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Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b72d4e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #69803 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/69803) diff --git a/old/69803-0.txt b/old/69803-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 9f43a75..0000000 --- a/old/69803-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,721 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg ebook of Australia—Fortune land - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Australia—Fortune land - -Author: Roderick O'Hargan - -Release Date: January 15, 2023 [eBook #69803] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Roger Frank and Sue Clark - -Original Publication: Doubleday, Page & Co., United States (1926) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AUSTRALIA—FORTUNE LAND *** - - - - -AUSTRALIA--FORTUNE LAND - -By Roderick O’Hargan - -Author of “The Forty-Niners,” “The Comstock Lode,” etc. - - - Though the Government officials hushed up the discovery, - fearing that it might lead to an “utter disorganization - of society,” gold will out--and when it came out Australia - experienced a stampede of the wildest sort, with nuggets - of wondrous size and fortunes picked up overnight. - - -There was a celebration at the Stag’s Head saloon, Downieville, -Sierra County, California. A dozen or more gold-seekers from the -nearby bars on the Yuba River were on hand to say good-by to -“Sailor” Hargraves. The great California gold rush of 1849 was -approaching its crest. “The City,” as San Francisco was known -throughout the diggings, was overflowing with wealth. Crowds of -red-shirted miners from the creeks, anxious to exchange their dust -for something--anything--anything that caught their eye--met and -mingled with the vast horde of adventurers drawn from all parts of -the world. From the over-taxed saloons came the droning cry, “Money -on the bar,” indicating a lucky man inviting the world to celebrate -with him. - -Even Downieville, born only a few months before, was bubbling with -excitement. The guest of the evening, Edward Hargraves, was -returning to Australia with the avowed intention of discovering a -goldfield even greater than that of California. Like many others, he -had come hotfoot to the California diggings one year before. He had -not been successful as a miner, this soldier, sailor and bushman. -Perhaps he was more of a talker than a worker. He certainly had a -flair for the theatrical and was given to boasting of Australia. - -Half a century before this little farewell celebration took place, -England’s political heads were puzzling over what to do with a huge -island in the Southern Seas. A penal colony! Good idea! So for fifty -years she had dumped her convicts there--some cut-throats of the -lowest type, others misguided idealists who had queer political -views. As a result about one-half of the population of Australia -were either convicts or “emancipists”--the latter, convicts who had -served their terms but were not permitted to return to the -motherland. - -“Even if you did discover a goldfield in Australia, Hargraves, that -old queen of yours wouldn’t let you have the gold,” an emancipist -from Australia sneered, while Hargraves boasted. - -“Queen Victoria, God bless her, will be informed that I have -discovered a great goldfield and will make me one of her Gold -Commissioners and perhaps afterward a peer of the realm,” Hargraves -replied, striking an attitude. - -Curiously enough a large part of this childish boast was destined to -come true! - -Arrived in Sydney, New South Wales, Hargraves tried to induce old -friends and acquaintances to put up funds for him to make an -expedition into the “back-blocks” to discover a goldfield. He -pointed out that he had just come from California and was an expert -at both discovering and washing gold. His friends refused to put -their money into such a wild speculation. Nothing daunted, he -invested the few dollars that represented all his capital in a -saddle horse. He then rode across the Blue Mountains, through -Bathurst, to Guyong, where he picked up a native guide and plunged -into the wilderness. - -About fifteen miles from the settlement, at a point on Lewis Pond’s -Creek, a tributary of the McQuarie River, the two men prepared their -first meal. Having eaten, Hargraves, probably regretting that he had -no larger audience, informed the native of the object of their -expedition. The eyes of the “blackfellow” bulged with excitement. -This slight encouragement was sufficient to cause Hargraves to get -to his feet. “Right where we are now resting is a goldfield,” he -announced. “It is all about us. I will prove it to you.” - -He took a dishpan and washed a pan of dirt. It showed a few grains -of gold! In all he washed five pans in rapid succession and four of -them showed colors. Later he admitted that his talk had been bluff; -he had only hoped that gold was there! - -A few weeks later, Hargraves walked into the office of the Honorable -Deas-Thompson, Colonial Secretary, at Sydney, and opened a -mysterious paper package. The official was in a cheerful frame of -mind. He listened to his visitor with patience and good humor. - -“By Jove, my man, it is gold!” he finally exclaimed, adjusting his -eyeglasses. “I believe your story. I will have it investigated.” - - * * * * * - -Hargraves’ dramatic discovery was not the first time gold had been -talked of in Australia. Nearly thirty years before, one of the -convicts at Botany Bay showed a specimen of gold-splashed quartz he -claimed he had found. When asked to show the place of discovery, he -was unable to find it again and was awarded one hundred and fifty -lashes for his “deception.” A few years later a gang of convicts -building a road through the Blue Mountains found a number of gold -specimens, but the news was promptly suppressed because it was -feared that the convicts would get out of hand. - -In 1841, ten years before Hargraves returned from California, a -bushman named Adam Forres found a good size nugget and showed it to -W. B. Clarke, a geologist. Clarke took it to Governor Gipps, who -dismissed the matter by saying, “Put it away, Mr. Clarke, put it -away, or we shall all have our throats cut.” Clarke thereupon -advised his friends, who were excited about the find, that he would -not make it public as he feared it might lead to the “utter -disorganization of society.” - -The investigation of Hargraves’ discovery promised by Secretary -Deas-Thompson took place. Again the official mind was stubborn! - -“I can see no evidence whatever of the precious metal in the -district indicated,” Mr. Stutchburg, the Government geologist, -reported. - -But Hargraves was so earnest and so insistent that the geologist -made a second visit and watched Hargraves wash out a dozen pans of -dirt, several of which showed a string of colors. Moreover, half a -dozen men who had caught the trick from “the forty-niner” were -panning on the creek and showing colors in pan after pan. The -geologist was forced to admit the gold was there. The news was -reported in the press. The stampede was on! What a Government -geologist said or thought did not matter now; he was brushed aside -like a chip in the wind. Within a few days four hundred amateur -miners were milling around the spot where Hargraves had washed his -historic pan of dirt. - -Before Hargraves’ find was fully accepted, two new fields were -discovered, one on the Turon River and another on the Abercrombie, -and these were followed almost immediately by the “Kerr strike.” At -a little sheep station on the banks of the Merro River, a “blackboy” -horsebreaker, idly chipping at a quartz boulder, struck harder than -he had intended and split the rock, revealing to his astonished gaze -a core of solid gold bigger than his fist. Two other similar -boulders were promptly broken up, bringing to light even larger -chunks of solid gold. One of these, had it remained unbroken, -probably would have been the biggest sample of native gold in the -world. - -The news ran through Australia like wildfire. Within a few weeks -from almost every point of the compass reports of new discoveries -were coming in, one on the heels of the other. There were: - - Clunes on July 8th - Buninyong on August 8th - Anderson’s Creek on August 11th - Ballarat on September 8th - Mount Alexander on September 10th - Broken River on September 29th - -Four of these discoveries became great producers. Mount Alexander, -for instance, produced more than ten thousand ounces of gold in the -first fifteen days of existence. Any man with a spade and tin dish -could be a successful miner. Indeed, few knew anything of mining, -shown by the fact that many claims were abandoned and re-abandoned -only to yield fortunes to second and third comers. One such -abandoned claim, the “Poor Boy” at Eureka, yielded a nugget of pure -gold weighing over six hundred ounces. In another instance, a pillar -of earth, left as a support in a deserted claim at Bendigo, calved a -nugget weighing more than five hundred ounces. - -The effect of these discoveries was two-fold; to the officials, it -was a calamity; to the masses, it was a windfall. The officials saw -in it only a possible uprising of the convicts and demoralization of -the laboring classes. The Commissioner of Lands at Bathurst, hearing -of Hargraves’ activities, sent a special message to the governor -advising “that steps be taken to prevent the working classes from -deserting their regular employment for the goldfields.” Gold, to the -masses, spelled quick fortunes and trade revival. - -Australia had been passing through a period of great commercial -depression. People were drifting away, especially to California. The -gold strike was a lifesaver. First timidly, then boldly, committees -of wealthy citizens offered cash rewards for gold discoveries. Men, -women and children gave part or all of their time to the search, -often looking in the most unlikely places, yet sometimes not without -results. A stagecoach driver in his spare time found the Ding-Dong -deposits and realized a fortune. - - * * * * * - -It was as if some electric shock ran through every town, village and -house in Australia. Almost the entire male population poured along -the roads that led to the goldfields. Men forsook their ordinary -vocations. The shearer left the sheep station; the driver his team; -lawyers and even judges forsook their courts; the merchant his -counting-house, and the clerks their desks. Geelong, Melbourne and -Sydney became almost empty towns. In Hobson’s Bay on January 6th, -1852, there lay forty-seven merchant ships abandoned by their crews, -who had set out for the goldfields to wash a fortune out of a tin -dish. The police resigned in scores; even warders in lunatic asylums -left their patients. Business reached a standstill. Schools were -closed. In some places not a man was left. - -At Melbourne, out of forty-four constables, only two remained on -duty. The governor issued a circular to department heads in Sydney, -asking how they were affected by the gold “disturbance.” The police -chief reported, “Although a great increase of pay has been offered, -fifty of my fifty-five constables have gone to the goldfields.” The -postmaster, “An entire disruption has taken place in this department -and immediate measures must be taken.” The harbor master reported, -“I have only one man left.” - -Society was cast into the melting pot; all disappeared over the rim -of the horizon in a breathless race to where they had been told gold -nuggets were being dug up like potatoes. Thus had the whisper of -gold risen to a shout of gold, and it ran round the world and turned -the stems of ships on every sea toward Australia. It was the day of -the clipper ships of New England, and their skippers went after this -new trade with Yankee keenness. - -During this time passenger traffic between Australia and San -Francisco was greater than it has ever been since--Australians -stampeding to California and Californians rushing to Australia. In -five months eleven thousand immigrants passed through the principal -Australian ports. In the next four years over four hundred thousand -immigrants arrived, almost all drawn there by the lure of gold. - -After the first rush to the diggings had subsided the cities began -to fill up again. Supplies for the new mining camps became a -commercial factor, and this, together with the handling of the horde -of overseas stampeders, caused a big expansion in business. Then -when the miners began to take their vacations from the diggings, -these Australian cities, formerly quiet sheep towns, experienced -their first period of rushing business and wild extravagance. - -The lucky diggers became the outstanding figures of local society. -Their wagerings at the race track or gaming table put former -plungers into the shade. They imported the world’s best race-horses, -the world’s largest diamonds, and built fine homes. Until that time -the wealthy in Australia were almost exclusively the “official” -class, aristocrats from England, but with the coming of gold men -rose from poverty to wealth almost overnight and the old social -lines were thrust aside. The forceful and hard-fisted bosses of the -mining camps became the leaders and dominators of commerce, finance -and society. - -As in American get-rich-quick communities, a plague of human -parasites began to infest these easy-money centers. Bands of -bushrangers sprang into existence and preyed upon the traffic -between the goldfields and the cities, but the authorities, if slow, -were sure. They stamped out crime with a deadly thoroughness that -cowed the rough element. Hold-up--“robbery under arms” it was -called--was a crime punishable by death. Australia’s period of -lawlessness, in many ways romantic and interesting, was of short -duration. The citizens formed no Vigilance Committees. Putting down -crime was left to the Mounted Police, and they made a good job of -it. - - * * * * * - -The returns in the first few months after gold was discovered made a -dazzling record. The first dolly set rocking at Golden Point yielded -four and one-half pounds of gold in two hours. At Canadian Valley, -in the same district, the wash and rubble yielded an average of -about thirty-five pounds weight of gold per claim. At Blacksmith’s -Hole, on the Canadian River, one party of mates in one day obtained -over fifteen hundred dollars per man, the average of the claim being -one ounce of gold to every bucket of earth. This claim was worked -twice after being abandoned and in all yielded more than one ton in -weight of the precious metal. - -From one fraction, only twelve feet by twelve feet, at Gravel Bend, -one hundred and twenty-five pounds weight of gold was taken out in -less than thirty days. Another syndicate of eight men, working -nearby, pocketed one hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars. The -Prince claim was leased for one week and yielded about eighty -thousand dollars; then, for a two-week period, yielding forty-five -thousand dollars. Before the end of the year 1851 over thirty -thousand miners were working in the Victoria goldfields. In the -following year this province alone yielded gold to the value of -forty-eight million dollars, and in the succeeding year one hundred -and five million dollars, and this golden flood spelled prosperity -to the whole of Australia. - -Australia too, startled the imagination of the world by the large -size of the chunks of gold occasionally found. For several years the -industry of mining was mostly a matter of luck. It was a -tenderfoot’s paradise. Barbers had equal chance with geologists, and -jockeys with experienced miners. There is no other example in the -history of mining such a succession of great nuggets. One expert has -made a calculation of the world’s famous nuggets, one hundred and -fifty in number. Of these one hundred and nineteen were found in -Australia, the United States trailing along a poor second with only -nine. - -The “Welcome Stranger” nugget, found at Dunolly, only a few inches -below the surface, was a block of gold twenty-four inches long and -ten inches thick and yielded two thousand, two hundred and -forty-eight ounces of pure gold, valued at just under forty-nine -thousand dollars. The “Welcome” nugget, found at Ballarat, weighed -two thousand, two hundred and seventeen ounces and was sold for -forty-six thousand dollars. The “Blanche Barkly,” picked up at -Kingower, at a depth of only fifteen feet, yielded seventeen hundred -and forty-three ounces and was worth thirty-four thousand dollars. -Another, weighing sixteen hundred and nineteen ounces, was part of a -small rock slide that rolled into Canadian Gully. - -This nugget was picked up by a widow just out from England and -forthwith sold for twenty-six thousand dollars. This fortunate woman -was of the stuff that make real pioneers. She had a family to -support and, hearing of the Australian goldfields, she stowed her -family aboard a sailing ship and came--and in the fifties a voyage -more than half way around the world was no picnic. It could be said -of her in truth, “She came; she saw; she conquered”--for the finding -of this nugget was only the beginning. - -“What any man can do, I can do,” she said, and she did, both in -Australia and in England, where, for thirty years after, she was a -power in financial and social circles. - -And what of the original stampeders? Few of the world’s adventurers -have been more suitably rewarded than was Edward Hammond Hargraves, -officially recognized as the discoverer of gold in Australia. He -gained wealth, a good position and a title, wore showy uniforms and -became a public functionary, surrounded by an army of satellites. He -received the appointment of Commissioner of Crown Lands. The British -Government bestowed upon him a gift of fifty thousand dollars. The -Government of Victoria a gift of twenty-five thousand dollars. New -South Wales gave him a life pension of two thousand five hundred -dollars per annum. Hargraves became a great man. - -Of the others, Thomas Hiscock, who discovered Ballarat, died before -he enjoyed much material reward. Harry Frenchman, discoverer of -Golden Gully at Bendigo, became a wealthy woolman. Fortescue, the -brilliant emancipist attorney, tossed away a fortune in the cause of -his oppressed brethren in Ireland, but died poor. Marshal owned -race-horses, envied alike by English peers and South African -magnates. Nat Bayley and Charles Ford, the pair who later found gold -in Western Australia, retired with great wealth. - -The Australian gold rush must be reckoned among the world’s great -stampedes, one which yielded huge prizes to the few and good prizes -for nearly all who had the high courage and cool foresight to take a -chance. - - -[Transcriber’s Note: This story appeared in the June 5, 1921 issue -of The Frontier magazine.] - - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AUSTRALIA—FORTUNE LAND *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> -<div style='all:initial; display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'> -Title: Australia—Fortune land -</div> -<div style='all:initial; display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'> -Author: Roderick O'Hargan -</div> -<div style='all:initial; display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'> -Release Date: January 15, 2023 [eBook #69803] -</div> -<div style='all:initial; display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'> -Language: English -</div> -<div style='all:initial; display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'> -Original Publication: Doubleday, Page & Co., United States (1926) -</div> -<div style='all:initial; display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'> -Credit: Roger Frank and Sue Clark -</div> -<div style='all:initial; display:block; text-align:center; margin-bottom:1em; margin-top:2em;'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AUSTRALIA—FORTUNE LAND ***</div> - -<h1>AUSTRALIA—FORTUNE LAND</h1> -<div class='ifpc'> - <img src='images/illus-fpc.jpg' alt='image' style='width:100%'> -</div> -<div style='text-align:center;font-size:1.2em;margin-top:1em;'>Australia—Fortune Land</div> -<div style='text-align:center;margin-top:0.5em;'>By Roderick O’Hargan</div> -<div style='text-align:center;font-size:0.9em;margin-bottom:1em;'>Author of “The Forty-Niners,” “The Comstock Lode,” etc.</div> - -<blockquote style='margin-bottom:1.5em'> -<p style='font-style:italic; text-indent:0'>Though the Government officials hushed up -the discovery, fearing that it might lead to an “utter -disorganization of society,” gold will out—and when it came out -Australia experienced a stampede of the wildest sort, with -nuggets of wondrous size and fortunes picked up over -night.</p> -</blockquote> - -<p>There was a celebration at the Stag’s Head -saloon, Downieville, Sierra County, California. A dozen or more -gold-seekers from the -nearby bars on the Yuba River were on -hand to say good-by to “Sailor” Hargraves. The great California -gold rush of 1849 was approaching its crest. “The -City,” as San Francisco was known throughout the diggings, -was overflowing with wealth. Crowds of red-shirted miners from -the creeks, anxious to exchange their dust for -something—anything—anything that caught their eye—met and -mingled with the vast horde of adventurers drawn from all parts -of the world. From the over-taxed saloons came the droning cry, -“Money on the bar,” indicating a lucky man inviting -the world to celebrate with him.</p> - -<p>Even Downieville, born only a few months -before, was bubbling with excitement. The guest of the evening, -Edward Hargraves, was returning to Australia with the avowed -intention of discovering a goldfield even greater than that of -California. Like many others, he had come hotfoot to the -California diggings one year before. He had not been successful -as a miner, this soldier, sailor and bushman. Perhaps he was -more of a talker than a worker. He certainly had a flair for the -theatrical and was given to boasting of Australia.</p> - -<p>Half a century before this little -farewell celebration took place, England’s political heads were -puzzling over what to do with a huge island in the Southern -Seas. A penal colony! Good idea! So for fifty years she had -dumped her convicts there—some cut-throats of the lowest type, -others misguided idealists who had queer political views. As a -result about one-half of the population of Australia were either -convicts or “emancipists”—the latter, convicts who had -served their terms but were not permitted to return to the -motherland.</p> - -<p>“Even if you did discover a -goldfield in Australia, Hargraves, that old queen of yours -wouldn’t let you have the gold,” an emancipist from -Australia sneered, while Hargraves boasted.</p> - -<p>“Queen Victoria, God bless her, will -be informed that I have discovered a great goldfield and will -make me one of her Gold Commissioners and perhaps afterward a -peer of the realm,” Hargraves replied, striking an -attitude.</p> - -<p>Curiously enough a large part of this -childish boast was destined to come true!</p> - -<p>Arrived in Sydney, New South Wales, -Hargraves tried to induce old friends and acquaintances to put -up funds for him to make an expedition into the -“back-blocks” to discover a goldfield. He pointed out -that he had just come from California and was an expert at both -discovering and washing gold. His friends refused to put their -money into such a wild speculation. Nothing daunted, he invested -the few dollars that represented all his capital in a saddle -horse. He then rode across the Blue Mountains, through Bathurst, -to Guyong, where he picked up a native guide and plunged into -the wilderness.</p> - -<p>About fifteen miles from the settlement, -at a point on Lewis Pond’s Creek, a tributary of the McQuarie -River, the two men prepared their first meal. Having eaten, -Hargraves, probably regretting that he had no larger audience, -informed the native of the object of their expedition. The eyes -of the “blackfellow” bulged with excitement. This -slight encouragement was sufficient to cause Hargraves to get to -his feet. “Right where we are now resting is a -goldfield,” he announced. “It is all about us. I will -prove it to you.”</p> - -<p>He took a dishpan and washed a pan of -dirt. It showed a few grains of gold! In all he washed five pans -in rapid succession and four of them showed colors. Later he -admitted that his talk had been bluff; he had only hoped that -gold was there!</p> - -<p>A few weeks later, Hargraves walked into -the office of the Honorable Deas-Thompson, Colonial Secretary, -at Sydney, and opened a mysterious paper package. The official -was in a cheerful frame of mind. He listened to his visitor with -patience and good humor.</p> - -<p>“By Jove, my man, it is gold!” -he finally exclaimed, adjusting his eyeglasses. “I believe -your story. I will have it investigated.”</p> - - -<p class='sb'>Hargraves’ dramatic discovery was not the first -time gold had been talked of in Australia. Nearly thirty years -before, one of the convicts at Botany Bay showed a specimen of -gold-splashed quartz he claimed he had found. When asked to show -the place of discovery, he was unable to find it again and was -awarded one hundred and fifty lashes for his “deception.” A few -years later a gang of convicts building a road through the Blue -Mountains found a number of gold specimens, but the news was -promptly suppressed because it was feared that the convicts -would get out of hand.</p> - -<p>In 1841, ten years before Hargraves -returned from California, a bushman named Adam Forres found a -good size nugget and showed it to W. B. Clarke, a geologist. -Clarke took it to Governor Gipps, who dismissed the matter by -saying, “Put it away, Mr. Clarke, put it away, or we shall all -have our throats cut.” Clarke thereupon advised his friends, who -were excited about the find, that he would not make it public as -he feared it might lead to the “utter disorganization of -society.”</p> - -<p>The investigation of Hargraves’ discovery -promised by Secretary Deas-Thompson took place. Again the -official mind was stubborn!</p> - -<p>“I can see no evidence whatever of -the precious metal in the district indicated,” Mr. Stutchburg, -the Government geologist, reported.</p> - -<p>But Hargraves was so earnest and so -insistent that the geologist made a second visit and watched -Hargraves wash out a dozen pans of dirt, several of which showed -a string of colors. Moreover, half a dozen men who had caught -the trick from “the forty-niner” were panning on the creek and -showing colors in pan after pan. The geologist was forced to -admit the gold was there. The news was reported in the press. -The stampede was on! What a Government geologist said or thought -did not matter now; he was brushed aside like a chip in the -wind. Within a few days four hundred amateur miners were milling -around the spot where Hargraves had washed his historic pan of -dirt.</p> - -<p>Before Hargraves’ find was fully -accepted, two new fields were discovered, one on the Turon River -and another on the Abercrombie, and these were followed almost -immediately by the “Kerr strike.” At a little sheep station on -the banks of the Merro River, a “blackboy” horsebreaker, idly -chipping at a quartz boulder, struck harder than he had intended -and split the rock, revealing to his astonished gaze a core of -solid gold bigger than his fist. Two other similar boulders were -promptly broken up, bringing to light even larger chunks of -solid gold. One of these, had it remained unbroken, probably -would have been the biggest sample of native gold in the -world.</p> - -<p>The news ran through Australia like -wildfire. Within a few weeks from almost every point of the -compass reports of new discoveries were coming in, one on the -heels of the other. There were:</p> - -<table style='margin-left:20%; border-collapse:collapse;'> -<tr><td>Clunes</td><td>on July 8th</td></tr> -<tr><td>Buninyong</td><td>on August 8th</td></tr> -<tr><td>Anderson’s Creek</td><td>on August 11th</td></tr> -<tr><td>Ballarat</td><td>on September 8th</td></tr> -<tr><td>Mount Alexander</td><td>on September 10th</td></tr> -<tr><td>Broken River</td><td>on September 29th</td></tr> -</table> - -<p>Four of these discoveries became great -producers. Mount Alexander, for instance, produced more than ten -thousand ounces of gold in the first fifteen days of existence. -Any man with a spade and tin dish could be a successful miner. -Indeed, few knew anything of mining, shown by the fact that many -claims were abandoned and re-abandoned only to yield fortunes to -second and third comers. One such abandoned claim, the “Poor -Boy” at Eureka, yielded a nugget of pure gold weighing over six -hundred ounces. In another instance, a pillar of earth, left as -a support in a deserted claim at Bendigo, calved a nugget -weighing more than five hundred ounces.</p> - -<p>The effect of these discoveries was -two-fold; to the officials, it was a calamity; to the masses, it -was a windfall. The officials saw in it only a possible uprising -of the convicts and demoralization of the laboring classes. The -Commissioner of Lands at Bathurst, hearing of Hargraves’ -activities, sent a special message to the governor advising -“that steps be taken to prevent the working classes from -deserting their regular employment for the goldfields.” Gold, to -the masses, spelled quick fortunes and trade revival.</p> - -<p>Australia had been passing through a -period of great commercial depression. People were drifting -away, especially to California. The gold strike was a lifesaver. -First timidly, then boldly, committees of wealthy citizens -offered cash rewards for gold discoveries. Men, women and -children gave part or all of their time to the search, often -looking in the most unlikely places, yet sometimes not without -results. A stagecoach driver in his spare time found the -Ding-Dong deposits and realized a fortune.</p> - - -<p class='sb'>It was as if some electric shock ran -through every town, village and house in Australia. -Almost the entire male population poured along the roads that -led to the goldfields. Men forsook their ordinary vocations. The -shearer left the sheep station; the driver his team; lawyers and -even judges forsook their courts; the merchant his -counting-house, and the clerks their desks. Geelong, Melbourne -and Sydney became almost empty towns. In Hobson’s Bay on January -6th, 1852, there lay forty-seven merchant ships abandoned by -their crews, who had set out for the goldfields to wash a -fortune out of a tin dish. The police resigned in scores; even -warders in lunatic asylums left their patients. Business reached -a standstill. Schools were closed. In some places not a man was -left.</p> - -<p>At Melbourne, out of forty-four -constables, only two remained on duty. The governor issued a -circular to department heads in Sydney, asking how they were -affected by the gold “disturbance.” The police chief reported, -“Although a great increase of pay has been offered, fifty of my -fifty-five constables have gone to the goldfields.” The -postmaster, “An entire disruption has taken place in this -department and immediate measures must be taken.” The harbor -master reported, “I have only one man left.”</p> - -<p>Society was cast into the melting pot; -all disappeared over the rim of the horizon in a breathless race -to where they had been told gold nuggets were being dug up like -potatoes. Thus had the whisper of gold risen to a shout of gold, -and it ran round the world and turned the stems of ships on -every sea toward Australia. It was the day of the clipper ships -of New England, and their skippers went after this new trade -with Yankee keenness.</p> - -<p>During this time passenger traffic -between Australia and San Francisco was greater than it has ever -been since—Australians stampeding to California and -Californians rushing to Australia. In five months eleven -thousand immigrants passed through the principal Australian -ports. In the next four years over four hundred thousand -immigrants arrived, almost all drawn there by the lure of -gold.</p> - -<p>After the first rush to the diggings had -subsided the cities began to fill up again. Supplies for the new -mining camps became a commercial factor, and this, together with -the handling of the horde of overseas stampeders, caused a big -expansion in business. Then when the miners began to take their -vacations from the diggings, these Australian cities, formerly -quiet sheep towns, experienced their first period of rushing -business and wild extravagance.</p> - -<p>The lucky diggers became the outstanding -figures of local society. Their wagerings at the race track or -gaming table put former plungers into the shade. They imported -the world’s best race-horses, the world’s largest diamonds, and -built fine homes. Until that time the wealthy in Australia were -almost exclusively the “official” class, aristocrats from -England, but with the coming of gold men rose from poverty to -wealth almost overnight and the old social lines were thrust -aside. The forceful and hard-fisted bosses of the mining camps -became the leaders and dominators of commerce, finance and -society.</p> - -<p>As in American get-rich-quick -communities, a plague of human parasites began to infest these -easy-money centers. Bands of bushrangers sprang into existence -and preyed upon the traffic between the goldfields and the -cities, but the authorities, if slow, were sure. They stamped -out crime with a deadly thoroughness that cowed the rough -element. Hold-up—“robbery under arms” it was called—was a crime -punishable by death. Australia’s period of lawlessness, in many -ways romantic and interesting, was of short duration. The -citizens formed no Vigilance Committees. Putting down crime was -left to the Mounted Police, and they made a good job of -it.</p> - - -<p class='sb'>The returns in the first few months -after gold was discovered made a dazzling record. The first -dolly set rocking at Golden Point yielded four and one-half -pounds of gold in two hours. At Canadian Valley, in the same -district, the wash and rubble yielded an average of about -thirty-five pounds weight of gold per claim. At Blacksmith’s -Hole, on the Canadian River, one party of mates in one day -obtained over fifteen hundred dollars per man, the average of -the claim being one ounce of gold to every bucket of earth. This -claim was worked twice after being abandoned and in all yielded -more than one ton in weight of the precious metal.</p> - -<p>From one fraction, only twelve feet by -twelve feet, at Gravel Bend, one hundred and twenty-five pounds -weight of gold was taken out in less than thirty days. Another -syndicate of eight men, working nearby, pocketed one hundred and -seventy-five thousand dollars. The Prince claim was leased for -one week and yielded about eighty thousand dollars; then, for a -two-week period, yielding forty-five thousand dollars. Before -the end of the year 1851 over thirty thousand miners were -working in the Victoria goldfields. In the following year this -province alone yielded gold to the value of forty-eight million -dollars, and in the succeeding year one hundred and five million -dollars, and this golden flood spelled prosperity to the whole -of Australia.</p> - -<p>Australia too, startled the imagination -of the world by the large size of the chunks of gold -occasionally found. For several years the industry of mining was -mostly a matter of luck. It was a tenderfoot’s paradise. Barbers -had equal chance with geologists, and jockeys with experienced -miners. There is no other example in the history of mining such -a succession of great nuggets. One expert has made a calculation -of the world’s famous nuggets, one hundred and fifty in number. -Of these one hundred and nineteen were found in Australia, the -United States trailing along a poor second with only -nine.</p> - -<p>The “Welcome Stranger” nugget, found at -Dunolly, only a few inches below the surface, was a block of -gold twenty-four inches long and ten inches thick and yielded -two thousand, two hundred and forty-eight ounces of pure gold, -valued at just under forty-nine thousand dollars. The “Welcome” -nugget, found at Ballarat, weighed two thousand, two hundred and -seventeen ounces and was sold for forty-six thousand dollars. -The “Blanche Barkly,” picked up at Kingower, at a depth of only -fifteen feet, yielded seventeen hundred and forty-three ounces -and was worth thirty-four thousand dollars. Another, weighing -sixteen hundred and nineteen ounces, was part of a small rock -slide that rolled into Canadian Gully.</p> - -<p>This nugget was picked up by a widow just -out from England and forthwith sold for twenty-six thousand -dollars. This fortunate woman was of the stuff that make real -pioneers. She had a family to support and, hearing of the -Australian goldfields, she stowed her family aboard a sailing -ship and came—and in the fifties a voyage more than half way -around the world was no picnic. It could be said of her in -truth, “She came; she saw; she conquered”—for the finding of -this nugget was only the beginning.</p> - -<p>“What any man can do, I can do,” she -said, and she did, both in Australia and in England, where, for -thirty years after, she was a power in financial and social -circles.</p> - -<p>And what of the original stampeders? Few -of the world’s adventurers have been more suitably rewarded than -was Edward Hammond Hargraves, officially recognized as the -discoverer of gold in Australia. He gained wealth, a good -position and a title, wore showy uniforms and became a public -functionary, surrounded by an army of satellites. He received -the appointment of Commissioner of Crown Lands. The British -Government bestowed upon him a gift of fifty thousand dollars. -The Government of Victoria a gift of twenty-five thousand -dollars. New South Wales gave him a life pension of two thousand -five hundred dollars per annum. Hargraves became a great -man.</p> - -<p>Of the others, Thomas Hiscock, who -discovered Ballarat, died before he enjoyed much material -reward. Harry Frenchman, discoverer of Golden Gully at Bendigo, -became a wealthy woolman. Fortescue, the brilliant emancipist -attorney, tossed away a fortune in the cause of his oppressed -brethren in Ireland, but died poor. Marshal owned race-horses, -envied alike by English peers and South African magnates. Nat -Bayley and Charles Ford, the pair who later found gold in -Western Australia, retired with great wealth.</p> - -<p>The Australian gold rush must be reckoned -among the world’s great stampedes, one which yielded huge prizes -to the few and good prizes for nearly all who had the high -courage and cool foresight to take a chance.</p> - -<div class="tn"> - <p>Transcriber’s Note: This story appeared in - the May, 1926 issue of <i>The Frontier</i> magazine.</p> -</div> - -<div style='all:initial; display:block; text-align:center; margin-top:1em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AUSTRALIA—FORTUNE LAND ***</div> - -<div style='all:initial; display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='all:initial; display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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