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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75163 ***
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration:
+
+             VOLUME EIGHT      APRIL, 1913       NUMBER TWO
+
+                              THE AMERICAN
+                                RED CROSS
+                                MAGAZINE
+
+                  ISSUED FROM THE NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS
+                            WASHINGTON, D. C.
+
+                  FOUNDED TO AID IN THE PREVENTION AND
+                 ALLEVIATION OF HUMAN SUFFERING IN TIMES
+                            OF PEACE AND WAR]
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+    American Red Cross Officers                                2
+
+    Form of Bequest                                            3
+
+    Frontispiece                                               4
+
+    Opinion and Comment                                        5
+
+        New name, new paper, new department.
+        Mayor Gaynor’s Southern Flood Relief Committee.
+        Cincinnati Chapter wide awake.
+        Chapter news wanted for publication.
+        Red Cross law and those who violate it.
+        Our countrymen’s splendid service in Turkey.
+        Brigadier-General Carroll A. Devol, U. S. A.
+        Physicians will help the Red Cross.
+        The forty-ninth State Board.
+        The Red Cross in Baltimore.
+        The Red Cross Building.
+
+    Vivid Glimpses of the American Red Cross in Turkey        12
+
+        Fighting the Cholera in San Stefano.
+        Situation in Salonica.
+        Red Cross Work for Refugees in Western Asia Minor.
+        Activities of the Red Crescent Society.
+        Savages four hundred years ago.
+        Faik Pasha Della-Sudda.
+
+    Red Cross and White Cross in Mexico                       27
+
+    Dynamite Explosion at Baltimore                           33
+
+    Public Works and Relief in China                          34
+
+    Nicaraguan Famine Relief                                  39
+
+    Important Conference on Red Cross Christmas Seals         41
+
+    What the Red Cross Seal has done for Brooklyn             45
+
+    First Aid Department                                      48
+
+    First Aid in Australia                                    52
+
+    Red Cross Nursing Service                                 54
+
+        Rural Nursing.
+        Home Nursing and First Aid Instruction for Women.
+
+    The Red Cross at the Inauguration                         60
+
+    Red Cross Endowment Fund                                  63
+
+    Advertising Section                                       65
+
+
+
+
+THE AMERICAN RED CROSS
+
+
+_President_
+
+    HON. WILLIAM H. TAFT
+
+_Vice-President_
+
+    MR. ROBERT W. DE FOREST
+
+_Treasurer_
+
+    HON. SHERMAN ALLEN
+
+_Counselor_
+
+    HON. WILLIAM MARSHALL BULLITT
+
+_National Director_
+
+    MR. ERNEST P. BICKNELL
+
+_Secretary_
+
+    MR. CHARLES L. MAGEE
+
+CENTRAL COMMITTEE
+
+_Appointed by the President of the United States._
+
+    Major General George W. Davis, U. S. A. (Retired), _Chairman_.
+    Honorable Huntington Wilson, Assistant Secretary of State,
+      To represent the Department of State.
+    Honorable Sherman Allen, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury,
+      To represent the Department of the Treasury.
+    Brigadier General George H. Torney, Surgeon General, U. S. Army,
+      To represent the War Department.
+    Rear Admiral Charles F. Stokes. Surgeon General, U. S. Navy,
+      To represent the Navy Department.
+    Honorable William Marshall Bullitt, Solicitor General,
+      To represent the Department of Justice.
+
+_Elected by the Board of Incorporators._
+
+    Miss Mabel T. Boardman, Washington, D. C.
+    Mr. Robert W. de Forest, New York, N. Y.
+    Colonel A. G. Kaufman, Charleston, S. C.
+    Judge W. W. Morrow, San Francisco, Cal.
+    Honorable H. Kirke Porter, Pittsburgh, Pa.
+    Honorable James Tanner, Washington, D. C.
+
+_Elected by Delegates._
+
+    Brigadier General Charles Bird, U. S. A. (Retired).
+    Mr. William W. Farnam, New Haven, Conn.
+    Mr. John M. Glenn, New York, N. Y.
+    Honorable Charles Nagel, Washington, D. C.
+    Honorable Charles D. Norton, New York, N. Y.
+    Honorable Beekman Winthrop, Washington, D. C.
+
+
+
+
+FORM OF BEQUEST
+
+
+A will in the form following may be used to bequeath money for the
+purposes of the Red Cross. It would be well to have the same signed by
+THREE WITNESSES in the presence of the testator and of each other.
+
+All legacies, not otherwise specified, are applied to the Endowment Fund.
+
+    I, A. B., of __________ (testator’s domicil), hereby make and
+    publish the following as my last will and testament:
+
+    I give and bequeath to the American National Red Red Cross,
+    a corporation in the District of Columbia, created by Act of
+    Congress of the United States of America, its successors and
+    assigns, the sum of
+
+                                                       ____ Dollars.
+
+                           (A. B.) __________
+
+    Signed, sealed, published and declared by the above named A.
+    B. as and for his last will and testament, in the presence of
+    us, who have hereunto subscribed our names at his request as
+    witnesses thereto, in the presence of the said testator and of
+    each other.
+
+                                                          __________
+
+                                                          __________
+
+                                                          __________
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: ALAMEDA PARK, MEXICO CITY, SCENE OF FIGHTING IN RECENT
+REVOLUTION.
+
+© Underwood & Underwood]
+
+
+
+
+                                   THE
+                            AMERICAN RED CROSS
+                                 MAGAZINE
+
+             VOLUME EIGHT       APRIL, 1913       NUMBER TWO
+
+
+
+
+Opinion and Comment
+
+
+NEW NAME, NEW PAPER, NEW DEPARTMENT
+
+Unless attention is specifically called to the fact, our readers may
+not notice that with this issue they receive a MAGAZINE instead of a
+BULLETIN. That time-tried query of the cynic, “What’s in a name?” may be
+flung at us, and our answer will be that the contents and character of
+this publication are more in keeping with the accepted idea of a magazine
+than of a bulletin. At any rate, we like the new name better than the
+old, and we hope our readers will approve our taste. But whatever may
+be the verdict upon the slight change of name, we feel assured that we
+shall hear only approval of the heavier and better paper on which the
+magazine is printed. We hope also that the new department of “Opinion
+and Comment” may prove acceptable. Furthest from our thought is any idea
+that the MAGAZINE is perfect, and any concrete suggestions of improvement
+which readers may offer will be cordially received and given careful
+consideration.
+
+
+MAYOR GAYNOR’S SOUTHERN FLOOD RELIEF COMMITTEE
+
+During the Mississippi River flood in the spring of 1912, Mayor Gaynor,
+of New York, appointed a committee to collect money for relief purposes.
+Mr. Robert W. de Forest, head of the New York County Chapter of the Red
+Cross, was made chairman, and Mr. Robert Adamson, the Mayor’s secretary,
+became secretary of the committee. Among the prominent members were
+officers of the New York Southern Society. This committee undertook its
+duties with such vigor and effectiveness that it became much the largest
+contributor to the flood relief fund placed in the hands of the Red Cross
+for expenditure. The committee held its final meeting in Mayor Gaynor’s
+office on January 21, 1913, when the secretary presented an interesting
+account of the work accomplished.
+
+Money was received from all parts of the country, although the greater
+part was contributed by residents of New York City. The New York Southern
+Society received $14,281.05. From this sum $10,000 was paid to Mr. Jacob
+H. Schiff, treasurer for the Mayor’s committee. The Southern Society
+also paid all expenses of the campaign for both itself and the Mayor’s
+committee, amounting to $1,612.49, and forwarded $600 directly to flood
+sufferers. This left a balance in the hands of the Southern Society of
+$2,068.56, which later was turned over to the Red Cross. Including the
+$10,000 paid in by the Southern Society, the Mayor’s committee received a
+total of $67,322.39, all of which was transmitted to the Red Cross.
+
+Summarizing the work of both the Southern Society and the Mayor’s
+committee it appears that the total collections amounted to $71,601.44,
+of which $600 went direct to the flood district, $1,612.49 was paid for
+expenses and $69,390.95 was turned over to the Red Cross.
+
+By invitation of the committee the national director of the Red Cross
+attended the final meeting and gave an account of the relief operations
+as carried on in behalf of the quarter of a million persons whose homes
+were affected in the 15,000 square miles of country inundated.
+
+
+CINCINNATI CHAPTER WIDE AWAKE
+
+Good news comes from the Cincinnati Chapter of the Red Cross, where Mr.
+Julius Fleischman is chairman and Miss Annie Laws secretary. A permanent
+office has been taken at 220 West Seventh street, and Miss Hilda M.
+Reinecke, a well known nurse, has been placed in charge. Miss Reinecke
+will also serve as instructor in home nursing, for which classes are now
+being organized. During the flood in Cincinnati in January the Chapter
+participated actively in relief operations in co-operation with the
+committee appointed by the mayor, who, by the way, is an active member of
+the executive committee of the Chapter. Plans are in contemplation for
+other important activities, and no great prophetic power is required to
+predict a useful career for the Chapter.
+
+
+CHAPTER NEWS WANTED FOR PUBLICATION
+
+It is hoped to devote an increasing amount of space in the RED CROSS
+MAGAZINE to accounts of the work and plans of Chapters. For this reason
+chairmen and secretaries are invited to send in reports and notes of
+anything of interest in which the Chapters are engaged or which they
+are contemplating. In this way the experience of one Chapter will be
+made available for the help and guidance of others. While establishing
+policies and strengthening other parts of the national organization the
+creation and upbuilding of Chapters have been necessarily retarded. It is
+believed the time has come for a vigorous effort to bring the Chapters
+into their proper place of importance in the Red Cross scheme of things.
+Officers of Chapters are invited to study the little handbook recently
+published with a view to finding suggestions for local activities of
+an interesting and useful character. It is to be remembered that the
+handbook is not intended to specify all the activities permissible to
+a Chapter, but is meant to define in a broad way the legitimate field
+for Red Cross activities, with a few suggestions of specific lines of
+work which are consistent with the purposes of the society. The national
+director will be glad to correspond with Chapters which contemplate
+embarking in new work. Reports or items of Chapter news intended for the
+MAGAZINE should be sent to the national director.
+
+
+RED CROSS LAW AND THOSE WHO VIOLATE IT
+
+That persons who use the name or emblem of the Red Cross illegally, do
+so, as a rule, in ignorance of the federal law prohibiting such use, and
+are quick to discontinue the violation when their attention is called
+to the statute, is a fact frequently demonstrated. A recent instance in
+point was that of the William Windhorst Company, of Cincinnati. This
+company had issued some attractive advertising matter which contained
+the Red Cross emblem. As soon as it was informed that this was in
+violation of law, the company took prompt measures to recall and destroy
+the objectionable printed matter and to inform its customers that it
+holds the American Red Cross in the highest respect and would, under no
+circumstances, knowingly infringe upon its rights.
+
+Another striking illustration of the same spirit was that in which Mr.
+Arthur Letts, proprietor of a large department store in Los Angeles,
+not only discarded all use of the Red Cross in his own advertising, but
+issued an order to his buyers that no goods bearing the name or emblem of
+the Red Cross should be purchased or sold in his store.
+
+Members of the American Red Cross everywhere who observe locally the
+use of the name or emblem on signs or tags or vehicles or for other
+advertising purposes are urged to call the attention of the users to the
+federal law which prohibits such use. The secretary of the Red Cross in
+Washington will always be pleased to learn of such efforts and their
+results. If a user declines to discontinue the practice, the member of
+the Red Cross who has called his attention to the law is invited to send
+the user’s name and address to the secretary in Washington, together with
+a description of the character of the violation observed. A copy of the
+law will be sent to any one on request.
+
+
+OUR COUNTRYMEN’S SPLENDID SERVICE IN TURKEY
+
+Every member of the Red Cross who reads the several short reports from
+Turkey in this number of the RED CROSS MAGAZINE must be stirred by a
+deep sense of pride in the great work of humanity which is being carried
+on by the Constantinople Chapter of the American Red Cross. In the
+dreadful cholera camp of San-Stefano, in the hospitals filled with sick
+and wounded soldiers in Constantinople, among the starving refugees,
+children, women and old men, in Salonica and Asia Minor, the story is the
+same. Brave men and women giving of their time and strength and skill,
+disregarding danger and hardship and forgetful of their own personal
+affairs, are making a record of effective accomplishment under extreme
+difficulties in that foreign country which should touch the deepest
+springs of American patriotism. Slight, indeed, as compared to this
+splendid service is our duty and privilege of giving something of our
+abundance wherewith to sustain these efforts.
+
+
+BRIGADIER-GENERAL CARROLL A. DEVOL, U. S. A.
+
+When the Red Cross first knew him he was Major Carroll A. Devol, U.
+S. A. He was then performing a herculean task in the relief of San
+Francisco, and was doing the job in such a manner as to arouse general
+admiration for his executive ability, his promptness and his calmness
+under extremely trying conditions. Since those days he has proved his
+mettle in relief work for the Red Cross following the great storm at
+Hattiesburg and Purvis, Mississippi, and after a great fire of two years
+ago at Colon, Panama. On the Canal Zone, where he has for some years been
+United States Quartermaster for the Canal Commission, he was instrumental
+in establishing a very active and efficient Chapter of the Red Cross.
+
+All this leads up to the announcement that Major Devol, after promotion
+to the rank of colonel, has now been appointed a brigadier general, and
+the Red Cross, could it express itself through its MAGAZINE, would extend
+to him its hand in hearty congratulation and good wishes. He has been a
+strong and reliable friend of the Red Cross at all times, and through
+his unselfish devotion has done much to advance its cause and establish
+its good name. While his well deserved promotion has come as a result of
+eminent services in the army, we shall no doubt be pardoned for utilizing
+this opportunity of recalling his great services to the Red Cross.
+
+
+PHYSICIANS WILL HELP THE RED CROSS
+
+In the RED CROSS MAGAZINE for January, 1913, announcement was made of
+the appointment, by the American Medical Association, of a committee
+whose duty it was to confer with the American Red Cross with a view to
+establishing a comprehensive system of co-operation between the Red Cross
+and the medical profession of the United States. The committee has proved
+to be prompt and active. Following is a copy of a circular letter which
+has been sent to all the county medical societies in the country. It will
+be found to contain a clear outline of the co-operative plan proposed by
+the committee and approved by the executive committee of the Red Cross:
+
+                                                  February 14, 1913.
+
+    TO THE SECRETARY,
+      County Medical Society,
+
+    DEAR SIR:
+
+    The undersigned have been constituted a committee by the
+    President of the American Medical Association to cooperate with
+    the American Red Cross, in the matter of medical work.
+
+    The Committee feels that a great deal of substantial good will
+    come to all communities by providing a body of representative
+    physicians of approved qualifications to direct or participate
+    in medical work carried on by the Red Cross in different
+    localities in times of emergencies and to advise with the
+    representatives of that society on questions of medical policy
+    and procedure. Besides its activity in emergency relief work,
+    the Red Cross is engaged in an educational campaign for the
+    mitigation of human suffering and the saving of lives. So
+    far it has extended this movement only to the teaching of
+    prevention of accidents and first aid to the injured, but it is
+    hoped in future that it shall include popular instruction in
+    the prevention of disease. These medical committees are not in
+    any way bound to this educational work of the Red Cross, but
+    members of the committees who may be interested are invited to
+    correspond with the First Aid Department of the Red Cross.
+
+    In the opinion of this committee, the plan may be properly
+    considered under the following headings:
+
+    1. OBJECT. Primarily this service is designed to meet local
+    emergencies when conditions of disaster are such as to call for
+    the intervention of the Red Cross. When exigencies come about
+    in any community the Red Cross would be glad to feel that it
+    might call upon carefully selected physicians in that community
+    to lend their aid in the medical work incident to the situation.
+
+    2. ORGANIZATION. It is desired to have in every county a
+    central committee of five physicians, two of whom shall be
+    the President and Secretary of the County Medical Society,
+    _ex officio_. The President of the County Medical Society
+    shall select the other three members, preferably from the list
+    of councilors or of the executive committee. This committee
+    should be designated the “Committee on Red Cross Medical
+    Work.” The names and residences of the members, immediately
+    after organization, should be reported to the chairman of the
+    American Medical Association. In case of disaster, requiring
+    relief action by the Red Cross, these county committees will
+    be called upon to nominate qualified medical men in their
+    respective counties for Red Cross service. The committees will
+    also serve in an advisory medical capacity to the Red Cross in
+    time of disaster and in other lines of Red Cross activity as
+    indicated in a preceding paragraph.
+
+    3. QUALIFICATIONS. The certification of physicians by County
+    Committees will be accepted as ample evidence of the physical,
+    moral and professional qualifications of the gentlemen
+    recommended for appointment. It may be pertinent to state that
+    service in time of disaster may entail severe physical effort
+    and physical fitness of appointees to perform hard work is,
+    therefore, important.
+
+    4. COMPENSATION. In some instances the Red Cross may require
+    the services of physicians at a distance from their places of
+    residence and for varying periods. Under these conditions the
+    Red Cross will be prepared to pay traveling expenses and a
+    moderate honorarium to be agreed upon between the physicians
+    and the National Director of the Red Cross.
+
+    It will be obvious to you that the arrangement here proposed
+    is primarily intended to provide for emergencies which may
+    suddenly arise in any community or, on the other hand, may
+    happily never occur. Thus it may be that the committee which
+    we are inviting you to create may never be called into action,
+    while, on the other hand, it may have occasion to perform a
+    very great public service. Your cooperation in the completion
+    of this plan at as early a date as convenient will be
+    appreciated.
+
+    Please address all communications bearing upon the contents of
+    this letter to the Chairman, Doctor George M. Kober, care The
+    American Red Cross, 715 Union Trust Building, Washington, D. C.
+
+                           Very respectfully,
+
+                                              GEORGE M. KOBER, M.D.,
+                                              _Chairman._
+
+                                              F. A. WINTER,
+                                              _Lt. Colonel, Medical
+                                              Corps, U. S. Army._
+
+                                              E. M. BLACKWELL,
+                                              _Surgeon, U. S. Navy._
+
+    At a meeting of the Executive Committee of the American
+    National Red Cross held in Washington, D. C., February 14,
+    1913, the foregoing plan of cooperation between the medical
+    profession and the Red Cross was unanimously approved.
+
+                                  GEORGE W. DAVIS,
+                                  _Major General, U. S. A., retired,
+                                  Chairman Central Committee._
+
+    CHARLES L. MAGEE, _Secretary_.
+
+Many replies are coming from county medical societies indicating a
+cordial acceptance of the committee’s plan. It may be said, in this
+connection, that the medical profession has always been generous and
+responsive in the highest degree in all its relations with the Red Cross.
+The purpose of the new plan is to provide a simple system by means of
+which this cordial relationship may become more effective.
+
+
+THE FORTY-NINTH STATE BOARD
+
+The New Mexico State Board of the American Red Cross was appointed on
+February 26, 1913, this being the forty-ninth Board organized since the
+inception of the State Board form of organization.
+
+Immediately the new States of Arizona and New Mexico were admitted to the
+Union the first steps looking to the organization of Red Cross Boards
+therein were taken. The cordiality with which Hon. William C. McDonald,
+Governor of New Mexico, and Hon. George W. P. Hunt, Governor of Arizona,
+entered into the negotiations was keenly appreciated by the Red Cross
+officers at Washington, and it is hoped that the announcement of the
+completion of the Arizona Board will be made in the not distant future.
+The membership of the New Mexico Board is as follows:
+
+    Hon. William C. McDonald, Santa Fe, _President_.
+    Hon. Richard H. Hanna, Santa Fe.
+    Mr. Nathan Jaffa, Roswell.
+    Mr. John R. Joyce, Carlsbad.
+    Mr. H. S. Kaune, Santa Fe.
+    Mr. Owen N. Marron, Albuquerque.
+    Mr. W. D. Murray, Silver City.
+
+A decision has not as yet been made as to which of the above-named
+members will be appointed Treasurer of the Board, but no time will be
+lost in putting the Board into workable shape.
+
+The past election brought changes in the gubernatorial chairs of
+twenty-three of the States in which the American Red Cross has State
+Boards. Men elected to such important positions in the governments of
+the various States must find little time at the beginning for matters
+other than those pertaining strictly to their new offices, yet out of the
+twenty-three new Governors fifteen have already accepted the Presidency
+of the Boards in their respective States. That the Red Cross can make
+this announcement gives it great satisfaction, and it feels confident
+that the remaining eight new Governors will also accept the leadership of
+their State Boards as soon as the first rush of their new administration
+is over.
+
+During the past year the State Boards of Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee,
+Louisiana and Mississippi again demonstrated, during the relief work
+incident to the Mississippi flood, as did that of West Virginia in
+connection with the flood in the Northwestern part of that State, the
+value of the plan adopted by the Red Cross and which comprehends in each
+State a group of successful business and professional men to act as its
+financial representatives and advisers in connection with disaster relief
+work.
+
+
+THE RED CROSS IN BALTIMORE
+
+On another page will be found a brief account of the recent great
+dynamite explosion in Baltimore with the relief measures which followed.
+The incident offers an excellent illustration of the adaptability of Red
+Cross methods and of the fact that the organization, though national
+in scope and policy, is none-the-less local in its relations and an
+integral part of the community in which its service is needed. When a
+disaster is of such magnitude or character that local agencies of relief
+are prostrated or overwhelmed, the Red Cross is prepared to provide the
+necessary machinery for relief distribution; in smaller disasters the Red
+Cross simply joins hands with other local agencies and lends its strength
+and influence to concentration of resources and cooperative effort.
+
+In time it is hoped that at least in our larger cities and towns there
+will exist Red Cross Chapters in affiliation with all the local agencies
+that can be utilized in case of disaster, so that relief work at such
+times will all become Red Cross work.
+
+
+THE RED CROSS BUILDING
+
+In the RED CROSS MAGAZINE for January, 1913, appeared an illustration
+of the beautiful building which the Red Cross hoped to obtain through
+the combined generosity of the New York Commandery of the Loyal Legion
+and the Congress of the United States. The proposed building was to be
+a memorial to the loyal women of the Civil War and was to become the
+permanent headquarters of the American Red Cross.
+
+The Loyal Legion offered to donate $300,000 toward the memorial on
+condition that Congress would give a suitable site in the City of
+Washington. A bill was accordingly introduced in Congress to carry the
+plan into effect by appropriating $300,000 for the purchase of ground.
+Everybody was favorable and all conditions seemed auspicious.
+
+Those who have had opportunities to observe legislation in the making,
+are familiar with the fact that the only certain thing about it is its
+uncertainty. A resume of the career of this particular measure affords
+a shining example in point. The bill was introduced in both Senate and
+House in the spring of 1912, and was referred to committees in the usual
+manner. The Senate committee gave prompt consideration to the bill, and
+of its own accord increased the amount of the proposed appropriation
+to $400,000, after which it reported it to the Senate, which passed it
+without opposition. The Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds of the
+House, after hearings, submitted a unanimously favorable report to the
+House on the last day before adjournment for the summer of 1912.
+
+When Congress met in December, 1912, the status of the Red Cross
+building bill seemed most fortunate. It had passed the Senate without
+opposition carrying an appropriation of $400,000. The House Committee
+had unanimously accepted the Senate bill and had recommended it for
+passage. All that remained was for the House to pass it and the President
+to attach his signature. The road looked straight and easy and not very
+long, with a bright blue sky overhead.
+
+And then something interfered slightly with the forward movement. Many
+other bills with many active congressmen behind them crowded into the
+foreground. There seemed to be no opening for the Red Cross bill to slip
+through. Big bills for the support of the vast governmental departments
+had to be given precedence. Time flew and congressmen began to refer
+to the fact that it was a short session with much to be done. Also the
+leaders began to urge economy in appropriations.
+
+It was found impossible to get a definite place or date set for a vote on
+the Red Cross bill. At one time it was proposed to try to call it up by
+unanimous consent, but nothing came of that. Then those in charge thought
+better to abandon it as a distinct measure and insert it as an item in
+the big Public Buildings and Grounds Bill, which contained appropriations
+for many buildings. Later the cry of economy became more strident and the
+plan for the Red Cross bill was again changed. Now it was decided not to
+bring it forward in the House but instead to pass the Public Buildings
+and Grounds Bill in the House without it and let it be inserted by the
+Senate when the big bill reached that body.
+
+It is customary for the Senate to add numerous items to bills of this
+character after the House has passed them. Then the bills as amended
+by the Senate must go back to the House for the House to accept the
+Senate amendments. If the House declines to accept the Senate amendments
+a committee is appointed from each side to confer and try to agree
+on the items in dispute. Usually both Senate and House accept the
+recommendations of the conference committees.
+
+So the House passed the Public Buildings and Grounds Bill without the
+Red Cross item and the Senate was asked to insert that item. It did so.
+Then opposition arose because the Red Cross building was a memorial to
+the _loyal_ women of the Civil War. It was argued that the Confederate
+women were just as brave and devoted and self-sacrificing as the women
+of the North; that no memorial should perpetuate sectional feeling.
+The proposition was made that the word _loyal_ be eliminated and that
+the building be a memorial to _all_ the women of the Civil War. This
+could not be done, however, because the gift of $300,000 by the Loyal
+Legion was conditioned upon the retention of the word _loyal_. A sharp
+discussion followed with the result that the Red Cross item was entirely
+stricken out. A little later the subject was reopened and the Red Cross
+item was again inserted and remained there when the Senate passed the
+bill.
+
+The House refused to accept the Senate amendments and a conference
+committee was appointed. Several important Senate amendments, among them
+the Red Cross item, became the subject of prolonged discussion. Congress
+must adjourn on March 4th. It was now March 3rd and it became imperative
+that an agreement should be reached. Finally the dispute had narrowed
+down to this:
+
+The House conferees would consent to the passage of the Red Cross item
+if the Senate would abandon the item for the purchase of the Rock Creek
+Valley in Washington for park purposes. The Rock Creek Valley purchase
+was of the utmost importance to Washington. It had been urged for years
+and there was no question that it was of greater public value at this
+time than the provision of a Red Cross building. The Senate forced to
+this hard choice wisely held on to the Rock Creek Valley item and the Red
+Cross item was lost.
+
+Perhaps this story of high hope, of keen suspense, of alternating
+optimism and despair is not worth the space here given to its relation.
+It is, however, a tale of a gallant fight in which the Red Cross won many
+friends and made no enemies. Shall it fare better in Congress another
+year? Who so faint hearted as to doubt?
+
+
+
+
+Vivid Glimpses of the American Red Cross in Turkey
+
+
+_Following are several illuminating extracts from reports recently
+received from the fields of Red Cross activity in Turkey. The American
+Red Cross has been extremely fortunate in the character of its
+representation in this work. Some of those whose services have been
+particularly noteworthy are mentioned in the statement below by Mr. G.
+Bie Ravndal, American Consul General at Constantinople, who is also
+secretary of the Red Cross Chapter in Constantinople. The composite
+picture of widely extended and many-sided activity presented by these
+brief reports conveys an impression of magnitude and importance which
+must gratify every American who takes pride in the achievements of his
+fellow countrymen._—EDITOR RED CROSS MAGAZINE.
+
+
+FIGHTING THE CHOLERA AT SAN STEFANO
+
+BY G. BIE RAVNDAL, _American Consul General, Secretary Red Cross Chapter._
+
+Our Chapter was just withdrawing from the earthquake stricken coast
+of the sea of Marmora, where, owing to the generosity of charitable
+Americans, acting through the American National Red Cross, it had been
+enabled to furnish medical and other timely aid, as described in my
+report of October, 1912, when the wardogs were let loose in the Balkans,
+and then began the initial scenes of that terrible drama which, during
+the winter, has monopolized the attention of the world.
+
+Hardly had the curtain fallen after the first battles, which followed
+each other in swift, unrelenting succession, before the cholera began its
+fearful ravages, competing with the shrapnel in deadly work.
+
+Thousands of families, mostly women, children and old men, fled before
+the onrush of soldiers from the north. Their suffering on the trail
+baffles all description.
+
+No feature of the catastrophe proved more heartrending than the condition
+of affairs in the San-Stefano cholera camp, in which masses of sick
+and wounded soldiers were thrown together after the battles of Louleh
+Bourgas and Wisa. It is gratifying to be able to report the fact that it
+was Hoffman Philip, secretary of the American Embassy in Constantinople;
+Major Clyde Sinclair Ford, of the Medical Corps of the United States
+Army, and Frederick Moore, of the Associated Press, who taking their
+lives in their hands, first undertook the heroic work of organizing
+relief in this place of horror. They were nobly assisted by Reverend
+Dr. Frew, of the Scotch Mission in Constantinople, by two Swiss ladies,
+residents of San-Stefano, Miss Alt and Mrs. Schneider, and also by Hon.
+Maurice Baring, of London. The details of the relief furnished by our
+Chapter in the San-Stefano cholera camp have been described in letters by
+Mrs. W. W. Rockhill, wife of the American Ambassador at Constantinople,
+and I shall not attempt to add to the information submitted by her, as
+at the time under report I was in the United States. Mrs. Rockhill has
+taken a leading part in the relief work instituted by the Constantinople
+Chapter in the present emergencies, and the Chapter is deeply grateful to
+her. Ultimately the San-Stefano situation was taken in hand by the Red
+Crescent.
+
+[Illustration: COMMITTEE OF NICHAUTACHE (SULTAN’S) HOSPITAL.]
+
+[Illustration: EGYPTIAN RED CRESCENT MISSION UNDER DR. MAX REICH.]
+
+Even before the San-Stefano need had been discovered by Mr. Hoffman
+Philip, whose action in this relation cannot be too highly praised, the
+Constantinople Chapter had established two Red Cross wards for wounded
+soldiers in the barracks at Tash-Kesla in Constantinople, and a fully
+equipped operating room. This hospital work has been, and is still
+being, conducted by Major Ford. Major Ford came here while on leave
+and generously offered his services to the Constantinople Chapter. His
+professional skill and administrative experience have enabled the Chapter
+to render invaluable help, which otherwise could not have been furnished
+by us, in saving lives and alleviating suffering. Major Ford has been
+ably assisted by D. Alton Davis, secretary of the International Y. M. C.
+A. in Constantinople; Dr. Walton, surgeon of _U. S. S. Scorpion_, and Dr.
+Kazakos, a graduate of Robert College.
+
+Since Christmas the Chapter has been giving special attention to the
+“refugees.”
+
+Dr. Wilfred Mellvaine Post, of the American Medical Mission in Konia,
+magnanimously volunteered to superintend the Chapter’s efforts in the
+field for the relief of refugees. Associated with him is Miss Jeannie
+Jillson, of the American School for Girls in Broussa.
+
+Next to Broussa, as far as the Chapter’s present activities in behalf of
+the refugees are concerned, comes Salonica. Our relief work is also being
+extended into Monastir and Koricha in Albania.
+
+
+SITUATION IN SALONICA
+
+_Letter from Mr. E. O. Jacob._
+
+                                                   Salonica, Jan. 3, 1913.
+
+I trust you will forgive me for not writing you earlier. My trip
+unfortunately lasted 13 days. I had 5 days’ quarantine in Pireus and
+then had to wait 5 days for a steamer, so that I did not reach here till
+December 30. I found, as I had feared, that the most urgent need was
+over, and the work of relief in Salonica itself was already pretty well
+organized. It seems, however, that my services will meet a real need at
+least for some weeks. Some one is urgently needed to visit the towns and
+villages of the provinces and Mr. Haskell is certainly the best man for
+that.
+
+I am writing this letter also as a sort of report, any material of which
+you are at liberty to use. You have already received, I understand, a
+copy of the “Independent,” describing the work of the “Societe de Secours
+aux Refugies.” This is a quite modest and impersonal description of
+the work of Mr. Haskell, Mme. Christo Hajji Lazaro and the association
+whom they have gathered, namely, Pastor Brunau, Mme. Yenny, the wife
+of a Swiss merchant; Sister Augustine of the Catholic Mission, and
+lately Mr. van Bommel. They began at once the collection of funds, the
+investigation of the condition of the refugees and the giving of bread.
+It must have been a terrible task to locate 50,000 refugees, scattered
+as they were all over the city, and still more so to inaugurate a system
+of distribution, for the imams of mosques and the former Mouhtars of
+different districts tried in every way to turn the funds into their
+own pockets. But by frequent and tiresome inspections a fair degree of
+efficiency is now maintained. The committee has now the aid of three
+native pastors, who are proving very effective in tracing irregularities,
+removals and other changes.
+
+[Illustration: HOSPITAL IN CONSTANTINOPLE IN CHARGE OF GERMAN OFFICERS.]
+
+[Illustration: TASH-KESHLA HOSPITAL, CONSTANTINOPLE.
+
+FRONT ROW (BEGINNING FIFTH FROM LEFT)—MAJOR FORD C. S. A.; TURKISH
+DOCTOR; MADAME DEPAGE IN NURSING COSTUME; UNKNOWN LADY; MARCHIONESS
+PALLAVACINI, WIFE OF AUSTRIAN AMBASSADOR; MRS ROCKHILL, WIFE OF AMERICAN
+AMBASSADOR; DR. DEPAGE.]
+
+This group of people has thus far had to confine its activities to
+the giving of bread, the most immediate necessity of the unfortunate
+“muhajjirs.” For a long time they gave at the rate of 9 ounces per person
+per day, surely a minimum ration. Since this week it has fortunately been
+possible to raise the rate to 12 ounces a day. Four distribution centers
+are operated, the people coming to these places for their allowances. At
+the one where I am working we are now distributing 2,700 loaves a day.
+The total daily distribution is 8,000 loaves and costs a little over 100
+Lt. a day.
+
+In certain directions the financial support has been very encouraging.
+The largest giver, unofficial, of course, is the Greek government, which
+has put into the hands of this society about 180,000 francs. Queen Olga
+has in addition given the good sum of 40,000 francs out of her own purse.
+From Holland came, as the result of an unsolicited appeal from the Dutch
+Red Cross Mission here, 25,000 francs. The American Red Cross is credited
+with about Lt. 350 and about 7,300 francs have come to Mr. Haskell from
+friends in Switzerland. So up to the present the work has been maintained
+without a deficit.
+
+It seems clear, however, that as the harder part of the winter comes, aid
+will, in many instances, have to be given in other ways than the one I
+have mentioned, as 12 ounces of bread a day will not indefinitely keep
+the body and soul together. Thus far, in fact, most of those who have
+received aid have enough money for a little salt and a few olives, for a
+few candles and a bit of charcoal. But lately we get the complaint more
+and more frequently that these resources are exhausted and that the bread
+ration no longer suffices alone. Once in two weeks, in fact, each person
+gets a half bowl of soup. This is made possible by a very efficient
+little soup kitchen which the Catholic sisters have opened. But this,
+too, is certainly only a trifle. Again, as wintry weather comes, we get
+calls for clothing, bed quilts, etc. Practically nothing has yet been
+given in this line.
+
+I have thus far been speaking exclusively of the people under the care
+of the “Societe de Secours.” There is also in the city an “International
+Committee,” which has been taking up other sides of the same work. It
+has, for example, in operation an observation camp for those who have
+been exposed to smallpox. It also charters steamers to convey to Asia
+Minor free of charge those who wish to seek employment there. I had a
+long interview with Mr. Forbes in Smyrna and brought to the committee
+details about his offer to employ several thousand men in licorice
+digging. They are therefore now sending him a first load of 1,100 persons
+by the steamship _Assouan_. It strikes us all that to give them like this
+an opportunity for steady work is about the best service that can be
+rendered. The largest enterprise of this committee is the maintenance of
+a concentration camp, which houses 6,000 refugees. Though they have to
+live in tents they are otherwise under the best of care. The government
+is military, the sanitary conditions are excellent and everyone directly
+under the eye of the workers. Unfortunately the operating cost of
+this camp (about Lt. 80 a day) is so great that the scheme cannot be
+extended to the others. This committee, moreover, finds itself in a less
+encouraging financial condition than the “Societe,” and with a deficit
+already on hand, is not venturing beyond its present range of work.
+
+Then, finally, the needs of the towns in the provinces are begging to
+be brought to our attention. In many respects they are more sadly in
+want than Salonica itself. Naturally the armies have absorbed all the
+available foodstuffs. Moreover, dozens of villages have been burned to
+the ground and many towns have been quite thoroughly looted. The same
+sort of story comes from all the surrounding regions, Monastir, Uskub,
+Strumitza, Brama, etc.
+
+The British Balkan Committee has begun to help in several places. Mrs.
+Lazaro has gone with a member of the Macedonian Relief Committee to
+Gumendje, and Mr. Haskell expects to start next week on a two weeks’ tour
+in the region of Strumitza. Those trips should make clear just what the
+most urgent needs are.
+
+
+RED CROSS WORK FOR REFUGEES IN WESTERN ASIA MINOR
+
+_Part of a letter from Dr. Wilfred M. Post._
+
+The number of refugees who have passed over from European Turkey into
+Western Asia Minor since the commencement of the Balkan War is probably
+in the neighborhood of 56,000; the large majority of these have settled
+in the Broussa vilayet, a smaller number having found their way to the
+Konia and Angora vilayets. Most of the refugees have traveled by rail,
+their carts and oxen having been carried with them at the expense of the
+government, but a fair proportion have “trekked” into the interior all
+the way from European Turkey, spending several weeks on the journey.
+The main distribution is along the line of the Anatolian railway, the
+usual plan having been for a definite number to be allotted to each city
+or large town along the line, and then sent off as fast as possible to
+the villages—a few families to each village—the government hoping by
+this arrangement to cause the refugees to amalgamate with the Anatolian
+population, and also by allotting a few families to each village, to
+throw the burden of maintenance on the people and avoid the problems
+arising from concentration in large camps and settlements. This policy
+has been carried out most thoroughly and the many hundreds of villages
+from one or two hours to two or three days distance from the railway have
+almost all received their quota of unfortunates to care for, an exception
+having been made for the Christian villages, few, if any, of the latter
+having been thus called upon.
+
+About a quarter or a third of the refugees have come with some personal
+clothing and bedding, and with some property in the shape of carts and
+oxen, cooking utensils and money. These have been allowed to shift for
+themselves, but the remainder have arrived in the interior in more or
+less wretched condition, having little or nothing but the clothes they
+wear, and in many cases only half-clad and in very poor condition to
+meet the rigors of the cold Anatolian winter. As long as this class of
+refugees remains in cities the government makes regular distributions of
+bread to them, about 50 paras’ worth to each adult, and 25 paras to each
+child per day, in some cases giving the money instead of the food, but as
+soon as the refugees have been shipped off to the villages the government
+ceases to distribute help.
+
+[Illustration: HARBIE HOSPITAL.
+
+ESTABLISHED BY DUTCH RED CROSS MISSION UNDER DR. LINGHEEK.]
+
+Those refugees remaining in the cities have also been scattered as
+extensively as possible, a notable instance being Konia, where 2,500
+people have been scattered all over the city and surrounding gardens, a
+few dozen having been put into each “mahle” or quarter of the city, so
+that it took a week of careful search and inquiry to obtain statistics
+that were anywhere near accurate. This extensive scattering makes the
+work of relief very difficult; nevertheless much has been accomplished
+already and by systematic canvassing by American missionaries and native
+agents it is hoped that much of the suffering and need of the refugees
+will be discovered and relieved. Relief of over-crowding, supply of
+adequate clothing and bedding, opening of soup kitchens and supply of
+food other than the dry bread given by the government, distribution
+of fuel and medical aid, indicate the principal lines along which the
+Red Cross must work for the next two or three months. The officials
+everywhere express the hope that they will be able to send the refugees
+back to Europe for the spring, but, of course, nothing definite can be
+planned as yet. Whatever may be the political outcome of the Balkan war,
+a large number of the refugees will undoubtedly remain in Anatolia, and
+the Red Cross may then consider the advisability of providing employment
+for these people, supplying them with farm implements, etc. The large
+majority of the refugees are women and children, many of these having
+been rendered widows and orphans by the war; the few able-bodied men who
+have come have for the most part, been drafted into the Turkish army
+and sent to Chatalja, so that the question of employment will have to
+be considered later on. A few of the refugees are able to earn money by
+carting wood and grain, using their primitive oxcarts for the purpose,
+but most of them are idle, and on account of the great scattering
+throughout the country they must, unfortunately, remain so for some time
+to come. It is most fortunate that the general health of the refugees is
+good, and from the hygienic standpoint the policy of scattering has no
+doubt been a good one. There are, of course, many cases of sickness among
+them, and in the process of investigation we have found many people at
+the point of death from exposure and cold, the most pathetic cases being
+among the children. Here again the scattering makes it impossible to do
+much visiting, and though the communities may be saved from epidemic,
+many individuals, sad to say, will perish from cold, hunger and disease
+this winter.
+
+[Illustration: MACEDONIAN REFUGEES FLEEING TO CONSTANTINOPLE.]
+
+Our investigations have been confined chiefly to the cities, where
+several hundreds or thousands of refugees are gathered, but we have also
+looked into the condition of a dozen or more villages and have found
+that in general the villagers have been kind to the refugees and have
+given them food and shelter, and have lent them clothing and bedding;
+but in some places the villagers have thrust the refugees into stables
+and broken-down hovels, with little or no clothing and bedding, and
+just enough food to keep body and soul together. In some instances
+the unfortunate, defenceless women and girls have been forced into
+prostitution.
+
+The Constantinople Chapter of the American Red Cross has established
+relief work in Konia and Broussa along the lines indicated above. In
+Konia a systematic canvass of the city and surrounding villages has been
+made, and bedding and clothing distributed according to need; in many
+cases eight or ten people were found sharing one quilt, and women and
+children walking about the frozen streets with bare feet. For people in
+the city we distributed tickets having the articles they were to receive
+indicated on them, and the distribution was made on the mission premises.
+The government, however, forbade us to carry on independent work and
+insisted that all articles for distribution must be handed over to them;
+we were unwilling to accept this condition, so work was stopped for the
+time being. In Broussa an effort has been made to get the people into
+more sanitary quarters than they now occupy; we found many places where
+eight, ten and even twelve people were packed into a tiny mud-floored
+room about ten feet square, damp and dismal, and with one or two of
+the family sick—in one case three people, one with ulcers and two with
+dysentery, reposing under one small and filthy quilt. Not only must these
+people be gotten speedily into more healthy surroundings, but some sort
+of sanitary supervision must be established over the quarters to which
+they are to be removed. It is our expectation to open one or more soup
+kitchens and inaugurate some medical work.
+
+We have turned over the city of Eski-Shehir to the Germans, who promise
+to attend to its needs and to those of the surrounding region. We hope
+through the above arrangements to get into direct touch with more than
+half the refugees in Asia Minor, and trust that where our work is unable
+to reach them other helpers may come forward to tide them over this first
+difficult winter.
+
+
+ACTIVITIES OF THE RED CRESCENT SOCIETY
+
+The Turkish Red Crescent Society has come forward so nobly during the
+present war that it has delighted observers by the depth and force of
+its vitality. A national institution of humanitarian aims, it had been
+recognized as such in the Geneva Conference of 1864—but though it had
+worked efficiently in the Russian and Turco-Greek wars of the last
+century, it is only lately, through the impulsion given to it some
+years ago by Mrs. Rifaat Pasha, wife of the present Turkish Ambassador
+in Paris, that its more modern organization and increased capital have
+brought it to the front, able to compete in usefulness and resource with
+the Red Cross Societies in other countries.
+
+The society is managed by a Central Committee, composed of 30 members,
+subject to the approval of a president and to the occasional control of
+the government. At present His Excellency Hussein Hilmi Pasha, Ottoman
+Ambassador in Vienna, is president of the Red Crescent.
+
+At the beginning of the Turco-Balkan war the Red Crescent Committee
+founded three hospitals for the wounded—one numbering over 600 beds—in
+the capital of the Empire, and several in the provinces, notably
+at Salonica, Adrianople, Uskub, Loule-Bourgas, etc., appointing
+well-equipped staffs of nurses and doctors. The necessary surgical
+instruments and medical supplies were procured from abroad, and recently
+ambulances were ordered from South Bend, Indiana. Four transportable
+hospitals of 100 beds each were received from England, and following
+the example set by European nations in such cases, the Red Crescent
+established field kitchens in the principal camps, which supplied the
+harrassed soldiers with soup and bread.
+
+When the cholera broke out among the hapless troops, and they were sent
+back to Constantinople for treatment, the society organized three more
+new hospitals in the choleraic centers of Hademkeny, San-Stefano, etc.,
+and as the sick soon filled to overflowing the epidemic wards hastily
+founded in the capital, the Red Crescent had the mosques of the city
+opened to the sufferers and supplied them with food, linen and medical
+care. It is computed that about 3,000 soldiers were supported in these
+improvised hospitals between the beginning of October and the end of
+November, 1912, and in this heavy task the Red Crescent was assisted by
+its branch missions of Hindoustan, Egypt and England, who took their full
+share of the heavy nursing and relief work. Besides the hospitals thus
+run, the Red Crescent sent Lt. 7500 in cash to the military sanitary
+authorities of Constantinople, as well as very numerous suits of
+clothing, articles of bedding and medicinal supplies.
+
+The arrival of the refugees in Constantinople created a new and
+tremendous demand for aid. The Red Crescent immediately forwarded another
+Lt. 7500 to the prefecture of the town, and housed thousands of the
+unfortunate emigrants in old Konaks (palaces) and in temporary sheds.
+Committees of investigation and distribution were organized in the chief
+provincial centers to which the government sent the refugees and bread or
+money doled out.
+
+The Ladies’ Section of the Red Crescent Society has proved most active
+on behalf of the patients and refugees. Societies were formed for the
+cutting and sewing of linen, of which the hospitals were continually in
+need, and the garments made reached the total of 70,000.
+
+The foregoing facts (culled from the columns of the _Jeune Turc_), brief
+and incomplete as they are, suffice to show, however, that the energies
+of the Red Crescent Society have been severely taxed during the present
+terrible happenings, and it is an act of justice as well as one of keen
+satisfaction to say that these energies have been not drained but richly
+developed by the call made upon them.
+
+In the present emergency the Red Crescent has been generously supported
+by the Red Cross Societies of different countries. Sisters of the
+Red Cross and the Red Crescent have worked shoulder to shoulder in
+alleviating suffering, as shown by the photograph herewith inclosed of
+the Imperial Hospital in Nichantache, Constantinople, kindly furnished by
+the Phebus Atelier.
+
+
+SAVAGES FOUR HUNDRED YEARS AGO
+
+Writing from Konia, January 15, Dr. Dodd sends in the following about an
+old Moslem priest:
+
+“An old Turkish hodja named Saduk Effendi called today and said he came
+for the special purpose of asking me to give his thanks to the people
+in America who are sending help to the poor here. I report his words as
+near as I can do so. ‘May the Lord of the Universe, the God of all men,
+who are all of one family on this earth, look graciously upon those who
+have shown such love and kindness. The servants of God here will always
+remember and rejoice in these good deeds. How wonderful that a people
+that were only savages four hundred years ago should have awakened to
+such noble deeds! When shall we have such an awakening?’”
+
+[Illustration: AMERICAN RED CROSS WORK IN BROUSSA.
+
+REFUGEES WAITING OUTSIDE THE PROTESTANT SCHOOL WHERE CLOTHING AND BEDDING
+ARE DISTRIBUTED. A CLINIC IS HELD EVERY AFTERNOON IN THIS BUILDING AND
+PATIENTS OBTAIN THEIR MEDICINES FREE OF COST FROM THE DRUG STORE AROUND
+THE CORNER.]
+
+[Illustration: WOMEN AND CHILDREN REFUGEES IN THE COURT OF THE PROTESTANT
+SCHOOL IN BROUSSA.
+
+DISTRIBUTION IS MADE FROM THE ROOM AT THE LEFT. TEA IS BEING SERVED WHILE
+THE PEOPLE ARE WAITING. SEVERAL OF THE WOMEN ARE SEEN COVERING THEIR
+FACES OR TURNING THEIR BACKS TO THE CAMERA, BUT THE MAJORITY MAKE NO
+OBJECTION TO HAVING THEIR PICTURES TAKEN.]
+
+
+FAIK PASHA DELLA-SUDDA
+
+One of the prominent Constantinople personalities, Faik Pasha
+Della-Sudda, died on Jan. 11, 1913. He was the founder and honorary
+president of the Red Crescent Society, which during many difficult years
+owed its subsistence to his devoted management, and the AMERICAN RED
+CROSS MAGAZINE is indebted to his courtesy for the interesting article on
+the Red Crescent, published in Vol. 5, No. 3. of 1910.
+
+Born in 1835, Faik Pasha Della-Sudda was sent when scarcely sixteen to
+France, where he studied under the famous chemist, Ganot. He completed
+his training at the Superior School of Pharmacy, Paris, and at the
+laboratory of Wurtz & Gerhard, and on his return to Constantinople was
+immediately appointed to the post of professor of chemistry at the
+Imperial University of Medicine in that city. For nearly half a century
+he personally conducted most of the pharmaceutics and chemistry classes
+in the capital of the Ottoman Empire, with a range and depth of knowledge
+that has been universally recognized and appreciated.
+
+His important treatises on ammonium, phosphoric acid, opium and the
+falsification of pharmaceutical products in Turkey, his contributions
+to European and American exhibitions, made his name well-known abroad,
+and in 1910 he was unanimously elected honorary president of the
+newly-organized “Society of Pharmacists in Turkey,” in proof of the
+grateful affection of colleagues and pupils, and of his own superior
+scholarship and value. He leaves behind him the record of a long life
+admirably spent.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+Red Cross and White Cross in Mexico
+
+ERNEST P. BICKNELL, _National Director American Red Cross_.
+
+
+During the culminating scenes of the recent revolution in Mexico, when
+the capital city was torn by heavy artillery warfare in its central
+streets and plazas, and which resulted in the tragic death of President
+Francisco I. Madero, the press dispatches referred occasionally to
+the activities of the Mexican Red Cross and the Mexican White Cross.
+These dispatches were of a character to sadden the friends of the Red
+Cross movement, because they indicated a failure on the part of the
+federal troops to respect the Red Cross flag and because they revealed a
+defection of some who should have been a part of the Red Cross, but who,
+instead, divided the strength and prestige of humane Mexico by organizing
+the White Cross Society, whose functions are identical with those of the
+Red Cross.
+
+It is reported that while engaged in giving attention to wounded men in
+the plaza before the National Palace, the president of the Red Cross was
+shot and killed. It has also been stated that two members of the White
+Cross Society were captured by the troops under the command of General
+Diaz and were found to be engaged in carrying ammunition, and that for
+this reason they were executed. Without more complete knowledge of local
+conditions and in consideration of the terrible confusion which prevailed
+in the City of Mexico in those days of fighting, it would be unjust to
+endeavor to fix the blame for these unfortunate incidents.
+
+With the establishment of a stable government and the coming of peace it
+is hoped that the Mexican Red Cross may be given its proper status and
+recognition, and that those who have heretofore served under the banner
+of the White Cross may be induced to dissolve that organization and join
+hands heartily with the Red Cross.
+
+The origin of the Mexican White Cross dates back to the revolution
+which Francisco I. Madero led against the government of Porfirio Diaz.
+As a result of the severe fighting between the insurgent and federal
+forces along the United States border in the spring of 1911 many men
+were seriously injured. At that time no systematic medical service was
+provided by either army, and the Mexican Red Cross, which had been
+organized only a short time previously, had not undertaken to send nurses
+and physicians to the front. The situation at the threshold of the United
+States, particularly at the California boundary and near El Paso, Texas,
+became so serious that the American Red Cross undertook to provide
+physicians, nurses and hospital care for such of the wounded men as could
+be reached without going into the interior of Mexico. This service of
+the American Red Cross along the border in California, Texas, New Mexico
+and Arizona aroused a sense of pride among many of the people of Mexico,
+with the result that a group of friends of the insurgents organized a
+body of nurses and physicians to be sent to the scene of the fighting.
+To the new organization was given the name of the Mexican White Cross.
+At about the same time that the White Cross was organized, the Red Cross
+also prepared to send nurses and physicians to the front. The White Cross
+group reached Juarez, across the boundary from El Paso, only twenty-four
+hours before the arrival of the Red Cross group. At that time it was a
+matter of current report that the White Cross promoters and supporters
+were favorable to Madero and his cause, and that the Red Cross, having
+been created under the administration of President Diaz, inclined to
+favor the federal cause as against that of Madero. The representatives
+of the two organizations on reaching Juarez were not cordial to each
+other, and a strong feeling of rivalry was apparent. In justice to both
+organizations, however, it should be said that at a conference held in
+Juarez at the suggestion of representatives of the American Red Cross, an
+arrangement was made by which the work to be done was divided equitably
+between the two, and that thereafter they worked side by side, zealously
+and seemingly without friction.
+
+[Illustration: MEXICO CITY. LOOKING NORTH FROM CATHEDRAL TOWER.
+
+© Underwood & Underwood]
+
+[Illustration: MARKET SQUARE, MEXICO “THE SOLDIERS ARE COMING.”
+
+© Underwood and Underwood]
+
+While the facts are not known, it is possible that the failure of the
+Madero troops, in the recent fighting in the City of Mexico, to respect
+the Red Cross flag in some measure resulted from the reported partiality
+of the Red Cross for the Diaz government when Madero was the leader
+of the insurgents. On the other hand, General Diaz, in the recent
+Mexican fighting, may have been the more ready to deal harshly with the
+representatives of the White Cross because of the fact that the White
+Cross had been reported to be particularly friendly to the cause of
+Madero when Madero was fighting President Diaz, uncle to General Diaz,
+leader of the uprising which overthrew Madero.
+
+But whatever may have been the causes which led to a division of the
+humane people of Mexico into the camps of the Red Cross and the White
+Cross, it is not to be forgotten that their objects were humanitarian
+and at bottom identical. With the coming of peace and the restoration
+of normal conditions of life in the Republic of Mexico, there is every
+reason to hope that rivalries may be forgotten and that there may come a
+splendid union of all the humanitarian forces of the country under the
+emblem of the Red Cross.
+
+In the closing days of the Madero government, while fierce and ruthless
+war raged in the streets of the City of Mexico, lives and property of
+American residents were in extreme peril. United States Ambassador Henry
+Lane Wilson gave every possible assistance and protection, but at best
+many were without resources and were unable to escape from the city or
+country unaided. The American Red Cross, on receiving information of
+these conditions through the Department of State, forwarded $1,000 to
+Ambassador Wilson to be expended at his discretion for the benefit of
+Americans in need. Many Americans who succeeded in reaching the city of
+Vera Cruz were unable to pay for steamship passage to the United States,
+and for their assistance the Red Cross also sent $500 to William W.
+Canada, American Consul General of that city, to be used as required for
+their help.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: PLAZA IN FRONT OF NATIONAL PALACE, MEXICO CITY. PRESIDENT
+MADERO ADDRESSING THE CROWD FROM BALCONY.
+
+© Underwood & Underwood]
+
+[Illustration: REMOVING THE DEAD FROM THE STREETS OF MEXICO CITY.
+
+© Underwood & Underwood]
+
+
+
+
+Dynamite Explosion at Baltimore
+
+
+A tramp steamer, the _Alum Chine_, lay peacefully at her dock in
+Baltimore Harbor on March 6, while a gang of stevedores loaded her with
+dynamite for use in the Panama Canal. The boxes of the explosive were
+being transferred to the hold of the ship from cars which stood on a
+barge alongside. About 300 tons of dynamite were on board or in the cars
+when smoke was seen coming from below. Knowing the inevitable result the
+men leaped overboard with a rush but before all had reached safety the
+explosion came.
+
+No words can convey any adequate conception of the terrific destructive
+power of such a sudden loosing of immeasurable force. The _Alum Chine_
+and the barge with its cars alongside disappeared. Other vessels in the
+vicinity were shattered. Men upon the deck of a new ship five hundred
+feet away were swept down like tall grass in a gale and a rain of
+fragments of iron and wreckage killed some, injured many and pierced the
+steel hull like shots from a cannon. Houses miles away were rocked to
+their foundations and windows were shattered without number.
+
+[Illustration: REMARKABLE PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN AN INSTANT AFTER THE EXPLOSION
+OF 300 TONS OF DYNAMITE WHICH HAD BEEN LOADED ON BOARD THE “ALUM CHINE”
+FOR SHIPMENT TO THE CANAL ZONE.]
+
+Immediate measures of relief were undertaken in behalf of the families
+of the thirty-one men killed and the fifty-eight injured. The Baltimore
+Chapter of the Red Cross held a meeting and appropriated $500 while the
+newspapers were equally prompt in collecting funds. By common consent
+the Federated Charities, with its experienced agents, was given charge
+of the gathering of the information necessary to effective action as
+well as of the actual relief distribution. The next logical step was
+the consolidation of all contributed funds from whatever source. Thus
+efficiency and community unity of action were assured from the start.
+With this beginning it may be confidently expected that the greatest
+possible good will result from the generosity of the Baltimore people.
+
+
+
+
+Public Works and Relief in China
+
+
+In general a report of relief operations published long after the
+public interest in the emergency which called for relief has subsided,
+is regarded as a good example of what not to read. When an exception
+is found, it is entitled to special notice, which accounts for this
+reference to the report of the Central China Famine Relief Committee,
+embracing an account of the relief operations in the famine district in
+China between October 1, 1911, and June 30, 1912. It will be recalled
+that the headquarters of the committee were in Shanghai and membership
+included many well known American and other foreign residents of China,
+as well as prominent Chinese citizens. Bishop F. R. Graves was chairman
+and Rev. E. C. Lobenstine, secretary, and Consul General Amos P. Wilder
+an active member. These three gentlemen are Americans. At the outset of
+its work the committee adopted a program stated in six articles. Two of
+these articles were:
+
+“That relief be given only in return for work done, except in the case of
+those incapacitated for work.”
+
+“That in the selection of work, preference be given to such work as will
+help the locality permanently, and as tends to prevent the recurrence of
+famine conditions, and that each piece be complete in itself.”
+
+This program was closely adhered to from first to last. District
+subcommittees of representative foreign and native residents, appointed
+in various sections of the famine region, had immediate charge of the
+relief works and distribution, and under the district committees were
+superintendents who had personal direction of the working forces. So much
+for the machinery. Now for the accomplishment.
+
+In May, 1912, the number of famine sufferers in the employ of the relief
+committee was 110,000. As but one member was employed from a family,
+it is estimated that this work supported about 550,000 persons. The
+character of the work undertaken and its extent are indicated by the
+following figures from the report:
+
+    Dykes built or repaired        129 miles
+    Canals built or repaired        63 miles
+    Ditches built or repaired    1,124 miles
+    Roads repaired                 163 miles
+    Cubic yards of earth moved    10,155,000
+
+It was estimated that the average amount of work performed daily by a
+famine sufferer was about two-thirds the average day’s work of a coolie
+under normal conditions. In Hankow 2,000 women from the famine district
+were employed for months in making garments, of which 64,000 were made
+and distributed. Much space is given in the report to a description of
+the actual methods of conducting the work on dykes, canals, etc. A single
+extract must suffice here:
+
+“Now come with me to the works. First in number and importance are the
+dirt pushers (I translate the Chinese term), who dig the earth from
+rectangular pits and push it on their wheelbarrows to the new dykes. They
+number 3,400 and work in groups of about ten men each and are paid by the
+job in this way. As soon as a pit reaches a depth of four or five feet
+it is measured by the foreigner in charge and the head man of the ten
+is given a ticket which is really an order on the office for the value
+in grain of the work done. Measuring these pits takes almost all of one
+foreigner’s time, and as two-thirds of the workmen are dirt pushers, the
+foreigner has in his direct control that fraction of the whole. The dirt
+pushers receive 450 cash per fang of 100 cubic feet. In this and the
+following statement it should be remembered that it takes about 2,500
+cash to make a gold dollar.
+
+[Illustration: CHINESE ENGAGED IN BUILDING DYKES FOR THE PREVENTION OF
+FLOODS IN THE FAMINE DISTRICTS.]
+
+[Illustration: TAMPING EARTHWORK.]
+
+“Next in numerical strength are the ‘small workmen,’ of whom we have
+about 1,000. Their work is to carry water from the canal to the dyke in
+order that the latter may be pounded firm the more easily. Also many of
+them receive the earth as it comes on to the dyke, break it up, level it
+and dig small holes into which the water may be poured. They are paid in
+grain at the rate of 150 cash per man per day.
+
+“Now we come to the pounders. They number 750 and were divided in groups
+of ten. Each group has a stone weighing about 100 pounds, circular, a
+foot in diameter, and eight inches thick. To each stone are attached ten
+ropes, one for each of the ten men, and when the men all pull in unison
+the stone rises above the level of their heads and then comes down with
+a thud. The dyke is built in layers, which are one foot thick after they
+are pounded. Each layer is pounded until it is of the consistency of
+rubber and is then tested in this unique way. An iron rod is driven down
+and into the small hole thus made water is poured from a tea kettle. If
+the water does not soak away the layer has been pounded sufficiently.
+These pounders are skilled workmen and were originally paid 250 cash
+worth of grain per man per day, but they proved to be so lazy that we had
+to invent a sliding scale of wages. So we considered 1,200 square feet as
+a full day’s work, and if a gang pounds that amount each man is given 250
+cash; if they pound 1,100 square feet, 240 cash; 1,000 square feet, 230
+cash; 1,300 square feet, 260 cash, and so on. Now they are not lazy.
+
+“We have thirty skilled workmen who trim the edges of the dyke and give
+it a finished appearance. Also there are sixty overseers who understand
+the work. They keep an eye on the stone men and test their work as
+described above, see that the dirt pushers place the dirt in the proper
+place and direct the stream of water carriers as they come. Both these
+classes of workmen receive 250 cash worth of grain a day.”
+
+In 1911 the American Red Cross sent to China Mr. C. D. Jameson, a well
+known engineer, to study the conditions which cause the frequent great
+floods to devise and suggest a system of river conservancy which will
+reduce the number and extent of these floods. Mr. Jameson was an advisor
+of the relief committee and was familiar with its public works at all
+times. He praises in the warmest terms the thoroughness of the operations
+and the judgment and ability of the missionaries who were in charge
+of much of the work. These missionaries, in fact, proved themselves
+practical men and capable administrators, who did not spare themselves,
+but under adverse conditions gave from twelve to fifteen hours daily to
+their unpaid tasks.
+
+In connection with the relief operations an interesting experiment in
+colonization was undertaken under the leadership of Prof. Joseph Bailie,
+of the University of Nanking. After many difficulties Prof. Bailie, with
+the co-operation of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, at that time Provisional President
+of China, secured a tract of waste land at the foot of Purple Mountain,
+near Nanking, moved some of his more trustworthy men on to it and began
+its cultivation. Huts were first built. A school was started for the
+children, so that they would be cared for while the men and women were at
+work. The land was gradually broken up, drainage ditches were dug, and
+potatoes and strawberries, wheat and other cereals were planted. A large
+number of fruit trees were set out. Some of these were Chinese, but many
+were obtained from Japan and other countries. The land is now being used
+as an experiment farm and as a testing school for the men. The soil is of
+a poor quality, and is in many ways unsatisfactory; but Prof. Bailie is
+persevering in the faith that he will succeed, not only in doing a piece
+of work which will be deeply interesting to the officials and gentry near
+the city of Nanking, but will prove of value to the larger enterprise
+which he still expects to see carried through.
+
+Mr. Jameson, the American Red Cross conservancy engineer, after
+traversing the famine districts, says of the prevention of the recurrent
+floods which have caused many famines, including this one of 1911-12:
+
+“There are no engineering difficulties in the way of controlling the
+rivers, lowering the flood level and reclaiming the waste land in North
+Kiangsu and North Anhwei; it is purely a question of money and time.
+Under the present conditions at least three crops out of five are
+lost over an area of some 30,000 square miles. The soil of this area
+is exceedingly rich, the climate such that two crops a year should be
+possible when the conservancy and reclamation work had been completed.
+Not only will heavy crops be possible over this whole section year by
+year, but some millions of acres (English), which now are absolutely
+worthless, will be available for cultivation. All of this makes the
+expenditure of the necessary money justifiable from a commercial
+standpoint.”
+
+It is hoped that the Republic of China will accept the plan prepared by
+Mr. Jameson as a basis for a system of river conservancy which will put
+an end to the greater part of the flood devastation which has cursed this
+land for many centuries. Chinese records show that since the year 494 A.
+D. sixty-seven famines have occurred in this region. All but two of these
+famines were caused by floods.
+
+The Central China Famine Relief Committee held its last meeting and
+closed its work on January 21, 1913. At that time an unexpended balance
+of approximately $75,000 (gold) remained in the treasury, but the
+committee disposed of the greater part of it by a series of resolutions,
+which were in effect as follows:
+
+The sum of $11,250 was placed in the hands of a special committee for the
+purpose of carrying on “a campaign covering three years or more, to draw
+attention of officials and people to the seriousness of famines which
+are occurring with such frequency in different parts of China; to educate
+public opinion upon the subject of famine prevention and to show how the
+condition of the people in the famine area can be permanently improved.”
+The treasurer of this educational fund is the treasurer of the National
+Committee of the Young Men’s Christian Association of China.
+
+The sum of $2,500 was set aside to assist in the care of “famine
+children” in the orphanages of the Catholic missions in the famine areas.
+
+The sum of $5,500 was appropriated to be applied to the carrying out of a
+plan already begun for colonizing destitute Chinese upon unoccupied lands
+under instruction and supervision.
+
+The sum of $22,500 was set aside to be used in the repair of dykes in the
+neighborhood of Wuhu on condition that the Chinese of Anhwei Province
+raise the sum of $45,000 to be applied to the same work.
+
+The sum of $7,500 was voted to be used in the education of Chinese young
+men in forestry, with special reference to conservation against drought
+and flood. The purpose is to select a few especially promising Chinese
+students from the institutions of higher education in China and send them
+to the American School of Forestry at Manila, P. I., or possibly in some
+instances to the United States. These young men, after receiving their
+education, will be expected to return to their native country and enter
+actively into efforts toward that reforestation which is regarded as
+essential to any great reduction in the number and severity of floods and
+droughts.
+
+After making the allotments above mentioned there remained a balance
+in the committee’s hands of about $22,500, which was transferred to a
+permanent committee of trustees, consisting of the following: The General
+Consular Officer of the United States at Shanghai, the Commissioner
+of Customs, the Manager of the International Banking Corporation, the
+Honorable Wu Ting Fang, Ch’on Jen Fu, Esq., and the Chairman of the
+Chinese Chamber of Commerce. This committee will hold the balance of the
+relief funds for use in future relief work which may be necessary in
+China as the result of famines.
+
+[A part of this article was published in a recent issue of the Survey.]
+
+[Illustration: HOUSEBOAT USED BY MR. C. D. JAMESON, AMERICAN RED CROSS
+CIVIL ENGINEER, EMPLOYED IN CHINA.]
+
+
+
+
+Nicaraguan Famine Relief
+
+
+A general failure of crops, followed by the revolutionary outbreak of
+last summer in Nicaragua caused great distress among the poorer classes
+in that country. Conditions were sufficiently bad before the military
+operations took place, but during July, owing to the revolution, they
+became critical, and many Nicaraguans faced starvation. Early in August,
+having been apprised of the situation as it then existed, Secretary
+of State Knox addressed a communication to the American Red Cross,
+requesting to be informed whether the Red Cross was in a position to
+furnish food supplies to relieve the needs of the non-combatants. The
+American Red Cross promptly forwarded $1,000 to the American minister at
+Panama, with instructions to expend that amount in the purchase of flour,
+beans, corn, rice and potatoes. Through the courtesy and co-operation of
+Colonel George W. Goethals, U. S. A., Governor of the Canal Zone, the
+commissary of the Isthmian Canal Commission furnished these supplies
+at wholesale rates, and the same were shipped via the United States
+transport _Justin_, which was carrying a battalion of United States
+Marines to Nicaragua.
+
+On August 28th, at the request of Hon. George T. Weitzel, American
+minister to Nicaragua, at Managua, the State Department suggested
+a further appropriation by the American Red Cross to continue the
+alleviation of the suffering which would probably continue some time
+after the revolutionary disturbances. Pursuant to this suggestion, a
+further appropriation of $1,000 was made by the Central Committee, and
+the supply of corn and beans purchased therewith was shipped to Managua
+from Panama on the steamer _San Juan_, on September 7th.
+
+Under date of January 21, 1913, the Secretary of State transmitted to
+the American Red Cross a report from Mr. Weitzel as to the manner in
+which the supplies were distributed and the effectiveness of the relief
+rendered. Following is an extract from that report:
+
+“The first car, consisting of flour, corn, beans, rice and potatoes to
+the value of one thousand dollars, left the Panama Canal Zone on August
+9, 1912, in charge of Major Smedley D. Butler, U. S. M. C., and was
+received in Managua on the 15th of that month.
+
+“The legation requested a committee of Americans, including Messrs. Otto
+Schoenrich, A. R. Thompson, C. D. Ham, A. J. Lindberg and J. A. Whitaker,
+to take charge of the provisions under instructions to relieve all cases
+of distress, irrespective of affiliation of the applicants; but as they
+were unable to attend to the matter on account of departure from the
+city, or other reason, the legation decided to do the work itself. Mr.
+Walter H. Hooper, an American missionary, and Padre J. A. Lezcano, a well
+known Nicaraguan priest, kindly offered to assist in investigating needy
+cases. Signed tickets, good for five rations, were then issued to the
+applicants who presented them to Mr. William Gower, assistant paymaster
+of the United States Navy, at the railroad station, where two-fifths of
+the car load was distributed, beginning with the flour and potatoes,
+which deteriorate very rapidly in this climate.
+
+“The remaining three-fifths were taken to Leon, where Lieutenant Colonel
+Charles G. Long, U. S. M. C., distributed them through the Hospital San
+Vincente and the Sisters of Charity, reserving a portion, however, to
+feed one hundred and twenty-five prisoners, who had been sadly neglected
+during the hostilities in that town.
+
+“The second carload donated by the Red Cross consisted of 10,000 pounds
+of beans and 7,140 pounds of cornmeal, these two staples being the
+principal articles of food for the poorer classes in Nicaragua. Having
+been despatched from the Canal Zone on September 7th the consignment
+reached Managua on the 14th of that month and was started the next
+morning to Granada under the personal charge of the clerk of the
+legation, arriving there after being fired on at the Barranca on Sunday,
+September 22d. The distribution was promptly begun from a central station
+even before the disarmament had taken place. Great assistance was
+rendered by Dr. Juan I. Urtecho, an elderly gentleman of wide reputation
+for impartial charity, who has devoted many years of his professional
+life as a physician to gratuitous practice among the poor, and who before
+the arrival of the Americans had fed at his own expense hundreds of
+famished people. Several of the Granada ladies kindly volunteered their
+services in placing the tickets with deserving families, and Private
+Baldwin, U. S. M. C., supplied the holders of the tickets with the number
+of rations thereon designated, nearly 8,000 in all being thus disposed
+of. A gratifying feature of the distribution of supplies was the small
+number of men who appeared in line, and even those few were maimed, sick
+or blind. The Red Cross and San Juan Hospitals, the French College for
+Girls and the schools were given the first attention.
+
+“There was urgent need of help, as many poor families had been forced
+for a long time to subsist on green mangoes, and some deaths had already
+resulted from starvation, but the timely arrival of supplies quickly
+relieved the situation. Children who crowded around the camp were fed
+by the enlisted men out of their own rations, and a carload of corn and
+flour donated by the American colony in Managua was distributed among the
+sufferers.
+
+“As soon as order was restored the farmers from the surrounding territory
+brought their produce to market, and the railroad resumed transportation
+of supplies which had been accumulating in Corinto, so that conditions at
+Granada and elsewhere should begin gradually to improve, although it will
+be some time before the people will cease to feel the depression caused
+by the failure of crops for two successive years, and by the hardships
+suffered during the present disturbances.
+
+“The prompt and generous action of the American Red Cross has won
+expressions of deep appreciation from those who have been helped, and has
+created the kindliest feeling among all classes of people in Nicaragua.”
+
+
+
+
+Important Conference on Red Cross Christmas Seals
+
+
+No sooner does one Red Cross Christmas Seal Campaign end than
+preparations for the next begins. While the public sees and hears of the
+seal only during the months of November and December, when the seals are
+on sale, a very large amount of preparatory work is necessary in order
+that the sale may reach every section of the country and may be carried
+on with the publicity and system which are necessary to success.
+
+Although the returns from the season of 1912 are not yet all received,
+the first important step toward the Christmas Seal Campaign of 1913 has
+already been taken. This was a conference held in the offices of the
+American Red Cross in Washington on February 28th and attended by many
+of the principal State and city agents, who have demonstrated their
+ability in past years and will be leaders in the campaign of this year.
+It is gratifying to note that with each succeeding year the system and
+methods of selling Christmas Seals are improving. In the first year
+or two after the introduction of the Seals as a means of obtaining
+support for anti-tuberculosis work, the venture was generally regarded
+as one of those novelties which, after a transient popularity, drop
+quickly out of use. Agents thought it scarcely worth while to undertake
+the trouble and expense of systematizing their methods of selling and
+accounting. Gradually the permanent value of the Seal as a method of
+interesting a very large number of people in anti-tuberculosis work and
+in raising large sums of money without unjustly burdening any givers
+began to be apparent. From that time the methods of distributing, selling
+and accounting for the Seals have been made the subject of careful
+study. System and business methods have been gradually introduced,
+with the result that instead of falling away, the sales of Seals have
+increased with each year, while economies which have been introduced in
+administration have increased the percentage of net profit.
+
+In the winter of 1912 the first conference was held of agents for the
+Seals for the discussion and interchange of experiences and for the
+purpose of reaching an agreement upon questions of interest to all. That
+conference was so prolific of good results in the Seal campaign of 1912
+that a second similar conference was held on February 28th, as above
+mentioned.
+
+An idea of the thoroughness with which the agents are considering the
+business of distributing the Seals may be gained from a mention of a few
+topics considered at this conference. The first subject of discussion was
+the design for the Christmas Seal of 1913 and the form which the Seal
+should take. It was the unanimous opinion of those present that the Seal
+should contain some pictorial design suitable to the Christmas season,
+rather than a purely ornamental design of artistic merit, but without any
+particular human appeal. Without exception the agents reported that the
+design for 1912, containing a head of Santa Claus, had proved the most
+popular yet adopted.
+
+Another subject discussed was the character, variety and quantity of
+advertising matter to be prepared. It was reported that an experiment in
+selling Seals through penny-in-the-slot machines had proved unsuccessful,
+and this method of distribution was disapproved. From many agents it
+was learned that the sale of Seals through a simple mail order system
+had proved successful and inexpensive. In many busy offices agents for
+the Seals find it difficult to obtain a hearing by personal calls, when
+a brief, well-expressed letter will receive a prompt and favorable
+response. In certain cities fully half the Seals sold in 1912 were
+disposed of in this manner.
+
+It was found to be the consensus of opinion among agents that the
+offering of prizes for the sale of Seals, especially individual prizes
+to school children, is inadvisable. A few agents reported the successful
+use of prizes for schools, but not to individual pupils, without apparent
+disadvantages. All agreed that great care must be exercised in offering
+prizes in order to avoid stimulating children to improper methods.
+Several agents reported that citizens of their communities had complained
+of annoyance because of the numerous calls at their doors by children
+desirous of selling Seals. One agent described a method of avoiding this
+nuisance which has proved completely successful in his community. This
+method is for a citizen who has purchased Christmas Seals to paste one of
+the seals on his door knob or front door. Any child approaching a door
+and seeing a seal thus posted, understands that he is not to disturb that
+household, as its supply of Seals is already purchased. By announcing
+this system of protection through the press and in the schools it is said
+to have fully accomplished its purpose.
+
+Tn Ohio the State agent for the Seals adopted a method of awarding
+prizes which is reported to have been extremely successful, not only as
+a stimulus to the selling of Seals, but as an educational factor. The
+agent offered to supply a visiting nurse for one month to each of the
+twelve cities in the State of Ohio which sold the largest percentage
+of Seals in proportion to its population. A trained visiting nurse was
+employed by the State agent for one year and was sent in turn from city
+to city among the prize winners, serving one month in each locality. Not
+only did this prove an extremely popular arrangement, but in six of the
+cities benefited by the plan in 1912, the public became so impressed
+by the value of the visiting nurse that they arranged to employ nurses
+permanently upon the withdrawal of the prize nurse.
+
+It has been found by experience that the distribution and sale of
+Seals can best be carried on through the appointment of State agents,
+who in turn appoint, and are responsible for, the local agents. The
+State agents return to the American Red Cross 10 per cent of the gross
+proceeds of sales in their respective States. This 10 per cent is to
+cover the expense to the Red Cross, which manufactures and distributes
+the Seals and the large quantity and variety of advertising matter used
+by the agents. The conference discussed at length the question of the
+percentage which the local agents should pay to the State agents. This
+discussion resulted in the conclusion that it is impracticable to fix
+upon a percentage applicable to all States alike. Local conditions vary
+so widely in different States that a percentage which would be fair in
+one State might be unsatisfactory in another. The reports indicated that
+the percentages charged by State agents to their local agencies vary from
+2½ to 20 per cent on gross sales, although in one or two instances the
+percentage required to be returned to the State agents has exceeded 20
+per cent.
+
+Many other subjects of material interest were discussed, and no doubt
+exists that the conference will prove to have been of material value
+to all who participated in it. The agents who were present were the
+following:
+
+    Dr. William Charles White, of Pittsburgh.
+    Mr. Frank H. Mann, of New York City.
+    Mr. William J. Deeney, of Philadelphia.
+    Mr. Karl de Schweinits, of Philadelphia.
+    Dr. Hoyt E. Dearholt, of Milwaukee.
+    Dr. R. H. Bishop, of Cleveland, O.
+    Mr. D. Van Blarcom, of New York City.
+    Mr. Ernest D. Easton, of Newark.
+    Mr. Severance Burrage, of Indianapolis.
+    Mr. H. Wirt Steele, of Baltimore.
+    Mr. L. B. Meyers, of Charlotte, N. C.
+    Mr. James Jenkins, Jr., of Brooklyn.
+    Mr. William C. Smallwood, of Newark.
+    Mr. Roy L. French, of Baltimore.
+    Mr. Kendall Weisiger, of Atlanta.
+
+Besides the agents above mentioned, there were also present Dr.
+Livingston Farrand and Mr. Philip P. Jacobs, of the National Association
+for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, and Miss Mabel T. Boardman,
+Mr. Ernest P. Bicknell and Mr. Charles L. Magee, of the American Red
+Cross.
+
+The National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, as
+in 1911 and 1912, has been appointed by the Red Cross as national sales
+agent for the Christmas Seals. The appointment of State agents, as in the
+past, will be in the hands of the national sales agent.
+
+While it is not possible at this time to publish a complete statement of
+returns from the Christmas Seal campaign of 1912, the following figures
+will show the results reached by some of the leading agents:
+
+
+PARTIAL STATEMENT OF THE RESULTS OF CHRISTMAS SEAL SALES FOR 1912
+COMPILED FROM THE REPORTS OF AGENTS.
+
+                         _Number       _Number      _Percentage
+         _Agency._          of            of            of
+                        Seals Rec’d._  Seals Sold._  Seals Sold._
+
+    Arkansas               140,000       118,819       84.8
+    California           5,500,000     1,373,520       24.9
+    Connecticut—
+       Danbury              25,000        15,305       61.2
+       Hartford            250,000       148,035       59.2
+       Litchfield           40,000        32,960       82.4
+       Meriden             100,100         5,554        5.5
+       Middletown           75,000        34,741       46.3
+       New Britain         125,000        74,257       59.4
+       New Haven           600,000       228,220       38.3
+       New London           50,000        19,893       39.7
+       Norwich             120,000        82,694       68.9
+       Stamford             40,000        30,385       75.9
+       Waterbury           250,000       184,921       73.9
+    Delaware                75,000        42,746       56.9
+    District of Columbia   374,500       362,716       96.8
+    Georgia              1,800,000       770,770       42.8
+    Hawaii                 400,000       179,995       44.9
+    Illinois             6,000,000     1,821,520       30.3
+    Iowa                 1,500,000       410,440       27.3
+    Kentucky—
+       Covington           100,000        36,406       36.4
+       Cynthiana            10,000         1,205       12.0
+       Henderson            50,000        10,040       20.0
+       Lexington           140,000        61,505       43.9
+       Louisville          300,000       180,446       60.1
+       Owensboro            30,000         8,240       27.4
+       Paducah             100,000        48,349       48.3
+    Louisiana              600,000       281,784       46.8
+    Maine                1,500,000       304,884       20.3
+    Maryland             1,000,000       512,819       51.2
+    Massachusetts—
+       Boston            2,500,000     1,353,969       54.1
+       Holyoke             100,000        52,114       52.1
+       Pittsfield          100,000        71,345       71.3
+       Springfield         150,000        89,265       59.5
+    Michigan             3,000,000     1,078,464       35.9
+    Mississippi            500,000       153,220       30.6
+    Montana—
+       Billings             75,100        14,870       19.8
+       Great Falls          20,000        17,358       86.7
+    Nebraska               720,000       289,360       40.1
+    New Hampshire          190,000       100,180       52.7
+    New York—
+       Brooklyn          2,100,000     1,323,220       63.0
+       New York City     4,000,000     2,079,324       51.9
+    North Carolina         801,500       396,053       49.4
+    Oregon               1,000,000       124,536       12.4
+    Pennsylvania         2,000,000     1,297,531       64.8
+    Rhode Island         2,000,000     1,101,700       55.0
+    South Carolina—
+       Georgetown           10,000           400        4.0
+       Spartanburg          20,000         8,860       44.3
+    South Dakota—
+       Aberdeen             25,100         5,510       21.9
+       Sioux City           40,000         8,929       22.3
+    Tennessee            1,000,000       118,300       11.8
+    Utah—
+       Ogden                50,000         8,000       16.0
+       Salt Lake City      100,000       100,000      100.0
+    Vermont                125,000        65,786       52.6
+    Virginia               250,000       151,450       60.5
+    West Virginia          700,000       457,175       65.3
+    Wisconsin            3,000,000     2,896,840       96.5
+                        ----------    ----------       ----
+        Total           45,871,300    20,746,938       45.2
+
+The important position which the Red Cross Christmas Seal now occupies
+as a means of support for anti-tuberculosis work in the United States is
+indicated by the fact that the sales of the Seal, since its introduction
+five years ago, have amounted to a total of more than $1,000,000. Every
+year the sale has exceeded that of the year preceding. In 1911 the total
+sale amounted to $339,656.08, and it is believed that the complete
+reports of the sale in 1912 will show a considerable increase over that
+amount.
+
+
+
+
+What the Red Cross Seal Has Done for Brooklyn
+
+JAMES JENKINS, JR., _Executive Secretary, Brooklyn Committee on
+Tuberculosis_.
+
+
+The money made by the Red Cross Christmas Seal has done a very definite
+and practical piece of work for Brooklyn, New York. About a year before
+the seals were issued, there had been formed in Brooklyn a Tuberculosis
+Committee, that had at that time limited funds but was struggling to
+carry on various pieces of important and rather expensive work. One of
+the needs of the community was more adequate hospital facilities and a
+day camp for tubercular patients. The camp was to be established for
+mothers and children, and it was hoped at that time that a class might be
+formed for children, who could go on with their school duties.
+
+As a result of the first year’s sales about $5,000 was made, and through
+the help of the Erie Railroad an old ferryboat was made into a city day
+camp and attached to one of the piers of North River, where the air is as
+fresh as possible, in such a large city. The first day the camp opened
+there were thirty-five cases on the boat and the number has increased,
+sometimes slowly but always steadily, until now the capacity of the boat
+is 100 patients. The first summer a kindergarten teacher was privately
+employed, who entertained the children, but early in the fall a regular
+class was established, as an annex to one of the public schools, and it
+was the only school in Brooklyn for tubercular children. Now the boat has
+three classes, of nearly thirty children each, besides fifteen adults.
+
+When the day camp was established and known as the Red Cross Day Camp,
+it was planned by the Tuberculosis Committee to have the city take it
+over or share the expenses, if the experiment should prove worth while.
+The city very soon recognized the value of the work at the Red Cross
+Day Camp and the children were admitted through the city tubercular
+clinics. Gradually the city has taken over more and more of the expenses
+of the camp, but the boat is still known as the Red Cross Day Camp,
+and the money made by the sale of the seals pays the remarkably good
+superintendent of the boat, furnishes carfare to and from the camp, for
+those patients who cannot afford to pay, and also pays for any special
+training which the committee deems valuable to the patients. This year a
+cobbling teacher has been employed to teach the boys how to mend their
+own shoes; an expert course of corrective exercises was given by a
+trained man; chair caning was taught and the adults and older girls are
+taught to sew and mend.
+
+The total number of cases admitted to the boat since the beginning is
+965. The curative results have been excellent, especially with the
+children. At the beginning of the second semester of the school year this
+session about one-third of the children were pronounced cured and sent
+back to their regular schools.
+
+[Illustration: OPEN AIR SCHOOL FOR TUBERCULAR CHILDREN, BROOKLYN. N. Y.
+PHOTOGRAPH SHOWS CHILDREN SLEEPING AFTER LUNCHEON]
+
+In addition to the work of the day camp this year the funds raised by
+the Red Cross Christmas Seals will be devoted to the open-air classes
+for anemic children in the public schools. There are open-air classes in
+eight of the public schools now in Brooklyn. About 300 children attend
+these classes and all of them are given some extra nourishment in the
+morning and afternoon and a warm lunch at noon, and some extra clothing
+was provided by the Board of Education. Special examinations by private
+physicians, visits to homes, employment of cooks, supervisor, etc., come
+out of the Red Cross money.
+
+The plan adopted in Brooklyn has been to keep the Red Cross money in a
+special fund and devote it to some specific work, which interests the
+thousands of people who buy seals at Christmas time. Without the help of
+the sale of the seals it would have been impossible to have done some of
+the most valuable work which has been done for tubercular patients in
+Brooklyn.
+
+[Illustration: “FERRY BOAT CAMP.” THE SCHOOL AT PLAY.]
+
+
+
+
+First Aid Department
+
+
+One of the most successful campaigns conducted by the First
+Aid Department of the American Red Cross has been that on the
+Missouri-Pacific System, which was completed at Texarkana, Arkansas, on
+January 4, 1913. It was begun at Omaha, Nebraska, on the September 16,
+1912. A great part of the Missouri-Pacific System was covered during
+the ensuing two months and a half, meetings being held at points in
+nine different States. The total number of meetings was 234, the total
+attendance 14,050, and the total travel 5,752 miles. The employes of this
+railroad system were generally greatly interested in learning first aid.
+As the direct result of this tour the entire system is to be outfitted
+with first aid supplies and the instruction of men in their use is to be
+continued systematically.
+
+It is gratifying to be able to record the fact that in the course of
+this campaign many public meetings have been held both in Car No. 1 and
+in town halls. Several opportunities have been offered to speak on first
+aid at high schools, and in one or two towns this subject will be adopted
+as part of the curriculum. Many fire and police departments have been
+represented at meetings as well as a good number of industries.
+
+Dr. Mackey, in charge of Car No. 1 on his arrival at Texarkana, Texas,
+on January 6, made arrangements to hold meetings at schools, factories,
+etc., in that town while awaiting a new railroad schedule. The high
+school and normal school attendance during this period amounted to 995
+persons. The school board of Texarkana has adopted first aid to the
+injured as a regular course of study in the high school. The Y. M. C. A.
+has installed a complete course and the Texarkana Normal School (colored)
+has decided to take up this work. On leaving Texarkana on the 17th of
+January, 1913, Dr. Mackey, with Car No. 1, resumed his railroad work on
+the St. Louis Southwestern Railroad of Texas. This was continued until
+the end of February with a total attendance of 2,085, a total of 30
+meetings, and a total travel of 1,274 miles.
+
+The hard and continuous service of Car No. 1 during the past three
+years has finally put it out of commission beyond hope of repair. It
+is a pleasure to be able to record the fact that the Pullman Company
+has generously offered to replace this car with a new one which will
+be larger and better suited to Red Cross purposes. It is expected that
+this car will be ready for service before this report goes to press.
+Meanwhile, Dr. Mackey is devoting his time to the various schools and
+industries in the vicinity of Texarkana, Texas.
+
+After what Dr. Davis, in charge of Car No. 2, characterizes as a splendid
+campaign over the Philadelphia & Reading System first aid work was taken
+up for the Lehigh Valley Railroad. This was begun on December 13, 1912,
+and continued to February 7, 1913. The more important points visited and
+at which meetings were held were as follows: Jersey City, Perth Amboy,
+N. J.; Easton. Pa.; Bethlehem, Pa.; Lehighton, Pa.; Hazleton, Pa.;
+Delano, Pa.; Wilkes-Barre, Pa.; Pittston, Pa.; Sayre, Pa.: Auburn, N. Y.;
+Manchester, N. Y.; Rochester, N. Y.; Buffalo, N. Y., and Niagara Falls,
+N. Y. The total number of miles traveled was 916; 72 meetings were held,
+with a total attendance of 3,105. The interest displayed on the Lehigh
+Valley has been extremely gratifying.
+
+[Illustration: DR. SHIELDS ILLUSTRATING USE OF RED CROSS TOURNIQUET. THE
+COMPRESS IN THIS CASE IS A POCKET KNIFE.]
+
+[Illustration: EMPLOYEES OF THE CHESAPEAKE & POTOMAC TELEPHONE CO.,
+WASHINGTON, D. C., UNDER INSTRUCTION IN FIRST AID.]
+
+Dr. Davis also reports that he learned from Mr. J. S. Rockwell, General
+Agent, Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railroad, that since Car No.
+2 covered that system last spring the work has been progressing very
+favorably under the supervision of the company surgeons. The men and
+officers are taking an active part in the movement and the results have
+been strikingly successful, not only in respect to proper handling and
+dressing of injuries but in a decrease in the number of accidents. A
+bulletin is posted each month at the different shops making comparison as
+to the number injured for each plant per number employed. Mr. Rockwell
+states that it is truly remarkable the way the men from the different
+shops are vying with each other in doing everything in their power to
+make their particular shops come out at the end of the month with the
+fewest injured.
+
+The Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railroad would like very much to
+have another first aid campaign over its lines with the idea of getting
+road men thoroughly organized in order that as nearly as possible they
+may be on a par with the men employed in the shops. The report from this
+railroad is of the greatest importance as it shows the direction which
+it is believed first aid should take on railroads generally; first,
+the prevention of accidents, and, second, their proper care if they do
+unfortunately occur.
+
+As mentioned in the January RED CROSS MAGAZINE, Dr. M. J. Shields. Field
+Agent of the First Aid Department of the American Red Cross, has been
+carrying on a very successful first aid campaign for the Bell Telephone
+Company, spending from December 3, 1912, to February 12, 1913, with the
+Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania and from February 14 to March
+10, covering the Chesapeake and Potomac Company’s plant. Lectures were
+given in Philadelphia and vicinity, Chester, Westchester, West Grove,
+Jenkintown, Doylestown, Norristown, Pottstown, and Lancaster in eastern
+Pennsylvania: Camden, Atlantic City, Burlington, Bridgetown, and Trenton
+in New Jersey, and at Wilmington and Dover in Delaware.
+
+The following offices of the Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania were
+also visited during January and February: Reading, Allentown, Harrisburg,
+Altoona, Lewistown, Bellefonte, Williamsport, Sunbury, Wilkes-Barre,
+Scranton, Easton, Pittsburgh, Washington, Uniontown, Greensburg,
+Johnstown, New Kensington, Rochester, New Castle, Greenville, Erie,
+Warren, Oil City, Bradford, Du Bois, and Butler in Pennsylvania; in West
+Virginia, Wheeling, Fairmont, Clarksburg and Parkersburg; and in Ohio,
+Marietta, Urieville, Steubenville, and East Liverpool.
+
+In Chesapeake and Potomac territory, Washington, D. C., Baltimore,
+Westminister, Frederick, Hagerstown, Queenstown, Salisbury, all in
+Maryland were reached as well as Norfolk, Richmond, and Lynchburg in
+Virginia and Thurmond, Charleston, Huntington, and Martinsburg in West
+Virginia. In all, the number of meetings held was 142, miles traveled
+7,500, and attendance 7,950.
+
+Those in attendance at the meetings were principally from the plant
+department, the men who build and maintain the telephone lines, put up
+ærial and underground cables, and install ’phones, but at nearly every
+meeting numbers from the commercial and traffic departments attended.
+Special talks were given in Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Baltimore, and
+Washington, D. C., to the chief operators (women) and matrons on what
+to do in sudden illness and emergencies, on how to keep well, and on
+personal hygiene. Dr. Shields reports that these lectures were well
+received. He also reports that the subject of accident prevention was
+taken up and emphasized at each lecture.
+
+Invitations to attend these lectures were extended to the officials and
+employes of the various electric light, power and street car companies.
+Also to the Western Union, Postal and American Telegraph and Telephoto
+companies, with the idea of encouraging a cooperative movement already
+started of making a safer arrangement of cross-arms and a better spread
+and less dangerous arrangement of high tension wires on poles jointly
+used and in underground conduits, thereby cutting down to the minimum the
+most distressing of accidents—fatal shock on a pole 30 feet in the air or
+in an 8-foot man hole.
+
+[Illustration: DEMONSTRATION OF FIRST AID TO BELL TELEPHONE COMPANY,
+PITTSBURGH, “PATIENT”: HAS FRACTURED HIP, FRACTURED LEG AND WOUNDS ON
+HEAD.]
+
+The press in the towns and cities visited gave the work good publicity
+both in their news columns and editorials. The _Gazette-Times_ of
+Pittsburgh, on Sunday, February 16, had a full page with excellent
+illustrations. The following is an extract from an editorial in the
+_Westminster Maryland Times_ of February 21:
+
+    “Too much cannot be said in praise of the work now being done
+    by the Red Cross in educating people to care for themselves and
+    others in time of accidents. That such work has great economic,
+    as well as sentimental value, is proved by the way the Bell
+    Telephone Companies and other large corporations are spending
+    money to carry on campaigns, with the help of the Red Cross
+    surgeons, that will show their men what they can and should do
+    in the way of giving first aid to the injured, before a doctor
+    can arrive.”
+
+The _Telephone-News_, January 1st, made first aid and accident prevention
+a leading article. The _Transmitter_, published by the Chesapeake &
+Potomac Company, in the issue of March 1st had an illustrated article on
+the first aid Campaign.
+
+Throughout all this work every assistance was given by the officials and
+men and the work was much appreciated by them. No doubt the interest
+created will be the means of doing a great deal of good not only among
+telephone men but with the public generally, as no business comes into
+closer contact with the public than that of the telephone company.
+
+
+
+
+First Aid in Australia
+
+
+As another exemplification of the frequent assertion that the earth is
+not so large after all is a letter which the editor of the RED CROSS
+MAGAZINE recently received from Australia. Mr. H. Leslie McWhinney,
+of Auburn, Victoria, in some unexplained way, obtained a copy of the
+MAGAZINE for October, 1912, and became so interested in the activities
+of the American Red Cross that he was moved to write the editor. His
+letter contains so much information relative to the work of the First Aid
+Volunteer Association in Australia that a portion of it is quoted here,
+as follows:
+
+“First aid work in Australia is organized and conducted by the St. John
+Ambulance Association, an English institution, which conducts first aid
+and nursing classes, and has a permanent ambulance service in most of the
+capital cities of the six States. It also has an organization called the
+St. John Ambulance Brigade, consisting of men’s and women’s (nursing)
+divisions. Sydney and Brisbane have civil ambulances as well. In
+Melbourne we have the First Aid Volunteer Association, owing allegiance
+to St. John’s, but acting quite independently of it.
+
+“This association had its origin in the visit of the American fleet in
+1908, when this country became wild with enthusiasm and large crowds
+visited the seaports to see the fleet. The Melbourne City Council,
+expecting large crowds and many accidents, called for volunteers holding
+first aid certificates, and a number responded, and rendered good
+service. Afterwards Mr. W. F. Pratt, our present secretary, suggested
+that those on duty should form a practice society, and this was done, the
+First Aid Volunteer Association being formed.
+
+“Our membership has increased from 40 to 110, and is now growing
+rapidly; the average attendance at weekly meetings ranges from 30 to 40
+and at lectures from 60 to 80. We encourage people interested in first
+aid to visit our meetings and send members out to help class secretaries.
+We also supply members for first aid duty at large public meetings,
+exhibitions, missions and other gatherings. Last year our members
+attended the Scoville Mission for six weeks, treating 44 cases; the
+Alexander-Chapman Mission (4 weeks), and several other large gatherings.
+A hygiene exhibition opens in Melbourne next week and we have agreed to
+supply 12 members a night for four weeks. We make no charge, and our
+members take no payment. Of course, we are willing to accept donations to
+our funds, but do not ask for them.
+
+“We have a stretcher and a first class kit and plenty of bandages,
+besides medical instruments for use on duty by any medical man who
+happens along. At our monthly outings, which take place out of the city
+on Saturday afternoons, the secretary prepares a list of accidents,
+labels various ‘patients,’ and the other members have to work in pairs,
+being allowed one bandage apiece and having to improvise the others.
+Average attendance is thirty. We usually do a little propaganda work at
+these outings, inviting the local class secretaries to bring along their
+pupils, if any.”
+
+Of course, the readers of the RED CROSS MAGAZINE will understand the
+difference between this First Aid Society in Australia and the American
+Red Cross. The First Aid Volunteer Association was organized with only
+one purpose in view, that of practicing first aid, and one of the
+conditions of membership is that the applicant must have received a
+first aid certificate; whereas the activities of the American Red Cross
+have many ramifications and any reputable citizen of the United States
+may become a member thereof simply upon the payment of dues. Membership
+in the First Aid Association in Australia is rather analogous to
+membership in the classes throughout the United States organized by the
+First Aid Department of the American Red Cross.
+
+It is interesting to note that the arrival of the American fleet in
+Australian waters in 1908 was the prime cause for the organization of the
+First Aid Volunteer Association.
+
+[Illustration: “BROKEN THIGH.” FIRST AID PRACTICE.]
+
+
+
+
+Red Cross Nursing Service
+
+MISS JANE A. DELANO, _Chairman National Committee._
+
+
+The rapid development of the Nursing Service of the Red Cross and the
+solidarity of its various activities are encouraging signs of future
+growth and more extended usefulness.
+
+Our state and local committees of nurses, organized primarily for the
+enrollment of Red Cross nurses, have responded with enthusiasm whenever
+new demands have been made upon them. We now have more than five hundred
+representative nurses serving on these committees throughout the United
+States, and their co-operation and interest may be depended upon to
+further any work undertaken by the Red Cross. They have been most
+active in the sale of Christmas Seals and have co-operated with local
+tuberculosis agencies, often serving on special committees. In organizing
+our Rural Nursing Service we have sought their advice and assistance.
+They have suggested nurses for rural work and have given valuable
+information in regard to the needs of their own communities. Further
+details concerning this important service is given by Miss Clement,
+superintendent of rural nurses.
+
+Our local committees are found ready to assist in relief work at
+celebrations and parades, and appreciate the opportunities for experience
+thus offered. The District of Columbia committee, of which Miss Anna J.
+Greenlees is chairman, secured the nurses required for relief stations
+established in Washington during inaugural week. A report of the work of
+these stations appears in this number of the MAGAZINE.
+
+The National Committee on Nursing Service, in co-operation with the First
+Aid Department, has been authorized by the Red Cross to organize classes
+of instruction for women in Home Nursing and First Aid. Once more we must
+appeal to our local committees of nurses for their assistance. The plan
+adopted requires that the instruction in Home Nursing shall be given
+by enrolled Red Cross nurses, who must, in a large measure, be secured
+through the local committees. As the work develops we hope that nurses
+especially qualified to instruct women in the principles of right living
+and the home care of the sick may be found willing to devote their whole
+time to this instruction. Even two classes a day would give a fair income
+and an opportunity to render valuable service to a community. Information
+concerning these classes for women is given in this issue by Miss Oliver,
+in charge of their organization.
+
+Believing that the course in first aid adopted by the Red Cross would
+be valuable even to graduate nurses, arrangements have been made with
+the First Aid Department to allow enroled Red Cross nurses to take this
+course at home. The textbook written by Major Charles Lynch must be used,
+and nurses who so desire will be allowed to take an examination under the
+direction of a physician appointed by the Red Cross. To those who pass
+this examination a Red Cross First Aid Certificate will be issued.
+
+
+RURAL NURSING
+
+MISS FANNIE F. CLEMENT, _Superintendent of Rural Nurses._
+
+Before the Red Cross entered the field of rural nursing several attempts
+were made to extend this work on a broad plan into the country districts.
+After the Peace Conference, held at Portsmouth, N. H., in 1905, the
+Russian and Japanese envoys made a gift of $20,000 to the State, to be
+used for charitable purposes. At this time several persons who realized
+that rural nursing was an important factor in the improvement of social
+conditions tried to have this sum used in establishing a state-wide
+system. It was not possible, however, to convince those in authority that
+this would be the best disposition of the gift. It was the aim of the
+Holman Association, incorporated in 1911, “for the promotion of rural
+nursing, hygiene and social service.” to expand as resources permitted to
+meet the needs of rural communities in the United States, but the society
+has recently been disbanded.
+
+There are but few instances where rural nursing has been extended by a
+single organization to cover any considerable area. A pioneer work was
+started seventeen years ago in North Westchester county, New York, where
+the District Nursing Association now employ six nurses and covers about
+twenty villages. Gradually new districts in the surrounding territory are
+being opened up by the association.
+
+There are, however, several individual nurses meeting the needs of rural
+communities, and often under trying conditions. In isolated regions they
+are cut off from helpful association with others doing similar work and
+the stimulus that comes from identification with an extensive organized
+effort. The Red Cross has planned a service of which these nurses may
+become a part, which will assist them to establish and maintain high
+standards.
+
+Rural nursing as it now exists is generally carried on under the
+supervision of a committee which may include several sub-committees.
+These are responsible for various branches of the nurses’ work. Wherever
+such committees are able to arouse a general interest much has been
+accomplished not only in behalf of public health, but in many lines of
+public welfare work.
+
+It is expected that in the development of Red Cross rural nursing,
+local committees will be created, meeting standards of salary and other
+regulations which are deemed necessary to insure the best interests of
+a community. The locality benefitted by the work of a nurse is expected
+to meet the expenses connected with it. Fees collected from patients
+are not sufficient for this, as all sick persons are not able to pay
+for the services of the nurse. As a rule, patients are expected to pay
+for professional visits, according to their means, but those unable to
+make any payments should not go uncared for. The responsibility for
+raising the necessary funds rests with the local committee, which also
+superintends the work of the nurse.
+
+A general supervision by the Red Cross is maintained through occasional
+visits of the superintendent of rural nurses and through monthly reports
+of their work.
+
+During the 1910 Red Cross Christmas Seal sale, the Anti-Tuberculosis
+Association of Wisconsin, offered the services of a visiting nurse for
+one month to twelve cities of a limited population, making the highest
+per capita sale. The Red Cross Seal Committee of Ohio, in 1912, sent a
+visiting nurse for one month to each of twelve small cities throughout
+the State as a prize in the seal-selling contest. Interest in visiting
+nursing was thus stimulated to a degree that several of these towns
+have since been insisting upon a permanent nurse, and have raised funds
+necessary for her support.
+
+Hospitals, dispensaries and medical attendance are seldom as accessible
+in the country as in cities. To have the rural nurse a resident in the
+community, her services for all regardless of any lines of distinction,
+to have intelligent nursing care for patients in their own homes, and
+instruction and demonstration given in the principles of hygiene, not
+only of person but as applied to home surroundings, are advantages which
+have been appreciated wherever the visiting nurse is established.
+
+The best physicians have welcomed her assistance. No stronger testimony
+to the value of her services is needed than the present demand for public
+health workers in connection with industrial establishments, department
+stores, religious and civic institutions and health departments of city,
+town and county.
+
+Women of the finest type are needed for this work and those who have
+had specialized training in public health activities. Several visiting
+nursing associations to be utilized as training centers for Red Cross
+nurses offer good opportunities for students to become familiar with
+social work of various kinds through lectures, study courses and
+affiliations with philanthropic societies in the city. Nurses may thus
+come in contact with milk stations, dispensaries, tuberculosis and
+charity organization societies, settlements and other social agencies.
+
+Nurses eligible for appointment to the Rural Nursing Service, who have
+not already had experience or training in visiting nursing, after a
+minimum period of three months with a city nursing association will be
+placed one month with an association in the country, thus giving them
+actual experience in rural nursing and its problems before assignment
+to their post of duty. It is important that the rural nurse be informed
+upon the various branches of public health nursing and social service,
+as carried on in cities, in order that she may initiate work along these
+lines in country places where it is often wholly unorganized. She should
+be able to recognize contagious diseases and minor ailments among school
+children. By giving simple health talks in the schools, she is able to
+utilize one of the most advantageous avenues for influencing the home
+life of her people.
+
+Local societies and clubs, the aim of which is to improve unfavorable
+conditions that exist in their communities can establish a no more
+fruitful source of helpfulness than by the employment of a visiting
+nurse. Red Cross Chapters will find in such an undertaking not only
+a means of creating interest in local work of the Red Cross, but
+opportunity of enlarging their field of usefulness to the community.
+The experience of the Red Cross Chapter in Islip, Long Island, in the
+employment of a rural nurse has long ago proven the value of this plan of
+work.
+
+
+HOME NURSING AND FIRST AID INSTRUCTION FOR WOMEN
+
+MISS MARION L. OLIVER, _In Charge of Organization of Classes._
+
+Believing that the physical welfare of the race depends largely upon
+home conditions and that the women of the nation have a very definite
+responsibility in maintaining the health of the family, the American Red
+Cross has undertaken to organize on a national scale classes for women
+in home nursing and first aid. It is hoped that this instruction will
+make them better home makers, better mothers and better citizens. Before
+describing what has been accomplished in this direction, it is best
+to give details of the plan adopted. This can be done most briefly by
+quoting from the official circular relating to the same.
+
+
+PLAN OF INSTRUCTION FOR WOMEN.
+
+The American Red Cross has decided to organize classes of instruction
+for women in first aid, home nursing, hygiene and allied subjects, to
+be given under the supervision of the National Committee on Red Cross
+Nursing Service.
+
+
+OBJECTS.
+
+1. To afford women the opportunity to learn first aid to the injured, and
+to provide simple instruction in the home care of the sick.
+
+2. To afford women the opportunity to learn how to prepare food for sick
+and well.
+
+3. To afford women the opportunity to learn how to prepare rooms and
+other places for the reception of ill and injured.
+
+4. To afford women the opportunity to learn how to protect their own
+health and that of their families.
+
+It must be distinctly understood that this course of instruction for
+women is only intended to prepare them to render emergency assistance in
+case of accident, to give more intelligent care to their own families
+under competent direction, and, in exceptional cases, to assist in relief
+work under the supervision of the Nursing Service of the American Red
+Cross.
+
+
+NEED.
+
+Much needless suffering is now caused the ill and injured on account
+of the ignorance of unskilled persons. It has been said that the fate
+of the injured is dependent on the care which their injuries first
+receive. It is therefore necessary for everybody to learn what to do
+first in an emergency, and what not to do. This is easy to learn, but the
+subject must be learned. Nobody can be expected to know this without
+instruction. The number of people injured in the United States is rapidly
+mounting and is now in the hundreds of thousands annually. Knowledge
+of first aid to the injured cannot, it is true, prevent the consequent
+suffering entirely, but it can be made an important factor in this result.
+
+The health of the family depends largely upon the home maker, and it
+is most essential that she have a definite knowledge of personal and
+household hygiene and the proper preparation of food. Special diet for
+the sick is no less essential. Scarcely any woman is unacquainted with
+the sick room in her own family, and some simple instruction in the care
+of the sick should be a part of every woman’s education.
+
+It is the purpose of the Red Cross to provide for this instruction.
+
+
+RESULTS.
+
+This work is just being started in this country, so that great results
+cannot yet be reported. It has already been demonstrated here, however,
+that instruction in first aid will reduce deaths and serious results
+from injuries about one-half. On railroads and everywhere else that the
+American Red Cross has carried first aid instruction, all interested are
+enthusiastic in praise of the benefits derived. In other countries, such
+as Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Russia, work of a similar
+character to that contemplated for women has been done for many years
+and all testimony goes to show that the public has largely benefited
+therefrom.
+
+
+COURSE OF INSTRUCTION.
+
+Ten lessons in First Aid.
+
+Fifteen lessons in Hygiene and Home Nursing.
+
+Fifteen lessons in Dietetics and Household Economy.
+
+All instruction will be very practical and pupils will, as far as
+possible, be required actually to do everything described in the
+teaching. Lessons in either First Aid or Home Nursing may be given
+first, but both these courses of lessons must be completed and
+certificates must be held in both by those desiring to take further
+instruction.
+
+No two courses of instruction may be taken at the same time.
+
+All first aid courses must be given by a physician and other instructions
+by a Red Cross nurse, unless otherwise authorized by the Red Cross.
+
+
+ORGANIZATION OF CLASSES.
+
+Women desiring to form a class in either first aid or home nursing should
+secure a sufficient number of names—not less than ten or more than
+twenty-five—selecting one to act as president. The president so selected
+should then communicate with the Department of Instruction for Women,
+American Red Cross, Washington, D. C. A roll will be supplied on which
+the names of the members of the class will be inscribed and answers given
+in respect to certain essentials.
+
+No one under sixteen years of age is eligible for these classes.
+
+It will be necessary locally to obtain the services of a physician or a
+nurse to give the instruction, whose name and address should be forwarded
+to Washington with required roll of proposed class. All instructions must
+be approved, and a card of authorization issued, by the Red Cross before
+any course is begun.
+
+The instructors’ fees, if any, must be paid locally, and arrangements for
+the same must be made by the class with the instructor selected.
+
+It will also be necessary to provide a meeting place.
+
+Books and charts will be supplied by the Red Cross. The cost of these
+will be $1 per member for each course of ten lessons, and $1.50 per
+member for each course of fifteen lessons. Payment for the same should
+be made in advance. The president will be responsible for collecting and
+forwarding this amount to Washington.
+
+
+EXAMINATIONS AND CERTIFICATES.
+
+On the completion of each course of instruction an examiner will be
+appointed, to be paid by the Red Cross. Such examiner will be other than
+the instructor of the class.
+
+No one will be allowed to take an examination in any course who has not
+attended at least three-fourths of the lessons of that course.
+
+Certificates will be given successful candidates at the conclusion of
+each course of instruction.
+
+After fulfilling the requirements for the organization of a class
+and the instructor has been formally appointed the class is free to
+begin work, and very interesting work it proves to be. The course of
+instruction in first aid begins with an introductory lesson in anatomy
+and physiology followed by nine lessons with practical demonstration in
+the care of emergencies and accidents most likely to be met with in the
+every-day walks of life. It is most desirable that each pupil be given
+an opportunity to practice on a model or manikin the various points
+covered in the lessons. After the ten lessons are over, those members
+of a class who have not been absent more than three times, are ready
+for examination. This is given by a physician other than the instructor
+of the class who is appointed direct from the first aid office. The
+examination is one-third oral, one-third written and one-third practical.
+
+There are fifteen lessons in the Home Nursing course, and these should
+prove of absorbing interest and practical value to every one. The
+preliminary lessons deal with matters relating to the healthfulness of
+the home, such as contamination of food and its prevention, sources of
+impurities in water and air, personal hygiene and the preservation of
+health. Then follows simple instruction in the home care of the sick, how
+to make a sick bed, to transfer a patient from bed to chair, the general
+care of a patient, including baths and the use of ordinary sickroom
+appliances. For example, the theory of bed-making was being taught in
+one of our classes the other day, and after the instructing nurse had
+finished her lecture, every member of the class had to make the bed with
+and without the patient, the patient in this case being a life-sized doll
+covered with oilcloth so that it could be bathed. Several members of the
+class did not make the beds satisfactorily and were told to practice
+at home so that at the next lesson they could do better. A special
+examination also follows this course.
+
+After those Home Nursing lessons are over, it is planned to have a series
+of lectures on home economics and dietetics.
+
+So much for the plans and organization, now for the actual classes. The
+records show that on March 30th almost six hundred women are taking this
+instruction.
+
+Twenty-four classes in First Aid and three in Home Nursing have been
+formed in different localities. Both the Young Women’s Christian
+Association and the Girls’ Friendly Society have become interested in
+this work.
+
+In Genesee, New York, the fox-hunting community has formed a large class
+for women to teach them to cope with the accidents of the hunting field.
+
+In Manchester, Connecticut, where the Cheney Brothers have their big
+silk mills, classes in both First Aid and Home Nursing have been
+organized among the employes.
+
+In Cincinnati a group of society women are taking the First Aid course.
+
+In one of the suburbs of Washington, a group of young mothers have formed
+a class.
+
+Other classes are active in Lexington, Ky., Providence, R. I., Detroit,
+Mich., North Attleboro, Milton and Manchester, Mass., Milwaukee, Wis.,
+York, Pa., Philadelphia, Pa., and Washington, D. C.
+
+Two classes have been formed by the wives of the officers of the Army and
+the Navy, and we hope that in time every Army post and Naval stations
+will have its regular classes in First Aid and Home Nursing, and that
+this work will not only be for the officers’ wives but for the wives of
+the enlisted men as well.
+
+Al the end of each set of classes there is an examination and those who
+successfully pass receive a Red Cross certificate.
+
+It is also planned that a field day will be held in each State that has
+enough classes to warrant it and at this field day First Aid teams of
+women will compete for a Bronze Medal. The rules for such a competition
+will be supplied upon request.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+The Red Cross at the Inauguration
+
+
+The Red Cross participated actively in the care of ill and injured during
+the various ceremonies incident to the inauguration of President Wilson,
+March 4, 1913.
+
+On the morning of Sunday, March 2, a small emergency hospital was
+established in a room set aside for the purpose at the Union Station.
+This continued in operation till the morning of Thursday, March 6, and
+was open for patients day and night.
+
+On the morning of March 3, two small Red Cross tent hospitals were
+opened, one in rear of the Sherman Statue and the other in Lafayette
+Square. These were in operation till the close of the Suffrage Parade the
+same afternoon. In addition five ambulances were stationed along the line
+of march for this parade. Two of these were near the Peace Monument, one
+at Seventh street, one at Twelfth street, and one at Fifteenth street.
+Very few patients sought assistance or were brought to these hospitals
+or ambulances on this afternoon. All received were promptly treated and
+properly disposed of.
+
+On March 4, the day of the inauguration, besides the hospital at Union
+Station the Red Cross had in its charge tent hospitals east of the
+Capitol, in rear of the Sherman Statue and in Lafayette Square. The
+second was also open during the fireworks or till about 11 p. m.
+
+At these stations the number of patients treated was as follows:
+
+    Union Station            64
+    East of the Capitol      23
+    Rear of Sherman Statue   19
+    Lafayette Square         12
+    Ambulances, March 3      15
+                            ---
+                            133
+
+Major Charles Lynch. Medical Corps, U. S. A., was in charge of the
+emergency service. Miss Jane A. Delano, Chairman of the Nursing Committee
+of the American Red Cross, acted for that committee in the necessary
+arrangements so far as it was concerned. Miss Anna J. Greenlees served
+as director of Red Cross nurses, and Mrs. Theodora North McLaughlin
+represented the District Chapter. The physicians on duty at the stations
+were members of the Inaugural Sub-committee on Ambulances and Hospitals.
+The nurses were Red Cross nurses of the District of Columbia and the Boy
+Scouts were supplied by the local Boy Scout organization.
+
+It will be noted that no very great demands were made on the emergency
+service of the Red Cross during the inaugural period. Most of the
+patients required rest rather than medication or hospital treatment. This
+they were able to obtain at the Red Cross Stations. These also sheltered
+a few cases of serious illness and for all everything possible was done.
+
+The weather conditions were in marked contrast with those of four years
+ago, which contributed largely to reducing the number of cases requiring
+emergency treatment.
+
+The thanks of the Red Cross are due to the following physicians, nurses
+and Boy Scouts for services which, while by no means spectacular, were
+thoroughly creditable in every respect.
+
+
+UNION STATION.
+
+
+_Physicians._
+
+Dr. J. J. Madigan, Red Cross Director; Doctors R. E. Ledbetter, Chas.
+W. Allen, C. N. Chipman, Wm. J. G. Thomas, Elmer Sothoron, J. Franklin
+Hilton, Philip Newton, H. F. Sawtelle, T. Victor Hammond, John P.
+Gunion, Alfred Richards, R. F. Tobin, W. C. Gwynn, Jas. G. Townsend, J.
+A. O’Donoghue, Joseph C. Leonard, H. C. Duffey, G. B. Heinecke, J. E.
+Lind, and Edgar Snowden.
+
+
+_Nurses._
+
+Sallie F. Melhorn, Susie A. Mortimer, Katherine Von Brodt, Charlotte H.
+Barnes, Ethel H. Brown, Winona R. Taylor.
+
+
+EAST OF CAPITOL.
+
+
+_Physicians._
+
+Dr. Alfred Richards, Red Cross Director; Doctors Carl Haas, Roy Dunmire
+and Stuart C. Johnson.
+
+
+_Nurses._
+
+Mrs. M. J. Johnson and Mrs. Emil A. Fenstad.
+
+
+REAR OF SHERMAN STATUE.
+
+
+_Physicians._
+
+Dr. Frank E. Gibson, Red Cross Director; Doctors J. R. Ramsburgh, Oscar
+Wilkinson and O. Cox.
+
+
+_Nurses._
+
+Misses Agnes Hayes, Mary Davis, Kathryne Donnelly, Lena Bauer, A. L.
+Goodheart, Pricilla Page, Keiningham, Sewell, Cora Wynkoop and Zaidee
+Kibler.
+
+
+_Boy Scouts._
+
+Arnel Carpenter, Clarence Shrout, Ernest Utz and Waldo Jones.
+
+
+_Troop 37, Somerset, Maryland._
+
+Dwight Terry, Raymond Henderson, Mark Shoemaker, Leslie Stimpson, Silas
+Hayes, Talbot Barnard, Charles Shoemaker and William Probey.
+
+It is to be regretted that the names of all the Boy Scouts, who
+invariably did good work, were not recorded.
+
+[Illustration: CROWDS IN FRONT OF THE CAPITOL DURING THE INAUGURATION OF
+PRESIDENT WILSON.
+
+© Harris-Ewing]
+
+
+LAFAYETTE SQUARE.
+
+
+_Physicians._
+
+Dr. William P. Reeves, Red Cross Director; Doctors Philip Newton and
+Albert G. Wenzell.
+
+
+_Nurses._
+
+Mrs. L. A. Weed, Mrs. J. J. Johnson, Misses J. Allan, Mary W. Cox, Mary
+F. Sewall and Bernice Keiningham.
+
+The Ford Motor Car Company through its local agent, Miller Brothers, was
+also good enough to give an automobile for inspection purposes on the day
+of the Inauguration.
+
+[Illustration: ILLUMINATION OF PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE ON THE NIGHTS OF THE
+4TH AND 5TH OF MARCH]
+
+The expenses involved were paid from Inaugural and Red Cross funds.
+They were small as all served without pay except the nurses at the Union
+Station on whose time much greater demands were made than on other
+personnel.
+
+The expenditures in detail were as follows:
+
+                _Inaugural Funds._
+
+    Nurses at Union Station             $56.00
+    Medical supplies used                16.00
+                                        ------
+      Total                             $62.00
+
+                _Red Cross Funds._
+
+    Miscellaneous supplies, lunches,
+      tent floors, etc.                 $61.40
+                                       -------
+      Grand total                      $123.40
+
+
+
+
+The Endowment Fund Committees
+
+WORK ACCOMPLISHED
+
+
+                                                       December 31, 1912.
+
+  Amount to be raised                                         $2,000,000.00
+  Amount raised and in Red Cross Treasury to date $820,221.67
+  Amount in hands of Endowment Fund Committees
+    and not yet transferred (reported)              81,657.98
+                                                  -----------    901,879.65
+                                                              -------------
+  Amount yet to be raised                                     $1,098,120.35
+
+                                                                 Percentage
+  Committee           Apportionment   Raised      Plus      Minus    raised
+
+  Akron, Ohio               6,000      250.00              5,750.00      4
+  Albany, N. Y.            10,000                         10,000.00
+  Amesbury, Mass.              90      190.00     100.00               211
+  Atlanta, Ga.             15,000                         15,000.00
+  Baltimore, Md.           55,000    8,555.00             46,445.00     15
+  Berkshire County, Mass.  10,500   10,500.00
+  Boston, Mass.            67,000   27,633.62             39,366.38     41
+  Buffalo, N. Y.           42,000                         42,000.00
+  Burlington, Iowa          2,500                          2,500.00
+  Canal Zone                  700      709.63       9.63                101
+  Canton, Ohio              5,000                          5,000.00
+  Charleston, S. C.         5,000                          5,000.00
+  Chattanooga, Tenn.        4,000      245.00              3,755.00      6
+  Chicago, Ill.           218,000   78,000.00            140,000.00     35
+  Cincinnati, Ohio         36,000   18,487.06             17,512.94     51
+  Cleveland, Ohio          56,000                         56,000.00
+  Columbus, Ohio           18,000                         18,000.00
+  Dallas, Texas             9,000                          9,000.00
+  Dayton, Ohio             11,000                         11,000.00
+  Denver, Colo.            21,000      500.00             20,500.00      2
+  Detroit, Mich.           46,000   10,005.00             35,995.00     21
+  Duluth, Minn.             7,800                          7,800.00
+  Grand Rapids, Mich.      11,000                         11,000.00
+  Hampden County, Mass.     8,000      813.00              7,187.00     10
+  Harrisburg, Pa.           6,000                          6,000.00
+  Hartford, Conn.           9,800    5,514.60              4,285.40     56
+  Hyde Park, N. Y.                     600.00
+  Indianapolis, Ind.       23,000    4,807.68             18,192.32     20
+  Kansas City, Mo.         24,000                         24,000.00
+  Los Angeles, Cal.        31,000                         31,000.00
+  Louisville, Ky.          22,000                         22,000.00
+  Lowell, Mass.            10,000    1,871.50              8,128.50     18
+  Magnolia, Mass.              30       62.00      32.00               206
+  Manchester, Mass.           270    2,057.11   1,787.11               761
+  Massillon, Ohio           1,300                          1,300.00
+  Memphis, Tenn.           13,000                         13,000.00
+  Nashville, Tenn.         11,000                         11,000.00
+  Newark, N. J.            34,000                         34,000.00
+  New Haven. Conn.         13,000    6,840.83              6,159.17     52
+  New York, N. Y.         476,000  510,821.00  34,821.00               107
+  Omaha, Nebr.             13,000                         13,000.00
+  Paterson, N. J.          12,000                         12,000.00
+  Philadelphia, Pa.       154,000                        154,000.00
+  Pittsburgh, Pa.          53,000      105.00             52,895.00    1-5
+  Portland, Oreg.          20,700                         20,700.00
+  Rhode Island             54,000                         54,000.00
+  Richmond, Va.            12,000                         12,000.00
+  Rochester, N. Y.         21,800                         21,800.00
+  San Antonio, Texas        9,000      500.00              8,500.00      5
+  San Francisco, Cal.      41,000   75,668.34  34,668.34               184
+  Schenectady, N. Y.        7,000                          7,000.00
+  Scranton, Pa.            12,900    8,021.08              4,878.92     62
+  Seattle, Wash.           23,700                         23,700.00
+  St. Louis, Mo.           68,000   70,630.84   2,630.84               103
+  St. Paul, Minn.          21,000      198.00             20,802.00  47-50
+  Toledo, Ohio             16,000                         16,000.00
+  Troy, N. Y.               7,000                          7,000.00
+  Utica, N. Y.              7,000                          7,000.00
+  Washington, D. C.        33,000   33,890.04     890.04               102
+  Wilkes-Barre, Pa.         6,000                          6,000.00
+  Worcester, Mass.         14,000       50.00             13,950.00   5-14
+  Youngstown, Ohio          7,000      550.00              6,450.00      7
+
+In the case of Scranton the committee in a short time after its
+organization secured $8,000 of its $12,000 apportionment. By reason of
+a serious mine disaster in the vicinity of Scranton the members of the
+committee were compelled to devote their efforts to the raising of a
+large relief fund. The Red Cross has therefore accepted the $8,000 as
+completing Scranton’s apportionment.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENTS
+
+
+    OFFICERS
+
+    PRESIDENT
+
+      Charles C. Glover
+
+    VICE PRESIDENTS
+
+      Milton E. Ailes
+      William J. Flather
+
+    CASHIER
+
+      Henry H. Flather
+
+    ASS’T CASHIER
+
+      Joshua Evans, Jr.
+
+                           [Illustration]
+
+                       CAPITAL     $1,000,000
+                       SURPLUS      2,000,000
+
+    DIRECTORS
+
+      Charles C. Glover
+      Thomas Hyde
+      James M. Johnston
+      Wm. J. Flather
+      R. Ross Perry
+      Henry Hurt
+      John R. McLean
+      F. A. Vanderlip
+      Milton E. Ailes
+      Henry H. Flather
+      H. Rozier Dulany
+      Frederic D. McKenney
+      Frank C. Henry
+      Willard H. Brownson
+      Charles I. Corby
+      Sylvester W. Labrot
+
+    Strength and conservatism in a bank are two of the most
+    important things to be considered in selecting a depositary for
+    your funds.
+
+    ¶ The resources of this time-tested institution, amounting to
+    over $14,000,000, afford ample protection to its depositors.
+
+    ¶ The conservative policy of its management, backed by years of
+    experience, assures careful attention to all banking matters
+    entrusted to its care.
+
+    ¶ Dependable connections in all the principal cities of the
+    United States and abroad enable us to handle with expedition
+    collections on any point in the world.
+
+    ¶ Letters of Credit and Travelers’ Checks issued available the
+    world over.
+
+    ¶ Investments made for customers.
+
+    _Correspondence Invited_
+
+                          Riggs National Bank
+                        1501 Pennsylvania Avenue
+                           WASHINGTON, D. C.
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75163 ***
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+      The American Red Cross Magazine, Volume 8, Number 2, April 1913 | Project Gutenberg
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+<body>
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75163 ***</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp46" id="cover" style="max-width: 100em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Cover image. Text:
+  THE AMERICAN RED CROSS MAGAZINE / VOLUME EIGHT/ NUMBER TWO / APRIL
+  1913 / ISSUED FROM THE NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS WASHINGTON, D. C. /
+  FOUNDED TO AID IN THE PREVENTION AND ALLEVIATION OF HUMAN SUFFERING
+  IN TIMES OF PEACE AND WAR">
+</figure>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter contents">
+
+<div class="box">
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="box">
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <td>American Red Cross Officers</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#The_American_Red_Cross">2</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Form of Bequest</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#FORM_OF_BEQUEST">3</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Frontispiece</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus01">4</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Opinion and Comment</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Opinion_and_Comment">5</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">New name, new paper, new department.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Mayor Gaynor’s Southern Flood Relief Committee.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Cincinnati Chapter wide awake.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Chapter news wanted for publication.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Red Cross law and those who violate it.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Our countrymen’s splendid service in Turkey.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Brigadier-General Carroll A. Devol, U. S. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Physicians will help the Red Cross.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">The forty-ninth State Board.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">The Red Cross in Baltimore.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">The Red Cross Building.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Vivid Glimpses of the American Red Cross in Turkey</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Vivid_Glimpses_of_the_American_Red_Cross_in_Turkey">12</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Fighting the Cholera in San Stefano.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Situation in Salonica.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Red Cross Work for Refugees in Western Asia Minor.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Activities of the Red Crescent Society.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Savages four hundred years ago.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Faik Pasha Della-Sudda.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Red Cross and White Cross in Mexico</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Red_Cross_and_White_Cross_in_Mexico">27</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Dynamite Explosion at Baltimore</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Dynamite_Explosion_at_Baltimore">33</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Public Works and Relief in China</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Public_Works_and_Relief_in_China">34</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Nicaraguan Famine Relief</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Nicaraguan_Famine_Relief">39</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Important Conference on Red Cross Christmas Seals</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Important_Conference_on_Red_Cross_Christmas_Seals">41</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>What the Red Cross Seal has done for Brooklyn</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#What_the_Red_Cross_Seal_Has_Done_for_Brooklyn">45</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>First Aid Department</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#First_Aid_Department">48</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>First Aid in Australia</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#First_Aid_in_Australia">52</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Red Cross Nursing Service</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Red_Cross_Nursing_Service">54</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Rural Nursing.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Home Nursing and First Aid Instruction for Women.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>The Red Cross at the Inauguration</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#The_Red_Cross_at_the_Inauguration">60</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Red Cross Endowment Fund</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#The_Endowment_Fund_Committees">63</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Advertising Section</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#ADVERTISEMENTS">65</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="The_American_Red_Cross"><span class="smcap">The American Red Cross</span></h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<h3><i>President</i></h3>
+
+<ul class="center">
+<li><span class="smcap">Hon. William H. Taft</span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3><i>Vice-President</i></h3>
+
+<ul class="center">
+<li><span class="smcap">Mr. Robert W. de Forest</span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3><i>Treasurer</i></h3>
+
+<ul class="center">
+<li><span class="smcap">Hon. Sherman Allen</span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3><i>Counselor</i></h3>
+
+<ul class="center">
+<li><span class="smcap">Hon. William Marshall Bullitt</span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3><i>National Director</i></h3>
+
+<ul class="center">
+<li><span class="smcap">Mr. Ernest P. Bicknell</span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3><i>Secretary</i></h3>
+
+<ul class="center">
+<li><span class="smcap">Mr. Charles L. Magee</span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3>CENTRAL COMMITTEE</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Appointed by the President of the United States.</i></h4>
+
+<ul class="center">
+<li>Major General George W. Davis, U. S. A. (Retired),<br><i>Chairman</i>.</li>
+<li>Honorable Huntington Wilson, Assistant Secretary of State,<br>To represent the Department of State.</li>
+<li>Honorable Sherman Allen, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury,<br>To represent the Department of the Treasury.</li>
+<li>Brigadier General George H. Torney, Surgeon General, U. S. Army,<br>To represent the War Department.</li>
+<li>Rear Admiral Charles F. Stokes. Surgeon General, U. S. Navy,<br>To represent the Navy Department.</li>
+<li>Honorable William Marshall Bullitt, Solicitor General,<br>To represent the Department of Justice.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4><i>Elected by the Board of Incorporators.</i></h4>
+
+<ul class="center">
+<li>Miss Mabel T. Boardman, Washington, D. C.</li>
+<li>Mr. Robert W. de Forest, New York, N. Y.</li>
+<li>Colonel A. G. Kaufman, Charleston, S. C.</li>
+<li>Judge W. W. Morrow, San Francisco, Cal.</li>
+<li>Honorable H. Kirke Porter, Pittsburgh, Pa.</li>
+<li>Honorable James Tanner, Washington, D. C.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4><i>Elected by Delegates.</i></h4>
+
+<ul class="center">
+<li>Brigadier General Charles Bird, U. S. A. (Retired).</li>
+<li>Mr. William W. Farnam, New Haven, Conn.</li>
+<li>Mr. John M. Glenn, New York, N. Y.</li>
+<li>Honorable Charles Nagel, Washington, D. C.</li>
+<li>Honorable Charles D. Norton, New York, N. Y.</li>
+<li>Honorable Beekman Winthrop, Washington, D. C.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter" id="FORM_OF_BEQUEST">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak noshow">FORM OF BEQUEST</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp60" id="bequest-form" style="max-width: 26.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/bequest-form.jpg" alt="Image of the form. Text:
+  A will in the form following may be used to bequeath
+  money for the purposes of the Red Cross. It would be
+  well to have the same signed by THREE WITNESSES in
+  the presence of the testator and of each other. / All
+  legacies, not otherwise specified, are applied to
+  the Endowment Fund. /   I, A. B., of __________ (testator’s domicil),
+  hereby make and publish the following
+  as my last will and testament: / I give and bequeath to the American National Red
+  Red [yes, that's a typo] Cross, a corporation in the District of Columbia,
+  created by Act of Congress of the United States of
+  America, its successors and assigns, the sum of
+  ____ Dollars. / (A. B.) [space for signature] /
+  Signed, sealed, published and declared by the above
+  named A. B. as and for his last will and testament, in
+  the presence of us, who have hereunto subscribed our
+  names at his request as witnesses thereto, in the presence
+  of the said testator and of each other. / [space for three witness signatures]">
+</figure>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp50" id="illus01" style="max-width: 29.6875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus01.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>ALAMEDA PARK, MEXICO CITY,
+  SCENE OF FIGHTING IN RECENT REVOLUTION.</p>
+  <p>© Underwood &amp; Underwood</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span></p>
+
+<h1>THE<br>
+AMERICAN RED CROSS<br>
+MAGAZINE</h1>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Volume Eight</span> <span class="spacer">APRIL,
+1913</span> <span class="smcap">Number Two</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="Opinion_and_Comment">Opinion and Comment</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<h3>NEW NAME, NEW PAPER, NEW DEPARTMENT</h3>
+
+<p>Unless attention is specifically
+called to the fact, our readers may
+not notice that with this issue they
+receive a <span class="smcap">Magazine</span> instead of a
+<span class="smcap">Bulletin</span>. That time-tried query of
+the cynic, “What’s in a name?” may
+be flung at us, and our answer will
+be that the contents and character of
+this publication are more in keeping
+with the accepted idea of a magazine
+than of a bulletin. At any rate,
+we like the new name better than
+the old, and we hope our readers will
+approve our taste. But whatever may
+be the verdict upon the slight change
+of name, we feel assured that we
+shall hear only approval of the
+heavier and better paper on which
+the magazine is printed. We hope
+also that the new department of
+“Opinion and Comment” may prove
+acceptable. Furthest from our
+thought is any idea that the <span class="smcap">Magazine</span>
+is perfect, and any concrete suggestions
+of improvement which readers
+may offer will be cordially received
+and given careful consideration.</p>
+
+<h3>MAYOR GAYNOR’S SOUTHERN FLOOD RELIEF COMMITTEE</h3>
+
+<p>During the Mississippi River flood
+in the spring of 1912, Mayor Gaynor,
+of New York, appointed a committee
+to collect money for relief purposes.
+Mr. Robert W. de Forest, head
+of the New York County Chapter of
+the Red Cross, was made chairman,
+and Mr. Robert Adamson, the Mayor’s
+secretary, became secretary of the committee.
+Among the prominent members
+were officers of the New York
+Southern Society. This committee
+undertook its duties with such vigor
+and effectiveness that it became much
+the largest contributor to the flood
+relief fund placed in the hands of
+the Red Cross for expenditure. The
+committee held its final meeting in
+Mayor Gaynor’s office on January
+21, 1913, when the secretary presented
+an interesting account of the
+work accomplished.</p>
+
+<p>Money was received from all parts
+of the country, although the greater
+part was contributed by residents of
+New York City. The New York
+Southern Society received $14,281.05.
+From this sum $10,000 was paid to
+Mr. Jacob H. Schiff, treasurer for
+the Mayor’s committee. The Southern
+Society also paid all expenses of
+the campaign for both itself and the
+Mayor’s committee, amounting to
+$1,612.49, and forwarded $600 directly
+to flood sufferers. This left a
+balance in the hands of the Southern
+Society of $2,068.56, which later was
+turned over to the Red Cross. Including
+the $10,000 paid in by the
+Southern Society, the Mayor’s committee
+received a total of $67,322.39,
+all of which was transmitted to the
+Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>Summarizing the work of both the
+Southern Society and the Mayor’s
+committee it appears that the total
+collections amounted to $71,601.44,
+of which $600 went direct to the
+flood district, $1,612.49 was paid for
+expenses and $69,390.95 was turned
+over to the Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>By invitation of the committee the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span>
+national director of the Red Cross
+attended the final meeting and gave
+an account of the relief operations as
+carried on in behalf of the quarter
+of a million persons whose homes
+were affected in the 15,000 square
+miles of country inundated.</p>
+
+<h3>CINCINNATI CHAPTER WIDE AWAKE</h3>
+
+<p>Good news comes from the Cincinnati
+Chapter of the Red Cross, where
+Mr. Julius Fleischman is chairman
+and Miss Annie Laws secretary. A
+permanent office has been taken at
+220 West Seventh street, and Miss
+Hilda M. Reinecke, a well known
+nurse, has been placed in charge.
+Miss Reinecke will also serve as instructor
+in home nursing, for which
+classes are now being organized.
+During the flood in Cincinnati in
+January the Chapter participated
+actively in relief operations in co-operation
+with the committee appointed
+by the mayor, who, by the
+way, is an active member of the executive
+committee of the Chapter.
+Plans are in contemplation for other
+important activities, and no great
+prophetic power is required to predict
+a useful career for the Chapter.</p>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER NEWS WANTED FOR PUBLICATION</h3>
+
+<p>It is hoped to devote an increasing
+amount of space in the <span class="smcap">Red Cross
+Magazine</span> to accounts of the work
+and plans of Chapters. For this reason
+chairmen and secretaries are invited
+to send in reports and notes of
+anything of interest in which the
+Chapters are engaged or which they
+are contemplating. In this way the
+experience of one Chapter will be
+made available for the help and guidance
+of others. While establishing
+policies and strengthening other parts
+of the national organization the creation
+and upbuilding of Chapters
+have been necessarily retarded. It
+is believed the time has come for a
+vigorous effort to bring the Chapters
+into their proper place of importance
+in the Red Cross scheme of things.
+Officers of Chapters are invited to
+study the little handbook recently
+published with a view to finding
+suggestions for local activities
+of an interesting and useful
+character. It is to be remembered
+that the handbook is not
+intended to specify all the activities
+permissible to a Chapter, but is meant
+to define in a broad way the legitimate
+field for Red Cross activities,
+with a few suggestions of specific
+lines of work which are consistent
+with the purposes of the society.
+The national director will be glad to
+correspond with Chapters which
+contemplate embarking in new work.
+Reports or items of Chapter news
+intended for the <span class="smcap">Magazine</span> should be
+sent to the national director.</p>
+
+<h3>RED CROSS LAW AND THOSE WHO VIOLATE IT</h3>
+
+<p>That persons who use the name or
+emblem of the Red Cross illegally,
+do so, as a rule, in ignorance of the
+federal law prohibiting such use,
+and are quick to discontinue the violation
+when their attention is called
+to the statute, is a fact frequently
+demonstrated. A recent instance in
+point was that of the William Windhorst
+Company, of Cincinnati. This
+company had issued some attractive
+advertising matter which contained
+the Red Cross emblem. As soon as it
+was informed that this was in violation
+of law, the company took prompt
+measures to recall and destroy the
+objectionable printed matter and to
+inform its customers that it holds the
+American Red Cross in the highest
+respect and would, under no circumstances,
+knowingly infringe upon its
+rights.</p>
+
+<p>Another striking illustration of the
+same spirit was that in which Mr.
+Arthur Letts, proprietor of a large
+department store in Los Angeles, not
+only discarded all use of the Red
+Cross in his own advertising, but
+issued an order to his buyers that no
+goods bearing the name or emblem
+of the Red Cross should be purchased
+or sold in his store.</p>
+
+<p>Members of the American Red
+Cross everywhere who observe locally
+the use of the name or emblem on
+signs or tags or vehicles or for other<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span>
+advertising purposes are urged to
+call the attention of the users to the
+federal law which prohibits such use.
+The secretary of the Red Cross in
+Washington will always be pleased
+to learn of such efforts and their results.
+If a user declines to discontinue
+the practice, the member of the
+Red Cross who has called his attention
+to the law is invited to send the
+user’s name and address to the secretary
+in Washington, together with a
+description of the character of the
+violation observed. A copy of the
+law will be sent to any one on request.</p>
+
+<h3>OUR COUNTRYMEN’S SPLENDID SERVICE IN TURKEY</h3>
+
+<p>Every member of the Red Cross
+who reads the several short reports
+from Turkey in this number of the
+<span class="smcap">Red Cross Magazine</span> must be stirred
+by a deep sense of pride in the great
+work of humanity which is being
+carried on by the Constantinople
+Chapter of the American Red Cross.
+In the dreadful cholera camp of San-Stefano,
+in the hospitals filled with
+sick and wounded soldiers in Constantinople,
+among the starving
+refugees, children, women and old
+men, in Salonica and Asia Minor,
+the story is the same. Brave men and
+women giving of their time and
+strength and skill, disregarding danger
+and hardship and forgetful of
+their own personal affairs, are making
+a record of effective accomplishment
+under extreme difficulties in
+that foreign country which should
+touch the deepest springs of American
+patriotism. Slight, indeed, as
+compared to this splendid service is
+our duty and privilege of giving
+something of our abundance wherewith
+to sustain these efforts.</p>
+
+<h3>BRIGADIER-GENERAL CARROLL A. DEVOL, U. S. A.</h3>
+
+<p>When the Red Cross first knew him
+he was Major Carroll A. Devol, U.
+S. A. He was then performing a
+herculean task in the relief of San
+Francisco, and was doing the job in
+such a manner as to arouse general
+admiration for his executive ability,
+his promptness and his calmness
+under extremely trying conditions.
+Since those days he has proved his
+mettle in relief work for the Red
+Cross following the great storm at
+Hattiesburg and Purvis, Mississippi,
+and after a great fire of two years
+ago at Colon, Panama. On the Canal
+Zone, where he has for some years
+been United States Quartermaster for
+the Canal Commission, he was instrumental
+in establishing a very
+active and efficient Chapter of the
+Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>All this leads up to the announcement
+that Major Devol, after promotion
+to the rank of colonel, has now
+been appointed a brigadier general,
+and the Red Cross, could it express
+itself through its <span class="smcap">Magazine</span>, would
+extend to him its hand in hearty congratulation
+and good wishes. He
+has been a strong and reliable friend
+of the Red Cross at all times, and
+through his unselfish devotion has
+done much to advance its cause and
+establish its good name. While his
+well deserved promotion has come
+as a result of eminent services in the
+army, we shall no doubt be pardoned
+for utilizing this opportunity of recalling
+his great services to the Red
+Cross.</p>
+
+<h3>PHYSICIANS WILL HELP THE RED CROSS</h3>
+
+<p>In the <span class="smcap">Red Cross Magazine</span> for
+January, 1913, announcement was
+made of the appointment, by
+the American Medical Association,
+of a committee whose duty it was
+to confer with the American Red
+Cross with a view to establishing a
+comprehensive system of co-operation
+between the Red Cross and the
+medical profession of the United
+States. The committee has proved to
+be prompt and active. Following is
+a copy of a circular letter which has
+been sent to all the county medical
+societies in the country. It will be
+found to contain a clear outline of
+the co-operative plan proposed by
+the committee and approved by the
+executive committee of the Red
+Cross:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p class="right">February 14, 1913.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">To the Secretary</span>,<br>
+County Medical Society,</p>
+
+<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>:</p>
+
+<p>The undersigned have been constituted
+a committee by the President of
+the American Medical Association to
+cooperate with the American Red
+Cross, in the matter of medical work.</p>
+
+<p>The Committee feels that a great
+deal of substantial good will come to
+all communities by providing a body
+of representative physicians of approved
+qualifications to direct or participate
+in medical work carried on
+by the Red Cross in different localities
+in times of emergencies and to
+advise with the representatives of
+that society on questions of medical
+policy and procedure. Besides its
+activity in emergency relief work, the
+Red Cross is engaged in an educational
+campaign for the mitigation
+of human suffering and the saving
+of lives. So far it has extended this
+movement only to the teaching of
+prevention of accidents and first aid
+to the injured, but it is hoped in future
+that it shall include popular instruction
+in the prevention of disease.
+These medical committees are not in
+any way bound to this educational
+work of the Red Cross, but members
+of the committees who may be interested
+are invited to correspond with
+the First Aid Department of the Red
+Cross.</p>
+
+<p>In the opinion of this committee,
+the plan may be properly considered
+under the following headings:</p>
+
+<p>1. <span class="smcap">Object.</span> Primarily this service
+is designed to meet local emergencies
+when conditions of disaster are such
+as to call for the intervention of the
+Red Cross. When exigencies come
+about in any community the Red
+Cross would be glad to feel that it
+might call upon carefully selected
+physicians in that community to lend
+their aid in the medical work incident
+to the situation.</p>
+
+<p>2. <span class="smcap">Organization.</span> It is desired to
+have in every county a central committee
+of five physicians, two of
+whom shall be the President and
+Secretary of the County Medical Society,
+<i>ex officio</i>. The President of
+the County Medical Society shall select
+the other three members, preferably
+from the list of councilors or
+of the executive committee. This committee
+should be designated the
+“Committee on Red Cross Medical
+Work.” The names and residences
+of the members, immediately after
+organization, should be reported to
+the chairman of the American Medical
+Association. In case of disaster,
+requiring relief action by the Red
+Cross, these county committees will
+be called upon to nominate qualified
+medical men in their respective counties
+for Red Cross service. The committees
+will also serve in an advisory
+medical capacity to the Red Cross in
+time of disaster and in other lines of
+Red Cross activity as indicated in a
+preceding paragraph.</p>
+
+<p>3. <span class="smcap">Qualifications.</span> The certification
+of physicians by County Committees
+will be accepted as ample evidence
+of the physical, moral and professional
+qualifications of the gentlemen
+recommended for appointment.
+It may be pertinent to state that service
+in time of disaster may entail
+severe physical effort and physical
+fitness of appointees to perform hard
+work is, therefore, important.</p>
+
+<p>4. <span class="smcap">Compensation.</span> In some instances
+the Red Cross may require the
+services of physicians at a distance
+from their places of residence and
+for varying periods. Under these
+conditions the Red Cross will be prepared
+to pay traveling expenses and
+a moderate honorarium to be agreed
+upon between the physicians and the
+National Director of the Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>It will be obvious to you that the
+arrangement here proposed is primarily
+intended to provide for emergencies
+which may suddenly arise in
+any community or, on the other
+hand, may happily never occur. Thus
+it may be that the committee which
+we are inviting you to create may
+never be called into action, while, on
+the other hand, it may have occasion
+to perform a very great public service.
+Your cooperation in the completion<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span>
+of this plan at as early a date
+as convenient will be appreciated.</p>
+
+<p>Please address all communications
+bearing upon the contents of this letter
+to the Chairman, Doctor George
+M. Kober, care The American Red
+Cross, 715 Union Trust Building,
+Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Very respectfully,</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">George M. Kober, M.D.</span>,<br>
+<span style="margin-right: 6em;"><i>Chairman.</i></span></p>
+
+<p class="right"><span style="margin-right: 5em;"><span class="smcap">F. A. Winter</span>,</span><br>
+<i><span style="margin-right: 2em;">Lt. Colonel, Medical</span><br>
+<span style="margin-right: 2em;">Corps, U. S. Army.</span></i></p>
+
+<p class="right"><span style="margin-right: 3em;"><span class="smcap">E. M. Blackwell</span>,</span><br>
+<i><span style="margin-right: 2em;">Surgeon, U. S. Navy.</span></i></p>
+
+<p>At a meeting of the Executive Committee
+of the American National Red
+Cross held in Washington, D. C.,
+February 14, 1913, the foregoing plan
+of cooperation between the medical
+profession and the Red Cross was
+unanimously approved.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span style="margin-right: 6em;"><span class="smcap">George W. Davis</span>,</span><br>
+<i>Major General, U. S. A., retired,<br>
+Chairman Central Committee.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles L. Magee</span>,
+<i>Secretary</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Many replies are coming from
+county medical societies indicating
+a cordial acceptance of the committee’s
+plan. It may be said, in this
+connection, that the medical profession
+has always been generous and
+responsive in the highest degree in
+all its relations with the Red Cross.
+The purpose of the new plan is to
+provide a simple system by means
+of which this cordial relationship
+may become more effective.</p>
+
+<h3>THE FORTY-NINTH STATE BOARD</h3>
+
+<p>The New Mexico State Board of the
+American Red Cross was appointed
+on February 26, 1913, this being the
+forty-ninth Board organized since the
+inception of the State Board form of
+organization.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately the new States of Arizona
+and New Mexico were admitted
+to the Union the first steps looking
+to the organization of Red Cross
+Boards therein were taken. The cordiality
+with which Hon. William C.
+McDonald, Governor of New Mexico,
+and Hon. George W. P. Hunt, Governor
+of Arizona, entered into the negotiations
+was keenly appreciated by
+the Red Cross officers at Washington,
+and it is hoped that the announcement
+of the completion of the Arizona
+Board will be made in the not
+distant future. The membership of
+the New Mexico Board is as follows:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Hon. William C. McDonald, Santa Fe, <i>President</i>.</li>
+<li>Hon. Richard H. Hanna, Santa Fe.</li>
+<li>Mr. Nathan Jaffa, Roswell.</li>
+<li>Mr. John R. Joyce, Carlsbad.</li>
+<li>Mr. H. S. Kaune, Santa Fe.</li>
+<li>Mr. Owen N. Marron, Albuquerque.</li>
+<li>Mr. W. D. Murray, Silver City.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>A decision has not as yet been
+made as to which of the above-named
+members will be appointed Treasurer
+of the Board, but no time will
+be lost in putting the Board into
+workable shape.</p>
+
+<p>The past election brought changes
+in the gubernatorial chairs of twenty-three
+of the States in which the American
+Red Cross has State Boards.
+Men elected to such important positions
+in the governments of the various
+States must find little time at the
+beginning for matters other than
+those pertaining strictly to their new
+offices, yet out of the twenty-three
+new Governors fifteen have already
+accepted the Presidency of the Boards
+in their respective States. That the
+Red Cross can make this announcement
+gives it great satisfaction, and
+it feels confident that the remaining
+eight new Governors will also accept
+the leadership of their State
+Boards as soon as the first rush of
+their new administration is over.</p>
+
+<p>During the past year the State
+Boards of Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee,
+Louisiana and Mississippi
+again demonstrated, during the relief
+work incident to the Mississippi
+flood, as did that of West Virginia
+in connection with the flood in the
+Northwestern part of that State, the
+value of the plan adopted by the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span>
+Red Cross and which comprehends
+in each State a group of successful
+business and professional
+men to act as its financial representatives
+and advisers in connection with
+disaster relief work.</p>
+
+<h3>THE RED CROSS IN BALTIMORE</h3>
+
+<p>On another page will be found a
+brief account of the recent great
+dynamite explosion in Baltimore
+with the relief measures which followed.
+The incident offers an excellent
+illustration of the adaptability
+of Red Cross methods and of the fact
+that the organization, though national
+in scope and policy, is none-the-less
+local in its relations and an
+integral part of the community in
+which its service is needed. When a
+disaster is of such magnitude or
+character that local agencies of relief
+are prostrated or overwhelmed, the
+Red Cross is prepared to provide the
+necessary machinery for relief distribution;
+in smaller disasters the
+Red Cross simply joins hands with
+other local agencies and lends its
+strength and influence to concentration
+of resources and cooperative
+effort.</p>
+
+<p>In time it is hoped that at least in
+our larger cities and towns there will
+exist Red Cross Chapters in affiliation
+with all the local agencies that
+can be utilized in case of disaster, so
+that relief work at such times will all
+become Red Cross work.</p>
+
+<h3>THE RED CROSS BUILDING</h3>
+
+<p>In the <span class="smcap">Red Cross Magazine</span> for
+January, 1913, appeared an illustration
+of the beautiful building which
+the Red Cross hoped to obtain
+through the combined generosity of
+the New York Commandery of the
+Loyal Legion and the Congress of the
+United States. The proposed building
+was to be a memorial to the loyal
+women of the Civil War and was to
+become the permanent headquarters
+of the American Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>The Loyal Legion offered to donate
+$300,000 toward the memorial on
+condition that Congress would give a
+suitable site in the City of Washington.
+A bill was accordingly introduced
+in Congress to carry the plan
+into effect by appropriating $300,000
+for the purchase of ground. Everybody
+was favorable and all conditions
+seemed auspicious.</p>
+
+<p>Those who have had opportunities
+to observe legislation in the making,
+are familiar with the fact that the
+only certain thing about it is its uncertainty.
+A resume of the career of
+this particular measure affords a
+shining example in point. The bill
+was introduced in both Senate and
+House in the spring of 1912, and was
+referred to committees in the usual
+manner. The Senate committee gave
+prompt consideration to the bill, and
+of its own accord increased the
+amount of the proposed appropriation
+to $400,000, after which it reported
+it to the Senate, which passed
+it without opposition. The Committee
+on Public Buildings and Grounds
+of the House, after hearings, submitted
+a unanimously favorable report
+to the House on the last day before
+adjournment for the summer of 1912.</p>
+
+<p>When Congress met in December,
+1912, the status of the Red Cross
+building bill seemed most fortunate.
+It had passed the Senate without opposition
+carrying an appropriation
+of $400,000. The House Committee
+had unanimously accepted the Senate
+bill and had recommended it for passage.
+All that remained was for the
+House to pass it and the President to
+attach his signature. The road looked
+straight and easy and not very long,
+with a bright blue sky overhead.</p>
+
+<p>And then something interfered
+slightly with the forward movement.
+Many other bills with many active
+congressmen behind them crowded
+into the foreground. There seemed to
+be no opening for the Red Cross bill
+to slip through. Big bills for the support
+of the vast governmental departments
+had to be given precedence.
+Time flew and congressmen began to
+refer to the fact that it was a short
+session with much to be done. Also
+the leaders began to urge economy in
+appropriations.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span></p>
+
+<p>It was found impossible to get a
+definite place or date set for a vote
+on the Red Cross bill. At one time
+it was proposed to try to call it up by
+unanimous consent, but nothing
+came of that. Then those in charge
+thought better to abandon it as a distinct
+measure and insert it as an item
+in the big Public Buildings and
+Grounds Bill, which contained appropriations
+for many buildings.
+Later the cry of economy became
+more strident and the plan for the
+Red Cross bill was again changed.
+Now it was decided not to bring it
+forward in the House but instead to
+pass the Public Buildings and
+Grounds Bill in the House without it
+and let it be inserted by the Senate
+when the big bill reached that body.</p>
+
+<p>It is customary for the Senate to
+add numerous items to bills of this
+character after the House has passed
+them. Then the bills as amended by
+the Senate must go back to the House
+for the House to accept the Senate
+amendments. If the House declines
+to accept the Senate amendments a
+committee is appointed from each
+side to confer and try to agree on the
+items in dispute. Usually both Senate
+and House accept the recommendations
+of the conference committees.</p>
+
+<p>So the House passed the Public
+Buildings and Grounds Bill without
+the Red Cross item and the Senate
+was asked to insert that item. It did
+so. Then opposition arose because
+the Red Cross building was a memorial
+to the <i>loyal</i> women of the Civil
+War. It was argued that the Confederate
+women were just as brave
+and devoted and self-sacrificing as
+the women of the North; that no memorial
+should perpetuate sectional
+feeling. The proposition was made
+that the word <i>loyal</i> be eliminated and
+that the building be a memorial to <i>all</i>
+the women of the Civil War. This
+could not be done, however, because
+the gift of $300,000 by the Loyal
+Legion was conditioned upon the retention
+of the word <i>loyal</i>. A sharp
+discussion followed with the result
+that the Red Cross item was entirely
+stricken out. A little later the subject
+was reopened and the Red Cross item
+was again inserted and remained
+there when the Senate passed the bill.</p>
+
+<p>The House refused to accept the
+Senate amendments and a conference
+committee was appointed. Several important
+Senate amendments, among
+them the Red Cross item, became the
+subject of prolonged discussion. Congress
+must adjourn on March 4th. It
+was now March 3rd and it became
+imperative that an agreement should
+be reached. Finally the dispute had
+narrowed down to this:</p>
+
+<p>The House conferees would consent
+to the passage of the Red Cross
+item if the Senate would abandon the
+item for the purchase of the Rock
+Creek Valley in Washington for park
+purposes. The Rock Creek Valley
+purchase was of the utmost importance
+to Washington. It had been
+urged for years and there was no
+question that it was of greater public
+value at this time than the provision
+of a Red Cross building. The Senate
+forced to this hard choice wisely held
+on to the Rock Creek Valley item and
+the Red Cross item was lost.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps this story of high hope, of
+keen suspense, of alternating optimism
+and despair is not worth the
+space here given to its relation. It is,
+however, a tale of a gallant fight in
+which the Red Cross won many
+friends and made no enemies. Shall
+it fare better in Congress another
+year? Who so faint hearted as to
+doubt?</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="Vivid_Glimpses_of_the_American_Red_Cross_in_Turkey">Vivid Glimpses of the American Red Cross in Turkey</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Following are several illuminating extracts from reports recently received
+from the fields of Red Cross activity in Turkey. The American Red
+Cross has been extremely fortunate in the character of its representation
+in this work. Some of those whose services have been particularly noteworthy
+are mentioned in the statement below by Mr. G. Bie Ravndal,
+American Consul General at Constantinople, who is also secretary of the
+Red Cross Chapter in Constantinople. The composite picture of widely
+extended and many-sided activity presented by these brief reports conveys
+an impression of magnitude and importance which must gratify every
+American who takes pride in the achievements of his fellow countrymen.</i>—<span class="smcap">Editor
+Red Cross Magazine.</span></p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Fighting the Cholera at San Stefano</span></h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By G. Bie Ravndal</span>,<br>
+<i>American Consul General, Secretary Red Cross Chapter.</i></p>
+
+<p>Our Chapter was just withdrawing
+from the earthquake stricken
+coast of the sea of Marmora,
+where, owing to the generosity of
+charitable Americans, acting through
+the American National Red Cross, it
+had been enabled to furnish medical
+and other timely aid, as described in
+my report of October, 1912, when the
+wardogs were let loose in the Balkans,
+and then began the initial
+scenes of that terrible drama which,
+during the winter, has monopolized
+the attention of the world.</p>
+
+<p>Hardly had the curtain fallen after
+the first battles, which followed each
+other in swift, unrelenting succession,
+before the cholera began its
+fearful ravages, competing with the
+shrapnel in deadly work.</p>
+
+<p>Thousands of families, mostly women,
+children and old men, fled before
+the onrush of soldiers from the
+north. Their suffering on the trail
+baffles all description.</p>
+
+<p>No feature of the catastrophe
+proved more heartrending than the
+condition of affairs in the San-Stefano
+cholera camp, in which masses
+of sick and wounded soldiers were
+thrown together after the battles of
+Louleh Bourgas and Wisa. It is
+gratifying to be able to report the
+fact that it was Hoffman Philip, secretary
+of the American Embassy in
+Constantinople; Major Clyde Sinclair
+Ford, of the Medical Corps
+of the United States Army, and Frederick
+Moore, of the Associated Press,
+who taking their lives in their hands,
+first undertook the heroic work of
+organizing relief in this place of
+horror. They were nobly assisted by
+Reverend Dr. Frew, of the Scotch
+Mission in Constantinople, by two
+Swiss ladies, residents of San-Stefano,
+Miss Alt and Mrs. Schneider,
+and also by Hon. Maurice Baring, of
+London. The details of the relief
+furnished by our Chapter in the San-Stefano
+cholera camp have been described
+in letters by Mrs. W. W.
+Rockhill, wife of the American Ambassador
+at Constantinople, and I
+shall not attempt to add to the information
+submitted by her, as at
+the time under report I was in the
+United States. Mrs. Rockhill has taken
+a leading part in the relief work instituted
+by the Constantinople Chapter
+in the present emergencies, and
+the Chapter is deeply grateful to her.
+Ultimately the San-Stefano situation
+was taken in hand by the Red Crescent.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus02" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus02.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>COMMITTEE OF NICHAUTACHE (SULTAN’S)
+  HOSPITAL.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus03" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus03.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>EGYPTIAN RED CRESCENT MISSION UNDER
+  DR. MAX REICH.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span></p>
+
+<p>Even before the San-Stefano need
+had been discovered by Mr. Hoffman
+Philip, whose action in this relation
+cannot be too highly praised, the
+Constantinople Chapter had established
+two Red Cross wards for
+wounded soldiers in the barracks at
+Tash-Kesla in Constantinople, and a
+fully equipped operating room. This
+hospital work has been, and is still
+being, conducted by Major Ford.
+Major Ford came here while on leave
+and generously offered his services
+to the Constantinople Chapter. His
+professional skill and administrative
+experience have enabled the Chapter
+to render invaluable help, which
+otherwise could not have been furnished
+by us, in saving lives and alleviating
+suffering. Major Ford has
+been ably assisted by D. Alton Davis,
+secretary of the International Y. M.
+C. A. in Constantinople; Dr. Walton,
+surgeon of <i>U. S. S. Scorpion</i>, and Dr.
+Kazakos, a graduate of Robert College.</p>
+
+<p>Since Christmas the Chapter has
+been giving special attention to the
+“refugees.”</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Wilfred Mellvaine Post, of the
+American Medical Mission in Konia,
+magnanimously volunteered to superintend
+the Chapter’s efforts in the
+field for the relief of refugees. Associated
+with him is Miss Jeannie
+Jillson, of the American School for
+Girls in Broussa.</p>
+
+<p>Next to Broussa, as far as the
+Chapter’s present activities in behalf
+of the refugees are concerned, comes
+Salonica. Our relief work is also
+being extended into Monastir and
+Koricha in Albania.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Situation in Salonica</span></h3>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Letter from Mr. E. O. Jacob.</i></p>
+
+<p class="right">Salonica, Jan. 3, 1913.</p>
+
+<p>I trust you will forgive me for not
+writing you earlier. My trip unfortunately
+lasted 13 days. I had 5
+days’ quarantine in Pireus and then
+had to wait 5 days for a steamer, so
+that I did not reach here till December
+30. I found, as I had feared, that
+the most urgent need was over, and
+the work of relief in Salonica itself
+was already pretty well organized.
+It seems, however, that my services
+will meet a real need at least for
+some weeks. Some one is urgently
+needed to visit the towns and villages
+of the provinces and Mr. Haskell is
+certainly the best man for that.</p>
+
+<p>I am writing this letter also as a
+sort of report, any material of which
+you are at liberty to use. You have
+already received, I understand, a copy
+of the “Independent,” describing the
+work of the “Societe de Secours aux
+Refugies.” This is a quite modest
+and impersonal description of the
+work of Mr. Haskell, Mme. Christo
+Hajji Lazaro and the association
+whom they have gathered, namely,
+Pastor Brunau, Mme. Yenny, the
+wife of a Swiss merchant; Sister Augustine
+of the Catholic Mission, and
+lately Mr. van Bommel. They began
+at once the collection of funds, the investigation
+of the condition of the
+refugees and the giving of bread. It
+must have been a terrible task to locate
+50,000 refugees, scattered as
+they were all over the city, and still
+more so to inaugurate a system of
+distribution, for the imams of
+mosques and the former Mouhtars of
+different districts tried in every way
+to turn the funds into their own
+pockets. But by frequent and tiresome
+inspections a fair degree of efficiency
+is now maintained. The
+committee has now the aid of three
+native pastors, who are proving very
+effective in tracing irregularities, removals
+and other changes.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus04" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus04.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>HOSPITAL IN CONSTANTINOPLE IN CHARGE OF
+  GERMAN OFFICERS.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus05" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus05.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>TASH-KESHLA HOSPITAL, CONSTANTINOPLE.</p>
+  <p>FRONT ROW (BEGINNING FIFTH FROM LEFT)—MAJOR FORD C. S. A.; TURKISH
+  DOCTOR; MADAME DEPAGE IN NURSING COSTUME; UNKNOWN LADY; MARCHIONESS
+  PALLAVACINI, WIFE OF AUSTRIAN AMBASSADOR; MRS ROCKHILL, WIFE OF AMERICAN
+  AMBASSADOR; DR. DEPAGE.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span></p>
+
+<p>This group of people has thus far
+had to confine its activities to the
+giving of bread, the most immediate
+necessity of the unfortunate “muhajjirs.”
+For a long time they gave at
+the rate of 9 ounces per person per
+day, surely a minimum ration. Since
+this week it has fortunately been possible
+to raise the rate to 12 ounces a
+day. Four distribution centers are
+operated, the people coming to these
+places for their allowances. At the
+one where I am working we are now
+distributing 2,700 loaves a day. The
+total daily distribution is 8,000 loaves
+and costs a little over 100 Lt. a day.</p>
+
+<p>In certain directions the financial
+support has been very encouraging.
+The largest giver, unofficial, of
+course, is the Greek government,
+which has put into the hands of this
+society about 180,000 francs. Queen
+Olga has in addition given the good
+sum of 40,000 francs out of her own
+purse. From Holland came, as the
+result of an unsolicited appeal from
+the Dutch Red Cross Mission here, 25,000
+francs. The American Red Cross
+is credited with about Lt. 350 and
+about 7,300 francs have come to Mr.
+Haskell from friends in Switzerland.
+So up to the present the work has
+been maintained without a deficit.</p>
+
+<p>It seems clear, however, that as the
+harder part of the winter comes, aid
+will, in many instances, have to be
+given in other ways than the one I
+have mentioned, as 12 ounces of
+bread a day will not indefinitely keep
+the body and soul together. Thus far,
+in fact, most of those who have received
+aid have enough money for a
+little salt and a few olives, for a few
+candles and a bit of charcoal. But
+lately we get the complaint more and
+more frequently that these resources
+are exhausted and that the bread
+ration no longer suffices alone. Once
+in two weeks, in fact, each person
+gets a half bowl of soup. This is
+made possible by a very efficient little
+soup kitchen which the Catholic
+sisters have opened. But this, too, is
+certainly only a trifle. Again, as wintry
+weather comes, we get calls for
+clothing, bed quilts, etc. Practically
+nothing has yet been given in this line.</p>
+
+<p>I have thus far been speaking exclusively
+of the people under the care
+of the “Societe de Secours.” There
+is also in the city an “International
+Committee,” which has been taking
+up other sides of the same work. It
+has, for example, in operation an
+observation camp for those who have
+been exposed to smallpox. It also
+charters steamers to convey to Asia
+Minor free of charge those who wish
+to seek employment there. I had a
+long interview with Mr. Forbes in
+Smyrna and brought to the committee
+details about his offer to employ
+several thousand men in licorice digging.
+They are therefore now sending
+him a first load of 1,100 persons
+by the steamship <i>Assouan</i>. It strikes
+us all that to give them like this an
+opportunity for steady work is about
+the best service that can be rendered.
+The largest enterprise of this committee
+is the maintenance of a concentration
+camp, which houses 6,000
+refugees. Though they have to live
+in tents they are otherwise under the
+best of care. The government is military,
+the sanitary conditions are excellent
+and everyone directly under
+the eye of the workers. Unfortunately
+the operating cost of this camp
+(about Lt. 80 a day) is so great that
+the scheme cannot be extended to the
+others. This committee, moreover,
+finds itself in a less encouraging financial
+condition than the “Societe,”
+and with a deficit already on hand,
+is not venturing beyond its present
+range of work.</p>
+
+<p>Then, finally, the needs of the
+towns in the provinces are begging
+to be brought to our attention. In
+many respects they are more sadly in
+want than Salonica itself. Naturally
+the armies have absorbed all the
+available foodstuffs. Moreover, dozens
+of villages have been burned to
+the ground and many towns have
+been quite thoroughly looted. The
+same sort of story comes from all the
+surrounding regions, Monastir, Uskub,
+Strumitza, Brama, etc.</p>
+
+<p>The British Balkan Committee has
+begun to help in several places. Mrs.
+Lazaro has gone with a member of
+the Macedonian Relief Committee to
+Gumendje, and Mr. Haskell expects
+to start next week on a two weeks’
+tour in the region of Strumitza. Those
+trips should make clear just what the
+most urgent needs are.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span></p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Red Cross Work for Refugees in Western Asia Minor</span></h3>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Part of a letter from Dr. Wilfred M. Post.</i></p>
+
+<p>The number of refugees who have
+passed over from European Turkey
+into Western Asia Minor since the
+commencement of the Balkan War is
+probably in the neighborhood of 56,000;
+the large majority of these have
+settled in the Broussa vilayet, a
+smaller number having found their
+way to the Konia and Angora vilayets.
+Most of the refugees have
+traveled by rail, their carts and oxen
+having been carried with them at the
+expense of the government, but a
+fair proportion have “trekked” into
+the interior all the way from European
+Turkey, spending several weeks
+on the journey. The main distribution
+is along the line of the Anatolian
+railway, the usual plan having
+been for a definite number to be allotted
+to each city or large town
+along the line, and then sent off as
+fast as possible to the villages—a
+few families to each village—the
+government hoping by this arrangement
+to cause the refugees to amalgamate
+with the Anatolian population,
+and also by allotting a few families
+to each village, to throw the burden
+of maintenance on the people and
+avoid the problems arising from concentration
+in large camps and settlements.
+This policy has been carried
+out most thoroughly and the many
+hundreds of villages from one or two
+hours to two or three days distance
+from the railway have almost all received
+their quota of unfortunates
+to care for, an exception having been
+made for the Christian villages, few,
+if any, of the latter having been thus
+called upon.</p>
+
+<p>About a quarter or a third of the
+refugees have come with some personal
+clothing and bedding, and with
+some property in the shape of carts
+and oxen, cooking utensils and
+money. These have been allowed to
+shift for themselves, but the remainder
+have arrived in the interior
+in more or less wretched condition,
+having little or nothing but the
+clothes they wear, and in many cases
+only half-clad and in very poor condition
+to meet the rigors of the cold
+Anatolian winter. As long as this
+class of refugees remains in cities
+the government makes regular distributions
+of bread to them, about 50
+paras’ worth to each adult, and 25
+paras to each child per day, in some
+cases giving the money instead of the
+food, but as soon as the refugees
+have been shipped off to the villages
+the government ceases to distribute
+help.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus06" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus06.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>HARBIE HOSPITAL.</p>
+  <p>ESTABLISHED BY DUTCH RED CROSS MISSION UNDER DR. LINGHEEK.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>Those refugees remaining in the
+cities have also been scattered as extensively
+as possible, a notable instance
+being Konia, where 2,500 people
+have been scattered all over the
+city and surrounding gardens, a few
+dozen having been put into each
+“mahle” or quarter of the city, so
+that it took a week of careful search
+and inquiry to obtain statistics that
+were anywhere near accurate. This
+extensive scattering makes the work
+of relief very difficult; nevertheless
+much has been accomplished already
+and by systematic canvassing by
+American missionaries and native
+agents it is hoped that much of the
+suffering and need of the refugees
+will be discovered and relieved.
+Relief of over-crowding, supply of
+adequate clothing and bedding,
+opening of soup kitchens and supply
+of food other than the dry bread
+given by the government, distribution
+of fuel and medical aid, indicate
+the principal lines along which the
+Red Cross must work for the next
+two or three months. The officials
+everywhere express the hope that
+they will be able to send the refugees
+back to Europe for the spring, but, of
+course, nothing definite can be
+planned as yet. Whatever may be
+the political outcome of the Balkan<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span>
+war, a large number of the refugees
+will undoubtedly remain in Anatolia,
+and the Red Cross may then consider
+the advisability
+of providing
+employment
+for these people,
+supplying
+them with farm
+implements,
+etc. The large
+majority of the
+refugees are women
+and children, many of
+these having been rendered
+widows and orphans
+by the war; the few able-bodied
+men who have come have
+for the most part, been drafted into
+the Turkish army and sent to Chatalja,
+so that the question of employment
+will have to be considered
+later on. A few of the refugees
+are able to earn money by carting
+wood and grain, using their primitive
+oxcarts for the purpose, but
+most of them are idle, and on account
+of the great scattering
+throughout the country they must,
+unfortunately, remain so for some
+time to come. It is most fortunate
+that the general health of the refugees
+is good, and from the hygienic
+standpoint the policy of scattering
+has no doubt been a good one. There
+are, of course, many cases of sickness
+among them, and in the process
+of investigation we have found many
+people at the point of death from exposure
+and cold, the most pathetic
+cases being among the children. Here
+again the scattering makes it impossible
+to do much visiting, and though
+the communities may
+be saved from epidemic,
+many individuals,
+sad to say, will
+perish from cold,
+hunger and
+disease this
+winter.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus07" style="max-width: 28.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus07.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>MACEDONIAN REFUGEES
+  FLEEING TO CONSTANTINOPLE.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>Our investigations
+have
+been confined
+chiefly to the
+cities, where<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span>
+several hundreds or thousands of
+refugees are gathered, but we have
+also looked into the condition of a
+dozen or more villages and have
+found that in general the villagers
+have been kind to the refugees and
+have given them food and shelter,
+and have lent them clothing and
+bedding; but in some places the villagers
+have thrust the refugees into
+stables and broken-down hovels, with
+little or no clothing and bedding, and
+just enough food to keep body and
+soul together. In some instances the
+unfortunate, defenceless women and
+girls have been forced into prostitution.</p>
+
+<p>The Constantinople Chapter of the
+American Red Cross has established
+relief work in Konia and Broussa
+along the lines indicated above. In
+Konia a systematic canvass of the
+city and surrounding villages has
+been made, and bedding and clothing
+distributed according to need; in
+many cases eight or ten people were
+found sharing one quilt, and women
+and children walking about the
+frozen streets with bare feet. For people
+in the city we distributed tickets
+having the articles they were to receive
+indicated on them, and the distribution
+was made on the mission
+premises. The government, however,
+forbade us to carry on independent
+work and insisted that all
+articles for distribution must be
+handed over to them; we were unwilling
+to accept this condition, so
+work was stopped for the time being.
+In Broussa an effort has been made
+to get the people into more sanitary
+quarters than they now occupy; we
+found many places where eight, ten
+and even twelve people were packed
+into a tiny mud-floored room about
+ten feet square, damp and dismal,
+and with one or two of the family
+sick—in one case three people, one
+with ulcers and two with dysentery,
+reposing under one small and filthy
+quilt. Not only must these people be
+gotten speedily into more healthy
+surroundings, but some sort of sanitary
+supervision must be established
+over the quarters to which they are
+to be removed. It is our expectation
+to open one or more soup kitchens
+and inaugurate some medical work.</p>
+
+<p>We have turned over the city of
+Eski-Shehir to the Germans, who
+promise to attend to its needs and to
+those of the surrounding region. We
+hope through the above arrangements
+to get into direct touch with
+more than half the refugees in Asia
+Minor, and trust that where our work
+is unable to reach them other helpers
+may come forward to tide them over
+this first difficult winter.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Activities of the Red Crescent Society</span></h3>
+
+<p>The Turkish Red Crescent Society
+has come forward so nobly during
+the present war that it has delighted
+observers by the depth and force of
+its vitality. A national institution of
+humanitarian aims, it had been
+recognized as such in the Geneva
+Conference of 1864—but though it
+had worked efficiently in the Russian
+and Turco-Greek wars of the last
+century, it is only lately, through the
+impulsion given to it some years ago
+by Mrs. Rifaat Pasha, wife of the
+present Turkish Ambassador in Paris,
+that its more modern organization
+and increased capital have brought it
+to the front, able to compete in usefulness
+and resource with the Red
+Cross Societies in other countries.</p>
+
+<p>The society is managed by a Central
+Committee, composed of 30
+members, subject to the approval of
+a president and to the occasional control
+of the government. At present
+His Excellency Hussein Hilmi Pasha,
+Ottoman Ambassador in Vienna, is
+president of the Red Crescent.</p>
+
+<p>At the beginning of the Turco-Balkan
+war the Red Crescent Committee
+founded three hospitals for the
+wounded—one numbering over 600
+beds—in the capital of the Empire,
+and several in the provinces, notably
+at Salonica, Adrianople, Uskub,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span>
+Loule-Bourgas, etc., appointing well-equipped
+staffs of nurses and doctors.
+The necessary surgical instruments
+and medical supplies were procured
+from abroad, and recently ambulances
+were ordered from South
+Bend, Indiana. Four transportable
+hospitals of 100 beds each were received
+from England, and following
+the example set by European nations
+in such cases, the Red Crescent established
+field kitchens in the principal
+camps, which supplied the harrassed
+soldiers with soup and bread.</p>
+
+<p>When the cholera broke out among
+the hapless troops, and they were
+sent back to Constantinople for treatment,
+the society organized three
+more new hospitals in the choleraic
+centers of Hademkeny, San-Stefano,
+etc., and as the sick soon filled to
+overflowing the epidemic wards
+hastily founded in the capital, the Red
+Crescent had the mosques of the city
+opened to the sufferers and supplied
+them with food, linen and medical
+care. It is computed that about 3,000
+soldiers were supported in these improvised
+hospitals between the beginning
+of October and the end of
+November, 1912, and in this heavy
+task the Red Crescent was assisted by
+its branch missions of Hindoustan,
+Egypt and England, who took their
+full share of the heavy nursing and
+relief work. Besides the hospitals
+thus run, the Red Crescent sent Lt.
+7500 in cash to the military sanitary
+authorities of Constantinople, as
+well as very numerous suits of clothing,
+articles of bedding and medicinal
+supplies.</p>
+
+<p>The arrival of the refugees in Constantinople
+created a new and tremendous
+demand for aid. The Red
+Crescent immediately forwarded another
+Lt. 7500 to the prefecture of
+the town, and housed thousands of
+the unfortunate emigrants in old
+Konaks (palaces) and in temporary
+sheds. Committees of investigation
+and distribution were organized in
+the chief provincial centers to which
+the government sent the refugees and
+bread or money doled out.</p>
+
+<p>The Ladies’ Section of the Red
+Crescent Society has proved most
+active on behalf of the patients and
+refugees. Societies were formed for
+the cutting and sewing of linen, of
+which the hospitals were continually
+in need, and the garments made
+reached the total of 70,000.</p>
+
+<p>The foregoing facts (culled from
+the columns of the <i>Jeune Turc</i>), brief
+and incomplete as they are, suffice to
+show, however, that the energies of
+the Red Crescent Society have been
+severely taxed during the present
+terrible happenings, and it is an act
+of justice as well as one of keen satisfaction
+to say that these energies
+have been not drained but richly developed
+by the call made upon them.</p>
+
+<p>In the present emergency the Red
+Crescent has been generously supported
+by the Red Cross Societies of
+different countries. Sisters of the
+Red Cross and the Red Crescent have
+worked shoulder to shoulder in alleviating
+suffering, as shown by the
+photograph herewith inclosed of the
+Imperial Hospital in Nichantache,
+Constantinople, kindly furnished by
+the Phebus Atelier.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Savages Four Hundred Years Ago</span></h3>
+
+<p>Writing from Konia, January 15,
+Dr. Dodd sends in the following
+about an old Moslem priest:</p>
+
+<p>“An old Turkish hodja named
+Saduk Effendi called today and said
+he came for the special purpose of
+asking me to give his thanks to the
+people in America who are sending
+help to the poor here. I report his
+words as near as I can do so. ‘May
+the Lord of the Universe, the God of
+all men, who are all of one family
+on this earth, look graciously upon
+those who have shown such love and
+kindness. The servants of God here
+will always remember and rejoice in
+these good deeds. How wonderful
+that a people that were only savages
+four hundred years ago should have
+awakened to such noble deeds!
+When shall we have such an awakening?’”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp56" id="illus08" style="max-width: 28.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus08.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>AMERICAN RED CROSS WORK IN BROUSSA.</p>
+  <p>REFUGEES WAITING OUTSIDE THE PROTESTANT SCHOOL WHERE CLOTHING
+  AND BEDDING ARE DISTRIBUTED. A CLINIC IS HELD EVERY AFTERNOON
+  IN THIS BUILDING AND PATIENTS OBTAIN THEIR MEDICINES
+  FREE OF COST FROM THE DRUG STORE AROUND THE CORNER.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[25]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus09" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus09.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>WOMEN AND CHILDREN REFUGEES IN THE COURT OF
+  THE PROTESTANT SCHOOL IN BROUSSA.</p>
+  <p>DISTRIBUTION IS MADE FROM THE ROOM AT THE LEFT. TEA IS BEING SERVED WHILE
+  THE PEOPLE ARE WAITING. SEVERAL OF THE WOMEN ARE SEEN COVERING THEIR FACES
+  OR TURNING THEIR BACKS TO THE CAMERA, BUT THE MAJORITY MAKE NO OBJECTION TO
+  HAVING THEIR PICTURES TAKEN.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[26]</span></p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Faik Pasha Della-Sudda</span></h3>
+
+<p>One of the prominent Constantinople
+personalities, Faik Pasha
+Della-Sudda, died on Jan. 11, 1913. He
+was the founder and honorary president
+of the Red Crescent Society,
+which during many difficult years
+owed its subsistence to his devoted
+management, and the <span class="smcap">American
+Red Cross Magazine</span> is indebted to
+his courtesy for the interesting article
+on the Red Crescent, published in
+Vol. 5, No. 3. of 1910.</p>
+
+<p>Born in 1835, Faik Pasha Della-Sudda
+was sent when scarcely sixteen
+to France, where he studied
+under the famous chemist, Ganot.
+He completed his training at the Superior
+School of Pharmacy, Paris,
+and at the laboratory of Wurtz &amp;
+Gerhard, and on his return to Constantinople
+was immediately appointed
+to the post of professor of
+chemistry at the Imperial University
+of Medicine in that city. For nearly
+half a century he personally conducted
+most of the pharmaceutics
+and chemistry classes in the capital
+of the Ottoman Empire, with a range
+and depth of knowledge that has
+been universally recognized and appreciated.</p>
+
+<p>His important treatises on ammonium,
+phosphoric acid, opium and the
+falsification of pharmaceutical products
+in Turkey, his contributions to
+European and American exhibitions,
+made his name well-known abroad,
+and in 1910 he was unanimously
+elected honorary president of the
+newly-organized “Society of Pharmacists
+in Turkey,” in proof of the
+grateful affection of colleagues and
+pupils, and of his own superior
+scholarship and value. He leaves behind
+him the record of a long life
+admirably spent.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="deco1" style="max-width: 12.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/deco1.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[27]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="Red_Cross_and_White_Cross_in_Mexico">Red Cross and White Cross in Mexico</h2>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Ernest P. Bicknell</span>,<br>
+<i>National Director American Red Cross</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>During the culminating scenes of
+the recent revolution in Mexico,
+when the capital city was torn by
+heavy artillery warfare in its central
+streets and plazas, and which resulted
+in the tragic death of President Francisco
+I. Madero, the press dispatches
+referred occasionally to the activities
+of the Mexican Red Cross and the
+Mexican White Cross. These dispatches
+were of a character to sadden
+the friends of the Red Cross
+movement, because they indicated a
+failure on the part of the federal
+troops to respect the Red Cross flag
+and because they revealed a defection
+of some who should have been
+a part of the Red Cross, but who, instead,
+divided the strength and prestige
+of humane Mexico by organizing
+the White Cross Society, whose
+functions are identical with those of
+the Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>It is reported that while engaged
+in giving attention to wounded men
+in the plaza before the National
+Palace, the president of the Red Cross
+was shot and killed. It has also been
+stated that two members of the White
+Cross Society were captured by the
+troops under the command of General
+Diaz and were found to be engaged
+in carrying ammunition, and
+that for this reason they were executed.
+Without more complete
+knowledge of local conditions and in
+consideration of the terrible confusion
+which prevailed in the City of
+Mexico in those days of fighting, it
+would be unjust to endeavor to fix
+the blame for these unfortunate incidents.</p>
+
+<p>With the establishment of a stable
+government and the coming of peace
+it is hoped that the Mexican Red
+Cross may be given its proper status
+and recognition, and that those who
+have heretofore served under the
+banner of the White Cross may be
+induced to dissolve that organization
+and join hands heartily with the Red
+Cross.</p>
+
+<p>The origin of the Mexican White
+Cross dates back to the revolution
+which Francisco I. Madero led
+against the government of Porfirio
+Diaz. As a result of the severe fighting
+between the insurgent and federal
+forces along the United States border
+in the spring of 1911 many men
+were seriously injured. At that time
+no systematic medical service was
+provided by either army, and the
+Mexican Red Cross, which had been
+organized only a short time previously,
+had not undertaken to send
+nurses and physicians to the front.
+The situation at the threshold of the
+United States, particularly at the
+California boundary and near El
+Paso, Texas, became so serious that
+the American Red Cross undertook
+to provide physicians, nurses and
+hospital care for such of the wounded
+men as could be reached without
+going into the interior of Mexico.
+This service of the American Red
+Cross along the border in California,
+Texas, New Mexico and Arizona
+aroused a sense of pride among many
+of the people of Mexico, with the
+result that a group of friends of the
+insurgents organized a body of
+nurses and physicians to be sent to
+the scene of the fighting. To the
+new organization was given the
+name of the Mexican White Cross.
+At about the same time that the
+White Cross was organized, the Red
+Cross also prepared to send nurses
+and physicians to the front. The
+White Cross group reached Juarez,
+across the boundary from El Paso,
+only twenty-four hours before the
+arrival of the Red Cross group. At
+that time it was a matter of current
+report that the White Cross promoters
+and supporters were favorable
+to Madero and his cause, and that
+the Red Cross, having been created
+under the administration of President
+Diaz, inclined to favor the
+federal cause as against that of Madero.
+The representatives of the two
+organizations on reaching Juarez
+were not cordial to each other, and
+a strong feeling of rivalry was apparent.
+In justice to both organizations,
+however, it should be said that
+at a conference held in Juarez at the
+suggestion of representatives of the
+American Red Cross, an arrangement
+was made by which the work to be
+done was divided equitably between
+the two, and that thereafter they
+worked side by side, zealously and
+seemingly without friction.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[28]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp50" id="illus10" style="max-width: 29.6875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus10.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>MEXICO CITY. LOOKING NORTH FROM CATHEDRAL TOWER.</p>
+  <p>© Underwood &amp; Underwood</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[29]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus11" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus11.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>MARKET SQUARE, MEXICO “THE SOLDIERS ARE COMING.”</p>
+  <p>© Underwood and Underwood</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[30]</span></p>
+
+<p>While the facts are not known, it
+is possible that the failure of the
+Madero troops, in the recent fighting
+in the City of Mexico, to respect the
+Red Cross flag in some measure resulted
+from the reported partiality
+of the Red Cross for the Diaz government
+when Madero was the leader
+of the insurgents. On the other
+hand, General Diaz, in the recent
+Mexican fighting, may have been the
+more ready to deal harshly with the
+representatives of the White Cross
+because of the fact that the White
+Cross had been reported to be particularly
+friendly to the cause of Madero
+when Madero was fighting
+President Diaz, uncle to General Diaz,
+leader of the uprising which overthrew
+Madero.</p>
+
+<p>But whatever may have been the
+causes which led to a division of the
+humane people of Mexico into the
+camps of the Red Cross and the
+White Cross, it is not to be forgotten
+that their objects were humanitarian
+and at bottom identical. With the
+coming of peace and the restoration
+of normal conditions of life in the
+Republic of Mexico, there is every
+reason to hope that rivalries may be
+forgotten and that there may come a
+splendid union of all the humanitarian
+forces of the country under the
+emblem of the Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>In the closing days of the Madero
+government, while fierce and ruthless
+war raged in the streets of the City
+of Mexico, lives and property of
+American residents were in extreme
+peril. United States Ambassador
+Henry Lane Wilson gave every possible
+assistance and protection, but
+at best many were without resources
+and were unable to escape from the
+city or country unaided. The American
+Red Cross, on receiving information
+of these conditions through the
+Department of State, forwarded
+$1,000 to Ambassador Wilson to be
+expended at his discretion for the
+benefit of Americans in need. Many
+Americans who succeeded in reaching
+the city of Vera Cruz were unable
+to pay for steamship passage to the
+United States, and for their assistance
+the Red Cross also sent $500 to
+William W. Canada, American Consul
+General of that city, to be used
+as required for their help.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp75" id="deco2" style="max-width: 9.375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/deco2.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[31]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus12" style="max-width: 31.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus12.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>PLAZA IN FRONT OF NATIONAL PALACE, MEXICO CITY.
+  PRESIDENT MADERO ADDRESSING THE CROWD FROM BALCONY.</p>
+  <p>© Underwood &amp; Underwood</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus13" style="max-width: 31.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus13.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>REMOVING THE DEAD FROM THE STREETS OF MEXICO CITY.</p>
+  <p>© Underwood &amp; Underwood</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[32]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="Dynamite_Explosion_at_Baltimore">Dynamite Explosion at Baltimore</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>A tramp steamer, the <i>Alum
+Chine</i>, lay peacefully at her
+dock in Baltimore Harbor on
+March 6, while a gang of stevedores
+loaded her with dynamite for use in
+the Panama Canal. The boxes of
+the explosive were being transferred
+to the hold of the ship from cars
+which stood on a barge alongside.
+About 300 tons of dynamite were on
+board or in the cars when smoke was
+seen coming from below. Knowing
+the inevitable result the men leaped
+overboard with a rush but before all
+had reached safety the explosion
+came.</p>
+
+<p>No words can convey any adequate
+conception of the terrific destructive
+power of such a sudden loosing of
+immeasurable force. The <i>Alum Chine</i>
+and the barge with its cars alongside
+disappeared. Other vessels in the vicinity
+were shattered. Men upon the
+deck of a new ship five hundred feet
+away were swept down like tall grass
+in a gale and a rain of fragments of
+iron and wreckage killed some, injured
+many and pierced the steel hull
+like shots from a cannon. Houses
+miles away were rocked to their
+foundations and windows were shattered
+without number.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[33]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus14" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus14.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>REMARKABLE PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN AN INSTANT
+  AFTER THE EXPLOSION OF 300 TONS OF DYNAMITE WHICH HAD BEEN LOADED ON
+  BOARD THE “ALUM CHINE” FOR SHIPMENT TO THE CANAL ZONE.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>Immediate measures of relief were
+undertaken in behalf of the families
+of the thirty-one men killed and the
+fifty-eight injured. The Baltimore
+Chapter of the Red Cross held a meeting
+and appropriated $500 while the
+newspapers were equally prompt in
+collecting funds. By common consent
+the Federated Charities, with its
+experienced agents, was given charge
+of the gathering of the information
+necessary to effective action as well
+as of the actual relief distribution.
+The next logical step was the consolidation
+of all contributed funds
+from whatever source. Thus efficiency
+and community unity of action
+were assured from the start.
+With this beginning it may be confidently
+expected that the greatest possible
+good will result from the generosity
+of the Baltimore people.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[34]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="Public_Works_and_Relief_in_China">Public Works and Relief in China</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>In general a report of relief operations
+published long after the
+public interest in the emergency
+which called for relief has subsided,
+is regarded as a good example of what
+not to read. When an exception is
+found, it is entitled to special notice,
+which accounts for this reference to
+the report of the Central China
+Famine Relief Committee, embracing
+an account of the relief operations in
+the famine district in China between
+October 1, 1911, and June 30, 1912.
+It will be recalled that the headquarters
+of the committee were in Shanghai
+and membership included many
+well known American and other foreign
+residents of China, as well as
+prominent Chinese citizens. Bishop
+F. R. Graves was chairman and
+Rev. E. C. Lobenstine, secretary, and
+Consul General Amos P. Wilder an
+active member. These three gentlemen
+are Americans. At the outset of
+its work the committee adopted a
+program stated in six articles. Two
+of these articles were:</p>
+
+<p>“That relief be given only in return
+for work done, except in the
+case of those incapacitated for work.”</p>
+
+<p>“That in the selection of work,
+preference be given to such work as
+will help the locality permanently,
+and as tends to prevent the recurrence
+of famine conditions, and that
+each piece be complete in itself.”</p>
+
+<p>This program was closely adhered
+to from first to last. District subcommittees
+of representative foreign and
+native residents, appointed in various
+sections of the famine region, had immediate
+charge of the relief works
+and distribution, and under the district
+committees were superintendents
+who had personal direction of the
+working forces. So much for the
+machinery. Now for the accomplishment.</p>
+
+<p>In May, 1912, the number of famine
+sufferers in the employ of the relief
+committee was 110,000. As but one
+member was employed from a family,
+it is estimated that this work supported
+about 550,000 persons. The
+character of the work undertaken and
+its extent are indicated by the following
+figures from the report:</p>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Dykes built or repaired</td>
+    <td class="tdr">129</td>
+    <td>miles</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Canals built or repaired</td>
+    <td class="tdr">63</td>
+    <td>miles</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ditches built or repaired</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,124</td>
+    <td>miles</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Roads repaired</td>
+    <td class="tdr">163</td>
+    <td>miles</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cubic yards of earth moved</td>
+    <td colspan="2" class="tdr">10,155,000</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>It was estimated that the average
+amount of work performed daily by
+a famine sufferer was about two-thirds
+the average day’s work of a
+coolie under normal conditions. In
+Hankow 2,000 women from the
+famine district were employed for
+months in making garments, of
+which 64,000 were made and distributed.
+Much space is given in the
+report to a description of the actual
+methods of conducting the work on
+dykes, canals, etc. A single extract
+must suffice here:</p>
+
+<p>“Now come with me to the works.
+First in number and importance are
+the dirt pushers (I translate the
+Chinese term), who dig the earth
+from rectangular pits and push it on
+their wheelbarrows to the new dykes.
+They number 3,400 and work in
+groups of about ten men each and are
+paid by the job in this way. As soon
+as a pit reaches a depth of four or
+five feet it is measured by the foreigner
+in charge and the head man of
+the ten is given a ticket which is
+really an order on the office for the
+value in grain of the work done.
+Measuring these pits takes almost all
+of one foreigner’s time, and as two-thirds
+of the workmen are dirt pushers,
+the foreigner has in his direct
+control that fraction of the whole.
+The dirt pushers receive 450 cash per
+fang of 100 cubic feet. In this and
+the following statement it should be
+remembered that it takes about 2,500
+cash to make a gold dollar.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[35]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus15" style="max-width: 31.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus15.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>CHINESE ENGAGED IN BUILDING DYKES FOR
+  THE PREVENTION OF FLOODS IN THE FAMINE DISTRICTS.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus16" style="max-width: 31.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus16.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>TAMPING EARTHWORK.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36"></a>[36]</span></p>
+
+<p>“Next in numerical strength are
+the ‘small workmen,’ of whom we
+have about 1,000. Their work is to
+carry water from the canal to the
+dyke in order that the latter may be
+pounded firm the more easily. Also
+many of them receive the earth as it
+comes on to the dyke, break it up,
+level it and dig small holes into which
+the water may be poured. They are
+paid in grain at the rate of 150 cash
+per man per day.</p>
+
+<p>“Now we come to the pounders.
+They number 750 and were divided in
+groups of ten. Each group has a
+stone weighing about 100 pounds,
+circular, a foot in diameter, and eight
+inches thick. To each stone are attached
+ten ropes, one for each of the
+ten men, and when the men all pull
+in unison the stone rises above the
+level of their heads and then comes
+down with a thud. The dyke is built
+in layers, which are one foot thick
+after they are pounded. Each layer
+is pounded until it is of the consistency
+of rubber and is then tested in
+this unique way. An iron rod is
+driven down and into the small hole
+thus made water is poured from a
+tea kettle. If the water does not soak
+away the layer has been pounded sufficiently.
+These pounders are skilled
+workmen and were originally paid
+250 cash worth of grain per man per
+day, but they proved to be so lazy that
+we had to invent a sliding scale of
+wages. So we considered 1,200
+square feet as a full day’s work, and
+if a gang pounds that amount each
+man is given 250 cash; if they pound
+1,100 square feet, 240 cash; 1,000
+square feet, 230 cash; 1,300 square
+feet, 260 cash, and so on. Now they
+are not lazy.</p>
+
+<p>“We have thirty skilled workmen
+who trim the edges of the dyke and
+give it a finished appearance. Also
+there are sixty overseers who understand
+the work. They keep an eye
+on the stone men and test their work
+as described above, see that the dirt
+pushers place the dirt in the proper
+place and direct the stream of water
+carriers as they come. Both these
+classes of workmen receive 250 cash
+worth of grain a day.”</p>
+
+<p>In 1911 the American Red Cross
+sent to China Mr. C. D. Jameson, a
+well known engineer, to study the
+conditions which cause the frequent
+great floods to devise and suggest a
+system of river conservancy which
+will reduce the number and extent of
+these floods. Mr. Jameson was an
+advisor of the relief committee and
+was familiar with its public works at
+all times. He praises in the warmest
+terms the thoroughness of the operations
+and the judgment and ability
+of the missionaries who were in
+charge of much of the work. These
+missionaries, in fact, proved themselves
+practical men and capable administrators,
+who did not spare themselves,
+but under adverse conditions
+gave from twelve to fifteen hours
+daily to their unpaid tasks.</p>
+
+<p>In connection with the relief operations
+an interesting experiment in
+colonization was undertaken under
+the leadership of Prof. Joseph Bailie,
+of the University of Nanking. After
+many difficulties Prof. Bailie, with
+the co-operation of Dr. Sun Yat-sen,
+at that time Provisional President of
+China, secured a tract of waste land
+at the foot of Purple Mountain, near
+Nanking, moved some of his more
+trustworthy men on to it and began
+its cultivation. Huts were first built.
+A school was started for the children,
+so that they would be cared for while
+the men and women were at work.
+The land was gradually broken up,
+drainage ditches were dug, and potatoes
+and strawberries, wheat and
+other cereals were planted. A large
+number of fruit trees were set out.
+Some of these were Chinese, but
+many were obtained from Japan and
+other countries. The land is now
+being used as an experiment farm
+and as a testing school for the men.
+The soil is of a poor quality, and is
+in many ways unsatisfactory; but
+Prof. Bailie is persevering in the
+faith that he will succeed, not only in
+doing a piece of work which will be
+deeply interesting to the officials and
+gentry near the city of Nanking, but
+will prove of value to the larger enterprise<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37"></a>[37]</span>
+which he still expects to see
+carried through.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jameson, the American Red
+Cross conservancy engineer, after
+traversing the famine districts, says
+of the prevention of the recurrent
+floods which have caused many
+famines, including this one of 1911-12:</p>
+
+<p>“There are no engineering difficulties
+in the way of controlling the
+rivers, lowering the flood level and reclaiming
+the waste land in North Kiangsu
+and North Anhwei; it is purely
+a question of money and time. Under
+the present conditions at least three
+crops out of five are lost over an area
+of some 30,000 square miles. The
+soil of this area is exceedingly rich,
+the climate such that two crops a
+year should be possible when the
+conservancy and reclamation work
+had been completed. Not only will
+heavy crops be possible over this
+whole section year by year, but some
+millions of acres (English), which
+now are absolutely worthless, will be
+available for cultivation. All of this
+makes the expenditure of the necessary
+money justifiable from a commercial
+standpoint.”</p>
+
+<p>It is hoped that the Republic of
+China will accept the plan prepared
+by Mr. Jameson as a basis for a system
+of river conservancy which will
+put an end to the greater part of the
+flood devastation which has cursed
+this land for many centuries. Chinese
+records show that since the year 494
+A. D. sixty-seven famines have occurred
+in this region. All but two of
+these famines were caused by floods.</p>
+
+<p>The Central China Famine Relief
+Committee held its last meeting and
+closed its work on January 21, 1913.
+At that time an unexpended balance
+of approximately $75,000 (gold) remained
+in the treasury, but the committee
+disposed of the greater part
+of it by a series of resolutions, which
+were in effect as follows:</p>
+
+<p>The sum of $11,250 was placed in
+the hands of a special committee for
+the purpose of carrying on “a campaign
+covering three years or more,
+to draw attention of officials and people
+to the seriousness of famines
+which are occurring with such frequency
+in different parts of China; to
+educate public opinion upon the subject
+of famine prevention and to show
+how the condition of the people in
+the famine area can be permanently
+improved.” The treasurer of this
+educational fund is the treasurer of
+the National Committee of the Young
+Men’s Christian Association of China.</p>
+
+<p>The sum of $2,500 was set aside to
+assist in the care of “famine children”
+in the orphanages of the Catholic
+missions in the famine areas.</p>
+
+<p>The sum of $5,500 was appropriated
+to be applied to the carrying out
+of a plan already begun for colonizing
+destitute Chinese upon unoccupied
+lands under instruction and supervision.</p>
+
+<p>The sum of $22,500 was set aside
+to be used in the repair of dykes in
+the neighborhood of Wuhu on condition
+that the Chinese of Anhwei
+Province raise the sum of $45,000 to
+be applied to the same work.</p>
+
+<p>The sum of $7,500 was voted to be
+used in the education of Chinese
+young men in forestry, with special
+reference to conservation against
+drought and flood. The purpose is to
+select a few especially promising
+Chinese students from the institutions
+of higher education in China and
+send them to the American School of
+Forestry at Manila, P. I., or possibly
+in some instances to the United
+States. These young men, after receiving
+their education, will be expected
+to return to their native country
+and enter actively into efforts toward
+that reforestation which is regarded
+as essential to any great reduction
+in the number and severity of
+floods and droughts.</p>
+
+<p>After making the allotments above
+mentioned there remained a balance
+in the committee’s hands of about
+$22,500, which was transferred to a
+permanent committee of trustees,
+consisting of the following: The
+General Consular Officer of the United
+States at Shanghai, the Commissioner
+of Customs, the Manager of the International
+Banking Corporation, the
+Honorable Wu Ting Fang, Ch’on Jen
+Fu, Esq., and the Chairman of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38"></a>[38]</span>
+Chinese Chamber of Commerce. This
+committee will hold the balance of
+the relief funds for use in future relief
+work which may be necessary in
+China as the result of famines.</p>
+
+<p class="center">[A part of this article was published
+in a recent issue of the Survey.]</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp60" id="illus17" style="max-width: 25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus17.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>HOUSEBOAT USED BY MR. C. D. JAMESON,
+  AMERICAN RED CROSS CIVIL ENGINEER, EMPLOYED IN CHINA.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a>[39]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="Nicaraguan_Famine_Relief">Nicaraguan Famine Relief</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>A general failure of crops, followed
+by the revolutionary outbreak
+of last summer in Nicaragua
+caused great distress among the
+poorer classes in that country. Conditions
+were sufficiently bad before
+the military operations took place,
+but during July, owing to the revolution,
+they became critical, and many
+Nicaraguans faced starvation. Early
+in August, having been apprised of
+the situation as it then existed, Secretary
+of State Knox addressed a communication
+to the American Red
+Cross, requesting to be informed
+whether the Red Cross was in a position
+to furnish food supplies to relieve
+the needs of the non-combatants.
+The American Red Cross
+promptly forwarded $1,000 to the
+American minister at Panama, with
+instructions to expend that amount in
+the purchase of flour, beans, corn,
+rice and potatoes. Through the
+courtesy and co-operation of Colonel
+George W. Goethals, U. S. A., Governor
+of the Canal Zone, the commissary
+of the Isthmian Canal Commission
+furnished these supplies at
+wholesale rates, and the same were
+shipped via the United States transport
+<i>Justin</i>, which was carrying a
+battalion of United States Marines to
+Nicaragua.</p>
+
+<p>On August 28th, at the request of
+Hon. George T. Weitzel, American
+minister to Nicaragua, at Managua,
+the State Department suggested a
+further appropriation by the American
+Red Cross to continue the alleviation
+of the suffering which would
+probably continue some time after
+the revolutionary disturbances. Pursuant
+to this suggestion, a further appropriation
+of $1,000 was made by
+the Central Committee, and the supply
+of corn and beans purchased therewith
+was shipped to Managua from
+Panama on the steamer <i>San Juan</i>, on
+September 7th.</p>
+
+<p>Under date of January 21, 1913, the
+Secretary of State transmitted to the
+American Red Cross a report from
+Mr. Weitzel as to the manner in
+which the supplies were distributed
+and the effectiveness of the relief rendered.
+Following is an extract from
+that report:</p>
+
+<p>“The first car, consisting of flour,
+corn, beans, rice and potatoes to the
+value of one thousand dollars, left the
+Panama Canal Zone on August 9,
+1912, in charge of Major Smedley D.
+Butler, U. S. M. C., and was received
+in Managua on the 15th of that
+month.</p>
+
+<p>“The legation requested a committee
+of Americans, including Messrs.
+Otto Schoenrich, A. R. Thompson, C.
+D. Ham, A. J. Lindberg and J. A.
+Whitaker, to take charge of the provisions
+under instructions to relieve
+all cases of distress, irrespective of
+affiliation of the applicants; but as
+they were unable to attend to the
+matter on account of departure from
+the city, or other reason, the legation
+decided to do the work itself. Mr.
+Walter H. Hooper, an American missionary,
+and Padre J. A. Lezcano, a
+well known Nicaraguan priest, kindly
+offered to assist in investigating
+needy cases. Signed tickets, good for
+five rations, were then issued to the
+applicants who presented them to Mr.
+William Gower, assistant paymaster
+of the United States Navy, at the railroad
+station, where two-fifths of the
+car load was distributed, beginning
+with the flour and potatoes, which
+deteriorate very rapidly in this climate.</p>
+
+<p>“The remaining three-fifths were
+taken to Leon, where Lieutenant Colonel
+Charles G. Long, U. S. M. C., distributed
+them through the Hospital
+San Vincente and the Sisters of
+Charity, reserving a portion, however,
+to feed one hundred and twenty-five
+prisoners, who had been sadly<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40"></a>[40]</span>
+neglected during the hostilities in
+that town.</p>
+
+<p>“The second carload donated by
+the Red Cross consisted of 10,000
+pounds of beans and 7,140 pounds of
+cornmeal, these two staples being the
+principal articles of food for the
+poorer classes in Nicaragua. Having
+been despatched from the Canal Zone
+on September 7th the consignment
+reached Managua on the 14th of that
+month and was started the next
+morning to Granada under the personal
+charge of the clerk of the legation,
+arriving there after being fired
+on at the Barranca on Sunday, September
+22d. The distribution was
+promptly begun from a central station
+even before the disarmament had
+taken place. Great assistance was
+rendered by Dr. Juan I. Urtecho, an
+elderly gentleman of wide reputation
+for impartial charity, who has devoted
+many years of his professional
+life as a physician to gratuitous practice
+among the poor, and who before
+the arrival of the Americans had fed
+at his own expense hundreds of famished
+people. Several of the Granada
+ladies kindly volunteered their services
+in placing the tickets with deserving
+families, and Private Baldwin,
+U. S. M. C., supplied the holders
+of the tickets with the number of
+rations thereon designated, nearly
+8,000 in all being thus disposed of.
+A gratifying feature of the distribution
+of supplies was the small number
+of men who appeared in line, and
+even those few were maimed, sick or
+blind. The Red Cross and San Juan
+Hospitals, the French College for
+Girls and the schools were given the
+first attention.</p>
+
+<p>“There was urgent need of help, as
+many poor families had been forced
+for a long time to subsist on green
+mangoes, and some deaths had already
+resulted from starvation, but
+the timely arrival of supplies quickly
+relieved the situation. Children who
+crowded around the camp were fed
+by the enlisted men out of their own
+rations, and a carload of corn and
+flour donated by the American colony
+in Managua was distributed among
+the sufferers.</p>
+
+<p>“As soon as order was restored the
+farmers from the surrounding territory
+brought their produce to market,
+and the railroad resumed transportation
+of supplies which had been
+accumulating in Corinto, so that conditions
+at Granada and elsewhere
+should begin gradually to improve,
+although it will be some time before
+the people will cease to feel the depression
+caused by the failure of
+crops for two successive years, and
+by the hardships suffered during the
+present disturbances.</p>
+
+<p>“The prompt and generous action
+of the American Red Cross has won
+expressions of deep appreciation
+from those who have been helped,
+and has created the kindliest feeling
+among all classes of people in Nicaragua.”</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a>[41]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="Important_Conference_on_Red_Cross_Christmas_Seals">Important Conference on Red Cross Christmas Seals</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>No sooner does one Red Cross
+Christmas Seal Campaign end
+than preparations for the next
+begins. While the public sees and
+hears of the seal only during the
+months of November and December,
+when the seals are on sale, a very
+large amount of preparatory work is
+necessary in order that the sale may
+reach every section of the country
+and may be carried on with the publicity
+and system which are necessary
+to success.</p>
+
+<p>Although the returns from the season
+of 1912 are not yet all received,
+the first important step toward the
+Christmas Seal Campaign of 1913 has
+already been taken. This was a conference
+held in the offices of the
+American Red Cross in Washington
+on February 28th and attended by
+many of the principal State and city
+agents, who have demonstrated their
+ability in past years and will be leaders
+in the campaign of this year. It
+is gratifying to note that with each
+succeeding year the system and
+methods of selling Christmas Seals
+are improving. In the first year or
+two after the introduction of the
+Seals as a means of obtaining support
+for anti-tuberculosis work, the
+venture was generally regarded as
+one of those novelties which, after a
+transient popularity, drop quickly
+out of use. Agents thought it
+scarcely worth while to undertake
+the trouble and expense of systematizing
+their methods of selling
+and accounting. Gradually the
+permanent value of the Seal as a
+method of interesting a very large
+number of people in anti-tuberculosis
+work and in raising large sums of
+money without unjustly burdening
+any givers began to be apparent.
+From that time the methods of distributing,
+selling and accounting for
+the Seals have been made the subject
+of careful study. System and business
+methods have been gradually
+introduced, with the result that instead
+of falling away, the sales of
+Seals have increased with each year,
+while economies which have been introduced
+in administration have increased
+the percentage of net profit.</p>
+
+<p>In the winter of 1912 the first conference
+was held of agents for the
+Seals for the discussion and interchange
+of experiences and for the
+purpose of reaching an agreement
+upon questions of interest to all. That
+conference was so prolific of good
+results in the Seal campaign of 1912
+that a second similar conference was
+held on February 28th, as above mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>An idea of the thoroughness with
+which the agents are considering the
+business of distributing the Seals
+may be gained from a mention of a
+few topics considered at this conference.
+The first subject of discussion
+was the design for the Christmas Seal
+of 1913 and the form which the Seal
+should take. It was the unanimous
+opinion of those present that the Seal
+should contain some pictorial design
+suitable to the Christmas season,
+rather than a purely ornamental design
+of artistic merit, but without any
+particular human appeal. Without
+exception the agents reported that the
+design for 1912, containing a head of
+Santa Claus, had proved the most
+popular yet adopted.</p>
+
+<p>Another subject discussed was the
+character, variety and quantity of advertising
+matter to be prepared. It
+was reported that an experiment in
+selling Seals through penny-in-the-slot
+machines had proved unsuccessful,
+and this method of distribution
+was disapproved. From many agents
+it was learned that the sale of Seals<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42"></a>[42]</span>
+through a simple mail order system
+had proved successful and inexpensive.
+In many busy offices agents
+for the Seals find it difficult to obtain
+a hearing by personal calls, when a
+brief, well-expressed letter will receive
+a prompt and favorable response.
+In certain cities fully half
+the Seals sold in 1912 were disposed
+of in this manner.</p>
+
+<p>It was found to be the consensus
+of opinion among agents that the offering
+of prizes for the sale of Seals,
+especially individual prizes to school
+children, is inadvisable. A few
+agents reported the successful use of
+prizes for schools, but not to individual
+pupils, without apparent disadvantages.
+All agreed that great
+care must be exercised in offering
+prizes in order to avoid stimulating
+children to improper methods.
+Several agents reported that citizens
+of their communities had complained
+of annoyance because of the numerous
+calls at their doors by children
+desirous of selling Seals. One agent
+described a method of avoiding this
+nuisance which has proved completely
+successful in his community. This
+method is for a citizen who has purchased
+Christmas Seals to paste one
+of the seals on his door knob or front
+door. Any child approaching a door
+and seeing a seal thus posted, understands
+that he is not to disturb that
+household, as its supply of Seals is
+already purchased. By announcing
+this system of protection through the
+press and in the schools it is said to
+have fully accomplished its purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Tn Ohio the State agent for the
+Seals adopted a method of awarding
+prizes which is reported to have been
+extremely successful, not only as a
+stimulus to the selling of Seals, but
+as an educational factor. The agent
+offered to supply a visiting nurse for
+one month to each of the twelve cities
+in the State of Ohio which sold the
+largest percentage of Seals in proportion
+to its population. A trained
+visiting nurse was employed by the
+State agent for one year and was sent
+in turn from city to city among the
+prize winners, serving one month in
+each locality. Not only did this prove
+an extremely popular arrangement,
+but in six of the cities benefited by
+the plan in 1912, the public became
+so impressed by the value of the visiting
+nurse that they arranged to employ
+nurses permanently upon the
+withdrawal of the prize nurse.</p>
+
+<p>It has been found by experience
+that the distribution and sale of Seals
+can best be carried on through the
+appointment of State agents, who in
+turn appoint, and are responsible for,
+the local agents. The State agents
+return to the American Red Cross 10
+per cent of the gross proceeds of sales
+in their respective States. This 10
+per cent is to cover the expense to
+the Red Cross, which manufactures
+and distributes the Seals and the
+large quantity and variety of advertising
+matter used by the agents. The
+conference discussed at length the
+question of the percentage which the
+local agents should pay to the State
+agents. This discussion resulted in
+the conclusion that it is impracticable
+to fix upon a percentage applicable
+to all States alike. Local conditions
+vary so widely in different
+States that a percentage which would
+be fair in one State might be unsatisfactory
+in another. The reports indicated
+that the percentages charged
+by State agents to their local agencies
+vary from 2½ to 20 per cent on
+gross sales, although in one or two
+instances the percentage required to
+be returned to the State agents has
+exceeded 20 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>Many other subjects of material
+interest were discussed, and no doubt
+exists that the conference will prove
+to have been of material value to all
+who participated in it. The agents
+who were present were the following:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Dr. William Charles White, of Pittsburgh.</li>
+<li>Mr. Frank H. Mann, of New York City.</li>
+<li>Mr. William J. Deeney, of Philadelphia.</li>
+<li>Mr. Karl de Schweinits, of Philadelphia.</li>
+<li>Dr. Hoyt E. Dearholt, of Milwaukee.</li>
+<li>Dr. R. H. Bishop, of Cleveland, O.<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43"></a>[43]</span></p></li>
+<li>Mr. D. Van Blarcom, of New York City.</li>
+<li>Mr. Ernest D. Easton, of Newark.</li>
+<li>Mr. Severance Burrage, of Indianapolis.</li>
+<li>Mr. H. Wirt Steele, of Baltimore.</li>
+<li>Mr. L. B. Meyers, of Charlotte, N. C.</li>
+<li>Mr. James Jenkins, Jr., of Brooklyn.</li>
+<li>Mr. William C. Smallwood, of Newark.</li>
+<li>Mr. Roy L. French, of Baltimore.</li>
+<li>Mr. Kendall Weisiger, of Atlanta.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Besides the agents above mentioned,
+there were also present Dr.
+Livingston Farrand and Mr. Philip
+P. Jacobs, of the National Association
+for the Study and Prevention of
+Tuberculosis, and Miss Mabel T.
+Boardman, Mr. Ernest P. Bicknell
+and Mr. Charles L. Magee, of the
+American Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>The National Association for the
+Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis,
+as in 1911 and 1912, has been
+appointed by the Red Cross as national
+sales agent for the Christmas
+Seals. The appointment of State
+agents, as in the past, will be in the
+hands of the national sales agent.</p>
+
+<p>While it is not possible at this time
+to publish a complete statement of returns
+from the Christmas Seal campaign
+of 1912, the following figures
+will show the results reached by
+some of the leading agents:</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Partial Statement of the Results of Christmas Seal Sales for 1912
+Compiled from the Reports of Agents.</span></h3>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <th><i>Agency.</i></th>
+    <th><i>Number of<br>Seals Rec’d.</i></th>
+    <th><i>Number of<br>Seals Sold.</i></th>
+    <th><i>Percentage of<br>Seals Sold.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Arkansas</td>
+    <td class="tdr">140,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">118,819</td>
+    <td class="tdr">84.8</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>California</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5,500,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,373,520</td>
+    <td class="tdr">24.9</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Connecticut—</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Danbury</td>
+    <td class="tdr">25,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">15,305</td>
+    <td class="tdr">61.2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Hartford</td>
+    <td class="tdr">250,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">148,035</td>
+    <td class="tdr">59.2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Litchfield</td>
+    <td class="tdr">40,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">32,960</td>
+    <td class="tdr">82.4</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Meriden</td>
+    <td class="tdr">100,100</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5,554</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5.5</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Middletown</td>
+    <td class="tdr">75,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">34,741</td>
+    <td class="tdr">46.3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">New Britain</td>
+    <td class="tdr">125,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">74,257</td>
+    <td class="tdr">59.4</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">New Haven</td>
+    <td class="tdr">600,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">228,220</td>
+    <td class="tdr">38.3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">New London</td>
+    <td class="tdr">50,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">19,893</td>
+    <td class="tdr">39.7</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Norwich</td>
+    <td class="tdr">120,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">82,694</td>
+    <td class="tdr">68.9</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Stamford</td>
+    <td class="tdr">40,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">30,385</td>
+    <td class="tdr">75.9</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Waterbury</td>
+    <td class="tdr">250,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">184,921</td>
+    <td class="tdr">73.9</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Delaware</td>
+    <td class="tdr">75,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">42,746</td>
+    <td class="tdr">56.9</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>District of Columbia</td>
+    <td class="tdr">374,500</td>
+    <td class="tdr">362,716</td>
+    <td class="tdr">96.8</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Georgia</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,800,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">770,770</td>
+    <td class="tdr">42.8</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hawaii</td>
+    <td class="tdr">400,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">179,995</td>
+    <td class="tdr">44.9</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Illinois</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6,000,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,821,520</td>
+    <td class="tdr">30.3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Iowa</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,500,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">410,440</td>
+    <td class="tdr">27.3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kentucky—</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Covington</td>
+    <td class="tdr">100,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">36,406</td>
+    <td class="tdr">36.4</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Cynthiana</td>
+    <td class="tdr">10,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,205</td>
+    <td class="tdr">12.0</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Henderson</td>
+    <td class="tdr">50,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">10,040</td>
+    <td class="tdr">20.0</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Lexington</td>
+    <td class="tdr">140,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">61,505</td>
+    <td class="tdr">43.9</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Louisville</td>
+    <td class="tdr">300,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">180,446</td>
+    <td class="tdr">60.1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Owensboro</td>
+    <td class="tdr">30,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8,240</td>
+    <td class="tdr">27.4</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Paducah</td>
+    <td class="tdr">100,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">48,349</td>
+    <td class="tdr">48.3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Louisiana</td>
+    <td class="tdr">600,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">281,784</td>
+    <td class="tdr">46.8</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Maine</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,500,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">304,884</td>
+    <td class="tdr">20.3<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44"></a>[44]</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Maryland</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,000,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">512,819</td>
+    <td class="tdr">51.2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Massachusetts—</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Boston</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2,500,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,353,969</td>
+    <td class="tdr">54.1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Holyoke</td>
+    <td class="tdr">100,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">52,114</td>
+    <td class="tdr">52.1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Pittsfield</td>
+    <td class="tdr">100,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">71,345</td>
+    <td class="tdr">71.3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Springfield</td>
+    <td class="tdr">150,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">89,265</td>
+    <td class="tdr">59.5</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Michigan</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3,000,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,078,464</td>
+    <td class="tdr">35.9</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mississippi</td>
+    <td class="tdr">500,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">153,220</td>
+    <td class="tdr">30.6</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Montana—</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Billings</td>
+    <td class="tdr">75,100</td>
+    <td class="tdr">14,870</td>
+    <td class="tdr">19.8</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Great Falls</td>
+    <td class="tdr">20,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">17,358</td>
+    <td class="tdr">86.7</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Nebraska</td>
+    <td class="tdr">720,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">289,360</td>
+    <td class="tdr">40.1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>New Hampshire</td>
+    <td class="tdr">190,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">100,180</td>
+    <td class="tdr">52.7</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>New York—</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Brooklyn</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2,100,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,323,220</td>
+    <td class="tdr">63.0</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">New York City</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4,000,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2,079,324</td>
+    <td class="tdr">51.9</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>North Carolina</td>
+    <td class="tdr">801,500</td>
+    <td class="tdr">396,053</td>
+    <td class="tdr">49.4</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Oregon</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,000,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">124,536</td>
+    <td class="tdr">12.4</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Pennsylvania</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2,000,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,297,531</td>
+    <td class="tdr">64.8</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Rhode Island</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2,000,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,101,700</td>
+    <td class="tdr">55.0</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>South Carolina—</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Georgetown</td>
+    <td class="tdr">10,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">400</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4.0</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Spartanburg</td>
+    <td class="tdr">20,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8,860</td>
+    <td class="tdr">44.3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>South Dakota—</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Aberdeen</td>
+    <td class="tdr">25,100</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5,510</td>
+    <td class="tdr">21.9</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Sioux City</td>
+    <td class="tdr">40,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8,929</td>
+    <td class="tdr">22.3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Tennessee</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,000,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">118,300</td>
+    <td class="tdr">11.8</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Utah—</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Ogden</td>
+    <td class="tdr">50,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">16.0</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Salt Lake City</td>
+    <td class="tdr">100,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">100,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">100.0</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Vermont</td>
+    <td class="tdr">125,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">65,786</td>
+    <td class="tdr">52.6</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Virginia</td>
+    <td class="tdr">250,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">151,450</td>
+    <td class="tdr">60.5</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>West Virginia</td>
+    <td class="tdr">700,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">457,175</td>
+    <td class="tdr">65.3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wisconsin</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3,000,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2,896,840</td>
+    <td class="tdr">96.5</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">Total</td>
+    <td class="tdr bt">45,871,300</td>
+    <td class="tdr bt">20,746,938</td>
+    <td class="tdr bt">45.2</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The important position which the
+Red Cross Christmas Seal now occupies
+as a means of support for anti-tuberculosis
+work in the United
+States is indicated by the fact that
+the sales of the Seal, since its introduction
+five years ago, have
+amounted to a total of more than
+$1,000,000. Every year the sale has
+exceeded that of the year preceding.
+In 1911 the total sale amounted
+to $339,656.08, and it is believed
+that the complete reports
+of the sale in 1912 will show a
+considerable increase over that
+amount.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45"></a>[45]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="What_the_Red_Cross_Seal_Has_Done_for_Brooklyn">What the Red Cross Seal Has Done for Brooklyn</h2>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">James Jenkins, Jr.</span>,<br>
+<i>Executive Secretary, Brooklyn Committee on Tuberculosis</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The money made by the Red
+Cross Christmas Seal has done
+a very definite and practical
+piece of work for Brooklyn, New
+York. About a year before the seals
+were issued, there had been formed
+in Brooklyn a Tuberculosis Committee,
+that had at that time limited
+funds but was struggling to carry
+on various pieces of important and
+rather expensive work. One of the
+needs of the community was more
+adequate hospital facilities and a day
+camp for tubercular patients. The
+camp was to be established for mothers
+and children, and it was hoped
+at that time that a class might be
+formed for children, who could go
+on with their school duties.</p>
+
+<p>As a result of the first year’s sales
+about $5,000 was made, and through
+the help of the Erie Railroad an old
+ferryboat was made into a city day
+camp and attached to one of the piers
+of North River, where the air is as
+fresh as possible, in such a large city.
+The first day the camp opened there
+were thirty-five cases on the boat and
+the number has increased, sometimes
+slowly but always steadily, until now
+the capacity of the boat is 100 patients.
+The first summer a kindergarten
+teacher was privately employed,
+who entertained the children,
+but early in the fall a regular class
+was established, as an annex to one
+of the public schools, and it was the
+only school in Brooklyn for tubercular
+children. Now the boat has three
+classes, of nearly thirty children
+each, besides fifteen adults.</p>
+
+<p>When the day camp was established
+and known as the Red Cross
+Day Camp, it was planned by the Tuberculosis
+Committee to have the city
+take it over or share the expenses, if
+the experiment should prove worth
+while. The city very soon recognized
+the value of the work at the Red
+Cross Day Camp and the children
+were admitted through the city tubercular
+clinics. Gradually the city
+has taken over more and more of the
+expenses of the camp, but the boat is
+still known as the Red Cross Day
+Camp, and the money made by the
+sale of the seals pays the remarkably
+good superintendent of the boat, furnishes
+carfare to and from the camp,
+for those patients who cannot afford
+to pay, and also pays for any special
+training which the committee deems
+valuable to the patients. This year a
+cobbling teacher has been employed
+to teach the boys how to mend their
+own shoes; an expert course of corrective
+exercises was given by a
+trained man; chair caning was
+taught and the adults and older girls
+are taught to sew and mend.</p>
+
+<p>The total number of cases admitted
+to the boat since the beginning is
+965. The curative results have been
+excellent, especially with the children.
+At the beginning of the second
+semester of the school year this session
+about one-third of the children
+were pronounced cured and sent
+back to their regular schools.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46"></a>[46]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus18" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus18.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>OPEN AIR SCHOOL FOR TUBERCULAR CHILDREN,
+  BROOKLYN. N. Y. PHOTOGRAPH SHOWS CHILDREN SLEEPING AFTER LUNCHEON</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47"></a>[47]</span></p>
+
+<p>In addition to the work of the day
+camp this year the funds raised by
+the Red Cross Christmas Seals will
+be devoted to the open-air classes for
+anemic children in the public schools.
+There are open-air classes in eight of
+the public schools now in Brooklyn.
+About 300 children attend these
+classes and all of them are given
+some extra nourishment in the morning
+and afternoon and a warm lunch
+at noon, and some extra clothing
+was provided by the Board of Education.
+Special examinations by
+private physicians, visits to homes,
+employment of cooks, supervisor,
+etc., come out of the Red Cross
+money.</p>
+
+<p>The plan adopted in Brooklyn has
+been to keep the Red Cross money in
+a special fund and devote it to some
+specific work, which interests the
+thousands of people who buy seals
+at Christmas time. Without the help
+of the sale of the seals it would have
+been impossible to have done some
+of the most valuable work which has
+been done for tubercular patients in
+Brooklyn.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus19" style="max-width: 31.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus19.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>“FERRY BOAT CAMP.” THE SCHOOL AT PLAY.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48"></a>[48]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="First_Aid_Department">First Aid Department</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>One of the most successful campaigns
+conducted by the First
+Aid Department of the American
+Red Cross has been that on the
+Missouri-Pacific System, which was
+completed at Texarkana, Arkansas,
+on January 4, 1913. It was begun at
+Omaha, Nebraska, on the September
+16, 1912. A great part of the Missouri-Pacific
+System was covered
+during the ensuing two months and
+a half, meetings being held at points
+in nine different States. The total
+number of meetings was 234, the
+total attendance 14,050, and the total
+travel 5,752 miles. The employes of
+this railroad system were generally
+greatly interested in learning first
+aid. As the direct result of this tour
+the entire system is to be outfitted
+with first aid supplies and the instruction
+of men in their use is to be
+continued systematically.</p>
+
+<p>It is gratifying to be able to record
+the fact that in the course of this
+campaign many public meetings
+have been held both in Car No. 1 and
+in town halls. Several opportunities
+have been offered to speak on first
+aid at high schools, and in one or
+two towns this subject will be adopted
+as part of the curriculum. Many
+fire and police departments have been
+represented at meetings as well as a
+good number of industries.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Mackey, in charge of Car No.
+1 on his arrival at Texarkana,
+Texas, on January 6, made arrangements
+to hold meetings at schools,
+factories, etc., in that town while
+awaiting a new railroad schedule.
+The high school and normal school
+attendance during this period
+amounted to 995 persons. The school
+board of Texarkana has adopted first
+aid to the injured as a regular course
+of study in the high school. The Y.
+M. C. A. has installed a complete
+course and the Texarkana Normal
+School (colored) has decided to take
+up this work. On leaving Texarkana
+on the 17th of January, 1913, Dr.
+Mackey, with Car No. 1, resumed his
+railroad work on the St. Louis Southwestern
+Railroad of Texas. This was
+continued until the end of February
+with a total attendance of 2,085, a
+total of 30 meetings, and a total
+travel of 1,274 miles.</p>
+
+<p>The hard and continuous service
+of Car No. 1 during the past three
+years has finally put it out of commission
+beyond hope of repair. It
+is a pleasure to be able to record the
+fact that the Pullman Company has
+generously offered to replace this car
+with a new one which will be larger
+and better suited to Red Cross purposes.
+It is expected that this car
+will be ready for service before this
+report goes to press. Meanwhile, Dr.
+Mackey is devoting his time to the
+various schools and industries in the
+vicinity of Texarkana, Texas.</p>
+
+<p>After what Dr. Davis, in charge of
+Car No. 2, characterizes as a splendid
+campaign over the Philadelphia &amp;
+Reading System first aid work was
+taken up for the Lehigh Valley Railroad.
+This was begun on December
+13, 1912, and continued to February
+7, 1913. The more important points
+visited and at which meetings were
+held were as follows: Jersey City,
+Perth Amboy, N. J.; Easton. Pa.;
+Bethlehem, Pa.; Lehighton, Pa.; Hazleton,
+Pa.; Delano, Pa.; Wilkes-Barre,
+Pa.; Pittston, Pa.; Sayre, Pa.: Auburn,
+N. Y.; Manchester, N. Y.; Rochester,
+N. Y.; Buffalo, N. Y., and Niagara
+Falls, N. Y. The total number
+of miles traveled was 916; 72 meetings
+were held, with a total attendance
+of 3,105. The interest displayed
+on the Lehigh Valley has been extremely
+gratifying.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49"></a>[49]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus20" style="max-width: 31.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus20.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>DR. SHIELDS ILLUSTRATING USE OF RED
+  CROSS TOURNIQUET. THE COMPRESS IN THIS CASE IS A POCKET KNIFE.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus21" style="max-width: 31.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus21.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>EMPLOYEES OF THE CHESAPEAKE &amp; POTOMAC
+  TELEPHONE CO., WASHINGTON, D. C., UNDER INSTRUCTION IN FIRST AID.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50"></a>[50]</span></p>
+
+<p>Dr. Davis also reports that he
+learned from Mr. J. S. Rockwell,
+General Agent, Buffalo, Rochester &amp;
+Pittsburgh Railroad, that since Car
+No. 2 covered that system last spring
+the work has been progressing very
+favorably under the supervision of
+the company surgeons. The men
+and officers are taking an active part
+in the movement and the results have
+been strikingly successful, not only
+in respect to proper handling and
+dressing of injuries but in a decrease
+in the number of accidents. A bulletin
+is posted each month at the different
+shops making comparison as
+to the number injured for each plant
+per number employed. Mr. Rockwell
+states that it is truly remarkable the
+way the men from the different shops
+are vying with each other in doing
+everything in their power to make
+their particular shops come out at
+the end of the month with the fewest
+injured.</p>
+
+<p>The Buffalo, Rochester &amp; Pittsburgh
+Railroad would like very much
+to have another first aid campaign
+over its lines with the idea of getting
+road men thoroughly organized
+in order that as nearly as possible
+they may be on a par with the men
+employed in the shops. The report
+from this railroad is of the greatest
+importance as it shows the direction
+which it is believed first aid should
+take on railroads generally; first, the
+prevention of accidents, and, second,
+their proper care if they do unfortunately
+occur.</p>
+
+<p>As mentioned in the January <span class="smcap">Red
+Cross Magazine</span>, Dr. M. J. Shields.
+Field Agent of the First Aid Department
+of the American Red Cross, has
+been carrying on a very successful
+first aid campaign for the Bell Telephone
+Company, spending from December
+3, 1912, to February 12, 1913,
+with the Bell Telephone Company of
+Pennsylvania and from February 14
+to March 10, covering the Chesapeake
+and Potomac Company’s plant. Lectures
+were given in Philadelphia and
+vicinity, Chester, Westchester, West
+Grove, Jenkintown, Doylestown, Norristown,
+Pottstown, and Lancaster in
+eastern Pennsylvania: Camden, Atlantic
+City, Burlington, Bridgetown,
+and Trenton in New Jersey, and at
+Wilmington and Dover in Delaware.</p>
+
+<p>The following offices of the Bell
+Telephone Company of Pennsylvania
+were also visited during January and
+February: Reading, Allentown, Harrisburg,
+Altoona, Lewistown, Bellefonte,
+Williamsport, Sunbury,
+Wilkes-Barre, Scranton, Easton, Pittsburgh,
+Washington, Uniontown,
+Greensburg, Johnstown, New Kensington,
+Rochester, New Castle, Greenville,
+Erie, Warren, Oil City, Bradford,
+Du Bois, and Butler in Pennsylvania;
+in West Virginia, Wheeling,
+Fairmont, Clarksburg and Parkersburg;
+and in Ohio, Marietta,
+Urieville, Steubenville, and East Liverpool.</p>
+
+<p>In Chesapeake and Potomac territory,
+Washington, D. C., Baltimore,
+Westminister, Frederick, Hagerstown,
+Queenstown, Salisbury, all in
+Maryland were reached as well as
+Norfolk, Richmond, and Lynchburg
+in Virginia and Thurmond, Charleston,
+Huntington, and Martinsburg in
+West Virginia. In all, the number
+of meetings held was 142, miles traveled
+7,500, and attendance 7,950.</p>
+
+<p>Those in attendance at the meetings
+were principally from the plant
+department, the men who build and
+maintain the telephone lines, put up
+ærial and underground cables, and
+install ’phones, but at nearly every
+meeting numbers from the commercial
+and traffic departments attended.
+Special talks were given in Philadelphia,
+Pittsburgh, Baltimore, and
+Washington, D. C., to the chief operators
+(women) and matrons on
+what to do in sudden illness and
+emergencies, on how to keep well,
+and on personal hygiene. Dr. Shields
+reports that these lectures were well
+received. He also reports that the
+subject of accident prevention was
+taken up and emphasized at each
+lecture.</p>
+
+<p>Invitations to attend these lectures
+were extended to the officials and
+employes of the various electric light,
+power and street car companies. Also
+to the Western Union, Postal and
+American Telegraph and Telephoto
+companies, with the idea of encouraging
+a cooperative movement
+already started of making a safer arrangement
+of cross-arms and a better<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51"></a>[51]</span>
+spread and less dangerous arrangement
+of high tension wires on
+poles jointly used and in underground
+conduits, thereby cutting
+down to the minimum the most distressing
+of accidents—fatal shock on
+a pole 30 feet in the air or in an 8-foot
+man hole.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus22" style="max-width: 31.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus22.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>DEMONSTRATION OF FIRST AID TO BELL
+  TELEPHONE COMPANY, PITTSBURGH, “PATIENT”: HAS FRACTURED HIP, FRACTURED
+  LEG AND WOUNDS ON HEAD.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>The press in the towns and cities
+visited gave the work good publicity
+both in their news columns and editorials.
+The <i>Gazette-Times</i> of Pittsburgh,
+on Sunday, February 16, had
+a full page with excellent illustrations.
+The following is an extract
+from an editorial in the <i>Westminster
+Maryland Times</i> of February 21:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p>“Too much cannot be said in
+praise of the work now being done
+by the Red Cross in educating people
+to care for themselves and
+others in time of accidents. That
+such work has great economic, as
+well as sentimental value, is proved
+by the way the Bell Telephone
+Companies and other large corporations
+are spending money to
+carry on campaigns, with the help
+of the Red Cross surgeons, that will
+show their men what they can and
+should do in the way of giving first
+aid to the injured, before a doctor
+can arrive.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The <i>Telephone-News</i>, January 1st,
+made first aid and accident prevention
+a leading article. The <i>Transmitter</i>,
+published by the Chesapeake &amp;
+Potomac Company, in the issue of
+March 1st had an illustrated article
+on the first aid Campaign.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout all this work every assistance
+was given by the officials
+and men and the work was much appreciated
+by them. No doubt the interest
+created will be the means of
+doing a great deal of good not only
+among telephone men but with the
+public generally, as no business
+comes into closer contact with the
+public than that of the telephone
+company.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52"></a>[52]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="First_Aid_in_Australia">First Aid in Australia</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>As another exemplification of the
+frequent assertion that the earth
+is not so large after all is a letter
+which the editor of the <span class="smcap">Red Cross
+Magazine</span> recently received from Australia.
+Mr. H. Leslie McWhinney, of
+Auburn, Victoria, in some unexplained
+way, obtained a copy of the
+<span class="smcap">Magazine</span> for October, 1912, and became
+so interested in the activities of
+the American Red Cross that he was
+moved to write the editor. His letter
+contains so much information relative
+to the work of the First Aid
+Volunteer Association in Australia
+that a portion of it is quoted here, as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p>“First aid work in Australia is organized
+and conducted by the St.
+John Ambulance Association, an
+English institution, which conducts
+first aid and nursing classes, and has
+a permanent ambulance service in
+most of the capital cities of the six
+States. It also has an organization
+called the St. John Ambulance
+Brigade, consisting of men’s and women’s
+(nursing) divisions. Sydney
+and Brisbane have civil ambulances
+as well. In Melbourne we have the
+First Aid Volunteer Association,
+owing allegiance to St. John’s, but
+acting quite independently of it.</p>
+
+<p>“This association had its origin in
+the visit of the American fleet in 1908,
+when this country became wild with
+enthusiasm and large crowds visited
+the seaports to see the fleet. The Melbourne
+City Council, expecting large
+crowds and many accidents, called
+for volunteers holding first aid certificates,
+and a number responded, and
+rendered good service. Afterwards
+Mr. W. F. Pratt, our present secretary,
+suggested that those on duty
+should form a practice society, and
+this was done, the First Aid Volunteer
+Association being formed.</p>
+
+<p>“Our membership has increased
+from 40 to 110, and is now growing
+rapidly; the average attendance at
+weekly meetings ranges from 30 to
+40 and at lectures from 60 to 80. We
+encourage people interested in first
+aid to visit our meetings and send
+members out to help class secretaries.
+We also supply members for first aid
+duty at large public meetings, exhibitions,
+missions and other gatherings.
+Last year our members attended
+the Scoville Mission for six weeks,
+treating 44 cases; the Alexander-Chapman
+Mission (4 weeks), and
+several other large gatherings. A
+hygiene exhibition opens in Melbourne
+next week and we have agreed
+to supply 12 members a night for
+four weeks. We make no charge,
+and our members take no payment.
+Of course, we are willing to accept
+donations to our funds, but do not
+ask for them.</p>
+
+<p>“We have a stretcher and a first
+class kit and plenty of bandages, besides
+medical instruments for use on
+duty by any medical man who happens
+along. At our monthly outings,
+which take place out of the city on
+Saturday afternoons, the secretary
+prepares a list of accidents, labels
+various ‘patients,’ and the other members
+have to work in pairs, being allowed
+one bandage apiece and having
+to improvise the others. Average
+attendance is thirty. We usually do
+a little propaganda work at these outings,
+inviting the local class secretaries
+to bring along their pupils, if
+any.”</p>
+
+<p>Of course, the readers of the <span class="smcap">Red
+Cross Magazine</span> will understand the
+difference between this First Aid Society
+in Australia and the American
+Red Cross. The First Aid Volunteer
+Association was organized with only
+one purpose in view, that of practicing
+first aid, and one of the conditions
+of membership is that the applicant<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53"></a>[53]</span>
+must have received a first aid certificate;
+whereas the activities of the
+American Red Cross have many
+ramifications and any reputable citizen
+of the United States may become
+a member thereof simply upon the
+payment of dues. Membership in
+the First Aid Association in Australia
+is rather analogous to membership
+in the classes throughout the
+United States organized by the First
+Aid Department of the American Red
+Cross.</p>
+
+<p>It is interesting to note that the arrival
+of the American fleet in Australian
+waters in 1908 was the prime
+cause for the organization of the
+First Aid Volunteer Association.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus23" style="max-width: 37.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus23.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>“BROKEN THIGH.” FIRST AID PRACTICE.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54"></a>[54]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="Red_Cross_Nursing_Service">Red Cross Nursing Service</h2>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Miss Jane A. Delano</span>,<br>
+<i>Chairman National Committee.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The rapid development of the
+Nursing Service of the Red
+Cross and the solidarity of its
+various activities are encouraging
+signs of future growth and more extended
+usefulness.</p>
+
+<p>Our state and local committees of
+nurses, organized primarily for the
+enrollment of Red Cross nurses, have
+responded with enthusiasm whenever
+new demands have been made upon
+them. We now have more than five
+hundred representative nurses serving
+on these committees throughout
+the United States, and their co-operation
+and interest may be depended
+upon to further any work undertaken
+by the Red Cross. They have
+been most active in the sale of
+Christmas Seals and have co-operated
+with local tuberculosis agencies,
+often serving on special committees.
+In organizing our Rural Nursing
+Service we have sought their advice
+and assistance. They have suggested
+nurses for rural work and have
+given valuable information in regard
+to the needs of their own communities.
+Further details concerning this
+important service is given by Miss
+Clement, superintendent of rural
+nurses.</p>
+
+<p>Our local committees are found
+ready to assist in relief work at celebrations
+and parades, and appreciate
+the opportunities for experience
+thus offered. The District of Columbia
+committee, of which Miss
+Anna J. Greenlees is chairman, secured
+the nurses required for relief
+stations established in Washington
+during inaugural week. A report of
+the work of these stations appears
+in this number of the <span class="smcap">Magazine</span>.</p>
+
+<p>The National Committee on Nursing
+Service, in co-operation with the
+First Aid Department, has been authorized
+by the Red Cross to organize
+classes of instruction for women in
+Home Nursing and First Aid. Once
+more we must appeal to our local
+committees of nurses for their assistance.
+The plan adopted requires
+that the instruction in Home Nursing
+shall be given by enrolled Red Cross
+nurses, who must, in a large measure,
+be secured through the local
+committees. As the work develops
+we hope that nurses especially qualified
+to instruct women in the principles
+of right living and the home
+care of the sick may be found willing
+to devote their whole time to
+this instruction. Even two classes a
+day would give a fair income and
+an opportunity to render valuable
+service to a community. Information
+concerning these classes for
+women is given in this issue by Miss
+Oliver, in charge of their organization.</p>
+
+<p>Believing that the course in first
+aid adopted by the Red Cross would
+be valuable even to graduate nurses,
+arrangements have been made with
+the First Aid Department to allow
+enroled Red Cross nurses to take this
+course at home. The textbook written
+by Major Charles Lynch must
+be used, and nurses who so desire
+will be allowed to take an examination
+under the direction of a physician
+appointed by the Red Cross. To
+those who pass this examination a
+Red Cross First Aid Certificate will
+be issued.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55"></a>[55]</span></p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Rural Nursing</span></h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Miss Fannie F. Clement</span>,<br>
+<i>Superintendent of Rural Nurses.</i></p>
+
+<p>Before the Red Cross entered
+the field of rural nursing several
+attempts were made to extend
+this work on a broad plan into
+the country districts. After the Peace
+Conference, held at Portsmouth, N. H.,
+in 1905, the Russian and Japanese
+envoys made a gift of $20,000
+to the State, to be used for charitable
+purposes. At this time several persons
+who realized that rural nursing
+was an important factor in the improvement
+of social conditions tried
+to have this sum used in establishing
+a state-wide system. It was not
+possible, however, to convince those
+in authority that this would be the
+best disposition of the gift. It was
+the aim of the Holman Association,
+incorporated in 1911, “for the promotion
+of rural nursing, hygiene and
+social service.” to expand as resources
+permitted to meet the needs
+of rural communities in the United
+States, but the society has recently
+been disbanded.</p>
+
+<p>There are but few instances where
+rural nursing has been extended by
+a single organization to cover any
+considerable area. A pioneer work
+was started seventeen years ago in
+North Westchester county, New
+York, where the District Nursing Association
+now employ six nurses
+and covers about twenty villages.
+Gradually new districts in the surrounding
+territory are being opened
+up by the association.</p>
+
+<p>There are, however, several individual
+nurses meeting the needs of
+rural communities, and often under
+trying conditions. In isolated regions
+they are cut off from helpful association
+with others doing similar
+work and the stimulus that comes
+from identification with an extensive
+organized effort. The Red Cross has
+planned a service of which these
+nurses may become a part, which
+will assist them to establish and
+maintain high standards.</p>
+
+<p>Rural nursing as it now exists is
+generally carried on under the
+supervision of a committee which
+may include several sub-committees.
+These are responsible for various
+branches of the nurses’ work.
+Wherever such committees are able
+to arouse a general interest much has
+been accomplished not only in behalf
+of public health, but in many
+lines of public welfare work.</p>
+
+<p>It is expected that in the development
+of Red Cross rural nursing,
+local committees will be created,
+meeting standards of salary and
+other regulations which are deemed
+necessary to insure the best interests
+of a community. The locality benefitted
+by the work of a nurse is expected
+to meet the expenses connected
+with it. Fees collected from
+patients are not sufficient for this, as
+all sick persons are not able to pay
+for the services of the nurse. As a
+rule, patients are expected to pay for
+professional visits, according to their
+means, but those unable to make
+any payments should not go uncared
+for. The responsibility for raising
+the necessary funds rests with the
+local committee, which also superintends
+the work of the nurse.</p>
+
+<p>A general supervision by the Red
+Cross is maintained through occasional
+visits of the superintendent
+of rural nurses and through monthly
+reports of their work.</p>
+
+<p>During the 1910 Red Cross Christmas
+Seal sale, the Anti-Tuberculosis
+Association of Wisconsin, offered
+the services of a visiting nurse for
+one month to twelve cities of a
+limited population, making the highest
+per capita sale. The Red Cross
+Seal Committee of Ohio, in 1912, sent
+a visiting nurse for one month to
+each of twelve small cities throughout
+the State as a prize in the seal-selling
+contest. Interest in visiting
+nursing was thus stimulated to a degree
+that several of these towns have<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56"></a>[56]</span>
+since been insisting upon a permanent
+nurse, and have raised funds
+necessary for her support.</p>
+
+<p>Hospitals, dispensaries and medical
+attendance are seldom as accessible
+in the country as in cities. To
+have the rural nurse a resident in
+the community, her services for all
+regardless of any lines of distinction,
+to have intelligent nursing care for
+patients in their own homes, and instruction
+and demonstration given
+in the principles of hygiene, not only
+of person but as applied to home surroundings,
+are advantages which
+have been appreciated wherever the
+visiting nurse is established.</p>
+
+<p>The best physicians have welcomed
+her assistance. No stronger
+testimony to the value of her services
+is needed than the present demand for
+public health workers in connection
+with industrial establishments, department
+stores, religious and civic
+institutions and health departments
+of city, town and county.</p>
+
+<p>Women of the finest type are
+needed for this work and those who
+have had specialized training in public
+health activities. Several visiting
+nursing associations to be utilized as
+training centers for Red Cross nurses
+offer good opportunities for students
+to become familiar with social work
+of various kinds through lectures,
+study courses and affiliations with
+philanthropic societies in the city.
+Nurses may thus come in contact
+with milk stations, dispensaries,
+tuberculosis and charity organization
+societies, settlements and other
+social agencies.</p>
+
+<p>Nurses eligible for appointment to
+the Rural Nursing Service, who have
+not already had experience or training
+in visiting nursing, after a minimum
+period of three months with a
+city nursing association will be
+placed one month with an association
+in the country, thus giving them
+actual experience in rural nursing
+and its problems before assignment
+to their post of duty. It is important
+that the rural nurse be informed
+upon the various branches of public
+health nursing and social service, as
+carried on in cities, in order that she
+may initiate work along these lines
+in country places where it is often
+wholly unorganized. She should be
+able to recognize contagious diseases
+and minor ailments among school
+children. By giving simple health
+talks in the schools, she is able to
+utilize one of the most advantageous
+avenues for influencing the home
+life of her people.</p>
+
+<p>Local societies and clubs, the aim
+of which is to improve unfavorable
+conditions that exist in their communities
+can establish a no more
+fruitful source of helpfulness than
+by the employment of a visiting
+nurse. Red Cross Chapters will find
+in such an undertaking not only a
+means of creating interest in local
+work of the Red Cross, but opportunity
+of enlarging their field of usefulness
+to the community. The experience
+of the Red Cross Chapter
+in Islip, Long Island, in the employment
+of a rural nurse has long ago
+proven the value of this plan of
+work.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Home Nursing and First Aid Instruction For Women</span></h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Miss Marion L. Oliver</span>,<br>
+<i>In Charge of Organization of Classes.</i></p>
+
+<p>Believing that the physical
+welfare of the race depends
+largely upon home conditions
+and that the women of the nation
+have a very definite responsibility in
+maintaining the health of the family,
+the American Red Cross has undertaken
+to organize on a national scale
+classes for women in home nursing
+and first aid. It is hoped that this
+instruction will make them better
+home makers, better mothers and
+better citizens. Before describing
+what has been accomplished in this<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57"></a>[57]</span>
+direction, it is best to give details of
+the plan adopted. This can be done
+most briefly by quoting from the official
+circular relating to the same.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plan of Instruction for Women.</span></h4>
+
+<p>The American Red Cross has decided
+to organize classes of instruction
+for women in first aid, home
+nursing, hygiene and allied subjects,
+to be given under the supervision of
+the National Committee on Red Cross
+Nursing Service.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Objects.</span></h4>
+
+<p>1. To afford women the opportunity
+to learn first aid to the injured,
+and to provide simple instruction in
+the home care of the sick.</p>
+
+<p>2. To afford women the opportunity
+to learn how to prepare food for
+sick and well.</p>
+
+<p>3. To afford women the opportunity
+to learn how to prepare rooms
+and other places for the reception of
+ill and injured.</p>
+
+<p>4. To afford women the opportunity
+to learn how to protect their
+own health and that of their families.</p>
+
+<p>It must be distinctly understood
+that this course of instruction for
+women is only intended to prepare
+them to render emergency assistance
+in case of accident, to give more intelligent
+care to their own families
+under competent direction, and, in
+exceptional cases, to assist in relief
+work under the supervision of the
+Nursing Service of the American
+Red Cross.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Need.</span></h4>
+
+<p>Much needless suffering is now
+caused the ill and injured on account
+of the ignorance of unskilled
+persons. It has been said that the
+fate of the injured is dependent on
+the care which their injuries first receive.
+It is therefore necessary for
+everybody to learn what to do first in
+an emergency, and what not to do.
+This is easy to learn, but the subject
+must be learned. Nobody can be expected
+to know this without instruction.
+The number of people injured
+in the United States is rapidly
+mounting and is now in the hundreds
+of thousands annually. Knowledge
+of first aid to the injured cannot,
+it is true, prevent the consequent
+suffering entirely, but it can be made
+an important factor in this result.</p>
+
+<p>The health of the family depends
+largely upon the home maker, and
+it is most essential that she have a
+definite knowledge of personal and
+household hygiene and the proper
+preparation of food. Special diet for
+the sick is no less essential. Scarcely
+any woman is unacquainted with
+the sick room in her own family, and
+some simple instruction in the care
+of the sick should be a part of every
+woman’s education.</p>
+
+<p>It is the purpose of the Red Cross
+to provide for this instruction.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Results.</span></h4>
+
+<p>This work is just being started in
+this country, so that great results
+cannot yet be reported. It has already
+been demonstrated here, however,
+that instruction in first aid will reduce
+deaths and serious results from
+injuries about one-half. On railroads
+and everywhere else that the American
+Red Cross has carried first aid
+instruction, all interested are enthusiastic
+in praise of the benefits
+derived. In other countries, such as
+Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy
+and Russia, work of a similar character
+to that contemplated for women
+has been done for many years
+and all testimony goes to show that
+the public has largely benefited
+therefrom.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Course of Instruction.</span></h4>
+
+<p>Ten lessons in First Aid.</p>
+
+<p>Fifteen lessons in Hygiene and
+Home Nursing.</p>
+
+<p>Fifteen lessons in Dietetics and
+Household Economy.</p>
+
+<p>All instruction will be very practical
+and pupils will, as far as possible,
+be required actually to do
+everything described in the teaching.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58"></a>[58]</span>
+Lessons in either First Aid or Home
+Nursing may be given first, but both
+these courses of lessons must be
+completed and certificates must be
+held in both by those desiring to take
+further instruction.</p>
+
+<p>No two courses of instruction may
+be taken at the same time.</p>
+
+<p>All first aid courses must be given
+by a physician and other instructions
+by a Red Cross nurse, unless
+otherwise authorized by the Red
+Cross.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Organization of Classes.</span></h4>
+
+<p>Women desiring to form a class in
+either first aid or home nursing
+should secure a sufficient number of
+names—not less than ten or more
+than twenty-five—selecting one to
+act as president. The president so
+selected should then communicate
+with the Department of Instruction
+for Women, American Red Cross,
+Washington, D. C. A roll will be
+supplied on which the names of the
+members of the class will be inscribed
+and answers given in respect
+to certain essentials.</p>
+
+<p>No one under sixteen years of age
+is eligible for these classes.</p>
+
+<p>It will be necessary locally to obtain
+the services of a physician or a
+nurse to give the instruction, whose
+name and address should be forwarded
+to Washington with required roll
+of proposed class. All instructions
+must be approved, and a card of
+authorization issued, by the Red
+Cross before any course is begun.</p>
+
+<p>The instructors’ fees, if any, must
+be paid locally, and arrangements
+for the same must be made by the
+class with the instructor selected.</p>
+
+<p>It will also be necessary to provide
+a meeting place.</p>
+
+<p>Books and charts will be supplied
+by the Red Cross. The cost of these
+will be $1 per member for each
+course of ten lessons, and $1.50 per
+member for each course of fifteen
+lessons. Payment for the same should
+be made in advance. The president
+will be responsible for collecting and
+forwarding this amount to Washington.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Examinations and Certificates.</span></h4>
+
+<p>On the completion of each course
+of instruction an examiner will be
+appointed, to be paid by the Red
+Cross. Such examiner will be other
+than the instructor of the class.</p>
+
+<p>No one will be allowed to take an
+examination in any course who has
+not attended at least three-fourths of
+the lessons of that course.</p>
+
+<p>Certificates will be given successful
+candidates at the conclusion of
+each course of instruction.</p>
+
+<p>After fulfilling the requirements
+for the organization of a class and
+the instructor has been formally appointed
+the class is free to begin
+work, and very interesting work it
+proves to be. The course of instruction
+in first aid begins with an introductory
+lesson in anatomy and
+physiology followed by nine lessons
+with practical demonstration in the
+care of emergencies and accidents
+most likely to be met with in the
+every-day walks of life. It is most
+desirable that each pupil be given an
+opportunity to practice on a model
+or manikin the various points covered
+in the lessons. After the ten lessons
+are over, those members of a
+class who have not been absent more
+than three times, are ready for examination.
+This is given by a physician
+other than the instructor of
+the class who is appointed direct
+from the first aid office. The examination
+is one-third oral, one-third
+written and one-third practical.</p>
+
+<p>There are fifteen lessons in the
+Home Nursing course, and these
+should prove of absorbing interest
+and practical value to every one. The
+preliminary lessons deal with matters
+relating to the healthfulness of the
+home, such as contamination of food
+and its prevention, sources of impurities
+in water and air, personal
+hygiene and the preservation of
+health. Then follows simple instruction
+in the home care of the sick,
+how to make a sick bed, to transfer
+a patient from bed to chair, the general
+care of a patient, including
+baths and the use of ordinary sickroom
+appliances. For example, the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59"></a>[59]</span>
+theory of bed-making was being
+taught in one of our classes the other
+day, and after the instructing nurse
+had finished her lecture, every
+member of the class had to make the
+bed with and without the patient, the
+patient in this case being a life-sized
+doll covered with oilcloth so that it
+could be bathed. Several members
+of the class did not make the beds
+satisfactorily and were told to practice
+at home so that at the next lesson
+they could do better. A special
+examination also follows this course.</p>
+
+<p>After those Home Nursing lessons
+are over, it is planned to have a
+series of lectures on home economics
+and dietetics.</p>
+
+<p>So much for the plans and organization,
+now for the actual classes.
+The records show that on March 30th
+almost six hundred women are taking
+this instruction.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty-four classes in First Aid
+and three in Home Nursing have
+been formed in different localities.
+Both the Young Women’s Christian
+Association and the Girls’ Friendly
+Society have become interested in
+this work.</p>
+
+<p>In Genesee, New York, the fox-hunting
+community has formed a
+large class for women to teach them
+to cope with the accidents of the
+hunting field.</p>
+
+<p>In Manchester, Connecticut, where
+the Cheney Brothers have their big
+silk mills, classes in both First Aid
+and Home Nursing have been organized
+among the employes.</p>
+
+<p>In Cincinnati a group of society
+women are taking the First Aid
+course.</p>
+
+<p>In one of the suburbs of Washington,
+a group of young mothers
+have formed a class.</p>
+
+<p>Other classes are active in Lexington,
+Ky., Providence, R. I., Detroit,
+Mich., North Attleboro, Milton and
+Manchester, Mass., Milwaukee, Wis.,
+York, Pa., Philadelphia, Pa., and
+Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p>Two classes have been formed by
+the wives of the officers of the Army
+and the Navy, and we hope that in
+time every Army post and Naval stations
+will have its regular classes
+in First Aid and Home Nursing, and
+that this work will not only be for
+the officers’ wives but for the wives
+of the enlisted men as well.</p>
+
+<p>Al the end of each set of classes
+there is an examination and those
+who successfully pass receive a Red
+Cross certificate.</p>
+
+<p>It is also planned that a field day
+will be held in each State that has
+enough classes to warrant it and at
+this field day First Aid teams of
+women will compete for a Bronze
+Medal. The rules for such a competition
+will be supplied upon request.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="deco3" style="max-width: 15.625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/deco3.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60"></a>[60]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="The_Red_Cross_at_the_Inauguration">The Red Cross at the Inauguration</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The Red Cross participated actively
+in the care of ill and injured
+during the various ceremonies
+incident to the inauguration
+of President Wilson, March 4, 1913.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of Sunday, March
+2, a small emergency hospital was
+established in a room set aside for
+the purpose at the Union Station.
+This continued in operation till the
+morning of Thursday, March 6, and
+was open for patients day and night.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of March 3, two
+small Red Cross tent hospitals were
+opened, one in rear of the Sherman
+Statue and the other in Lafayette
+Square. These were in operation till
+the close of the Suffrage Parade the
+same afternoon. In addition five ambulances
+were stationed along the
+line of march for this parade. Two
+of these were near the Peace Monument,
+one at Seventh street, one at
+Twelfth street, and one at Fifteenth
+street. Very few patients sought assistance
+or were brought to these
+hospitals or ambulances on this afternoon.
+All received were promptly
+treated and properly disposed of.</p>
+
+<p>On March 4, the day of the inauguration,
+besides the hospital at
+Union Station the Red Cross had in
+its charge tent hospitals east of the
+Capitol, in rear of the Sherman
+Statue and in Lafayette Square. The
+second was also open during the fireworks
+or till about 11 p. m.</p>
+
+<p>At these stations the number of
+patients treated was as follows:</p>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Union Station</td>
+    <td class="tdr">64</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>East of the Capitol</td>
+    <td class="tdr">23</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Rear of Sherman Statue</td>
+    <td class="tdr">19</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lafayette Square</td>
+    <td class="tdr">12</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ambulances, March 3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">15</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="tdr bt">133</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Major Charles Lynch. Medical
+Corps, U. S. A., was in charge of the
+emergency service. Miss Jane A.
+Delano, Chairman of the Nursing
+Committee of the American Red
+Cross, acted for that committee in the
+necessary arrangements so far as it
+was concerned. Miss Anna J. Greenlees
+served as director of Red Cross
+nurses, and Mrs. Theodora North McLaughlin
+represented the District
+Chapter. The physicians on duty at
+the stations were members of the Inaugural
+Sub-committee on Ambulances
+and Hospitals. The nurses
+were Red Cross nurses of the District
+of Columbia and the Boy Scouts were
+supplied by the local Boy Scout organization.</p>
+
+<p>It will be noted that no very great
+demands were made on the emergency
+service of the Red Cross during
+the inaugural period. Most of
+the patients required rest rather than
+medication or hospital treatment.
+This they were able to obtain at the
+Red Cross Stations. These also sheltered
+a few cases of serious illness
+and for all everything possible was
+done.</p>
+
+<p>The weather conditions were in
+marked contrast with those of four
+years ago, which contributed largely
+to reducing the number of cases requiring
+emergency treatment.</p>
+
+<p>The thanks of the Red Cross are
+due to the following physicians,
+nurses and Boy Scouts for services
+which, while by no means spectacular,
+were thoroughly creditable in
+every respect.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Union Station.</span></h3>
+
+<h4><i>Physicians.</i></h4>
+
+<p>Dr. J. J. Madigan, Red Cross Director;
+Doctors R. E. Ledbetter, Chas.
+W. Allen, C. N. Chipman, Wm. J. G.
+Thomas, Elmer Sothoron, J. Franklin
+Hilton, Philip Newton, H. F. Sawtelle,
+T. Victor Hammond, John P. Gunion,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61"></a>[61]</span>
+Alfred Richards, R. F. Tobin, W. C.
+Gwynn, Jas. G. Townsend, J. A.
+O’Donoghue, Joseph C. Leonard, H. C.
+Duffey, G. B. Heinecke, J. E. Lind,
+and Edgar Snowden.</p>
+
+<h4><i>Nurses.</i></h4>
+
+<p>Sallie F. Melhorn, Susie A. Mortimer,
+Katherine Von Brodt, Charlotte
+H. Barnes, Ethel H. Brown, Winona
+R. Taylor.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">East of Capitol.</span></h3>
+
+<h4><i>Physicians.</i></h4>
+
+<p>Dr. Alfred Richards, Red Cross Director;
+Doctors Carl Haas, Roy Dunmire
+and Stuart C. Johnson.</p>
+
+<h4><i>Nurses.</i></h4>
+
+<p>Mrs. M. J. Johnson and Mrs. Emil
+A. Fenstad.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Rear of Sherman Statue.</span></h3>
+
+<h4><i>Physicians.</i></h4>
+
+<p>Dr. Frank E. Gibson, Red Cross Director;
+Doctors J. R. Ramsburgh,
+Oscar Wilkinson and O. Cox.</p>
+
+<h4><i>Nurses.</i></h4>
+
+<p>Misses Agnes Hayes, Mary Davis,
+Kathryne Donnelly, Lena Bauer, A.
+L. Goodheart, Pricilla Page, Keiningham,
+Sewell, Cora Wynkoop and
+Zaidee Kibler.</p>
+
+<h4><i>Boy Scouts.</i></h4>
+
+<p>Arnel Carpenter, Clarence Shrout,
+Ernest Utz and Waldo Jones.</p>
+
+<h4><i>Troop 37, Somerset, Maryland.</i></h4>
+
+<p>Dwight Terry, Raymond Henderson,
+Mark Shoemaker, Leslie Stimpson,
+Silas Hayes, Talbot Barnard,
+Charles Shoemaker and William
+Probey.</p>
+
+<p>It is to be regretted that the names
+of all the Boy Scouts, who invariably
+did good work, were not recorded.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus24" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus24.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>CROWDS IN FRONT OF THE CAPITOL DURING
+  THE INAUGURATION OF PRESIDENT WILSON.</p>
+  <p>© Harris-Ewing</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62"></a>[62]</span></p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Lafayette Square.</span></h3>
+
+<h4><i>Physicians.</i></h4>
+
+<p>Dr. William P. Reeves, Red Cross
+Director; Doctors Philip Newton and
+Albert G. Wenzell.</p>
+
+<h4><i>Nurses.</i></h4>
+
+<p>Mrs. L. A. Weed, Mrs. J. J. Johnson,
+Misses J. Allan, Mary W. Cox,
+Mary F. Sewall and Bernice Keiningham.</p>
+
+<p>The Ford Motor Car Company
+through its local agent, Miller Brothers,
+was also good enough to give an
+automobile for inspection purposes
+on the day of the Inauguration.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus25" style="max-width: 31.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus25.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>ILLUMINATION OF PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE ON THE
+  NIGHTS OF THE 4TH AND 5TH OF MARCH</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>The expenses involved were paid
+from Inaugural and Red Cross funds.
+They were small as all served without
+pay except the nurses at the
+Union Station on whose time much
+greater demands were made than on
+other personnel.</p>
+
+<p>The expenditures in detail were as
+follows:</p>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Inaugural Funds.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Nurses at Union Station</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$56.00</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Medical supplies used</td>
+    <td class="tdr">16.00</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">Total</td>
+    <td class="tdr bt">$62.00</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Red Cross Funds.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Miscellaneous supplies, lunches, tent floors, etc.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$61.40</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">Grand total</td>
+    <td class="tdr bt">$123.40</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63"></a>[63]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="The_Endowment_Fund_Committees">The Endowment Fund Committees</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<h3>WORK ACCOMPLISHED</h3>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td colspan="2" class="tdc">December 31, 1912.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Amount to be raised</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">$2,000,000.00</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Amount raised and in Red Cross Treasury to date</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$820,221.67</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Amount in hands of Endowment Fund Committees and not yet transferred (reported)</td>
+    <td class="tdpg">81,657.98</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="tdr bt">901,879.65</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Amount yet to be raised</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr bt">$1,098,120.35</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <th>Committee</th>
+    <th>Apportionment</th>
+    <th>Raised</th>
+    <th>Plus</th>
+    <th>Minus</th>
+    <th>Percentage raised</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Akron, Ohio</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">250.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">5,750.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Albany, N. Y.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">10,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">10,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Amesbury, Mass.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">90</td>
+    <td class="tdr">190.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr">100.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">211</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Atlanta, Ga.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">15,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">15,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Baltimore, Md.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">55,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8,555.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">46,445.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr">15</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nw">Berkshire County, Mass.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">10,500</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">10,500.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Boston, Mass.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">67,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">27,633.62</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">39,366.38</td>
+    <td class="tdr">41</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Buffalo, N. Y.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">42,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">42,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Burlington, Iowa</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2,500</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">2,500.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Canal Zone</td>
+    <td class="tdr">700</td>
+    <td class="tdr">709.63</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9.63</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">101</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Canton, Ohio</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">5,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Charleston, S. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">5,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Chattanooga, Tenn.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">245.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">3,755.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Chicago, Ill.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">218,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">78,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">140,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr">35</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cincinnati, Ohio</td>
+    <td class="tdr">36,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">18,487.06</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">17,512.94</td>
+    <td class="tdr">51</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cleveland, Ohio</td>
+    <td class="tdr">56,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">56,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Columbus, Ohio</td>
+    <td class="tdr">18,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">18,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Dallas, Texas</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">9,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Dayton, Ohio</td>
+    <td class="tdr">11,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">11,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Denver, Colo.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">21,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">500.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">20,500.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Detroit, Mich.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">46,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">10,005.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">35,995.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr">21</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Duluth, Minn.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7,800</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">7,800.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Grand Rapids, Mich.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">11,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">11,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nw">Hampden County, Mass.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">813.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">7,187.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr">10</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Harrisburg, Pa.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">6,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hartford, Conn.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9,800</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5,514.60</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">4,285.40</td>
+    <td class="tdr">56</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hyde Park, N. Y.</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">600.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Indianapolis, Ind.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">23,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4,807.68</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">18,192.32</td>
+    <td class="tdr">20</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kansas City, Mo.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">24,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">24,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Los Angeles, Cal.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">31,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">31,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Louisville, Ky.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">22,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">22,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lowell, Mass.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">10,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,871.50</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">8,128.50</td>
+    <td class="tdr">18</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Magnolia, Mass.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">30</td>
+    <td class="tdr">62.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr">32.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">206</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Manchester, Mass.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">270</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2,057.11</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,787.11</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">761</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Massillon, Ohio</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,300</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,300.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Memphis, Tenn.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">13,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">13,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Nashville, Tenn.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">11,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">11,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Newark, N. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">34,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">34,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>New Haven. Conn.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">13,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6,840.83</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">6,159.17</td>
+    <td class="tdr">52</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>New York, N. Y.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">476,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">510,821.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr">34,821.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">107</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Omaha, Nebr.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">13,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">13,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Paterson, N. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">12,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">12,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Philadelphia, Pa.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">154,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">154,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Pittsburgh, Pa.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">53,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">105.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">52,895.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1-5</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Portland, Oreg.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">20,700</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">20,700.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Rhode Island</td>
+    <td class="tdr">54,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">54,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Richmond, Va.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">12,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">12,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Rochester, N. Y.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">21,800</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">21,800.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64"></a>[64]</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>San Antonio, Texas</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">500.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">8,500.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>San Francisco, Cal.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">41,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">75,668.34</td>
+    <td class="tdr">34,668.34</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">184</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Schenectady, N. Y.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">7,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Scranton, Pa.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">12,900</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8,021.08</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">4,878.92</td>
+    <td class="tdr">62</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Seattle, Wash.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">23,700</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">23,700.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>St. Louis, Mo.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">68,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">70,630.84</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2,630.84</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">103</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>St. Paul, Minn.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">21,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">198.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">20,802.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr">47-50</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Toledo, Ohio</td>
+    <td class="tdr">16,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">16,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Troy, N. Y.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">7,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Utica, N. Y.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">7,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Washington, D. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">33,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">33,890.04</td>
+    <td class="tdr">890.04</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">102</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wilkes-Barre, Pa.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">6,000.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Worcester, Mass.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">14,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">50.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">13,950.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5-14</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Youngstown, Ohio</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">550.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">6,450.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>In the case of Scranton the committee in a short time after its organization
+secured $8,000 of its $12,000 apportionment. By reason of a serious mine disaster in
+the vicinity of Scranton the members of the committee were compelled to devote their
+efforts to the raising of a large relief fund. The Red Cross has therefore accepted the
+$8,000 as completing Scranton’s apportionment.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="deco4" style="max-width: 15.625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/deco4.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter" id="ADVERTISEMENTS">
+
+<h2 class="nobreak noshow">ADVERTISEMENTS</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="ad">
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<div class="l">
+
+<p class="center">OFFICERS</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage smaller">PRESIDENT</p>
+
+<ul class="center">
+<li>Charles C. Glover</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="titlepage smaller">VICE PRESIDENTS</p>
+
+<ul class="center">
+<li>Milton E. Ailes</li>
+<li>William J. Flather</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="titlepage smaller">CASHIER</p>
+
+<ul class="center">
+<li>Henry H. Flather</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="titlepage smaller">ASS’T CASHIER</p>
+
+<ul class="center">
+<li>Joshua Evans, Jr.</li>
+</ul>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="c">
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="riggs" style="max-width: 18.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/riggs.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <td>CAPITAL</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$1,000,000</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>SURPLUS</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2,000,000</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="r">
+
+<p class="center">DIRECTORS</p>
+
+<ul class="center">
+<li>Charles C. Glover</li>
+<li>Thomas Hyde</li>
+<li>James M. Johnston</li>
+<li>Wm. J. Flather</li>
+<li>R. Ross Perry</li>
+<li>Henry Hurt</li>
+<li>John R. McLean</li>
+<li>F. A. Vanderlip</li>
+<li>Milton E. Ailes</li>
+<li>Henry H. Flather</li>
+<li>H. Rozier Dulany</li>
+<li>Frederic D. McKenney</li>
+<li>Frank C. Henry</li>
+<li>Willard H. Brownson</li>
+<li>Charles I. Corby</li>
+<li>Sylvester W. Labrot</li>
+</ul>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<img class="dropcap" src="images/dropcap-s.jpg" alt="">
+</div>
+
+<p class="dropcap">Strength and conservatism in a
+bank are two of the most important things to be
+considered in selecting a depositary for your funds.</p>
+
+<p>¶ The resources of this time-tested institution,
+amounting to over $14,000,000, afford ample
+protection to its depositors.</p>
+
+<p>¶ The conservative policy of its management, backed by years of
+experience, assures careful attention to all banking matters entrusted
+to its care.</p>
+
+<p>¶ Dependable connections in all the principal cities of the United
+States and abroad enable us to handle with expedition collections
+on any point in the world.</p>
+
+<p>¶ Letters of Credit and Travelers’ Checks issued available the
+world over.</p>
+
+<p>¶ Investments made for customers.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Correspondence Invited</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="larger">Riggs National Bank</span><br>
+1501 Pennsylvania Avenue<br>
+WASHINGTON, D. C.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75163 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+
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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #75163 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/75163)