i>
+partly whitish, partly black. The <i>Length</i> of the Body from
+Head to Tail, about ²⁄₁₀ of an Inch; its <i>Colour</i>, a very beautiful
+shining Green, in some tending to a dark Copper-Colour.
+Figures both of the Cones, Cases, and Insects, may
+be seen among <i>Malpighi</i>’s Cuts of Galls, Tab. 13. and Tab.
+20. Fig. 72. which Fig. 72. exhibits well enough some others
+of the <i>Gall-Insects</i>, but its <i>Thorax</i> is somewhat too short for
+ours.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_616" href="#FNanchor_616" class="label">[aa]</a> Not only the Willow, and some other Trees, but
+Plants also, as <i>Nettles</i>, <i>Ground-Ivy</i>, &amp;c. have Cases produced
+on their Leaves, by the Injection of the Eggs of an
+<i>Ichneumon-Fly</i>. I have observed those Cases always to grow
+in, or adjoining to some Rib of the Leaf, and their Production
+I conceive to be thus, <i>viz.</i> The Parent-Insect, with
+its stiff setaceous Tail, terebrates the Rib of the Leaf, when
+tender, and makes Way for its Egg into the very Pith or
+Heart thereof, and probably lays in therewith, some proper
+Juice of its Body, to pervert the regular Vegetation of it.
+From this Wound arises a small Excrescence, which (when the
+Egg is hatched into a Maggot) grows bigger and bigger, as
+the Maggot increases, swelling on each Side the Leaf between
+the two Membranes, and extending it self into the parenchymous
+Part thereof, until it is grown as big as two Grains of
+Wheat. In this Case lies a small, white, rough Maggot,
+which turns to an <i>Aurelia</i>, and afterwards to a very beautiful
+green, small <i>Ichneumon-Fly</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_617" href="#FNanchor_617" class="label">[bb]</a> What I suspected my self, I find confirmed by <i>Malpighi</i>,
+who in his exact and true Description of the Fly bred
+in the <i>Oaken Galls</i>, saith, <i>Non sat fuit naturæ tam miro artificio
+Terebram seu Limam condidisse; sed inflicto vulnere, vel
+excitato foramine infundendum exinde liquorem intra Terebram
+condidit: quare fractâ per transversam muscarum terebrâ frequentissimè,
+vivente animali, guttæ aliquot diaphani humoris
+effluunt.</i> And a little after, he confirms, by ocular Observation,
+what he imagin’d before, viz. <i>Semel prope Junii finem
+vidi Muscam, qualem superiùs delineavi, insidentum quercinæ
+gemmæ, adhuc germinanti; hærebat etenim foliola stabili ab apice
+hiantis gemmæ erumpenti; &amp; convulso in arcum corpore,
+terebram evaginabat, ipsamque sensam immittebat; &amp; tumefacto
+ventre circa terebræ radicem tumorem excitabat, quem
+interpolatis vicibus remittebat. In folio igitur, avulsà Muscâ,
+minima &amp; diaphana reperii ejecta ova, simillima iis, quæ adhuc
+in tubis supererant. Non licuit iterum idem admirari spectaculum,
+<span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i></p>
+
+<p>Somewhat like this, which <i>Malpighi</i> saw, I had the good
+Fortune to see my self once some Years ago: And that was,
+the beautiful, shining <i>Oak-Ball Ichneumon</i> strike its <i>Terebræ</i> into
+an Oak-Apple divers Times, no doubt to lay its Eggs
+therein. And hence I apprehend we see many <i>Vermicules</i>
+towards the Outside of many of the Oak-Apples, which I
+guess were not what the Primitive Insects laid up in the
+Gem, from which the Oak-Apple had its Rise, but some
+other supervenient, additional Insects, laid in after the Apple
+was grown, and whilst it was tender and soft.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_618" href="#FNanchor_618" class="label">[cc]</a> The <i>Aleppo-Galls</i>, wherewith we make Ink, may be
+reckoned of this Number, being hard, and no other than
+Cases of Insects which are bred in them; who when come
+to Maturity, gnaw their Way out of them; which is the
+Cause of those little Holes observable in them. Of the Insects
+bred in them, see <i>Philos. Transact.</i> Nᵒ. 245. Of this Number
+also are those little smooth Cases, as big as large Pepper-Corns,
+growing close to the Ribs under Oaken-Leaves, globous,
+but flattish; at first touched with a blushing red, afterwards
+growing brown; hollow within, and an hard thin
+Shell without. In this lieth commonly a rough, white Maggot,
+which becomes a little long winged, black <i>Ichneumon-Fly</i>,
+that eats a little Hole in the Side of the Gall, and so
+gets out.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_619" href="#FNanchor_619" class="label">[dd]</a> For a Sample of the tender Balls, I shall choose the
+globous Ball, as round, and some as big as small Musket-Bullets,
+growing close to the Ribs, under Oaken-Leaves,
+of a greenish yellowish Colour, with a blush of red; their
+Skin smooth, with frequent Risings therein. Inwardly they
+are very soft and spongy; and in the very Center is a Case
+with a white Maggot therein, which becomes an <i>Ichneumon-Fly</i>,
+not much unlike the last. As to this Gall, there is one
+Thing I have observed somewhat peculiar, and I may say
+providential, and that is, that the Fly lies all the Winter in
+these Balls in its Infantile-State, and comes not to its Maturity
+till the following Spring. In the Autumn, and Winter,
+these Balls fall down with their Leaves to the Ground, and
+the Insect inclosed in them is there fenced against the Winter
+Frosts, partly by other Leaves falling pretty thick upon
+them, and especially by the thick, parenchymous, spongy
+Walls, afforded by the <i>Galls</i> themselves.</p>
+
+<p>Another Sample shall be the large <i>Oak-Balls</i>, called <i>Oak-Apples</i>,
+growing in the Place of the Buds, whose Generation,
+Vegetation and Figure, may be seen in <i>Malpig. de Gallis</i>,
+p. 24. and Tab. 10. Fig. 33, <i>&amp;c.</i> Out of these Galls, he
+saith various Species of Flies come, but he names only two,
+and they are the only two I ever saw come out of them:
+<i>Frequenter</i> (saith he) <i>subnigræ sunt muscæ brevi munitæ terebrâ.
+Inter has aliquæ observantur aureæ, levi viridis tincturâ
+suffusæ, oblongâ pollentes terebrâ.</i> These two differently coloured
+Flies, I take to be no other than Male and Female
+of the same Species. I have not observed Tails (which are
+their <i>Terebræ</i>) in all, as <i>Malpighi</i> seems to intimate: Perhaps
+they were hid in their <i>Thecæ</i>, and I could not discover
+them: But I rather think there were none, and that those
+were the Males: But in others, I have observed long, recurvous
+Tails, longer than their whole Bodies. And these
+I take to be the Females. And in the <i>Oak-Apples</i> themselves,
+I have seen the <i>Aureliæ</i>, some with, some without
+Tails. And I must confess, ’twas not without Admiration as
+well as Pleasure, that I have seen with what exact Neatness
+and Artifice, the Tail hath been wrapt about the <i>Aurelia</i>,
+whereby it is secured from either annoying the Insect, or
+being hurt it self.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_620" href="#FNanchor_620" class="label">[ee]</a> See before <a href="#Footnote_615"><i>Note (z).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_621" href="#FNanchor_621" class="label">[ff]</a> As in <a href="#Footnote_620">the preceding Note</a>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_622" href="#FNanchor_622" class="label">[gg]</a> Of the rough or hairy Excrescences, those on the
+<i>Briar</i>, or <i>Dog-Rose</i>, are a good Instance. These <i>Spongiolæ
+villosæ</i>, as Mr. <i>Ray</i>, <i>Gallæ rumosæ</i>, as Dr. <i>Malpighi</i> calls them,
+are thus accounted for by the latter; <i>Ex copiosis relictis ovis
+ita turbatur affluens <span class="antiqua">[Rubi]</span> succus, ut strumosa fiant complura
+tubercula simul confusè congesta, quæ utriculorum seriebus,
+&amp; fibrarum implicatione contexta, ramosas propagines germinant,
+ita ut minima quasi sylva appareat. Qualibet propago
+ramos, hinc inde villosos edit. Hinc inde pili pariter crumpunt,
+<span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i></p>
+
+<p>These Balls are a safe Repository to the Insect all the
+Winter in its Vermicular-State. For the Eggs laid up, and
+hatched the Summer before, do not come to mature Insects
+until the Spring following, as Mr. <i>Ray</i> rightly observes in
+<i>Cat. Cantab.</i></p>
+
+<p>As to the <i>Insects</i> themselves, they are manifestly <i>Ichneumon-Flies</i>,
+having four Wings, their <i>Alvus</i> thick and large towards
+the Tail; and tapering up till it is small and slender at
+its setting on to the <i>Thorax</i>. But the <i>Alvi</i> or Bellies are not
+alike in all, though coloured alike. In some they are as is
+now described, and longer, without <i>Terebræ</i>, or Tails; in
+some shorter with Tails: And in some yet shorter, and thick,
+like the Belly of the <i>Ant</i>, or the Heart of Animals, as in
+those before, <a href="#Footnote_615"><i>Note (z).</i></a> But for a farther Description of
+them, I shall refer to Mr. <i>Ray</i>, <i>Cat. Plant. circa Cantab.</i> under
+<i>Rosa Sylvest.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_623" href="#FNanchor_623" class="label">[hh]</a> It being an Instance somewhat out of the Way, I
+shall pitch upon it for an Example here, <i>viz.</i> The <i>gouty
+Swellings</i> in the Body, and the Branches of the <i>Blackberry-Bush</i>;
+of which <i>Malpighi</i> hath given us two good Cuts in
+Tab. 17. Fig. 62. The Cause of these is manifestly from
+the Eggs of Insects laid in (whilst the Shoot is young and
+tender) as far as the Pith, and in some Places not so deep;
+Which for the Reasons before-mentioned, makes the young
+Shoots tumify, and grow knotty and gouty.</p>
+
+<p>The Insect that comes from hence is of the former Tribe,
+a small, shining black <i>Ichneumon-Fly</i>, about a tenth of an
+Inch long; with jointed, red, capillary Horns, four long
+Wings, reaching beyond the Body, a large <i>Thorax</i>, red Legs,
+and a short, heart-like Belly. They hop like Fleas. The
+Males are less than the Females; are very venereous, endeavouring
+a <i>Coït</i> in the very Box in which they are hatch’d;
+getting up on the Females, and tickling and thumping them
+with their Breeches and Horns, to excite them to Venery.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_VIII_The_Conclusion"><i>The <span class="smcap">Conclusion</span>.</i></h4>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>And now these Things being seriously considered,
+what less can be concluded, than that
+there is manifest Design and Forecast in this Case,
+and that there must needs be some wise Artist, some
+careful, prudent Conservator, that from the very
+Beginning of the Existence of this Species of Animals,
+hath with great Dexterity and Forecast, provided
+for its Preservation and Good? For what
+else could contrive and make such a Set of curious
+Parts, exactly fitted up for that special Purpose:
+And withal implant in the Body such peculiar Impregnations,
+as should have such a strange uncouth
+Power on a quite different Rank of Creatures?
+And lastly, what should make the Insect aware of
+this its strange Faculty and Power, and teach it so
+cunningly and dextrously to employ it for its own
+Service and Good?</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp87" style="max-width: 21.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/footer02.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_393"></a>[393]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/header02.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_IX">BOOK IX.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Of <span class="smcap">Reptiles</span>, and the Inhabitants of
+the <span class="smcap">Waters</span>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/header05.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_IX_CHAP_I">CHAP. I.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of <span class="smcap">Reptiles</span>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<img class="dropcap" src="images/dropcap-h4.jpg" alt="">
+</div>
+
+<p class="dropcap">Having dispatch’d the insect Tribe,
+there is but one <i>Genus</i> of the Land-Animals
+remaining to be survey’d; and
+that is, that of <i>Reptiles</i><a id="FNanchor_624" href="#Footnote_624" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>. Which I
+shall dispatch in a little Compass, by Reason I have
+somewhat amply treated of others, and many of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_394"></a>[394]</span>
+the Things may be apply’d here. But there are
+some Things in which this Tribe is somewhat singular,
+which I shall therefore take Notice of briefly
+in this Place. One is their Motion, which I
+have in another Place<a id="FNanchor_625" href="#Footnote_625" class="fnanchor">[b]</a> taken Notice of to be
+not less curious, than it is different from that of
+other Animals, whether we consider the Manner
+of it, as vermicular, or sinuous<a id="FNanchor_626" href="#Footnote_626" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>, or like that of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_395"></a>[395]</span>
+the Snail<a id="FNanchor_627" href="#Footnote_627" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>, or the Caterpillar<a id="FNanchor_628" href="#Footnote_628" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>,
+    or the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_396"></a>[396]</span>
+Multipedous<a id="FNanchor_629" href="#Footnote_629" class="fnanchor">[f]</a> or any other Way, or the Parts ministring
+to it, particularly the Spine<a id="FNanchor_630" href="#Footnote_630" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>, and the
+Muscles co-operating with the Spine, in such as
+have Bone, and the annular and other Muscles, in
+such as have none, all incomparably made for
+those curious, and I may say, geometrical Windings
+and Turnings, Undulations, and all the various<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_397"></a>[397]</span>
+Motions to be met with in the reptile
+Kind.</p>
+
+<p>Another Thing that will deserve our Notice, is,
+the Poyson<a id="FNanchor_631" href="#Footnote_631" class="fnanchor">[h]</a> that many of this Tribe are stock’d
+with. Which I the rather mention, because some
+make it an Objection against the divine Superintendence
+and Providence, as being a Thing so
+far from useful, (they think,) that ’tis rather mischievous
+and destructive of God’s Creatures. But
+the Answer is easy, <i>viz.</i> That as to Man, those
+Creatures are not without their great Uses, particularly
+in the Cure of<a id="FNanchor_632" href="#Footnote_632" class="fnanchor">[i]</a> some of the most stubborn<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_398"></a>[398]</span>
+Diseases; however, if they were not, there
+would be no Injustice for God to make a Set of
+such noxious Creatures, as Rods and Scourges, to
+execute the divine Chastisements upon ungrateful<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_399"></a>[399]</span>
+and sinful Men. And I am apt to think that the
+Nations which know not God, are the most annoy’d
+with those noxious Reptiles, and other pernicious
+Creatures. As to the Animals themselves,
+their Poyson is no doubt of some great and especial
+Use to themselves, serving to the more easy
+Conquest, and sure Capture of their Prey, which
+might otherwise be too resty and strong, and if
+once escap’d, would hardly be again recover’d, by
+Reason of their swifter Motion, and the Help of
+their Legs; besides all which, this their Poyson
+may be probably of very great Use to the Digestion
+of their Food.</p>
+
+<p>And as to the innocuous Part of the Reptile-Kind,
+they as well deserve our Notice for their
+Harmlesness, as the others did for their Poyson.
+For as those are endow’d with Poyson, because
+they are predaceous; so these need it not, because
+their Food is near at hand, and may be obtain’d
+without Strife and Contest, the next Earth<a id="FNanchor_633" href="#Footnote_633" class="fnanchor">[k]</a>
+affording Food to such as can terebrate, and make
+Way into it by their Vermicular Faculty; and the
+next Vegetable being Food to others that can climb
+and reach<a id="FNanchor_634" href="#Footnote_634" class="fnanchor">[l]</a>, or but crawl to it.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_624" href="#FNanchor_624" class="label">[a]</a> Notwithstanding I have before, in <a href="#Footnote_342"><i>Book IV. Chap. 12.
+Note (p)</i></a>, taken Notice of the <i>Earth-Worm</i>; yet it being a good
+Example of the Creator’s wise and curious Workmanship, in
+even this meanest Branch of the Creation, I shall superadd a
+few farther Remarks from Drs. <i>Willis</i> and <i>Tyson</i>. Saith <i>Willis</i>,
+<i>Lumbricus terrestris, licet vile &amp; contemptibile habetur, Organa
+vitalia, necnon &amp; alia viscera, &amp; membra divino artificio
+admirabiliter fabrefacta sortitur: totius corporis compages musculorum
+annularium catena est, quorum fibræ orbiculares contractæ
+quemque annulum, prius amplum, &amp; dilatum, angustiorem
+&amp; longiorem reddunt.</i> [This Muscle in Earth-Worms,
+I find is spiral, as in a good Measure is their Motion likewise;
+<i>so that by this Means they can, (like the Worm of an
+Augre,) the better bore their Passage into the Earth. Their
+reptile Motion also, may be explain’d by a Wire wound on a Cylinder,
+which when slipp’d off, and one End extended and held fast,
+will bring the other nearer it. So the Earth-Worm, having
+shot out, or extended its Body, (which is with a Wreathing,) it
+takes hold by those small Feet it hath, and so contracts the
+hinder Part of its Body.</i> Thus the curious and learned Dr.
+<i>Tyson</i>, Phil. Trans. Nᵒ. 147.] <i>Nam proinde cùm portio corporis
+superior elongata, &amp; exporrecta, ad spatium alterius extenditur,
+ibidemque plano affigitur, ad ipsum quasi ad centrum
+portio corporis inferior relaxata, &amp; abbreviata facile pertrabitur.
+Pedunculi serie quadruplici, per totam longitudinem Lumbrici
+disponuntur; his quasi totidem uncis, partem modò hanc, modò
+istam, plano affigit, dum alteram exporrigit, aut post se ducit.
+Supra oris hiatum, Proboscide, quâ terram perforat &amp;
+elevat, donatur.</i> And then he goes on with the other Parts
+that fall under View, the <i>Brain</i>, the <i>Gullet</i>, the <i>Heart</i>, the
+<i>spermatick Vessels</i>, the <i>Stomachs</i> and <i>Intestines</i>, the <i>Foramina</i>
+on the Top of the Back, adjoyning to each Ring, supplying
+the Place of Lungs, and other Parts. <i>Willis de Anim.
+Brut.</i> P. 1. c. 3.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_625" href="#FNanchor_625" class="label">[b]</a> In <a href="#BOOK_IV_CHAP_VIII"><i>Book IV. Chap. 8.</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_626" href="#FNanchor_626" class="label">[c]</a> There is a great Deal of geometrical Neatness and
+Nicety, in the sinuous Motion of Snakes, and other Serpents.
+For the assisting in which Action, the annular Scales
+under their Body are very remarkable, lying cross the Belly,
+contrary to what those in the Back, and rest of the Body do;
+also as the Edges of the foremost Scales lye over the Edges
+of their following Scales, from Head to Tail; so those Edges
+run out a little beyond, or over their following Scales;
+so as that when each Scale is drawn back, or set a little upright
+by its Muscle, the outer Edge thereof, (or Foot it may
+be call’d,) is rais’d also a little from the Body, to lay hold
+on the Earth, and so promote and facilitate the Serpent’s
+Motion. This is what may be easily seen in the Slough, or
+Belly of the Serpent-kind. But there is another admirable
+Piece of Mechanism, that my Antipathy to those Animals
+hath prevented my prying into; and that is, that every
+Scale hath a distinct Muscle, one End of which is tack’d to
+the Middle of its Scale; the other, to the upper Edge of its
+following Scale. This Dr. <i>Tyson</i> found in the <i>Rattle-Snake</i>,
+and I doubt not is in the whole Tribe.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_627" href="#FNanchor_627" class="label">[d]</a> The wise Author of Nature, having deny’d Feet and
+Claws to enable Snails to creep and climb, hath made them
+amends in a Way more commodious for their State of Life,
+by the broad Skin along each Side of the Belly, and the undulating
+Motion observable there. By this latter ’tis they
+creep; by the former, afflicted with the glutinous Slime emitted
+from the Snail’s Body, they adhere firmly and securely
+to all Kinds of Superficies, partly by the Tenacity of their
+Slime, and partly by the Pressure of the Atmosphere. Concerning
+this Part, (which he calls the <i>Snail’s Feet</i>,) and their
+Undulation, See Dr. <i>Lister</i>’s <i>Exercit. Anat.</i> 1. §. 1. and 37.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_628" href="#FNanchor_628" class="label">[e]</a> The motive Parts, and Motion of Caterpillars, are
+useful, not only to their Progression and Conveyance from
+Place to Place; but also their more certain, easy and
+commodious gathering of Food. For having Feet before
+and behind, they are not only enabled to go by a kind of
+Steps made by their fore and hind Parts; but also to climb
+up Vegetables, and to reach from their Boughs and Stalks
+for Food at a Distance; for which Services, their Feet are
+very nicely made both before and behind. Behind, they
+have broad Palms for sticking too, and these beset almost
+round with small sharp Nails, to hold and grasp what they
+are upon: Before, their Feet are sharp and hook’d, to
+draw Leaves, <i>&amp;c.</i> to them, and to hold the fore-part of the
+Body, whilst the hinder-parts are brought up thereto. But
+nothing is more remarkable in these Reptiles, than that these
+Parts and Morton are only temporary, and incomparably adapted
+only to their present <i>Nympha-State</i>; whereas in their
+<i>Aurelia-State</i>, they have neither Feet nor Motion, only a
+little in their hinder parts: And in their <i>Mature-State</i>, they
+have the Parts and Motion of a flying Insect, made for
+Flight.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_629" href="#FNanchor_629" class="label">[f]</a> It is a wonderful pretty Mechanism, observable in the
+going of <i>Multipedes</i>, as the <i>Juli</i>, <i>Scolopendræ</i>, &amp;c. that on
+each Side the Body, every Leg hath its Motion, one very
+regularly following the other from one End of the Body to
+the other in a Way not easy to be describ’d in Words; so
+that their Legs in going, make a kind of Undulation, and
+give the Body a swifter Progression than one would imagine
+it should have, where so many Feet are to take so many
+short Steps.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_630" href="#FNanchor_630" class="label">[g]</a> <i>Vertebrarum Apophysos breviores sunt, præcipuè juxta caput,
+cujus propterea flexus in aversum, &amp; latera, facilis Viperis
+est: secus Leonibus, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span>——Incumbit his Ossibus ingens Musculorum
+minutorum præsidium, tum spinas tendinum exilium
+magno apparatu diducentium, tum vertebras potissimum in diversa
+flectentium, atque erigentium. Adeoque illam corporis
+miram agilitatem, non tantùm (ut Aristot.) ὅτι ἐπικαμπεῖς καὶ
+χονδρώδεις ὁι σπόνδυλοι quoniam faciles ad flexum, &amp; cartilagineas
+produxit vertebras, sed quia etiam multiplicia motûs localis
+instrumenta musculos fabrefecit provida rerum Parens Natura,
+consecuta fuit.</i> Blas. Anat. Anim. P. 1. c. 39. de Viperâ
+è Veslingio.</p>
+
+<p><i>That which is most remarkable in the <span class="antiqua">Vertebræ</span> <span class="antiqua">[of the <i>Rattle-Snake</i>,
+besides the other curious Articulations,]</span> is, that
+the round Ball in the lower Part of the upper <span class="antiqua">Vertebra</span>, enters
+a Socket of the upper Part of the lower <span class="antiqua">Vertebra</span>, like as the
+Head of the <span class="antiqua">Os Femoris</span> doth the <span class="antiqua">Acetabulum</span> of the <span class="antiqua">Os Ischii</span>;
+by which Contrivance, as also the Articulation with one
+another, they have that free Motion of winding their Bodies
+any Way.</i> Dr. <i>Tyson</i>’s Anat. of the <i>Rattle-Snake</i> in <i>Phil.
+Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 144. What is here observ’d of the <i>Vertebræ</i> of
+this <i>Snake</i>, is common to this whole <i>Genus</i> of Reptiles.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_631" href="#FNanchor_631" class="label">[h]</a> My ingenious and learned Friend, Dr. <i>Mead</i>, examined
+with his Microscope, the Texture of a <i>Viper</i>’s <i>Poyson</i>,
+and found therein at first only <i>a Parcel of small Salts nimbly
+floating in the Liquor; but in a short Time the Appearance
+was chang’d, and these saline Particles were shot out into Crystals,
+of an incredible Tenuity and Sharpness, with something
+like Knots here and there, from which they seem’d to proceed;
+so that the whole Texture did in a Manner represent a Spider’s
+Web, though infinitely finer.</i> Mead of Poysons, p. 9.</p>
+
+<p>As to the Nature and Operation of this <i>Poyson</i>, see the
+same ingenious Author’s Hypothesis, in his following Pages.</p>
+
+<p>This <i>Poyson</i> of the <i>Viper</i>, lieth in a Bag in the Gums, at
+the Upper-end of the Teeth. It is separated from the Blood
+by a <i>conglomerated Gland</i>, lying in the anterior lateral Part
+of the <i>Os Sincipitis</i>; just behind the Orbit of the Eye: From
+which Gland lieth a Duct, that conveys the Poyson to the
+Bags at the Teeth.</p>
+
+<p>The Teeth are tubulated, for the Conveyance, or Emission
+of the Poyson into the Wound, the Teeth make; but
+their Hollowness doth not reach to the <i>Apex</i>, or Top of the
+Tooth, (that being solid and sharp, the better to pierce;)
+but it ends in a long slit below the Point, out of which the
+Poyson is emitted. These Perforations of the Teeth, <i>Galen</i>
+saith, the Mountebanks us’d to stop with some kind of
+Paste, before they suffer’d the Vipers to bite them before
+their Spectators. Cuts of these Parts, <i>&amp;c.</i> may be seen in
+the last cited Book of Dr. <i>Mead</i>. Also Dr. <i>Tyson’s Anat. of
+the Rattle-Snake</i>, in <i>Philos. Transact.</i> Nᵒ. 144.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_632" href="#FNanchor_632" class="label">[i]</a> That Vipers have their great Uses in Physick, is manifest
+from their bearing a great Share in some of our best
+Antidotes, such as <i>Theriaca Andromachi</i>, and others; also
+in the Cure of the <i>Elephantiasis</i>, and others the like stubborn
+Maladies, for which I shall refer to the medical Writers.
+But there is so singular a Case in the curious Collection of
+Dr. <i>Ol. Worm.</i> related from <i>Kircher</i>, that I shall entertain the
+Reader with it. Near the Village of <i>Sassa</i>, about eight Miles
+from the City <i>Bracciano</i> in <i>Italy</i>, saith he, <i>Specus feu caverna
+(vulgò La Grotta delli Serpi) duorum hominum capax, fistulosis
+quibusdam foraminibus in formam cribri perforata cernitur,
+ex quibus ingens quædam, principio veris, diversicolorum Serpentum,
+nullâ tamen, ut dicitur, singulari veneni qualitate
+imbutorum progenies quotannis pullulare solet. In hæc speluncâ
+Elephantiacos, Leprosos, Paralyticos, Arabriticos, Podagricos,
+<span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> nudos exponere solent, qui mox halituum subterraneorum
+calore in sudorem resoluti, Serpentum propullulantium,
+totum corpus infirmi implicantium, suctu linctuque ita omni vitioso
+virulentoque humore privare dicuntur, ut repetito hoc
+per aliquod tempus medicamento, tandem perfecta sanitati restituantur.</i>
+This Cave <i>Kircher</i> visited himself, found it warm,
+and every Way agreeable to the Description he had of it;
+he saw their Holes, heard a murmuring hissing Noise in
+them; but although he missed seeing the Serpents (it being
+not the Season of their creeping out) yet he saw great Numbers
+of their <i>Exuviæ</i>, or <i>Sloughs</i>, and an Elm growing hard by
+laden with them.</p>
+
+<p>The Discovery of this Cave, was by the Cure of a <i>Leper</i>
+going from <i>Rome</i> to some Baths near this Place; who losing
+his Way, and being benighted, happened upon this
+Cave; and finding it very warm, pull’d off his Cloaths, and
+being weary and sleepy, had the good Fortune not to feel
+the Serpents about him, till they had wrought his Cure. <i>Vid.</i>
+<i>Museum Worm.</i> L. 3. c. 9.</p>
+
+<p>The before-commended Dr. <i>Mead</i>, thinks our Physicians
+deal too cautiously and sparingly, in their prescribing only
+small Quantities of the Viper’s Flesh, <i>&amp;c.</i> in the <i>Elephantiasis</i>,
+and stubborn <i>Leprosies</i>: But he recommendeth rather the Gelly
+or Broth of Vipers; or, as the ancient Manner was, to
+boil Vipers, and eat them like Fish; or at least to drink
+Wine, in which they have been long infused. <i>Vid.</i> <i>Mead.
+ubi supr.</i> p. 34.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_633" href="#FNanchor_633" class="label">[k]</a> That <i>Earth-worms</i> live upon Earth, is manifest from the
+little curled Heaps of their Dung ejected out of their Holes. But
+in <i>Philos. Transact.</i> Nᵒ. 291, I have said, it is in all Probability
+Earth made of rotted Roots and Plants, and such like
+nutritive Things, not pure Earth. And there is farther Reason
+for it, because Worms will drag the Leaves of Trees
+into their Holes.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_634" href="#FNanchor_634" class="label">[l]</a> <i>Snails</i> might be in Danger of wanting Food, if they
+were to live only upon such tender Plants as are near the
+Ground, within their Reach only; to impower them therefore
+to extend their Pursuits farther, they are enabled by
+the Means mentioned in <a href="#Footnote_627"><i>Note (d)</i></a>, to stick unto, and creep
+up Walls and Vegetables at their Pleasure.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_400"></a>[400]</span></p>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_IX_CHAP_II">CHAP. II.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Of the Inhabitants of the <span class="smcap">Waters</span>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>I have now gone through that Part of the Animal
+World, which I proposed to survey, the
+Animals inhabiting the Land.</p>
+
+<p>As to the other Part of the Terraqueous Globe,
+the Waters, and the Inhabitants thereof, not having
+Time to finish what I have begun, on that
+large Subject, I shall be forced to quit it for the
+present, altho’ we have there as ample and glorious
+a Scene of the Infinite Creator’s Power and
+Art, as hath been already set forth on the dry
+Land. For the Waters themselves are an admirable
+Work of God<a id="FNanchor_635" href="#Footnote_635" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>, and of infinite Use<a id="FNanchor_636" href="#Footnote_636" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>
+    to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_401"></a>[401]</span>
+that Part of the Globe already surveyed; and the
+prodigious Variety<a id="FNanchor_637" href="#Footnote_637" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>, and Multitudes of curious
+and wonderful Things observable in its Inhabitants
+of all Sorts, are an inexhaustible Scene of the Creator’s
+Wisdom and Power. The vast Bulk of some<a id="FNanchor_638" href="#Footnote_638" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>,
+and prodigious Minuteness of others<a id="FNanchor_639" href="#Footnote_639" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>,
+together with the incomparable Contrivance and
+Structure of the Bodies<a id="FNanchor_640" href="#Footnote_640" class="fnanchor">[f]</a> of all; the Provisions
+and Supplies of Food afforded to such an innumerable
+Company of Eaters, and that in an Element,
+unlikely one would think, to afford any great Store
+of Supplies<a id="FNanchor_641" href="#Footnote_641" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>; the Business of Respiration perform’d<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_402"></a>[402]</span>
+in a Way so different from, but equivalent
+to what is in Land Animals<a id="FNanchor_642" href="#Footnote_642" class="fnanchor">[h]</a>; the Adjustment
+of the Organs of Vision<a id="FNanchor_643" href="#Footnote_643" class="fnanchor">[i]</a> to that Element in
+which the Animal liveth; the Poise<a id="FNanchor_644" href="#Footnote_644" class="fnanchor">[k]</a>, the Support<a id="FNanchor_645" href="#Footnote_645" class="fnanchor">[l]</a>,
+the Motion of the Body<a id="FNanchor_646" href="#Footnote_646" class="fnanchor">[m]</a>, forwards<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_403"></a>[403]</span>
+with great Swiftness, and upwards and downwards
+with great Readiness and Agility, and all without
+Feet and Hands, and ten thousand Things besides;
+all these Things, I say, do lay before us so various,
+so glorious, and withal so inexhaustible a
+Scene of the divine Power, Wisdom and Goodness,
+that it would be in vain to engage my self
+in so large a Province, without allotting as much
+Time and Pains to it, as the preceding Survey
+hath cost me. Passing by therefore that Part of
+our Globe, I shall only say somewhat very briefly
+concerning the <i>insensitive</i> Creatures, particularly
+those of the <i>vegetable Kingdom</i>, and so conclude
+this Survey.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp95" style="max-width: 21.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/footer11.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_635" href="#FNanchor_635" class="label">[a]</a> Besides their absolute Necessity, and great Use to the
+World, there are several Topics, from whence the Waters
+may be demonstrated to be God’s Work; as, the creating so
+vast a Part of our Globe; the placing it commodiously therein,
+and giving it Bounds; the Methods keeping it sweet
+and clean, by its Saltness, by the Tides, and Agitations by
+the Winds; the making the Waters useful to the Vegetation
+of Plants, and for Food to Animals, by the noble Methods
+of sweetning them; and many other Things besides,
+which are insisted on in that Part of my Survey.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_636" href="#FNanchor_636" class="label">[b]</a> <i>Pliny</i> having named divers <i>Mirabilia Aquarum</i>, to
+shew their Power; then proceeds to their Uses, viz. <i>Eædem
+cadentes omnium terrâ nascentium causa fiunt, prorsus mirabili
+naturâ, siquis velit reputare, ut fruges gignantur, arbores fruticesque
+vivant, in cœlum migrare aquas, animamque etiam herbis
+vitalem inde deferre: justâ confessione, omnes terra quoque
+vires aquarum esse beneficii. Quapropter ante omnia ipsarum
+potentia exempla ponemus: Cunctas enim quis mortalium enamerare
+queat?</i> And then he goes on with an Enumeration
+of some Waters famed for being medicinal, or some other
+unusual Quality. <i>Plin.</i> L. 31. c. 1. &amp; 2.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_637" href="#FNanchor_637" class="label">[c]</a> <i>Pliny</i> reckons 176 Kinds in the Waters, whose Names
+may be met with in his L. 32. c. 11. but he is short in his
+Account.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_638" href="#FNanchor_638" class="label">[d]</a> <i>Pliny</i>, L. 9. c. 3. saith, that in the <i>Indian</i> Sea there
+are <i>Balenæ quaternûm jugerum</i> (i.e. 960 Feet) <i>Pristes 200
+cubitorum</i> (i.e. 300 Feet.) And L. 32. c. 1. he mentions
+<i>Whales</i> 600 Foot long, and 360 broad, that came into a
+River of <i>Arabia</i>. If the Reader hath a mind, he may see
+his Reason why the largest Animals are bred in the Sea,
+L. 9. c. 2.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_639" href="#FNanchor_639" class="label">[e]</a> As the largest, so the most minute Animals are bred
+in the Waters, as those in Pepper-water; and such as make
+the green Scum on the Waters, or make them seem as if
+green, and many others. See <a href="#Footnote_263"><i>Book IV. Chap. 11. Note (n), (v).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_640" href="#FNanchor_640" class="label">[f]</a> It might be here shewn, that the Bodies of all the
+several Inhabitants of the Waters are the best contrived and
+suited to that Place and Business in the Waters, which is proper
+for them; that particularly their Bodies are cloathed and
+guarded, in the best Manner, with Scales, or Shells, <i>&amp;c.</i> suitable
+to the Place they are to reside in, the Dangers they
+may there be exposed unto, and the Motion and Business
+they are there to perform: That the Center of Gravity (of
+great Consideration in that fluid Element,) is always plac’d
+in the fittest Part of the Body: That the Shape of their Bodies,
+(especially the more swift,) is the most commodious
+for making Way through the Water, and most agreeable to
+geometrical Rules; and many other Matters besides would
+deserve a Place here, were they not too long for Notes,
+and that I shall anticipate what will be more proper for another
+Place, and more accurately treated of there.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_641" href="#FNanchor_641" class="label">[g]</a> See before <a href="#BOOK_IV_CHAP_XI"><i>Book IV. Chap. 11.</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_642" href="#FNanchor_642" class="label">[h]</a> <i>Galen</i> was aware of the Respiration of Fishes by their
+<i>Branchiæ</i>. For having said, that Fishes have no Occasion of
+a Voice, neither respire through the Mouth as Land Animals
+do, he saith, <i>Sed earum, quas Branchias nuncupamus,
+constructio, ipsis vice Pulmonis est. Cùm enim crebris ac tenuibus
+foraminibus sint Branchiæ hæ interceptæ, aëri quidem &amp;
+vapori perviis, subtilioribus tamen quàm pro mole aquæ; hanc
+quidem extra repellunt, illa autem promptè intromittunt.</i> Galen
+de Us. Part. L. 6. c. 9. So also <i>Pliny</i> held, that Fishes
+respired by their Gills; but he saith <i>Aristotle</i> was of a different
+Opinion. <i>Plin.</i> L. 9. c. 7. And so <i>Aristotle</i> seems to
+be in his <i>Hist. Animal.</i> L. 8. c. 2. and in other Places.
+And I may add our famous Dr. <i>Needham</i>. See his <i>De form.
+Fœtu</i>, Chap. 6. and <i>Answer to <span class="antiqua">Severinus</span></i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_643" href="#FNanchor_643" class="label">[i]</a> A protuberant Eye would have been inconvenient for
+Fishes, by hindring their Motion in so dense a Medium as
+Water is; or else their brushing through so thick a Medium
+would have been apt to wear, and prejudice their Eyes;
+therefore their <i>Cornea</i> is flat. To make amends for which,
+as also for the Refraction of Water, different from that of
+the Air, the wise Contriver of the Eye, hath made the <i>Crystalline</i>
+spherical in Fishes, which in Animals, living in the
+Air, is <i>lenticular</i>, and more flat.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_644" href="#FNanchor_644" class="label">[k]</a> As I have shew’d before, that the Bodies of Birds are
+nicely pois’d to swim in the Air; so are those of Fishes for
+the Water, every Part of the Body being duly balanc’d, and
+the Center of Gravity, (as I said in <a href="#Footnote_640"><i>Note (f)</i></a>), accurately fix’d.
+And to prevent Vacillation, some of the Fins serve, particularly
+those of the Belly; as <i>Borelli</i> prov’d by cutting off
+the Belly-fins, which caus’d the Fish to reel to the right and
+left Hand, and render’d it unable to stand steadily in an upright
+Posture.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_645" href="#FNanchor_645" class="label">[l]</a> To enable the Fish to abide at the Top, or Bottom,
+or any other Part of the Waters, the Air-Bladder is given
+to most Fishes, which as ’tis more full or empty, makes the
+Body more or less buoyant.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_646" href="#FNanchor_646" class="label">[m]</a> The <i>Tail</i> is the grand Instrument of the Motion of
+the Body; not the Fins, as some imagine. For which Reason,
+Fishes are more musculous and strong in that Part, than
+in all the rest of their Body, according as it is in the motive
+Parts of all Animals, in the pectoral Muscles of Birds,
+the Thighs of Man, <i>&amp;c.</i></p>
+
+<p>If the Reader hath a Mind to see the admirable Method,
+how Fishes row themselves by their Tail, and other Curiosities
+relating to their Swimming; I shall refer him to <i>Borelli</i>
+<i>de mot. Anim.</i> Part. 1. Chap. 23. particularly to Prop. 213.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_404"></a>[404]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/header10.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_X">BOOK X.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Of <span class="smcap">Vegetables</span>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<img class="dropcap" src="images/dropcap-t3.jpg" alt="">
+</div>
+
+<p class="dropcap">The Vegetable Kingdom, although
+an inferiour Branch of the Creation,
+exhibits to us such an ample Scene of
+the Creator’s Contrivance, Curiosity,
+and Art, that I much rather chuse to
+shew what might be said, than engage too far in
+Particulars. I might insist upon the great Variety
+there is, both of Trees and Plants provided for
+all Ages, and for every Use and Occasion of the
+World<a id="FNanchor_647" href="#Footnote_647" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>; some for Building, for Tools and Utensils
+of every Kind; some hard, some soft; some
+tough and strong, some brittle; some long and tall,
+some short and low; some thick and large, some
+small and tender; some for Physick<a id="FNanchor_648" href="#Footnote_648" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>, some for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_405"></a>[405]</span>
+Food, some for Pleasure; yea, the most abject<a id="FNanchor_649" href="#Footnote_649" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>
+Shrubs, and the very Bushes and Brambles themselves,
+the Husbandman can testify the Use of.</p>
+
+<p>I might also survey here the curious Anatomy
+and Structure of their Bodies<a id="FNanchor_650" href="#Footnote_650" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>, and shew the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_406"></a>[406]</span>
+admirable Provision made for the Conveyance of
+the lymphatick and essential Juices, for communicating
+the Air, as necessary to Vegetable, as Animal
+Life<a id="FNanchor_651" href="#Footnote_651" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>: I might also speak of, even the very
+Covering they are provided with, because it is a
+curious Work in Reality, although less so in Appearance:
+And much more therefore might I survey<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_407"></a>[407]</span>
+the neat Variety and Texture of their Leaves<a id="FNanchor_652" href="#Footnote_652" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>,
+the admirable Finery, Gaiety, and Fragrancy of
+their Flowers<a id="FNanchor_653" href="#Footnote_653" class="fnanchor">[g]</a>. I might also inquire into the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_408"></a>[408]</span>
+wonderful Generation and Make of the Seed<a id="FNanchor_654" href="#Footnote_654" class="fnanchor">[h]</a>,
+and the great Usefulness of their Fruit: I might
+shew that the Rudiments and Lineaments of the
+Parent-Vegetable, though never so large and spacious,
+is locked up in the little Compass of their
+Fruit or Seed, though some of those Seeds are scarce
+visible to the naked Eye<a id="FNanchor_655" href="#Footnote_655" class="fnanchor">[i]</a>. And forasmuch as<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_409"></a>[409]</span>
+the Perpetuity and Safety of the Species depends
+upon the Safety of the Seed and Fruit in a great
+measure, I might therefore take notice of the peculiar
+Care the great God of Nature hath taken
+for the Conservation and Safety hereof: As particularly
+in such as dare to shew their Heads all the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_410"></a>[410]</span>
+Year, how securely their Flower, Seed or Fruit
+is locked up all the Winter, together with their
+Leaves and Branches, in their Gems<a id="FNanchor_656" href="#Footnote_656" class="fnanchor">[k]</a> and well<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_411"></a>[411]</span>
+fenced and covered there with neat and close Tunicks.
+And for such as dare not so to expose themselves,
+with what Safety are they preserved under
+the Coverture of the Earth, in their Root <a id="FNanchor_657" href="#Footnote_657" class="fnanchor">[l]</a>,
+Seed <a id="FNanchor_658" href="#Footnote_658" class="fnanchor">[m]</a>, or Fruit, till invited out by the kindly<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_412"></a>[412]</span>
+Warmth of the Spring! And when the whole Vegetable
+Race is thus called out, it is very pretty to
+observe the Methods of Nature in guarding those
+insensitive Creatures against Harms and Inconveniencies,
+by making some (for Instance) to lie
+down prostrate, and others, to close themselves
+up <a id="FNanchor_659" href="#Footnote_659" class="fnanchor">[n]</a> upon the Touch of Animals, and the most
+to shut up their Flowers, their Down <a id="FNanchor_660" href="#Footnote_660" class="fnanchor">[o]</a>, or other
+their like Guard, upon the Close and Cool of the
+Evening, by Means of Rain, or other Matters that
+may be prejudicial to the tender Seed.</p>
+
+<p>And now to these Considerations relating to the
+Seed, I might add the various Ways of Nature in
+dissipating and sowing it, some being for this end,
+winged with light Down, or Wings, to be conveyed
+about by the Winds; others being laid in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_413"></a>[413]</span>
+elastick, springy Cases, that when they burst and
+crack, dart their Seed at convenient Distances,
+performing thereby the Part of a good Husbandman<a id="FNanchor_661" href="#Footnote_661" class="fnanchor">[p]</a>;
+others by their agreeable Taste and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_414"></a>[414]</span>
+Smell, and salutary Nature, inviting themselves to
+be swallow’d, and carry’d about by the Birds, and
+thereby also fertiliz’d by passing through their<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_415"></a>[415]</span>
+Bodies<a id="FNanchor_662" href="#Footnote_662" class="fnanchor">[q]</a>; and others not thus taken Care of, do
+many of them by their Usefulness in human Life,
+invite the Husbandman and Gardiner carefully to
+sow and nurse them up.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_416"></a>[416]</span></p>
+
+<p>To this so singular a Care about the Propagation
+and Conservation of the Species of Vegetables,
+I might add the nice Provision that is made
+for their Support and Aid, in standing and growing,
+that they may keep their Heads above Ground,
+and not be rotted and spoil’d in the Earth themselves,
+nor thereby annoy us; but on the contrary,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_417"></a>[417]</span>
+minister to all their Ends, and our Uses; to afford
+us Houses, Utensils, Food<a id="FNanchor_663" href="#Footnote_663" class="fnanchor">[r]</a>, Physick, Cloathing,
+yea, Diversion too, by the Beauty of their
+Looks, by the Fragrancy of their Smell, by creating
+us pleasant Shades against the scorching Beams
+of Summer, and skreening us against the piercing
+Winds, and Cold of Winter<a id="FNanchor_664" href="#Footnote_664" class="fnanchor">[s]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>And it is very observable what admirable Provisions
+are made for this Purpose of their Support
+and Standing, both in such as stand by their own
+Strength, and such as need the Help of others.
+In such as stand by their own Strength, it is, by<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_418"></a>[418]</span>
+Means of the stronger and more ligneous Parts,
+(equivalent to the Bones in Animals,) being made
+not inflexible, as Bones; because they would then
+be apt to break; but of a yielding elastick Nature,
+to escape and dodge the Violence of the Winds;
+and by Means also of the Branches spreading handsomely
+and commodiously about, at an Angle of
+about 45 gr. by which Means they equally fill up,
+and at the same Time make an Æquilibration of
+the Top<a id="FNanchor_665" href="#Footnote_665" class="fnanchor">[t]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>And as for such Vegetables as are weak, and
+not able to support themselves, ’tis a wonderful
+Faculty they have, so readily and naturally to make
+Use of the Help of their Neighbours, embracing
+and climbing up upon them<a id="FNanchor_666" href="#Footnote_666" class="fnanchor">[u]</a>, and using them<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_419"></a>[419]</span>
+as Crutches to their feeble Bodies: Some by their
+odd convolving Faculty, by twisting themselves
+like a Screw about others; some advancing themselves,
+by catching and holding with their curious
+<i>Claspers</i> and <i>Tendrels</i>, equivalent to the Hands;
+some by striking in their rooty Feet; and others
+by the Emission of a natural Glue, closely and firmly
+adhering to something or other that administers
+sufficient Support unto them. All which various
+Methods being so nicely accommodated to the Indigencies
+of those helpless Vegetables, and not to
+be met with in any besides, is a manifest Indication
+of their being the Contrivance and Work of
+the Creator, and that his infinite Wisdom and
+Care condescends, even to the Service, and well-being
+of the meanest, most weak, and helpless insensitive
+Parts of the Creation.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_420"></a>[420]</span></p>
+
+<p>In the last Place, to the Uses already hinted
+at, I might add a large Catalogue of such among
+Vegetables, as are of peculiar Use and Service to
+the World, and seem to be design’d as ’twere on
+Purpose, by the most merciful Creator, for the
+Good of Man, or other Creatures<a id="FNanchor_667" href="#Footnote_667" class="fnanchor">[w]</a>. Among
+<i>Grain</i>, I might name the great Fertility<a id="FNanchor_668" href="#Footnote_668" class="fnanchor">[x]</a> of
+such as serves for Bread, the easy Culture and Propagation
+thereof, and the Agreement of every Soil
+and Climate to it. Among Trees, and Plants, I
+might instance in some that seem to be design’d,
+as ’twere on Purpose, for almost every Life<a id="FNanchor_669" href="#Footnote_669" class="fnanchor">[y]</a>,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_421"></a>[421]</span>
+and Convenience; some to heal the most stubborn
+and dangerous Distempers<a id="FNanchor_670" href="#Footnote_670" class="fnanchor">[z]</a>, to alleviate and ease
+the Pains<a id="FNanchor_671" href="#Footnote_671" class="fnanchor">[aa]</a> of our poor infirm Bodies, all the
+World over: And some designed for the peculiar
+Service and Good of particular Places, either to
+cure such Distempers as are peculiar to them, by<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_422"></a>[422]</span>
+growing more plentifully there than elsewhere<a id="FNanchor_672" href="#Footnote_672" class="fnanchor">[bb]</a>;
+or else to obviate some Inconvenience there, or to
+supply some constant Necessity, or Occasion, not
+possible, or at least not easy, to be supplied any
+other Way<a id="FNanchor_673" href="#Footnote_673" class="fnanchor">[cc]</a>. ’Tis, for Instance, an admirable
+Provision made for some Countries subject to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_423"></a>[423]</span>
+Drought, that when the Waters every where
+fail, there are Vegetables which contain not only
+Moisture enough to supply their own Vegetation
+and Wants, but afford Drink also both to Man and
+other Creatures, in their great Extremities<a id="FNanchor_674" href="#Footnote_674" class="fnanchor">[dd]</a>;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_424"></a>[424]</span>
+and a great deal more might be instanced in of a
+like Nature, and Things that bear such plain Impresses
+of the Divine Wisdom and Care, that they
+manifest the Super-intendence of the infinite Creator.</p>
+
+<p>Thus I have given a Sketch of another Branch
+of the Creation, which (although one of the meanest,
+yet) if it was accurately viewed, would abundantly
+manifest it self to be the Work of God.
+But because I have been so long upon the other
+Parts, although less than they deserve, I must therefore
+content my self with those general Hints I
+have given; which may however serve as Specimens
+of what might have been more largely said
+about this inferiour Part of the animated Creation.</p>
+
+<p>As to the <i>Inanimate Part</i>, such as Stones, Minerals,
+Earths, and such-like, that which I have
+already said in the Beginning shall suffice.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp95" style="max-width: 21.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/footer12.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_647" href="#FNanchor_647" class="label">[a]</a> The fifth Book of <i>Theophrastus</i>’s <i>Hist. Plant.</i> may be
+here consulted: Where he gives ample instances of the various
+Constitutions and Uses of Trees, in various Works,
+<i>&amp;c.</i> See also before <a href="#Footnote_347"><i>Book IV. Chap. 13. Note (a).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_648" href="#FNanchor_648" class="label">[b]</a> <i>Invisis quoque herbis inseruit <span class="antiqua">[Natura]</span> remedia: quippe
+cùm medicinas dederit etiam aculeatis——in quibus ipsis
+providentiam Naturæ satis admirari amplectique non est.——Inde
+excogitavit aliquas aspectu hispidas, tactu truces,
+ut tantùm non vocem ipsius fingentis illas, rationemque reddentis
+exaudire videamur, ne se depascat avida Quadrupes, ne
+procaces manus rapiant, ne neglecta vestigia obterant, ne insidens
+Ales infringat: his muniendo Aculeis, telisque armando,
+remediis ut tuta ac salva sint. Ita hoc quoque quod in iis odimus,
+hominum causa excogitatum est.</i> Plin. N. H. L. 22 c. 6.</p>
+
+<p><i>Are some of the Species of Nature noxious? They are also
+useful——Doth a Nettle sting? It is to secure so good a
+Medicine from the Rapes of Children and Cattle. Doth the
+Bramble cumber a Garden? It makes the better Hedge; where
+if it chanceth to prick the Owner, it will tear the Thief.</i> Grew
+Cosmolog. L. 3. c. 2. §. 47.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_649" href="#FNanchor_649" class="label">[c]</a> That the most abject Vegetables, <i>&amp;c.</i> have their Use,
+and are beneficial to the World, may in some measure appear
+from the Use the Northern People put rotten Wood, <i>&amp;c.</i>
+unto. <i>Satis ingeniosum modum habent populi septentrionales in nemoribus
+nocturno tempore pertranseuntes, imo &amp; diurno, quando
+in remotioribus Aquilonis partibus ante, &amp; post Solstitium
+hyemale continuæ noctes habentur. Quique his remediis indigent,
+Cortices quercinos inquirunt putres, easque collocant certo
+interstitio itineris instituti, ut eorum splendore, quò voluerint,
+perficiant iter. Nec solùm hoc præstat Cortex, sed &amp; Truncus
+putrefactus, ac fungus ipse Agaricus appellatus, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Ol. Mag.
+Hist. L. 2. c. 16.</p>
+
+<p>To this we may add <i>Thistles</i> in making Glass, whose Ashes
+Dr. <i>Merret</i> saith, are the best, <i>viz.</i> the Ashes of the <i>Common-way
+Thistle</i>, though all <i>Thistles</i> serve to this Purpose.
+Next to <i>Thistles</i> are <i>Hop-strings</i>, cut after the Flowers are gathered.
+Plants that are Thorny and Prickly, seem to afford
+the best and most Salt. <i>Merret</i>’s <i>Observ. on Anton. Ner.</i>
+p. 265.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Quid majora sequar? Salices, humilesque Genistæ.</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Aut illæ pecori frondem, aut pastoribus umbram</i></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><i>Sufficiunt, Sepemque satis, &amp; pabula melli.</i></div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse right">Virg. Georg. L. 2. ℣. 434.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_650" href="#FNanchor_650" class="label">[d]</a> Dr. <i>Beal</i> (who was very curious, and tried many Experiments
+upon Vegetables) gives some good Reasons to
+imagine, that there is a direct Communication between the
+Parts of the Tree and the Fruit, so that the same Fibres
+which constitute the Root, Trunk, and Boughs, are extended
+into the very Fruit. And in old <i>Horn-beams</i>, I have observed
+something very like this; in many of which, there
+are divers great and small Ribs (almost like Ivy, only united
+to the Body) running from the Root up along the outside of
+the Body, and terminating in one single, or a few Boughs:
+Which Bough or Boughs spread again into Branches, Leaves
+and Fruit. See what Dr. <i>Beal</i> hath in <i>Lowth. Abr.</i> V. 2.
+p. 710.</p>
+
+<p>But as to the particular Canals, and other Parts relating
+to the Anatomy of Vegetables, it is too long a Subject for
+this Place, and therefore I shall refer to <i>Seigneur Malpighi</i>’s
+and Dr. <i>Grew</i>’s Labours in this kind.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_651" href="#FNanchor_651" class="label">[e]</a> <i>Tanta est Respirationis necessitas, &amp; usus, ut Natura in
+singulis viventium ordinibus varia, sed analoga, paraverit instrumenta,
+quæ Pulmones vocamus</i> [and so he goes on with
+observing the <i>Apparatus</i> made in the various <i>Genera</i> of Animals,
+and then saith] <i>In Plantis verò, quæ infirmum animalium
+attingunt ordinem, tantam Trachearum copiam &amp; productionem
+extare par est, ut his minimæ Vegetantium partes præter
+corticem irrigentur.——Plantæ igitur (ut conjectari fas est)
+cum sint viventia, visceribus infixa terræ, ab hac, seu potius
+ab aquâ &amp; aëre, commixtis &amp; percolatis à terrâ, Respirationis
+suæ materiam recipiunt, ipsarumque Tracheæ ab halitu terræ,
+extremas radices subingresso, replentur.</i> Malpig. Op. Anat.
+Plant. p. 15.</p>
+
+<p>These <i>Tracheæ</i> or <i>Air-Vessels</i>, are visible, and appear very
+pretty in the Leaf of <i>Scabious</i>, or the Vine, by pulling asunder
+some of its principal Ribs, or great Fibres; between
+which, may be seen the Spiral <i>Air-Vessels</i> (like Threads of
+Cob-web) a little uncoyled: A Figure whereof, Dr. <i>Grew</i>
+hath given us in his <i>Anat. Plant.</i> Tab. 51. 52.</p>
+
+<p>As to the curious coyling, and other Things relating to
+the Structure of those <i>Air-Vessels</i>. I refer to <i>Malpig.</i> p. 14.
+and Dr. <i>Grew</i>, ib. L. 3. c. 3. §. 16 <i>&amp;c.</i> and L. 4. c. 4. §. 19.
+of Mr. <i>Ray</i>, from them succinctly, <i>Hist. Plant.</i> L. 1. c. 4.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_652" href="#FNanchor_652" class="label">[f]</a> Concerning the <i>Leaves</i>, I shall note only two or three
+Things. 1. As to the <i>Fibres of the Leaf</i>, they stand not in
+the <i>Stalk</i>, in an even Line, but always in an Angular, or
+Circular Posture, and their vascular Fibres or Threads, are
+3, 5, or 7. The Reason of their Position thus, is for the
+more erect Growth and greater Strength of the Leaf, as also
+for the Security of its Sap. Of all which see, Dr. <i>Grew</i>,
+L. 1. c. 4. §. 8. <i>&amp;c.</i> and L. 4. Par. 1. c. 3. also Tab. 4. Fig. 2.
+to 11. Another Observable in the Fibres of the Leaf, is
+their orderly Position, so as to take in an eighth Part of a
+Circle, as in <i>Mallows</i>; in some a tenth, but in most a twelfth,
+as in <i>Holy-Oak</i>; or a sixth, as in <i>Sirynga</i>. Id. ib. Tab. 46, 47.</p>
+
+<p>2. The Art in <i>Folding up the Leaves</i> before their Eruption
+out of their Gems, <i>&amp;c.</i> is incomparable, both for its Elegancy
+and Security, <i>viz.</i> <i>In taking up (so as their Forms
+will bear) the least room; and in being so conveniently couched
+as to be capable of receiving Protection from other Parts, or of
+giving it to one another, <span class="antiqua">e.g.</span> First, there is the Bow-lap,
+where the Leaves are all laid somewhat convexly one over another,
+but not plaited——but where the Leaves are not so
+thick set, as to stand in the Bow-lap, there we have the Plicature,
+or the Flat-lap; as in Rose-tree, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> And so that curious
+Observer goes on shewing the various Foldings, to which
+he gives the Names of the <i>Duplicature</i>, <i>Multiplicature</i>, the
+<i>Fore-rowl</i>, <i>Back-rowl</i>, and <i>Tre-rowl</i>, or <i>Treble-rowl</i>. Grew.
+ib. L. 1. c. 4. §. 14, <i>&amp;c.</i> To these he adds some others, L. 4.
+P. 1. c. 1. §. 9. Consult also <i>Malpig. de Gemmis</i>, p. 22. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>To these curious Foldings, we may add another noble
+Guard by the Interposition of <i>Films</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i> of which Dr. <i>Grew</i>
+saith, there are about six Ways, <i>viz.</i> <i>Leaves</i>, <i>Surfoyls</i>, <i>Ingerfoyls</i>,
+<i>Stalks</i>, <i>Hoods</i>, and <i>Mantlings</i>. Grew. ib. and Tab.
+41, 42. Malpig. ibid.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_653" href="#FNanchor_653" class="label">[g]</a> In the <i>Flower</i> may be considered the <i>Empalement</i>, as
+Dr. <i>Grew</i>; the <i>Calix</i>, or <i>Perianthium</i>, as Mr. <i>Ray</i> and others,
+call it, designed to be a Security, and Bands, to the other
+Parts of the Flower. <i>Floris velut basis &amp; fulcimentum est.</i>
+Ray Hist. L. 1. c. 10. Flowers, whose <i>Petala</i> are strong
+(as Tulips) have no <i>Calix</i>. <i>Carnations</i>, whose <i>Petala</i> are
+long and slender, have an Empalement of one Piece: And
+others, such as the <i>Knap-weeds</i>, have it consisting of several
+Pieces, and in divers Rounds, and all with a counterchangeable
+Respect to each other, for the greater Strength and Security
+of themselves, and the <i>Petala</i>, &amp;c. they include.</p>
+
+<p>The next is the <i>Foliation</i>, as Dr. <i>Grew</i>, the <i>Petala</i>, or <i>Folia</i>,
+as Mr. <i>Ray</i>, and others. In these, not only the admirable
+Beauty, and luxuriant Colours are observable, but also
+their curious <i>Foldings</i> in the <i>Calix</i>, before their Expansion.
+Of which Dr. <i>Grew</i> hath these Varieties, <i>viz.</i> The <i>Close-Couch</i>,
+as in <i>Roses</i>; the <i>Concave-Couch</i>, as in <i>Blattaria flore
+albo</i>; the <i>Single-Plait</i>, as in <i>Pease-Blossoms</i>; the <i>Double-Plait</i>,
+as in <i>Blue-Bottles</i>, &amp;c. the <i>Couch</i> and <i>Plait</i> together,
+as in <i>Marigolds</i>, &amp;c. the <i>Rowl</i>, as in <i>Ladies Bower</i>; the
+<i>Spire</i>, as in <i>Mallows</i>; and lastly, the <i>Plait</i> and <i>Spire</i> together,
+as in <i>Convolvulus Doronici folio</i>. L. 1. c. 5. §. 6. and
+Tab. 54.</p>
+
+<p>As to the <i>Stamina</i> with their <i>Apices</i>, and the <i>Stylus</i>, (called
+the <i>Attire</i> by Dr. <i>Grew</i>) they are admirable, whether
+we consider their Colours, or their Make, especially their
+Use, if it be as Dr. <i>Grew</i>, Mr. <i>Ray</i>, and others imagine,
+namely, as a <i>Male Sperm</i>, to impregnate and fructify the
+Seed. Which Opinion is corroborated by the ingenious Observations
+of Mr. <i>Sam. Morland</i>, in <i>Philos. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 287.</p>
+
+<p><i>Reliqua usus alimentique gratiâ genuit <span class="antiqua">[Natura]</span> ideoque secula
+annosque tribuit iis. Flores verò odoresque in diem gignit:
+magnâ (ut palam est) admonitione hominum, quæ spectatissimè
+floreant, celerrimè marcescere.</i> Plin. N. H. L. 21. c. 1.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_654" href="#FNanchor_654" class="label">[h]</a> As to the curious and gradual Process of Nature in the
+Formation of the Seed or Fruit of Vegetables, Cuts being
+necessary, I shall refer to Dr. <i>Grew</i>, p. 45, and 209, and
+<i>Malpig.</i> p. 57.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_655" href="#FNanchor_655" class="label">[i]</a> <i>Vetus est Empedoclis dogma, Plantarum semina Ova esse,
+ab iisdem decidua——Inest in eo <span class="antiqua">[Ovo vel Semine]</span> velut
+in cicatrice, non sola viventis carina, sed cum minimo trunco
+assurgentes partes, Gemma scilicet, &amp; insignis radicis Conus, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i>
+Malpig. ib. p. 81. vid. plura in tract. <i>de Seminum veget.</i>
+p. 14. &amp; passim.</p>
+
+<p>In <i>Malpighi</i>’s Life, a Debate may be seen between him
+and <i>Seign. Triumphetti</i>, the Provost of the Garden at <i>Rome</i>,
+whether the whole Plant be actually in the Seed. The Affirmative
+is maintained by <i>Malpighi</i>, with cogent Arguments;
+among which, this is one; <i>Non præoccupatâ mente, oculis microscopio
+armatis, lustret quæso Phaseolorum, seminalem plantulam
+nondum satam, in quâ folia stabilia, hæcque ampla evidenter
+observabit; in eâdem pariter gemmam, nodos, seu implantationes
+varias foliorum caulis deprehendet. Caulem insignem
+fibris ligneis, &amp; utriculorum seriebus constantem conspicuè attinget.</i>
+And whereas <i>S. Triumphetti</i> had objected, that <i>vegetatione,
+metamorphosi, inediâ plantas in alias degenerare, ut exemplo
+plurium <span class="antiqua">[constat]</span> præcipuè tritici in lolium, &amp; lolii in triticum
+versi.</i> In answer to this, (which is one of the strongest
+Arguments against <i>Malpighi</i>’s Assertion) <i>Malpighi</i> replies,
+<i>Nondum certum est de integritate, &amp; successu experimenti, nam
+facienti mihi, &amp; amicis, tritici metamorphosis non cessit. Admissa
+tamen metamorphosi, quoniam hæc neglecta cultura, aut
+vitio soli, aut aëris contingit——ideo ex morboso &amp; monstruoso
+affectu non licet inferre permanentem statum à Naturâ intentum.
+Observo plantas sylvestres culturâ varias reddi, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i>
+I have more largely taken notice of <i>Malpighi</i>’s Answer, because
+he therein shews his Opinion about the Transmutation
+of Vegetables. <i>Vid.</i> <i>Malpig. Vit.</i> p. 67.</p>
+
+<p>So Mr. <i>Lewenhoeck</i>, after his nice Observations of an <i>Orange-Kernel</i>,
+which he made to germinate in his Pocket, <i>&amp;c.</i> concludes,
+<i>Thus we see, how small a Particle, no bigger than a
+course Sand <span class="antiqua">(as the Plant is represented)</span> is increased, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> A
+plain Demonstration, that the Plant, and all belonging to it,
+was actually in the Seed, in the young Plant, its Body, Root,
+<span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Philos. Trans. Nᵒ. 287. See also <i>Raii Cat. Cant.</i> in <i>Acer
+maj.</i> from Dr. <i>Highmore</i>. But in all the Seeds which I
+have viewed, except the <i>Maple</i>, the Plant appears the plainest
+to the naked Eye, and also very elegant, in the <i>Nux Vomica</i>.
+<i>Natura non observat magnitudinis proportionem inter semina
+&amp; plantas ab iisdem ortas, ita ut majus semen majorem
+semper producat plantam, minus minorem. Sunt enim in genere
+herbarum non pauca, quarum semina arborum nonnullarum
+seminibus non dico æqualia sunt, sed multo majora. Sic
+<span class="antiqua">v.g.</span> Semina Fabæ, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> semina Ulmi, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> multis vicibus magnitudine
+superant.</i> Raii ubi suprà, L. 1. c. 13.</p>
+
+<p><i>Filicem reliquasque Capillares herbas Semine carere Veteres
+plerique——prodidere; quos etiam secuti sunt è Recentioribus
+nonnulli, Dodonæus, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span>——Alii è contrà, Bauhinus,
+<span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> Filices &amp; congeneres spermatophoras esse contendunt:
+Partim quia Historia Creationis</i>, Genes. ii. 12. &amp;c.——<i>Hanc
+sententiam verissimam esse——autopsia convincit.</i>
+<i>Fredericus Cæsius</i>, he saith, was the first that discovered these
+Seeds with the Help of a Microscope. And since him, Mr.
+<i>W. C.</i> hath more critically observed them. Among other
+Things observed by that ingenious Gent. are these, <i>Pixidulæ
+seu capsulæ semina continentes in plerisque hoc genus plantis
+perquam exili granulo arenæ vulgaris cinereæ plus duplo minores
+sunt; imò in nonnullis speciebus vix tertiam quartamve arenulæ
+partem magnitudine æquant, vesicularum quarundam annulis
+aut fasciolis vermiformibus obvolutarum speciem exhibentes.
+Nonnulle ex his vesiculis 100 circiter semina continere deprehendebantur.——adeò
+eximiâ parvitate ut nudo oculo prorsus
+essent invisibilia, nec nisi microscopii interventu detegi possent.——Osmunda
+Regalis, quæ aliis omnibus Filicis speciebus
+mole——antecellit——vascula seminalia obtinet æquè cum
+reliquis congeneribus magnitudinis——quorum immensa &amp;
+visum fugiens parvitas cum magnitudine plantæ collata——adeò
+nullam gerere proportionem invenietur, ut tantam plantam
+è tantillo semine produci attentum observatarem meritò in
+admirationem rapiat.</i> Ray, ibid. L. 3. pag. 132. This <i>W. C.</i>
+was Mr. <i>Wil. Cole</i>, as he owneth in a Letter I have now in
+my Hands of his to Mr. <i>Ray</i>, of <i>Octob. 18, 1684.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_656" href="#FNanchor_656" class="label">[k]</a> <i>Vegetantium genus, ut debitam magnitudinem sortiatur,
+&amp; suæ mortalitatis jacturam sucessivâ prolis eductione reparet,
+statis temporibus novas promit partes, ut tandem emergentes Uteri,
+recentes edant Soboles. Emanantes igitur a caule, caudice,
+ramis, &amp; radicibus novellæ hujusmodi partes, non illico
+laxatæ extenduntur, sed compendio quodam coagmentatæ intra
+folii axillam cubantes, non parum subsistunst, Gemmæ appellantur,
+<span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> And then that great Man goes on to shew the admirable
+various Methods of Nature, in repositing in that
+little Compass, so large a Part of a Tree or Plant, the curious
+Structure of the Gems, the admirable Guard afforded
+them, and the Leaves, Flowers and Seed contained in them,
+<i>&amp;c.</i> Of which having taken Notice before, I pass over it
+now, and only refer to our Author <i>Malpighi</i>, and Dr. <i>Grew</i>,
+in the Places cited in <a href="#Footnote_640"><i>Note (f) and (g).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_657" href="#FNanchor_657" class="label">[l]</a> Of <i>Bulbous</i>, and a great many more, probably of the
+far greater Number of <i>Perennial Roots</i> of Herbs, as <i>Arum</i>,
+<i>Rape-Crowfoot</i>, &amp;c. it is very observable, that their Root is
+annually renewed, or repaired out of the Trunk or Stalk it
+self. That is to say, the <i>Basis</i> of the <i>Stalk</i> continually, and
+by insensible Degrees descending below the Surface of the
+Earth, and hiding it self therein, is thus both in Nature,
+Place and Office, changed into a true Root.——So in <i>Brownwort</i>,
+the Basis of the Stalk sinking down by Degrees, till it
+lies under Ground, becomes the upper Part of the Root;
+and continuing still to sink, the next Year becomes the lower
+Part: And the next after that, rots away; a new Addition
+being still yearly made out of the Stalk, as the elder Parts
+yearly rot away. <i>Grew.</i> <i>ibid.</i> L. 2. pag. 59. <i>ubi plura vid.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_658" href="#FNanchor_658" class="label">[m]</a> How safe and agreeable a Conservatory the Earth is
+to Vegetables, more than any other, is manifest from their
+rotting, drying, or being rendred infecund in the Waters, or
+the Air; but in the Earth their Vigour is long preserved.
+Thus Seeds particularly, Mr. <i>Ray</i> thinks some, may probably
+retain their Fecundity for ten Years, and others lose it in
+five; but, saith he, <i>In terræ gremio latitantia, quamvis tot
+caloris, frigoris, humoris &amp; siccitatis varietatibus ibidem obnoxia,
+diutiùs tamen (ut puto) fertilitatem suam tuentur quàm
+ab hominibus diligentissimè custodita; nam &amp; ego &amp; alii ante
+me multi observârunt Sinapeos vim magnam enatam in aggeribus
+fossarum recèns factis inque areis gramineis effossis, ubi
+post hominum memoriam nulla unquam Sinapeos seges succreverat.
+Quam tamen non spontè ortam suspicor, sed è seminibus
+in terra per tot annos resuduis etiam prolificis.</i> Ray. Hist. Pl.
+L. 1. C. 13.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_659" href="#FNanchor_659" class="label">[n]</a> <i>Plantæ nonnullæ Æschynomenæ Veteribus dictæ, Recentioribus
+Vivæ, &amp; Sensitivæ, &amp; Mimosæ, haud obscura sensus indicia
+produnt; siquidem folia earnum manu aut baculo tacta,
+&amp; paululum compressa, pleno etiam meridie, splendente Sole, illico
+se contrahunt; in nonnullis etiam speciebus cauliculi teneriores
+concidunt &amp; velut marcescunt; quod idem ab aëre frigidiore
+admissa patiuntur.</i> Ray. Hist. Pl. T. 1. L. 18. App. S. 2.
+c. 2. p. 978.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_660" href="#FNanchor_660" class="label">[o]</a> I have observed that many, if not most Vegetables,
+do expand their Flowers, Down, <i>&amp;c.</i> in warm, Sun-shiny
+Weather, and again close them towards Evening, or in
+Rain, <i>&amp;c.</i> especially at the Beginning of Flowering, when
+the Seed is young and tender; as is manifest in the Down
+of <i>Dandelion</i>, and other Downs; and eminently in the
+Flowers of <i>Pimpernel</i>; the opening and shutting of which,
+are the Country-Man’s Weather-wiser; whereby <i>Gerard</i> saith,
+he foretelleth what Weather shall follow the next Day; for
+saith he, <i>if the Flowers be close shut up, it betokeneth Rain
+and foul Weather; contrarywise, if they be spread abroad, fair
+Weather.</i> Ger. Herb. B. 2. c. 183.</p>
+
+<p><i>Est &amp; alia <span class="antiqua">[arbor in Tylis]</span> similis, foliosior tamen, roseique
+floris; quem noctu comprimens, aperire incipit Solis exortu, meridie
+expandit. Incolæ dormiræ eam dicunt.</i> Plin. Nat. Hist.
+L. 12. c. 11.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_661" href="#FNanchor_661" class="label">[p]</a> <i>So soon as the Seed is ripe, Nature taketh several Methods
+for its being duly Sown; not only in the opening of the
+<span class="antiqua">Uterus</span>, but also in the make of the Seed it self. For, First,
+The Seeds of many Plants, which affect a peculiar Soil or Seat,
+as of <span class="antiqua">Arum</span>, <span class="antiqua">Poppy</span>, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> are heavy and small enough, without
+further Care, to fall directly down into the Ground——But
+if they are so large and light, as to be expos’d to the Wind,
+they are often furnish’d with one or more Hooks, to stay them
+from straying too far from their proper Place——So the Seeds
+of <span class="antiqua">Avens</span> have one single Hook; those of <span class="antiqua">Agrimony</span> and <span class="antiqua">Goose-grass</span>,
+many; both the former loving a warm Bank; the latter,
+an Hedge for its Support. On the contrary, many Seeds are
+furnish’d with Wings or Feathers; partly with the Help of the
+Wind to carry them, when ripe, from off the Plant, as of <span class="antiqua">Ash</span>,
+<span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span>——and partly to enable them to make their Flight more or
+less abroad, that so they may not, by falling together, come up
+too thick; and that if one should miss a good Soil or Bed, another
+may hit. So the Kernels of <span class="antiqua">Pine</span> have Wings——yet short——whereby
+they fly not into the Air, but only flutter upon the
+Ground. But those of <span class="antiqua">Typha</span>, <span class="antiqua">Dandelion</span>, and most of the pappous
+Kind——have long numerous Feathers, by which they are
+wafted every Way.——Again, there are Seeds which are
+scatter’d not by flying abroad, but by being either spirted or
+flung away. The first of those are Wood sorrel, which having
+a running Root, Nature sees fit to sow the Seeds at some Distance.
+The doing of which is effected by a white sturdy Cover,
+of a tendinous or springy Nature.——This Cover, so soon as
+it begins to dry, bursts open on one Side, in an instant, and is
+violently turn’d Inside outward——and so smartly throws
+off the Seed. The Seeds of <span class="antiqua">Hart’s-tongue</span>, is flung or shot away——by
+the curious Contrivance of the Seed-case, as in <span class="antiqua">Codded-Asmart</span>,
+only there the spring moves and curls inward,
+but here outward, <span class="antiqua">viz.</span> Every Seed-case——is of a spherick
+Figure, and girded about with a Sturdy Spring.——The Surface
+of the Spring resembles a fine Screw.——So soon as——this
+Spring is become stark enough, it suddenly breaks the Case
+into two Halfs, like two little Cups, and so flings the Seed.</i>
+Grew. ib. p. 199. and in Tab. 72. all these admirable Artifices
+are handsomely represented.</p>
+
+<p><i>Quin si quantitas modica seminum <span class="antiqua">(Filicis Phyiltitidis quoque)</span>
+à foliis in subjectam charte mundæ——schedam decutiatur,
+detergatúrve, &amp; deinde in acervum converratur, vesicularum
+seminalium plurimis unà dissilientibus, &amp; sibi invicem
+allisis, acervulus variè moveri per partes videbitur, non secus
+ac si Syronibus aut istiusmodi bestiolis repletus esset——quin
+si locus tranquillus sit, aura proximè admotâ crepitantium inter
+rumpendum vasculorum sonitus——percipietur; &amp; si microscopio
+chartam oculis oberres, semina per eam undique sparsa,
+&amp; ad notabilem ab acervo distantiam projecta comperies.</i>
+<i>Ray</i> ibid. p. 132.</p>
+
+<p><i>The admirable Contrivance of Nature, in this Plant is most
+plain. For the Seed-Vessels being the best Preserver of the Seed,
+’tis there kept from the Injuries of Air and Earth, ’till it be
+rainy, when it is a proper Time for it to grow, and then it is
+thrown round the Earth, as Grain by a skilful Sower.——When
+any Wet touches the End of the Seed Vessels, with a
+smart Noise and sudden Leap it opens it self, and with a
+Spring scatters its Seed to a pretty Distance round it, where it
+grows.</i> Dr. Sloane Voy. to Jamaica, p. 150. of the <i>Gentianella
+flore cœruleo</i>, &amp;c. or <i>Spirit-Leaf</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Plants of the <i>Cardamine-Family</i>, and many others,
+may be added here, whose Cods fly open, and dart out
+their Seed, upon a small Touch of the Hand. But the
+most remarkable Instance is in the <i>Cardamine impatiens, cujus
+Siliquæ</i> (saith Mr. <i>Ray</i>) <i>vel leviter tactæ, actutùm ejaculantur
+<span class="antiqua">[Semina]</span> imò, quod longè mirabilius videtur, etsi filiquas
+non tetigeris, si tamen manum velut tacturus proximè admoveas,
+semina in approprinquantem evibrabunt; quod tum Morisonus
+se sæpiùs expertum scribit, tum Johnstonus apud Gerardum
+verum esse affirmat.</i> Hist. Plant. L. 16. c. 20.</p>
+
+<p>Neither is this Provision made only for Land Vegetables,
+but for such also as grow in the Sea. Of which I shall give
+an Instance from my before commended Friend Dr. <i>Sloane</i>.
+<i>As to the Fuci,——their Seed hath been discover’d, (and shew’d
+me first,) by the Industry of the ingenious Herbarist, Mr. <span class="antiqua">Sam.
+Doody</span>, who found on many of this Kind, solid Tubercules, or
+Risings in some Seasons, wherein were lodg’d several round
+Seeds, as big as Mustard-Seed, which, when ripe, the outward
+Membrane of the Tubercule breaking, leaveth the seed to
+float up and down with the Waves. The Seed coming near
+Stones, or any solid Foundation, by Means of a Mucilage it
+carries with it, sticks to them, and shoots forth <span class="antiqua">Ligulæ</span> with
+Branches, and in Time comes to its Perfection and Magnitude.</i>
+Sloan Voy. Jamaica, p. 50.</p>
+
+<p>But although Mr. <i>Doody</i> had hinted, and conjectur’d at
+the Thing; yet the first that discover’d the Seeds in <i>Fuci</i>,
+was the before commended Dr. <i>Tancred Robinson</i>; as may
+be seen by comparing what Mr. Ray saith in his <i>Synops. Stirp.
+Brit.</i> p. 6. with his <i>Append. Hist.</i> p. 1849. Besides which
+<i>Fuci</i>, the Dr. tells me, he observ’d Vessels and Seed in <i>Coralloid
+Shrubs</i>, as also in several <i>Fungi</i>, not only in the Species
+of <i>Crepitus Lupi</i>, but also between the <i>Lamellæ</i> of other
+Species, and in that subterraneous Kind call’d <i>Truffles</i>, whose
+Seed and Vessels open in the Cortex, at some Seasons he
+saith, like that of Mallows in Shape.</p>
+
+<p>As to the <i>Crepitus Lupi</i>, I have more than once examin’d
+their Powder, with those excellent Microscopes of Mr. <i>Wilson</i>’s
+Make: But the most satisfactory View Mr. <i>Wilson</i> himself
+gave me; by which I found the Seeds to be so many
+exceeding small <i>Puff-Balls</i>, with round Heads, and longer
+than ordinary sharp-pointed Stalks, as if made on purpose
+to prick easily into the Ground. These Seeds are intermix’d
+with much dusty Matter, and become hurtful to the
+Eyes, probably by their sharp Stalks pricking and wounding
+that tender Organ.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_662" href="#FNanchor_662" class="label">[q]</a> The ancient Naturalists do generally agree, that <i>Misseltoe</i>
+is propagated by its Seeds carried about by, and passing
+through the Body of Birds. Thus <i>Theophrastus de Caus.
+Plant.</i> L. 2. c. 24. τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ σῆς ὀρνίθων, &amp;c. <i>Initium verò
+à pastu avium:——Quippe Visco detracto confectóque in alveïs,
+quod frigidissimum est, semen cum excremento purum dimittitur,
+&amp; factâ mutatione aliquâ in arbore Stercoris causâ
+pullulat, erumpitque, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> So also <i>Pliny</i> saith, viz. <i>Omnino
+autem satum <span class="antiqua">[Viscum]</span> nullo modo nascitur, nec nisi per alvum
+Avium reddittum, maximè Palumbis ac Turdi. Hæc est
+natura, ut nisi maturatum in ventre Avium, non proveniat.</i>
+Plin. N. H. L. 16. c. 44. Whether what <i>Theophrastus</i> and
+<i>Pliny</i> affirm, be conducive to the better fertilizing the Seeds
+of <i>Misseltoe</i>, I know not; but that it is not of absolute Necessity,
+I can affirm upon mine own Experience, having seen
+the Seeds germinate, even in the Bark of Oak. But although
+they shot above an Inch, and seem’d to root in the Tree,
+yet they came to nothing, whether destroy’d by Ants, <i>&amp;c.</i>
+which I suspected, or whether disagreeing with the Oak, I
+know not. But I since find the Matter put out of doubt by
+Mr. <i>Doody</i>, which see in Mr. <i>Ray</i>’s <i>Hist. Plant. App.</i> p. 1918.</p>
+
+<p><i>Nutmegs</i> are said to be fertiliz’d after the same Manner,
+as <i>Tavernier</i> saith was confirm’d to him by Persons that lived
+many Years in those Parts; whose Relation was, The
+<i>Nutmeg</i> being ripe, several Birds come from the Islands toward
+the South, and devour it whole, but are forced to
+throw it up again, before it be digested: And that the <i>Nutmeg</i>,
+then besmear’d with a viscous Matter, falling to the
+Ground, takes Root, and produces a Tree, which would
+never thrive, was it planted. <i>Tavern. of the Commod. of the
+<span class="antiqua">G. Mogul</span>.</i> And <i>Monsieur Thevenot</i>, in his Travels to the
+<i>Indies</i>, gives this Account; The Tree is produc’d after this
+Manner; there is a kind of Birds in the Island, that having
+pick’d off the green Husk, swallow the Nuts, which having
+been some Time in their Stomach, they void by the ordinary
+Way; and they fail not to take rooting in the Place
+where they fall, and in Time to grow up to a Tree. This
+Bird is shap’d like a <i>Cuckow</i>, and the <i>Dutch</i> prohibit their
+Subjects under Pain of Death, to kill any of them. <i>Vid.</i>
+<i>Sir T. Pope Blunt</i>’s <i>Nat. Hist.</i></p>
+
+<p>But Mr. <i>Ray</i> gives a somewhat different Account: <i>Hunc
+fructum <span class="antiqua">[Nucem Moschatam]</span> variæ quidem aves depascuntur,
+sed maximè Columbæ genus album &amp; parvum, quæ dehiscente
+nucamento, illectæ suavitate Macis, hunc cum Nuce eripiunt
+&amp; devorant, nec nisi repletâ ingluvie capacissimâ saginam deserunt.
+Nostrates ibi mercatores Columbis istis <span class="antiqua">Nut-eaters</span>
+sive Nucivoris nomen imposuerunt. Quas autem vorant Nuces,
+post integras per alvum reddunt. Redditæ citiùs deinde germinant
+utpote præmaceratæ fervore Ventriculi. Arbores inde natæ
+ceu præcociores, facilè sunt corruptioni obnoxiæ fructumque
+ferunt cæteris multo viliorem, &amp; hâc causa neglectum incolis
+contemptumque, prater Macin, quem ad adulterandum meliorem
+adhibent.</i> Ray H. P. L. 27. c. 4.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_663" href="#FNanchor_663" class="label">[r]</a> <i>Arbores blandioribus fruge succis hominem mitigavere.
+Ex iis recreans membra Olei liquor, viresque potus Vini: tot
+denique sapores annui sponte venientes: &amp; mensa depugnetur
+licet earum causa cum feris, &amp; pasti naufragorum corporibus
+pisces expetantur, etiamnum tamen secundæ. Mille præterea
+sunt usus earum, sine quibus vita degi non possit. Arbore sulcamus
+maria, terrasque admovemus, arbore exædificamus tecta.</i>
+Plin. N. H. L. 12. c. 1.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_664" href="#FNanchor_664" class="label">[s]</a> <i>Plantaram Usus latissime patet, &amp; in omni vita parte
+occurrit. Sine illis laute, sine illis commode non vivitur, at
+nec vivitur omnino: Quæcunque ad victum necessaria sunt,
+quæcunque ad delicias faciunt, e locupletissimo suo penu abunde
+subministrant. Quanto ex iis mensa innocentior, mundior, salubrior
+quam ex Animalium cæde &amp; laniena? Homo certe natura
+Animal carnivorum non est; nullis ad prædam &amp; rapinam
+armis instructum, non dentibus exertis &amp; serratis, non
+unguibus aduncis. Manus ad fructus colligendos, dentes
+ad mandendas comparati. Non legimus ei ante Diluvium carnes
+ad esum concessas. At non victum tantum nobis suppeditant,
+sed &amp; Vestitum, &amp; Medicinam &amp; Domicilia aliaque, ædificia,
+&amp; Navigia, &amp; Supellectilem, &amp; Focum, &amp; Oblectamenta
+Sensuum Animique: Ex his naribus odoramenta &amp; sussumigiæ
+parantur. Horum flores inenarrabili colorum &amp; Schematum
+varietate, &amp; elegantia, oculos exhilarant, suavissima odorum
+quos expirant fragantia spiritus recreant. Horum fructus gule
+illecebra mensas secundas instruunt, &amp; languentem appetitum
+excitant. Taceo virorem amiœnissimum oculis amicum, quem
+per prata paseua agros, sylvas spatiantibus objiciunt &amp; umbras
+quas contra æstum &amp; solis ardores præbent.</i> Ray. ib. L. 1. c.
+24. p. 46.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_665" href="#FNanchor_665" class="label">[t]</a> All Vegetables of a tall and spreading Growth, seem
+to have a natural Tendency to a hemispherical Dilation, but
+generally confine their Spreading within an Angle of 90 <i>gr.</i>
+as being the most becoming and useful Disposition of its
+Parts and Branches. Now the shortest Way to give a most
+graceful and useful filling to that Space of dilating and spreading
+out, is to proceed in strait Lines, and to dispose of those
+Lines, in a Variety of Parallels, <i>&amp;c.</i> And to do that in a
+quadrantal Space, <i>&amp;c.</i> there appears but one way possible,
+and that is, to form all the Intersections which the Shoots
+and Branches make, with Angles of 45 <i>gr.</i> only. And I
+dare appeal to all if it be not in this Manner, almost to a
+Nicety observ’d by Nature, <i>&amp;c.</i> A visible Argument that
+the plastic Capacities of Matter are govern’d and dispos’d by
+an all-wise and infinite Agent, the native Strictnesses and
+Regularities of them plainly shewing from whose Hand they
+come. <i>Account of the Origine and Format. of Foss. Shells,
+<span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> <i>Print.</i> Lond. 1705. pag. 38. 41.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_666" href="#FNanchor_666" class="label">[u]</a> <i>In Hederâ, sui culi &amp; rami hinc inde claviculos, quasi
+radiculas emittunt, quæ parietibus, vel occurrentibus arboribus
+veluti digitis firmantur, &amp; in altum suspenduntur. Hujusmodi
+radiculæ subrotundæ sunt, &amp; pilis cooperiuntur: &amp; quad mirum
+est, glutinosum fundunt humorem, seu Terebinthinam, quâ
+arcte lapidibus nectuntur &amp; agglutinantur.——Non minori industriâ
+Natura utitur in Vite Canadensi, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> The admirable
+and curious Make of whose Tendrels and their Feet, see in
+the illustrious Author, <i>Malpig. de Capreolis</i>, &amp;c. p. 48.</p>
+
+<p>Claspers are of a compound Nature, between that of a
+Root and a Trunk. Their Use is sometimes for Support only;
+as in the Claspers of Vines, Briony, <i>&amp;c.</i> whose Branches
+being long, slender and fragile, would fall by their own
+Weight, and that of their Fruit; but these Claspers taking
+hold of any Thing that is at Hand: Which they do by a
+natural Circumvolution which they have; (those of Briony
+have a retrograde Motion about every third Circle, in the
+Form of a double Clasp; so that if they miss one Way, they
+may catch the other.) Sometimes the Use of Claspers is also
+for a Supply, as in the Trunk Roots of Ivy; which being
+a Plant that mounts very high, and being of a closer and
+more compact Substance than that of Vines, the Sap would
+not be sufficiently supply’d to the upper Sprouts, unless these
+assisted the Mother Root; but these serve also for Support
+too. Sometimes also they serve for Stabiliment, Propagation
+and Shade; for the first of these serve the Claspers of
+Cucumers; for the second, those, or rather the Trunk-Roots
+of <i>Chamomil</i>; and for all three the Trunk-Roots of
+<i>Strawberries</i>. Harris <i>Lex. Tech. in verb.</i> Claspers.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_667" href="#FNanchor_667" class="label">[w]</a> Vegetables afford not only Food to Irrationals, but
+also Physick, if it be true which <i>Aristotle</i> saith, and after
+him <i>Pliny</i>; which latter in his 8th Book, Chap. 27. specifies
+divers Plants made use of as Specificks, by divers, both
+Beasts and Birds: As <i>Dittany</i> by wounded <i>Deer</i>, <i>Celandine</i>
+by <i>Swallows</i>, to cure the sore Eyes of their Young, <i>&amp;c.</i>
+And if the Reader hath a Mind to see more Instances of
+this Nature, (many of them fanciful enough,) he may consult
+<i>Mersenne in Genes.</i> pag. 933.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_668" href="#FNanchor_668" class="label">[x]</a> See before <a href="#Footnote_252"><i>Book IV. Chap. 11. Note (b).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_669" href="#FNanchor_669" class="label">[y]</a> <i>Planta hæc unica <span class="antiqua">[Aloe Americana]</span> inquit Fr. Hernandez,
+quicquid vitæ esse potest necessarium præstare facilè potest, si
+esset rebus humanis modus. Tota enim illa lignorum sæpiendorumque
+agrorum usum præstat, caules tignorum, folia verò tecta
+regendi imbricum, lancium: eorundem nervuli, &amp; fibra eundem
+habent usum ad linteamina, calceos, &amp; vestimenta conficienda
+quem apud nos Linum, Cannabis, Gossipium, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> E
+mucronibus siunt clavi, aculei, subula, quibus perforandis auribus,
+macerandi corporis gratiâ, Indis uti mos erat cùm Dæmonum
+vacarent cultui; item aciculæ, acus, tribuli militares
+&amp; rastilla idonea pectendis subtegminibus. Præterea è succo
+mananti, cujus evulsis germinibus internis foliisve tenerioribus
+cultis <span class="antiqua">[Yztlinis]</span> in mediam cavitatem, stillat planta, unica ad
+50 interdum amphoras (quod dictu est mirabile) Vina, Mel, Acetum
+ac Saccharum parantur <span class="antiqua">[The Methods of which he
+tells]</span>. Idem succus menses ciet, alvum lenit, Urinam evocat,
+Renes &amp; Vesicam emundat. E radice quoque Restes fiunt firmissimæ.
+Crassiores foliorum partes, truncusque, decocta sub
+terrâ, edendo sunt apta, sapiuntque Citrea frusta saccharo
+condita: quin &amp; vulnera recentia mirè conglutinant.——Folia
+quoque assa &amp; affecto loco imposita convulsionem curant, ac dolores
+leniunt (præcipuè si succus ipse calens bibatur) quamvis ab
+Indicâ proficiscantur lue, sensum hebetant, atque torporem inducunt.
+Radicis succus luem Veneream curat apud Indos ut
+Dr. <span class="antiqua">Palmer</span>.</i> Ray. ib. L. 21. c. 7. See also Dr. <i>Sloane</i> <i>Voy.
+to <span class="antiqua">Jamaica</span></i>, <i>p. 247</i>.</p>
+
+<p>There are also two Sorts of <i>Aloe</i> besides, mentioned by
+the same Dr. <i>Sloane</i>, one of which is made use of for Fishing-Lines,
+Bow-Strings, Stockings, and Hammocks. Another
+hath Leaves that hold Rain-Water, to which Travellers,
+<i>&amp;c.</i> resort to quench their Thirst, in Scarcity of Wells,
+or Waters, in those dry Countries. <i>Ibid.</i> p. 249.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_670" href="#FNanchor_670" class="label">[z]</a> For an Instance here, I shall name the <i>Cortex Peruvianus</i>,
+which Dr. <i>Morton</i> calls <i>Antidotus in levamen crumnarum
+vitæ humanæ plurimarum divinitus concessa.</i> De Febr. Exer.
+v. c. 3. <i>In Sanitatem Gentium proculdubio à Deo O. M.
+conditus. Cujus gratiâ, Arbor vitæ, siqua alia, jure meritò
+appellari potest.</i> Id. ib. c. 7. <i>Eheu! quot convitiis Herculea &amp;
+divina hæc Antidotus jactabatur?</i> Ibid.</p>
+
+<p>To this (if we may believe the <i>Ephemer. German.</i> Ann. 12.
+Obser. 74. and some other Authors) we may add <i>Trifolium
+paludosum</i>, which is become the <i>Panacea</i> of the <i>German</i> and
+Northern Nations.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_671" href="#FNanchor_671" class="label">[aa]</a> <i>Pro doloribus quibuscunque sedandis præstantissimi semper
+usus Opium habetur; quamobrem meritò <span class="antiqua">Nepenthe</span> appellari
+solet, &amp; remedium verè divinum existit. Et quidem satìs
+mirari vix possumus, quomodo urgente viscerit aut membri cujuspiam
+torturâ insigni, &amp; intolerabili cruciatu, pharmacum
+hoc, incantamenti instar, levamen &amp; ἀναλγησίαν subitam, immò
+interdum absque somno, aut saltem priùs quàm advenerit,
+concedit. Porrò adhuc magìs stupendum est, quod donec particulæ
+Opiaticæ operari, &amp; potentiam suam narcoticam exerere
+continuant, immò etiam aliquamdiu postquam somnus finitur,
+summa aleviatio, &amp; indolentia in parte affectâ persisti.</i> Willis,
+Phar. rat. par. 1. S. 7. c. 1. §. 15.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_672" href="#FNanchor_672" class="label">[bb]</a> <i>Tales Plantarum species in quacunque regione, à Deo
+creantur quales hominibus &amp; animalibus ibidem natis maximè
+conveniunt; imò ex plantarum nascentium frequentiâ se fere
+animadvertere posse quibus morbis <span class="antiqua">[endemiis]</span> quælibet regio subjecta
+sit, scribit Solenander. Sic apud Danos, Frisios, Hollandos,
+quibus, Scorbutus frequens, Cochlearia copiose provenit.</i>
+Ray. H. Pl. L. 16. c. 3.</p>
+
+<p>To this may be added <i>Elsner</i>’s Observations concerning
+the Virtues of divers Things in his Observations <i>de Vincetoxico
+Scrophularum remedio</i>. F. Germ. T. 1. Obs. 57.</p>
+
+<p><i>John Benerovinus</i>, a Physician of <i>Dort</i>, may be here consulted,
+who wrote a Book on purpose to shew, that every
+Country hath every Thing serving to its Occasions, and particularly
+Remedies afforded to all the Distempers it is subjected
+unto. V. <i>Bener.</i> Ἀυτάρκεια, <i>Batav. sive Introd. ad Medic.
+indigenam.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_673" href="#FNanchor_673" class="label">[cc]</a> The Description Dr. <i>Sloane</i> gives of the <i>Wild-Pine</i>
+is, that its Leaves are chanelled fit to catch and convey
+Water down into their Reservatories, that these Reservatories
+are so made, as to hold much Water, and close at Top
+when full, to hinder its Evaporation; that these Plants grow
+on the Arms of the Trees in the Woods every where [in
+those Parts] as also on the Barks of their Trunks. And one
+Contrivance of Nature in this Vegetable, he saith, is very
+admirable. The Seed hath long and many Threads of <i>Tomentum</i>,
+not only that it may be carried every where by
+the Wind——but also that it may by those Threads,
+when driven through the Boughs, be held fast, and stick to
+the Arms, and extant Parts of the Barks of Trees. So soon
+as it sprouts or germinates, although it be on the under Part
+of a Bough,——its Leaves and Stalk rise perpendicular,
+or strait up, because if it had any other Position, the Cistern
+(before-mentioned, by which it is chiefly nourished——)
+made of the hollow Leaves, could not hold Water, which
+is necessary for the Nourishment and Life of the Plant——In
+Scarcity of Water, this Reservatory is necessary and sufficient,
+not only for the Plant it self, but likewise is very
+useful to Men, Birds, and all Sorts of Insects, whither they
+come in Troops, and seldom go away without Refreshment.
+<i>Id. ib. p. 188.</i> and <i>Phil. Trans.</i> Nᵒ. 251, where a Figure is of
+this notable Plant, as also in <i>Lowthorp’s Abridg. V. 2. p. 669.</i></p>
+
+<p>The <i>Wild-Pine</i>, so called, <i>&amp;c.</i> hath Leaves that will hold
+a Pint and a half, or Quart of Rain-Water; And this Water
+refreshes the Leaves, and nourishes the Root. When we
+find these Pines, we stick our Knives into the Leaves, just
+above the Root, and that lets out the Water, which we catch
+in our Hats, as I have done many Times to my great Relief.
+<i>Dampier</i>’s <i>Voy. to Campeachy</i>, <i>c. 2. p. 56.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_674" href="#FNanchor_674" class="label">[dd]</a> <i>Navarette</i> tells us of a Tree called the <i>Bejuco</i>, which
+twines about other Trees, with its End hanging downwards;
+and that Travellers cut the Nib off it, and presently a Spout
+of Water runs out from it, as clear as Crystal, enough and
+to spare for six or eight Men. I drank, saith he, to my Satisfaction
+of it, found it cool and sweet, and would drink it
+as often as I found it in my Way. It is a Juice and natural
+Water. It is the common Relief of the Herds men on the
+Mountains. When they are thirsty, they lay hold on the
+<i>Bejuco</i>, and drink their Fill. <i>Collect. of Voy. and Trav. Vol. 1.
+in the Suppl. to <span class="antiqua">Navarette</span>’s Account of <span class="antiqua">China</span>, p. 355.</i></p>
+
+<p>The <i>Waterwith</i> of <i>Jamaica</i> hath the same Uses, concerning
+which, my before-commended Friend, Dr. <i>Sloane</i>, favoured
+me with this Account from his Original Papers: <i>This
+Vine growing on dry Hills, in the Woods, where no Water is to
+be met with, its Trunk, if cut into Pieces two or three Yards
+long, and held by either End to the Mouth, affords so plentifully
+a limpid, innocent, and refreshing Water, or Sap, as gives
+new Life to the droughty Traveller or Hunter. Whence this is
+very much celebrated by all the Inhabitants of these Islands,
+as an immediate Gift of Providence to their distressed Condition.</i></p>
+
+<p>To this we may add what Mr. <i>Ray</i> takes notice of concerning
+the <i>Birch-Tree</i>. <i>In initiis Veris antequam folia prodiere,
+vulnerata dulcem succum copiosè effundit, quem siti pressi
+Pastores in sylvis sæpenumerò potare solent. Nos etiam non semel
+eo liquore recreati sumus, cùm herbarum gratiâ vastas peragravimus
+sylvas, inquit Tragus.</i> Raii Cat. Plant. circa.
+Cantab. in Betula.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_425"></a>[425]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/header12.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_XI">BOOK XI.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Practical <span class="smcap">Inferences</span> from the foregoing
+<span class="smcap">Survey</span>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<img class="dropcap" src="images/dropcap-h4.jpg" alt="">
+</div>
+
+<p class="dropcap">Having in the preceding Books carried
+my Survey as far as I care at present
+to engage my self, all that remaineth,
+is to draw some Inferences from
+the foregoing Scene of the great Creator’s Works,
+and so conclude this Part of my intended Work.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/header11.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_XI_CHAP_I">CHAP. I.</h4>
+
+<p><i>That <span class="smcap">God</span>’s Works are Great and Excellent.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The first Inference I shall make, shall be by
+way of Confirmation of the Text, That the
+<i>Works of the Lord are great</i><a id="FNanchor_675" href="#Footnote_675" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>. And this is necessary
+to be observed, not against the Atheist only,
+but all other careless, incurious Observers of God’s
+Works. Many of our useful Labours, and some
+of our best modern Books shall be condemned
+with only this Note of Reproach, That they are<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_426"></a>[426]</span>
+about trivial Matters<a id="FNanchor_676" href="#Footnote_676" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>, when in Truth they are
+ingenious and noble Discoveries of the Works of
+<em class="gesperrt">GOD</em>. And how often will many own the World
+in general to be a Manifestation of the Infinite
+Creator, but look upon the several Parts thereof as
+only Toys and Trifles, scarce deserving their Regard?
+But in the foregoing (I may call it) transient
+View I have given of this lower, and most
+slighted Part of the Creation, I have, I hope, abundantly
+made out, that all the Works of the
+Lord, from the most regarded, admired, and praised,
+to the meanest and most slighted, are great
+and glorious Works, incomparably contrived, and
+as admirably made, fitted up, and placed in the
+World. So far then are any of the Works of the
+<em class="gesperrt">LORD</em>, (even those esteemed the meanest) from
+deserving to be disregarded, or contemned by
+us<a id="FNanchor_677" href="#Footnote_677" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>, that on the contrary they deserve (as shall
+be shewn in the next Chapter) to be <i>sought out,
+enquired after</i>, and <i>curiously</i> and <i>diligently pryed into</i>
+by us; as I have shewed the Word in the Text implies.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_675" href="#FNanchor_675" class="label">[a]</a> <i>Equidem ne laudare quidem satìs pro merito possum ejus
+Sapientiam ac Potentiam, qui animalia fabricatus est. Nam
+ejusmodi opera non Laudibus modò, verùm etiam Hymnis sunt
+majora, quæ priusquam inspexissemus, fieri non posse persuasum
+habeamus, conspicati verò, falsos nos opinione fuisse comperimus.</i>
+Galen. de Us. Part. L. 7. c. 15.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_676" href="#FNanchor_676" class="label">[b]</a> <i>Non tamen pigere debet Lectores, ea intelligere, quemadmodum
+ne Naturam quidem piguit ea reipsà efficere.</i> Galen.
+ibid. L. 11. fin.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_677" href="#FNanchor_677" class="label">[c]</a> <i>An igitur etiamsi quemadmodum Natura hæc, &amp; ejusmodi,
+summâ ratione ac providentiâ agere potuit, ita &amp; nos
+imitari aliquando possemus? Ego verò existimo multis nostrum
+ne id quidem posse, neque enim artem Naturæ exponunt: Eo
+enim modo omnino eam admirarentur, Sin minùs, eam saltem
+non vitaperarent.</i> Galen. ib. L. 10. c. 3.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_427"></a>[427]</span></p>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_XI_CHAP_II">CHAP. II.</h4>
+
+<p><i>That <span class="smcap">God</span>’s Works ought to be enquir’d into,
+and that such Enquiries are commendable.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The <i>Creator</i> doubtless did not bestow so much
+Curiosity, and exquisite Workmanship and
+Skill upon his Creatures, to be looked upon with
+a careless, incurious Eye, especially to have them
+slighted or contemned; but to be admired by the
+rational Part of the World, to magnify his own
+Power, Wisdom and Goodness throughout all the
+World, and the Ages thereof. And therefore we
+may look upon it as a great Error, not to answer
+those Ends of the infinite <i>Creator</i>, but rather to
+oppose and affront them. On the contrary, my
+Text commends <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em>’s Works, not only for being
+great, but also approves of those curious and
+ingenious Enquirers, that <i>seek them out</i>, or <i>pry into
+them</i>. And the more we pry into, and discover of
+them, the greater and more glorious we find them
+to be, the more worthy of, and the more expressly
+to proclaim their great <i>Creator</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Commendable then are the Researches, which
+many amongst us have, of late Years, made into
+the Works of Nature, more than hath been done
+in some Ages before. And therefore when we are
+asked, <i>Cui Bono?</i> To what Purpose such Enquiries,
+such Pains, such Expense? The Answer is
+easy, It is to answer the Ends for which <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em>
+bestowed so much Art, Wisdom and Power about
+them, as well as given us Senses to view and survey
+them; and an Understanding and Curiosity
+to search into them: It is to follow and trace
+him, when and whither he leads us, that we may<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_428"></a>[428]</span>
+see and admire his Handy-work our selves, and set
+it forth to others, that they may see, admire and
+praise it also. I shall then conclude this Inference
+with what <i>Elihu</i> recommends, Job xxxvi. 24, 25.
+<i>Remember that thou magnify his Work, which Men
+behold. Every Man may see it, Men may behold it
+afar off.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_XI_CHAP_III">CHAP. III.</h4>
+
+<p><i>That <span class="smcap">God</span>’s Works are manifest to all: Whence
+the Unreasonableness of Infidelity.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The concluding Words of the preceding Chapter
+suggests a third Inference, that the Works
+of GOD are so visible to all the World, and withal
+such manifest Indications of the Being, and Attributes
+of the infinite Creator, that they plainly
+argue the Vileness and Perversness of the Atheist,
+and leave him inexcusable. For it is a sign a Man
+is a wilful, perverse Atheist, that will impute so
+glorious a Work, as the Creation is, to any Thing,
+yea, a mere <i>Nothing</i> (as Chance is) rather than to
+<em class="gesperrt">GOD</em><a id="FNanchor_678" href="#Footnote_678" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>. ’Tis a sign the Man is wilfully blind,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_429"></a>[429]</span>
+that he is under the Power of the Devil, under
+the Government of Prejudice, Lust, and Passion,
+not right Reason, that will not discern what <i>every
+one can see, what every Man may behold afar off</i>,
+even the Existence and Attributes of the <em class="gesperrt">CREATOR</em>
+from his Works. For as <i>there is no Speech
+or Language where their Voice is not heard, their
+Line is gone out through all the Earth, and their
+Words to the End of the World</i>: So all, even the
+barbarous Nations, that never heard of GOD,
+have from these his Works inferred the Existence
+of a Deity, and paid their Homages to some Deity,
+although they have been under great Mistakes in
+their Notions and Conclusions about him. But
+however, this shews how naturally and universally
+all Mankind agree, in deducing their Belief of a
+God from the Contemplation of his Works, or as
+even <i>Epicurus</i> himself, in <i>Tully</i><a id="FNanchor_679" href="#Footnote_679" class="fnanchor">[b]</a> saith, from <i>a
+Notion that Nature it self hath imprinted upon the
+Minds of Men. For</i>, saith he, <i>what Nation is
+there, or what kind of Men, that without any Teaching
+or Instructions, have not a kind of Anticipation,
+or preconceived Notion of a Deity?</i></p>
+
+<p>An Atheist therefore (if ever there was any
+such) may justly be esteemed a Monster among
+rational Beings; a Thing hard to be met with in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_430"></a>[430]</span>
+the whole Tribe of Mankind; an Opposer of all
+the World<a id="FNanchor_680" href="#Footnote_680" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>; a Rebel against human Nature and
+Reason, as well as against his <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em>.</p>
+
+<p>But above all, monstrous is this, or would be,
+in such as have heard of <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em>, who have had the
+Benefit of the clear Gospel-Revelation. And still
+more monstrous this would be, in one born and
+baptized in the Christian Church, that hath studied
+Nature, and pried farther than others into God’s
+Works. For such an one (if it be possible for
+such to be) to deny the Existence, or any of the
+Attributes of <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em>, would be a great Argument
+of the infinite Inconvenience of those Sins of Intemperance,
+Lust, and Riot, that have made the
+Man abandon his Reason, his Senses, yea, I had
+almost said his very human Nature<a id="FNanchor_681" href="#Footnote_681" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>, to engage
+him thus to deny the Being of <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em>.</p>
+
+<p>So also it is much the same monstrous Infidelity,
+at least betrays the same atheistical Mind, to
+deny <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em>’s Providence, Care and Government
+of the World, or (which is a Spawn of the same
+<i>Epicurean Principles</i>) to deny <i>Final Causes</i><a id="FNanchor_682" href="#Footnote_682" class="fnanchor">[e]</a> in
+God’s Works of Creation; or with the Profane
+in <i>Psal.</i> lxxiii. 11. to say, <i>How doth God know?<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_431"></a>[431]</span>
+And is there Knowledge in the most High?</i> For as the
+witty and eloquent <i>Salvian</i> saith<a id="FNanchor_683" href="#Footnote_683" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>, <i>They that affirm
+nothing is seen by <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em>, will, <span class="antiqua">in all Probability</span>,
+take away the Substance, as well as Sight of
+God.——But what so great Madness</i>, saith he, <i>as
+that when a Man doth not deny <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em> to be the Creator
+of all Things, he should deny him to be the Governour
+of them? Or when he confesseth him to be the Maker,
+he should say, <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em> neglecteth what he hath so
+made?</i></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_678" href="#FNanchor_678" class="label">[a]</a> <i>Galen</i> having taken notice of the neat Distribution of
+the Nerves to the <i>Muscles</i>, and other Parts of the Face,
+cries out, <i>Hæc enim fortunæ sunt opera! Cæterùm tum omnibus
+<span class="antiqua">[partibus]</span> immitti, tantosque esse singulos [nervos] magnitudine,
+quanta particulæ erat necesse; haud scio an hominum
+sit sobriorum ad Fortunam opisicem id revocare. Alioqui quid
+tandem erit, quod cum Providentiâ &amp; Arte efficitur? Omnino
+enim hoc ei contrarium esse debet, quod Casu ac Fortuitò fit</i>.
+And afterwards, <i>Hæc quidem atque ejusmodi Artis scil. ac Sapientiæ
+opera esse dicemus, si modò Fortunæ tribuenda sunt quæ
+sunt contraria; fietque jam quod in proverbiis——Fluvii
+sursum fluent; si opera quæ nullum habent neque ornamentum
+neque rationem, neque modum Artis esse; contraria verò Fortunæ
+duxerimus, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Galen. ubi supra. L. 11. c. 7.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_679" href="#FNanchor_679" class="label">[b]</a> <i>Primùm esse Deos, quod in omnium animis, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> And a
+little after, <i>Cùm enim non instituto aliquo, aut more, aut
+lege sit opinio constituta, maneatque ad unum omnium firma
+consensio, intelligi necesse est, esse Deos, quoniam insitas eorum
+vel potiùs innatas cognitiones habemus. De quo autem omnium
+Natura consentit, id verum esse necesse est. Esse igitur Deos
+confitendum est.</i> Cicer. de Nat. Deor. L. 1. c. 16. 17.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_680" href="#FNanchor_680" class="label">[c]</a> The Atheist in denying a God, doth, as <i>Plutarch</i>
+saith, endeavour——<i>immobilia movere, &amp; bellum inferre
+non tantùm longo tempori, sed &amp; multis hominibus, gentibus,
+&amp; familiis, quas religiosus Deorum cultus, quasi divino furore
+correptas, tenuit.</i> Plutar. de Iside.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_681" href="#FNanchor_681" class="label">[d]</a> See before <a href="#Footnote_679"><i>Note (b).</i></a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_682" href="#FNanchor_682" class="label">[e]</a> <i>Galen</i> having substantially refuted the <i>Epicurean</i> Principles
+of <i>Asclepiades</i>, by shewing his Ignorance in Anatomy
+and Philosophy, and by Demonstrating all the <i>Causes</i> to be
+evidently in the Works of <i>Nature</i>, viz. <i>Final</i>, <i>Efficient</i>, <i>Instrumental</i>,
+<i>Material</i> and <i>Formal Causes</i>, concludes thus against
+his fortuitous Atoms, <i>ex quibus intelligi potest: Conditorem
+nostrum in formandis particulis unum hunc sequi scopum, nempe
+ut quod melius est eligat.</i> Galen. de Us. Part. L. 6. c. 13.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_683" href="#FNanchor_683" class="label">[f]</a> <i>De Gubern. Dei.</i> L. 4. p. 124. <i>meo Libro</i>; also L. 7. c. 14.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_XI_CHAP_IV">CHAP. IV.</h4>
+
+<p><i>That <span class="smcap">God</span>’s Works ought to excite us to Fear
+and Obedience to <span class="smcap">God</span>.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Since the Works of the Creation are all of them
+so many Demonstrations of the infinite Wisdom
+and Power of God, they may serve to us as so many
+Arguments exciting us to the constant <i>Fear of
+God</i>, and to a steady, hearty <i>Obedience</i> to all his
+Laws. And thus we may make these Works as
+serviceable to our spiritual Interest, as they all are
+to our Life, and temporal Interest. For if whenever
+we see them, we would consider that these are
+the Works of our infinite <i>Lord</i> and <i>Master</i>, to whom
+we are to be accountable for all our Thoughts,
+Words and Works, and that in these we may see
+his infinite Power and Wisdom; this would check
+us in Sinning, and excite us to serve and please him
+who is above all Controul, and who hath our Life
+and whole Happiness in his Power. After this manner
+<em class="gesperrt">GOD</em> himself argues with his own <i>foolish People,
+and without Understanding, who had Eyes, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_432"></a>[432]</span>
+saw not, and had Ears, and heard not</i>, Jer. v. 21, 22.
+<i>Fear ye not me? saith the Lord: will ye not tremble
+at my Presence, which have placed the Sand for the
+Bound of the Sea, by a perpetual Decree, that it cannot
+pass it; and though the Waves thereof toss themselves,
+yet can they not prevail; though they roar, yet
+can they not pass over it?</i></p>
+
+<p>This was an Argument that the most ignorant,
+stupid Wretches could not but apprehend; that a
+Being that had so vast and unruly an Element, as
+the Sea, absolutely at his Command, ought to be
+feared and obeyed; and that he ought to be considered
+as the Sovereign Lord of the World, on whom
+the World’s Prosperity and Happiness did wholly
+depend; v. 24. <i>Neither say they in their Heart,
+let us now fear the Lord our God, that giveth Rain,
+both the former and the latter in his Season: He reserveth
+unto us the appointed Weeks of the Harvest.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_XI_CHAP_V">CHAP. V.</h4>
+
+<p><i>That <span class="smcap">God</span>’s Works ought to excite us to
+Thankfulness.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>As the Demonstrations which <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em> hath given
+of his infinite <i>Power</i> and <i>Wisdom</i> should
+excite us to Fear and Obedience; so I shall shew in
+this Chapter, that the Demonstrations which he
+hath given of his infinite <i>Goodness</i> in his Works,
+may excite us to due Thankfulness and Praise. It
+appears throughout the foregoing Survey, what
+Kindness <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em> hath shewn to his Creatures in
+providing every Thing conducing to their Life,
+Prosperity, and Happiness<a id="FNanchor_684" href="#Footnote_684" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>; how they are all<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_433"></a>[433]</span>
+contrived and made in the best Manner, placed in
+the fittest Places of the World for their Habitation
+and Comfort; accoutered in the best Manner,
+and accommodated with every, even all the minutest
+Things that may minister to their Health, Happiness,
+Office, Occasions, and Business in the World.</p>
+
+<p>Upon which Account, Thankfulness and Praise
+is so reasonable, so just a Debt to the <i>Creator</i>, that
+the <i>Psalmist</i> calleth upon all the Creatures to praise
+God, in <i>Psalm</i> cxlviii. <i>Praise him all his Angels,
+Praise him all his Hosts; Sun, Moon, Stars of Light,
+Heavens of Heavens, and Waters above the Heavens.</i>
+The Reason given for which is, ℣. 5, 6. <i>For he commanded,
+and they were created; he hath also established
+them for ever and ever; he hath made a Decree which
+they shall not pass.</i> And not these Celestials alone,
+but the Creatures of the Earth and Waters too,
+even the Meteors, <i>Fire and Hail, Snow and Vapours,
+stormy Winds fulfilling his Word.</i> Yea, the very
+<i>Mountains and Hills, Trees, Beasts, and all Cattle,
+creeping Things, and flying Fowl.</i> But in a particular
+manner, all the Ranks and Orders, all the Ages
+and Sexes of Mankind are charged with this Duty;
+<i>Let them praise the Name of the Lord, for his Name
+alone is excellent; his Glory is above the Earth and
+Heavens</i>, ℣. 13.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_434"></a>[434]</span></p>
+
+<p>And great Reason there is we should be excited to
+true and unfeigned Thankfulness and Praise<a id="FNanchor_685" href="#Footnote_685" class="fnanchor">[b]</a> to
+this our great Benefactor, if we reflect upon what
+hath been shewn in the preceding Survey, that the
+<i>Creator</i> hath done for Man alone, without any regard
+to the rest of the Creatures, which some have
+held were made for the Sake of Man. Let us but
+reflect upon the Excellence and Immortality of our
+Soul; the incomparable Contrivance, and curious
+Structure of our Body; and the Care and Caution
+taken for the Security and Happiness of our State,
+and we shall find, that among the whole Race of
+Beings, Man hath especial Reason to magnify the
+Creator’s Goodness, and with suitable ardent Affections
+to be thankful unto him.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_684" href="#FNanchor_684" class="label">[a]</a> <i>Si pauca quis tibi donâsset jugera, accepisse te diceres
+beneficium: immensa terrarum latè patentium spatia negas
+esse beneficium? Si pecuniam tibi aliquis donaverit,——beneficium
+vocabis: tot metalla defodit, tot flumina emisit in æra,
+super quæ decurrunt sola aurum vehentia: argenti, æris, ferri
+immane pondus omnibus locis obrutum, cujus investigandi tibi
+facultatem dedit,—negas te accepisse beneficium? Si domus tibi
+donetur, in quâ marmoris aliquid resplendeat, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> Nam mediocre
+munus vocabis? Ingens tibi domicilium, sine ullo incendii,
+aut ruinæ metu struxit, in quo vides non tenues crustas——sed
+integras lapidis pretiosissimi moles, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> negas te ullum
+munus accepisse? Et cùm ista quæ habes magno æstimes, quod est
+ingrati hominis, nulli debere te judicas? Unde tibi istum quem
+trahis spiritum? Unde istam, per quam ductus vitæ tuæ disponis
+atque ordinas, lucem? <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> Senec. de Benef. L. 4. c. 6.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_685" href="#FNanchor_685" class="label">[b]</a> <i>Tempestivum tibi jam fuerit, qui in hisce libris versaris
+considerare, in utram Familiam recipi malis, <span class="antiqua">Platonicamne</span> ac
+<span class="antiqua">Hippocraticam</span>, &amp; aliorum virorum, qui Naturæ opera mirantur;
+an eorum qui ea insectantur, quod non per Pedes natura
+constituit effluere Excrementa.</i> Of which having told a Story
+of an Acquaintance of his that blamed Nature on this Account,
+he then goes on, <i>At verò si de hujusmodi pecudibus
+plura verba focero, melioris mentis homines meritò mihi
+forte succenseant, dicantque me polluere sacrum sermonem,
+quem ego <em class="gesperrt">CONDITORIS</em> nostri verum Hymnum compono,
+existimoque in eo veram esse pietatem,——ut si noverim ipse
+primus, deinde &amp; aliis exposuerim, quænam sit ipsius Sapientia,
+quæ Virtus, quæ Bonitas. Quod enim cultu conveniente exornaverit
+omnia, nullique bona inviderit, id perfectissimæ Bonitatis
+specimen esse statuo; &amp; hæc quidem ratione ejus Bonitas
+Hymnis nobis est celebranda. Hoc autem omne invenisse quo
+pacto omnia potissimùm adornarentur, summa Sapientia est:
+effecisse autem omnia, qua voluit, Virtutis est invicta.</i> Galen.
+de Us. Part. L. 3. c. 10.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_435"></a>[435]</span></p>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_XI_CHAP_VI">CHAP. VI.</h4>
+
+<p><i>That we ought to pay <span class="smcap">God</span> all due Homage and
+Worship, particularly that of the Lord’s Day.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>For a Conclusion of these Lectures, the last
+Thing I shall infer, from the foregoing Demonstration
+of the Being and Attributes of <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em>,
+shall be, that we ought to pay <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em> all that <i>Homage</i>
+and <i>Worship</i> which his Right of Creation and
+Dominion entitle him unto, and his great Mercies
+call for from us. And forasmuch as the <i>Creator</i>
+appointed, from the very Creation, one Day in
+seven to his Service, it will not therefore be improper
+to say something upon that Subject: And if I
+insist somewhat particularly and largely thereon, the
+Congruity thereof to the Design of these Lectures,
+and the foregoing Demonstration, together
+with the too great Inadvertency about, and Neglect
+of this ancient, universal, and most reasonable
+and necessary Duty, will, I hope, plead my
+Excuse. But that I may say no more than is necessary
+on this Point, I shall confine my self to two
+things, the <i>Time</i> God hath taken, and the <i>Business</i>
+then to be performed.</p>
+
+<p>I. The <i>Time</i> is one Day in seven, and one of the
+ancientest Appointments it is which <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em> gave
+to the World. For as soon as <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em> had finished
+his six Days Works of Creation, it is said, <i>Gen.</i> ii.
+2, 3. <i>he rested on the seventh Day from all his Work
+which he had made. And <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em> blessed the seventh
+day, and sanctified it, because that in it he had rested
+from all his Work.</i> This Sanctification<a id="FNanchor_686" href="#Footnote_686" class="fnanchor">[a]</a>, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_436"></a>[436]</span>
+blessing the Seventh Day, was setting it apart, as a
+Day of Distinction from the rest of the Week-Days,
+and appropriating it to holy Uses and Purposes,
+namely, the Commemoration of that great
+Work of the Creation, and paying Homage and
+Worship to that infinite Being, who was the Effector
+of it.</p>
+
+<p>This Day, thus consecrated from the Beginning,
+for the Celebration of the τοῦ κόσμου γενέσιον the <i>World’s
+Birth-Day</i>, as <i>Philo</i> calls it, was probably in some
+measure forgotten in the following wicked Ages,
+which God complains of, <i>Gen.</i> vi. 5. and so after
+the Flood likewise. But after the Return out of
+<i>Ægypt</i>, when <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em> settled the <i>Jewish</i> Polity, he
+was pleased to renew this Day, and to establish it
+for a perpetual standing Law. And accordingly it
+was observed down to our blessed <em class="gesperrt">SAVIOUR</em>’s
+Time, countenanced, and strictly observed by our
+great <em class="gesperrt">LORD</em> and Master himself, and his Apostles
+and Disciples in, and after his Time; and although
+for good Reasons the Day was changed by
+them, yet a seventh Day hath been constantly observed
+in all Ages of Christianity, down to our
+present Time.</p>
+
+<p>Thus we have a Day appointed by <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em> himself,
+and observed throughout all Ages, except
+some few perhaps, which deserve not to be brought
+into Example.</p>
+
+<p>And a wise Designation of Time this is, well
+becoming the divine Care and Precaution; serving
+for the recruiting our Bodies, and dispatching our
+Affairs, and at the same Time to keep up a Spiritual
+Temper of Mind. For by allowing six Days
+to labour, the Poor hath Time to earn his Bread,
+the Man of Business Time to dispatch his Affairs,
+and every Man Time for the Work of his respective
+Calling. But had there been more, or all our
+Time allotted to Labour and Business, and none to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_437"></a>[437]</span>
+rest and recruit, our Bodies and Spirits would have
+been too much fatigued and wasted, and our Minds
+have been too long engaged about worldly Matters,
+so as to have forgotten divine Things. But the infinitely
+wise Ruler of the World, having taken
+the seventh Part of our Time to his own Service,
+hath prevented these Inconveniencies; hath given
+a Relaxation to our selves; and Ease and Refreshment
+to our wearied Beasts, to poor fatigued Slaves,
+and such as are under the Bondage of avaritious,
+cruel Masters. And this is one Reason <i>Moses</i> gives
+of the Reservation and Rest on the Seventh Day,
+<i>Deut.</i> v. 13, 14, 15. <i>Six Days shalt thou labour, and
+do all thy Work; but the Seventh is the Sabbath
+of the <em class="gesperrt">LORD</em> thy <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em>; in it thou shalt not
+do any Work, thou, <span class="antiqua">nor thy Children, Servants,
+Cattel, or Stranger</span>, that thy Man Servant and
+Maid Servant may rest as well as thou. And remember,
+that thou wast a Servant, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span> therefore the
+Lord thy God commanded thee to keep the Sabbath
+Day.</i> That carnal, greedy People, so bent upon
+Gain, without such a Precept, would have scarce
+favoured their own Bodies, much less have had
+Mercy upon their poor Bonds-men and Beasts,
+but by this wise Provision, this great Burden was
+taken off. But on the other hand, as a longer
+Liberty would too much have robbed the Master’s
+Time, and bred Idleness, so by this wise Provision,
+of only one Day of Rest, to six of Labour,
+that inconvenience was also prevented.</p>
+
+<p>Thus the wise Governour of the World, hath
+taken Care for the Dispatch of Business. But then as
+too long Engagement about worldly Matters, would
+take off Mens Minds from God and divine Matters,
+so by this Reservation of every Seventh Day,
+that great Inconvenience is prevented also; all being
+then bound to worship their great Lord and
+Master, to pay their Homages, and Acknowledgments<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_438"></a>[438]</span>
+to their infinitely kind Benefactor; and in a
+word, to exercise themselves in divine, religious
+Business, and so keep up that spiritual Temper of
+Mind, that a perpetual, or too long Application
+to the World would destroy.</p>
+
+<p>This, as it was a good Reason for the Order of
+a Sabbath to the <i>Jews</i>; so is as good it Reason for
+our Saviour’s Continuance of the like Time in the
+Christian Church.</p>
+
+<p>And a Law this is, becoming the infinitely wise
+Creator and Conservator of the World, a Law,
+not only of great Use to the perpetuating the Remembrance
+of those greatest of God’s Mercies then
+commemorated, but also exactly adapted to the
+Life, Occasions, and State of Man; of Man living
+in this, and a-kin to another World: A Law
+well calculated to the Dispatch of our Affairs, without
+hurting our Bodies or Minds. And since the
+Law is so wise and good, we have great Reason
+then to practise carefully the Duties incumbent upon
+us; which will fall under the Consideration of
+the</p>
+
+<p>II. Thing I proposed, the <i>Business</i> of the Day,
+which God hath reserved to himself. And there
+are two Things enjoyned in the Commandment, a
+<i>Cessation</i> from Labour and worldly Business, and
+that we <i>remember to keep</i> the Day holy.</p>
+
+<p>1. There must be a Cessation from worldly Business,
+or a Rest from Labour, as the Word <i>Sabbath</i><a id="FNanchor_687" href="#Footnote_687" class="fnanchor">[b]</a>
+signifies. <i>Six Days thou shalt do all thy
+Work, but the Seventh is the Sabbath of the Lord thy
+<em class="gesperrt">GOD</em> <span class="antiqua">(not thy Day but his)</span> in which neither thou,
+nor any belonging to thee, shall do any Work.</i> In which
+Injunction it is observable, how express and particular
+this Commandment is, more than others, in
+ordering all Sorts of Persons to cease from Work.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_439"></a>[439]</span></p>
+
+<p>2. We must <i>remember to keep the Day holy</i>.
+Which <i>Remembrance</i> is another Thing also in this,
+more than in the other Commandments, and implies,</p>
+
+<p><i>1st</i>, That there is great Danger of our forgetting,
+neglecting, or being hindred from keeping
+the Day holy, either by the Infirmity and Carnality
+of our own Nature, or from the Avocations
+of the World.</p>
+
+<p><i>2ly</i>, That the keeping it holy, is a Duty of more
+than ordinary Consequence and Necessity. And
+of greatest Consequence this is,</p>
+
+<p><i>First</i>, To perpetuate the Remembrance of those
+grand Works of <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em> commemorated on that
+Day; in the first Ages of the World, the Creation;
+in the middle Ages, the Creation and Delivery
+from <i>Ægypt</i>; and under Christianity, the
+Creation and Redemption by Christ. Which Mercies,
+without such frequent Occasions, would be
+ready to be forgotten, or disregarded, in so long
+a Tract of Time, as the World hath already stood,
+and may, by God’s Mercy still stand.</p>
+
+<p><i>Secondly</i>, To keep up a spiritual Temper of Mind,
+by those frequent weekly Exercises of Religion, as
+hath been already mention’d.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thirdly</i>, To procure <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em>’s Blessing upon the
+Labours and Business of our six Days, which we can
+never expect should be prosperous, if we are negligent
+of <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em>’s Time. For how can we expect
+<em class="gesperrt">GOD</em>’s Blessing upon a Week so ill begun,
+with a Neglect, or Abuse of <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em>’s first Day?
+And therefore if we become unprosperous in the
+World; if Losses, Troubles or Dangers befall us,
+let us reflect how we have spent the <i>Lord’s</i> Day;
+whether we have not wholly neglected it, or abused
+it in Riot, or made it a Day for taking Journeys,
+for more private Business, and less scandalous
+Labour, as the Custom of too many is.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_440"></a>[440]</span></p>
+
+<p>Thus having shewn what Reason there is to
+<i>remember</i> to keep holy the Day dedicated to <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em>,
+I shall consider how we are to keep it holy, and
+so conclude. Now the Way to keep it holy, is
+not by bare resting from Work; for that, as a
+Father saith, is <i>Sabbatum Boum &amp; Asinorum, a
+Sabbath of Beasts</i>: But holy Acts are the proper
+Business for a holy Day, celebrated by rational Beings.
+Among all which, the grand, principal,
+and most universally practis’d, is the <i>Publick Worship
+of <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em></i>, the assembling at the <i>publick Place</i>
+of his <i>Worship</i>, to pay (with our Fellow-Creatures)
+our Homages, Thanks, and Praises to the infinite
+<i>Creator</i> and <i>Redeemer</i> of the World. This as it is
+the most reasonable Service, and proper Business
+for this Day, so is what hath been the Practice of
+all Ages. It was as early as <i>Cain</i> and <i>Abel</i>’s Days,
+<i>Gen.</i> iv. 3. what was practis’d by religious Persons
+in the following Ages, till the giving of the Law;
+and at the giving of that, God was pleas’d to order
+Places, and his particular Worship, as well as
+the seventh Day. The Tabernacle and Temple
+were appointed by God’s express Command; besides
+which, there were Synagogues all over the
+Nation; so that in our Saviour’s Time, every
+great Town or Village had one, or more in it,
+and <i>Jerusalem</i> 460, or more<a id="FNanchor_688" href="#Footnote_688" class="fnanchor">[c]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The Worship of these Places, our blessed SAVIOUR
+was a constant and diligent frequenter of.
+’Tis said, <i>He went about all the Cities and Villages,
+Teaching in their Synagogues, and Preaching, and
+Healing, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> <i>Mat.</i> ix. 35. And St. <i>Luke</i> reporteth
+it as his constant Custom or Practice, <i>Luke</i> iv.
+16. <i>And as his Custom was, he went into the Synagogue
+on the Sabbath-Day.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_441"></a>[441]</span></p>
+
+<p>Having thus mention’d the Practice of CHRIST,
+it is not necessary I should say much of the Practice
+of his <i>Apostles</i>, and the following purer Ages
+of Christianity, who, in short, as their Duty was,
+diligently follow’d their great Master’s Example.
+<i>They did not think it enough to read and pray, and
+praise God at Home, but made Conscience of appearing
+in the publick Assemblies, from which nothing but
+Sickness and absolute Necessity did detain them; and
+if Sick, or in Prison, or under Banishment, nothing
+troubled them more, than that they could not come to
+Church, and joyn their Devotions to the common Services.
+If Persecution at any Time forc’d them to
+keep a little Close; yet no sooner was there the least
+Mitigation, but they presently return’d to their open
+Duty, and publickly met all together. No trivial
+Pretences, no light Excuses were then admitted for
+any ones Absence from the Congregation, but according
+to the Merit of the Cause, severe Censures were
+pass’d upon them, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i> to express it in the Words
+of one of our best Antiquaries<a id="FNanchor_689" href="#Footnote_689" class="fnanchor">[d]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>publick Worship</i> of GOD then, is not a
+Matter of Indifference, which Men have in their
+own Power to do, or omit as they please; neither
+is it enough to read, pray, or praise God at Home,
+(unless some inevitable Necessity hindereth;) because
+the appearing in GOD’s Home, on <i>his</i> Day,
+is an Act of <i>Homage</i> and <i>Fealty</i>, due to the CREATOR,
+a <i>Right of Sovereignty</i> we pay him. And
+the with-holding those Rights and Dues from
+GOD, is a kind of rejecting GOD, a disowning
+his Sovereignty, and a withdrawing our Obedience
+and Service. And this was the very Reason
+why the Profanation of the Sabbath was punish’d
+with Death among the <i>Jews</i>, the Sabbath being a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_442"></a>[442]</span>
+Sign, or Badge of the <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em> they own’d and
+worshipp’d.<a id="FNanchor_690" href="#Footnote_690" class="fnanchor">[e]</a> Thus <i>Exod.</i> xxii. 13. <i>My Sabbaths
+ye shall keep; for it is a SIGN between me
+and you, throughout your Generations; that ye may
+know that I am the LORD, that doth sanctify you</i>;
+or as the Original may be render’d, <i>a Sign to acknowledge,
+that I <span class="antiqua">Jehovah</span> am your Sanctifier</i>, or
+<i>your God</i>: For as our learned <i>Mede</i> observes, <i>to be
+the Sanctifier of a People, and to be their God, is all
+one</i>. So likewise very expressly in <i>Ezek.</i> xx. 20.
+<i>Hallow my Sabbaths, and they shall be a Sign between<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_443"></a>[443]</span>
+me and you, that ye may know that I am the
+LORD your GOD</i>; or rather as before, <i>to acknowledge
+that I JEHOVAH am your GOD</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Sabbath being thus a Sign, a Mark, or
+Badge, to acknowledge God to be their God, it
+follows, that a Neglect or Contempt of that
+Day, redounded to GOD; to slight that, was
+slighting God; to profane that, was to affront
+God; for the Punishment of which, What more
+equitable Penalty than Death? And although under
+Christianity, the Punishment is not made Capital,
+yet have we no less Reason for the strict
+Observance of this holy Day, than the <i>Jews</i>, but
+rather greater Reasons. For the GOD we worship,
+is the same: If after six Days Labour, he
+was, by the Seventh, own’d to be <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em>, the
+<i>Creator</i>; no less is he by our Christian Lord’s Day:
+If by the Celebration of the Sabbath, the Remembrance
+of their Deliverance from the <i>Ægyptian</i>
+Bondage was kept up, and GOD acknowledged
+to be the Effecter thereof; we Christians have a
+greater Deliverance, we own our Deliverance from
+Sin and Satan, wrought by a greater Redeemer
+than <i>Moses</i>, even the blessed JESUS, whose Resurrection,
+and the Completion of our Redemption
+thereby, was perform’d on the Christian
+Lord’s-Day.</p>
+
+<p>And now to sum up, and conclude these Inferences,
+and so put an End to this Part of my
+Survey: Since it appears, that the Works of the
+LORD are so great, so wisely contriv’d, so accurately
+made, as to deserve to be enquired into;
+since they are also so manifest Demonstrations of
+the Creator’s Being and Attributes, that all the
+World is sensible thereof, to the great Reproach
+of Atheism: What remaineth? But that we fear
+and obey so great and tremendous a Being; that
+we be truly thankful for, and magnify and praise<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_444"></a>[444]</span>
+his infinite Mercy, manifested to us in his Works.
+And forasmuch as he hath appointed a Day on
+Purpose, from the Beginning, for these Services,
+that we may weekly meet together, commemorate
+and celebrate the great Work of Creation, that
+we may pay our Acts of Devotion, Worship, Homage
+and Fealty to him; and since this is a wise
+and excellent Distribution of our Time, What
+should we do, but conscientiously and faithfully
+pay GOD these his Rights and Dues? And as
+carefully and diligently manage GOD’s Time and
+Discharge his Business then, as we do our own
+upon our six Days; particularly that with the
+pious <i>Psalmist</i>, <i>We love the Habitation of God’s
+House, and the Place where his Honour dwelleth</i>;
+and therefore take up his good Resolution in <i>Psal.</i>
+v. 7. with which I shall conclude; <i>But as for me,
+I will come into thine House in the Multitude of thy
+Mercy, and in thy Fear will I worship towards thy
+holy Temple.</i></p>
+
+<p>Now to the same infinite <em class="gesperrt">GOD</em>, the omnipotent
+Creator and Preserver of the World, the
+most gracious Redeemer, Sanctifier, and Inspirer
+of Mankind, be all Honour, Praise and Thanks,
+now and ever. <i>Amen.</i></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" style="max-width: 21.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/footer13.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_686" href="#FNanchor_686" class="label">[a]</a> ‎‏קדש‏‎ <i>Usibus divinis accommodavit, à communi &amp; profano
+usu segregavit, in usum sacrum ad cultum Dei destinavit.</i>
+Kirch. Concord. p. 1336. <i>Destinari ad aliquid, Sacrari, <span class="antiqua">&amp;c.</span></i>
+Buxtorf. in Verbo.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_687" href="#FNanchor_687" class="label">[b]</a> ‎‏שבת‏‎ <i>Cessatio</i>, <i>Requies</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_688" href="#FNanchor_688" class="label">[c]</a> Vid. <i>Lightfoot</i>’s Works, Vol. 2. p. 35. <i>and</i> 646.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_689" href="#FNanchor_689" class="label">[d]</a> Dr. <i>Cave</i>’s <i>Prim. Christ.</i> Par. 1. c. 7.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_690" href="#FNanchor_690" class="label">[e]</a> At this Day it is customary for Servants to wear
+the Livery of their Masters, and others to bear Badges of
+their Order, Profession, Servility, <i>&amp;c.</i> So in former Ages,
+and divers Countries, it was usual to bear Badges, Marks
+and Signs on divers Occasions. In <i>Ezek.</i> ix. 4. <i>A Mark was
+to be set on the Forehead of those that lamented the Abominations
+of the City</i>. The like was to be done upon them in
+<i>Rev.</i> vii. 3. and ix. 4. So the Worshippers of the Beast, <i>Rev.</i>
+xiii. 16. were to receive a χάραγμα, <i>A Mark in their right
+Hind, on their Foreheads</i>. Those χαράγματα, Σφραγίδες, <i>Badges</i>,
+&amp;c. were very common. Soldiers and Slaves bare them
+in their Arms or Foreheads; such as were matriculated in
+the <i>Heteriæ</i>, or Companies, bare the Badge or Mark of their
+Company; and whoever listed himself into the Society of
+any of the several <i>Gods</i>, received a χάραγμα, or a Mark in
+his Body, (commonly made with red-hot Needles, or some
+burning in the Flesh,) of the God he had listed himself under.
+And after Christianity was planted, the Christians had
+also their <i>Sign of the Cross</i>. And not only Marks in their
+Flesh, Badges on their Cloaths, <i>&amp;c.</i> were usual; but also
+the Dedication of Days to their imaginary Deities. Not
+to speak of their Festivals, <i>&amp;c.</i> the Days of the Week were
+all dedicated to some of their Deities. Among the <i>Romans</i>,
+Sunday and Monday, to the <i>Sun</i> and <i>Moon</i>; Tuesday to
+<i>Mars</i>, Wednesday to <i>Mercury</i>, &amp;c. So our <i>Saxon</i> Ancestors
+did the same; Sunday and Monday, (as the <i>Romans</i>
+did,) to the <i>Sun</i> and <i>Moon</i>; Tuesday to <i>Tuysco</i>; Wednesday
+to <i>Woden</i>; Thursday to <i>Thor</i>; Friday to <i>Friga</i>; and Saturday
+to <i>Seater</i>: An Account of which Deities, with the
+Figures under which they were worshipp’d, may be met
+with in our learned <i>Verstegan</i>, Chap. 3. p. 68.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp47" id="figures" style="max-width: 56.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/figures.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>Place this to fold out at the End
+  fronting the left hand.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="INDEX"><span class="smaller">A</span><br>
+TABLE<br>
+<span class="smaller">OF THE</span><br>
+Principal Matters contain’d in this<br>
+BOOK.</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li class="ifrst">A</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Abstinence unusual, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Age of Man in all Ages of the World, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Aged Persons, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ages of Learning and Ignorance, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Air, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Innate, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Necessary to Vegetable-Life, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Vessels in Vegetables, <a href="#Page_406">406</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Bladder of Fishes, <a href="#Page_402">402</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Pump, Experiments in it, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Use in enlightning the World, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Heat under the Line, and in Lat. 81., <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Alce and Machlis, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Aloe Americana, <a href="#Page_420">420</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Amphibious Creatures, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Anatomy comparative , <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Anger, <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Animals in general, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">In Particular, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Places destroy’d by vile ones, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Animalcules of the Waters, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">In Pepper-Water, <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ant, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Antipathy, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Aqueous Humour of the Eye repair’d, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Arabians, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Archytas’s Dove, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Art and Nature compar’d, <a href="#Page_426">426</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Armature of Animals, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Arteries, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Arts, by whom invented, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ascent of Liquors, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Asclepiades, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Aspera Arteria in Birds, <a href="#Page_341">341</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ass free from Lice, <a href="#Page_377">377</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Atmosphere, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Attraction, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Auditory Nerves, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Augustus Cæsar’s Height, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Augustus King of Poland, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Austrian-Wells, how made, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ἀυτάρκεια, <a href="#Page_422">422</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">B</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Back-bone, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Badges, their Antiquity, <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Balance of Animals, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Balls on Vegetables, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bat, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Beaver, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bees, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Beetles, <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bejuco-Tree, <a href="#Page_423">423</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bembsbury-Camp, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Birch-Tree, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Birds, <a href="#Page_333">333</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Bills, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Boyancy, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Ears, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Incubation, <a href="#Page_352">352</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">A wonderful Instinct of one, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Migration, <a href="#Page_347">347</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Motion, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Necks and Legs, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Rapacious, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Stomachs, <a href="#Page_345">345</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Births, Burials, &amp;c., <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Blood, its Contrivance, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Blood-Hound, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Blushing, how caused, <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bohaques, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bonasus, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bones structure, &amp;c., <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Brachmans, <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Brain, <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Branches of Vegetables, <a href="#Page_418">418</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bread, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Breasts, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Breath short on high Mountains, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bredon-hill, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Breezes, Sea and Land, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Briar-Balls, <a href="#Page_390">390</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Brutes out-do Man in some Things, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bulbous Plants, <a href="#Page_411">411</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Butterflies Colours, <a href="#Page_365">365</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">White ones, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">C</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cabbage Excrescences, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cadews, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Camel, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Canales Semicirculares, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Capillary Plants have Seed, <a href="#Page_410">410</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cardamine, <a href="#Page_414">414</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Carotid Arteries, <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Carps, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cartes vindicated, <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cassada Plant, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cases on Willow and other Vegetables, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Castor, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Caterpillars, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Caves bellowing, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Goutieres and others, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Celandine, <a href="#Page_420">420</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Chamæleon, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Chance, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cheop’s Height, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Chickens, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Children numerous, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">China, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Chyle, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Circulation of the Blood restor’d, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Claspers, <a href="#Page_419">419</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Clocks Variation under the Æquinoctial, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Clock-work, its Invention, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cloathing of Animals, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Clouds, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cold, how provided against in the northern Regions, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Colours felt, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Colymbi, <a href="#Page_355">355</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Combs of Bees, &amp;c., <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Coneys, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Consent of Parts, whence, <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cormorants Eye, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cortex Peruvianus, <a href="#Page_421">421</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Countenance, whence its variation arises, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cranes, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cricket, <a href="#Page_365">365</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Mole, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Crocodile, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cross-Bill, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Crow, <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Crystalline Humour, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cuntur of Peru, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cup of a Pepper Corn, <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">D</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dandelion, <a href="#Page_412">412</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dangerous Things not easily discover’d, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Daniel, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Day and Night, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Days of the Week, <a href="#Page_436">436</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dead Persons found in the same Posture as alive, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Deaf Persons cured by a Fever, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Understand by the Motion of the Lips, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Hear by the Help of a Noise, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Death-Watch, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Deer, Worms in their Heads, <a href="#Page_379">379</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Degree, its Measure, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Descent of heavy Bodies, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Destruction of Places by vile Animals, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dialects, <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Diamonds grow, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Diastole of the Heart, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Digestion, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Diseases sometimes useful, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Distribution of the Earth and Waters is well, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dittany, <a href="#Page_420">420</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Divers, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dog-Fish, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dogs, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dolphin, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Douckers, <a href="#Page_355">355</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><i>Drebell’s</i> submarine Ship, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Drink afforded by Plants, <a href="#Page_422">422</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dromedary, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Drowned Persons reviving, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ducklings naturally run to the Water, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ducks Bills, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dugs, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dung a guard to Animals, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">E</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Eagle, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Wooden one of <i>Regiomontanus</i>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ear, outer in divers Animals, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">inward, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">in the Womb, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Consent with other Parts, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Effects of its Loss, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Muscles, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Wax, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Earth-worm, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Earwig, <a href="#Page_365">365</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Eels, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Eggs, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Cicatricula and Treddles, <a href="#Page_352">352</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Of Insects well laid up, <a href="#Page_382">382</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">due Number laid, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Egypt famed for Art, <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Elephant, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Elephantiasis, <a href="#Page_398">398</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Queen <i>Elizabeth</i>’s Height, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Elk, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Elm Leaves, a Scarab bred therein, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ephemeron, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Epicurus, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Erect Vision, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Evaporations, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">how caused, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Excellence of God’s Works, <a href="#Page_425">425</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Eye, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">of Birds and Fishes, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Monocular, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Shining or Feline, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Wounds of it cured, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Eye-lids, Structure, &amp;c., <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">F</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Face, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Farcy cured, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fearful Animals couragious when they have Young, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Feathers, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Feeding the Young, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Feeling, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fern-seed, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Feet, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Figure of Man’s Body, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fingers, <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fishes Agreement with Birds, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Boyancy whence, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Lowsy, <a href="#Page_378">378</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Motion, <i>&amp;c.</i>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Teeth, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Flowers, <a href="#Page_407">407</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Flesh-fly, <i>&amp;c.</i>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fly of Iron, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Flying, <a href="#Page_338">338</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Of Man, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fœtus, Blood’s Circulation in it, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Folding of Leaves and Flowers, <a href="#Page_407">407</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Food of Animals, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fool, Observables in one opened, <a href="#Page_329">329</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Foot, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Foramen Ovale, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fossiles, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fountains where found, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Origine, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fox, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Frœdlicius’s Observations on Mount <i>Carpathus</i>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Frogs, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Rain, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">The great Frost, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fruits, where Insects hatch, <a href="#Page_375">375</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">communicate with the Root, <a href="#Page_405">405</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fuci, Fungi, <i>&amp;c.</i> and their Seed, <a href="#Page_414">414</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">G</li>
+
+<li class="indx"><i>Galen</i>’s Arguments against Chance, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">his Hymns to God, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Galli Sylvestres, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Galls, <a href="#Page_388">388</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gascoigne Knight, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gems, and Stories of them, <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">of Vegetables, <a href="#Page_407">407</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Generation, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Æquivocal, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Of Insects, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Genius of Man, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Giants, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gifts of Man are of God, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">to be improved, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gills of Fishes, <a href="#Page_402">402</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gizzard, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Glama, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Glands, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Glasses broken with the Voice, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Glaucus, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gnat, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Generation, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Goat tame and wild, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Grashoppers, <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gratitude from <i>Seneca</i>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gravity, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><i>Green, Anne</i>, revived after being hanged, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Green Scum on the Waters, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Grotta delli Serpi, <a href="#Page_398">398</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Grottos, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Podpetschio, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Growth of Grain speedy in the frigid Zone, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gryllotalpa, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Guira Tangelma, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gullet, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Guns heard afar off, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Shot, its Velocity, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Guts, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gymnosophists, <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">H</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Habitations of Animals, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hair, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hand, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Writing, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hanged Persons reviving, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hang-Nest, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hare, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hawks, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Head of Birds, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Headless People, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hearing, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">How perform’d, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Heart, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Of the Lamprey, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Situation in Quadrupeds, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Heat Subterraneous, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Of the torrid Zone, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Of our Bodies, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">And Cold not Effects, but Causes of the Variations of the Winds, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Heavy Bodies descent, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hedge-hog, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hemlock, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Heron, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hills run East and West, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hollanders saw the Sun sooner than ordinary near the Pole, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Homer ascribes Men’s Endowments to God, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Honeywood, Mrs. Mary, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hop-strings Use, <a href="#Page_405">405</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Visible Horizon, <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hornets, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Horse-Fly, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hurtful Creatures few, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hyæna, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hydrocanthari, <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">I</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Jaws, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ichneumon-Fly, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Wasp, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><i>Henry Jenkin</i>’s Age, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ignorant Ages, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Imposthume unusually discharged, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Incubation, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Inclinations of Men, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Incus Auris, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Infant’s Ear in the Womb, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Inferiour Creatures cared for, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Insects, <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Antennæ, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Care of their Young, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Conveyance from Place to Place singular, <a href="#Page_364">364</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Cornea and Eyes, <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Male and Female how known, <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Mouth, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Nidification, <a href="#Page_383">383</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Poises, <a href="#Page_366">366</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Sagacity, <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Shape, <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Instinct, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Intercostal Muscles, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Nerves, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Invention, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">of the Ancients, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><i>Job</i>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Joints, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Iron in the Forest of Dean, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Islands, why warmer than the Continents, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Issue numerous, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">July, <a href="#Page_396">396</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ivy, <a href="#Page_418">418</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">K</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Kissing, whence it affects, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Knives, <i>&amp;c.</i> swallowed and discharged, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">L</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Labyrinth of the Ear, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lacteals, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lakes, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Larynx, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Laughter, how caused, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Learned Men, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Ages, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Leaves of Vegetables, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Insects bred in them, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Legs, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Levity, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lice, <a href="#Page_377">377</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Life in Vacuo, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">in compressed Air, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">its Length, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Cause of long Life, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Proportion to Death, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Light, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">its Velocity, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Expansion and Extent, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Likeness of Men, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lion’s Bones, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Listning, what it doth, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Long-tail’d Titmouse, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lord’s-Day, <a href="#Page_435">435</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Why Capital among the Jews to prophane it, <a href="#Page_443">443</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lungs, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Full of Dust, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">of Birds, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Luxury, <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">M</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Maggots in Sheeps Noses, Cows Back, <i>&amp;c.</i>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Magnet, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Magnus Orbis, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Males and Females Proportions, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Malleus auris, by whom discovered, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Man, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Whether all Things made for him, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><i>Mandeville</i>, Sir <i>John</i>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mansor, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Marsh-Trefoil, <a href="#Page_421">421</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Marriages, Births and Burials, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mastication, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Medicine, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Local, <a href="#Page_421">421</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Memory, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Metallick Trades, by whom invented, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mice, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Migration of Birds, <a href="#Page_347">347</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Milk, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Minerals and Metals grow, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Misseltoe, <a href="#Page_415">415</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mole, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Ear, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Money, <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Moths Colours, <a href="#Page_365">365</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Motion of Animals, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">of the Terraqueous Globe, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Motory-Nerves of the Eye, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mountains and Valleys, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Their Riches and Poverty, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mouth, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Whence affected by the Sight, <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Muscles, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Æquilibrations of those of the Eye, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Triangular, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Musick, by whom invented, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Effects, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mustard Seed, <a href="#Page_411">411</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">N</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Neck of Beasts, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Nerves in Birds Bills, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Different in Man and Beasts, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Fifth Pair, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Water-Newt, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Nictitating Membrane, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Nidification, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Nidiots or Niditts, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Nocturnal Animals Eyes, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Northern Nations, speedy Growth of Vegetables there, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Provisions against their Cold, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Nostrils, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Noxious Creatures, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Remedies against them, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Nutmegs, <a href="#Page_416">416</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">O</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Oak-Apples and Galls, <a href="#Page_388">388</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Objects, how painted on the Retina, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Observatory at <i>Pekin</i> in <i>China</i>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Odours, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Old Persons, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Opium, <a href="#Page_421">421</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Opossum, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Original of Nations and Arts, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Orkney Islands, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Os Orbiculare, by whom discovered, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ostrich, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ottele’s Age and Beard, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Otter, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Oyl-Bag, <a href="#Page_334">334</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">P</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Parrots, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Æthiopian, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Par Vagum, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Passions and Affections, <a href="#Page_330">330</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pectinated Work in Birds Eyes, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pectoral Muscles, <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pendulums Variation under the Line, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pericardium in Man and Beasts, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Perpetual Motion, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Perspiration insensible, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Phaeton in a Ring, <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Phalænæ, Generation of some of them, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pharmacy, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Phryganeæ, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pigeons Incubation, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pimpernel Flowers, <a href="#Page_412">412</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Place of Animals, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Plague, its Cause, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Prevented or cured by the Winds, <a href="#Page_16"><i>ibid.</i></a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Sore discharged unusually, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Planets Motion round their Axes, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Figure, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Plants, no Transmutation of them, <a href="#Page_409">409</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Poysonous, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Plexus Cervicalis, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Plumb-Stones, the Danger of swallowing them, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Poising of the Body, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Polygamy unnatural, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Posture of Man, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Poyson, <a href="#Page_397">397</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Preening and Dressing of Birds, <a href="#Page_334">334</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Printing, its Invention, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pronunciation, <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Propagation of Mankind, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Providence divine, Objections against it answer’d, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pulices Aquatici, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pumps, cause why Water riseth in them, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pupil of the Eye, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pythagoras, <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Q</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Quadrupeds, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Quail Migration and Strength, <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">R</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rain, how made, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Its Use, <a href="#Page_20">ibid.</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Most about the Æquinoxes, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">More in the Hills than Vales, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Bloody, and other preternatural, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Of divers Places, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rapacious Birds, <a href="#Page_339">339</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rattles, Inventions of them, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rattle-Snake, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rats, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Raven, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Refractions, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">The Reformation, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Reptiles, <a href="#Page_393">393</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Respiration, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Of watery Animals, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">In Vegetables, <a href="#Page_406">406</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">In compressed Air, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">In rarify’d Air, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Uses, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rete mirabile, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ribs, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rivers Origin, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Changing the Hair, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Long Tract of some, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rotten-Wood, its use to the northern People, <a href="#Page_405">405</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Royal Society vindicated, <a href="#Page_416">416</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rumination, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rushes, Animals bred in them, <a href="#Page_349">349</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">S</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sagacity of Animals about Food, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Salamander, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Saltness of the Sea, <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Skeleton of Sexes different, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Scolopendra, <a href="#Page_396">396</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sea-Calf, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sea-Pie, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Secretion, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Security of the Body against Evils, <a href="#Page_300">ibid.</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Seed of Vegetables, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, &amp;c.</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Self-Preservation, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Semination, <a href="#Page_412">412</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">The five Senses, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sensitive Plants, <a href="#Page_412">412</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Serpents, <a href="#Page_394">394</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Shark, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Shells, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sight, its Accuracy in some, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Actuated by Disease, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Why not double with two Eyes, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Silk-Worms, <a href="#Page_385">385</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Skin, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sky, why azure, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sleep procur’d, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Prejudicial after Sun-rising, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Smellen Cave, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Smelling, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Smoak emitted through the Ears, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Snails, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Snakes, <a href="#Page_394">394</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Snipes, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Snow, its Use, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Soils and Moulds, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sound in Air rarify’d and condens’d, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">In Italy, and other Places, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">On the Tops of high Mountains, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Velocity, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Soul, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Speaking-Trumpet, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Specifick Medicines, <a href="#Page_422">422</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Spiders Eyes, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Darting their Webs, <a href="#Page_364">364</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Textrine Art, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Poyson, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Spinning, by whom invented, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Springs Origins, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Where found, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Squaring the Circle, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Squatina, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Squillulæ Aquaticæ, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Squnck or Stonck, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Stalactites, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Stapes Auris, by whom found out, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Stature, Size, and Shape of Man, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sting of Bees, &amp;c., <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Stoicks Arguments for a Deity in <i>Tully</i>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Stomach, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Of Birds, <a href="#Page_345">345</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Animals found in it, <a href="#Page_379">379</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Stones eaten by Worms, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Storm in 1703, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Strata of the Earth, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Straw-Worms, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Strong Men, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Subterraneous Trees, &amp;c., <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sucking, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Summer if cold, why wet, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sun’s Distance from the Earth, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Motion round its own Axis, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Standing still, &amp;c., <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Swallows and Swifts, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Swans Aspera Arteria, <a href="#Page_341">341</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Swine, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sword-Fishes Eye, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sycophantick-Plants, <a href="#Page_415">415</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Syracusian Sot, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">T</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tabon or Tapun Bird, <a href="#Page_353">353</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tadpole, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tail of Birds, <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tarantula’s Bite, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Taste, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Consent with the Smell, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tears, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Teeth, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Telescopes, Invention of them, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Long ones, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tents, their Inventer, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Terraqueous Globe balanced, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Bulk and Motions, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Figure, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Situation and Distribution, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Objections against its Structure answer’d, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Cause of its Sphæricity, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Thankfulness to God from Seneca, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Thistles useful in making Glass, <a href="#Page_405">405</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Thornback, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tides, <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tongue, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Its Loss, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tortoise, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Trades, Inventors of them, &amp;c., <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Transmutation of Plants, <a href="#Page_409">409</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Trees delight in various Soils, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">how nourished, <a href="#Page_61">ibid.</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tronningholm Gardiner, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tuba Eustachiana, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">The hot Tuesday, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tunicks of the Eye, why lin’d with black, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Turnep Excrescences, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tympanum of the Ear, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">V</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Valleys and Mountains, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Vapours what, and how rais’d, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Quantity rais’d, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">How precipitated, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Variety of Things for the World’s Use, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Vegetables, <a href="#Page_404">404</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Vegetation, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Veins, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ventriloquous Persons, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Vertue, its great Use and Benefit, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Vesiculæ of the Lungs whether musculous, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Vespæ-Ichneumons, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Vipers, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Cloathing, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Viscera, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Vision double, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Erect, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Unisons, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Voice, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Volcano’s, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Upminster Register, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">how much above the Sea, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Useful Creatures most plentiful, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Things soonest discover’d, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">W</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wandering Jew, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wasps Nidification, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Waters, <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Forcible Eruptions of them, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Waterwith of Jamaica, <a href="#Page_423">423</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Weather heavy and dark, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Presages of it, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wells how dug in Austria, &amp;c., <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Whales, <a href="#Page_401">401</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wheat, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Raining it, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Whispering-Places, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wild-Fire, <a href="#Page_422">422</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dr. Willis’s Representation of Respiration, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Winds, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Healthful, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">The Author’s Observations, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Trade Winds, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">The Product, not cause of Heat and Cold, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wind-Pipe in divers Animals, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wings of Birds, <a href="#Page_335">335</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Of Insects, <a href="#Page_365">365</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Winter, the Preservation of Animals therein, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wisdom, where seated, <a href="#Page_329">329</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wood, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Woodcocks, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wood-Peckers, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Works of Nature and Art compar’d, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">World visible and invisible, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Beginning asserted by Aristotle, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Kept clean, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Worms in the Flesh, <a href="#Page_378">378</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">In the Guts, <a href="#Page_380">380</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">In other Parts, <a href="#Page_380">ibid.</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wornils, <a href="#Page_378">378</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Worship of God, <a href="#Page_441">441</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wry-Neck, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Y</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Yolk of the Egg its Use, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Young taken Care of, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">In a certain Number, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Z</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Zirchnitzer Sea, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<figure class="figcenter titlepage illowp95" style="max-width: 21.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/footer14.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<p class="titlepage"><i>FINIS.</i></p>
+
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75254 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+
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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #75254 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/75254)