initial commit of ebook 740HEADmain

7 files changed, 1340 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/740.txt b/740.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..89f85f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/740.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,716 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Remarks of Mr. Calhoun of South Carolina on
+the bill to prevent the interference of certain federal officers in elections: delivered in the Senate of the United States February 22, 1839, by John C. Calhoun
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Remarks of Mr. Calhoun of South Carolina on the bill to prevent the interference of certain federal officers in elections: delivered in the Senate of the United States February 22, 1839
+
+Author: John C. Calhoun
+
+Posting Date: July 23, 2008 [EBook #740]
+Release Date: December, 1996
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REMARKS OF JOHN C. CALHOUN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Anthony J. Adam
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  John C. Calhoun,
+  "On Nullification and the Force Bill."
+  U.S. Senate,
+  15 February 1833
+
+
+
+Mr. President:
+
+At the last session of Congress, it was avowed on all sides that the
+public debt, as to all practical purposes, was in fact paid, the small
+surplus remaining being nearly covered by the money in the Treasury and
+the bonds for duties which had already accrued; but with the arrival of
+this event our last hope was doomed to be disappointed.  After a long
+session of many months, and the most earnest effort on the part of
+South Carolina and the other Southern States to obtain relief, all that
+could be effected was a small reduction of such a character that, while
+it diminished the amount of burden, it distributed that burden more
+unequally than even the obnoxious Act of 1828; reversing the principle
+adopted by the Bill of 1816, of laying higher duties on the unprotected
+than the protected articles, by repealing almost entirely the duties
+laid upon the former, and imposing the burden almost entirely on the
+latter.  It was thus that, instead of relief--instead of an equal
+distribution of burdens and benefits of the government, on the payment
+of the debt, as had been fondly anticipated--the duties were so
+arranged as to be, in fact, bounties on one side and taxation on the
+other; thus placing the two great sections of the country in direct
+conflict in reference to its fiscal action, and thereby letting in that
+flood of political corruption which threatens to sweep away our
+Constitution and our liberty.
+
+This unequal and unjust arrangement was pronounced, both by the
+administration, through its proper organ, the Secretary of the
+Treasury, and by the opposition, to be a *permanent* adjustment; and it
+was thus that all hope of relief through the action of the general
+government terminated; and the crisis so long apprehended at length
+arrived, at which the State was compelled to choose between absolute
+acquiescence in a ruinous system of oppression, or a resort to her
+reserved powers--powers of which she alone was the rightful judge, and
+which only, in this momentous juncture, could save her.  She determined
+on the latter.
+
+The consent of two-thirds of her Legislature was necessary for the call
+of a convention, which was considered the only legitimate organ through
+which the people, in their sovereignty, could speak.  After an arduous
+struggle the States-rights party succeeded; more than two-thirds of
+both branches of the Legislature favorable to a convention were
+elected; a convention was called--the ordinance adopted.  The
+convention was succeeded by a meeting of the Legislature, when the laws
+to carry the ordinance into execution were enacted--all of which have
+been communicated by the President, have been referred to the Committee
+on the Judiciary, and this bill is the result of their labor.
+
+Having now corrected some of the prominent misrepresentations as to the
+nature of this controversy, and given a rapid sketch of the movement of
+the State in reference to it, I will next proceed to notice some
+objections connected with the ordinance and the proceedings under it.
+
+The first and most prominent of these is directed against what is
+called the test oath, which an effort has been made to render odious.
+So far from deserving the denunciation that has been levelled against
+it, I view this provision of the ordinance as but the natural result of
+the doctrines entertained by the State, and the position which she
+occupies.  The people of Carolina believe that the Union is a union of
+States, and not of individuals; that it was formed by the States, and
+that the citizens of the several States were bound to it through the
+acts of their several States; that each State ratified the Constitution
+for itself, and that it was only by such ratification of a State that
+any obligation was imposed upon its citizens.  Thus believing, it is
+the opinion of the people of Carolina that it belongs to the State
+which has imposed the obligation to declare, in the last resort, the
+extent of this obligation, as far as her citizens are concerned; and
+this upon the plain principles which exist in all analogous cases of
+compact between sovereign bodies.  On this principle the people of the
+State, acting in their sovereign capacity in convention, precisely as
+they did in the adoption of their own and the Federal Constitution,
+have declared, by the ordinance, that the acts of Congress which
+imposed duties under the authority to lay imposts, were acts not for
+revenue, as intended by the Constitution, but for protection, and
+therefore null and void.  The ordinance thus enacted by the people of
+the State themselves, acting as a sovereign community, is as obligatory
+on the citizens of the State as any portion of the Constitution.  In
+prescribing, then, the oath to obey the ordinance, no more was done
+than to prescribe an oath to obey the Constitution.  It is, in fact,
+but a particular oath of allegiance, and in every respect similar to
+that which is prescribed, under the Constitution of the United States,
+to be administered to all the officers of the State and Federal
+governments; and is no more deserving the harsh and bitter epithets
+which have been heaped upon it than that or any similar oath.  It ought
+to be borne in mind that, according to the opinion which prevails in
+Carolina, the right of resistance to the unconstitutional acts of
+Congress belongs to the State, and not to her individual citizens; and
+that, though the latter may, in a mere question of *meum* and *tuum,*
+resist through the courts an unconstitutional encroachment upon their
+rights, yet the final stand against usurpation rests not with them, but
+with the State of which they are members; and such act of resistance by
+a State binds the conscience and allegiance of the citizen.  But there
+appears to be a general misapprehension as to the extent to which the
+State has acted under this part of the ordinance.  Instead of sweeping
+every officer by a general proscription of the minority, as has been
+represented in debate, as far as my knowledge extends, not a single
+individual has been removed.  The State has, in fact, acted with the
+greatest tenderness, all circumstances considered, toward citizens who
+differed from the majority; and, in that spirit, has directed the oath
+to be administered only in the case of some official act directed to be
+performed in which obedience to the ordinance is involved....
+
+It is next objected that the enforcing acts have legislated the United
+States out of South Carolina.  I have already replied to this objection
+on another occasion, and will now but repeat what I then said: that
+they have been legislated out only to the extent that they had no right
+to enter.  The Constitution has admitted the jurisdiction of the United
+States within the limits of the several States only so far as the
+delegated powers authorize; beyond that they are intruders, and may
+rightfully be expelled; and that they have been efficiently expelled by
+the legislation of the State through her civil process, as has been
+acknowledged on all sides in the debate, is only a confirmation of the
+truth of the doctrine for which the majority in Carolina have contended.
+
+The very point at issue between the two parties there is, whether
+nullification is a peaceful and an efficient remedy against an
+unconstitutional act of the general government, and may be asserted, as
+such, through the State tribunals.  Both parties agree that the acts
+against which it is directed are unconstitutional and oppressive.  The
+controversy is only as to the means by which our citizens may be
+protected against the acknowledged encroachments on their rights.  This
+being the point at issue between the parties, and the very object of
+the majority being an efficient protection of the citizens through the
+State tribunals, the measures adopted to enforce the ordinance, of
+course, received the most decisive character.   We were not children,
+to act by halves.  Yet for acting thus efficiently the State is
+denounced, and this bill reported, to overrule, by military force, the
+civil tribunal and civil process of the State!  Sir, I consider this
+bill, and the arguments which have been urged on this floor in its
+support, as the most triumphant acknowledgment that nullification is
+peaceful and efficient, and so deeply intrenched in the principles of
+our system, that it cannot be assailed but by prostrating the
+Constitution, and substituting the supremacy of military force in lieu
+of the supremacy of the laws.  In fact, the advocates of this bill
+refute their own argument.  They tell us that the ordinance is
+unconstitutional; that it infracts the Constitution of South Carolina,
+although, to me, the objection appears absurd, as it was adopted by the
+very authority which adopted the Constitution itself.  They also tell
+us that the Supreme Court is the appointed arbiter of all controversies
+between a State and the general government.  Why, then, do they not
+leave this controversy to that tribunal?  Why do they not confide to
+them the abrogation of the ordinance, and the laws made in pursuance of
+it, and the assertion of that supremacy which they claim for the laws
+of Congress?  The State stands pledged to resist no process of the
+court.  Why, then, confer on the President the extensive and unlimited
+powers provided in this bill?  Why authorize him to use military force
+to arrest the civil process of the State?  But one answer can be given:
+That, in a contest between the State and the general government, if the
+resistance be limited on both sides to the civil process, the State, by
+its inherent sovereignty, standing upon its reserved powers, will prove
+too powerful in such a controversy, and must triumph over the Federal
+government, sustained by its delegated and limited authority; and in
+this answer we have an acknowledgment of the truth of those great
+principles for which the State has so firmly and nobly contended....
+
+Notwithstanding all that has been said, I may say that neither the
+Senator from Delaware (Mr. Clayton), nor any other who has spoken on
+the same side, has directly and fairly met the great question at issue:
+Is this a Federal Union? a union of States, as distinct from that of
+individuals?  Is the sovereignty in the several States, or in the
+American people in the aggregate?  The very language which we are
+compelled to use when speaking of our political institutions affords
+proof conclusive as to its real character.  The terms union, federal,
+united, all imply a combination of sovereignties, a confederation of
+States.  They never apply to an association of individuals.  Who ever
+heard of the United State of New York, of Massachusetts, or of
+Virginia?  Who ever heard the term federal or union applied to the
+aggregation of individuals into one community?  Nor is the other point
+less clear--that the sovereignty is in the several States, and that our
+system is a union of twenty-four sovereign powers, under a
+constitutional compact, and not of a divided sovereignty between the
+States severally and the United States?  In spite of all that has been
+said, I maintain that sovereignty is in its nature indivisible.  It is
+the supreme power in a State, and we might just as well speak of half a
+square, or half of a triangle, as of half a sovereignty.  It is a gross
+error to confound the *exercise* of sovereign powers with *sovereignty*
+itself, or the *delegation* of such powers with the *surrender* of
+them.  A sovereign may delegate his powers to be exercised by as many
+agents as he may think proper, under such conditions and with such
+limitations as he may impose; but to surrender any portion of his
+sovereignty to another is to annihilate the whole.  The Senator from
+Delaware (Mr. Clayton) calls this metaphysical reasoning, which he says
+he cannot comprehend.  If by metaphysics he means that scholastic
+refinement which makes distinctions without difference, no one can hold
+it in more utter contempt than I do; but if, on the contrary, he means
+the power of analysis and combination--that power which reduces the
+most complex idea into its elements, which traces causes to their first
+principle, and, by the power of generalization and combination, unites
+the whole in one harmonious system--then, so far from deserving
+contempt, it is the highest attribute of the human mind.  It is the
+power which raises man above the brute--which distinguishes his
+faculties from mere sagacity, which he holds in common with inferior
+animals.  It is this power which has raised the astronomer from being a
+mere gazer at the stars to the high intellectual eminence of a Newton
+or a Laplace, and astronomy itself from a mere observation of isolated
+facts into that noble science which displays to our admiration the
+system of the universe.  And shall this high power of the mind, which
+has effected such wonders when directed to the laws which control the
+material world, be forever prohibited, under a senseless cry of
+metaphysics, from being applied to the high purposes of political
+science and legislation?  I hold them to be subject to laws as fixed as
+matter itself, and to be as fit a subject for the application of the
+highest intellectual power.  Denunciation may, indeed, fall upon the
+philosophical inquirer into these first principles, as it did upon
+Galileo and Bacon, when they first unfolded the great discoveries which
+have immortalized their names; but the time will come when truth will
+prevail in spite of prejudice and denunciation, and when politics and
+legislation will be considered as much a science as astronomy and
+chemistry.
+
+In connection with this part of the subject, I understood the Senator
+from Virginia (Mr. Rives) to say that sovereignty was divided, and that
+a portion remained with the States severally, and that the residue was
+vested in the Union.  By Union, I suppose, the Senator meant the United
+States. If such be his meaning--if he intended to affirm that the
+sovereignty was in the twenty-four States, in whatever light he may
+view them, our opinions will not disagree; but according to my
+conception, the whole sovereignty is in the several States, while the
+exercise of sovereign power is divided--a part being exercised under
+compact, through this general government, and the residue through the
+separate State governments.  But if the Senator from Virginia (Mr.
+Rives) means to assert that the twenty-four States form but one
+community, with a single sovereign power as to the objects of the
+Union, it will be but the revival of the old question, of whether the
+Union is a union between States, as distinct communities, or a mere
+aggregate of the American people, as a mass of individuals; and in this
+light his opinions would lead directly to consolidation....
+
+Disguise it as you may, the controversy is one between power and
+liberty; and I tell the gentlemen who are opposed to me, that, as
+strong as may be the love of power on their side, the love of liberty
+is still stronger on ours.  History furnishes many instances of similar
+struggles, where the love of liberty has prevailed against power under
+every disadvantage, and among them few more striking than that of our
+own Revolution; where, as strong as was the parent country, and feeble
+as were the Colonies, yet, under the impulse of liberty, and the
+blessing of God, they gloriously triumphed in the contest.  There are,
+indeed, many striking analogies between that and the present
+controversy.  They both originated substantially in the same
+cause--with this difference--in the present case, the power of taxation
+is converted into that of regulating industry; in the other the power
+of regulating industry, by the regulation of commerce, was attempted to
+be converted into the power of taxation.  Were I to trace the analogy
+further, we should find that the perversion of the taxing power, in the
+one case, has given precisely the same control to the northern section
+over the industry of the southern section of the Union, which the power
+to regulate commerce gave to Great Britain over the industry of the
+Colonies in the other; and that the very articles in which the Colonies
+were permitted to have a free trade, and those in which the
+mother-country had a monopoly, are almost identically the same as those
+in which the Southern States are permitted to have a free trade by the
+Act of 1832, and in which the Northern States have, by the same act,
+secured a monopoly.  The only difference is in the means.  In the
+former, the Colonies were permitted to have a free trade with all
+countries south of Cape Finisterre, a cape in the northern part of
+Spain; while north of that, the trade of the Colonies was prohibited,
+except through the mother-country, by means of her commercial
+regulations.  If we compare the products of the country north and south
+of Cape Finisterre, we shall find them almost identical with the list
+of last year.  Nor does the analogy terminate here.  The very arguments
+resorted to at the commencement of the American Revolution, and the
+measures adopted, and the motives assigned to bring on that contest (to
+enforce the law), are almost identically the same.
+
+But to return from this digression to the consideration of the bill.
+Whatever difference of opinion may exist upon other points, there is
+one on which I should suppose there can be none; that this bill rests
+upon principles which, if carried out, will ride over State
+sovereignties, and that it will be idle for any advocates hereafter to
+talk of State rights.  The Senator from Virginia (Mr. Rives) says that
+he is the advocate of State rights; but he must permit me to tell him
+that, although he may differ in premises from the other gentlemen with
+whom he acts on this occasion, yet, in supporting this bill, he
+obliterates every vestige of distinction between him and them, saving
+only that, professing the principles of '98, his example will be more
+pernicious than that of the most open and bitter opponent of the rights
+of the States.  I will also add, what I am compelled to say, that I
+must consider him (Mr. Rives) as less consistent than our old
+opponents, whose conclusions were fairly drawn from their premises,
+while his premises ought to have led him to opposite conclusions.  The
+gentleman has told us that the new-fangled doctrines, as he chooses to
+call them, have brought State rights into disrepute.  I must tell him,
+in reply, that what he calls new-fangled are but the doctrines of '98;
+and that it is he (Mr. Rives), and others with him, who, professing
+these doctrines, have degraded them by explaining away their meaning
+and efficacy.
+
+He (Mr. R.) has disclaimed, in behalf of Virginia, the authorship of
+nullification.  I will not dispute that point.  If Virginia chooses to
+throw away one of her brightest ornaments, she must not hereafter
+complain that it has become the property of another.  But while I have,
+as a representatives of Carolina, no right to complain of the disavowal
+of the Senator from Virginia, I must believe that he (Mr. R.) has done
+his native State great injustice by declaring on this floor, that when
+she gravely resolved, in '98, that "in cases of deliberate and
+dangerous infractions of the Constitution, the States, as parties to
+the compact, have the right, and are in duty bound, to interpose to
+arrest the progress of the evil, and to maintain within their
+respective limits the authorities, rights, and liberties appertaining
+to them," she meant no more than to proclaim the right to protest and
+to remonstrate.  To suppose that, in putting forth so solemn a
+declaration, which she afterward sustained by so able and elaborate an
+argument, she meant no more than to assert what no one had ever denied,
+would be to suppose that the State had been guilty of the most
+egregious trifling that ever was exhibited on so solemn an occasion.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Remarks of Mr. Calhoun of South
+Carolina on the bill to prevent the interference of certain federal officers in elections: delivered in the Senate of the United States February 22, 1839, by John C. Calhoun
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REMARKS OF JOHN C. CALHOUN ***
+
+***** This file should be named 740.txt or 740.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/7/4/740/
+
+Produced by Anthony J. Adam
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/740.zip b/740.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..058e4e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/740.zip
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aad3c05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #740 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/740)
diff --git a/old/jccrs10.txt b/old/jccrs10.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe9fd53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/jccrs10.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,608 @@
+The Project Gutenberg Etext of 
+**John C. Calhoun's Remarks to the Senate of the United States**
+"ON NULLIFICATION AND THE FORCE BILL"
+#1 in our series by John C. Calhoun
+
+
+Copyright laws are changing all over the world, be sure to check
+the copyright laws for your country before posting these files!!
+
+Please take a look at the important information in this header.
+We encourage you to keep this file on your own disk, keeping an
+electronic path open for the next readers.  Do not remove this.
+
+
+**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts**
+
+**Etexts Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971**
+
+*These Etexts Prepared By Hundreds of Volunteers and Donations*
+
+Information on contacting Project Gutenberg to get Etexts, and
+further information is included below.  We need your donations.
+
+
+John C. Calhoun's Remarks to the Senate of the United States
+
+"ON NULLIFICATION AND THE FORCE BILL"
+
+December, 1996 [Etext #740]
+
+
+**John C. Calhoun's Remarks to the Senate of the United States**
+*****This file should be named jccrs10.txt or jccrs10.zip******
+
+Corrected EDITIONS of our etexts get a new NUMBER, jccrs11.txt.
+VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, jccrs10a.txt.
+
+
+We are now trying to release all our books one month in advance
+of the official release dates, for time for better editing.
+
+Please note:  neither this list nor its contents are final till
+midnight of the last day of the month of any such announcement.
+The official release date of all Project Gutenberg Etexts is at
+Midnight, Central Time, of the last day of the stated month.  A
+preliminary version may often be posted for suggestion, comment
+and editing by those who wish to do so.  To be sure you have an
+up to date first edition [xxxxx10x.xxx] please check file sizes
+in the first week of the next month.  Since our ftp program has
+a bug in it that scrambles the date [tried to fix and failed] a
+look at the file size will have to do, but we will try to see a
+new copy has at least one byte more or less.
+
+
+Information about Project Gutenberg (one page)
+
+We produce about two million dollars for each hour we work.  The
+fifty hours is one conservative estimate for how long it we take
+to get any etext selected, entered, proofread, edited, copyright
+searched and analyzed, the copyright letters written, etc.  This
+projected audience is one hundred million readers.  If our value
+per text is nominally estimated at one dollar then we produce $2
+million dollars per hour this year as we release thirty-two text
+files per month:  or 400 more Etexts in 1996 for a total of 800.
+If these reach just 10% of the computerized population, then the
+total should reach 80 billion Etexts.
+
+The Goal of Project Gutenberg is to Give Away One Trillion Etext
+Files by the December 31, 2001.  [10,000 x 100,000,000=Trillion]
+This is ten thousand titles each to one hundred million readers,
+which is only 10% of the present number of computer users.  2001
+should have at least twice as many computer users as that, so it
+will require us reaching less than 5% of the users in 2001.
+
+
+We need your donations more than ever!
+
+
+All donations should be made to "Project Gutenberg/BU":  and are
+tax deductible to the extent allowable by law. (BU = Benedictine
+University).  (Subscriptions to our paper newsletter go to BU.)
+
+For these and other matters, please mail to:
+
+Project Gutenberg
+P. O. Box  2782
+Champaign, IL 61825
+
+When all other email fails try our Executive Director:
+Michael S. Hart <hart@pobox.com>
+
+We would prefer to send you this information by email
+(Internet, Bitnet, Compuserve, ATTMAIL or MCImail).
+
+******
+If you have an FTP program (or emulator), please
+FTP directly to the Project Gutenberg archives:
+[Mac users, do NOT point and click. . .type]
+
+ftp uiarchive.cso.uiuc.edu
+login:  anonymous
+password:  your@login
+cd etext/etext90 through /etext96
+or cd etext/articles [get suggest gut for more information]
+dir [to see files]
+get or mget [to get files. . .set bin for zip files]
+GET INDEX?00.GUT
+for a list of books
+and
+GET NEW GUT for general information
+and
+MGET GUT* for newsletters.
+
+**Information prepared by the Project Gutenberg legal advisor**
+(Three Pages)
+
+
+***START**THE SMALL PRINT!**FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN ETEXTS**START***
+Why is this "Small Print!" statement here?  You know: lawyers.
+They tell us you might sue us if there is something wrong with
+your copy of this etext, even if you got it for free from
+someone other than us, and even if what's wrong is not our
+fault.  So, among other things, this "Small Print!" statement
+disclaims most of our liability to you.  It also tells you how
+you can distribute copies of this etext if you want to.
+
+*BEFORE!* YOU USE OR READ THIS ETEXT
+By using or reading any part of this PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
+etext, you indicate that you understand, agree to and accept
+this "Small Print!" statement.  If you do not, you can receive
+a refund of the money (if any) you paid for this etext by
+sending a request within 30 days of receiving it to the person
+you got it from.  If you received this etext on a physical
+medium (such as a disk), you must return it with your request.
+
+ABOUT PROJECT GUTENBERG-TM ETEXTS
+This PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm etext, like most PROJECT GUTENBERG-
+tm etexts, is a "public domain" work distributed by Professor
+Michael S. Hart through the Project Gutenberg Association at
+Benedictine University (the "Project").  Among other
+things, this means that no one owns a United States copyright
+on or for this work, so the Project (and you!) can copy and
+distribute it in the United States without permission and
+without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules, set forth
+below, apply if you wish to copy and distribute this etext
+under the Project's "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark.
+
+To create these etexts, the Project expends considerable
+efforts to identify, transcribe and proofread public domain
+works.  Despite these efforts, the Project's etexts and any
+medium they may be on may contain "Defects".  Among other
+things, Defects may take the form of incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
+intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged
+disk or other etext medium, a computer virus, or computer
+codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.
+
+LIMITED WARRANTY; DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES
+But for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described below,
+[1] the Project (and any other party you may receive this
+etext from as a PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm etext) disclaims all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including
+legal fees, and [2] YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE OR
+UNDER STRICT LIABILITY, OR FOR BREACH OF WARRANTY OR CONTRACT,
+INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE
+OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE
+POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+If you discover a Defect in this etext within 90 days of
+receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any)
+you paid for it by sending an explanatory note within that
+time to the person you received it from.  If you received it
+on a physical medium, you must return it with your note, and
+such person may choose to alternatively give you a replacement
+copy.  If you received it electronically, such person may
+choose to alternatively give you a second opportunity to
+receive it electronically.
+
+THIS ETEXT IS OTHERWISE PROVIDED TO YOU "AS-IS".  NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARE MADE TO YOU AS
+TO THE ETEXT OR ANY MEDIUM IT MAY BE ON, INCLUDING BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A
+PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
+Some states do not allow disclaimers of implied warranties or
+the exclusion or limitation of consequential damages, so the
+above disclaimers and exclusions may not apply to you, and you
+may have other legal rights.
+
+INDEMNITY
+You will indemnify and hold the Project, its directors,
+officers, members and agents harmless from all liability, cost
+and expense, including legal fees, that arise directly or
+indirectly from any of the following that you do or cause:
+[1] distribution of this etext, [2] alteration, modification,
+or addition to the etext, or [3] any Defect.
+
+DISTRIBUTION UNDER "PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm"
+You may distribute copies of this etext electronically, or by
+disk, book or any other medium if you either delete this
+"Small Print!" and all other references to Project Gutenberg,
+or:
+
+[1]  Only give exact copies of it.  Among other things, this
+     requires that you do not remove, alter or modify the
+     etext or this "small print!" statement.  You may however,
+     if you wish, distribute this etext in machine readable
+     binary, compressed, mark-up, or proprietary form,
+     including any form resulting from conversion by word pro-
+     cessing or hypertext software, but only so long as
+     *EITHER*:
+
+     [*]  The etext, when displayed, is clearly readable, and
+          does *not* contain characters other than those
+          intended by the author of the work, although tilde
+          (~), asterisk (*) and underline (_) characters may
+          be used to convey punctuation intended by the
+          author, and additional characters may be used to
+          indicate hypertext links; OR
+
+     [*]  The etext may be readily converted by the reader at
+          no expense into plain ASCII, EBCDIC or equivalent
+          form by the program that displays the etext (as is
+          the case, for instance, with most word processors);
+          OR
+
+     [*]  You provide, or agree to also provide on request at
+          no additional cost, fee or expense, a copy of the
+          etext in its original plain ASCII form (or in EBCDIC
+          or other equivalent proprietary form).
+
+[2]  Honor the etext refund and replacement provisions of this
+     "Small Print!" statement.
+
+[3]  Pay a trademark license fee to the Project of 20% of the
+     net profits you derive calculated using the method you
+     already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  If you
+     don't derive profits, no royalty is due.  Royalties are
+     payable to "Project Gutenberg Association / Benedictine
+     University" within the 60 days following each
+     date you prepare (or were legally required to prepare)
+     your annual (or equivalent periodic) tax return.
+
+WHAT IF YOU *WANT* TO SEND MONEY EVEN IF YOU DON'T HAVE TO?
+The Project gratefully accepts contributions in money, time,
+scanning machines, OCR software, public domain etexts, royalty
+free copyright licenses, and every other sort of contribution
+you can think of.  Money should be paid to "Project Gutenberg
+Association / Benedictine University".
+
+*END*THE SMALL PRINT! FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN ETEXTS*Ver.04.29.93*END*
+
+
+
+
+
+This Etext prepared by Anthony J. Adam 
+
+
+
+John C. Calhoun, "On Nullification and the Force Bill."
+U.S. Senate, 15 February 1833
+
+
+
+Mr. President:
+
+At the last session of Congress, it was avowed on all sides that
+the public debt, as to all practical purposes, was in fact paid,
+the small surplus remaining being nearly covered by the money in
+the Treasury and the bonds for duties which had already accrued;
+but with the arrival of this event our last hope was doomed to be
+disappointed.  After a long session of many months, and the most
+earnest effort on the part of South Carolina and the other
+Southern States to obtain relief, all that could be effected was
+a small reduction of such a character that, while it diminished
+the amount of burden, it distributed that burden more unequally
+than even the obnoxious Act of 1828; reversing the principle
+adopted by the Bill of 1816, of laying higher duties on the
+unprotected than the protected articles, by repealing almost
+entirely the duties laid upon the former, and imposing the burden
+almost entirely on the latter.  It was thus that, instead of
+relief-- instead of an equal distribution of burdens and benefits
+of the government, on the payment of the debt, as had been fondly
+anticipated--the duties were so arranged as to be, in fact,
+bounties on one side and taxation on the other; thus placing the
+two great sections of the country in direct conflict in reference
+to its fiscal action, and thereby letting in that flood of
+political corruption which threatens to sweep away our
+Constitution and our liberty.
+
+This unequal and unjust arrangement was pronounced, both by the
+administration, through its proper organ, the Secretary of the
+Treasury, and by the opposition, to be a *permanent* adjustment;
+and it was thus that all hope of relief through the action of the
+general government terminated; and the crisis so long apprehended
+at length arrived, at which the State was compelled to choose
+between absolute acquiescence in a ruinous system of oppression,
+or a resort to her reserved powers--powers of which she alone was
+the rightful judge, and which only, in this momentous juncture,
+could save her.  She determined on the latter.
+
+The consent of two-thirds of her Legislature was necessary for
+the call of a convention, which was considered the only
+legitimate organ through which the people, in their sovereignty,
+could speak.  After an arduous struggle the States-rights party
+succeeded; more than two-thirds of both branches of the
+Legislature favorable to a convention were elected; a convention
+was called--the ordinance adopted.  The convention was succeeded
+by a meeting of the Legislature, when the laws to carry the
+ordinance into execution were enacted--all of which have been
+communicated by the President, have been referred to the
+Committee on the Judiciary, and this bill is the result of their
+labor.
+
+Having now corrected some of the prominent misrepresentations as
+to the nature of this controversy, and given a rapid sketch of
+the movement of the State in reference to it, I will next proceed
+to notice some objections connected with the ordinance and the
+proceedings under it.
+
+The first and most prominent of these is directed against what is
+called the test oath, which an effort has been made to render
+odious.  So far from deserving the denunciation that has been
+levelled against it, I view this provision of the ordinance as
+but the natural result of the doctrines entertained by the
+State, and the position which she occupies.  The people of
+Carolina believe that the Union is a union of States, and not of
+individuals; that it was formed by the States, and that the
+citizens of the several States were bound to it through the acts
+of their several States; that each State ratified the
+Constitution for itself, and that it was only by such
+ratification of a State that any obligation was imposed upon its
+citizens.  Thus believing, it is the opinion of the people of
+Carolina that it belongs to the State which has imposed the
+obligation to declare, in the last resort, the extent of this
+obligation, as far as her citizens are concerned; and this upon
+the plain principles which exist in all analogous cases of
+compact between sovereign bodies.  On this principle the people
+of the State, acting in their sovereign capacity in convention,
+precisely as they did in the adoption of their own and the
+Federal Constitution, have declared, by the ordinance, that the
+acts of Congress which imposed duties under the authority to lay
+imposts, were acts not for revenue, as intended by the
+Constitution, but for protection, and therefore null and void. 
+The ordinance thus enacted by the people of the State themselves,
+acting as a sovereign community, is as obligatory on the citizens
+of the State as any portion of the Constitution.  In prescribing,
+then, the oath to obey the ordinance, no more was done than to
+prescribe an oath to obey the Constitution.  It is, in fact, but
+a particular oath of allegiance, and in every respect similar to
+that which is prescribed, under the Constitution of the United
+States, to be administered to all the officers of the State and
+Federal governments; and is no more deserving the harsh and
+bitter epithets which have been heaped upon it than that or any
+similar oath.  It ought to be borne in mind that, according to
+the opinion which prevails in Carolina, the right of resistance
+to the unconstitutional acts of Congress belongs to the State,
+and not to her individual citizens; and that, though the latter
+may, in a mere question of *meum* and *tuum,* resist through the
+courts an unconstitutional encroachment upon their rights, yet
+the final stand against usurpation rests not with them, but with
+the State of which they are members; and such act of resistance
+by a State binds the conscience and allegiance of the citizen. 
+But there appears to be a general misapprehension as to the
+extent to which the State has acted under this part of the
+ordinance.  Instead of sweeping every officer by a general
+proscription of the minority, as has been represented in debate,
+as far as my knowledge extends, not a single individual has been
+removed.  The State has, in fact, acted with the greatest
+tenderness, all circumstances considered, toward citizens who
+differed from the majority; and, in that spirit, has directed the
+oath to be administered only in the case of some official act
+directed to be performed in which obedience to the ordinance is
+involved....
+
+It is next objected that the enforcing acts have legislated the
+United States out of South Carolina.  I have already replied to
+this objection on another occasion, and will now but repeat what
+I then said: that they have been legislated out only to the
+extent that they had no right to enter.  The Constitution has
+admitted the jurisdiction of the United States within the limits
+of the several States only so far as the delegated powers
+authorize; beyond that they are intruders, and may rightfully be
+expelled; and that they have been efficiently expelled by the
+legislation of the State through her civil process, as has been
+acknowledged on all sides in the debate, is only a confirmation
+of the truth of the doctrine for which the majority in Carolina
+have contended.
+
+The very point at issue between the two parties there is,
+whether nullification is a peaceful and an efficient remedy
+against an unconstitutional act of the general government, and
+may be asserted, as such, through the State tribunals.  Both
+parties agree that the acts against which it is directed are
+unconstitutional and oppressive.  The controversy is only as to
+the means by which our citizens may be protected against the
+acknowledged encroachments on their rights.  This being the point
+at issue between the parties, and the very object of the majority
+being an efficient protection of the citizens through the State
+tribunals, the measures adopted to enforce the ordinance, of
+course, received the most decisive character.   We were not
+children, to act by halves.  Yet for acting thus efficiently the
+State is denounced, and this bill reported, to overrule, by
+military force, the civil tribunal and civil process of the
+State!  Sir, I consider this bill, and the arguments which have
+been urged on this floor in its support, as the most triumphant
+acknowledgment that nullification is peaceful and efficient, and
+so deeply intrenched in the principles of our system, that it
+cannot be assailed but by prostrating the Constitution, and
+substituting the supremacy of military force in lieu of the
+supremacy of the laws.  In fact, the advocates of this bill
+refute their own argument.  They tell us that the ordinance is
+unconstitutional; that it infracts the Constitution of South
+Carolina, although, to me, the objection appears absurd, as it
+was adopted by the very authority which adopted the Constitution
+itself.  They also tell us that the Supreme Court is the
+appointed arbiter of all controversies between a State and the
+general government.  Why, then, do they not leave this
+controversy to that tribunal?  Why do they not confide to them
+the abrogation of the ordinance, and the laws made in pursuance
+of it, and the assertion of that supremacy which they claim for
+the laws of Congress?  The State stands pledged to resist no
+process of the court.  Why, then, confer on the President the
+extensive and unlimited powers provided in this bill?  Why
+authorize him to use military force to arrest the civil process
+of the State?  But one answer can be given: That, in a contest
+between the State and the general government, if the resistance
+be limited on both sides to the civil process, the State, by its
+inherent sovereignty, standing upon its reserved powers, will
+prove too powerful in such a controversy, and must triumph over
+the Federal government, sustained by its delegated and limited
+authority; and in this answer we have an acknowledgment of the
+truth of those great principles for which the State has so firmly
+and nobly contended....
+
+Notwithstanding all that has been said, I may say that neither
+the Senator from Delaware (Mr. Clayton), nor any other who has
+spoken on the same side, has directly and fairly met the great
+question at issue: Is this a Federal Union? a union of States, as
+distinct from that of individuals?  Is the sovereignty in the
+several States, or in the American people in the aggregate?  The
+very language which we are compelled to use when speaking of our
+political institutions affords proof conclusive as to its real
+character.  The terms union, federal, united, all imply a
+combination of sovereignties, a confederation of States.  They
+never apply to an association of individuals.  Who ever heard of
+the United State of New York, of Massachusetts, or of Virginia? 
+Who ever heard the term federal or union applied to the
+aggregation of individuals into one community?  Nor is the other
+point less clear--that the sovereignty is in the several States,
+and that our system is a union of twenty-four sovereign powers,
+under a constitutional compact, and not of a divided sovereignty
+between the States severally and the United States?  In spite of
+all that has been said, I maintain that sovereignty is in its
+nature indivisible.  It is the supreme power in a State, and we
+might just as well speak of half a square, or half of a triangle,
+as of half a sovereignty.  It is a gross error to confound the
+*exercise* of sovereign powers with *sovereignty* itself, or the
+*delegation* of such powers with the *surrender* of them.  A
+sovereign may delegate his powers to be exercised by as many
+agents as he may think proper, under such conditions and with
+such limitations as he may impose; but to surrender any portion
+of his sovereignty to another is to annihilate the whole.  The
+Senator from Delaware (Mr. Clayton) calls this metaphysical
+reasoning, which he says he cannot comprehend.  If by metaphysics
+he means that scholastic refinement which makes distinctions
+without difference, no one can hold it in more utter contempt
+than I do; but if, on the contrary, he means the power of
+analysis and combination--that power which reduces the most
+complex idea into its elements, which traces causes to their
+first principle, and, by the power of generalization and
+combination, unites the whole in one harmonious system--then, so
+far from deserving contempt, it is the highest attribute of the
+human mind.  It is the power which raises man above the
+brute--which distinguishes his faculties from mere sagacity,
+which he holds in common with inferior animals.  It is this power
+which has raised the astronomer from being a mere gazer at the
+stars to the high intellectual eminence of a Newton or a Laplace,
+and astronomy itself from a mere observation of isolated facts
+into that noble science which displays to our admiration the
+system of the universe.  And shall this high power of the mind,
+which has effected such wonders when directed to the laws which
+control the material world, be forever prohibited, under a
+senseless cry of metaphysics, from being applied to the high
+purposes of political science and legislation?  I hold them to be
+subject to laws as fixed as matter itself, and to be as fit a
+subject for the application of the highest intellectual power. 
+Denunciation may, indeed, fall upon the philosophical inquirer
+into these first principles, as it did upon Galileo and Bacon,
+when they first unfolded the great discoveries which have
+immortalized their names; but the time will come when truth will
+prevail in spite of prejudice and denunciation, and when politics
+and legislation will be considered as much a science as astronomy
+and chemistry.
+
+In connection with this part of the subject, I understood the
+Senator from Virginia (Mr. Rives) to say that sovereignty was
+divided, and that a portion remained with the States severally,
+and that the residue was vested in the Union.  By Union, I
+suppose, the Senator meant the United States. If such be his
+meaning--if he intended to affirm that the sovereignty was in the
+twenty-four States, in whatever light he may view them, our
+opinions will not disagree; but according to my conception, the
+whole sovereignty is in the several States, while the exercise of
+sovereign power is divided--a part being exercised under compact,
+through this general government, and the residue through the
+separate State governments.  But if the Senator from Virginia
+(Mr. Rives) means to assert that the twenty-four States form but
+one community, with a single sovereign power as to the objects of
+the Union, it will be but the revival of the old question, of
+whether the Union is a union between States, as distinct
+communities, or a mere aggregate of the American people, as a
+mass of individuals; and in this light his opinions would lead
+directly to consolidation....
+
+Disguise it as you may, the controversy is one between power and
+liberty; and I tell the gentlemen who are opposed to me, that, as
+strong as may be the love of power on their side, the love of
+liberty is still stronger on ours.  History furnishes many
+instances of similar struggles, where the love of liberty has
+prevailed against power under every disadvantage, and among them
+few more striking than that of our own Revolution; where, as
+strong as was the parent country, and feeble as were the
+Colonies, yet, under the impulse of liberty, and the blessing of
+God, they gloriously triumphed in the contest.  There are,
+indeed, many striking analogies between that and the present
+controversy.  They both originated substantially in the same
+cause--with this difference--in the present case, the power of
+taxation is converted into that of regulating industry; in the
+other the power of regulating industry, by the regulation of
+commerce, was attempted to be converted into the power of
+taxation.  Were I to trace the analogy further, we should find
+that the perversion of the taxing power, in the one case, has
+given precisely the same control to the northern section over the
+industry of the southern section of the Union, which the power to
+regulate commerce gave to Great Britain over the industry of the
+Colonies in the other; and that the very articles in which the
+Colonies were permitted to have a free trade, and those in which
+the mother-country had a monopoly, are almost identically the
+same as those in which the Southern States are permitted to have
+a free trade by the Act of 1832, and in which the Northern States
+have, by the same act, secured a monopoly.  The only difference
+is in the means.  In the former, the Colonies were permitted to
+have a free trade with all countries south of Cape Finisterre, a
+cape in the northern part of Spain; while north of that, the
+trade of the Colonies was prohibited, except through the
+mother-country, by means of her commercial regulations.  If we
+compare the products of the country north and south of Cape
+Finisterre, we shall find them almost identical with the list of
+last year.  Nor does the analogy terminate here.  The very
+arguments resorted to at the commencement of the American
+Revolution, and the measures adopted, and the motives assigned to
+bring on that contest (to enforce the law), are almost
+identically the same.
+
+But to return from this digression to the consideration of the
+bill.  Whatever difference of opinion may exist upon other
+points, there is one on which I should suppose there can be none;
+that this bill rests upon principles which, if carried out, will
+ride over State sovereignties, and that it will be idle for any
+advocates hereafter to talk of State rights.  The Senator from
+Virginia (Mr. Rives) says that he is the advocate of State
+rights; but he must permit me to tell him that, although he may
+differ in premises from the other gentlemen with whom he acts on
+this occasion, yet, in supporting this bill, he obliterates every
+vestige of distinction between him and them, saving only that,
+professing the principles of '98, his example will be more
+pernicious than that of the most open and bitter opponent of the
+rights of the States.  I will also add, what I am compelled to
+say, that I must consider him (Mr. Rives) as less consistent than
+our old opponents, whose conclusions were fairly drawn from their
+premises, while his premises ought to have led him to opposite
+conclusions.  The gentleman has told us that the new-fangled
+doctrines, as he chooses to call them, have brought State rights
+into disrepute.  I must tell him, in reply, that what he calls
+new- fangled are but the doctrines of '98; and that it is he (Mr.
+Rives), and others with him, who, professing these doctrines,
+have degraded them by explaining away their meaning and efficacy.
+ He (Mr. R.) has disclaimed, in behalf of Virginia, the
+authorship of nullification.  I will not dispute that point.  If
+Virginia chooses to throw away one of her brightest ornaments,
+she must not hereafter complain that it has become the property
+of another.  But while I have, as a representatives of Carolina,
+no right to complain of the disavowal of the Senator from
+Virginia, I must believe that he (Mr. R.) has done his native
+State great injustice by declaring on this floor, that when she
+gravely resolved, in '98, that "in cases of deliberate and
+dangerous infractions of the Constitution, the States, as parties
+to the compact, have the right, and are in duty bound, to
+interpose to arrest the progress of the evil, and to maintain
+within their respective limits the authorities, rights, and
+liberties appertaining to them," she meant no more than to
+proclaim the right to protest and to remonstrate.  To suppose
+that, in putting forth so solemn a declaration, which she
+afterward sustained by so able and elaborate an argument, she
+meant no more than to assert what no one had ever denied, would
+be to suppose that the State had been guilty of the most
+egregious trifling that ever was exhibited on so solemn an
+occasion.
+
+
+
+
+
+END OF PROJECT GUTENBERG ETEXT OF
+**John C. Calhoun's Remarks to the Senate of the United States**
+"ON NULLIFICATION AND THE FORCE BILL"
diff --git a/old/jccrs10.zip b/old/jccrs10.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..799d6d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/jccrs10.zip