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Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6547871 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #69705 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/69705) diff --git a/old/69705-0.txt b/old/69705-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index e500ae8..0000000 --- a/old/69705-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8969 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Gardening for women, by Frances -Wolseley - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Gardening for women - -Author: Frances Wolseley - -Release Date: January 4, 2023 [eBook #69705] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Charlene Taylor, Karin Spence and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was - produced from images generously made available by The - Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GARDENING FOR WOMEN *** - - - - [Illustration: A PUPIL IN WORKING COSTUME, SCHOOL FOR LADY - GARDENERS, GLYNDE, SUSSEX. - - _Photograph by Pictorial Agency._] - - - - - GARDENING FOR - WOMEN - - BY - THE HON. FRANCES WOLSELEY - - PRINCIPAL OF THE GLYNDE SCHOOL FOR LADY - GARDENERS IN SUSSEX - - - _WITH THIRTY-TWO ILLUSTRATIONS_ - - - CASSELL AND COMPANY, LIMITED - LONDON, PARIS, NEW YORK, TORONTO AND MELBOURNE - 1908 - - - - - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED - - - - - CONTENTS - - - PART I - - CHAPTER I - PAGE - - GARDENING AS A PROFESSION FOR WOMEN 1 - - - CHAPTER II - - THE TRAINING REQUIRED 7 - - - CHAPTER III - - LANDSCAPE GARDENING 12 - - - CHAPTER IV - - JOBBING GARDENING AND FLORAL DECORATION 21 - - - CHAPTER V - - THE TEACHING OF NATURE-STUDY 28 - - - CHAPTER VI - - SOME HINTS UPON TAKING UP A POST AS HEAD GARDENER 34 - - - CHAPTER VII - - DRESS FOR LADY GARDENERS 54 - - - CHAPTER VIII - - COTTAGE AND FOOD 64 - - - CHAPTER IX - - MARKET GARDENING 70 - - - CHAPTER X - - THE MEDICAL ASPECT OF GARDENING FOR WOMEN 77 - - - CHAPTER XI - - WOMEN GARDENERS FOR SOUTH AFRICA 89 - - - CHAPTER XII - - ITALIAN POT GARDENS: A SUGGESTION 98 - - - CHAPTER XIII - - FOR THOSE WHO HESITATE TO EMPLOY LADY GARDENERS 105 - - - PART II - - CHAPTER XIV - - COLLEGES AND SCHOOLS FOR LADY GARDENERS IN GREAT BRITAIN 116 - - - CHAPTER XV - - CONTINENTAL SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES 160 - - - CHAPTER XVI - - SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES IN AMERICA 209 - - - CHAPTER XVII - - GARDENING AND NATURE-STUDY IN CANADA AND AUSTRALIA 232 - - - CHAPTER XVIII - - TRAINING GROUNDS FOR MARKET GARDENERS 253 - - - APPENDIX - - USEFUL INFORMATION FOR LADY GARDENERS 273 - - - - - LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - - - TO FACE PAGE - - A Pupil in Working Costume, School for Lady Gardeners, - Glynde, Sussex _Frontispiece_ - - The “Walled Garden” at the House of Field-Marshal Viscount - Wolseley, K.P. 4 - - Model by Miss A. C. Sewell of a Children’s Garden, exhibited - at the Whitechapel Country in Town Exhibition 12 - - The Hanging Gardens, Ratton Park, Sussex 20 - - A Page from a Boy’s “Nature-Study” Sketch Book 30 - - The Countess Bathurst’s Garden, Pinbury, near Cirencester 36 - - The Yew Tree Avenue, known as “the Nun’s Walk,” in the - Countess Bathurst’s Garden, Pinbury, near Cirencester 44 - - Miss E. Douglas in her Greenhouse at Shedfield Grange, - Botley, Hants 48 - - Miss Hester Perrin at Work in her Brother’s Garden at - Fortfield House, Terenure, Co. Dublin 54 - - In the Garden at Fortfield House, Terenure, Co. Dublin 60 - - In the Garden at Fortfield House, Terenure, Co. Dublin 64 - - Boxing Bulbs for Forcing at Miss Bateman’s Market - Garden, Bashley Nursery, New Milton, Hants 74 - - The Ruins Gardens, Slougham Place, Sussex 86 - - The Yews at Hutton John, Cumberland 92 - - An Italian Pot Garden 102 - - Italian Orange Pots and Oil Jars 104 - - The Ruins, Ratton Park, Sussex 110 - - The Cottage, School of Lady Gardeners, Glynde, Sussex 118 - - Gathering Roses for Pot Pourri, School of Lady Gardeners, - Glynde, Sussex 120 - - “Potting”: Students at Work, Reading University 126 - - At Work in the Vinery, Studley College for Lady Gardeners 136 - - Preparing the Frames at Studley College for Lady - Gardeners 140 - - Students at the School of Pomology and Horticulture, - Marienfelde, near Berlin 166 - - School for Lady Gardeners, Holtenau, near Kiel, - Schleswig-Holstein 188 - - Students at Hastum School, Norway 200 - - Students at Work at the Agdatorp School of Gardening, - Sweden 202 - - Students at Work at the Espenäs School for Lady Gardeners, - Sweden 206 - - Avenue leading to “Lowthorpe,” Croton, Massachusetts, - Mrs. Low’s School for Lady Gardeners 220 - - Southern Entrance to “Lowthorpe,” Croton, Massachusetts, - Mrs. Low’s School for Lady Gardeners 222 - - The Marchioness of Sligo’s Garden, Mount Browne, near - Guildford 252 - - Captain Colthurst Vesey’s Garden, Lucan, Ireland 256 - - Rose Garden, Danny, Sussex 262 - - - - - INTRODUCTION - - -How often it is that Fate places us amongst people whose characters, -pursuits, and tastes we do not know! We hesitate how best to melt that -barrier of icy reserve and shyness behind which we English remain -frozen. How can we speedily break through the reserve which rises up -between us and the stranger near us? There is at least one subject of -conversation which usually calls forth a response--it is gardening. - -Whether our neighbour be politician, soldier, architect, or painter, he -will surely listen with interest to the mention of a garden. He will -tell us of some newly-discovered plant, a flower show that he went to -see, or he will expatiate upon the beauties of South African bulbs. We -may be sure that if he himself is no gardener, he has someone dear to -him who is a lover of flowers. After a hard day’s work in the City, he -will gladly turn his thoughts to the peace and quiet of a walled-in -country garden, where the hum of bees and the scent of sweet briar or -rosemary bring happiness and contentment. - -It is the same with country people, who live in our quiet English -villages that are as yet unspoilt by the dust of motors and the noise -of holiday-makers. A little chat over the garden wall in the cool -of evening, about the luxuriant growth of the peas, the beauty of -madonna lilies gleaming white against the dark timber of the cottage, -or the special size of this year’s roses, will often make a lasting -friendship. No make-believe pastime is gardening with them; it is their -true recreation. Their lives have been passed amidst fields, trees, -beautiful hedgerows, and consequently they look upon these objects as -friends. Surely this love of Nature is wholesome both to body and mind, -and greatly to be encouraged by all who wish for the well-being of -England and her Colonies. - -Are we not shown the vast importance of keeping our rural population -away from towns? Do we not thus endeavour with every means in our power -to improve the cultivation of our land? County Council lectures, flower -shows, cottage-garden competitions, Nature-study courses, training -colleges are provided for this purpose. But, perhaps, the surest -way of all is to make our boys and girls fond of bee-keeping, fruit -growing, gardening and all other industries of country life. It is -with them that future success lies, and by teaching them to tend small -gardens of their own, and compete for prizes in tidiness and artistic -arrangement of flower plots, we shall continue a love for the country -in future generations. To keep them away from the gloom, squalor, and -temptations of large towns is what we all wish to achieve. Well-tilled, -wisely-worked farms, orchards, gardens, bring us prosperity; but we -gain a love of Nature, too, from contact with such things. This must -soften people. It brings us nearer God. - - “A garden is a lovesome thing, God wot! - Rose plot, - Fringed pool, - Ferned grot-- - The veriest school - Of peace; and yet the fool - Contends that God is not-- - Not God! in gardens! when the eve is cool? - Nay, but I have a sign; - ’Tis very sure God walks in mine.”[1] - -[1] From “My Garden,” one of the collected poems of T. E. Brown. By -kind permission of Messrs. Macmillan and Co. - -It is not alone amongst our village people that we hope for steady -development in the cultivation of our soil. They unconsciously -assimilate much from what they see carried out in the vicarage garden, -the manor-house orchard, and the large park. These must set the -example both in tidiness, artistic arrangement, and well-grown produce. -Education in taste, as well as scientific knowledge, is required -for the heads of these gardens. We know that in Japan gardening and -flower arrangement have attained wonderful perfection. There it is -necessary to learn for seven years before a requisite amount of skill -is acquired. Not only are artistic effects studied, but flowers are -used as modes of expression. Different colours and combinations convey -distinct meanings. - -Surely we Western races should also look upon a garden as of the same -artistic value as a beautiful picture, or a many-coloured, skilfully -wrought piece of embroidery? In short, so ancient a craft should be -as intelligently and carefully studied as any Fine Art. A garden is -a living picture. The painter having found a subject, studies each -detail. Surroundings, background, the position it should occupy upon -the canvas, what portion is to be accurately depicted, which objects -are to be omitted or only faintly indicated: all these points are -considered before he takes up his brush. A gardener must do likewise. -Sometimes, when ground is not yet laid out, he must do more. He then -has to think some years ahead and imagine what this bare piece of -meadow will be when plants have grown in it. The lay of the land, the -character of the soil, the relation of the house with the garden--all -have to be weighed before planting is commenced. Therefore, our -gardeners must be artists as well as successful cultivators of plants. - -True gardening gives scope for much sympathy and feeling. There is -a soft repose in grey and pale pink. An arbour with such colouring -invites thoughtfulness, quiet contemplation; whereas orange or bright -yellow may, in some sad moments, be obtrusive, or jar upon our -feelings. A brilliant bed of scarlet poppies, if put in the right -natural surroundings, are gay with _joie de vivre_, whilst gentle -pansies appear to look with melting human kindness as they raise their -little faces appealingly towards us. Good effects have been gained -by planting large, bold clumps of Pampas grass in empty spaces. The -situation must be very carefully selected or it is apt to strike a -discord. In the solemn graveyard it soothes; the waving plumes seem to -bow down in sympathy with the mourners. - -A real artist gardener not only has aptitude for placing right lines, -and forming rich, telling colour effects, but he also understands -the personality of flowers, the sentiments of colours and scent. A -painter’s instinct tells him where the varied colours of a mixed border -are allowable, and how elsewhere a touch of strong, brilliant colour -is wanted to lead again to a shaded path of mystery. - -In order to successfully accomplish this Fine Art gardening, which we -in England are now ambitious to have, artistic, well-educated, refined -head gardeners are needed. From our Colonies, too, comes a cry for -skilled and well-instructed “heads.” There they have plenty of hands to -do mechanical work, numbers of “coolies” to do menial jobs, but they -want more intelligent directors and guides to industry. Again, in our -schools, we require for the children those who sympathise with school -garden work and Nature-study. - -These, then, are the ambitions of lady gardeners. They do not wish to -supplant able, clever men head-gardeners, nor even to compete with -them. They do desire, however, to assist as far as their strength -allows, by lending intelligence, good taste, refinement, towards -securing better cultivation of our great country. What they lack -in physical strength they endeavour to compensate by other equally -important, yet softer, womanly qualities. - -This book has two objects in view. It hopes, by means of practical -advice--in fact, by some it may be considered somewhat Spartan -counsel--to draw attention to what is required of lady gardeners. The -other aim is to show employers what would be gained by appointing -them; at the same time to disarm any mistaken illusion which may have -arisen that ladies wish to supplant men gardeners. They merely intend -to supplement and increase the good work which men are doing for our -land. - - - - - GARDENING FOR WOMEN - - - - - Part I - - - - - CHAPTER I - - GARDENING AS A PROFESSION FOR WOMEN - - -Daughters of many professional men are obliged to earn a living. It -often happens that the head of the family, after years of hard work, -has to retire owing either to illness or age. His pension is a small -one, and it becomes necessary for his daughters, as well as his sons, -to make a career for themselves. They have been accustomed, perhaps, -to a comfortable home, with a considerable number of luxuries, and the -question as to the best method of earning a living must necessarily be -a difficult one. In this connection it is, I hope, pardonable to quote -a passage from Mrs. Creighton’s recent article upon women’s education, -which created great interest among those concerned with the welfare of -young women. She wrote:--“It is tolerably well agreed what men should -be; but social conditions which produce a preponderance of the female -population and make it impossible for some women, however much they may -desire it, to be married, are inconvenient and disturbing to the views -of most men. - -“The existence of women who, whether they like it or not, are bound to -work for their livelihood, is, as a rule, only unwillingly recognised -as an exception; the existence of women who claim to have a life of -their own is still more upsetting to all ideas of a well-constituted -universe.” - -A somewhat mistaken idea is sometimes held that women who are obliged -to follow a definite career are less likely to marry than their sisters -who remain at home in quiet surroundings. It is often found, however, -that of the daughters, say, of a country clergyman living in some -remote corner of England, it is those out in the world as secretaries, -companions, or gardeners who do marry. Not only has a wider sphere of -life brought them friends, but their knowledge of the world has taught -them how to keep them. They have larger interests, broader views, and -are therefore happier than their sisters, who remain at home in village -surroundings. They should, too, be better helpmates to men leading -active lives. If they are sensible, wise, good women, they should not -lose by contact with people of different types any of that gentleness -and softness which are the chief attractions of a woman. - -The choice of a career depends largely upon the character and bringing -up of a girl. Unless she is fond of out-of-door life, however, she -must not think of becoming a gardener, and she will probably find that -her parents look somewhat critically upon this profession. They have -an uncomfortable feeling that the head of a private garden is only a -kind of servant, and in market, jobbing, or landscape gardening they -see a life of constant digging and delving; a struggle to compete with -the strength of a working man. The disadvantages--many days of rain -and wind, early rising, disagreeable menial jobs--all assume larger -proportions to them than the benefits that are to be derived. Parents -are perfectly right to point out all these drawbacks to their daughter. -They should be fully realised and weighed before she embarks upon such -a career. Professional gardening is no child’s play. It means at least -three years of diligent study and hard work before any considerable -remuneration can be sought. - -Let the girl who is leaving college carefully view all sides of the -question, and, above all, let her wait until she is twenty before she -takes any decisive step. Having reached years of discretion, and -being full grown and strong in health, the advantages of a gardener’s -life will probably attract her. If, during her childhood, she has had -the care of a plot of ground in the home garden, or has had bees or -poultry under her charge, it will be pain and grief to her to leave -these pursuits and live in the confinement of a town. The thought of -a stuffy London typewriting office, and the long, dark evenings in -cheap lodgings, will be repulsive to her. She will miss the wide, -open stretches of sky, the coming and going of the seasons. How she -will long for a sight of cowslips in the meadows and the fresh, sweet -scent of gorse. Perhaps, if she is a governess or companion, she may -live in the country and have all these pleasures, but will she fully -relish them if she has no freedom? Her evenings may possibly not be her -own, and during the day, too, she will have to accommodate her wishes -to those of others. The well-known lines of Richard Jefferies will -constantly recur to her, and she will see the wisdom of them. “Let us -be always out of doors among trees and grass and rain and wind and sun. -Let us get out of these indoor, narrow, modern days, whose twelve hours -somehow have become shortened, into the sunlight and the pure wind. A -something that the ancients called divine can be found and felt there -still.” - - [Illustration: THE “WALLED GARDEN” AT THE HOUSE OF F.M. VISCOUNT - WOLSELEY, K.P. - - THE ROSES WERE PLANTED AND PRUNED BY THE LADY GARDENERS. - - _Photograph by Pictorial Agency_.] - -The profession of gardening offers a considerable amount of freedom, -the refining influence of poetry and beauty, contact with intelligent, -interesting people, and health and happiness to body and mind. These, -to an active, out-of-door, young woman are very great advantages. -Then, too, there are different branches of the profession, so that a -selection is possible as to which best suits her talents. Should she -be fond of teaching, she can hold classes in Nature Study or botany; -if she has taste and talent for drawing, she can take up landscape -gardening. With a small amount of capital to invest, she may start a -market garden, with every prospect of success. - -There are, too, the higher branches of horticulture, such -as the treatment of rare greenhouse plants, hybridisation, -cross-fertilisation, and the handling of orchids. All these intensely -interesting, intellectual matters require such dainty skill, so much -thought, that there is no doubt whatever they are suited to ladies. -Many who practise in these branches employ women to execute the minute -operations that are so often entailed, because their light touch is -better adapted to the purpose than the heavy hand of a man. Few women -have up to the present studied long enough to surpass men in these -matters, but there is a certain future for them in such work if they -persevere in study. - -It must be borne in mind that horticulture is still a comparatively -new profession for women, and that unless those who enter it strive -to give full time and application to learning its details they cannot -hope to be successful. Some few failures have occurred already, much -to the regret of all keenly interested onlookers. These have been -caused by anxiety to earn something before proficient knowledge had -been acquired. It is the same, I believe, in all new professions; and -it is only now, after many years of striving, that women have attained -success as sick nurses, secretaries, and teachers. The first who went -into the arena made mistakes, and possibly paved the way for their -successors, who noted the causes of failure, and mended their ways. Let -us hope that this will be the case in horticulture, for there is no -reason why women should not succeed in it. Moreover, we have already -some brilliant examples of success. Those who are thinking of taking it -up should spare no pains to gain a complete education, for only then, -when they are themselves worth something, can they expect remuneration. - - - - - CHAPTER II - - THE TRAINING REQUIRED - - -There are various ways of obtaining the necessary training to be a lady -gardener. Both at home and abroad numerous colleges and schools exist -where young women are well instructed in all branches of Horticulture. -A college course is necessary, but if a girl is not more than twenty -years of age (and it is advisable that she should not be much younger -when she commences her training) it will help her to be apprenticed for -a year or two first in a private garden. Should she prefer, it will be -better still to spend two years at a small school where instruction -is more individual and personal than in a large college. Here the -students are few in number, and carefully selected, and it is possible -to learn in the same way that the working man learned, when he began -as a garden boy. The pupil will be ordered to do menial jobs, such as -turning manure, wheeling refuse, sweeping leaves, or mowing a lawn. -This comparative drudgery must be gone through in order to understand -how to direct others. Even wheeling a barrow full of soil and washing -out pots is interesting if the heart be in the profession and there is -the wish to succeed. - -In a private garden or small school, too, it will be possible to follow -the ultimate use the pots are put to, after they are washed, and the -reason for each operation will be more easily made apparent than is -the case in a large college, where lectures and theoretical classes -are sometimes put before practice. When there is a large number of -students, too, it is impossible that all should take part in each -operation. Personal interest in the garden is apt to be lost sight of, -and teaching becomes a “demonstration,” where the expert does the work, -and the students look on. They cannot thus learn in the only thorough -way, by working themselves. - -In a college course, hours are often suited to the requirements of -expert lecturers, and students are apt to ignore the fixed hours of -work observed in a private garden. I have known students to whom it -never occurred that it might not be agreeable to the family to hear the -sound of raking on a gravel path outside the breakfast room, and who -were unconscious of its being an offence against garden etiquette for -them to shout remarks to fellow students across the flower beds. Then, -too, fixed school holidays, which are necessary in large communities, -sometimes interfere with the possibility of seeing certain operations -performed. - -I therefore strongly advocate a course of manual work, like that of the -garden boy, as an introduction to more serious training. This routine -work will enable the pupil to understand college lectures, when the -time comes to attend them. Theoretic teaching can then be applied to -the treatment of soil and plants. - -Not possessed of the strength and facility for manual work of a man, -the girl student must make up for this deficiency by intelligent -reasoning. She should follow closely in the footsteps of science, -and have a reason for each operation. What is heard in the chemistry -laboratory has to be applied in practice in the garden. When the dismal -herbaceous border, upon which so much money has been spent, is seen, -the cause of failure will be known. After all the talk, trouble and -expense, why does it lack colour? Surely some ingredient in the soil is -missing--dress it with lime, put more manure or leaf mould, as the case -may be. - -I believe that some people imagine that a lady gardener is intended -always to remain at work amongst the swept-up leaves and garden -refuse! But if her intelligence is not sufficient to make her soar -speedily beyond the powers of a £1 a week man gardener, she had better -take up other work, for she certainly cannot compete with him in -physical strength. - -A course of study for two or three years, such as I have described, is -certainly not too lengthy. Each plant, shrub, tree, goes through the -same phases once in each year. Although these processes are repeated -year after year, they may be subjected to variations of weather and -temperature. Different treatment is probably necessary each year. Time -only can show this. Books teach much and so also do lectures, but only -when supplemented by practical experience, will they make a competent -gardener. - -The intending girl-gardener should make up her mind from the beginning -that she must spend money on a three years’ course of training. It -should be taken in the way that best suits the individual case; there -need never be regret for the money spent upon it. It is only by skill -and knowledge that employment will eventually be secured. - -Therefore the beginner should do some practical work in a garden, and -cram botany, chemistry, and physics into her head. When she has a free -day, or if other opportunity occurs, visits should be made to other -gardens. Then it will be possible to learn the names and habits of new -plants, and, by studying a different treatment of them, the powers of -observation will be increased. - -After college training an effort should be made to get a subordinate -paid post, for whatever branch of Horticulture it is decided to -specialise in. No attempt should be made to superintend a large garden -until, as they say of children, the student has learned “to feel her -feet.” - -I propose to give a short account of the different branches available -from which a selection can be made. It will be convenient to divide -them into two classes:-- - - A. Which require training and education only:-- - - I.--Landscape Gardening. - - II.--Jobbing Gardening. - - III.--Head gardener in a private garden. - - B. Which requires capital as well as training and education:-- - - Market Gardening. - - - - - CHAPTER III - - LANDSCAPE GARDENING - - -This wide field of study is one which women are well suited to, -provided they have brains and good taste. In order to be really -successful, imagination is required, as well as other qualities that -are needed by an ordinary head gardener. No amount of study or training -can adapt an inartistic woman to this profession, but given artistic -feeling, the power of conveying her ideas to her employers and to -those working for her, great possibilities are within reach. Many -fail, perhaps, by a headstrong desire to carry out their own plans; -they do not regard sufficiently the views and wishes of those for whom -they work. A considerable amount of tact is necessary, in order to -obtain the confidence of the owner of the garden. Having ascertained -his requirements, and made these the centre of the scheme, the -woman-gardener’s imagination should help to fill in all details. - - [Illustration: MODEL BY MISS A. C. SEWELL OF A CHILDREN’S GARDEN, - EXHIBITED AT THE WHITECHAPEL COUNTRY IN TOWN EXHIBITION. - - ILLUSTRATION OF WHAT CAN BE SHOWN OF A GARDEN BY MEANS OF A MODEL. - - _Photograph by Clarke and Hyde._] - -I assume that the candidate for such a position has had a good general -education, and is well grounded in botany and botanical geography. -It is necessary that she should be able to draw, and a knowledge of -simple plane geometry and geometrical drawing is essential. She must -be able to make a sketch plan showing the proposed alterations with -their measurements. In some cases, where the employer is not himself a -draughtsman or does not read a ground plan easily, the lady gardener -may find it useful to have recourse to a different system for conveying -her meaning to him. - -I have seen a rough model made in cardboard to represent the house, -and real soil used to surround it, with little twigs placed here and -there in imitation of trees or hedges. This is a somewhat childish -means of experimenting upon future alterations, but in cases where -the owner is undecided or unable completely to grasp the effect which -will be attained by moving soil, or planting trees, the model may be -exceedingly useful. The soil can be so easily shifted from side to side -with the hands, a tree planted here, a dividing hedge placed there, -until the desired effect is attained. Then, too, it may convey well to -the contractor (who possibly undertakes the whole alteration) the exact -amount of labour that he will have to expend. - -Another way of conveying ideas for proposed alterations is by means -of a “prophetic drawing.” That is to say, if a rose arbour is to be -made, a sketch, with finished details of what it should look like two -years hence, when the roses have climbed to the summit of the pergola, -may influence the owner in his decision to put the matter in hand. It -is important that all these methods of conveying intentions should be -studied. - -A slight acquaintance with geology will be useful in forming rock work. -Most of these subjects, together with surveying, can be learnt at a -Municipal School, but the more thoroughly they are acquired the better. - -Methodical habits are essential. So many women, compelled to earn a -living, fail in this. They do not note expenses carefully; they are -not business-like in rendering an account of wages paid out; and they -do not trouble to obtain estimates of work to be done. The education -of women is much at fault in these respects, but certainly, until this -lack of business qualities is replaced by methodical ways, we shall be -considered the reverse of helpful. - -It will greatly assist the young gardener if visits are paid to many -gardens, both private ones as well as market gardens. Small cottage -gardens or wayside hedgerows should not be despised; much can be learnt -by looking at both. The plants that are natural to the climate and -soil are at once detected in this way, and knowledge is obtained as to -what will most speedily lend itself to an effect of foliage or colour. -Often, the chance arrangement of a large mass of gypsophila with bright -coloured nasturtiums interwoven with its feathery flowers, or pansies -springing up between an old paved path, may give ideas for a large -garden. The “Traveller’s Joy,” and blackberries, that grow so rampantly -on chalk, will make a pergola look clothed before a rarer plant could -grow three feet up it. - -If possible, a trip abroad should be taken; it would give fresh ideas, -if the fields of mauve autumn crocuses in France, or the terraces and -vineyards of Italy, could be seen. There are so many different ways -of building pergolas, training creepers, and tying vines to posts. If -we adopt some of these foreign styles in England it gives a touch of -Italy to our tame English gardens. Copious notes should be made of all -that is seen, and the knowledge thus acquired can be readily applied to -designs for gardens here. - -All books on landscape gardening, new and old, must be studied; many -old-fashioned plans of mazes and beds can so easily be used or adapted -to modern grounds, and with some knowledge of architecture, it will be -easy to place the right design near a house. - -All gardens must be chiefly considered with a view to improving the -appearance of the house. This must be the starting point and first -consideration. Planting specimen trees and lovely plants is of -secondary moment. No school or college can teach good taste; some -people will learn it instinctively, others will never acquire it. With -constant observation and copious notes, artistic feeling in gardening -may certainly be increased. It will be helpful to know the habits, mode -of growth, etc., of trees, shrubs, and garden plants. Their time of -flowering, and appearance, are more important matters for consideration -than the actual ability to grow them. A head gardener can cultivate -them, when the broad effects of colour have been planned and decided -upon. - -As much knowledge as possible must be gained concerning soils, manures, -road making, draining, pond making, levelling, embanking, and there -must be the ability roughly to calculate the cost of such operations. -By apprenticeship, or by going to watch someone who is making large -and extensive alterations, much can be learnt. Facility is acquired in -estimating the time that is taken in carting soil, or loading manure, -by watching a large staff of men at work; experience can thus be -gained as to the best method to map out work. It is so essential to -save labour and untidiness. A job that has to be done twice over is -distressing to all concerned. The organisation of work can only be -arrived at by planning out each detail beforehand, and orders can at -once be given as to where the excavated soil is to be placed so that it -may, at a future time, be handy for a further development of the plan. - -We are considering this branch of gardening as one that may be gone in -for without capital. When the training is completed it will be best to -advertise for work. The terms for paying a preliminary visit and giving -general advice should be stated. After this, should an understanding -with an employer be arrived at, the further charges will depend upon -the way in which the work has to be carried out. Perhaps it may only -be necessary to pay an occasional visit to the scene of operations -and see how the head gardener is executing his orders. In this case a -guinea or more a visit would be the remuneration. It may answer the -purpose better to obtain the services of a local contractor, and having -explained the whole plan carefully to him, let him quote a price for -the fulfilment of the contract. The fees would then be so much per -cent. upon the total. - -Under all circumstances it will be necessary to deal tactfully with -the men who do the work. The ideal way of carrying out landscape -gardening would be to have a staff of permanent workmen, who would -accompany the landscape gardener to the various gardens, and carry out -her directions. How much more quickly things would often go, if she had -her own men to rely upon. As this, however, means capital, it should -not be considered here, and stress can only be laid upon the necessity -for making orders concise and clear, and studying the characters of the -various workpeople, so as to succeed in obtaining the largest value -possible out of their services. The power of interesting them in their -work is a useful adjunct. Often a friendly word, or placing some slight -responsibility upon a workman, will double the amount he tries to do. - -At first it will be difficult to obtain work. Any successful -plans that are carried out gratis for friends are sure to lead to -further employment, and each good thing achieved will bring other -opportunities. Should there still be time on hand, perhaps an architect -may be found who is willing to secure the help of a well-trained garden -designer. - -No fixed rules for obtaining employment can be laid down. Ambition -and keen desire to get on will steer best to the right channel for -seeking work. Several municipal authorities are willing to employ -women as landscape gardeners. Should it be possible for women to make a -success of private garden designs, it would surely help towards their -appointment to larger spheres of landscape garden work. The laying out -of parks, squares, and garden cities could be handed over to them, and -what a large source of interest this would be. - -It is unfortunate that we in England attach so little importance to -the study of forestry. In none of our agricultural colleges is it -taught in the same thorough way as in Germany. A great future might -be open to a lady who studied this subject. It might be possible to -induce a consulting forester in England, Scotland, or, better still, in -Germany, to take a pupil. This subject, if fully mastered, would be of -the greatest use in carrying out large alterations in public parks or -private grounds. - -To any lady with a love of nature, the possession of taste, and -possibly the wish to improve and add to the beauty of our English -country homes, this branch of gardening will greatly appeal. What a -pleasurable sensation it is to see a lovely picture growing daily more -like the plan that was roughly sketched out. How satisfactory to watch -the building up of that stately terrace beneath the house, which puts -the finishing touch to the beauty of the building itself. Without a -terrace, the house would appear insignificant and poor--now it seems -to have grown in dignity and stateliness. What pleasant days, too, can -be spent in noting the happy results of garden-making, such as we see -in the great yew trees of Levens, the grand Avenues of Le Nôtre, at -Versailles, or the clever grouping of trees in many an English park. -Here we, who come some two hundred years after, reap the full benefit -of what then had the appearance only of a flat field dotted with stiff -little baby trees. We can follow the old plans and ideas, but by using -quicker growing materials it is possible to develop a picture under our -eyes. - - [Illustration: THE HANGING GARDENS, RATTON PARK, SUSSEX. - - LAID OUT BY THE HON. MRS. FREEMAN-THOMAS. - - _Photograph by Pictorial Agency._] - - - - - CHAPTER IV - - JOBBING GARDENING AND FLORAL DECORATION - - -Often, as we drive through London suburbs, we see remains of some -former stately Georgian house. Perhaps, a hundred and fifty years ago, -when it was built, it stood isolated, with only a quiet country village -near by. In the gardens were hedges of rosemary and lavender, fruitful -pear trees were trained upon high walls, a slender little lady in a -flowered brocade made sweet pot pourri with pink rose leaves. All that -now remains of the garden is a small Adams summer house, built up into -the wall, having a quaint shaped Dutch roof. A charming outlook it was -when “My Lady” watched for “My Lord” riding home from London. All that -now brings to us a touch of romance is the undisturbed yew hedge and a -few box-edged formal beds. The garden has been divided off into villa -plots. - -Everywhere these villas spring up. We see long roads of them in each -suburb; in seaside towns, watering places, and golfing centres we -find them too. Each house has a garden, which is not necessarily large -enough to supply the family with vegetables, but usually a small, level -lawn is contrived for tennis or croquet; and a small portion near -the road is kept gay with flowers. It is amusing, as we walk along, -to compare taste in gardening at Clarence House with that displayed -next door at Highclere Villa; to note how preferable is the natural -arrangement of well-grown tea-roses in one, to the star-shaped beds of -stiff geraniums in another. - -Who looks after these small gardens? Often an uneducated working -man, whose chief idea is to keep them tidy. This is commendable, but -tidiness is not the only pleasurable feature of a garden. To plan -successful combinations of colour really brings happiness, to have -means of tending little bits of tender, precious plants, gifts of -friends, is what contents us. It would help many owners of such gardens -to hand them over to the care of a lady. The size of the piece of -ground is not too much for her to look after, the work is not arduous. -In fact, she can limit her work to a given number of days a week, or -even half days. - -This kind of jobbing gardening, although well paid, would only content -those who are obliged to live at home and require some light garden -work, after their course of training is completed. It is remunerative, -very little responsibility is entailed, and, to a certain extent, it is -possible to combine it with home duties. The interest of it need not -be restricted to the actual manual labour of mowing and rolling the -small lawn and planting out seedlings. A small greenhouse is perhaps -attached, and pleasant social intercourse may be had, if the owner is -also interested in gardening. - -To those who are ambitious for a wider scope to their capacity, this -kind of jobbing gardening will be insufficient. If they have a little -capital and some experience, it will well repay them to start a small -nursery garden and not only supply labour for these villa gardens, but -also sell plants to them. Some business capacity is necessary, but if, -in addition, strong, healthy plants are raised, there is no limit to -the possibilities of such a business. Should friends combine in such -an undertaking, it can be worked without assistance from working men. -If, however, as is very likely to occur, the staff of lady assistants -is called upon to give advice in laying out small gardens, arranging -plants in window boxes, decorating rooms for concerts, dances, etc., -men would have to be employed to do the heavy work. The planning, -organising, and directing is what ladies should excel in. - -By procuring large instalments of bulbs, raising quantities of -perennials from seed, keeping up a plentiful supply of bedding-out -plants on their own land, a satisfactory effect can be produced in many -villa gardens at comparatively small cost. For a fixed sum per annum -the jobbing gardener could undertake to keep in good order, plant and -tend all in each small garden. It is easily estimated that this kind -of work becomes, after the first outlay, exceedingly remunerative -and interesting. There is employment for old and young, strong -and delicate; a happy combination of interests and tastes is what -should perhaps be most sought for by the staff of ladies in such an -enterprise. Secretarial work, planning tempting price lists, would fall -to the lot of one, whilst landscape gardening would belong to another. - -In all branches of horticulture the remuneration to be obtained by -a lady should not be less than that earned by a man. She is indeed -entitled to receive even more than a man head gardener, as compensation -for her superior taste and good education. The particulars which I am -able to give of Mrs. Chamberlain’s work on p. 257 show how large a -sphere can be covered by jobbing gardening, and in Miss Agar’s account -(p. 253) will be found particulars of the remuneration that can be -usually claimed by a lady expert. - -Floral decoration may be combined with jobbing gardening, or it may be -undertaken apart from any other interests. - -All will agree that the work of arranging flowers is undoubtedly -suited to ladies. It needs good taste, an eye for colour, lightness of -touch and great patience. These qualities are possessed by most young -gentlewomen, but if they are not natural to them, practice will, as a -rule, teach sufficient for the execution of the mechanical part of the -work. The preliminary stage of training is perhaps least tempting, for -it involves long, tiring hours, spent in a hot, unrestful florist’s -shop. It will be found best to serve an apprenticeship in this way -for some months. Possibly the people met there are not very obliging -or polished; often work has to be done under extreme pressure, as -many orders have to be ready at the same moment, and the freshness of -flowers has to be greatly considered. Bouquets, dinner-tables, all have -to be postponed until the last safe moment. Consequently there remains -but little time for enjoyment of completed work, and there is very -scant appreciation. Work which has to be hurried is seldom pleasing. -Being chiefly mechanical, however, it rapidly becomes easier to carry -out the different orders, and then real enjoyment begins. The business -becomes interesting to the novice when she is sufficiently trusted to -exert her imagination, and make suggestions as to blending different -flowers and foliage. From the moment when she comes into contact with -those who give the order, that best incentive, personal interest, is -aroused. As in the case of jobbing gardening, it is possible for a girl -to live at home and yet have floral decoration as a daytime interest. -This, too, is a saving. - -The premium for acquiring experience is a heavy one. It varies -according to the position and reputation of the florist’s shop, but it -is never less than £15, and it often reaches £50. During the first year -it is not usual to obtain a salary. There are exceptions to this rule, -as will be seen on p. 257, in the account of the Women’s Gardening -Association. - -Only those who have tried it know what tiring work flower arrangement -is, and only strong, able-bodied girls should contemplate such -a profession. Success, as in all undertakings, comes after long -perseverance and patience. The ideal method of carrying on this -business is to have a nursery garden and raise suitable flowers in it -to supply one’s own shop. It is then merely necessary to superintend, -and give general ideas as to arrangement. - -With thorough business habits and very good taste, there is no saying -what sum might not be realised by a woman in this direction. Like -millinery or dressmaking, it needs a combination of qualities, and is -essentially a woman’s art. - - - - - CHAPTER V - - THE TEACHING OF NATURE-STUDY - - -When, at Christmas time, we search the shelves of a London book shop, -to find fresh “Golliwog” adventures or new fairy tales, are we not -struck by the importance given to another class of child’s book? “The -Fairchild Family,” “Struwelpeter,” Hans Andersen’s tales, books that we -were brought up upon, are superseded by a totally new kind. Anything -relating to living things, birds, mammals, plants, wild flowers, -fruit, is what we now give our children. In short, nature-study, and -everything connected with it, is the fashion. It forms not only an -important part of education, but it also is recreation. Possibly we -encourage it as a reversion from over-much science and book-learning, -which is apt to produce a somewhat unhealthy, overstrained, nervous -condition. The philosophy of the “Simple Life,” which is preached so -much, is a reaction from these abnormal conditions to the natural, -healthy order of existence. - -Up to now, we stand only upon the threshold of these new ideas, we -hardly realise the wealth and meaning of this new philosophy. We only -know that a still greater use is in store for it, and that, through -it, greater happiness will ensue for us. The right application of -nature study and all that it embraces, to the education of children, -is one of the most important developments of our day. All those who -are ambitious for the prosperity of our future England should give -very careful consideration to these matters. More and more we learn -that the first endeavour of a school is to teach people to live. This -new study tends to connect school teaching with life at home. By means -of such schooling, our children acquire from earliest days habits -of observation. They appreciate all wonders and beauties of natural -objects around them. Lovely wild flowers on our downs, many grasses in -our meadows, clouds, stars, all become real friends. - - [Illustration: - - _Obs: - the wild clematis. - Ther: reg. 70½°._ - - [Sidenote: _July 12^{th}_] - - _Obs: smut on oats. - It is a small black - powdery fungus. - Bar: reg: 30-1/20° - Ther: „ : 68°._ - - [Sidenote: _July 13^{th}_] - - _Obs a chrysalis of the - horse bot fly._ - - _Obs evening primrose - in a hedge. - Bar: reg: 30-1/20°. - Ther: 91°s - 74sh_ - - - A PAGE FROM A BOY’S NATURE STUDY SKETCH-BOOK. - - A PUPIL OF MR. J. P. WILLIAMS. HURSTPIERPOINT, SUSSEX. - - (_See opposite Plate._)] - -Love of nature, which familiarity with her beauty breeds, is not only -wholesome for children of the upper classes. It is good for them, but -more especially do we need an increase of such knowledge amongst the -poor little waifs and strays of our great cities and towns, who have -so few bright moments in their dull grey lives. If these nature study -classes can help them, should we not do our utmost to encourage more -ladies to take up this form of study in order to impart it to them -with sympathy? - - [Illustration: _Illus._ - - _Wild - Clematis_ - - _Smut - on - Oats_ - - _Stag - Beetle._ - - A PAGE FROM A BOY’S NATURE STUDY SKETCH-BOOK. - - A PUPIL OF MR. J. P. WILLIAMS, of HURSTPIERPOINT, SUSSEX.] - -Then, too, in our country villages, is it not wise to foster in young -people a love of everything connected with country life? Will it not -help largely to induce them to remain on the land and not migrate to -the hardships and squalor of crowded towns? - -The two chief aims of education are to draw out individuality and -personality. This is certainly accomplished with success when we see -representations as are shown herewith from a child’s nature study diary. - -We in England are sadly behind Germany and America in this branch of -education. It is only a short time ago that children in our schools -were encouraged to bring objects from out-of-doors into the schoolroom -for examination. They were asked to make collections of lichen, ferns, -or wild fruits; and what charming devices one has seen, wrought by -ingenuity out of all these lovely things. Now, however, we have made a -decided stride, for by means of school gardens, which gradually replace -the dreary bit of asphalt playground, we go out to seek objects in -their natural surroundings. Soon, teachers in our elementary schools, -possessing the Froebel and kindergarten certificate and a Government -teacher’s certificate, will doubtless be fired with ambition; will vie -with each other in improving upon this system of education. We shall -have others following the example of the late Miss Lucy R. Latter. She -it was who did such good work in this respect as head infants’ mistress -of the Invicta Road Council School, Westcombe Park. Having carefully -studied the question in Italy, France, and the United States, she was -given a commission by the Government of the Maharajah to start school -gardens in connection with the public school system of Mysore. Teachers -were prepared by her to carry on the work; and let us hope that, -although gloom has been cast by her sudden death, they will yet have -been inspired by her to continue their efforts. - -There is no doubt that the school garden successfully developed is the -pivot round which nature-study revolves, and as time goes on it will be -seen more and more that gardening and nature-study have much in common. -Those ladies who have talent for teaching, and have been through a -course of gardening, will find many openings for work. A garden, -although artificial, is far less so than a schoolroom, and it combines -scope for general education, quite apart from mere manual horticultural -teaching. - -I am informed by one of the greatest authorities upon this subject that -science mistresses do not exist in sufficient numbers to supply the -demand for them. In this country it is a great recommendation for a -woman to be able to teach nature-study, and there is no difficulty in -the way of a post being obtained by one who possesses knowledge and who -can impart it. As new training colleges and secondary girls’ schools -are instituted, the demand will become greater, and it is in the realms -of possibility that there may be women teachers of nature-study wanted -in South Africa and in India, though Canada and Australia are capable -of supplying all the teachers they want themselves. - -Those who are interested in this subject will do well to read the Notes -in the Swanley College and other reports in the second part of this -volume. - - - - - CHAPTER VI - - SOME HINTS UPON TAKING UP A POST AS HEAD GARDENER - - -I assume that a candidate for a position as head gardener has been -through a two years’ course of study at one of the Horticultural -Colleges or at a school, and has been under-gardener for a year or -more in a private garden. No doubt she has learnt how to grow flowers, -vegetables, and fruit, but it is possible that she does not know much -about the routine work which she will now have to superintend. As -principal of the Glynde School for Lady Gardeners, I have had to study -this subject, and the following notes, some of which are compiled with -the help of a former superintendent, Miss J. S. Turner, are offered for -use. - -A lady gardener is still somewhat of an experiment to owners of -gardens, and, therefore, each one who takes up the work is, in a sense, -the pioneer of a new profession for women; it rests with her to make or -mar the success of future lady gardeners. If she is a failure, or does -not give satisfaction, it may prevent other employers from engaging -lady gardeners. This should not, however, be allowed to discourage or -intimidate an applicant for such a post. There is no doubt that a lady, -with superior education, tact and taste, should succeed where many men -have failed. It must be borne in mind that the employer’s pleasure has -to be studied, and that the men will have to be managed with firmness -and strict fairness. Where these points are carried out intelligently, -the success of an intensely interesting career is fairly secured. - -If possible, it is advisable that the duties should commence -at Michaelmas, which is the beginning of the agricultural and -horticultural year. If a start is made in the spring, most of the -praise or blame that ensues during the remainder of the horticultural -year belongs by right to the previous gardener. - -Autumn and winter are the seasons for laying a good foundation, for -forming plans, and cleaning up. “Well begun is half done,” but it is -more than “half done” in gardening. Unless the winter foundation is -correctly laid, the summer superstructure will be wrong, or there is a -chance of there being no structure at all. - -The first thing for a lady “head” to do is to have a good look round. -She must see what crops are still on the ground, what preparation has -been made for winter and spring crops, and the state the houses and -frames are in. Everything under her care must be clean and in good -order. - -Her aim is to fulfil all requirements of the family which she serves, -and, in order to succeed, she must ascertain their wants. These vary -with each family, and it is not possible to lay down any fixed rules. -Many questions that will need answering should be noted down, and an -interview should be requested of the lady of the house, or whoever is -most interested in the garden. - -I will only draw attention to a few points which need consideration, -and these can either be decided by the gardener herself, should she be -given a free hand, or settled by the employer. - -(1) The hours of work and holidays for the garden staff. Arrangements -should be made also for power to dismiss any subordinate who is lazy or -misbehaves; and this should be acted upon without hesitation upon the -first proof of neglect. - -(2) The payment of men, and the number of extra ones allowed for -additional work. In large gardens, this matter comes under the estate -department, but in small gardens the head gardener deals with it. - - [Illustration: THE COUNTESS BATHURST’S GARDEN, PINBURY, NEAR - CIRENCESTER - - _Photograph by Pictorial Agency._] - -(3) The days and hours that will be most convenient for the despatch of -routine work, such as mowing, tidying, etc. Some ladies have weekend -parties, and require the place to look especially neat on Sundays. -There may be small but necessary rules about sweeping and tidying the -carriage drive, cleaning and washing garden steps or benches, the -position of seats, tents, croquet hoops, marking tennis courts, etc. -The employer’s wishes should be ascertained, orders given accordingly, -and it should be seen that these are carried out. - -(4) The days and hours for picking flowers for the house. If it is the -gardener’s duty to arrange the cut flowers, this must be gone into -carefully, as it is probably one of the most important matters in the -eyes of the lady of the house. Should the family be in London, there -will be fixed days for sending flowers, vegetables, and fruit to them; -all these matters have to be carefully noted. The amount of green -foliage required for mixing with cut flowers also varies with different -people’s taste. It must be ascertained whether many pot plants are -required in the sitting-rooms, or if cut flowers are chiefly used; and -if so, which are the favourite kinds and colours. It will then be easy -to decide which plot of ground should be used as a reserve garden for -cut flowers, and what proportion of mignonette, violets, lilies of the -valley, etc., will be needed for decoration. - -(5) Another matter, which only the lady of the house can decide, will -be the arrangements for bedding out, or the grouping and colouring -required for herbaceous borders. If she has taste, and is artistic, -it is necessary only to carry out her plans. Possibly she may leave -the matter to the gardener; in which case visits should be made to a -few neighbouring gardens to ascertain what plants and climbers are -best suited to the climate and soil. Having put the plans on paper, an -estimate can be formed of the quantity of bulbs, plants, shrubs, or -climbers required for the whole garden. The autumn is the best time -to order these. There remains then a further point upon which advice -should be asked. - -(6) The ordering of seeds, plants, tools, and garden requisites may be -in the gardener’s department, or it may be managed by the estate. In -any case, it will be a good plan to touch upon these matters to the -employer. Unimportant as they may appear, it is wise for him to deal -with local tradesmen, and, therefore, a stranger to the neighbourhood -will have to learn their names, and what things they each excel in. The -carting of purchases from the station to the garden is a matter for -careful consideration. Should this be done by the estate, it must be -borne in mind that, when the yearly accounts are sent in, the estate -will wish to appear economical as regards its own requirements, and -if the gardener is not on good terms with the agent or bailiff, it is -possible that the total at the bottom of the garden expense column -may be surprisingly large. My advice, therefore, is to make friends -with the estate department. When pea boughs, and timber for rails are -needed, when locks are to be repaired, or hinges fixed, it is good to -have a friend at court. - -(7) Occasionally matters are put under a gardener’s direction which -can hardly be called garden work. The washing down of drains, cleaning -away leaves from the roof gutters, brushing snow off the roof, -emptying receptacles of refuse, burning waste paper from the house, -may fall to a lady gardener’s lot. In any case, when specific duties -are ascertained, no responsibility connected with them should be -handed over to subordinates. Washing a drain down is not, perhaps, an -especially elevating task, and it may be urged that any fool can do it. -It will only be done, however, and well done, if the men know that a -look-out is being kept for their neglect or carelessness. If they are -sometimes unexpectedly watched it will be found that the work is well -done, and instead of their thinking less of their “head,” they will -respect her all the more. - -If a holiday is asked for them sometimes, or a kind act is performed -for their wives or children, they will work with a good will which -should be encouraging to their chief. - -It is not very probable that anyone, after only two or three years’ -training, will soar at once to the height of being head gardener on an -estate, or of having the direction of many labouring men. I have noted -most of the points of importance for a start in the garden profession; -they must be added to from experience as the ladder is mounted towards -success. - -I have not, so far, touched upon the main point for consideration, -whether the garden be large or small. This is the vegetable garden. It -will be necessary, without loss of time, to interview the cook, and ask -what vegetables are most required. - -“Different people, different opinions; some like apples, some like -onions.” Do not grow what is not wanted. It is well to try and make -friends with the cook, for if not, any failure in the vegetable course -at dinner will be laid to the gardener’s door. They will be too young -or too old, too tender or too tough, or it will be said that the cook -has expressed an opinion that “no one couldn’t cook them vegetables -which that there lady gardener sends in.” Therefore, spare no pains to -be friends with the head of the kitchen, for success or failure may -depend much upon her opinion. A few compliments upon her skill in -cooking will be a good preliminary to any explanations that may have to -be made in introducing a new vegetable to her notice. I have heard of a -sad instance of the Mont d’Or butter beans that were given to the pigs -“because they were yellow.” In this case, had the cook been interviewed -beforehand, those lovely golden beans would not have been cast “like -pearls before swine.” The requirements of houses as regards flowers and -vegetables vary very much, and it will only be by asking advice of the -lady and the cook that a gardener can guess at all what she is expected -to send into the house. The first year will naturally be somewhat of -an experiment in this respect, and it will be well to point out these -difficulties to the employer, for fear he considers that there is -either undue extravagance or too economical a saving of produce. - -Having interviewed the cook, the next thing is to arrange the crops. - -For an ordinary kitchen garden of one acre, the following should -generally be ordered. - - Peas 6 qts. - Broad Beans 2–3 qts. - French Beans ½ qt. - Runner Beans ½ lb. - Spinach 1 qt. - Winter spinach 8 ozs. - Mustard and Cress 1 qt. each. - Beet 2 ozs. - Carrots 2 ozs. - Leek 1 oz. - Lettuce, Summer 1 oz. - Lettuce, Winter ½ oz. - Onions, Spring 4 ozs. - Onions, Autumn 1 oz. - Parsley 2 ozs. - Parsnips 1 oz. - Salsify 1 oz. - Turnips 4 ozs. - Endive 1 oz. - Radish 1 pint. - Kale 1 oz. - Brussels Sprouts 1 oz. - Cauliflower (of sorts) 1 oz. - Broccoli (of sorts) 1½ ozs. - Cabbage 1 oz. - Red Cabbage ½ oz. - Savoys ½ oz. - Celery 1 pkt. - -Cheap plants can be bought of these latter, and also marrows and -cucumbers. If the garden is a small one, it will be more economical -to do this than to raise them from seed. The above are ordinary -vegetables; for special ones, such as cardoons, chicory, etc., a small -packet of seed will be sufficient. - -There are three vegetables not usually grown, but which are most -useful. They are:-- - -_Phœnix Kale._--Will stand the most severe winter, and the more it -is cut in the late winter or spring, the more it will shoot. - -_Seakale Beet_ (not Spinach Beet).--Can be cut all the autumn. It -will stand an ordinary winter, and will furnish another cut in spring -when vegetables are scarce. It has a broader midrib than spinach beet, -is perfectly white, and is cooked like seakale. The green blade can be -used as spinach. - -_Couve Tronchuda._--Is used much in the same way as seakale beet. -Cut the lower leaves first, and use the thick fleshy leaf-stalks; when -the lower leaves are done, there still remains very good cabbage on the -top. Sutton calls it “rather tender,” but it is not always necessary to -protect it in winter. - -It will be found useful to obtain a large chart of the vegetables -usually grown, and the time of sowing, planting, and cutting. This can -be obtained from the Stores (Book department). - -If a rough plan of the garden can be obtained, it will be of help; if -not, a copy book should be bought, and on one page a rough sketch made -of each plot, with the length and breadth marked upon it. This need not -necessarily be drawn to scale. Upon the opposite page should be put the -crop which is on the ground. Probably someone can supply information -as to what crop was previously there, and when the ground was last -trenched and manured. Any notes that can be made in this respect will -be useful. It is a good plan to divide the garden under cultivation -roughly into four quarters, disregarding, for the moment, that part -which is under permanent crops, such as asparagus, rhubarb, etc. By -trenching and manuring one plot every year, it can be arranged for -each quarter to have a good dressing at least once every four years. - -Bastard trenching is generally better than trenching; and the more -constantly the ground is stirred the better. - -As farmyard manure is often scarce, and labour for thorough trenching -is expensive or difficult to obtain, it will be found that doing a -quarter of the ground each year is a sure way of getting it all under -cultivation. This, and digging in the refuse, will supply the necessary -humus. Between times dig as deep as possible and use artificial manure. - -The reason for ascertaining the crops that have been grown before is -to enable some sort of rotation to be practised. It is impossible, in -gardening, to do this as perfectly as in agriculture, but there are -a few things which it is well to bear in mind. The three fundamental -rules are as follows:-- - -(1) Plants of the same natural order should not follow each other. - -(2) Crops which have occupied the same ground for several years should -be succeeded by others of short duration. This gives an opportunity for -constantly stirring and cleaning the ground. - -(3) Plants grown for their roots, or bulbs, should not be followed by -others grown for the same purpose. Plants grown for their seeds should -also not succeed each other. - - [Illustration: THE YEW TREE AVENUE KNOWN AS “THE NUN’S WALK,” IN - THE COUNTESS BATHURST’S GARDEN, PINBURY, NEAR CIRENCESTER. - - _Photograph by Pictorial Agency._] - -In a small garden, it is best to grow only early potatoes. Others can -be bought as cheaply as they can be grown, and the space they would -occupy is valuable. A piece of ground may be under early potatoes; -these should be cleared by the middle of June, when a sowing of peas -can be made, selecting one of the early varieties for a late crop. When -they come off, they can be followed by turnips, which are drawn off -during the winter. In January the ground can be bastard trenched, but -not manured. Let it lie fallow awhile; then put in carrots, parsnips, -or beet. The order can be varied indefinitely, so long as the rules are -followed, and the plot of ground kept well trenched, and manured every -fourth year. - -The next things to consider are the crops still on the ground, and -those coming on. In a fairly well-managed garden late peas, runner -beans, cauliflowers, and marrows all “in cut,” should still be found in -the autumn. The runner beans and the marrows should bear until they are -cut down by frost. Their bearing capacity can be prolonged by careful -picking, by a mulch of well-rotted manure, or with a drenching of -liquid manure, according to whether the season is wet or dry. - -If there is likely to be a shortage of winter stuff, fully ripe marrows -can be hung up in an airy place, and runner beans put down with salt. -A breadth of celery should be found coming into use, and parsnips that -will stand until they are required. The main crop of carrots and beet -will still be there to store, and there should be a break of sprouts, -kale, and other things to come in later. If the supply is likely to run -short, it will not be too late to plant cabbage and colewort. - -First then, clear off all crops that are over, such as peas, early -cauliflower, and potatoes. Burn all this refuse, as well as the weeds, -and return it to the ground. Keep on hoeing. If there is no winter -spinach in, make a sowing at once, and also make a sowing of turnips. - -October is the great storing month. Take up all beet, carrots, and -parsnips; but artichokes and salsify are best left where they are. - -Corn salad can be sown, to come up in early spring. Cauliflowers should -be pricked out into a cold frame where they can be protected from frost. - -All leaves should be swept up and stored in a heap, to make leaf mould. -In the process they will generate steady heat, and if a frame can be -spared it should be put over them. Tender plants can be stored in it, -or winter salad grown in it. - -By now the work will have got into swing, and the routine of it has -consequently been acquired. Any mistakes or omissions that have -occurred will have been rectified. - -As the crops come off, settle what it is intended to put in next, -and prepare the ground accordingly. Some things require little or no -manure; others need much. All ground is better for being stirred, -therefore keep on digging. War must be waged against all weeds; between -the rows of greens, decayed leaves should be removed. All crops that -are likely to be injured by frost must be protected. - -Now is a good moment to see about obtaining a supply of pea and bean -sticks, flower stakes and canes. Two important matters can be done in -bad weather, when the land cannot be worked. Stakes may be sorted out -in sizes, pointed and tied into bundles, and put away in a shed. Any -painting of stakes, tubs, or labels can also be done, and it will be -found a good plan to go over the stock of tools. - -There is much more work that I could suggest, but if the hints already -given are carried out, a good start will have been made. By taking in -a practical garden paper, such as “The Gardener” (1d. per week), “The -Journal of Horticulture” (2d. per week), or the “Gardener’s Chronicle” -(3d. per week), a reminder of the regular rotation of work will be -secured. By reading these it will be seen exactly when to harvest -fruit, prune shrubs and roses, clean over borders, layer carnations, -etc. All details connected with these different operations will -have been learned at college, so I need not add another to the many -gardening books that will already have been read. - -I want to draw attention to one quality that a lady head-gardener may -find herself in need of. It is humility. I do not know a profession -in which this is more necessary than in gardening. Because all -difficulties of the soil in a chalky southern county have been learned, -the requirements of that poor land mastered, and preparations made -to guard against the violent attacks of the south-west wind, do not -suppose that these same torments exist necessarily in other counties. -Enemies and insect pests will be found, but they may not always be -the same kind. The good advice and hints, therefore, that may be -obtained from smock-frocked residents in the neighbourhood should not -be despised. They have, perhaps, never been further than the nearest -town close by; reading and writing are difficulties which they cannot -overcome, but they have fully taken in how to grow vegetables and -flowers on their own bit of land. Watch the time of year they undertake -different simple operations, and learn to do likewise. Disappointment -may be saved if they are humbly watched. Bitter experience has taught -these men, and, by taking their advice, one may learn quickly what a -lifetime has shown them. - - [Illustration: MISS E. DOUGLAS IN HER GREENHOUSE AT SHEDFIELD - GRANGE, BOTLEY HANTS. - - _Photograph by Pictorial Agency._] - - - TOOLS - -The lady-gardener can turn her attention to the question of tools -when she has carefully looked round her new garden and when she knows -how many men are to be employed. A list should then be made of those -that are wanted, and they should all be ordered together, as by that -means they will be cheaper. Those of an inferior quality should not be -obtained just for the sake of saving a few shillings. They are dear at -any price, so the best should be had and treated well. I have known -instances of spades that “came to pieces in my 'and,” as the housemaid -says. If they broke off at the first trial of a lady gardener, they -certainly would do so when used by a man. Therefore all spades and -forks should be obtained from a trustworthy manufacturer. - -In some cases, a tool for each person employed will be required. In -other instances, one or two of each kind will be enough, according to -the size of the garden. Of these “sets” had better be ordered. - -_Spades._--A spade must be chosen to fit the user, and Nos. 2 -and 3 are the most generally serviceable. One with a solid socket is -strongest, and if the bend of the handle is right, it will not be -appreciably heavier than others. - -_Forks._--A digging fork or grape with four prongs may be either -flat or round. For general use, the round pronged ones are best, as -they can be used for stirring the ground, digging potatoes, or forking -manure. When digging, a flat pronged fork is strongest. - -_Rakes._--These can be obtained with iron or steel teeth, three -to a set, in sizes of 16 in., 12 in., and 8 in. The end teeth and head -should be in one piece, the other teeth rivetted, and very slightly -curved. The socket should be long, and have at least three holes for -rivets. - -_Draw hoes_ should be two to a set, 9 in. and 4 in.; the blades of -steel welded to an iron neck which is slightly curved or swan-necked, -as it is easier then to keep free of weeds. - -_Dutch hoes_ should be two to a set, 9 in. and 6 in. - -_Trowels._--A trowel should be chosen not too concave in the -blade. A small mason’s trowel is useful. - -A strong pruning knife will be required for each person. Besides these -tools, there will be required, according to the size of the garden, one -or two shovels, several manure forks, some wooden rakes, and two or -three dibbers. - -A garden roller. - -A pick with one end sharpened to a point, and the other wedge shaped. - -A crowbar, pitch bar, or punch. - -A couple of hammers and a wooden mallet. - -An edging iron. - -A pair of shears for cutting grass verges. - -A pair of straight hedge shears. - -A pair of lopping shears. - -One or two pairs of secateurs. - -A large axe and a couple of hatchets. The American are best, or if -these cannot be had, those with American handles should be obtained. - -Several scythes. - -A couple of saws, one an ordinary carpenter’s saw, the other a pruning -saw. A cross-cut, to be used by two men, is very useful. - -One or two garden lines and reels. - -A measuring rod, 10 ft. long, and marked in feet and quarters. - -A diamond for cutting panes of glass. - -Several wheelbarrows. - -A hand barrow. - -Several baskets or trugs. - -Watering cans. - -_Mowing machine._ This will depend upon the amount of grass; but -in a garden of any considerable size two will be required, one large -one for the lawns, and a small one, 10 in. or 12 in. wide, for borders -and edges. For the first, the American make is light, cheap, and simple -in construction, but as they have no back roller, they will not work on -narrow borders. The “Pennsylvania,” to be worked by a man and a boy, -and a small “Green,” will probably be the most suitable. - -It must be seen that the tools are kept in first rate order. A -grindstone, one worked with a treadle, will be necessary. If good tools -are bought and kept clean, well oiled, and sharp, they will last a long -time; and those that have been used are the easiest to work with. They -are broken in, as it were. - -It will be advisable, upon the first opportunity, to clear out every -hole and corner, and get rid of the rubbish. Old tools, however, should -never be thrown away, as wooden handles will turn into dibbers and -measuring pegs. Short handles will do for trowels, etc. Old spades can -be cut down, re-sharpened, and used for digging amongst shrubs and in -herbaceous borders. When they are past work, they can be put into the -ground, blade upwards, as foot scrapers. Old forks can have their -prongs shortened and turned down at right angles, or nearly so, to the -helve. They are then useful as drag hoes for loosening soil among young -crops. - -It is a good plan, in a garden where extra labour is employed, and when -neat and tidy habits cannot always be expected from the labouring men, -to have receptacles for different kinds of refuse. There should be one -for crocks, another for glass, a third for paper, and one for bits of -wood. It should be seen each night that tools are carefully put away -clean. - -No pains should be spared to master thoroughly the mechanism of mowing -machines. The lady-gardener must also know how to stoke a greenhouse -furnace, and repair broken glass in frames. If these matters have -been learned in student days there will be no difficulty for her in -directing men. Should she be unable herself to put a piece of glass -into a frame, she must not be angry with her workman if he fixes it -insecurely. As thorough master of her trade, she will make herself -respected. - -Care, too, should be taken from the first to look ahead, as regards -what has to be purchased, such as pots, soil, manure, peat, nails, -raffia. It is provoking in finishing a job to be delayed because, at -the right moment, some necessary article was not ordered. - -“Thinking ahead” in this way is a habit, and can be acquired. - -It is well never to be without a pocket-book and pencil, to jot down at -once any things that may be required or jobs which need attention. - - [Illustration: MISS HESTER PERRIN AT WORK IN HER BROTHER’S GARDEN - AT FORTFIELD HOUSE, TERENURE, CO. DUBLIN - - _Photograph by Pictorial Agency_] - - - - - CHAPTER VII - - DRESS FOR LADY GARDENERS - - -The question of clothes is always an important one to the feminine -mind. It is impossible to lay down any fixed rules as regards the -costume best adapted to a lady gardener. Chief considerations are -neatness and suitability to the climate. - -It is best to have few clothes, and to have them good. It should be -remembered that lady gardeners usually must brush their skirts, and -possibly have to clean their own boots. A small cottage does not -afford much space, so nothing should be bought which is not absolutely -necessary. - -_Underclothing._--Wool should be worn next to the skin, both in -winter and summer, and the weight of clothes varied according to the -weather. A plain fitting flannel belt to cover the waist and abdomen is -advisable. This is worn next the skin, whether the usual underwear be -merino or not. Knickerbockers, and not petticoats, should be worn. For -winter wear, ready-made blue or black stockinette ones are best. Cheap -ready-made cotton ones are useful for summer; or they can be obtained -in khaki drill, should that material be preferred. - -_Blouse or Shirt._--This should be of the simplest, untrimmed -make. For student days, when there are digging and other exertions to -be performed, a turn-down flannel collar, with a tie, will give most -freedom of movement. For a head gardener, a stand-up linen collar will -give a neat appearance. In winter a flannel or Scotch wincey blouse is -warm. For summer, a tussore silk one is cool. Wincey and silk cost more -than flannel and cotton, but they wear longer, and do not shrink in the -wash, so the expense in the end is the same. - -A strong leather belt round the waist will keep both skirt and blouse -neat. If one or two swivels and spring hooks are fixed to it, a knife, -keys, etc., can be attached, and thus will always be at hand. - -_Skirt and Coat._--Several of these are needed, all thoroughly -business-like and tailor made. The skirts should clear the ankles well, -and be very even all round. Nothing looks worse than one that hangs -lower at the back than in front. Care should, therefore, be taken to -get the tailor to see to this. In rough weather, one should be worn -with a 3 in. or 4 in. lining of thin waterproof inside. This enables -one to wash off the mud with a sponge, and it will help preserve the -dress. Thin waterproof is preferable to leather for this purpose, as it -is lighter, and does not hang like a log round the wearer when she has -been out in the rain for some time. - -The colour of the coat and skirt should depend upon what will least -show the soil when it rubs off as tools are handled or heavy mud is -walked through. For winter, homespun, Scotch, West of England, or Irish -tweed should be worn; a heather mixture or light brown are best, as -these show dust less than darker colours. In summer, navy blue looks -smart and workmanlike, but will get dirty easily, so it should only be -kept for when clean jobs are undertaken. - -Blue fishwife’s flannel is inexpensive, and washes well. A loose coat -or Norfolk jacket of the same material as the skirt is useful to slip -over a blouse when the weather is cold, or after work is finished. - -It should be seen that the tailor gives two comfortable deep pockets, -and makes a wide collar with a flap, by which it can be fastened at -the neck in rainy weather. Unless the necessity of these details is -pointed out, he will probably skimp cloth and work. The tailor should -be consulted as to the material best suited, an explanation having -been given to him of the hard wear to which it will be put. Several -colleges and schools for lady gardeners have designed special costumes -for their students, but although some are becoming to slim, graceful -figures, they are by no means suited to all, and are somewhat too -conspicuous to be really desirable. - -_Waterproof or aqua scutum._--This will be needed for stormy -weather and night work; and the latter is preferable, as it is -pleasanter to work in than a mackintosh. - -_Hat._--In summer, a shady, thick straw hat looks best. It should -not be “floppy,” as this is troublesome in windy weather, and it must -be plain, not trimmed with chiffon or flowers. A bit of ribbon round -it is all that is wanted. Although a sun-bonnet is picturesque, it -is hot and close, for it keeps off the air as well as the sun. The -old-fashioned plan of putting a couple of cabbage leaves in the crown -of the hat is not to be despised, should the heat be felt very much. -For winter, a soft felt hat or cap will be required. - -_Boots._--This is the most important item of all, and one, -curiously enough, usually neglected by lady gardeners. I often notice -that students, when they begin work, wear ready-made and badly-made -articles of the thickness only of paper. Boots are better than shoes, -but they must be good. Cheap boots are dear at any price. If possible -to afford it, they should be made to order, for a good many hours of -the day will be spent in them. It is well to have a few nails in the -soles; those made of aluminium are best. From 1 to 1½ ozs. will be -sufficient for a pair of boots, and the difference in weight between -them and the ordinary tackets is worth the extra cost. - -Boots should never be blacked, but always greased. This makes them -warm in winter and wonderfully cool in summer; they are then really -waterproof. If they are dressed once or twice a week with Gishurstine, -they will wear well, and keep soft and pliable. A 1s. tin will last -a long time. Castor oil, too (the cheap veterinary kind), is also -excellent. Two pairs of boots are necessary so that they can be worn -on alternate days, and thus be properly dried. There is a foolish, -old-fashioned rule in some gardens that the men must have their boots -neatly blacked on Monday mornings. This should not be encouraged. - -The best way to dry boots, when absolutely soaked through, is as -follows:--Take 2 or 3 lb. of oats, and heat them in the oven; when the -boots are taken off, stand them in a pail, and pour the hot oats up to -the top of the polish. The oats absorb moisture, and as the boot dries -they will swell, and act as a last. The same oats may be used over and -over again. To clean brown boots Bucknell’s saddle soap is better than -any of the patent preparations. - -_Stockings._--For winter wear, stockings should be knitted of -soft, thick wool. Woven ones are the best in summer. - -If, when the mid-day hour of rest arrives, boots and stockings are wet -through, they should be changed at once. It is false economy to neglect -to do this, for a rheumatic future may be the outcome. It will be -found, however, that, if they are not wet, there will be less suffering -from tired feet when the same stockings and boots are kept on all day. -If they are removed, and a rest is taken in easy shoes during dinner -time, the feet will swell, cause pain, and blisters will probably rise -when a fresh pair of boots are put on for the afternoon. Beginners -usually have to put up with tender feet until they become accustomed to -heavy boots. For this reason, thick stockings are preferable. It will -be found that camphorated Eau de Cologne cools the feet. Another and -better remedy is Balm of Bethesda, which can be had from most chemists. -The feet should be soaked in warm water, and while still damp a few -drops of the balm rubbed in. This should be done every night until a -cure is effected. It may be necessary to repeat the remedy each -spring when the first warm days arrive. - - [Illustration: IN THE GARDEN AT FORTFIELD HOUSE, TERENURE, CO. - DUBLIN. - - WHERE MISS HESTER PERRIN DEVOTES MUCH TIME TO THE SUCCESSFUL - CULTIVATION OF BULBS AND PLANTS. - - _Photograph by Pictorial Agency._] - -_Leggings._--These, too, are important, and should be of leather, -and similar to those worn by men. Buttons or spring fastenings are -to be avoided. The spiral strap fastening with a buckle is the most -practical, and brown leather is better than black, as it is more easily -cleaned. Cloth leggings, gaiters or puttees should not be worn; they -are troublesome to clean. - -_Gloves._--Thick leather gloves are useful when working among -thorns and thistles. Many jobs, such as thinning out small things, -pruning and nailing, cannot be properly done in gloves. When working -among wet vegetables, they only make the hands cold, and encourage -chilblains. Hands will wash, but it is as well to be provided with a -bottle of nail-cleaning fluid, a box of orange sticks, and a little -cotton wool. A hand nail brush must not be used, but soap and water -should be vigorously applied. - -_Apron or Overall._--This will keep the skirt clean, and if there -is a large pocket in the front it will be useful to keep scissors, a -knife, raffia, or string in it for tying roses to pergolas, or picking -flowers. A blue serge apron looks best, or an overall made of sacking, -with a belt round the waist, is neat. - - - OTHER REQUISITES - -_Medicine Chest._--There will often be exposure to rough weather. -A bottle of Eau de Cologne saturated with camphor is a necessity. It -should be rubbed on the skin after washing, and it will tone it up -and keep the surface smooth. It is a good hair tonic, and relieves -headache; it also takes away toothache, and twenty drops on a lump of -sugar will generally prevent a cold after working in damp weather. -Scrubbs’ cloudy ammonia put into a very hot bath is refreshing after a -hard day. Quinine is indispensable to those who can take it. - -I need mention no other requisites for a medicine cupboard, as, unless -one is strong and active, a gardener’s life will not be chosen. The -chief risk that arises is that of taking cold, especially when work -necessitates going in and out of a greenhouse, and thus being subjected -to unusual changes of temperature. To guard against this, a knitted -woollen golfing blouse should be kept handy. It is so thick, that -it will keep out the coldest, most piercing wind, and can be easily -slipped over the flannel blouse when leaving a greenhouse. - -_Bicycle._--Should there not be a cart for the gardener’s use, -a bicycle is indispensable. Visits to other gardens are of interest -if only for the sake of comparison. Often, too, by making friends -with neighbouring gardeners, cuttings of new plants or seeds can be -exchanged. A basket can be fixed to the handle-bars of the bicycle, in -which can be put books and papers, whilst larger things are tied to the -carrier behind. It will be found useful to understand the management of -a repair outfit for punctures. The more independent of outside help a -lady gardener is, the better she will get on, and the happier she will -be. - - - - - CHAPTER VIII - - COTTAGE AND FOOD - - -The question of finding a suitable cottage for a lady gardener is -sometimes considered a difficulty by employers. But this need not be -so. As a rule, the cottage stands alone in the kitchen garden, or near -by, and what is large enough for a married man with many children will -suit a lady admirably. - - [Illustration: IN THE GARDEN AT FORTFIELD HOUSE, TERENURE, CO. - DUBLIN. - - BELONGING TO L. PERRIN HATCHELL, ESQ., AND IN WHICH MISS HESTER - PERRIN DEVOTES MUCH TIME AND LABOUR. - - _Photograph by Pictorial Agency._] - -A lady gardener will want either a companion or a servant, as it is too -tiring for her to cook and manage for herself after a hard day’s work. -There are several ways of arranging this comfortably. Should the salary -be a large one, it will be best to have a servant to cook and undertake -all household duties. If the cost of a resident servant is too great, -it will probably be possible to make some arrangement with a woman in -the village. She will come for so many hours a day for cleaning and -rough work, and the cooking can be dealt with by the gardener herself. -As, however, it is extremely important that she should keep in good -health, I urge that she should endeavour, by some arrangement or -other, to get the cooking and house work done for her. There is sure -to be an extra bedroom in the cottage, and should it be impossible to -keep a servant, it can probably be arranged to have either a friend or -a garden student as companion, who is willing to take over these small -responsibilities. Often there are ladies training for Colonial work, -who would gladly come and manage, in exchange for board and lodging. -Vegetables are allowed to a gardener, and, therefore, she can easily -afford to pay for the board of someone who helps her. Sometimes milk is -provided for the use of a head gardener, and also coals. Before a post -is accepted it should be ascertained exactly to what she is entitled, -and then a calculation should be made as to how expenses can best be -met. It must be remembered, however, that good, well-cooked food often -saves a doctor’s bill; so no pains should be spared to live well. The -greater variety that can be managed in the case of food, the better the -health will be. Women living alone are very apt, from laziness, to fall -into a habit of drinking tea and eating only bread and butter. Work -certainly cannot be done on this; solid food is absolutely necessary. - -With a view to assisting lady gardeners to undertake their own cooking -in cases of emergency, I am able, through the kindness of Miss J. S. -Turner, to give a few hints which may, I hope, be of use. - -For roasting, an American roaster, which can be placed in the oven and -requires no attention for basting, is necessary. If there is a close -range, the earthenware French _casseroles_ and _marmites_ are -nicer than saucepans. There are many American “notions” too, that save -labour. - -Asbestos mats for placing under saucepans on a closed stove only cost -4d. each, and prevent the contents burning. - -Aluminium utensils are much better than those of iron or tin. They cost -more, but are indestructible, and easily kept clean. - -To commence with, the following utensils should be provided:-- - -1 large saucepan. It should be the largest that can be fitted on the -stove, and a steamer to fit it is also required. - -1 spirit lamp for quickly boiling hot water or eggs. - -1 small saucepan. - -1 double saucepan or porringer. - -1 kettle. - -1 gourmet boiler. - -1 American roaster. - -3 frying pans for meat, fish, and eggs. - -1 oven tin. - -1 pudding bowl. - -2 pie dishes. - -2 basins. - -2 jugs. - -1 teapot. - -1 coffee pot. - -1 bowl for mixing paste. - -Pastry board and rolling-pin. - -Cups, glasses, knives, forks, spoons, egg-cups and table-cloths will be -needed. - -With the above-mentioned articles most things can be done, and other -utensils can be added as required. - -_Breakfast._--Breakfast should consist of porridge and milk, a -boiled or poached egg, and a rasher of bacon if necessary. - -The porridge should be made overnight. Half a breakfast cup of Provost -or Quaker Oats, with a good pinch of salt, should be put into a -saucepan. A cup and a half of _boiling_ water must be poured over -it and well stirred. Put on the lid, and allow the whole to boil for -ten to twenty minutes. Leave it by the side of the stove all night, -and it will only want heating up in the morning, which can be done on -a paraffin stove. Do not forget to put water in the lower half of the -saucepan. - -It will only take a few minutes to boil an egg or fry some bacon. - -When going out early in summer, it may be convenient to make a hot cup -of tea, and for this the spirit lamp will be useful. - -_Midday meal._--If lunch has to be prepared by oneself, bread and -cheese, cold meat, soup, a hard-boiled egg with salad, will be the -most easily managed. Tinned food should not be relied upon; it is dear -and unwholesome. If a hot luncheon can be obtained it will be better. -I only give the above suggestions to those who have to manage for -themselves. - -_Supper._--As work ceases at 6 p.m., there will be plenty of time -to prepare a meal for 7.30 p.m. A gourmet boiler is most useful. Put -in meat, potatoes, onions, etc., and a teacupful of water. Place the -boiler in a large saucepan, and fill up with water to the rim of the -boiler. If this be put on the fire at luncheon time, a good stew will -be ready in two hours, and a still better one in eight hours’ time. One -visit to replenish the water in the saucepan will be necessary - -Beefsteak pudding, too, can be left on for hours, with the assurance -that it will be all the nicer for long cooking. - -Many dishes can be prepared beforehand, and heated up when required. It -only needs a little thinking out. - -_Coffee._--Buy the whole berries roasted. Grind them as they -are wanted. Small mills can be procured cheaply. Put the coffee in an -earthenware coffee jug, and place it upon the stove for ten minutes -or until it gets thoroughly heated. Pour on boiling water, and let it -stand for five minutes. Stir it up, and then let it settle. - -_Tea._--Should the locality be one where the water is “hard,” -“Hardwater tea” should be obtained. This is economical. Other blends -are expensive, because the water does not extract the full flavour, and -more tea has to be used. - -_Milk._--If milk is bought, get new milk, and do not skim it. -Put it into a jug as soon as it is received. Let it stand twelve to -twenty-four hours according to the season, and stir it well before it -is used - -_Butter._--An icicle butter box, to hold from 1 lb. upwards, can -be obtained, and if butter is kept in this box it will be firm even on -the warmest day. - -_Pot au feu._--When tired after a day’s work, and not up to -cooking, this and Pepperpot or Lancashire Hot Pot (the recipes in Mrs. -Beeton’s cookery book) will be found a great stand-by. The pot merely -has to be put on the stove, and in a few minutes a respectable meal is -ready. - -Life in the open air gives a good appetite, and, as a rule, no -difficulty will be found in responding to it, if these slight -instructions are followed. - - - - - CHAPTER IX - - MARKET GARDENING - - -This is a branch of horticulture which requires great consideration and -careful reflection, before a lady undertakes it. It needs both brains -and capital. Market gardening resembles that larger sphere of jobbing -combined with nursery gardening which is described towards the end of -Chapter IV. Possibly less artistic sense is necessary, but far larger -business capacity is essential. To succeed at all everything grown -must be of the best quality, and suit the prevailing demand. There -are fashions in flowers and vegetables, and these have to be studied -and responded to. Then, too, in order to sell to London or other big -markets, advance must be kept of others. It well repays to have green -peas a fortnight before your neighbour, and more money is made if the -supply of choice vegetables can be prolonged throughout the winter -months. Then, again, white flowers sell better than others. These and -many other tricks of the trade are not learned in an amateur way. They -have to be studied under a competent master. Flowers have to be picked -before the sun has opened them; they have to be packed with skill, and -only certain kinds will travel well. Experience is necessary in order -to know the right kind of foliage to send away with flowers. - -So much, indeed, has to be learnt which cannot well be acquired at a -college, that I strongly advise apprenticeship for a year or two to a -nursery gardener. If it is preferred to study first at a school where -surplus flowers and vegetables are sold, a good foundation of knowledge -can be laid, which is considerably added to later in a market garden. I -would suggest at least four years’ training for this particular branch -of Horticulture. - -An apprentice might well suppose that many secrets of the trade would -be revealed to her. But this may prove to be a mistake. Business people -are cautious as to what information they impart, and possibly more is -to be acquired by keeping eyes and ears well open. Constant and careful -inquiries should be made as to the price obtained for various vegetable -produce, and the most likely quarters where there is a demand for it in -that particular part of the country. - -I am inclined to think, however, that the most useful business -information is to be gained during the first year or two’s work in -one’s own garden. It is gloomy to foretell such things, but mistakes -are sure to happen, and from experience comes knowledge. To lose one’s -own money hurts more than to see others lose. - -Should the intending market gardener be a free agent, and able to -select any part of England for her garden, there are two important -matters for her to weigh. Where will be the best market, and what land -has the most plentiful supply of water? Probably for the first venture -the neighbourhood of a large seaside town, a watering-place or golf -links, will be a safer market than London, which is so large and well -supplied. It should be ascertained who the most likely customers will -be--schools, boarding-houses, private families, etc., and the garden -should be adapted to supply their wants. - -Many are the ways of arranging work in a market garden. A lady of ample -means can afford to keep an experienced foreman, a large staff, and -horses and vans. By paying the head man so much per cent. upon the sale -of produce, his interest in the concern will be kept alive. In this -case a thoroughly dependable and honest man is necessary. Should more -scope for energy be needed it will be advisable for the principal to do -the secretarial work, decide the rotation of crops, conduct the sale -transactions, as well as attend to the social part of the business. -She should also supervise most of the operations and have good skilled -labour to carry out all manual work. - -If it can be avoided a field should not be converted into a market -garden. The money that necessarily has to be spent at the start will -more quickly be repaid if land is worked which has been used as a -garden before. However good the soil, climate, and situation may be, -a garden can only barely pay its way during the first two years on -account of the many expenses that have to be met. - -As opinions can best be formed by hearing real experiences, I propose -inserting the following letter, written by one who has known what it -is to overcome obstacles, and finally reach well-earned success. This -interesting letter and several detailed accounts of market gardens -given on p. 253 show what a suitable career this is for a woman. One, -too, which will bring not only health and happiness from work in the -open, but considerable remuneration, if it be carefully and well -conducted. - - BASHLEY NURSERY, - NEW-MILTON, HAMPSHIRE, - _October 11th, 1907_. - - DEAR MADAM,-- - - In answer to your request for information about my market - garden here, I think it will be best if I give you a short - history of the undertaking. I bought six acres of land here - fifteen years ago, with a view to start a garden on a more or - less remunerative footing. I had been brought up in a town, but - had always been fond of botany--of plants as individuals--and - as years went on, felt drawn to a country life. I got to know - something of cultivated plants by studying in the Botanic - Gardens at Cambridge, where I lived. I hired a quarter-acre - allotment in a field let out in that way. I got very much - interested in it, and decided to go in for a country life with - a garden, which I hoped to make pay its way, if not more. I - studied gardening for two years with a family who had taken up - market gardening in Wales, and proceeded to buy a small plot - of land to begin upon. I had enough capital to start a place - and build a small house for myself, and, fortunately enough, - means to live upon in a somewhat bare way. I did not feel - the least sanguine of making ends more than meet, and this - was fortunate, as for many years it was a most unpromising - and expensive undertaking. I was entirely without business - knowledge in general, or of any of the detailed knowledge of - the horticultural trade, and also, being town-bred, I was led - into many errors. The soil proved poor and sour from lack of - draining, and thickly infested with wire-worms, and being far - from any town (Bournemouth, nine miles, being the nearest) - there was absolutely no local demand for anything. I should - say one of the main points in starting any place of the kind - is to be near some town. I had not originally intended to go - in for market gardening, but circumstances seemed to favour - it more than any other branch, of gardening, so after many - misgivings and qualms at further sinking of capital, I put up - a block of five greenhouses, each 100 feet by 12 feet. This - necessitated having a skilled man to live on the place, and - consequently the building of a cottage, as there was none near. - I intended to grow tomatoes for Bournemouth market, followed - by chrysanthemums and other winter crops. The first season of - tomato growing proved enough of a success to encourage me to - persevere, and I bought a horse and van to begin a trade with - Bournemouth shops, and engaged a man as salesman. On the whole - this proved a success from the first. Our chief crops to start - with were tomatoes in the houses, followed by chrysanthemums for - cut flowers in the winter, and out of doors a variety of plants - for cut flowers, especially early flowering chrysanthemums, also - strawberries, rhubarb, and vegetable marrows. After a short time - we took up narcissus, forcing for a spring crop, followed by - bedding plants in pots and boxes, and a variety of pot-plants, - such as genistas, ferns, cyclamen, freesia, and pelargoniums. - - [Illustration: BOXING BULBS FOR FORCING AT MISS BATEMAN’S MARKET - GARDEN, BASHLEY NURSERY, NEW MILTON, HANTS.] - - After a few years I bought nine acres more, adjoining the first - field, and two years ago I bought another small field of four - acres. A few years ago I was able greatly to improve our water - supply, and to put up an engine for pumping all water used - in the houses, and to build a second cottage for workmen. My - original staff consisted of one labourer; it is now about nine - men and boys. Last year I was able to add a large tomato house - 100 feet by 30 feet, and a small fernery. - - Whilst living here the neighbourhood has become a residential - one, and consequently a good deal of trade has come from the - immediate locality. - - A good many people are glad to have their gardens superintended, - or to have suggestions about the laying out of their borders. - - I cannot say I have ever found it a very remunerative - undertaking; it has certainly been a laborious one, but to me it - has been immensely enjoyable. - - Other crops we grow out of doors are gooseberries, raspberries - and currants, and large quantities of roots, such as pansies, - polyanthus, wallflower, forget-me-not, for spring bedding. Among - the out-of-door flowers for cutting the chief are: narcissi, - chrysanthemums, roses, carnations, violets, gypsophila, - sweet-peas, marguerites, dahlias, astors, coreopsis, mignonette, - gladioli, Spanish iris, pæonies, scabious, alstromœria, daisies, - and many others. We also have a number of herbaceous plants and - a good many shrubs to supply retail customers. - - I am, yours faithfully, - A. BATESON. - - - - - CHAPTER X - - THE MEDICAL ASPECT OF GARDENING FOR WOMEN - - -Anxious parents often ask whether gardening is a really healthy -occupation for their daughters. These doubts, shared by many, are -perhaps not so easily dispelled as, at the outset, might be supposed. -We are all prone to view with suspicion any project which has for its -purpose the fitting of women for the more arduous tasks of life. “For -men must work and women must weep” is what we are accustomed to hear. -We know that amongst all primitive peoples it has been found that women -are capable physically of carrying out hard work in the open. We have -evidence to prove that crofter women, those engaged at coal-pit mouths, -women peasants in France and Germany, North American Indians, African -races and the aborigines of Australia, are not less long-lived than -their more favoured sisters in leisured countries. Amongst civilised -races, however, the principle is upheld that only light tasks are -relegated to women, and surely so it should be. The charm of woman -lies in her softness and gentleness. Must we not preserve this above -all else? - -Thus the father of a family views with alarm the profession of a -gardener, when it is first suggested to him for one of his daughters. -It seems undesirable to him that she, who has been accustomed to gentle -living and refinement, should lead the monotonous, solitary life which -he pictures it to be. He sees her, in imagination, constantly weeding -and digging amongst plants, without leisure during the day for any of -the relaxation to be found in mental employment or development, and -returning home at night physically exhausted. Her mother thinks that -rough exposure to all weathers will play havoc with a good complexion; -visions of a brown sunburnt face, or a wrinkled parchment one, knotted -fingers, stiff joints, uneven shoulders, rise up to alarm her. Many are -the prophetic croaks that the young girl hears about rheumatism and -age before its time, or misgivings as to the results of digging and -trenching and the bad effect they may have on back and hip muscles. I -know one young woman who was so frightened lest she should develop a -huge hump on her back from stooping, like the old road-mender whom she -met daily, that she always laid down quite flat on her bed, during rest -hours, to counteract any harm that might be likely to come to her. - -It is most natural that many should be alarmed and have a strong -disinclination to advise gardening as a healthy profession. I cannot -help thinking that they may alter their views when they realise fully -that it is not hard manual work that is needed of women in this -profession. They are not meant to do spade-work like the ordinary -labouring man; we have plenty of fine, strong hulking men who do -this, but we do need more directing heads to plan out work and guide -others. This is what lady gardeners are to do. It has become evident, -in recent years, that women have determined to shake themselves free -from former occupations and interests. They intend to apply their -energy in new directions. Frequently, it must be admitted by all, they -are successful. Practical experience shows us that women can acquit -themselves with honour and success in games and in the pursuit of -sports, which formerly were reserved only for men. Hunting, shooting, -golf, cricket, swimming, hockey, climbing and walking are acknowledged -to be fields of activity in which women may safely indulge. In Jane -Austen’s day such pursuits were considered not only dangerous to -health, but likely to produce awkwardness of figure and ungainliness -of movement. Physical activity was supposed to unfit young girls for -society. Things are changed since then, and although many of us see -with regret some loss of feminine softness and charm in occasional -specimens of the new woman, we cannot put all the evils to the -profession of gardening. There must always, I suppose, be eccentric -individuals who exaggerate their peculiarities, but these exist in all -professions, and classes. - -Much attention is now paid to the physical development of girls and -young women in our schools, and we cannot fail to see the immense -advantage gained by comparison through this over the results of early -Victorian education. We have all, it is to be hoped, learnt that open -air life is no longer a privileged form of existence suited only -to men. We know that it is, when carried out on sensible lines of -moderation, immensely helpful to women. The medical world has lately -been awakened to the importance of improving the physique of our young -people. Both Sir Lauder Brunton and Sir John Cockburn (chairman of -the Swanley Horticultural College for Women) have impressed this fact -openly upon the world. We see daily before us leisured women who from -lack of pleasant, wholesome interests and bodily exercise, without -scope for reasonable aspirations, have become anæmic parodies of the -sex. The insidious malady which dogs the steps of a nation’s progress -towards highly cultured, unlimited leisure and freedom, masquerades -under the old-fashioned term “_ennui_” or the new-fangled names of -nervous exhaustion, break-down, overwork (!), hysteria, decadence. - -I believe I am justified in saying that medical men, who can appreciate -the often aimless, humdrum existence of many women of the wealthier -classes and the debility of those in our large towns, find in gardening -a good agent for the removal of such evils. Possibly a year spent in -rising early, out in sun and rain, with simple food, pure interests, -physical exercise, does more for some than many medicine bottles, rest -cures, Swedish movements, and other modern remedies. The same may be -said for those who are mentally troubled--insane, that is, in a legal -sense. The managers of our asylums are appreciating more each year the -benefits to be derived by occupations. In this instance such interests -act not only upon the individual, but also upon the health of a nation. - -No one who has given the least attention to the advances made in the -modern treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis can fail to recognise that -open-air treatment has proved to be of immense value to sufferers from -consumption, and that by its means cure, in the real sense of the term, -may be established. It is a matter of national gratification that this -sensible mode of cure should have been initiated in this country, by -Bodington and MacCormac, years before it was adopted elsewhere. It is -an instance of our national slowness to do what is obviously right, -that our Continental neighbours have, till recent years, outstripped -us in the perfection of these methods of cure. Our own pioneers, too, -have been subjected to ridicule and temporary obloquy. We now know that -though outdoor life at high altitudes is especially successful in the -treatment of tuberculosis, high altitude is not a necessity. A cure can -be effected in the lower altitudes of our own country, so long as the -principle is maintained of a constantly “open window.” - -Quite recently practical proof has been brought forward by Dr. M. S. -Paterson, of the Brompton Hospital Sanatorium at Frimley, which shows -that even the success of the Continental patterns of sanatoria can be -greatly enhanced by allowing the sufferers to work in the gardens. -By giving them this healthy employment they harden themselves, and -instead of being confirmed idlers, they leave the institution vigorous -in muscle, as well as healed of their lung trouble. The patients, -men and women, are encouraged to execute all the lighter duties of -gardeners, and the more robust of the men are allowed to excavate and -trench ground. All minor ailments, such as nasal catarrh, or “common -cold,” bronchitis, sore throat, headaches and muscular rheumatism, -are remediable by means of a life regulated in accordance with the -principle of the “open window.” It can hardly be doubted, therefore, -that if those exercises which take the form of outdoor games are in -part replaced by the more primitive and infinitely more profitable ones -of gardening and botanical study, the same excellent effects will be -realised. - -Those who advocate gardening for women do not seek to deprive them of -intellectual pursuits through a constant devotion to physical effort. -They wish to secure to them the certain assurance of a healthy physical -state by moderate devotion to a refined and pleasant occupation. Direct -experience is fortunately available to carry conviction on this point -to those who consider it with proper calmness and reasonableness. -Healthy women who have essayed the experiment of gardening have no sort -of doubt as to the beneficial results to be derived from it. Again -and again it has been found, not only by devotees themselves, but by -others whose training as medical men and women has enabled them to -detect any undesirable results, that gardening is little short of an -unmixed blessing. One distinguished medical authority who has made the -agricultural education of women a life-long study, says that the young -women who have taken up gardening as a profession are in consequence -“as lithe as panthers and of splendid physique.” - -Not only, therefore, does such a life increase muscular development and -consequently help circulatory, respiratory, digestive and other normal -processes, but it helps to make a healthy mind. If a serious bit of -thinking has to be done, a piece of trenching or some purely mechanical -exercise will greatly assist the brain. To quote a passage upon digging -from Mr. Halsham’s admirable book, “Every Man His Own Gardener,” “You -will find that the mind is not merely left free for all the valuable -reflections which may occur to it, but that the attention necessary -for the job takes up and keeps employed and quiet some subordinate -activities of the understanding which in times of repose are often -decidedly troublesome.” - -I should like to quote a passage, too, from Ruskin’s “Sesame and -Lilies,” which seems to me very applicable to the case in point. In -showing us the power of woman, he says: “The first of our duties to -her--no thoughtful persons now doubt this--is to secure for her such -physical training and exercise as may confirm her health, and perfect -her beauty, the highest refinement of that beauty being unattainable -without splendour of activity and of delicate strength. To perfect her -beauty, I say, and increase its power, it cannot be too powerful, nor -shed its sacred light too far; only remember that all physical freedom -is vain to produce beauty without a corresponding freedom of heart.” -Then follows the quotation which we all know so well, and which shows -us the “vital feeling of delight” which true love of nature, and all -the lovely things in nature, give us--“Thus, then, you have first to -mould her physical frame, and then, as the strength she gains will -permit you, to fill and temper her mind with all knowledge and thoughts -which tend to confirm its natural instincts of justice, and refine its -natural taste of love.” - -I ask what can more readily lead to the fulfilment of this ideal than -a life of quiet, peaceful interests in the company of the pure and -lovable companionship of flowers? What can bring healthier happiness -than watching for those harbingers of the new flower year, the little -green heads of Winter Aconite that come pushing so determinedly through -the brown earth, and are followed later by little golden heads of -flower? What can give greater intellectual and artistic pleasure and -scope for imagination than planning the herbaceous border which is to -be bright with colour all the year? Careful study and much reading are -needed, but happy evenings fly speedily by, as you gaze into the fire -and plan a lovely summer dream garden. Then, too, there is the interest -of arranging work for others, marshalling the men at your command and -apportioning the work to their different characters and temperaments. -It is indeed no monotonous, unintellectual life. - -A report has been received from one of our modern university colleges -where lectures are provided upon various subjects. It tells us that -women students are occasionally absent owing to indisposition from -lectures and demonstrations upon history and classics, but that they -attend with regularity those upon gardening. This is a flattering -statement as regards the interest of horticulture. - -Several of the reports of foreign schools which I am able to give, -through the kindness of their directors, show that other nations are in -advance of us in two points, at least, connected with this branch of -study. - - [Illustration: THE RUINS GARDENS, SLOUGHAM PLACE, SUSSEX. - - LAID OUT BY THE HON. MRS. CHARLES SERGISSON. - - _Photograph by Pictorial Agency_.] - -In Germany, Holland, and Italy, great stress is laid upon the ultimate -use of horticultural courses. They are intended especially to fit young -women to be useful in their own homes, either while living with their -parents, or later when they marry or have homes of their own. This -applies to women with means who are not obliged to earn a living. They -are considered, with a knowledge of fruit culture, flower and vegetable -gardening, jam making and fruit preserving, to become valuable adjuncts -to the household. The word “Hausfrau” nowadays includes these garden -matters, and we in England might profitably follow this example. If a -young woman marries well and has servants who do all these things for -her, she will still never regret having herself mastered difficulties, -and probably she will be better served by being able with experience -to criticise the work of others. Then, too, we notice in the foreign -syllabuses that a doctor’s certificate of health is required before a -young girl thinks of studying gardening. - -It is certainly advisable that the family doctor should give advice -before any decision is made as to the vocations of young women. This -should be all the more insisted upon, when the would-be student suffers -from some malady, whether it appears to be but a trifling one or not. -It is a practical certainty that many minor maladies and symptoms are -entirely removed when a suitable life is led. On the other hand, others -apparently equally insignificant are harbingers of grave illness. It -is possible that these remain dormant, or are not accentuated in the -ordinary quiet routine life at home, but assume grave proportions as -the result of the greater physical requirements of work in a garden. -Therefore, parents should ask advice of a doctor before encouraging -their daughters to take up gardening. It probably will be found by -those who are able to adopt it as a profession, that there will be -fewer aimless and useless existences, and that there will be many more -happy, long-lived people. - - - - - CHAPTER XI - - WOMEN GARDENERS FOR SOUTH AFRICA - - -There is small doubt that the subject of emigration to South Africa -appeals to young Englishwomen, buoyant with youth and hopefulness, -ambitious for adventure. A singular fascination exists about that -virgin soil, clear air, brilliant sunlight. We know that nurses, -teachers, mothers’ helps, servants are needed there. Unhesitatingly we -recommend young women who belong to these professions to go to South -Africa. They must thoroughly weigh beforehand the hardship of leaving -home, and fully realise the obstacles they will have to overcome in a -new country. Having faced these difficulties, they can, however, be -confident of success, for the refining influence of women is fully -appreciated in what are still somewhat uncivilised surroundings. - -“Is this so with lady gardeners, are they likely to prove useful in -South Africa?” This is a question often asked, and still somewhat -difficult to answer. Experience of the subject is meagre, and the idea -of sending ladies as gardeners to our colonies is a new one. We have -had brilliant examples of success, and at the present moment a lady -gardener at Bloemfontein is doing good work. Miss Hewetson’s report to -the South African Colonisation Society, on Cape Colony Fruit-farming, -tells us, perhaps, most about the subject, and we feel that her views -can guide us, as her supervision of the work of Kaffirs for a year and -a half gave her personal experience in the matter. We know that there -are vast possibilities of fruitful cultivation if only there existed -more skilled, directing heads. What a change might be made in the -production of the soil, if educated guides superintended the merely -mechanical work of Kaffirs! - -It is intelligence and enlightenment that are needed, brains that -are wanted more than hands. We are told that it takes three busy -months to prune fruit trees on a large Cape Colony farm. These fruit -trees make only moderate growth, as in England, but in Natal growth -is tropically luxuriant, and in pruning much wood has to be left for -shade, otherwise the fruit becomes sunbaked. To carry out properly such -operations intelligence is necessary. Then, again, we know that fruit -packing and grading are large undertakings on many farms. We read of a -farm with 30,000 fruit trees and several vineyards, and can readily -understand, not only the number of hands needed to sort and pack fruit, -but the necessity of having clever overseers to speed on such work. Old -inhabitants assure us that large profits could be made in dairying, -poultry-rearing, bee-keeping, or flower-growing by English ladies who -were earnest and adaptable, and possessed of capital as well as brains. -The climate does not allow a white woman to dig or to undertake heavy -work, but her services should be valuable to organise work for the -natives. Until we have more definite examples of success, it is unwise -to urge ladies to go to South Africa as gardeners. The safest course -is, perhaps, to relate the steps that have up to now been taken, and -leave all decision to the good judgment of those who contemplate taking -up a profession which holds out decidedly good prospects to ladies who -can face some degree of adventure. Much depends upon the natural taste -and ambition of a woman. With good health, energy, and intelligence, -people usually succeed in any country. - -The most important matter that has so far been undertaken is the -organisation of a colonial branch of training at Swanley College for -lady gardeners. Here, students are put through a course, intended to -fit them, to a certain degree, for posts on fruit farms, dairy farms, -and private gardens in South Africa. This training at home, excellent -as it is, must, however, be supplemented by apprenticeship in the -colony itself. The difficulties of a foreign land cannot be grasped in -England. A college for lady gardeners in South Africa itself is what -is really needed, and no doubt in time it will be started. Meanwhile, -until it is in existence, it is necessary for those who contemplate -going as gardeners to the colonies to learn as much as possible at -home. A two years’ course should be taken in fruit-growing, packing, -jam-making, bee-keeping, etc. These subjects, if thoroughly understood -in our climate, will present fewer difficulties, and will be easier -to deal with in new surroundings. An application to Mrs. Hopkinson, -chairwoman of the South African Colonisation Society’s Agricultural -Committee, and of the colonial branch of the Horticultural College, -Swanley, will secure all necessary information. The South African -Colonisation Society offers advice as to climate conditions. It is also -constantly looking out for possible openings in South Africa, where -experience of soil, climate and cultivation can be acquired. - - [Illustration: THE YEWS AT HUTTON JOHN, CUMBERLAND. - - WHICH THE SPEAKER AND MRS. LOWTHER HAVE RENTED. THE ARTISTIC - ARRANGEMENT OF THE BORDERS IS MRS. LOWTHER’S SPECIAL CARE.] - -However successful one may be in out-of-door pursuits in England, the -knowledge will still be inadequate in the colonies. The chance of -success will lie in undertaking work with a spirit of pure humility. -Only after a thorough course of instruction in the country itself can -the management of a post of any degree of responsibility be attempted. - -One considerable source of difficulty is the question of a white woman -as overseer being left unprotected among Kaffirs. In small gardens, -with only one “boy,” this danger is reduced, but in large ones it is -almost a necessity that two ladies should protect each other. The -proportion of men to women is about seven to one, and, therefore, some -may consider that South Africa will not be, as regards lady gardeners, -a woman’s country for another fifty years. That it will be so then, -we who are anxious to see the better cultivation of our great colony, -upon lines indicated for us by Cecil Rhodes, venture to hope. When -Englishwomen have firmly established a good reputation as landscape -gardeners, directing experts and teachers in the mother country, they -will doubtless be welcomed with enthusiasm in our colonies. - -To those who are not deterred from making an attempt at gardening in -South Africa by these few difficulties, I venture to give the following -practical hints, which I am allowed to publish by the kindness of the -South African Colonisation Society:-- - - - BOARD AND LODGING - - In Cape Colony from £5 to £8 per month - In Natal „ £4 10s. „ £8 „ - In Rhodesia „ £9 „ £11 „ - In the Transvaal „ £7 „ £10 „ - In Orange River Colony „ £6 „ £8 „ - - Laundry in Cape Colony costs from 8s. to 10s. per month. - - In the other colonies it is generally from 2s. to 8s. per doz. - articles, irrespective of size. - - - OUTFIT - -The same clothes are needed in South Africa as in England, except that -furs are not necessary, and a larger supply of washing dresses, etc., -are needed for the longer summers. Wool of some sort must always be -worn next the skin, even if it is only a cholera belt in the hottest -weather, on account of the sudden falls in the temperature. In the -Transvaal and Orange River Colony the winters are bitterly cold, and -warm underwear is there very necessary. - -Warm wraps are essential, as the nights seem bitterly cold by contrast -to the hot, sunny days. Washing fabrics should be chosen of fast -colours; white linen, holland and Tussore silk wear the best. Light -unwashable materials are unwise, as the dust is terrible all over the -country, and there are no good cleaners. Black and dark-coloured -materials are inadvisable, as also most kinds of grey, as they become -stained with red dust. Rough mixture tweeds in greens, browns and reds -are most useful, or any other warm, light, dust-proof material. - -Brown shoes and stockings are better than black ones, and a good supply -should be taken, as the wear is harder than at home. Gauze and chiffon -veils are a great comfort in a dust storm, and it is wise to have a -cushion for travelling. - -_A thick mackintosh, overshoes, and a warm rug are essential._ - -It is economical to provide a really serviceable outfit, calculated to -last for some time, as clothes obtained in the colony are both more -expensive and less satisfactory than in England. - - - FARES - - (2nd Class Union-Castle Intermediate Steamers) - - To Cape Town £20 15s. to £21 13s. - To Algoa Bay £21 13s. „ £23 9s. - To East London £22 11s. „ £24 7s. - To Durban £24 11s. 6d. „ £26 9s. - -N.B.--At least £1 10s. should be allowed for landing expenses, and -about £1 for tips on board ship (the stewardess expects from 5s. to -10s., according to the amount of attention required on the voyage, and -the cabin steward and table steward will expect 5s. each. Subscriptions -to games and other tips are optional). An Emergency Fund of a few -pounds should also be kept in hand. Passengers are met at the various -ports by South African Colonisation Society agents, and they can stay -at the Hostels of the South African Colonisation Society, where board -and lodging are provided for from 3s. 6d. per day. - -A girl with a long railway journey before her would do well to provide -herself with food at the port of landing; tea and coffee can always be -obtained _en route_. - -Besides the regulation cabin trunk (this must not exceed 14 inches -in height, 2 feet in breadth, or 3 feet in length), it is wise to -have two smaller boxes in preference to one big one, as they are more -convenient for transit in South Africa, and are less likely to get -damaged in loading and unloading on board ship. Second-class passengers -are allowed 25 cubic feet of baggage free on the ship; any excess is -charged 1s. 6d. per cubic foot. On the South African Railways 75 lbs. -only of luggage is allowed free to second-class passengers; all excess -is charged according to scale. - -Girls going to towns, who possess bicycles in good condition, are -advised to take them, but they will have to pay duty on them--as much -as 15s. in all probability; also the train freightage is heavy. On the -boat they are shipped as luggage without extra charge if the 25 cubic -feet of baggage be not exceeded. - -Introductions to residents in South Africa are given to everyone going -out under the auspices of the S.A.C.S., so that all may find friends on -arriving in the new country. - - - - - CHAPTER XII - - ITALIAN POT GARDENS: A SUGGESTION - - -A well-known French horticulturist, director of many parks, once gave -most flattering praise to an English garden. He called it “_un jardin -intime_.” These three words sum up what most of us wish our gardens -to be. - -We bring to them, from other countries, plants that recall pleasant -memories. As we watch these growing happily in our herbaceous borders, -thoughts come to us of those who gave them, of happy meetings, and -unforgotten scenes. In England we make real friends of our gardens; -we confide many secrets to their safe keeping. Owing to a temperate -climate, we have long in which to mark the slow development of bud and -blossom. The time of flowering is late, and it remains all the longer -for our enjoyment. When spring flowers are over, there are lovelier -ones to look forward to. We have not to combat the heat and drought -which so speedily bring summer beauty to an end in Italian gardens. -It is, no doubt, on account of climate that abroad the bedding-out -system has been adopted, and thus much of that intimacy with herbaceous -plants, which we have, is there unknown. Our English gardens are tended -carefully and steadily all the year round; a feeling of rest and peace -pervades them. - -In Italy a garden is neglected during the winter, whilst the Signoria -are away. Beds and paths are left unweeded, all vegetation appears to -be dead, and the gardener occupies himself only with vines, vegetables -and plants growing in pots, which later will be the chief means -of dressing-up the grounds. Most Tuscan villas in winter have the -appearance of a Palace of Sleep. We wonder how it will be possible, -when the Fairy Prince arrives, to transform disorder into a well-kept, -beautiful place. We realise as we see so wonderful a change occur, how -valuable a touch of this surprise would be to our old-fashioned English -homes. It would improve not only the appearance of our gardens, but -enhance the architectural beauty of our houses. - -This sudden transformation is brought about upon the first really warm -spring day, as if by the stroke of a fairy’s wand. Then the doors of -the orangery are flung open, and ornamental pots of all sizes and -shapes are brought out by means of rollers and stood in striking -positions in the pleasure grounds. During the last few years we have -been shown in England, through the good taste and skill of Mrs. Watts -and others, what can be done in the way of terra-cotta work for the -adornment of gardens. There is nothing new to us in the lovely boxes, -sundials, fountains, vases and pots that we see designed, but we have -not all, perhaps, succeeded in mastering the art of the Italian in -placing these objects, with striking effect, in masses. - -With a view to studying this we wandered round many gardens in Tuscany. -We were shown lovely loggias overhung with climbing roses; masses -of tall graceful arums and many coloured carnations in pots, stood -beneath them in cool shade. Flowering bushes outside were carpeted with -sweet-smelling violets, walls and arbours were hidden under lavender -wistaria, white and pink camellias lit up the borders of shrubberies. -Nothing, of all this luxuriant vegetation, was arranged quite in -accordance with our English taste. We were dissatisfied, until one day -we chanced upon a garden which seemed to combine successful herbaceous -arrangement with ornamental pot decoration. - -A narrow country lane, hedged in on either side by cypresses, led to -the front of the villa. The terrace, with old-fashioned stone seats -built into the corners of the wall, invited the passer-by to rest -beneath the shade of an overhanging sycamore and look down upon a -lovely stretch of country below. Near by, dense box hedges sheltered -some plantations of fruit trees, all pink and white with blossom, while -beneath grew delicious scented narcissus. The shadows played upon the -grey and green of the olive gardens, and deep blue in the distance -were the hills round Fiesole. Florence itself was hidden, but close to -us the stately Certosa crowned her dome-shaped hill. To the left, an -opening in the hills showed us the misty plain of Prato, looking like a -still lake in dreamland dotted with small white ships. The villa door -stood temptingly open, and ascending a flight of stone steps we entered -the small, cool, paved court. - -It was different from most courtyards. In the place of orange trees in -pots there were flower beds amidst the paving. Each was round in shape -and contained a graceful lilac bush carpeted with mauve violas. In -the centre of the court was a well with ornamental ironwork railings, -against which stood handsome Amaryllis lilies in pots. The walls of -the house had roses climbing up them; so robust were they that their -stems had twined around the iron window gratings, making, with their -thorns, a double security against attack. The whole effect was cool and -quiet--a good preparation for the blaze of colour which met us, as we -passed under the dark archway into the garden itself. - -What struck us most, when first we saw it, was the height above the -ground to which colour had been raised, by planting shrubs in large -ornamental terra-cotta pots. It will be seen upon the plan, that these -not only stand upon the paths and walls, but are arranged at intervals, -in the very midst of the herbaceous borders. Large grey stones, about -a foot above the level of the flower bed, are placed for the pots to -stand upon. A groove, in the form of a cross, is cut in the stone, to -allow the drainage from the pot to run off easily. These stones and the -lower portion of the pots are partially hidden by groups of irises, -pæonies, aquilegias and roses, growing in the border. Just a touch of -the terra-cotta flowerpot with its handsome ornamentation of wreaths, -is seen above the blue and white of the irises or the many-coloured -ranunculuses, and then, above, high up, we get the foliage and -colour of the shrub which is planted in the pot. It is certainly a -most effective way of giving height and variety to a flat, rather -uninteresting piece of ground. - - [Illustration: AN ITALIAN POT GARDEN - - IN ORDER TO SHEW THE LAY OVT OF THE GARDEN MORE DISTINTCLY THE - POTS ONLY ARE SHEWN. - - ON THE PLAN THE POTS ARE INDICATED THVS - - DRAWN FROM PLANS MADE BY MISS MARY CAMPION.] - -Most of the pots had lemons or oranges growing in them. In our country -it is possible to have these only in the more sheltered parts, but -laurustinus, box trees, bays, lilacs, hydrangeas or roses could be used -instead. Even should the pots occasionally have to stand empty, they -are so exceedingly handsome and decorative in themselves, that they -only improve the general appearance of the garden. They are made in -different shapes and sizes. Some are very elaborately ornamented, but -the kind of which a sketch is given are the simplest and most dignified. - -No one who has seen an Italian garden, so arranged, can dispute the -beauty of it. It may be suggested that in England it would be difficult -to protect the terra-cotta from cracking in frosty weather. Experience -in southern counties has been favourable, and should it not be so in -colder places, they can be put under cover for the winter months. - -The plan which is given is from drawings made by the kindness of Miss -M. G. Campion. Although it is rather elaborate, it could easily be -modified for a small garden. It represents about an acre of land, -which is cleverly arranged to allow of the combined cultivation of -fruit trees, flowers and vegetables. It is closed in upon every side. -The house shelters it from the east wind, the long orangery casts a -shadow upon the south side and makes it possible to have a lovely bed -of lilies of the valley near by. On the north, besides the trees, is -a high wall. The west is the most exposed, as it has a hornbeam hedge -through which small openings are cut, to show the hills with vineyards -outside the grounds. Against the hedges stand large, empty oil jars, -in terra-cotta, their graceful shapes showing well against the dark -green. Round the central fountain is a 3-ft. wall, wide enough to have -pink Bourbon roses, in pots, standing upon it. Each of the four smaller -fountains forms the centre of a little plot of ground. These plots are -divided into four beds. Each bed is large enough to have several pink -and white blossomed fruit trees and some gooseberry bushes. Amongst -them are planted spring-flowering bulbs such as narcissus, tulips, -etc., for cutting. Other beds have smaller fruit trees, or currant -bushes and roses alternate. The dark red-green foliage of the rose -bushes contrasts with the fresh green of other plants. A few plots are -reserved for vegetables, but, as a rule, these are close to a border -of flowers; therefore, the garden, although small, is ornamental as -well as useful. From below the windows of the house comes a delicious -scent of freesias, and as we look more closely, we see orange-red -tulips planted amongst them, the deeper notes of orange in the freesias -corresponding with the colour of the tulips. - -The plan, if carefully studied, will give a good idea, therefore, of -a successful combination of permanent herbaceous borders, improved, -dressed up, and heightened by the addition of ornamental terra-cotta -pot decoration. - - [Illustration: ITALIAN ORANGE POTS AND OIL JARS. - - DRAWN FROM SKETCHES BY MISS MARY CAMPION. TO BE OBTAINED FROM THE - SCHOOL OF LADY GARDENERS, GLYNDE, SUSSEX.] - - - - - CHAPTER XIII - - FOR THOSE WHO HESITATE TO EMPLOY LADY GARDENERS - - -Many ladies who own large gardens take personal interest in the -arrangement of the grounds. Not only do they wish to have beautiful, -sweet smelling flowers in glasses and bowls to adorn their rooms; they -also aspire to have plants grouped harmoniously in herbaceous borders -and in formal beds. There has arisen a kind of competition to have -as good a garden, if not a better one, than our neighbour. In the -case of some specially gifted and energetic ladies, lovely gardens -have been created, through their directions being carefully followed -by the head gardener. Some illustrations of such are given in this -volume. Possessed of complete knowledge about the flowers best suited -to the soil and position, having carefully studied the height, time -of flowering, and prettiest combinations of colour for beds, they are -competent to direct themselves. It sometimes occurs, however, that -the lady of the house is willing to devote a small amount of time to -planning garden effects, but family and social duties call her away. -She can only give general directions to the clever gardener, and leave -him to carry them out. Although many men are skilled in growing fine -specimen plants, few are sufficiently well educated, or possessed of -the natural taste requisite to execute their employer’s wishes. - -I hope no one will suppose that, because this book is intended to be -a guide to lady gardeners, I am narrow-minded enough to think in a -depreciative way of men gardeners. Some of them are personal friends -whom I respect, esteem, and who, I am aware, have done infinitely -better work than any lady has so far achieved. Many are not only -gardeners, they are artists as well. I have the highest opinion of -them and their profession. I do feel strongly, however, that there is -a large field open to young gentlewomen anxious to take up this work. -There are many gardens, too, where a change has necessarily to be made, -and the owners will benefit by substituting a lady in the place of a -man, as head gardener. - -I should like to draw the attention of employers to two important -points connected with this subject: - -1. A lady must be selected; not a “would-be” one. Only if she is this -at heart, will she have authority over men working for her. - -2. She should have the same salary as a man. A lady gardener must not -be considered an economy. Many people without consciences think they -can exact the same amount of manual work from a young woman that they -would expect from a man. They also imagine, because she is a woman, -they can pay her lower wages. Pay her well, and treat her well. Her -honesty and intelligence will save expense in the end, but do not -economise upon her salary. The advantages to be gained by the employer, -should he appoint a lady as head gardener, are these: - -(1) _Scientific knowledge and true artistic taste._ - -Owing to a college training, and first-rate general education, she -should have better scientific knowledge than the ordinary labouring -man who has worked his way up from village schooldays, through the -different grades of a gardener’s life, to be head over others of his -own class. She will possess a good grounding in botany and the science -of soils. In short, she can reason scientifically. Instead of saying, -“Oh, so-and-so won’t ever grow here, the soil does not suit it,” she -will be able to ascertain what quality is lacking in the ground, and by -adding an ingredient secure proper growth. Thus, an end will be made -to the often erroneous ideas of a foreman, who, because he does not -know the requirements of a plant, gives up the idea of growing it, or -continues absolutely satisfied with the weedy specimen under his care. - -A lady gardener, too, owing to her early surroundings, the study of -pictures, gardens, and beautiful objects, should possess greater -capacity for appreciating fully the requirements of the lady of the -house. Plans for the arrangements of flower beds, shrubbery, borders, -surprises of all sorts, are more speedily, more satisfactorily decided -upon when two people meet upon the ground of similarity of education. - -(2) _Taste in colour._ - -This is more developed with the majority of women than with men. We -have so many opportunities, at the fortnightly exhibitions of the Royal -Horticultural Society, of seeing the latest productions of beautiful -flowers. Then, too, there are books, such as Robinson’s “English Flower -Garden,” Kelway’s Manual, Wright’s “Beautiful Gardens,” to guide us. -They show us plans for grouping colours harmoniously in herbaceous -borders. Nowadays we all know what we want to achieve, but we often -fail to find the right one to fulfil our imaginings. It hurts the eye -to see scarlet geraniums growing near mauve asters, or the delicate -pink of the Dorothy Perkins rose killed by being placed near a glaring -red brick wall. The lady gardener should, by her natural taste and -good judgment, avoid such mistakes of arrangement both in the ordering -of plants for flower borders, and in the decoration of flowers in -rooms. A dinner-table should be an easy matter for her to plan. -Lightness of touch will enable her to succeed in mixing graceful, soft -foliage with suitable flowers. She will accomplish this in less time -than the average man gardener. - -Week-end parties are a favoured form of entertaining, and often the -lady of the house is busy in London during the week, only arriving at -her country house just before her guests. It will give her a pleasant -sensation of ease if she has someone at home to whom she can absolutely -entrust the decoration of her rooms and dinner-table. Then, too, -another important matter is the selection, gathering, and packing up -of suitable flowers to send away. My experience has always been that -men gardeners do not study this sufficiently. They gather beautiful -carnations, pentstemon, irises, or whatever their speciality may be, -but forget that suitable green or coloured foliage must be mixed with -them to show off the blossom. Knowing the very great difficulties of -arranging flowers in glasses, a lady will be more careful about this -than a man. - -(3) _Honesty and trustworthiness._ - -The lady gardener is a gentlewoman, and, therefore, we presume -she possesses these qualities. I do not mean to cast the faintest -aspersion upon the honesty of men gardeners! There have been instances -of dishonesty and drunkenness amongst them, and as a class they are -certainly open to greater temptations than a lady. Many owners of -moderately large places, where perhaps no agent or bailiff is kept, -are forced to be absent for some months each year; others fill high -positions in diplomacy, and are obliged to spend some years away from -home. To such, it will be a satisfaction to feel that they leave a -capable lady at the head of affairs. Someone is at home who can be -trusted, and will report to them if things are not going on as they -would wish. - -I am often questioned as to whether a lady can possibly exert authority -and influence over a working man. I am certain, if she is the right -kind of woman, she can. Let her, without hesitation, dismiss the first -drunken under-gardener she meets with, and the others will respect her, -and not try to take advantage of her because she is a woman. - -(4) _As companions._ - -The above remarks apply chiefly to a large flower and vegetable garden. -I think women are equally suited to small posts. We often hear of a -maiden lady living in the country who needs company. She would be -pleased if a nice, cheerful, bright girl lived with her to share her -pleasure in the garden. The strength and vigour of the young girl would -compass things which the elderly lady could not attempt unassisted. -Thus companionship would be added to the joy of gardening. - - [Illustration: THE RUINS, RATTON PARK, SUSSEX. - - WHICH THE HON. MRS. FREEMAN-THOMAS HAS ENLIVENED WITH CHARMING - BOX-EDGED BEDS OF BRIGHT FLOWERS. - - _Photograph by Pictorial Agency._] - -Then, also, we know of many a young married woman with a large family -of children, whose limited means necessitate a country life. The -children are sent to school, and return home only in holiday time, -or they have daily teachers who leave them after lessons. Surely an -arrangement might be made by which some of their free time could be -turned to profitable, and yet pleasant account, by their working a -little in the garden under the direction of the lady gardener. Children -love planting and digging. If encouraged, they will take the greatest -interest in beautifying a garden. Some lessons in nature study, too, -could be given occasionally to increase their love for a country life. - -This comparatively new idea of having someone to talk over garden -arrangements with, in a friendly and more or less companionable way, -usually smiles upon the woman of the house. She, at last, sees within -her reach the possibility of achieving artistic effects which she has -long thought of in her day dreams, but has failed to get carried out. -Against the dark green yew hedge, how lovely will be the group of tall, -stately pink hollyhocks, with pale rose-coloured annual larkspurs, -Japanese anemones, and silver-foliaged plants intermingled with them! -What lovely combinations of plants bearing similar coloured foliage she -can arrange to plant together! There will be irises, German and Spanish -ones, then the white drooping bells of hyacinth candicans, followed by -scarlet tritomas and montbretias, bringing their brightness to cheer -dull autumn days. How satisfactorily she now will be able to maintain a -constant succession of colour in herbaceous borders throughout the year! - -In short, the advent of a lady gardener is pleasing to her. Her husband -will probably not approve the innovation. “If I see the poor thing -out working in a heavy downpour of rain, I shall feel a brute not to -go and help her,” he will say as he smokes his pipe reflectively, and -meditates over the follies of womenkind. But, I ask, what man head -gardener need work in rain? If he does, he will probably do more harm -than good, by making a mess of the ground. Need he, wet or fine, do -much manual labour? No! his duties lie chiefly in directing the men -under his charge; in executing the lighter, but more intricate work -of pruning, thinning out grapes, and secretarial duties. Above all, -he must plan the succession of crops. All these matters can be done -equally well, if not more speedily, by an educated woman. - -As this book aims at introducing lady gardeners to employers, I should -like to ask for these gentlewomen the good treatment, absolute trust, -gentle handling, which their position entitles them to receive. Without -the entire confidence of their masters, no ladies would wish to take -up a post, but with their support, and the power to dismiss those -under their authority who they find are dishonest or undeserving, lady -gardeners should be absolutely successful. No longer need there be that -frequent termination to all pleasure in a large garden, when the head -gardener grows only what he likes, and not what his master requires. -How often, when shown round a large place, one is struck by the remark, -“Oh, Dibber never lets us have violets or carnations, all his interest -is centred in vegetable growing”; or “Truman gives all his time to -preparing plants for exhibition; he is certainly very successful in -winning prizes, but we come off badly, as all the best things are sent -to exhibitions!” Instead, therefore, of having someone to contend with, -or a man whose obstinacy has to be circumvented before a bunch of sweet -peas can be brought into the house, you will have a friend who will -endeavour to give you all she can successfully grow, and whose taste -and judgment can be relied upon. - -Every year the number of women students at horticultural colleges -increases. The profession appeals to many, and there are now a large -number who, having completed their education, are seeking posts. Up -to the present time, the supply is in excess of the demand. This -is, I believe, the case with all professions until they have become -firmly established. Employers still hesitate to try a lady gardener. -Then, too, the ladies who up to now have desired to have women head -gardeners, have usually possessed large gardens, needing many hands -to work them. It is natural that the young woman who but lately was a -student, superintended and guided in all her undertakings by a teacher, -hesitates about managing a large garden. There are many such who still -hold back in diffidence, hoping to obtain a small post first. - -I sincerely trust, when this is fully realised by those interested in -the success of women horticulturalists, that many owners of medium -sized or small gardens will come forward and offer posts to women. A -garden of one or two acres, with a small greenhouse, and only one or -two labourers for rough work, will be best suited to a newly fledged -lady gardener. She should be able to manage this, and two or three -years spent in it will be a good preparation for a post entailing -larger responsibilities. I do not think that anyone who is generous -spirited enough to offer such posts to ladies will repent the act. - - - - - Part II - - - - - CHAPTER XIV - - COLLEGES AND SCHOOLS FOR LADY GARDENERS IN GREAT BRITAIN - - -The following syllabuses of British colleges and schools are submitted -for the use of ladies interested in gardening. It is hoped that they -may assist all those who, in England or abroad, have the management -of such training centres. By means of them it will be easy to compare -notes as to the various methods of imparting practical information; the -form in which foreign syllabuses are staged may inspire fresh ideas. I -should like to add that I do not, of course, consider what I am able to -give of these particulars as in any way comprehensive; but it has been -my endeavour to insert only details of colleges and schools that have -been in existence some time. I have received the syllabuses and many -interesting notes through the kindness of those who have at heart the -wish that ladies should succeed in the profession of horticulture. - - - THE THATCHAM FRUIT AND FLOWER FARM SCHOOL - OF GARDENING, HENWICK, NEAR NEWBURY - - _Principals_: LILY HUGHES JONES, F.R.H.S.; MARY - PEERS, F.R.H.S. - - (_1st Class Certificates and Bee Experts_) - -The farm is situated on high ground in the Kennet Valley, facing south, -one and three-quarter miles from Newbury, two miles from Thatcham -Station, about twelve miles from Reading, and one-quarter mile from the -Bath Road. - -The residence is a roomy old farm-house, facing south. Its position is -thoroughly healthy, 400 feet above sea level. - -An old-fashioned garden lies to one side of the house, and four -acres of land on the other side, on which the main crops are grown, -consisting of hardy fruits, perennials, and other crops. - -The farm is conducted as a market garden for business purposes. -Students will thus see practical work--the object being to provide -outdoor work of the healthiest kind, and at the same time to give a -thoroughly practical knowledge of country life--knowledge that may be -used as a means of livelihood or in superintending a garden, and will, -in any case, be of unfailing interest and use in after life. It is not -intended to take a large number of students, so that each student will -have individual attention, and her capacity be carefully studied. - -The greatest care is taken with regard to the food of the students, and -their health carefully guarded. - - - PRACTICAL WORK - -_Horticulture._--Instruction in all branches of outdoor gardening; -specialities being made of herbaceous plants, violets, and fruit. - -_Bee-Keeping._--Instruction in the management of bees, including -lectures and coaching for the B. B. K. A. Experts’ Examinations. -Practical work and manipulation is carried on in the farm apiary. - -_Carpentering._--Students are instructed in the workshop in the -making of various gardening and bee-keeping appliances. - -_Jam Factory._--Jam making is taught in the small factory which -was instituted for the production of homemade preserves. - -A French garden has now been added, and a competent Frenchman teaches -this branch only. It is worked upon the lines of the famous “Maraîche” -system, and differs in every detail from an English garden. All -vegetables and fruits are brought on out of season. At present we have -400 frames, all made, glazed, painted, by the students, and 1,000 -_cloches_. - -Two other French gardens have been started in England, and have proved -successful. - - [Illustration: THE COTTAGE, SCHOOL OF LADY GARDENERS, GLYNDE, - SUSSEX. - - _Photograph by Pictorial Agency._] - - - THEORETICAL WORK - -_Horticulture._--Complete courses of instruction are given in the -various branches of horticulture, including Entomology, Soils and -Manures. - -[2]_Botany_, for R. H. S. Examinations. Lectures on the elements of -morphology and physiology of flowering plants, with practical work, can -be attended. - -[2] These lectures are optional. - -Students also get a thorough insight into packing, purchasing, and -marketing produce. - -_Floral Work._--Demonstrations are given in bouquet-making and -floral arrangements. - -_Session._--The year is divided into three terms of about thirteen -weeks each. - -_Fees._--For the full course, including everything with the -exception of botany lectures, £55 per annum. Botany, 30s. per term, in -addition. - -_Extras._--A small fee of 5s. per annum is charged for the use of -all tools in various departments. All fees payable in advance at the -beginning of each term. A term’s notice of removal of any student must -be given, in writing, to the principal, otherwise a term’s fees will be -charged. Application for forms of entrance and further details to be -addressed to the principals. It is advisable to train for a period not -shorter than two years, as experience necessary for success in an after -career cannot be gained in less time. Short courses of instruction are -arranged when desired. - - - INSTRUCTION IN PRACTICAL GARDENING FOR LADIES, - GLYNDE, NEAR LEWES, SUSSEX - - _Principal_: THE HON. FRANCES WOLSELEY - - _Patrons_: THE LADY ARDILAUN, MISS G. JEKYLL, MISS WHITE, E. - O. GREENING, ESQ., W. ROBINSON, ESQ., MRS. CHARLES EARLE, MISS - WILLMOTT - -The school was founded in 1901–2, and is supervised by the Hon. -Frances Wolseley. The number of students is limited, and great care -is taken as to their selection. A personal interview and the highest -references are required before admission. The following arrangements -for the course of work are a development upon specialised lines of the -scheme which has up to now existed. The chief objects of the course -are:-- - -To give a thorough foundation in the management of all the more hardy -garden plants. - -To improve taste in the laying out and arrangement of gardens. To teach -the daily routine work of a private garden, so essential to those who, -later, wish to become private head gardeners. - -To give students responsibility and thus enable them more easily to be -competent to undertake posts when their course of training is completed. - -A competent, practical superintendent gives instruction in flower, -fruit and vegetable growing. In addition to this well-known advisory -experts visit the school from time to time and give lectures upon the -theory and special branches of horticulture. H. Edmonds, Esq., B.Sc., -of the Municipal School at Brighton, lectures upon Botany and the -Chemistry of the Soil. - -Mr. Back gives demonstrations upon fruit culture. Mr. Paris lectures -upon Bee-keeping. Mr. Edmund D. Foster, Head of the Engineering -Department of the Brighton Technical College, has undertaken to lecture -upon Land Surveying. - -A special feature of the garden is the arrangement of Italian Oil Jars -and Lemon Pots. - - [Illustration: GATHERING ROSES FOR POT POURRI, SCHOOL OF LADY - GARDENERS GLYNDE, SUSSEX - - _Photograph by Pictorial Agency._] - -Students are encouraged to take personal interest in all alterations -and improvements made in the gardens. - -Attention is given to the every-day work of a garden, comprising:--The -care of grass, paths and beds; mowing, sweeping and general tidiness; -digging, trenching and other ground operations, raising plants from -seeds and cuttings, their subsequent treatment; culture of herbaceous -alpine plants and roses; forcing violets, Dutch bulbs, richardias, -etc.; watering, ventilation and other points of glass-house management. -Gathering and packing flowers and general varieties of vegetables for -market is carried out. Fruit is grown, including bush, standards, -espaliers and strawberries. - -Arrangements are made by which students can visit local gardens. -They are required to keep notes of these visits and to answer in -writing questions upon them. The advantages thus gained to students, -in comparing their own work with that of those having life-long -experience, will be a special feature of the school. - -Students are encouraged to stay two years if it is found that their -special needs can be provided for. In any case they should not stay -less than one year. Advice is given as to their future. - -A half-holiday is given once a week when the necessary work allows. -This implies that quiet times alternate with busy ones, and it is -necessary that a high standard in the appearance of a garden should be -maintained. - -Fees for practical instruction, £10 per annum, payable after a week’s -mutual trial. Should the student, owing to any serious breach of -discipline, be asked to leave at Miss Wolseley’s wish, this sum is -refunded. - -The lectures of experts are £2 per annum extra. - -Preparation for Royal Horticultural Society’s Examination, £1 extra, -but only two-year students go in for this. - -Lodgings, conveniently near the gardens, where several students board -together, can be secured at 17s. per week, for board and lodging. Each -student defrays these expenses. - - - UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, READING - -_Principal_: W. M. CHILDS, M.A., Keble College, Oxford (Professor of -Modern History). - -_Director of the Department of Agriculture and Horticulture_: Professor -JOHN PERCIVAL, M.A., St. John’s College, Cambridge. - -_Assistant Directors_: EDWARD BROWN, F.L.S. (Agriculture); CHARLES -FOSTER, F.R.H.S. (Horticulture). - -_Registrar_: FRANCIS H. WRIGHT. - -The day classes of the college are open to men and women students over -the age of sixteen. Students who do not live at their own homes are -required to reside in the college hostels or in lodgings licensed by -the college. Women students in residence for not less than one session -(three terms) are required to reside in the college hostels, unless -they have received the principal’s permission to reside elsewhere. - - - COURSES IN HORTICULTURE - -The Department of Agriculture and Horticulture was founded in 1893. Its -work is carried on under the inspection of the Board of Agriculture. -Courses in Horticulture consist of lectures and laboratory work in the -college and of practical work in the college garden and fruit station. - -The college garden, four acres in extent, adjoins the main college -buildings in London Road, Reading. It consists of vegetable and flower -gardens and orchard, and is provided with horticultural buildings. The -houses, greenhouses, vineries (early and late), peach house, etc., are -used for plant and fern growing, general florist work, market work, and -the culture of grapes, pot fruit trees, etc. Students spend upwards of -twenty hours per week in the garden, and, in addition, pay frequent -visits to neighbouring private gardens, as well as to Messrs. Sutton -and Sons’ Trial Grounds, the exhibitions of the Royal Horticultural -Society, and the Royal Gardens, Kew. - -Besides instruction and practice in the routine operations of the -garden, students are placed in charge of sections of both indoor and -outdoor work. In their second year they may specialise in market and -florists’ work, or in fruit growing, in preparation for work at home -or in the Colonies. In all cases they pay special attention to the -business side of horticulture and assist in the work of marketing and -book-keeping. - -During their two sessions’ course, students may take advantage of the -workshop, and of the instruction in carpentry, etc., provided, to learn -how to make up boxes, staging, and how to repair, glaze, and paint. - -In addition to preparing for the college diploma or certificate, -students may also prepare for the examinations of the Royal -Horticultural Society or of the Board of Education, South Kensington. - -During the session 1905–6, eleven acres of the college farm at -Shinfield, two and a half miles from Reading, were planted as a fruit -station. On this station students will be able to study modern methods -of fruit and vegetable cultivation on a commercial scale. - -Courses of instruction have been arranged as follows:-- - -_The diploma in horticulture_ is awarded at the end of a two -years’ course in the science and practice of horticulture. The course -is designed for students who intend to take up horticulture as a -career. It provides training in the sciences on which the practice of -horticulture is based, in market and florist work, and in fruit-growing. - -Each session of the course extends over forty weeks, including the -thirty weeks of the ordinary college session, together with ten weeks -of practical work only, arranged to suit the convenience of individual -students. - -_The diploma with distinction_ in special subjects is awarded -to students who, having gained the diploma, spend a third year at -the college pursuing special studies, and who pass the examination -prescribed. The course is adapted to the requirements of those who -may become teachers of horticulture or specialists in some particular -branch of horticulture. - -_Note._--The above diplomas are granted by the Oxford and Reading -Joint Committee, on which are represented the college, the University -of Oxford, the Royal Agricultural Society, and the Royal Horticultural -Society. - -_The certificate in horticulture_ (granted by the college) is -awarded to students who have followed a one-year course at the college -(forty weeks) and have satisfied the examiners in the subjects of the -first year examination for the diploma. - -The subjects of examination for the diploma and certificate are as -follows:-- - -_Diploma (First Year) and Certificate_ - - 1. Theory and practice of horticulture (including composition of - soils, cultivation, the use of tools and manures; the vegetable - garden, flower garden, rose garden, rock garden; orchard, lawn, - shrubbery; aquatic and bog plants). - - 2. Botany (theoretical and practical). - - 3. General chemistry and physics (theoretical and practical). - - 4. Book-keeping. - -_Diploma (Second Year)_ - - 1. Theory and practice of horticulture (including more advanced - study of soils and manures, cultivation under glass, forcing, - methods of dealing with fungoid diseases and insect pests, - improvement of plants by budding, hybridisation, etc., packing - and marketing, florists’ work, storage of fruit). - - 2. Botany (theoretical and practical). - - 3. Entomology (theoretical and practical). - -The fees for the above full courses are as follows:-- - -For students who have resided for not less than a year in the County -Borough of Reading or the administrative Counties of Berkshire, -Oxfordshire, or Buckinghamshire, £18 the session of forty weeks; for -other students, £24 the session. - -Students may, however, enter for shorter periods than one year, and -may take courses of practical work, together with such lectures as may -suit their requirements. The fees are:--For five weeks, £7 7s., for ten -weeks, £10 10s. In addition to the above fees, all students pay the -registration fee of one shilling per session, and there are entrance -fees for examinations. The cost of board and lodging at the college -hostels is 21s. per week (for a cubicle), or 25s. to 30s. (for a study -bedroom). - -Diplomas are not awarded to candidates under the age of twenty-one. - -_Scholarships_ tenable at the college are awarded from time to -time by the County Councils of Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire, -Dorset, Hampshire, Somersetshire, and Gloucestershire. Application -should be made to the Education Secretaries of these counties. - -_Courses in Agriculture, Dairying, and Poultry-keeping_ are held -at the college. Practical instruction is given at the College Farm, -Shinfield, the British Dairy Institute, Reading, and the College -Poultry Farm, Theale. - - - LIST OF WOMEN STUDENTS WHO HAVE PASSED THE EXAMINATIONS - FOR THE DIPLOMA IN HORTICULTURE - -1904.--Ellen C. Wallace. 1906.--Caroline Pellew, Lilian S. Tuckett, -Brenda M. Young. 1907.--Dorothy M. Cayley, Dorothy A. E. Dyson, -Adelaide M. Taylor, Henrietta C. Tuke. - - [Illustration: “POTTING”: STUDENTS AT WORK, READING UNIVERSITY.] - - - THE HORTICULTURAL COLLEGE, SWANLEY - - _Principal_: MISS F. R. WILKINSON - _Vice-Principal and Secretary_: MISS M. KEKEWICH - _Lady Superintendent_: MRS. WATSON, South Bank, Swanley - - - LECTURERS - - _Bee-keeping_, W. HERROD, F. E. S. _Book-keeping_, H. W. KERSEY - (Lecturer on Book-keeping, Wye College). _Botany, Vegetable - Pathology_, R. J. TABOR, F. L. S. _Dairy_, MISS DAWSON, N. D. D. - (Certificate Midland Dairy Institute). [3]_Entomology_, F. V. - THEOBALD, M. A., F. L. S. (Lecturer on Entomology, Wye College). - _Gardening_, MISS VILLIERS-STUART. [3]_Greenhouse Construction_, - F. A. FAWKES. _Horticultural Science and Rural Economy_, F. J. - BAKER, A.R.C.Sc. LOND. _Manual Training_, W. HERROD. _Poultry_, - MISS DAWSON. - -[3] Courses in these subjects are given once in two years. - - - _Head Gardener_: MR. J. LAWSON - -There is also a staff of under-gardeners and labourers. - -The college is situated seventeen and a half miles from London, and one -and a half miles from Swanley Junction Station on the South Eastern and -Chatham Railway. - -Women were admitted in 1892, the college being the first place to open -its doors to women students who wished to obtain a thorough training in -horticulture. - -It stands in forty-three acres of freehold land, allotted to flower, -kitchen, market gardens, fruit plantations, playing fields, also -conservatories and glass-houses for market work. - -Lecture rooms and laboratories form part of the college, while -adjoining are a workshop, farm buildings, apiary, dairy, poultry runs, -etc. - -It aims at giving a thorough training to fit women to become market -growers, gardeners in private places, teachers of nature-study and -colonists, or to enable them to manage their own property. - - - COURSES OF INSTRUCTION - -The full horticultural course lasts two years, and consists of -practical work out of doors and under glass, with lectures on -scientific principles. Diplomas or certificates are awarded to students -who have qualified. - - - COLONIAL BRANCH - -Courses are specially arranged for intending colonists, which, in -addition to gardening, include a simple training in cooking, housework, -laundry, needlework, and hygiene. - - - NATURE-STUDY COURSE - -A course for training Garden and Nature-Study mistresses in botany, -zoology, geology, meteorology, and simple gardening, extends over one -year. - -A holiday course for school teachers is held in August, and affords -special opportunities for field work, gardening, dairying, etc. - - - SHORT COURSES - -In the spring and summer terms, courses are arranged, lasting six -weeks. These include the following subjects:--gardening, dairying, -poultry-keeping, bee-keeping, and fruit preserving. - - - ADMISSION AND FEES - -The fees, which, include all expenses except medical attendance, fire -in bedroom, laundress, books, and small charge for loan of microscope -and tools, and the extras stated below, are, for a cubicle, from £80 -a year of three terms, study-bedroom from £96 a year of three terms, -out-students from £40 a year of three terms, colonial students from £16 -5s. per term. - -At the examination held in April, 1907, by the Royal Horticultural -Society, sixteen students from the college competed, and secured places -among 142 competitors:-- - -First class, 8; second class, 6; third class, 2. - - - SCHOLARSHIPS - -The County Councils of Kent, London, Norfolk, and Staffordshire offer -scholarships at the college to residents in their own counties. As the -regulations are not identical, intending competitors should apply to -the secretaries of the respective Education Committees for particulars. - - _Kent._--F. W. CROOK, Esq., Kent Education Office, Caxton House, - Westminster, S.W. - - _London._--The Executive Officer, Education Office, Victoria - Embankment. - - _Staffordshire._--GRAHAM BALFOUR, Esq., County Council Offices, - Stafford. - - _Norfolk._--The SECRETARY, County Council Education Offices, - Norwich. - -Since 1892, 410 students have attended the college courses. - -Through the kindness of Miss F. R. Wilkinson, I am able to quote the -following interesting statistics:-- - - - AFTER-CAREERS OF STUDENTS - -Landscape gardeners, 3; market gardeners, 25; head gardeners, 26; under -gardeners, 13; working in home garden, 49; “jobbing” gardeners, 9; -teaching, 23; working at science, 5; poultry-keeping, 2; manageress -milk depôt, 1; principals in gardening schools, 2; apiarist, 1; at -Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, 2. - - - AVERAGE SALARIES - -Landscape gardeners, two guineas a week to two guineas a day; head -gardeners, highest, £100 a year with rooms, light and vegetables; -lowest, £20 a year resident; under gardeners, highest, £80 -non-resident; lowest, 18s. a week, cottage and coals; schools, highest, -£65 resident; lowest, £30 resident; institution, highest, £75 resident; -lowest, £20 resident; jobbing, 4s. to 7s. a day; companion gardener, -highest, £100 resident; lowest, £30 resident. - - - NATURE STUDY - -The following syllabus may be of interest, although the course has -already taken place (July, 1907). It will show what an important place -Nature Study takes in the education of women. - -A course for helping those who are desirous of extending their -knowledge of Nature Study will be held at the Horticultural College, -Swanley. - -Most of the instruction will be given (weather permitting) out of -doors, rambles in the country under the guidance of experienced -teachers being the chief feature. - -Miss Hibbert-Ware (Science Mistress, Queen Margaret’s School, -Scarborough) and Mr. Tabor (Resident Science Lecturer) will lead -combined excursions for studying birds, pond life, insects, wild -flowers, trees, grasses, etc., in their different environments. - -The college gardens, greenhouses, orchards, farm, and fruit-preserving -appliances will be in working order, and students will be able to -obtain an insight into the work carried on in each department. Miss M. -Agar will give demonstrations and instructions in simple gardening, -and on the care of school gardens. Demonstrations in dairying and -poultry-keeping will be given by Miss M. Dawson (N.D.D. and Certificate -Midland Dairy Institute), who will explain the chief points of farm -operations during the year. - -As far as possible the open-air studies will take place within easy -distance of the college, but excursions will be arranged to districts -with varying soils and climate, and the accompanying variety of natural -objects. Students having bicycles are advised to bring them. - -It is hoped to combine the natural history excursions with points of -antiquarian, artistic, and other interest in outlying districts, and -endeavour will be made to render the course useful, both for home life -and school work. - - - FEES - - (_Payable in advance or on arrival_) - -For teachers and those training to be teachers, including tuition, -board, and lodging, and expenses of excursions, £5 5s.; single room; -extra, 10s. 6d.; to those not engaged in teaching an extra fee will be -charged of £1 1s. - - - STUDIES IN PLANT LIFE AND PLANT GEOGRAPHY - - By R. J. TABOR, F.L.S. (Resident Science Lecturer), and - M. WILSON, B.SC. LOND. - -The work of this course will be arranged on the assumption that most of -the students will have had some previous training in elementary botany. - -Its objects will be to extend their knowledge of plants in the field, -and especially of the various plant associations and their adaptation -to their surroundings. For this purpose excursions will be arranged to -study the flora of woods, ponds and streams, moors and heaths, fresh -and salt water marshes. - -An explanatory lecture, illustrated with lantern slides, will be given -on the eve of each excursion, in which the special features to be noted -in the next day’s work will be described. - -The special subject for this year’s course will be “Common British -Trees and Shrubs,” and on alternate days laboratory work will be -provided, in order that students may become familiar with the -distinguishing characters of their leaves, twigs, buds, etc., to enable -them to identify these plants in summer and winter. - -Facilities will be provided for making collections of common plants for -subsequent reference. Students are recommended to bring a flora and a -vasculum. - -If time permits, a demonstration will be given towards the end of the -course on the arrangement and carrying out of simple experiments in -plant physiology. - - - STUDIES IN POND LIFE, INSECTS AND BIRDS, GEOLOGY AND ASTRONOMY - - By MISS HIBBERT-WARE (Science Mistress at Queen - Margaret’s School, Scarborough) - -_Pond Life._--The management of aquaria. The life-history, breathing, -adaptations, etc., of the various aquatic creatures obtained on the -excursions. - -_Insect Life._--Some garden friends and foes (_e.g._, ladybird, -cockchafer). - -_Birds._--The habits and call notes of common British birds so -far as they can be studied during August. Opportunity will be given to -students of learning to identify the birds from museum specimens, and -also of preparing the skins of birds and small mammals for class use. - -_Geology._--The origin, composition, and history of some common -rocks and fossils, especially those observed and collected on the -excursions. - -_Astronomy._--The subjects of four of the evening lectures will -be: 1. The solar system; 2 and 3. The starry heavens; 4. The earth as a -member of the solar system. - -A part of these lectures will be held out-of-doors. - -N.B.--Students are recommended to bring note-books containing both -blank and lined pages and paint boxes. - - - GARDEN LECTURES AND DEMONSTRATIONS - - By MISS M. AGAR (College Diploma, Landscape Gardener to the - Metropolitan Public Gardens Association) - -_Sowing Seeds._--Seed-bed, temperature, moisture, depth of sowing, -vitality of seed, pricking out seedlings--potting on. - -_Propagation by Cuttings._--Nodes, internodes, growing points, -callus, formation of roots--potting on. - -(_Supplementary_: Propagation by leaves, roots, “ringing stems.”) - -_Budding._--Scion, stocks, time for budding. - -_Pruning._--Fruit trees, bush fruits, roses. - -Demonstrations will be given in the grounds with the exception of -pruning, for which the time of the year is unsuitable. - - * * * * * - -The last published report of the Swanley College will be found of -interest. - - - REPORT: DECEMBER 31ST, 1906 - -During the past year gratifying progress can be reported in each -department of the college work. The value to women of systematic -training in the various branches of horticulture is becoming more -and more widely recognised from both the utilitarian and educational -standpoints. It opens the door to attractive and remunerative -employment in many directions, while it serves as an admirable -complement to the mental training of the High School or the University. -No one doubts that healthy occupation in the open air for a couple of -years or so goes far towards counteracting the morbid tendencies which -occasionally result from exclusive attention to literary studies, and -promotes moral no less than physical development. That the advantages -offered by Swanley in this respect are appreciated is evidenced by -the number of students who attend solely to cultivate those faculties -for which the ordinary school or college makes no provision, and to -acquire a knowledge of natural and physical phenomena that will prove -of increasing interest throughout their lives. - -For those destined for a professional career, whether as teachers -or gardeners, the opportunities are daily increasing. The growth of -gardens, as instruments of education, in connection with elementary -and secondary schools within the past two or three years has been -remarkable. The number of elementary school gardens has risen from 379 -in 1903 to 570 in 1905 according to the last report of the Board of -Education. In 1906 there was a very considerable advance, but the exact -figures have not yet been issued, nor are any statistics available in -regard to secondary schools. The great difficulty in every county is -the scarcity of teachers qualified to undertake gardening and general -nature-study. For these duties the training at Swanley affords an -excellent preparation. Lord Onslow, when, as President of the Board -of Agriculture, he distributed the prizes in July, 1904, particularly -emphasised this point. A student who has followed the complete course -may obtain a position as gardening or nature-study mistress at a -secondary school, or as a peripatetic teacher of those subjects for a -group of elementary day schools. With the object of assisting those -already engaged in such tuition as well as those who contemplate a -similar appointment, the college now provides a Special Third-year -Course in natural history. - -The demand for well-trained gardeners, capable of acting as the head -and assuming the responsibility for a large private garden, exceeds -the supply. Applications have again and again to be refused. These -posts are desirable in themselves, and furnish infinite scope for the -exercise of individual taste and skill. We are glad to note that the -salaries offered are somewhat higher than formerly, but they are still -often insufficient to attract the best and most promising students. - - - STUDLEY HORTICULTURAL COLLEGE, STUDLEY, - WARWICKSHIRE - - _Founder_: THE COUNTESS OF WARWICK - - _Warden_: MISS MABEL C. FAITHFUL - - - STAFF OF INSTRUCTORS - - _Horticulture_, MR. W. IGGULDEN, F.R.H.S., and MR. W. SARSONS; - _Botany_, MR. W. B. GROVES, M.A. (CANTAB); _Poultry_, MR. - GEORGE A. PALMER; _Dairy Farming and Agriculture_, _Dairy - Instructress_, MISS K. A. BAYNES, N.D.D., B.D.F.A., Diploma; - _Book-keeping and Business Training_, MR. A. E. M. LONG - (Chartered Accountant); _Apiculture_, MR. W. HERROD, F.E.S.; - _Fruit Bottling and Jam Making_, MISS CRAN; _Cooking Lessons_, - MISS FAITHFULL. - -Studley Castle is situated about two and a half miles from Studley -Station (Midland Railway) on a branch line between Birmingham and -Evesham. - - [Illustration: AT WORK IN THE VINERY, STUDLEY COLLEGE FOR LADY - GARDENERS.] - -Students may enter for a course of instruction in any of the following -groups:-- - - (_a_) _Horticulture and Bee-keeping._--Certificate course two - years; diploma course three years. - - (_b_) _Dairy Work, Poultry and Bee-keeping._--Certificate course - one year; diploma course two years. - -The _Session_ (year) is of 40 weeks’ duration, and consists of -three terms of about thirteen weeks each, beginning respectively -in September, January, and May. Students are advised to enter at -the commencement of the session, in September, although they can be -admitted at any time. - -An _examination_ in each group is held at the end of every term. A -final examination is held at the end of the session (July), and Studley -College certificates and diplomas are awarded to successful candidates -who have completed their full course. - -_Short courses_ of instruction lasting either six or ten weeks are -held at the college, the subjects taught being in accordance with the -work done in each department at the particular time of year. - -Studley College grants diplomas and certificates to those students -who have completed their training, and who have passed the necessary -examinations. It is believed that these diplomas and certificates will -have a distinct value in the educational and business world, as being -the distinctions awarded to skilled and practical workers. - -The arrangements for the horticultural sections are as follow:-- - -Certificate in horticulture, both practical and theoretical, will be -granted after two years’ training; it will include horticulture, -botany, soils and manures, entomology, and book-keeping. The diploma in -horticulture will only be granted after three years’ training. - - - SCHEME OF WORK - -1.--Students may prepare for either or both the examinations of the -Royal Horticultural Society and Studley College certificate and diploma. - - (a) The Royal Horticultural Society.--This examination is held - in April or May, and includes:-- - - _The Elementary Principles on which Horticultural practice is - based_: (1) Soils; (2) Requirements of growth--water, heat, - air; (3) Seeds; (4) Roots; (5) Stems and Branches; (6) Leaves; - (7) Tubers and Bulbs; (8) Growth and Development; (9)Flowers; - (10)Fruit; (11)Seed; (12) Variation and Selection; (13) Names - and Orders of Common Garden Plants, Trees, etc. - - _Horticultural Operations and Practice._--(1) Elements - of Surveying and Landscape Gardening; (2) Choice of Site for - Garden; (3) Description and use of Implements; (4) Operations - connected with the Cultivation of the Land; (5) Propagation; (6) - Fruit Culture; (7) Vegetable Culture; (8) Flower Culture; (9) - Manures; (10) Hybridisation and Selection; (11) Arboriculture; - (12) Insect and Fungus Pests. - -_Practical Work._--This includes the care of lawns (mowing and -rolling), paths and beds; weeding, potting; planting and propagating -flowers and vegetables; mixing soils; seed sowing. Work in kitchen -and flower gardens, shrubberies, greenhouses, frames, and hot beds. -Budding, grafting, pruning, and planting. Rotation of crops. Orchard -work. Cultivation of tomatoes, cucumbers, and melons. Planting of -herbaceous borders. Classification of plants, fertilisation. Diseases -of plants. Labelling plants and seeds. Table decorations, wreath and -bouquet making. - -_Bee-keeping._--Students are prepared for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd -Class Experts’ Examination of the British Bee-keepers’ Association and -are fully instructed in apiculture, both in theory and practice. - -_Fruit bottling and preserving._--Course of instruction in fruit -bottling and preserving, jam making, etc., will be held during the -fruit season (June to October). Students can join for two weeks at a -time or longer. Fee, including board and residence, £5 5s. for two -weeks. - -_Marketing department and business training._--Students, on the -completion of their full course, may take a course for three months in -the marketing department, at the usual fees. This will enable them to -obtain a knowledge of this important branch, which it is impossible for -them to get during their regular period of training. Students may enter -for this branch alone if desired. - -The course includes:--Business methods; the markets, and methods of -buying and selling goods; packing; railway rates, etc. - -_Manual training._--Instruction in manual training and woodwork -is given by the college carpenter, and includes:--Tools, their names -and uses, proper methods of using and sharpening; simple joints, etc. -Construction of portable poultry-house and appliances; beehives and -appliances, garden appliances, and various articles of general utility. - - - FEES - -All fees are required to be paid terminally in advance, _i.e._, on -or before the first day of each term. A full term’s notice in writing -must be given to the Warden before the removal of any student from the -college; in default of which notice payment of the term’s fees will be -required. Notice of removal received after a term has begun will take -effect at the end of the term next ensuing. - -Short courses:--Students may enter for these at any time when they are -arranged. - -All fees must be paid in advance. In no cases can fees be returned. - - - RESIDENT STUDENTS - -Full training, with board and residence at the college, in -horticulture, or dairy and poultry work: cubicle, £80 a year; -study-bedroom, £100 and £120 a year. Short courses for ten weeks: -cubicle, £25; study-bedroom, £30. Short courses for six weeks: cubicle, -£15; study-bedroom, £18. Bee-keeping is optional, and may be combined -with either of the above courses, an additional fee of £5 5s. a year, -or £2 2s. a term, being charged. Fruit bottling and preserving:--Two -weeks’ course, including board and residence, £5 5s. Manual training -and carpentering, £3 3s. a year, or £1 10s. a term. Cooking lessons, -£1 5s. a term. Extra charges: Use of microscopes, 5s. a year; use of -gardening tools, 5s. a year; use of carpentering tools, 5s. a year. - - [Illustration: PREPARING THE FRAMES AT STUDLEY COLLEGE FOR LADY - GARDENERS.] - - - NON-RESIDENT STUDENTS - -Non-resident students can be received at the college under certain -conditions. Fees for instruction in each department, 25s. a week, or -£13 6s. 8d. per term. - -Candidates for admission to the college are requested to write to the -Warden for full particulars and admission form, which must be filled -in with the name, age, and experience of the intending student, the -particular course of study which she wishes to follow, and her ultimate -object in seeking instruction. (These admission forms will be regarded -as strictly confidential. After receiving notification that her -application has been accepted, the intending student will be liable for -a term’s fees.) - -The Warden of the college prefers to interview intending students -previous to admission whenever possible. - -The college is open to visitors, but they are asked to make an -appointment beforehand. The best route is from Euston, 9.20, reaching -Birmingham 11.30; train for Studley, 12 o’clock, from same station; -returning from Studley, 4.38, and Birmingham, 7 o’clock. Studley can -also be reached from Paddington, G.W.R., _viâ_ Evesham. Students -must be in residence at the college on the day previous to the -commencement of a term. - - - ROYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY OF LONDON PRACTICAL - GARDENING SCHOOL FOR LADIES - -Held in the SOCIETY’S GARDENS, REGENT’S PARK, and officially -recognised by the Technical Education Board of the London County -Council. - -The course of instruction extends over three years, and commences on -October 1st. - - - SUBJECTS: FIRST YEAR - -_Outdoor Work._--Ground operations, implements used; levelling -with borning rods; draining; formation of paths, beds, and lawns; -trenching, digging and hoeing; preparation for planting, etc.; care -of lawns--mowing with machine, sweeping, weeding, and rolling; flower -gardening--herbaceous borders, pricking off, planting; staking, tying -and watering; vegetable and fruit garden--double digging, manuring; -preparation of seed beds; aërating the soil. - -_Indoor Work._--Cleaning and crocking pots; materials required for -composts; potting, watering, cleaning, staking, tying and top-dressing -plants; propagation by cuttings, as geraniums, etc.; pricking off -seedlings. - - - SECOND YEAR - -_Outdoor Work._--Preparing and storing manure, methods of -application; care of lawns, flower and kitchen garden, shrubbery, -fernery, etc.; sowing vegetable and flower seeds, and planting tubers; -growing vegetables, flowers and fruits; outdoor tomato culture. - -_Indoor Work._--Horticultural buildings, repairing, painting and -glazing; propagation by division of roots, stems, and tubers; forcing -and retarding; insects and fungoid pests; methods of extermination; -melon, cucumber and tomato culture. - -_Theoretical Work._--Suitable manures for various soils; -principles of hot-water heating. - - - THIRD YEAR - -Pruning trees and shrubs; mowing with scythe; special classes of -plants; hybridisation and selection; care of conservatory, plant -houses, frames and pits; spraying plants; mushroom culture; vine and -fig culture; budding and grafting; labelling. - -_Theoretical Work._--Keeping garden accounts, stock books, stores, -etc.; purchase of pots, gravel, sand, peat, manure, etc.; elementary -meteorology; theory of landscape gardening; plant parasites; sprays -and washes for insect pests; classes and laboratory work in botany and -horticultural chemistry. - -The society undertakes that each pupil shall be given opportunities -for studying and practising each of the above subjects, but it cannot -guarantee that in every case the order of the above list will be -adhered to. - - - FEES FOR THE ABOVE COURSE - -First year, £20; second year, £15; third year, £10. Floral decoration -is £1. 1s. per annum. - -A year’s course in gardening is given to ladies who possess gardens in -the country. Early application should be made to the superintendent, -Mrs. J. Bryant Sowerby, Botanic Gardens, Regent’s Park. - - * * * * * - -Amongst the rules I see that pupils must attend at the gardens at 9.30 -a.m. in summer, and 10 a.m. in winter, and are allowed an interval of -one hour and a half (12.30 to 2) in the middle of the day. - -Six students having passed out of the Royal Botanic Gardens are -working their own gardens. Two have started as market gardeners. -Several are working as jobbing gardeners and companion gardeners. - - - THE EDINBURGH SCHOOL OF GARDENING FOR WOMEN, - CORSTORPHINE, EDINBURGH - - MISS BARKER AND MISS MORISON, - - _Diplomées of Swanley Horticultural College; Certificated - Gardeners, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh_ - -The objects of this school are to prepare women for the various -branches of practical professional gardening--to fit them for managing -a market garden, or for taking charge of private gardens--and to give -instruction to those who wish to devote themselves with intelligence to -gardening as a private interest. - -_Situation._--The gardens are situated on the south slope of -Corstorphine Hill, in a charming district just beyond the suburbs of -Edinburgh. They are within two miles of the west end of the city, -within three minutes’ walk of the 'bus service, and within seven -minutes’ walk of Corstorphine railway station. The position is -eminently suitable both for gardening and for residence. - -_Grounds._--Part of the garden is devoted to growing for market, -and students are taught how to work a market garden through all its -stages--from the preparation of the ground and sowing the seeds to the -packing of the produce for the market. In this department is included -the growing of stuff under glass, such as tomatoes, cucumbers, flowers, -etc. Another department deals with the requirements of good private -gardens, and includes a vinery, peach-house, mushroom-house, rose -garden, herbaceous border, and kitchen garden. - -_Practical Instruction._--The practical instruction includes -all the details of actual work, such as hoeing, digging, care of -glass-houses, propagation of plants by seeds, cuttings, etc.; -planting-out, thinning, potting, pruning, gathering, and packing. -Demonstrations, in which the students take a practical part, are -given by experts in bee-keeping and floral decoration, including -bouquet-making, sprays and button-holes, table decoration, and wreaths. - -_Theoretical Instruction._--All intelligent practical work must -include a certain amount of theoretical instruction in order to explain -the reasons for the various operations necessary. At the same time a -more formal and exact study of the sciences underlying the practice -of gardening is necessary, and in order to obtain this the students -attend certain classes at the Edinburgh and East of Scotland College -of Agriculture. Students are prepared for the Royal Horticultural -Society’s Examination. - -_The Curriculum._--The full curriculum extends over two years. -Shorter courses may be arranged for those who wish to study with a view -to private instruction only, and do not propose to follow gardening as -a profession. - -_The Diploma._--Every care is taken in the arrangements for -practical instruction, lectures and examinations, to ensure that the -diploma shall be a reliable guarantee of thorough efficiency in the -theory and practice of gardening. It will be granted only to students -who have taken part in the regular practical work of the school for two -years, and have passed satisfactorily examinations in the following -subjects:-- - -Horticulture (Royal Horticultural Society’s Examination), practical -horticulture, botany, agricultural chemistry, book-keeping. - -_Boarding arrangements._--Both resident and non-resident students -are received. Resident students live with the principals, Miss Barker -and Miss Morison. Two references are required from each student. - -_Terms._--The session is divided into three terms, beginning -respectively in May, October, and January. Students are advised to -begin either in May or in October. - -_Fees._--Resident students, £70 a year; resident students, with -separate bedroom, £86; non-resident students, with dinner and tea, £40. -Fees are payable at the beginning of each term. A term’s notice is -required before a student leaves, otherwise the fee for the term will -be charged. - -_Examiner in Practical Horticulture_--MR. BERRY, East of -Scotland College of Agriculture. - - - CLASSES TAKEN AT THE EDINBURGH AND EAST OF - SCOTLAND COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE - - _Horticulture_, MR. G. P. BERRY. _Agricultural Chemistry_, A. - LAUDER, D.SC. _Agricultural Natural History_, R. S. MACDOUGALL, - M.A., D.SC., F.R.S.E. - - - CLASS TAKEN AT THE HERIOT-WATT COLLEGE - - _Botany_ (_Advanced and Elementary_), R. S. MACDOUGALL, M.A., - D.SC., F.R.S.E. - - - THE YEAR’S WORK - -The following sketch calendar of the actual work shared in by the -students month by month may be of service to those who have little -practical acquaintance with gardening. No sketch of this kind can show -all the details of daily work, and the separation into months is merely -for convenience, as in almost every case the work of one month overlaps -with that of another. Certain operations, such as hoeing and weeding, -extend throughout the greater part of the year; plants under glass -require daily attention, and, in addition, there is the specialised -culture required by special classes of plants--vines, peaches, -tomatoes, etc.--which is not indicated in this calendar:-- - -_January._--In this month there is much important work to be -done under glass and in the forcing-houses. Seeds are sown almost -daily--flower seeds, such as annual carnations, petunias, antirrhinums, -etc.; and vegetables, such as lettuce, leeks, onions, cauliflowers, -cucumbers, tomatoes, etc. There are also the gathering and packing of -forced flowers and rhubarb, and the forcing of these and other plants. -When possible, seed-beds are prepared in the open. - -_February._--Much of January’s work is continued this month. -Seed-sowing goes on, some of it in the open. Plants sown in January -have to be potted and pricked out in pans and boxes. Watering, heating, -and ventilation in the various glass-houses require great attention. -The taking of chrysanthemum cuttings is continued from last month. - -_March._--This is perhaps the busiest month of the garden year. -The preparation of seed-beds and the cleaning of the ground must be -completed, as well as the sowing of almost every vegetable that is -in the garden, of hardy annual flowers in the open, and of half-hardy -annuals in frames. Strawberries are planted, young tomatoes potted -on, cucumbers attended to, and more seed sown for late crops. Rooted -chrysanthemum cuttings have to be potted on. - -_April._--Much time this month must be devoted to seedlings to -prevent overcrowding and weakening. Cauliflowers are planted out, and -vegetable marrows sown in pots for planting out later. More sowings of -vegetables and of hardy annuals are made, and half-hardy annuals are -hardened-off previous to planting in the open. - -_May._--In this month sowings are repeated of all vegetables -required for succession. Celery plants are pricked out and trenches -prepared. Cabbages are planted out; runner beans are sown; weeding and -hoeing go on constantly. - -_June._--The gathering, bunching, and packing of cut flowers form -an important part of this month’s work. Celery is put in trenches; -mushroom-beds are prepared. Much attention is required by tomatoes and -cucumbers. - -_July._--Flowers for cutting are now more plentiful, and, in -addition, the smaller fruits have to be gathered and packed for market. -Carnations have to be layered, and strawberry runners pegged down. -Broccoli and cabbage are planted out; biennial and perennial flowers -may still be sown. - -_August and September._--These months are the school holidays. -The chief work in the garden is the continued gathering and packing of -fruit and flowers, and keeping the ground clean. - -_October._--Bulbs are potted to be forced when well rooted; -wallflower is transplanted to its blooming quarters; chrysanthemums are -brought in, and celery is earthed up. Vacant plots of ground can be -made ready for winter by digging and manuring. - -_November._--Some bulbs can be planted out in the open; plants -ready for forcing are brought in. Cucumbers for an early crop are sown -now, and mustard and cress are sown weekly. The glass and brickwork of -the houses are thoroughly cleaned. When weather permits, the pruning -of fruit-trees and bushes is carried on in this and the other winter -months. Chrysanthemums are bunched and packed for market. - -_December._--Rhubarb is brought in for forcing; vines are pruned, -and peach-trees trained. - -In bad weather, work is carried on in the glass-houses or the -potting-shed, or the time is allowed for study. - - - ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, GLASNEVIN, DUBLIN, IRELAND - -F. W. Moore, Esq., Director of the above gardens, is kind enough to -admit two ladies as students in horticulture. No fees are charged, -and there is no remuneration of any sort given. There is no syllabus, -as the students work under the immediate direction of Mr. Moore. -They obtain a thorough knowledge of general garden practice. Cross -pollination, collecting seeds, fruit pruning, and all kinds of work, -both indoors and out-of-doors, is taught. It is not possible to obtain -a more general gardening experience than is given here. All lectures -are free. The places are usually taken some years in advance. The -first two ladies came on July 1, 1898, and eighteen in all have passed -through up to 1907. Of these, the following are at present actively -employed as follows:-- - -Lucy Douglas, County Council Instructor in Horticulture, Co. Cavan; -Jane Langley, gardening, laying out gardens, giving advice, good -employment in Co. Waterford; Katherine Kinnear, market and nursery -gardening in Scotland; Rose Pollock, private secretary and assistant -to F. W. Moore, Esq., Botanic Gardens, Dublin; Jean Rogers, working as -head gardener; Christina Carlyon, instructor in horticultural college -in South Africa; Jane Garner, working her own garden, and botanical and -horticultural teacher in Dublin; Emmeline Crocker, head gardener over -a large garden in Cornwall; May Crosbie, working her own garden. The -students can obtain comfortable and cheap rooms in Dublin, in order to -attend daily at the gardens. - - * * * * * - -The London County Council has organised classes for gardeners, which -ladies may attend at - - THE LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL NORWOOD TECHNICAL - INSTITUTE, KNIGHT’S HILL, WEST NORWOOD - -The following are the syllabuses: - - - BOTANY (THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL), 5s. PER COURSE - - Stage I.--(Elementary): Fridays, 9–10; Practical Class, 7.30–9. - Stage II. (Advanced): Fridays, 6.30–7.30; Practical Class, 7.30–9 - - _Lecturer_: MISS EVA WHITLEY, B.SC. - - - STAGE I. (Covering the London Matriculation Syllabus) - -_Elementary._--The study of the typical flowering plant; the -form and function of the plant organs and the variations which adapt -them to special conditions; the inflorescence; the pollination and -fertilisation of flowers, fruits and seeds; germination; the nutrition, -respiration and growth of plants; the movements exhibited by plants; -the outlines of the cellular structure of plants; elements of plant -classification, with special reference to some of the more important -British natural orders. - - - STAGE II. (Covering the Inter-Science Syllabus) - -_Advanced._--More advanced work in the subjects taken in the -elementary course. Study of typical members of the larger sub-divisions -of the plant world (pinus, picra, selaginella, aspidium, funaria, -pellia, fucus, spirogyra, hæmatococcus, agaricus, eurotium, puccinia, -parmelia, collema, pythium, mucor, saccharomyces), and of additional -natural orders to those taken in Stage I.; plant œcology. - -In the practical class specimens are examined and described, -microscopic preparations made, and a few of the simpler experiments -illustrative of physiological processes are carried out. - -Two or three museum visits are arranged during the session. These -classes should prove useful and interesting to those engaged in -horticulture and the allied callings. - - - GARDENING, 2s. 6d. PER COURSE - - _Lecturer_: CHAS. H. CURTIS, F.R.H.S. - - Tuesdays, 7.45–9.15 - - - SYLLABUS - -_Introduction._--Need for better methods. How to plant. - -_Soils._--Kinds and values. Cultivation and improvement. Manures -and their value for certain crops and soils. Propagation. Seeds and -seedlings. Cuttings and layers. Budding and grafting. Spring-flowering -bulbs. Selections. - -_Planting and potting._--Chrysanthemums for garden and greenhouses. - -_Small fruits._--Varieties for town and suburban gardens. Pruning -and training. Choice fruits; peaches, nectarines, figs, grapes and -melons. - -_Beautiful trees and shrubs._--Flowering, deciduous and evergreen. -Rock, wall, and water gardening. - -Lawns and walks. Fences and screens. Edgings. Window, balcony, and -home gardening. Garden design and improvement. The use and abuse of -garden tools. Herbaceous borders. Selections and times of flowering. -Summer bedding plants and flowers. Autumn flowers. Conservatory and -greenhouse. Annual and biennial plants. Roses for summer and autumn. - -_Vegetable culture._--Root crops. Onions, leeks, and shallots. -Cauliflowers, winter greenstuffs. Salads. Peas for small gardens, -beans, marrows, tomatoes. Asparagus, seakale, mushrooms. Forcing. - -The syllabus is subject to alteration to meet the needs of the class. -Each lecture will be illustrated by specimens, demonstration, -blackboard diagrams, etc. Several outings and daylight demonstrations -will be arranged during the session. - - * * * * * - -Ladies may attend the following courses arranged by the London County -Council at - - BROWNHILL ROAD EVENING SCIENCE, ART, ETC., - COMMERCIAL CENTRE, CATFORD, S.E. - -Five shillings the session is charged to students over sixteen, and 2s. -6d. to those under sixteen, for one or more subjects, including science -and art. - - - BIOLOGY AND NATURE STUDY - - _Instructor_: MR. G. ALFORD - -In the first stage, students will investigate the external features, -general structure, mode of life, surroundings, life-history, and habits -of flowering plants, yeast, frog, amœba, etc. - -In the second stage the subjects of the elementary class will be -studied more fully, together with the earthworm, crayfish, dogfish, -pine, fern, selaginella. - -The practical work will deal with nutrition, respiration, etc., -including dissection and the microscopic examination of the smaller -organisms. - - - HORTICULTURE - - _Instructor_: MR. E. H. SMITH - -This course of lectures is arranged specially for those who take an -interest in gardening. - -The syllabus of instruction deals with: the cultivation of vegetables, -hardy fruit, etc.; the management of the orchard house, flower garden, -flowers under glass, seed growing, propagation, etc. - - * * * * * - -Ladies may attend the courses offered by the London County Council at - - BLOOMFIELD ROAD EVENING COMMERCIAL AND - SCIENCE AND ART CENTRE, PLUMSTEAD - -Five shillings the session for one or more subjects, including science -and art, for students over sixteen. For those under sixteen, 2s. 6d. -per session for one or more subjects. - - - BOTANY--STAGES I. AND II. - - _Instructor_: MR. W. P. BOLAS - -The lectures will cover but not be confined to the syllabus of the -Board of Education. Every assistance will be given to those engaged in -the teaching of Nature study. Practical work with experiments forms -a special feature of the course. Formation of collections of dried -specimens of leaves, fruits, seeds, etc. Special study of British wild -flowers. Occasional botanical rambles and visits to places of botanical -interest. - - Text Books:--Stage I.--Oliver’s “Elementary Botany.” - Stage II.--Lowson’s “Second Stage Botany.” - - - HORTICULTURE - -STAGE I.--This stage provides an elementary course on the science -of plant life and soil, and will be taught chiefly by experiment and -observation. - -_Plant life._--Seeds. Roots. Leaves structure, transpiration, -formation of starch. Stems. Buds. Flowers. Fruits. Seeds. Annuals, -biennials, bulbs, tubers, perennials. - -_The soil._--Plant food. Origin and composition of soils. How -plants appropriate food from the soil. - -STAGE II.--_Soil and situation._--Conditions which render -land suitable to particular forms of horticulture. Market gardening. -Hardy fruit growing. Nursery stock. Cultivation under glass. Proximity -to markets or stations. Cost of labour and manure. Conditions of tenure. - -_Arrangements._--Design of a garden to suit particular purposes. -Shelter hedges and wind breaks. Water supply. Roadways and paths. - -_Tillage._--The various operations and tools required. Drainage. -The amelioration of the soil by liming, claying, the incorporation of -lightening materials on clay soils. - -_Composts and manures._--Loam, peat, leaf mould, farmyard manure, -liquid manure, artificial manures. - -_Vegetables._--The cultivation of the standard vegetables in the -open air (1) for show, (2) for private consumption, (3) for market -work. Preparation of land, time of sowing, manures, management, -insect pests, harvesting and storing of each crop. The character of -the leading varieties of the cabbage, kale, broccoli, cauliflower, -lettuce, spinach, etc., celery, turnips, beet, carrots, parsnips, -potatoes, onions, peas and beans, asparagus and seakale, tomatoes in -the open air. Succession of crops. Forcing. Growth of tomatoes, beans, -cucumbers, etc., under glass. Mushrooms under glass and in sheds. - -_Hardy fruit._--Preparation of the land, planting, pruning and -root management, manures. Spraying. Leading varieties of strawberries, -gooseberries, raspberries, currants, apples, plums, pears and cherries, -filberts and other nuts. Renovation of old fruit trees. - -_Orchard house._--Peaches, nectarines, figs, apricots, cherries, -etc. Insect pests, etc. - -_The flower garden._--Hardy and half-hardy annuals. Bedding out. -The herbaceous border. The rock garden and hardy fernery. Management of -roses, etc., for show. - -_Flowers under glass._--Azaleas, ericas, etc., lily of the valley, -etc., rose, chrysanthemums, etc. - -_Shrubs and trees._--Flowering shrubs, etc. - -_Seed growing._--Saving and storing seed. Cross fertilisation and -hybridising. Selection and fixation of new varieties. - -_Propagation._--Division, offsets. Bulbous plants. Soft and hard -wooded cuttings. Layering. Stocks for fruit trees, etc. Grafting and -budding. - - * * * * * - -Ladies may attend the course of instruction offered by the London -County Council at - - KILMORIE ROAD EVENING COMMERCIAL AND ART - CENTRE, FOREST HILL, S.E. - -Five shillings fee per session is charged to students over sixteen, and -2s. 6d. per session to those under sixteen. - - - HORTICULTURE - - The syllabus of the Royal Horticultural Society will be - taken - -_Elementary principles on which horticultural practice is -based._--Soils, good and bad; their mineral composition; chemical -nature of fertilisers and their respective values. The physiological -values of water, heat, and air in plant growth. The structure of seeds -and their modes of germination; the chemical phenomena of germination; -the movements of seedlings and the uses of them. The functions of -roots; their anatomical structure; hindrances to healthy root-action -and their remedies. The uses of stems and branches; the anatomical -structure of ordinary dicotyledonous and of a monocotyledonous stem. -The physiological functions of leaves, and the action of light upon -them. The structure of tubers and other subterranean stems; the -structure of bulbs and buds; the general phenomena of vegetative -multiplication. The physiological processes undergone in growth -and development; the structure of an active cell, and the process -of cell-division and the formation of tissues. The structure of -flower-buds and of flowers; the methods of pollination, natural and -artificial. The process of impregnation of the ovule, and the formation -of embryo and endosperm. The classification and description of fruits; -the changes and development during ripening. The general characters of -the commoner families of plants in cultivation. The origin of species. - -_Horticultural operations and practice._--Elements of surveying -and landscape gardening. Choice of site for garden. Description and -use of implements under each head. Operations connected with the -cultivation of the land, with explanations and illustrations of good -and bad methods; digging and trenching; draining, hoeing, stirring -the soil, and weeding; watering; preparation of seed beds; rolling -and raking, sowing, transplanting and thinning; potting, planting; -aspects, positions, and shelter; staking; earthing and blanching, etc. -Propagation, elementary principles; cuttings, buddings and grafting, -stocks used, layering, division, branch pruning, root pruning; old -and young trees and bushes. Training. Fruit culture: Open air and -under glass; small fruits; apples and pears; stone fruits; gathering -and storing; packing and marketing. General knowledge of fruits, and -selection of varieties. Vegetable culture: tubers and roots; green -vegetables; fruit and seeds; rotation of crops, and selection of -varieties. Flower culture, outside and under glass. Manures and their -application. Improvement of plants by cross-breeding, hybridisation and -selection. Arboriculture: trees and shrubs and their culture. Insect -and Fungus pests; prevention and treatment. - -_Examination._--Royal Horticultural Society in April. - - - PARTICULARS REGARDING SCHOOL GARDENS AT SCHOOLS - MAINTAINED BY THE LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL - -There are at present a number of schools maintained by the Council -where gardens exist. As a rule these gardens are kept in condition -by the caretaker or by the teachers and pupils. In such cases it is -the practice to allow an annual expenditure in respect of the garden, -the amount varying from 10s. to £2. In one case, namely, Bailey’s -Lane Mixed School, South Tottenham, an annual expenditure of £3 -3s. is allowed, but at this school cottage gardening is taken as a -grant-earning subject, the Head Master being recognised as a qualified -teacher by the Board of Education. - -With this exception the gardens are used for the purposes of -instruction in botany and nature study. - -Special teachers are not engaged for the purpose of giving instruction -in gardening. - -The Council has at present under consideration the general question of -the formation and maintenance of gardens in certain schools, and it is -proposed that all work in connection therewith shall be carried out -by a staff of gardeners employed by the Council, and that the gardens -shall be utilised for the purpose of instruction of the pupils in -nature study by the teachers on the staff. - - - - - CHAPTER XV - - CONTINENTAL SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES - - - BELGIUM - - I am told upon good authority that although up to the present - moment no schools of horticulture have been founded for ladies, - the Government is contemplating the institution of one. In 1907 - six young ladies joined the classes of the Government School - of Horticulture at Ghent. At the Vilvorde Government School of - Horticulture three young women (foreigners) followed the school - training, and one of them received a diploma. Quite recently - a horticultural section has been opened in the Pensionnat - d’Hiverlé, and three young ladies have joined it. Belgium - possesses many _écoles ménagères agricoles_ for women, but - these are more for agricultural or farming supervision. - - At the Horticultural Congress held in 1907 at St. Crond (in the - province of Lunbourg), M. de Vuyst read an interesting paper in - favour of gardening instruction for ladies. - -Mademoiselle Rossignon in her admirable private school for girls at -86, Rue Gachard, Avenue Louise, Brussels, has organised classes where -gardening is taught. Here, each girl has the management of a plot -of ground, and elementary landscape gardening from simple designs -is shown. Besides being taught the use to which land can be put for -the cultivation of vegetables, fruit and flowers, students can learn -preserving and cooking fruits and vegetables. - - - DENMARK - -I have received the following report from the National Council of Women -of Denmark, Copenhagen. There are in Denmark no horticultural colleges -for women only. But the colleges and schools admit women, and usually -on the same conditions as men. - - - I.--DEN KONGELIGE VETERINOR AND LAND BOHOJSKOLE - - (_The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural College_), - - COPENHAGEN - -(Public State Institution), has also a division for horticulture. -The training is chiefly theoretical, and does not include practical -gardening, which must be learned elsewhere. The course lasts for -two years (of two terms each), and leads up to a state examination; -the candidate who successfully passes this has the title of -“havebrugskandidat.” - -Certain entrance qualifications are required. The entrance fee is -10 kr.,[4] the fee per term (two terms a year), about 50 kr.; the -examination fees, Part I., 15 kr.; Part II., 25 kr. Scholarships may -be obtained. The college is not residential, and the students are not -subject to any rules out of school hours. Women are admitted on exactly -the same terms as men, but very few have hitherto graduated--only one -before 1894, and six after that time. - -[4] One krone = 1s. 1½d. - -The instruction is partly oral, partly in writing, partly work in the -laboratories. Botanical excursions are held nearly every week in the -spring and autumn. Practical training in surveying and levelling is -given in July of the first year’s course. - - - SYLLABUS: LECTURES, CLASSES, PRACTICAL WORK, AND - DEMONSTRATION - - _First Year’s Course_ - - _Lessons per week._ - _First term._ _Second term._ - Mechanical physics and optics 3 2 - Chemical physics 2 2 - Meteorology 2 1 - Chemistry 4 4 - Geology and knowledge of soils 4 4 - Botany 4 4 - General horticulture 2 2 - Laying out of gardens and cultivation - of ornamental plants 2 1 - Horticultural zoology 1 1 - Practical chemistry 9 9 - Surveying (Oct. 1st to May 15th) 4 2 - Drawing 6 6 - - _Second Year’s Course_ - - General horticulture 3 2 - Cultivation of vegetables 2 2 - Orchard and nursery gardening 5 2 - Laying out of gardens and cultivation - of ornamental plants 2 3 - Forcing of useful plants 2 3 - Horticultural botany 4 4 - Pathology of plants 2 2 - Horticultural zoology 1 - Agricultural chemistry 1 6 - Comparing of garden plans 6 6 - Practical horticulture 2 2 - - - THE EXAMINATIONS COMPRISE:-- - - _Part I._ (_after the first year’s course_) - -Physics and meteorology, oral; chemistry, oral, practical and written; -knowledge of soils, oral; botany, oral; surveying and levelling, -practical drawing. - - - _Part II._ (_after the second year’s course_) - - (_No one is admitted to Part II. who has not passed - satisfactorily in Part I._) - -General horticulture, oral and written; cultivation of vegetables, oral -and written; orchard and nursery gardening, oral and written; laying -out of gardens, etc., oral and written; forcing of useful plants, oral; -horticultural botany, oral; pathology of plants, oral; horticultural -zoology, oral; agricultural chemistry, practical and written; composing -of garden plans. - - - II.--HAVEBRUGSHOJSKOLEN “VILVORDE” PR. CHARLOTTENLUND, - NEAR COPENHAGEN - -This is a residential school for gardeners, both men and women. A full -course is of two or two-and-a-half years, comprising both practical -and theoretical training. The preferable age for students is from -eighteen to twenty. To be admitted the student must have been occupied -with gardening for two years. If there is room students without this -qualification may be admitted, but these must stay three years at the -school. - -In the summer theory is studied from 6 till 10 a.m., practical work, -10.30 a.m. till 5.30 p.m.; in the winter, theory is from 2 till 6 p.m., -practical work, 7.30 a.m. till 1 p.m. - -The examinations are controlled by the Education Department. They are -both theoretical and practical. - -Eight women have been trained during the three years since this -examination was instituted. The school itself is more than twenty-five -years old. - -The fees for board, lodging, and instruction are on an average 35 -kroner per month for the first year, and 32 kroner per month for the -second year. - - - III.--THE ROYAL GARDENS AT ROSENBORG CASTLE, COPENHAGEN - -Both men and women pupils are received, for a two years’ course. The -training is chiefly practical. Theoretical instruction is given during -winter in two lessons of two hours each a week in the mornings, and -three lessons of two hour each in the afternoons. In summer there are -some lessons in botany. During their training men get 10 kr. a month -the first year, 24 kr. the second. Women get nothing the first year, 10 -kr. a month the second, but then they have not exactly the same work. - -A practical examination can be entered for after five years’ practical -gardening: sometimes old students come back after some years to go in -for this examination. Not many women have been trained at Rosenborg, -and only one has had an appointment there--for a short time after her -training. - - * * * * * - -Several estates and market gardens take women as pupils, but the -training is only practical. Very few women earn an independent living -as gardeners; market gardening is usually considered rather hard work -for women, and, besides, requires capital, and no woman has hitherto -obtained a superior situation in any of the larger gardens, public or -private. When they obtain a post they are usually paid less than the -men for the same work. - -Upon the whole, gardening in Denmark does not seem at present to be -a very recommendable career for women who have to earn their living -by it. On the other hand, many women now study it for use in their -own homes. Thus there are State-aided courses for cottagers’ wives -and daughters both at Kjarhave and at a few other schools. Teachers -go through a course of gardening in order to be able to teach in the -school gardens. - - - GERMANY - - I am permitted to publish the following extracts, and they have - been kindly put into English for me by a friend. They give an - interesting description of the commencement of a school which - is now one of the most famous in Germany. I am told, upon good - authority, that posts for lady gardeners are easily obtained; in - fact, that the demand is greater than the supply. The salaries - vary from 400 marks to 2,000 marks and free living. The posts - are chiefly in private gardens, sanatoria, and house-keeping - schools. - - - DR. ELVIRA CASTNER’S SCHOOL OF POMOLOGY AND - HORTICULTURE, MARIENFELDE - - By MARIE C. VORWERK - -In 1877 a German lady-student was living in the American seaport of -Baltimore. She loved in her leisure hours to seek the harbour and watch -the ships come and go. One day in autumn she saw with astonishment, -from a train of perhaps fifteen to twenty coaches, an immense quantity -of small square boxes unloaded and brought to a ship. On inquiry as to -their contents, where they came from, and whither bound, she was told -they were apples from California, destined for Germany, and that this -fruit was sent every year in increasing numbers to Germany and other -European countries. - - [Illustration: STUDENTS AT THE SCHOOL OF POMOLOGY AND - HORTICULTURE MARIENFELDE, NEAR BERLIN.] - -Why should Germany import foreign fruit? Has she not in all her -provinces tracts of land with conditions and climate suitable for -fruit and vegetable growing, and why should not German women earn -a livelihood by horticulture? From these questions, which the -student asked herself in the harbour of Baltimore, has arisen the -Horticultural School of Marienfelde. In the meantime the lady was -naturally inclined to continue her chosen career of dentistry, to -finish her studies, and begin to earn her living. But the idea would -not rest! Whoever comes to Marienfelde to-day and sees there the -stately building in its large garden, or has met a lady-gardener, -trained at Marienfelde, in her thoroughly satisfying calling, must -acknowledge what splendid results have sprung from this idea of the -German student in the distant American commercial town. - -A bee-hive with the inscription, “No reward without diligence,” is -carved over one of the entrance-doors of the school; a suitable -escutcheon as warning and incentive to the entering students, and not -less as a reminder of the origin of the school and the busy life of its -foundress. - -Elvira Castner was a chemist’s daughter, born in 1844 in a small town -of western Prussia, and was a very lively, clever child. That she might -not have to go from home for her education, her parents sent her to -a boys’ school, kept by a very scholarly pastor; there she eagerly -studied every subject up till then reserved for boys. After two years -at a seminary in Posen, she passed her teacher’s examination. She liked -her calling as teacher, but owing to throat trouble had to give up this -profession. She went to Berlin for five years, and her health being -re-established, her long-restrained love for medicine woke to new life. -Liberal Berlin granted her what had been unattainable in the provinces. - -She returned from Baltimore in 1878, with her degree as dental-surgeon, -set up as a dentist in Berlin, and soon gained an extensive practice. -Her mother and sisters came to reside with her, and one of her sisters, -after taking her dental degree in America, became her assistant. Having -attained her object, there came a time of comparative rest, in which -the idea of German Horticulture stepped again into the foreground. -Leisure hours were utilised for botanical study, holiday tours to -visit various horticultural schools, pomological institutions and -model-gardens in Reutlingen, Stuttgart, Switzerland, etc. - -In the year 1889 an opportunity occurred to purchase in the -neighbourhood of Berlin a small piece of ground where her acquired -theoretical knowledge might be put into practice. Dr. Elvira Castner, -with her family, occupied part of the double house built on the ground, -while the remainder was let. A market garden was laid out--the rougher -work being done by the porter’s wife. The sisters took charge of the -remainder, aided by the counsel of their mother, an experienced farmer. - -The first practical trial of a School of Horticulture for women was -made at this time by the wife of the Counsellor of Commerce for -Charlottenburg. Dr. Elvira Castner thought herself fortunate to see -her idea so soon realised, and gave the school her warmest interest. -As vice-president of the Berlin society for the benefit of women, -she had opportunity to know it well. The society protected the -school, and appointed a commission for the promotion of pomology and -horticulture, of which Miss Castner was chairman. Accompanied by this -committee she visited the Charlottenburger school, and came back quite -disillusioned. That school of horticulture was not to her mind; the -tending of flowers was undertaken, but without any solid instruction, -and fruit and vegetable cultivation were never mentioned. - -At the first sitting of the commission, she gave her ideas on the -subject of a School for Horticulture, and was requested to embody them -in a report, so as to reach a larger public. In complying with this -desire she answered clearly and convincingly the three questions: - - 1. Should more be done in our Fatherland for pomology and - horticulture? - - 2. Is it possible for women to follow a gardener’s calling, and - to earn a living by it? - - 3. How would an educated woman, after sufficient training, find - opportunity to practise this calling? - -The report was published in several papers, and Dr. Castner received -letters from all parts, asking where the school of horticulture was -to be found, carried out on these principles. A determined little -lady, Frau Rackau, from Jena, came to Berlin to present herself at -this school. It seemed the propitious moment to start the school; -friends thronged round, circumstances were favourable. An attempt -by the formation of a company to interest a larger public failed -miserably, and courageous Dr. Castner, inspired by the need of giving -to German women the new calling of practical gardening, opened on the -1st October, 1894, the first German female School of Horticulture, -with seven scholars. The other part of the Friedenauer house happened -to be free; it was turned into living-and classrooms for the future -scholars. The necessary tools were obtained, and so the work began, -though differently from Miss Castner’s first intentions. As it had -not been possible to rouse the active interest of educated German -women, particularly those living in the country, the school could not -be limited to their own country-women, as had been the original plan. -Our statistical tables plainly show how largely foreigners are in the -majority. - -The difficulties of the beginning were successfully overcome; the -garden, now three acres, attracted students in growing numbers. In -April, 1895, ten new scholars joined the original seven, and in the -next year seventeen were added. From that time a regular increase went -on. - -Yet many hindrances remained. If women were indifferent, gardeners -showed the liveliest, though not friendly, interest in the scheme, and -it took years to convince them they would not be harmed by the new -ideas. - -Prominent men like Professors Wittenack, Herren, Ascherson, Sorauer, -Garden-Inspector Lindemint, and others, whose judgment carried great -weight, were most sceptical. They feared, not without cause, that -the training for women, as was too common, would be imperfect. Some -examinations, at which they were present on the invitation of Dr. -Elvira Castner, convinced them of the thoroughness of our work, and -with just pride we count them now amongst our truest friends. - -The establishment soon won general respect. House and garden at -Friedenau became too small, and a move was made in October, 1899, -to Marienfelde, where the garden of ten acres and the large house -promised to be sufficient for years to come. Miss Castner gave up -her dental practice and devoted herself entirely to the school. The -interest of German women was at last awakened, and what was impossible -ten years previously was now imitated in Godesberg and other places. -Schools of horticulture, on the Marienfelde model, were started. - -Next comes the question of the training and the after career of the -students. The prospectus and plan of studies of the institution -abundantly answer the first question. I believe I can rightly say -one seldom finds such an excellent organisation, with so harmonious -an intermingling of theory and practice. The gardener’s calling is -thoroughly practical, but theoretical instruction cannot be left in -the background. In our school only the afternoon hours belong to -scientific exposition, the whole morning is devoted to practical work. -This is more necessary, as most ladies come to us without the slightest -preliminary knowledge, and an obligatory previous apprenticeship was -part of our ideal scheme. It is no slight task for a head-gardener to -overlook and occupy in the garden fifty to sixty ladies, many without -former training. A suitable organisation, formed in the course of -years, considerably lightens this task, and the number of students -in the gardens might be doubled without causing Herr Cornelius (our -present head-gardener) much more trouble. Each lady learns to begin and -finish her task without help; second year students are allowed partly -to arrange their own work for each season, and are responsible for -their management of it. - -The ten-acre garden is not sufficient to employ the many students, -although all the work is done by the ladies; more ground has been -added, and, in addition, each class undertakes to keep in order one or -two private gardens in the colony. - -What becomes of all the students after training? Do they find really -satisfactory posts? Up till now the situations offered cannot be -filled, there not being sufficient candidates. The great varieties -in the exercise of this calling, which in my opinion are not nearly -exhausted, promise to all women, giving themselves to it, a suitable -and pleasant occupation. - -All nerve and lung sanatoria, as well as Nature Cure establishments, -on whose patients garden work exercises such a beneficial effect, -all house-keeping schools, kindergarten, benevolent institutions and -orphanages will, it is to be hoped, in a few years, consider the -appointment of a trained lady gardener a matter of course. Then come -posts in private gardens, in town or country, nursery gardens, soon it -is to be hoped school gardens, and all new schools of horticulture. - -A glance at our statistics shows that proportionately few scholars -of the two years’ course undergo the examination, and later take -situations. This is explained by the different scholars who come here, -and who may be divided into three classes:-- - -1. Those who actually prepare for a profession. - -2. So-called “hospitantinnen,” mostly ailing ladies, ordered by a -doctor work in the open air. - -3. Young girls between sixteen and eighteen years of age, who in -healthy open-air work seek relaxation after school time, and a -substitute for the usual year in a boarding-school. This state of -affairs is not likely to last much longer. New institutions will branch -off; some, perhaps, only for delicate women, others reserved for young -girls. - - - STATISTICAL OBSERVATIONS - -The school was from October 1, 1894, to April 1, 1904, attended by - - Two years’ scholars 114 - One year scholars 31 - Scholars less than a year 33 - Special students 54 - --- - Total 232 - - April 1, 1904. Scholars received 13 - April 1, 1904. Special scholars received 7 - May, 1904. Special scholars received 2 - --- - 254 - -Till April 1, 1904, course completed by 77 scholars. Of those - - In situations 38 - Occupied at home 18 - Self-supporting on their own account 9 - Married 4 - Studying botany and chemistry 2 - Occupation and residence unknown 6 - --- - Total 77 - - In the school 37 - --- - Total 114 - -There remain in the school 37 scholars + 13 = 50 + 9 special students. - - - NATIONALITIES - - German 218 - Dutch 8 - Norwegian 4 - Italian 1 - Bulgarian 1 - Russian 14 - Austrian 5 - American 1 - Swiss 1 - Roumanian 1 - --- - Total 254 - -For five years our horticultural school has given a course for -teachers, which is held in two divisions of fourteen days, one in -spring, the other in August. A quite special programme is sketched out -for it, and everything necessary for regulating a school garden is -taught to teachers in the shortest possible way. Teachers must carry -out all the tasks given, by themselves. Twenty-five teachers have -taken advantage of this course, four of these from Königsberg, in East -Prussia. - - - THE FOLLOWING EXTRACTS FROM THE PROSPECTUS - OF THE MARIENFELDE SCHOOL SHOW ITS PRESENT - DEVELOPMENT - - (_Formerly Friedenau, near Berlin_) - - OBJECT OF THE INSTITUTION - -The intention of the School of Pomology and Horticulture is, by -theoretical instruction and practical work, to fit women and girls -of good education to take posts as professional gardeners, or to turn -their acquired knowledge into money by the cultivation of their own -ground. Above all, they learn that intelligent cultivation of the soil -brings better crops and produce, and with better sale a higher value -to the ground, and that all the necessary work can be carried on with -success by women. Those scholars who wish to qualify as gardeners must -go through a two years’ course. At the expiry of this an examination -is held, which confers a leaving certificate on the successful -candidates. Those who have not attended the course regularly or have -not accomplished the desired quantity of practical or theoretical work, -or who do not wish to undergo the examination, as well as those who, -after a one year’s course, leave the institution, receive, if they wish -it, a certificate of attendance at the school. - - - A.--COURSE FOR SCHOLARS - -The course is for two years, and pupils are admitted at the beginning -of April and October of each year. The theoretical instruction embraces -these branches:-- - -1. _Pomology._--Planting, cultivation, care of fruit-trees and -berry bushes, improvement, pruning, knowledge of species, preservation -and sale of fruit, forcing under glass, pot fruit culture. - -2. _Viticulture._--Planting and training of the vine. - -3. _Cultivation of vegetables_ on waste land, sale and preserving, -hot-beds. - -4. _Flower culture._--Special attention given to the rose -(propagation and improvement). - -5. _Arboriculture._--Cultivation, increase and description of the -chief kinds of woods with information of their decorative value for -landscape gardening. - -6. _Landscape gardening and design._--Sketches and plans of -gardens and pleasure-grounds. - -7. _Land surveying and levelling._ - -8. _Lessons in soils and manures._ - -9. _Botany, anatomy, physiology._--Systems, morphology and -geography of plants, diseases of plants. - -10. _Chemistry._--The most important constituents of organic and -inorganic chemistry, and the most important minerals for plants. - -11. _Zoology._--Animals hurtful or beneficial to pomology and -horticulture. - -12. _Geometry._ - -13. _Binding, tying._ - -14. _Bee-rearing._: - -15. The most important and practical legal knowledge. - -16. _Book-keeping_ and correspondence. - -17. _Instruction_ in management. - -The practical work is carried on under the guidance and supervision of -a head-gardener, which work must be done unconditionally according to -the arrangement of the head or his substitute: Work begins in summer at -seven o’clock, in winter at eight. - -The plan of work, containing all details, is settled at the beginning -of every session. Holidays of three weeks at Christmas, and of fourteen -days in summer. The students must leave the institution during the -Christmas holidays, owing to the necessary yearly repairs. Permission -to remain is only given in urgent cases. Irregular attendance at the -institution is a cause of dismissal before the end of the course. The -course ends with the examination. - -Bee-rearing is practically undertaken. Those ladies interested in -poultry-breeding get the opportunity to acquire the rudiments of this -knowledge. - - - CONDITIONS OF ADMISSION - -Necessary conditions of admission are a healthy body fit for the work, -and education in the first class of a secondary girls’ school. To -this must be added a short account of one’s life. Minors must have -the written consent of their father, whose agreement to bear all the -expenses of attending the school must be given. - - - DRESS - -For practical work a special dress is prescribed: reform-dress of -coarse woollen stuff (linen in summer) and an apron. In the wet season -of the year wooden shoes must be worn. Students provide at their own -cost: garden knife, grafting and fertilising knife, stock shears, tree -saws and pocket scissors. Instruments and the suitable clothing can be -purchased after entry into the institution, as there is no variation -in the dress (stuff, colour, and cut). Those scholars received as -boarders must bring with them mattress and feather-bed (bedsteads with -spiral spring-mattresses are provided) as well as bed-linen, towels, -serviettes, spoons, knives and forks. Bedsteads and other large pieces -of furniture may not be brought or procured. - -Scholars are not accepted under sixteen years. - - - B.--COURSE FOR SPECIAL STUDENTS - -1. For those who, on account of ill-health, want to occupy themselves -for a time in the open air. These have only practical work, and do -not take part in the theoretical instruction. Admission from April to -October, or for a longer or shorter time. - -2. Those who wish to take theoretical instruction along with the other. -Admission April and October. - - - C.--SPECIAL COURSE - -1. Course for teachers of fourteen days’ duration in spring, and the -same in autumn. - -2. Course for owners of gardens (February-March), lasting four weeks. -Care of fruit-trees and pruning. - - - FEES - -Scholars (Course A) whose parents do not reside in the near -neighbourhood of Marienfelde must live in the institution, so far as -there is room. If all places are filled, other boarding-houses will be -recommended. Board in the school (without laundry) amounts to £4 per -month, instruction 25s., and are both paid quarterly, the first term -beforehand. - -The cost of board in other pensions is from £4 10s. to £5 per month, -according to size of room. - -Monthly fee for Course A (first quarter in advance), £1 5s.; -monthly fee for Course B1 (one month payable in advance), -£1 15s.; monthly fee for Course B2 (a quarter payable in -advance), £1 15s.; monthly fee for Course C1 (each division -in advance), 10s.; monthly fee for Course C2 (payable in -advance), £2. - -Scholars who wish to leave the institution before the end of the course -must give three months’ notice; this can only be done in January and -June. - -Should a pupil leave for any cause whatever in the middle of a -quarter no reduction is made, and board and fees must be paid for the -_next_ term. - -For the six winter months (October to April) 3s. per month for heating, -and each session 3s. for use of garden utensils, are levied from each -scholar. - -It is expected and supposed that each scholar will conduct herself as a -lady, in and out of the institution. Unladylike behaviour, as well as -contravention of the rules of the house, necessary to the maintenance -of discipline, may be punished by dismissal from the school. - - _Principal and Owner_: ELVIRA CASTNER. - DR. D. S. - - - POMOLOGICAL AND HORTICULTURAL SCHOOL FOR - WOMEN, AT WOLFENBÜTTEL - - _Conducted by_ MARTHA BREYMANN - - OBJECTS AND INSTRUCTION - -The object of the two-years’ course is to give the most comprehensive -instruction in horticulture, so as to afford ladies the opportunity -of fitting themselves for an independent career in husbandry; or by a -one year’s course to be able to occupy their time usefully and happily -in cultivating their own ground. Besides the correct working of the -ground, the aim is to teach the pupils to know for themselves the -most necessary work and its proper execution, and to turn them out -practical gardeners and capable, observant characters. - -The forenoon, till the pause for breakfast, is kept exclusively for -practical work, which daily amounts to five or six hours. The field of -activity is the nine-acre garden of the “Breymann Educational Institute -for Young Girls,” with pleasure-grounds, greenhouses, forcing-beds, -vegetable-fields, nursery, etc. The opportunity to learn bee-culture is -also given. - -The theoretical instruction serves to explain and so to support the -practical work. It comprises: - -1. _Botany._--Plant life. - -2. _Elementary chemistry_, for the better understanding of the -transformations of matter, instruction in manures, analysis of soils. - -3. _Fruit and vegetable culture._ - -4. _Flower growing._ - -5. _Arboriculture._ - -6. _Forcing._ - -7. _Zoology_ (the foes of plants and their destruction). - -8. _Garden design._ - -Theoretical instruction is given every afternoon from one to two -hours. Thursday afternoons are at the students’ disposal. Holidays are -in winter from the 15th of December till the 15th of January. During -this time the institution is closed. As an exception, if specially -desired, leave is granted for a fortnight at whichever date suits best, -viz., 1st to 15th April, July, or October; in those weeks theoretical -instruction is not given. - -_Stipulations._--1, Good education; 2, excellent health; 3, -obedience to the regulations of the house. Order and punctuality are -expected. Notice must be given of absence from a meal, or after ten -o’clock at night. There are three principal meals, and early and -afternoon coffee. The food is simple, but carefully prepared. - -The fees amount to 250 marks per quarter, to be paid quarterly in -advance. The institution can only be left after a quarter’s notice. For -heating and lighting the bedroom (if desired) an extra charge is made. -Exceptional use, such as a fire the whole day, or light after ten p.m., -is naturally more. A heated general room for study is at every one’s -disposal. On leaving and at Christmas 3s. for attendance is added to -the account. - -Each student must bring: Feather-bed (not bedstead or mattress), -bed-cover, sheets, towels, serviettes, and table-cover. An exception -is made for foreigners, to whom these articles are lent for a fee. Any -further information will be readily given. Letters of recommendation -can be shown. - - - THE MARIENBURG SCHOOL FOR LADY GARDENERS - - _Station_: LEUTESDORF - - _Pier_: ANDERNACH (with ferry connection to Leutesdorf) - - COURSE FOR EDUCATED WOMEN IN HORTICULTURE AND FORCING - -Marienburg lies close to the Rhine, in Leutesdorf. The larger -agricultural property, with ornamental park, fruit and vegetable -garden, greenhouses, hot-beds belonging to Neuwied, a neighbouring -country residence, serve as the practical field of work for the school. -All the labour needed is done by the students. The school is in two -buildings, with single-and double-bedded rooms for the reception -of twenty ladies. Hot and cold water is laid on, with bath-rooms -and central heating. Comfortably furnished sitting-rooms give the -opportunity for social intercourse during off-time. This school gives -educated girls and women the chance to acquire the requisite practice -and knowledge to work a garden correctly and independently. - -Practical and theoretical instruction are both given, but the -_greater value_ is placed on thoroughly comprehensive _practical -knowledge_. - - - I.--TWO YEARS’ COURSE - -For those ladies who wish to fit themselves for a gardener’s calling, -and later take posts as gardeners on estates, in villa gardens, -sanatoria, house-keeping schools, educational institutions, etc. (2,000 -have taken situations with salary, six without). - - - A.--PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION - -Pomology: Hybridisation, care, forcing, sale. Vegetable culture: -Open-air and forcing, sale. Floriculture: Hardy and hot-house flowers, -balcony and room decoration, arranging, making wreaths. Commercial -gardening: Sale and despatch, with practical book-keeping. Landscape -gardening: Designing, laying out and care of gardens. Basket weaving, -joinery, glazing. - - - B.--THEORETICAL INSTRUCTION - -Pomology: Breeding, pruning, forcing, knowledge of species. Vegetable -culture and forcing. Flower propagation and hot-houses, forcing. -Forestry: Description and crossing of the most important trees for -landscape gardening. Landscape gardening. Legal knowledge. Book-keeping -and correspondence. Botany: Morphology, anatomy, physiology, systems, -geography of plants, plant diseases. Zoology: Animals useful and -hurtful to horticulture. Chemistry: Soils and manures. Geometry and -surveying. - -Theoretical instruction is given by a head-gardener, a highly-educated -scientific master, and by the principal herself. The head-gardener -instructs in the practical department with the help of a basket-maker -and joiner for those branches. Admission to the course is in the -beginning of April and October. - -As a means of judging the proficiency of our scholars a small -exhibition of garden products, and sketches and designs of gardens, is -held yearly in the institution, about the end of September or beginning -of October. An inspection of the exhibition, and also of the garden, is -willingly permitted to anyone interested. - -At the close of the second year the scholars receive a certificate -after examination. - - - CONDITIONS OF ADMISSION - -Scholars must have passed through the first class in a secondary girls’ -school, and have a healthy, robust constitution. Age not over thirty. -A medical certificate and a short autobiography must be added to the -report. - -A special dress is required for practical work. This, as well as -garden shears and saws, is provided at the student’s cost; all other -implements belong to the school, and are used without payment. From 1st -to 15th every quarter there is no theoretical instruction. Extra leave, -if wanted, should be asked for then. Classes are stopped for four weeks -at Christmas, and scholars can only remain in the institution at this -time by special permission. - - - FEES - -For board and lodging, exclusive of heating and laundry, in -double-bedded room, £4 10s.; single-bedded room, £5 monthly. For -instruction £1 monthly is charged. Fees are to be paid quarterly in -advance (from £16 10s. to £18.) In the two winter quarters 15s. extra -for heating are charged. Arrears are not allowed. Anyone wishing to -leave before the end of the course must give three months’ notice, -or pay a quarter’s fees; such notice will only be received at the -beginning of each quarter. - -The following articles are to be brought:--Table silver and cutlery, -fruit-knife, serviette-ring (all plainly marked), serviettes, towels, -pillows, sheets, and soiled linen-bag. Bedstead and mattress are -supplied. - - - II.--ONE YEAR’S COURSE - -For those ladies who wish to work their own gardens, and for young -girls who, after the strain of school life, seek re-invigoration in -healthy, refreshing activity for body and mind. These receive the -same instruction as for the first year of the regular course, but no -certificate. In other respects the conditions of the full course hold -good. Ladies who already have elementary knowledge, and only wish to -take the second year’s course, must undergo a preliminary examination. - - - III.--SPECIAL STUDENTS - -Can enter for a shorter time, to try if the calling of gardener suits -them, so that later they can take a course of one or two years. This -class, as well as those who want to improve their health by occupation -in the open air, only take part in practical instruction. They will -find near the Leutesdorf school a good boarding-house, where the charge -is 30s. monthly. Entry on the 1st or 15th of every month. - -Scholars under eighteen years of age are in the special charge of the -principal, and without her permission may not leave the institution. -Practical instruction is divided into four hours in the morning and -two in the afternoon. Theoretical instruction is given from one to -two hours daily in the afternoon. Scholars are free on Saturday -afternoon and Sunday. From time to time excursions with the students -are undertaken to inspect the surrounding country, gardens and -pleasure-grounds, and nurseries. - -Punctuality and order are required of every student. The rules of the -school and house must be rigidly observed. - - MARIE C. VORWERK, ELSBETH VON ZIBZEWIK (_Owners - and Principals_) - - - RULES FOR THE HOUSE - -1. Scholars must appear punctually at meals; exceptions are to be -notified to the housekeeper. In case of illness only will meals be -served in the bedroom. Dress must be changed for dinner and supper. - -2. Before first breakfast scholars must put away anything lying about -their rooms, make beds, and open the windows. - -3. Paper, flowers, hair, or other insoluble articles may not be put in -the basin. - -4. The scholars must clean clothes and shoes, except their working -boots. - -5. Servants and assistants are not to be asked for any extra service; -tips and presents are forbidden; at Christmas and on leaving every -scholar puts something into a money-box for the servants. - -6. Rooms and passages may not be entered with garden boots. - -7. Boxes and soiled linen are to be kept on the ground floor. - -8. After dinner till 2 o’clock and after 10 p.m. perfect quiet must -prevail. Lamps in the school-and business-rooms, as well as in the -corridor, are put out at 10 p.m. - -9. Nails may not be knocked in the walls of the rooms without -permission; it is also forbidden to fasten articles on the walls with -ordinary or drawing-pins. - -10. Any damage to the house or furniture must be pointed out at once to -the principals, and made good. - -11. All complaints are to be made to the principals. - - - SCHOOL REGULATIONS - -1. The scholars must attend theoretical and practical instruction -regularly; leave of absence only from the principals. Whoever misses -more than six weeks’ instruction in one session cannot be admitted to -the examination. - -2. Practical work occupies six hours, theoretical from one to two hours -daily. Work begins in summer at 7 o’clock, in winter at 8 o’clock in -the morning. Saturday afternoon and Sunday are holidays. - -3. Scholars whose week it is to be in management, or at work in the -hot-houses, must remain in the establishment, even in their free time, -and look after their departments. - -4. Only half of the scholars at most can get leave in the first -fortnight of a quarter. Permission should therefore be sought in good -time. Those employed in the hot-houses or as overseers can obtain leave -in case of urgency only, and must put in a substitute during their -absence. - -5. Permission for a week’s leave is to be obtained at latest eight days -in advance, for one or several days the day before. Only urgent cases -permit an exception. - -To be provided:--1 reform winter dress with bloomers; 2 reform summer -dresses with 2 bloomers; 2 blue linen aprons; 1 cap, and 2 linen -hats; 1 pair strong boots and gaiters; some books, drawing materials, -grafting-saw, tree-shears, garden-knife, grafting and fertilising -knives, yard-stick, materials for basket-making. - -Anyone maliciously violating the regulations of the house or school is -dismissed. - - - SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE FOR LADIES, AT HOLTENAU, - NEAR KIEL, SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN - -“I willingly comply with the request to contribute a short report of -my work in connection with the above institution, which I founded in -1901. - -“It is beautifully situated on an elevation gently sloping south -towards Kiel Harbour, near the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal. It contains two -hot-houses, eighty forcing frames, about 500 fruit trees of all sorts -and kinds, a grand assortment of shrubs, ornamental trees and conifers. -Two alleys of high-grown pear trees (interlaced) in the shape of a -large cross form the centre of the garden. - -“I opened the school with five pupils; at present there are seventeen. -The course of training is two years for those who wish to take up -gardening as a profession, and one year for amateurs. - -“The study is twofold: Practical and theoretical. Our practical course -comprises:--Fruit growing: How to grow best dessert fruit on large -and small farm trees. Harvesting the fruit. Storing and packing it. -There are about forty different kinds of apples, thirty-five pear and -fifteen plum trees. Preserving various fruits in various ways. Then -there is the annual grafting of wild trees, the culture of farm trees, -of high standard and half-high standards. We also grow apples, pears, -and peaches in pots and tubs. Vegetable growing includes forcing in -the hot-house and frames, as well as cultivation of all suitable kinds -in the open field. I teach preserving and wintering of vegetables. -In flower growing we specially take those pot plants that sell well, -as: Chrysanthemum indicum, Primula obconica and chinensis, cyclamen, -begonias, amaryllis, hyacinths, tulips, cineraria, etc. But of course -we also cultivate exotics. - - [Illustration: SCHOOL FOR LADY GARDENERS, HOLTENAU, NEAR KIEL - SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN.] - -“In the open we cultivate the favourite spring and summer flowers, -annual and perennial roses, etc. Thus we obtain abundant material for -cut flowers, which serve for teaching the pupils to make up bouquets, -table decorations, etc. We use the garden stuff first of all for our -own household, but the remainder--by far the larger part--is sold -in Kiel, thus teaching the pupils the actual market value of their -materials. - -“At the Schleswig-Holstein Horticultural Exhibition in 1906 our school -gained four first and three second prizes; several diplomas; and the -silver State medal for fruit-packing. - -“For landscape gardening we have small plantations, where every year -we train new trees by means of slips, suckers, shoots, and heaping up. -We have had orders to plan and lay out several gardens in Kiel and -Holtenau. - -“Now and then visits are arranged to the various nurseries, market -gardens, private gardens of importance, or the Botanical Gardens at -Kiel, so as to give the pupils opportunity of seeing other plants and -other ways of arranging and growing. - -“Our scientific course comprises:--Botany, chemistry, mineralogy -(taught by a University man), drawing (by the municipal head-gardener). -Drawing includes: Geometrical problems, drawing plans of small and -large gardens, then designs of pupils’ own making; correct calculation -of expenses, and working plans in detail. - -“Land surveying and levelling are first taught theoretically, then -practically. Much importance is attached to a thoroughly accurate -drawing of plans, as it is excellent practice for the eye for all -things pertaining to gardening. In regard to plan drawing we have -had many successes. At the before-mentioned Schleswig-Holstein -Horticultural Show in Kiel, September, 1906, five pupils exhibited -their own designs in garden plans, with schemes for working them, -and bill of costs attached, which gained distinctions; two pupils -received the _Ehrenpreis_, given by H.H. Duchess Caroline Mathilde of -Schleswig-Holstein-Glücksburg. At the exhibition in Bremen in 1907 two -pupils earned honourable mention by the Horticultural Society. - -“Then we have lessons on soil, manure, zoology, arboriculture, and how -to lay out plantations. Our practical subjects are thoroughly entered -into, and treated also from their scientific basis. - -“As a test of the work done by the pupils there is an annual exhibition -of garden produce of all kinds, and of the pupils’ drawings, in the -hall of the Institution. Friends and experts are invited. We have had -cheering visits of inspection from the Kieler Horticultural Club and -the Frauenverein. - -“After the two years’ learning is completed the pupils receive a -testimonial as to their qualifications and achievements. But no -examination is held, as I hold that not being held by qualified -Government examiners they are practically useless. My aim is to give my -pupils a thoroughly sound practical education. - -“There is a great demand for well trained lady gardeners, and one who -is skillful commands a good social position. I have so many offers for -trained pupils that the demand far overreaches the supply. Salaries -commence with about £30, including food, and treatment as a member -of the family. Many of my pupils are filling situations on estates, -schools for economy, sanatoria, private gardens, etc. Two former pupils -are now teachers of horticulture at the Household School for Women at -Reifenstein, near Leinefelde (Prov. Saxony), and at Maidburg, near -Kempen (Prov. Posen). One pupil has been gardener-in-chief at the large -training home for girls near Berlin; then she went to America, where -she is manager of a large private garden in New York. Another pupil -occupied the post as paid assistant at an extensive vegetable growing -plantation near Kiel, and was able to work as fast and satisfactorily -as the male assistants. Other pupils again, including some Danes and -Norwegians, cultivate their own gardens or take situations in their -own country. Still another pupil founded, about two years ago, a -Horticultural School at Wolfenbüttel (Brunswick), following the same -principles as taught at my school. - -“There is no difficulty in finding really good situations for skilful -workers, and gardening has proved a blessing to many of our sex. - “MARTA BACK. - “HOLTENAU, _September, 1907_.” - -The above account gives such a graphic description that I need only add -the terms. A thorough education and good health are required of those -applying for vacancies. The terms are:--50 marks per quarter. Pension -for students the first year, 75 marks per month; pension for students -the second year, 70 marks per month. This must be paid three months in -advance. - - - AUGUSTE-FÖRSTER INSTITUTION, OBERZWEHREN (KREIS CASSEL) - -The Kassel Society for the Education of Women has provided in the -Auguste-Förster Institute a country school where young girls and women -may obtain a thorough training in three different departments: viz., -horticulture, domestic economy, and poultry and pig-rearing, etc. The -instruction, combining theoretical information and practical work, is -given by accomplished female teachers. Six to eight scholars can be -taken for each department. - -The duration and direction of the course are regulated by the result -aimed at. The time of study in each department lasts a year; scholars, -who intend to make use of their training in their own home, can take a -half-year’s course. - -Students are not permitted to take the different courses concurrently. -Those who successfully pass an examination, held at the end of the -year’s course, receive a certificate of proficiency. These certificates -are of special importance to those who wish to earn their living in -the gardener’s calling, or as housekeepers. The year’s course and -certificate are also valuable to those who become teachers of domestic -economy in rural house-keeping schools, as the regulation examination -for domestic economy does not include such special country subjects -as horticulture, poultry-rearing, etc. For those who have already -attended similar institutions, and wish further instruction without -intending to make money by it, a shorter course of study, under special -conditions, is arranged. - -The instruction comprises:--Theoretical instruction in the different -branches and conditions of plant-culture. Practical work: Fruit and -vegetable culture, raising plants in the open air and under glass, -care of plants in hot-houses and in rooms, care of ornamental grounds, -decoration of dwelling-rooms and verandahs with plants and cut-flowers. -To those students who intend to become professional gardeners a longer -attendance at our establishment is recommended, or a continuance of -training in a nursery or private garden; a thorough initiation into the -high calling of gardener is not possible in a shorter time. Any who -have taken the year’s course, and desire more advanced training, can -attend the State horticultural institutions as out-students. - -The Kassel Chamber of Agriculture has granted the Förster Institution -the use of the means of instruction provided in the Oberzwehren -Pomological Institute, a remarkably well-conducted establishment. - -The Auguste-Förster Institution at the same time aims to attract -educated women to settle in the country, by affording them practical -guidance in social work. For this object, instruction in handicrafts, -knitting, sewing, mending, cutting-out, cooking, washing, and ironing -is given (chiefly in winter) to the women, young girls, and children -of the surrounding villages. Ladies with good preparatory knowledge -are admitted as voluntary helpers, if they intend to devote themselves -in earnest to social work in the country, and if there is room in the -institution. - - - HOLLAND - -The following notes were sent me by a lady in Holland, and have been -kindly put into English by a friend. They describe briefly the school -recently opened near The Hague (Station of Rijswyk). The name of the -school is “Huis te Lande,” and it is built in the style of an English -country house. It is managed by Mesdames J. KUYST and C. -POMPE. - -On a medallion over the entrance the following motto is inscribed. -“Think great thoughts, do great deeds.” The students are all girls of -good position and well educated. They must speak at least three modern -languages, and have a good knowledge of botany and geography. Otherwise -they could not profit by the course; it is therefore preferable if they -have been at a high school. They must have taste for gardening. - -A medical certificate is required, showing that they are physically fit -for the work. The directors of this school do their best to correct the -idea, which many doctors have, that gardening is suitable to invalids. -The institution is not intended as a Sanatorium, and only healthy, -active girls are wanted, and those who evince a strong inclination for -out-of-door life. - -The school is especially intended for the daughters of those who -inhabit cottages or villas having small gardens attached. As a rule -these gardens leave much to be desired in the way of cultivation. They -are too small for a gardener, and are worked by a labourer, who knows -but little about the cultivation of flowers. It is hoped that the -school training will enable these young ladies to manage and cultivate -their home gardens. It is considered, in Holland, that the time for -ladies to earn a living by gardening has not yet arrived. - -Both practical and theoretical work is taught, but the former is -considered the most advantageous. If the students know how to do the -work themselves, they can show their workmen. At the same time theory -will help them to understand the why and wherefore of operations. On -three mornings a week, from 9 to 12, theory is taught. The rest of the -time is for practical work. A lecture hall is attached to the school; -there is also a special laboratory, which students are only allowed to -use under the supervision of those who understand chemistry. - -A coffee room is provided for students who live too far away to return -home for dinner. There is also a dressing-room, and from here a door -opens into the one acre of flower garden and arboretum, which is -surrounded by frames and glass-houses. - -In the middle of the grounds is a spacious workshop, which can be -warmed. - -Some of the glass-houses are for flowers, and others for fruit. They -contain many pots with small fruit trees, in full fruit, and peach -trees. The whole is under good and practical management. Only six -students are at present admitted at a time. Terms are 300 guelders a -year. - - - GOVERNMENT WINTER SCHOOL FOR GARDENING (HORTICULTURE) - - AALSMEER, BOSKOOP, NAALDWIJK, TIEL - -Practical experiments are also carried out during the summer at -Aalsmeer. - -_Age of Admission._--16. - -_Requirements._--Knowledge of the Dutch language, of arithmetic, -geography, rudiments of German and English. Some idea of gardening (to -be given verbally). - -_Fees._--Fl. 10, for two winter terms. Pupils without means can -receive free admission from the Minister of the Interior. The fee for -the summer term at Aalsmeer is fl. 25. - -_Implements or tools._--Cost fl. 9 or fl. 10. - -_The theoretical instruction comprises_ physics, chemistry, -botany and zoology, all branches of horticulture, the Dutch language, -arithmetic, book-keeping, and, if desired, English and German -commercial correspondence. - -Drawing for the laying out of gardens. - -_Practical instruction comprises_:--Different kinds of work in the -proof gardens, with Government subsidy; experiments in cultivation, -manuring and grafting. - -During the second year this work is also carried out in the gardens of -other horticulturists and gardeners. - -_Diploma_ can be obtained after two years. - -_Course of instruction for pruning._--There is a course of -instruction for pruning at Tiel, for a fee of fl. 2.50. - -Temporary local winter terms are given by Government teachers in -gardening with the aim of preparing the lady teachers of the temporary -winter terms. - -The course extends over three years, during which time a hundred -lessons per year are given. - -The diploma obtainable is the Degree of Primary Instruction for -Horticulture, and the course is open only to those who hold the degree -as teacher of Primary Instruction. There is no fee. - -Temporary winter terms are arranged by gardening societies, with -Government subsidies. There is no fee, and at the conclusion of the -term of instruction a certificate is granted. - - - COURSE OF HORTICULTURAL STUDY AT THE ACADEMY AT LEIDEN - -_Requirements._--Instruction received at the High School, or -diploma for Secondary Primary Instruction, knowledge of foreign -languages. - -_Fees._--For the theory lessons, one hour a week, fl. 30 for three -months; for the theory lessons, two hours a week, fl. 50 for three -months; for the theory lessons, three hours a week, fl. 60 for three -months. The course extends over one and a half to two years. - -There is also a similar course of study at the Gröningen Academy. - - * * * * * - -Other Schools of Gardening in Holland are:-- - -The Sempercrescens at Naarden, Bussum. (Fees, fl. 300, implements and -tools, fl. 10.) - -Flora Horticultural School at Watergraafsmeer (Middenweg, 89). Age of -admission, 14. Fees, fl. 250; implements and tools, fl. 20; knowledge -of the Dutch language, writing, arithmetic, geography, are necessary. - -A course of study is given by Mr. van der Wissel, Huize Soltane, Epe. - - - ITALY - - WOMEN’S INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY, - - CASCINE, FLORENCE, 1907 - -This institute was founded on the initiative of several ladies, -with the object of instructing girls in the different branches of -agriculture and domestic economy, by giving them theoretical and -practical ideas, which will enable them to employ their valuable energy -in the domain of agriculture and good house-keeping. - -The school opens its classes in November. The training lasts six months. - -The classrooms are in the left wing of the grand ducal palace, on the -Piazzole del Re, in the public park of the Cascine, very near the -station of the electric tramway, which places the school within twenty -minutes from the centre of the town. - -The close vicinity of the horticultural establishment of the Royal -School of Pomology and Horticulture, possessing gardens, hot-houses, -orchards, vineyards, and kitchen gardens covering more than 50 acres -of ground, together with the splendid position of the institute in -the middle of the Cascine Park, combine to offer the best possible -conditions for the practical teaching of agriculture, horticulture, -dairy work, bee-keeping, etc. - -The curriculum includes agriculture, house-keeping, hygiene, chemistry, -book-keeping, cooking. - -The programme of each class is as follows:-- - -_Agriculture._--Elements of morphology or vegetable physiology. -Climatic conditions. Elements of agronomy. Cultivation of herbaceous -plants. Fruit culture: starting an orchard, and cultivation of pear, -apple, peach, cherry, plum and apricot trees; storing and drying fruit; -jam and preserve making. Vine and olive tree culture. Horticulture: -laying out a small kitchen garden, and the cultivation of the principal -kinds and varieties of vegetables. Gardening: flowers and ornamental -foliage plants, trees and shrubs; plants for the house, flower cutting -and arranging. - -_House-keeping._--I merely mention here those points which are -connected with horticulture, such as:-- - -_The cellar._--Storage of wine and oil. - -_Fruit store-room._--Heating and lighting apparatus; how to use -and clean them. - -_Hygiene._--Open air and close air, meteorological factors. - -_Water._--Its qualities. - -_Soil._--Its fertilisation and sanitation. - -_Chemistry._--Bodies, simple and composed. The soil in its -relation to plant life--artificial manuring; air, light, heat, water, -drink, food, seasonings. Practical experiments. - -_Book-keeping._--Domestic and patrimonial administrations; -compilation of inventories; current accounts; buying and selling; State -funds; plain book-keeping and other methods; book-keeping for business -on a small scale; auxiliary books; special accounts and their books; -registry and balance account; exercises in domestic and agricultural -book-keeping. - -_Cooking._--The lessons will be as much as possible demonstrative, -and accompanied by manual practice of the more important operations -of agriculture (grafting, pruning, sowing, etc.), of agricultural -industries, and also of house-keeping and cooking. Holiday re-unions -will be held under the supervision of the patronesses of the institute, -and instructive excursions will be made. - -_Admission._--For the theoretical and practical classes the girls -must be at least sixteen years old. - -A formal request on official stamped paper must be presented, together -with the legalised birth certificate and documents proving that -students have obtained--either at private or public schools--the -necessary education in all ordinary knowledge. There must also be a -certificate of good health and of vaccination. - -The admission fee is 10 lire (8s.), besides the payment of 40 lire -(32s.), to attend the lessons. At the end of six months, after a -theoretical and practical examination, a certificate of steady -attendance and progress will be given. - -_Non-residents_ can inquire about good and inexpensive lodgings in -Florence from the secretary of the committee of patronesses. - -There will also be a few places for non-students who wish to attend -some of the lectures. They must address their request to the director -of the institute and pay 30 lire (20s.) for each course of lectures -they wish to attend. - -Arrangements will be made for non-students attending several classes. - - [Illustration: STUDENTS AT HASTUM SCHOOL, NORWAY.] - - - NORWAY - -The Norwegian agricultural high school has a special class for -horticulture, and here ladies are given the highest education. After -two years’ study they obtain the title of “Cand-horticulture,” which -means a certificated gardener. - -Before being admitted, it is necessary to have done practical work in -a garden for two years, and to have passed an examination in a smaller -school of horticulture. The three following are the lower schools:-- - -BERLY school for lady gardeners was established in 1901. It -is supported by Government, and has a grant of about 4,000 kroner a -year. The principal is Mr. M. NILSEN, and there is a teacher -besides. Only ten students are admitted each year, and up to now -seventy young ladies have been educated here. - -VAARTUM school for lady gardeners, at Stenlyaer, is also -supported by Government, with a grant of 4,000 kroner a year. The -principal is Mr. SOLSTAEL, and there is one teacher besides. -Ten students are admitted yearly. Ladies are trained here for work in -their own gardens, as well as for other employment. - -HASTUM school for lady gardeners, at Kristiania, was established in -1906. This school is inspected by Government, but does not receive a -grant. The principals are the Misses FRÖLICH. Sixteen students are -admitted yearly. - -These schools all have practical and theoretical courses which last -seven months. Hastum school also admits students for six-week courses. -Instruction is given in the cultivation of fruit, vegetables, and -flowers. Fruit-preserving is also taught. Training plants, forcing, -frame and hot-bed culture, chemistry, botany, agriculture, and the -diseases of plants are taught by lecture. At the same time students -have to practise out-of-doors what they have learnt theoretically. - -From the Norwegian horticultural high school only one lady has up to -now passed out, but about 140 ladies in all have been through the lower -schools. Several of these have bought land to work on themselves, -others have taken posts in private gardens or in market gardens. They -usually receive a salary of 25–30 kr. a month, besides a house and -food. Others work in their own home gardens. Vegetables and fruit grow -well, the flavour of them being far better than those grown further -south. - -I am told upon good authority that Norwegian women realise more and -more that a great work lies before them out-of-doors, and they begin to -prefer contact with Nature to sedentary work in offices. - - - SWEDEN - -Through the kindness of a friend I am able to give a translation of the -prospectus of the - - GARDENING SCHOOL AT AGDATORP, - -a practical school for lady gardeners. - -The summer term begins on April 1st. The school, which is helped by -the State and “Blekinge hushållningssållśkap,” takes students of all -classes of society. - - [Illustration: STUDENTS AT WORK AT THE AGDATORP SCHOOL OF - GARDENING, SWEDEN.] - -The chief object of the school is to spread a knowledge of gardening, -and interest in it, amongst the daughters of the country population. - -There are two different divisions. A student of Division I. has to pay -100 kr. (£5 10s.) at the commencement of the term, and 40 kr. (£2 5s.) -at the beginning of each month for board and lodging. - -Students of Division II. pay 50 kr. at the beginning of the term, and -2.20 kr. on the 1st of each month for board and lodging. - -The hours of instruction in Division I. are fewer, though the fees are -higher. The instruction for both is similar. Practical and theoretical -instruction is given in the following subjects:--Culture of fruit, -vegetables, flowers, hot-house and frame work, raising seeds, treatment -of soil and manure, botany. - -Special importance is attached to the use of garden produce in the -house, preserving, and making fruit wines. - -A course of lessons in plain cookery (free of charge) is arranged for -those students who wish to take it. From July 1st to Oct. 1st. - -The conditions for entering the school are:--Pupils to be at -least seventeen years of age, and physically strong. Application -for admission should be accompanied by a doctor’s certificate. A -certificate from the upper class is also needed from those who come -from elementary schools. - -Students must have their own bedding, linen, napkins, candles, and -soap, and must also provide gardening knives and scissors. The latter -can best be procured after they enter the school. - -Students are taken for part of the course, after the term has begun, -for 60 kr. per month. Should a student for some reason be forced to -leave, before her time is up, no money is returned. - -In 1907 the State gave one place free to daughters of farmers. -“Blekinge hushållningssållśkap” gave three places to daughters of -farmers from Blekinge. - -The school is situated at Agdatorp farm, in Nettraby, about 12 km. from -Karlskrona. The term commences on April 1st and lasts until October -31st. Applications must be sent in before March 15th to Fr. J. -SCHMIDT. - -Since the college was founded 79 students have passed out. Of this -number only eight have taken posts. The usual salary is from 15 kr. -per month, board and lodging being provided. Some of the students have -completed their training at other colleges, others pursue the interest -of gardening in their own homes. It is clear that the salary mentioned -is that of an under gardener, for the salary of a head gardener in -Sweden varies from 300 kr. to 800 kr., with board and lodging; it is -also usual to give a percentage upon the sales in the garden. Most of -the women who study for gardening in Sweden do so in order to direct -their own gardens. Many go through a course of training in a market -garden, and some have been educated in colleges in other countries. - - - ESPENÄS SCHOOL FOR LADY GARDENERS - - _Postal Address_: Lännäs. _Railway Stations_: Kilsmo, - Sköllersta, and Wingaker. _Steamboat Pier_: Hampetorp. - _Steamer_: “Gustav Lagerbjelde.” - -Espenäs is beautifully situated close to the Lake “Store Hjälmaren.” - -The school was founded in 1899. The term commences on April 15th and -ends on October 15th. The teaching is both practical and theoretical. - -The subjects taught are: General gardening, kitchen gardening, flowers -for beds and borders; the care of hot-houses and frames, glazing, -painting, making mats, preparation of frames, sowing, watering, etc. -The cultivation of delicate vegetables and fruits such as asparagus, -tomatoes, artichokes, cucumbers, melons and strawberries; climbing -plants, grapes, and roses; fruit trees and berries; preparation of soil -and manure; tying up plants; book-keeping as applied to gardening; the -Weck method of preserving vegetables, fruit and berries; making fruit -syrups, jellies, marmalade, fruit wines and pickles; drying fruit, -berries, and vegetables. Optional--looking after poultry. - -The conditions for entering the school are, that it is necessary to -have passed through an elementary school, or to have had similar -education. A testimonial from a clergyman or a doctor is required, as -well as a photograph of the proposed student. - -Payment in advance upon April 15th, 125 kr. (£7) for the whole term. -For board and lodgings, all found, 65 kr. per month, to be paid on -April 15th and July 15th. Soap, candles, linen, and bedding are -provided by the students. A piano is in the house. There are good roads -for cycling, and excellent bathing. Apply to STINA SWARTLING, -_née_ VON HOFSTEN. - -The number of students who have passed out since the school was founded -is over 100. Most of the students, upon the termination of their -training, return to their homes, others take posts as gardeners, and -their salaries amount usually to from 20 kr. to 40 kr. per month, board -and lodging being provided for them. - - - SWITZERLAND - -The following account of the only school for lady gardeners in the -German-speaking part of Switzerland, has been very kindly sent to me -by Madame Chaponniere, President de l’Alliance Nationale de Sociétés -Féminines Suisses. I give the report in her words:-- - - - ÉCOLE PROFESSIONNELLE D’HORTICULTURE POUR LES FEMMES - - À NIEDER-LENZ, CANTON D’ARGOVIE, SUISSE - -La seule école professionnelle d’horticulture pour les femmes, existant -actuellement en Suisse, est celle de Nieder-Lenz fondée en 1906, par la -“Société d’Utilité Publique des Femmes Suisses,” à Nieder-Lenz, dans un -joli domaine, situé sur la ligne de chemin-de-fer du Seethal dans le -Canton d’Argovie. - -Le programme de l’école comprend différentes catégories de cours:-- - -1. Des cours de deux années destinés aux femmes désirant faire de -l’horticulture leur profession. - -2. Des cours d’une année destinés aux maîtresses d’écoles ménagères ou -primaires. - - [Illustration: STUDENTS AT WORK AT THE ESPENÄS SCHOOL FOR LADY - GARDENERS SWEDEN.] - -3. Des cours d’une année, pour les personnes qui, par raison de santé -ou autre, désirent connaître la culture des fruits, et du jardin. - -4. Des cours spéciaux, d’une durée de six mois, sur les différentes -branches du jardinage ou de la culture des arbres fruitiers. Le cours -de deux années est formé de deux parties; une partie pratique et une -partie théorique. - -La partie pratique comprend:-- - -(_a_) La culture des légumes ainsi que leur emploi, leur -conservation, et éventuellement la manière de les cuire et de les -apprêter. - -(_b_) Culture des fleurs en plein air et en serre, fleurs -d’appartement, décoration, préparation de bouquets. - -(_c_) Etablissement de jardins potagers. - -(_d_) Culture des arbres fruitiers, taille, greffe, récolte des -fruits, emballage, conserves, etc. - -(_e_) Culture des baies (fraises, framboises, groseilles, -myrtilles). - -(_f_) Elevage de la volaille, des lapins, des abeilles. - -La partie théorique comprend des leçons de botanique, de pomologie, -de zoologie, de chimie agricole, de géométrie, de dessin, la tenue de -livres et quelques notions de droit usuel. - -L’école d’horticulture s’est ouverte le 1er avril 1906, avec huit -élèves pour le cours complet de deux années et sept élèves pour le -cours de six mois. Dans le courant de l’année huit autres élèves sont -entrées pour un nouveau cours de deux ans. La majorité des élèves -viennent de la Suisse, mais l’Autriche, Hongrie et la Russie en ont -fourni aussi quelques-unes. Les conditions d’admission sont:--Avoir -fréquenté une école secondaire ou une école analogue, être munie d’un -certificat médical de bonne santé et d’un acte d’origine, être âgée de -dix-sept ans accomplis. - -Pour les cours d’une ou de deux années, le prix annuel de la pension -et de l’enseignement est de francs 600 (£24) payables par trimestre à -l’avance. - -Pour les cours d’une année, sans but professionnel, francs 60 par mois, -ainsi que pour les cours spéciaux de six mois. Les étrangers paient en -outre francs 300 par an pour l’enseignement. - -A ces différents cours, il faut ajouter encore des cours de culture -de quelques semaines, données au printemps, en été, en automne, et -destinées aux jeunes campagnardes des environs. - -L’école est sous la surveillance d’une Commission de cinq membres, dont -la présidente est Madame Coradi-Stahl (Wiedingstrasse, 56, Zurich), -inspectrice fédérale des écoles ménagères, la secrétaire Madame Prof. -Stocker-Caviezel (Küsnacht bei Zürich). La directrice de l’école est -Madame Prof. Joss-Roser. - -Les dons reçus en vue de l’installation ont atteint la somme de francs -18,959.36 et les dépenses pour l’installation se sont élevées à francs -14,298.76. Les recettes régulières pour cette première année se montent -à francs 9,897.80, tandis que les dépenses, loger de la propriété, -etc., font un total de francs 12,883.28, laissant ainsi un découvert -de francs 2,985.48. Il y a lieu d’espérer qu’avec l’extension prévue -de l’école et des sources de revenus nouvelles, ce déficit ne se -renouvellera pas. - - - - - CHAPTER XVI - - SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES IN AMERICA - - - THE UNITED STATES - -The conditions under which women work in America are very unlike -those that exist in England. Schools and colleges are founded upon a -different basis; therefore work done in America cannot be strictly -compared to that done in England. - -Each of the forty-five states in the United States has a college of -agriculture. These institutions are supported by public funds. They are -open to men and women alike, and both work together. That is to say, -these institutions are co-educational. These colleges cover the general -field of agriculture, and, in some, horticultural work is especially -well developed. Women in these institutions may take a variety of -subjects, or they may specialise in horticulture, dairying, home -economics, Nature-study. - -A number of Government research posts in natural history are held by -women. They are also admitted to the instructional bodies of several -American Co-educational Colleges. A considerable number of the Doctors’ -theses in botany from the University of Chicago are by women, and can -be seen in the _Botanical Gazette_. A notable thesis of late -years is that by Mrs. Clements, of the University of Nebraska. - -Popular attention is turned increasingly to outdoor life and to living -on the land, and the demand for horticultural schools will continue and -ensure their establishment. - -An expert tells me there is a wide field for women in horticulture -in America. Positions as teachers, lecturers, gardeners in private -gardens, consulting gardeners in suburban districts, market gardeners, -fruit and nut growers, poultry and bee keepers are open. The only -difficulty is that the right people are not at hand to fill them. The -oversight of school gardens and of vacant lot cultivation in the great -cities are openings appealing especially to women. Already there are -some successful landscape gardeners. Miss Beatrice Jones, of New York -City, and Miss Elizabeth Lee, of Philadelphia, are well known in this -branch. - - - NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AT CORNELL - UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, NEW YORK - - - HORTICULTURE - -The equipment is divided into two parts--that which is associated with -the classroom and laboratories in the second and basement floors of the -main agricultural building, and that connected with the forcing-houses -and grounds surrounding them. - -1. _Class rooms and laboratories._--The teaching activities are -centred mainly in the headquarters of the department, located on the -second floor of the main building in the agricultural compound. On -this floor are a commodious lecture room with a seating capacity for -100 students, a recitation-room for 35 students, a laboratory for -instruction in practical and systematic pomology. The laboratory -will accommodate 40 students, and is being fitted with suitable -apparatus and appliances for the efficient teaching of the practical -and laboratory phases of horticultural work. On the same floor is -the laboratory for advanced students. This room has space for 20 -students, and those who are working in the graduate department or -engaged in research courses are provided with suitable appliances for -their special needs. The remainder of this floor is devoted to museum -purposes, herbarium, seminary-room, and offices for the instructing -staff. - -In the basement is a laboratory with adjacent store-room for use in -connection with applied work in nursery and orchard practice. The -capacity of this laboratory is 50 students, so that a beginning class -of 100 may be accommodated in two sections. Students in elementary -pomology and greenhouse management pursue work in this laboratory. - -_Forcing-houses, barn, and fruticetum._--The glass structures -for the study of forcing crops such as flowers, vegetables, and -fruits cover an area of about 6,000 square feet, and are used in -connection with nearly all classes, though more especially associated -with floriculture and olericulture. One house is assigned to advanced -students for the working out of problems on which they are engaged. -Another house is given over to the study of the variation of plants and -the technique of plant-breeding. - -The barn is headquarters for horticultural implements used in tilling, -pruning, and spraying trees and plants. The collection of spray -machinery, including gas engines, traction machines, and the like, is -full and complete. Thorough instruction is given in the control of -orchard enemies. - -Aside from the ordinary equipment, the garden herbarium with more than -12,000 sheets is an important aid in the study of systematic pomology -and plant variation. There is also an exceptionally fine collection -of nearly 10,000 negatives illustrating all phases of fruit, flower, -and vegetable growing. This collection is being added to continually, -and furnishes a source for lantern slides to illustrate up-to-date -methods in the management of fruit plantations, the construction of -forcing-houses, and the growing of crops in field and under glass. - -_Elementary pomology._--A study of the methods of propagation and -early care of bush and tree fruits; the principles and practice of -budding and grafting, with special attention to the particular method -of propagating each kind of fruit. Must be preceded by Botany 1 and 2. -Lectures and recitations with laboratory. The class will participate in -a required excursion to Geneva and vicinity. - -Another class is held on this subject particularly adapted to the needs -of the special student, and not open to those who are required to take -Botany 1 and 2. The class will participate in a required excursion to -Geneva and vicinity. - -_Practical pomology._--The study and practice of the planting, -fertilising, and care of orchards; picking, grading, packing and -marketing of fruits. Pre-requisites, Botany and Horticulture, and -taking Agricultural Botany. This class will participate in a required -excursion to the fruit-growing sections of Geneva and Rochester. - -_Spraying of fruit trees._--A study of the preparation and -application of the different spray mixtures used in orchard and garden -practice. Lectures and recitations with laboratory. - -_Greenhouse construction and management._--A study of the -principles of greenhouse construction. Laboratory work will consist of -the drawing and erection of sections illustrating the leading types of -greenhouses. Throughout the year. - -_Olericulture._--- A study of the principles of vegetable -gardening with special reference to trucking, accompanied by field -practice in the actual growing of the plants. - -_Garden and greenhouse practice._--Practical work in the -forcing-houses and gardens, with familiar talks. One or two hours by -appointment. Throughout the year. Limited to 12 students first term, 18 -second term. - -_Sub-tropical pomology._--A study of citrus, and other sub-tropical -fruits, with special reference to American conditions. - -_Systematic pomology._--Advanced course in classification and -systematic study of fruits. Two hours. - -_Literature of horticulture and landscape gardening._--An -examination of the writings of European and American authors, with -special reference to the evolution of horticultural methods. Open to -juniors and seniors, and required of graduates. - -_Plant-breeding_, with special reference to the improvement of -orchard fruits. Juniors and seniors; required of graduates. - -_German horticultural reading._--A study of periodical literature -relating to horticulture. Each student is required to subscribe for one -periodical and make translations from assigned paragraphs. - -_French_ of the same character and conducted in the same way. - -_Investigation_ incident to previous courses. For graduates and -advanced students. - -_Seminary work for advanced students._--Required of graduates. -One hour. F., 2–4.30, every two weeks beginning the first week of -each term. On the alternate week students are required to attend the -Seminary in Plant Industry. - - - RURAL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE - -_Field engineering._--Lectures, recitations and practice in surveying -and plotting the farm; designing farm buildings, roads, fences, and -water supply; drainage and irrigation. Second half-year. Lectures and -practice. - -_Farm machinery._--A study of the elements of mechanics and of machine -design entering into the construction of all machinery, followed by -a special study of:--(a) _Motors_, including steam boilers, gas and -steam engines, windmills, hydraulic rams, water wheels, and a brief -discussion of the laws and applications of electricity; (b) _Farm -Machinery_ for tillage, seeding, harvesting, threshing, cleaning, etc., -with a discussion of the cost, life, draft, and special mechanical -features of some of the machines now on the market. - -Opportunities will be afforded for special work in the second half-year. - - - RURAL ECONOMY AND SOCIOLOGY - -_Rural economy._--A study of the economic problems of agriculture. - -_Rural social conditions._--The social history, status and -progress of the rural community. - -_History of agriculture._--An outline of the development of -agriculture in its more important phases. - - - RURAL ART - -This is a two-year course comprising the junior and senior years of the -regular course in the College of Agriculture; and for those who have -attained a certain degree of proficiency graduate work is offered. - -Previous to registering in this work the student must have completed -the requirements of the freshman and sophomore years, and the -following:--Elementary surveying, Lettering and making of titles, -Botany, Organography of ornamental plants, Elementary architecture. - -Previous to graduation the student must have completed the following -subjects in addition to the regular work:--Dendrology, Economic -entomology, Greenhouse construction and management, Field engineering, -Municipal engineering, French or German horticultural reading. - -_Theory and æsthetics of rural art and landscape design._--Deals -with the principles of landscape design, their application to specific -problems, together with discussions on the theory in all its points of -application. - -_Landscape design._--First course. Work on practical problems in -design, paced and measured surveys, sketch plans, finished plans and -detailed working drawings with specifications. Short sketch problems -for study will be given from time to time. The aim is to familiarise -the student with the various types of plans as applied to different -problems. Practical problems in the vicinity will be studied, and -reports, both preliminary and final, will be required. - -_Freehand sketching._--Sketching and rendering in various media of -indoor and outdoor subjects, plans, etc., particularly pertaining to -landscape design. - -_History of landscape design._--A study of the chronological -development of the art of landscape gardening, its modifications -in various countries and the influences which have affected its -development. A full study of the three types of gardening--ancient, -mediæval and modern, and their relation to each other. - -_Advanced problems and research in landscape design._--The more -complicated problems, such as country estates, parkways and civic -centres, are taken up and worked out in detail. Studies, reports, plans -of arrangement, rendered studies, detailed drawings, grade designs, -planting plans, total estimates of cost and a set of specifications are -worked out for two major problems. Minor problems and sketch problems -are required from time to time. - -_Seminary._--A review of current literature and the discussion -of live questions relating to various phases of landscape work, and -reports on investigations. Required of seniors and graduates. - - - HOME ECONOMICS - -Instruction will be given in home economics in 1907–8. Information -about this work may be had from the director of the College of -Agriculture, as the courses are not yet ready for scheduling. - - - DRAWING - -_Applied drawing._--- Personal instruction in the solution of -particular problems and in fitting the student to pursue certain lines -of study to better advantage, or to enable him to become proficient in -a speciality. - - - WINTER COURSES IN HORTICULTURE - -Each year since the establishment of the winter courses the demand -for special instruction in fruit-growing and gardening has increased. -The opportunities for profitable fruit-and vegetable-growing on the -comparatively cheap lands of the east and within easy reach of the -great markets, are attracting capital and energy. It is in response -to this general demand and these opportune conditions that a winter -course in horticulture is offered. The various studies included in this -course are intended to help the fruit-grower and gardener to manage his -orchards and gardens better than in the past; to fit those who have had -some experience for positions of responsibility; to give the beginner -the salient principles and acquaint him as far as possible with the -best practices of commercial and amateur fruit-growers and gardeners -the country over. - -The entrance requirements to this course are the same as to the course -in general agriculture. Field experience will always enable the student -to get a maximum of benefit from a study of this kind. - -The course is made up of lectures, recitations and practice, special -stress being laid on the last. - - - SPECIAL EXPENSES - -General laboratory fee, $7.50; books, $5.00; work suit, $1.50. - -All students in this course, except those who have previously completed -satisfactorily the winter course in general agriculture, are required -to take the subjects that follow. Those who complete the winter course -in general agriculture will not be required to take again subjects that -they have already passed. They should consult the professor in charge -concerning substitutes for any of the subjects. All students must -register with the Secretary of the College. - - - REQUIRED SUBJECTS - -_Amateur and commercial fruit-growing._--A survey of the -principles and practices of fruit-growing with reference to orchard -management, handling, packing, storing, transplanting and marketing of -orchard products. Seven hours. Five hours of lectures a week and two -afternoons a week for practice. - -_Vegetable culture._--Lectures and exercises on the growing and -marketing of vegetables for special and general market. Two hours. - -_Farm Botany._--Four hours a week. Two lectures and two laboratory -periods. - -_Fertility of the land._--Two hours. - -There are thus fifteen hours a week of required work in this course. -Students may elect, with permission of the instructor concerned, three -hours a week additional by taking the following courses:-- - - - ELECTIVE SUBJECTS - -_Economic entomology._--One hour a week. - -_Plant diseases._--Three hours. One hour lecture and two hours’ -laboratory practice. - -_Horticultural reading._--Assignment of topics for abstracts and -reports in standard works and current periodicals. One to three hours -by appointment. - -_Floriculture and ornamental gardening._--Lectures and exercises -on the growing and marketing of greenhouse crops, and the principles of -lawn decoration. Two hours a week. - -_Greenhouse practice._--In this course the student is assigned -specific pieces of work in the greenhouse to be performed under the -direction of the gardener. One hour a week. - - - EQUIPMENT - -Practically the same facilities are available to the winter course -students as are offered the student in the regular course:--The -library, one of the best in the country; the material equipment of -the forcing-houses, including plants, work rooms, spray pumps and -implements, are all used in conducting the work of instruction. - -Those who desire additional information should apply to - - JOHN CRAIG, _Professor of Horticulture_. - -Women are eligible on equal terms with men in all these courses of -instruction--and a good many women are at work in this college. The -students registered in the college of agriculture (not in the College -of Arts and Sciences) number over 300. - - - LOWTHORPE SCHOOL OF LANDSCAPE GARDENING AND HORTICULTURE FOR - WOMEN, AT GROTON, MASSACHUSETTS - - _Founded by_ Mrs. EDWARD GILCHRIST LOW - - - LECTURERS - - _Landscape architecture._--Mr. J. F. DAWSON, with OLMSTED - BROTHERS. _The garden and its accessories._--MR. LORING - UNDERWOOD. - - - INSTRUCTORS - -_Study of trees and shrubs._--MISS LAURA BLANCHARD DAWSON. _Drawing -and garden design._--MISS GERTRUDE F. SANDERSON. _Surveying and -engineering._--MR. STEPHEN CHILD. _Botany: Greenhouse work and -gardening out-of-doors._--MISS L. L. HETZER. - -_Study of trees and shrubs._--Lectures with field walks. Study -of trees from winter buds, and in leaf. Study of shrubs, foliage, and -flowering, with consideration of landscape value. Specimens from the -Arnold Arboretum. - -_Botany._--Study of plant structure, function, and classification. -The greater part of the time will be devoted to the flowering plants. - - [Illustration: AVENUE LEADING TO “LOWTHORPE,” GROTON, - MASSACHUSETTS, MRS. LOW’S SCHOOL FOR LADY GARDENERS.] - -_Garden design._--Practice in making preliminary and finished -plans. Designing and laying out of gardens. - -_Drawing._--Freehand in black and white and water colour, -with autumn and spring sketching out of doors. Mechanical, simple -projections leading up to elementary study of architectural details. - -_Surveying and engineering._--Such parts as have value to -landscape work. - -_Greenhouse work._--Care of greenhouse. Propagation, by seeds, -cuttings, layering, budding, and grafting. Carnation, violet growing, -orchids, etc. - - - EXPENSES - -Tuition $100 a year. One half to be paid on entering, the second half -in January. - -A limited number of students may be accommodated at Lowthorpe. Single -room, $30.00 per month, and upwards; double room for two, at $30.00 per -month for each. Accommodation for others may be obtained in the village -near by. The full course comprises two years’ work. School year is from -September 15 to June 15. Vacations at Christmas and Easter. - -The avenues of work that are available are:-- - -Designing and planting flower gardens; care and maintenance of rose -gardens and flowering shrubs; weekly supervising of greenhouses; -planning and laying out small estates; planting small parks for village -improvement societies. - -All communications should be addressed to - - LOWTHORPE SCHOOL, GROTON, MASSACHUSETTS. - -Simmons College, Boston, Mass., has, I believe, a horticultural college -connected with it, but it has not been in operation long. - -Smith College, Northampton, Mass., also offers courses in practical -horticulture. - -The following letter, written by the director of the principal school -of Forestry in America, and very kindly sent to me by Mrs. Low, shows -that he is of opinion that there is an opening for women in landscape -gardening: - - YALE UNIVERSITY FOREST SCHOOL, - NEW HAVEN, CONN., - _May 22, 1907_. - - MY DEAR MRS. LOW,-- - - I have for a long time felt that there is an opportunity for - useful work by women in landscape gardening. There is, at the - present time, no place except the Lowthorpe School, where women - can secure an adequate training in landscape gardening. I - believe that your institution is needed, and will be appreciated. - - I may say from my impressions upon visiting your school that you - have chosen an exceedingly favourable location, and that you - have made very fine progress in the organisation of your work. - - I want to do what I can to assist your school, for I believe in - it. If I can be of any service in this or any other way, I hope - that you will feel free to call upon me. - - Sincerely yours, - H. S. GRAVES (_Director_). - - - [Illustration: SOUTHERN ENTRANCE TO “LOWTHORPE,” GROTON, MASS. - MRS. LOW’S SCHOOL FOR LADY GARDENERS] - - _To_ MRS. LOW, - _Principal of Lowthorpe School for Lady Gardeners_. - - -Mrs. Low asks me to draw attention to the fact that the work of -“landscape design” is the most important in her school. Garden and -greenhouse work are secondary to this. She tells me that several of -her former students have become supervisors of school gardens, in -connection with the Public Schools or Village Improvement Societies. -The highest salary is $60 per month, for five months. One former -student has gone to Portland, in Oregon, on the Pacific coast, where -she is told she will soon become established as a landscape gardener. -Several women have already made a success of landscape gardening. Ten -years hence they will be heard of all over the country. At present the -largest income is £800, or $4,000. - -The two photographs of Lowthorpe are attractive. Three years ago the -site of the present avenue, leading to the house, was a field. The -students surveyed the avenue under instruction, and then did the -planting. They have to learn to read a surveyor’s plan with ease. In -the oval in front of the door are Rhododendron maximum, which is hardy -in Massachusetts, ferns and Rinus Strabus. At the entrance on the -right are viburnums, cornus, lonicera, roses, etc. The picture of the -southern entrance gives the bulb garden, between the greenhouse and -verandah, where later on bloom lilies, lilacs and magnolias. On the -left is a hedge of white rose rugosa. Through the arch one goes into -the garden. The large tree is a “platanus occidentalis.” The place was -an old farm when Mrs. Low bought it in 1900–1, and we can judge by the -well-kept grounds what a success she has made of it. - - - PENNSYLVANIA SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE FOR WOMEN - -The plan of the Pennsylvania School of Horticulture for Women has -originated in the desire to offer to women an opportunity to fit -themselves for an occupation at once healthful, pleasant, profitable, -peculiarly fitted to their gifts, and in which they have ever taken an -intelligent interest and active part. - -Our purpose is to offer to these earnest-minded women a training in the -principles and practice of horticulture and allied subjects, knowing -that really skilled labour can always find a market, helping them also -to find employment in the work for which they have been thus prepared. - -To this end we expect to open in the near future the “Pennsylvania -School of Horticulture for Women.” A small farm of twenty to forty -acres will be obtained (probably rented), having upon it a comfortable -dwelling with accommodation for about ten students (at first). Flower -and kitchen gardens and orchards will be laid out and planted. Teachers -of skill and experience will lecture upon the principles and practice -of the courses of study offered, and will oversee all practice work -done by students. For the very heavy work a labourer will be employed, -but the students will do all the rest themselves under direct -supervision of the teacher. A competent matron or principal will be in -charge of the household and will have general oversight of the students. - -The full course will occupy two years of twelve months each, but -arrangements will be made for suitable holidays, and full students -will be advised to live in the house. Short courses on special subjects -will also be arranged, and it is hoped will prove attractive and useful -to some who may want to specialise along certain lines. - -The tuition and board fees will be kept down to as low a figure as -possible, and it is hoped that there will be endowed scholarships. - -The subjects to be offered at once are:-- - -Flower and kitchen gardening, care of lawns and shrubbery, orchards, -poultry raising, bee-keeping, garden carpentry, marketing of produce. - -Later there may be added:-- - -Forestry, maple sugar growing, preserving of fruits and vegetables, and -such other subjects as may be called for. - -There is in Pennsylvania no other school of this character. The -Pennsylvania State College at State College, Centre County, offers -valuable and excellent instruction, but, like the other state colleges, -lays most of its stress on agriculture rather than on horticulture, and -gives great attention (and necessarily so) to experimental farm work, -and to seed and soil tests. Incidentally we hope to profit by these -experiments and to help to spread abroad knowledge of the improvements -and better methods which their experience may have proved beneficial. - -We shall be glad to enter into communication with others interested in -the subject, and we look for the interest and support of Pennsylvanians -and many others. - -MISS JANE B. HAINES, _Secretary and Treasurer_, Cheltenham, Pa. - - - THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDENS, ST. LOUIS, MO. - -The Trustees of the garden offer theoretical and practical instruction -in gardening, with a certain number of competitive scholarships. These -scholarships are not open to women. The course of instruction can, -however, be taken by women who are ready to bear their own expenses and -pay the nominal fee of $25 per annum. - -Only one young woman has so far completed the course. This lady, -Miss Eda A. Sutermeister, 1637, Broadway, Kansas City, Missouri, -has become an accomplished landscape architect. One other girl went -through the greater part of the work. She subsequently took charge of -the floriculture at an industrial school for women, after extensive -experience in practical floriculture. In addition to these two, a -number of ladies have taken various courses of study included in the -outline, or have received practical training in gardening at the -Botanical Garden, covering short periods of time, and limited parts of -the subject. - -The following is taken from the last report:-- - - - INSTRUCTION IN GARDENING - -The requirement that instruction in gardening and horticulture should -receive attention at the Garden, in addition to the provision of a -lodging house for pupils, led to the entire renovation of the fruit -orchard some years ago, at a cost of $444.44, and two small vegetable -houses have been built for further experimental and educational use. -The annual expenditure on the gardening course averages $930.34. - -The Director reports that of the 39 pupils thus far enrolled, of whom -15 completed the course, ten are now successful florists or gardeners, -two have become landscape architects, three hold responsible park -positions, two are college horticulturists with teaching as well -as practical duties, one is a surveyor, one is a government plant -experimenter, and one is a forester in the Philippine service. - - - INSTRUCTION IN BOTANY - -Mr. Shaw’s provision for a close connection between the School of -Botany, which he had endowed in Washington University, and the -Garden has been of great assistance to the undergraduate department -of the University, and through the Garden opportunities for work -have been offered to graduate students, of whom five have received -the Master’s degree and six the degree of Doctor of Philosophy with -botany as a major study. The Board expect to see a large increase in -this utilisation of the Garden facilities commensurate with the very -gratifying growth of Washington University. Indirectly the Garden has -been of much use to the young men who have served as assistants in its -office, library, or herbarium, or as teachers in the school of botany, -for with very few exceptions they have gone to college, government or -other positions of high responsibility in botany or horticulture, for -which their service here gave excellent training. - - - NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AT CORNELL - UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, NEW YORK - -_Normal Work.--Two-Year Special Course in Nature-Study._--This -course is organised to help persons who expect to teach nature-study -and country-life subjects in the public schools. Persons actually -engaged in teaching, and also all persons in the University who signify -their intention to teach, are eligible. A certificate will be given on -the completion of 60 hours in the courses prescribed below, together -with such other work in the College of Agriculture as may be approved -by the director. Designed to prepare students to teach elementary -agriculture. - -_Nature-Study._--Lectures and discussion of methods. - -_Home Nature-Study Work._--Work in the training classes in the -Ithaca schools in which students are also to take part. - -_Practice Work in Nature-Study_ in the public schools of Ithaca, -comprising schoolroom work, excursions, and other exercises with -children. - -_School Gardens_, comprising actual garden-making with children on -school grounds and in the University school gardens. In winter the work -will be conducted in the forcing houses, where plant-growing subjects -will be taken up in such a way as to adapt them to elementary school -conditions. - -_Seminary in Nature-Study and Elementary Agriculture._--Devoted -to the study of the methods of teaching nature-study and elementary -agriculture, and to the review and criticism of courses now offered in -our elementary and secondary schools. - -_Nature-Study._--Advanced course. Individual work on special -problems. - -_Travel Course in Agriculture._--The aim of this course is to give -the students an opportunity, under competent guidance, to see the main -agricultural activities and crops not represented in New York. It is -open to qualified students of the College of Agriculture and of other -colleges. - - - SPECIAL WORK - -Opportunities are provided for persons who desire to pursue special -work. Students must be at least eighteen years of age to take advantage -of this work. - -_Special Work in General Agriculture._--This work is designed to -meet the needs of young men and young women from the farm who have -not the time to give to a four years’ course. They must satisfy the -director that they are well enough grounded in the secondary school -subjects to enable them to pursue the work with credit to themselves -and with honour to the University, and also that they desire to take -the work because of direct interest in agricultural affairs. They must -present an honourable dismissal from the school last attended and -certificates of good moral character, and will be required to present -such certificates and letters as may be desired. This work is not a -definite “course” in the sense of having a programme or a prescribed -set of studies. The student chooses any of the agricultural “electives” -that he may be able to pursue. Certain courses are to be given by some -of the departments for those who lack some of the fundamental work -usually required in those subjects. Admission as a special student by -the director does not admit to classes. The student is admitted to the -various classes by the heads of the departments when he has satisfied -such officers that he is able to pursue the work. - -_Nature-Study Special Course._--This course, of two years, is -open to teachers, or to such students in regular University courses -as signify their intention to teach, who desire to prepare themselves -in nature-study and country-life subjects. In this course the work -is largely prescribed. The course comprises two categories of work: -the subject-matter studies, and the pedagogical practice. The -subject-matter is secured in the regular classes of the University, -largely in the biological departments. The pedagogical practice is to -be had with children in regular nature-study classes and clubs in the -public schools of Ithaca and in school-garden work with children. - - - EXTENSION WORK - -The extension work of the College of Agriculture is designed to help -persons directly on their farms, and to aid those who desire definite -instruction but cannot take a long or regular course in agriculture in -the University. It supplements the teaching and experimenting of the -College of Agriculture. It is professedly a popular work. It endeavours -to reach the common problems of the people, to quicken the agricultural -occupations, and to inspire a greater interest in country life. It -is also a bureau of publicity, whereby there is an exchange of all -important matters connected with the progress of the agriculture of the -State. - - - ARGENTINA; BUENOS AIRES - -The following information is all that I can ascertain. There are no -special horticultural colleges for ladies in this country, but they -are admitted to all the agricultural colleges. They may take the same -degrees as men. - -As yet only one lady has received the highest degree accorded, namely -Agricultural Engineer, and two others are now studying. - -No opening for women in this sphere of activity has presented itself -so far, but I am informed that undoubtedly very soon the public will -appreciate their efforts and employ them in preference to men. - -In all public schools pupils from the fourth to sixth grades of both -sexes receive notions of agriculture, and are practically taught -the care and cultivation of indoor plants. In some few schools that -have the necessary ground, pupils are also instructed in cultivating -vegetable and flower plants. - - - - - CHAPTER XVII - - GARDENING AND NATURE-STUDY IN CANADA AND AUSTRALIA - - - The question of gardening for women in Canada is admirably dealt - with--together with that of “Nature-Study”--in the following - communication which I have received from Miss E. Ritchie, of - Halifax, Nova Scotia. It will be seen that while “Nature-Study” - is taking a prominent position in the curriculum of the public - school--the profession of gardening for women has barely entered - into consideration:-- - -I very much regret that the information I can now send is far from -complete as regards the whole Dominion. Our committee on education -is not really in working order, only two members--both from Ontario -cities--having been appointed by “local councils,” so that I have -myself had to collect facts from the other provinces without having -local knowledge to guide me. In Canada educational matters are subject -entirely to provincial control, and the system differs in the various -provinces, so there is no Central Bureau of information at Ottawa. The -following statements may, I think, be relied upon as correct as far as -they go. - -1. _Nature-Study_ is taught to some extent in the public schools -all over Canada (I am not quite sure about Quebec, about which my -information is imperfect, but I believe it is probably true of that -province also). In Nova Scotia, which is a fairly representative -province in such matters, nature-study occupies a part of every day in -all the schools, and so far as my own observation goes, it seems to -be taught sensibly, and in a way to interest the children; they are -made familiar with the growth of plants, the habits of insects, the -appearance, songs, and migration of the different kinds of birds, etc., -and are encouraged in making simple nature-observation for themselves. -In the higher grades this teaching merges into more specifically -agricultural and scientific work. - -2. _School gardens_ are becoming more numerous throughout Canada; -Ontario probably takes the lead in this respect. Sir William Macdonald, -who is devoting very large sums to the development of the more -practical side of education, has inaugurated a number of school gardens -in Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and (I think) -British Columbia. - -As of possible interest in this connection, I may mention a plan -carried out by the Halifax Local Council of Women to encourage a love -of gardening among city children. Seeds of six hardy varieties of -flowers are bought wholesale in the spring, and sold through the school -teachers to children desiring them at cost price. Each child for six -cents (threepence) got a package containing small packages of the six -kinds of seed, and simple printed directions for sowing and caring for -them. An exhibition of flowers grown from these seeds was held in the -month of August, and prizes given for the best bouquets, and also for -“compositions” on the raising of flowers. Last year some 6,000 children -bought the seeds, and the exhibition of flowers was quite remarkable, -even the children from the poorer parts of the city having done -remarkably well. I am in hopes other “local councils” will follow us in -this work. - -3. _In regard to the status and prospects of professional women -gardeners in Canada_, I have been unable to get much information. -Few, if any women here, have deliberately chosen this calling as their -life’s work. It must be remembered that almost every woman _living -in the country_ in Canada, whether married or not, has to do a -large part, often all, of her own housework, servants of any kind -being, except in the towns, almost unobtainable--in the North-West -Provinces absolutely so; this renders it difficult for her to undertake -outdoor work that would occupy a great part of her time. I think all -gentlewomen thinking of settling in the rural parts of Canada should -fully realise the bearings of that most troublesome enigma, “the -servant problem,” which we have in its extremest form in this country. -Apart from this I should imagine that gardening, in the neighbourhood -of a good market, might be carried on by women with very satisfactory -results--some capital and good business ability being supposed. - -I do not think there would be at present many openings in Canada for -lady teachers of gardening, as such subjects as “nature-study,” etc., -are taught in the public schools by teachers of other subjects, and in -the private schools (which, though the wealthier parents send their -children to them, are generally inferior from a pedagogical point -of view to the public or free schools) nature-study is very little -attended to. - -A career for women that might offer inducements to some is that of -“orchardist,” which in Nova Scotia especially pays well, and is in many -ways agreeable. I know of many married women who assist their husbands -in the apple orchards, and at least one, a widow, I think, who owns and -manages a large orchard with great success; and there are probably many -others. Of course, capital is required, and some knowledge of local -conditions. - -4. _In regard to opportunities for the education of lady -gardeners_, I may say that in all agricultural and other colleges -supported by public money women are received and taught on precisely -the same terms as men. This includes the Agricultural College at Truro, -Nova Scotia, Prince of Wales College, Charlottetown, Prince Edward -Island (which has agricultural courses), the Agricultural College at -Guelph, Ontario, and the Macdonald College at St. Anne, Bellevue, -Quebec. The latter is said to be the most advanced and well-equipped -institution of its kind in America. - - - THE MACDONALD SCHOOL GARDENS - - The following information relative to the School Garden - movement is taken from a paper written by Mr. R. H. Cowley, and - originally published in the _Queen’s Quarterly_. - -In the spring of 1904 a group of school gardens went into operation in -each of the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia -and Prince Edward Island. These school gardens are associated with Sir -William C. Macdonald’s plans for the improvement of Canadian schools, -and they constitute a notable feature of the general scheme devised by -Professor James W. Robertson, director of the Macdonald educational -movement. - -At a meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, in 1890, a -paper on horticultural education for children was read by Mr. Henry -Lincoln Clapp, master of George Putnam School, Roxbury, Mass. At this -school a garden was established the following year as a result of the -interest awakened. This garden, which appears to have been the first -of its kind in the United States, was devoted exclusively to native -wild plants until 1901, when a vegetable plot was added. Here and there -within the past decade, and with various objects in view, the idea has -been employed by private citizens, charitable associations, commercial -firms, horticultural societies, and a few educational institutions, but -as yet the school garden has not become an organic feature of any state -system of education. - -In Canada the school garden idea has also received some recognition -prior to the Macdonald movement. For several years a very successful -and quite extensive garden for boys has been conducted at Broadview, -Toronto, by Captain Atkinson, of the Boys’ Brigade Institute. Here and -there throughout the Dominion, floriculture has been encouraged to some -extent in the elementary schools. Under the aggressive advocacy of Dr. -A. H. MacKay, Superintendent of Education, whose faith in all branches -of nature-study has been fully justified by his works, Nova Scotia -has taken a leading place in establishing school gardens. In 1903 -there were 52 school gardens in the province. Last July 79 in all were -reported. The special courses in agriculture and nature-study, recently -provided for teachers, has had a considerable influence in promoting -the school garden movement, though outside the Macdonald gardens few -are yet more than temporary efforts of the teacher for the time being. - -It is apparent that three leading motives underlie the origin and -growth of school gardens in Europe:--(1) to provide a convenient means -of supplementing the teachers’ income, thereby simplifying the problem -of maintaining the public school; (2) to promote a practical knowledge -of horticulture and agriculture, thereby increasing the national -prosperity; (3) to furnish means and material for the practical study -of botany as a desirable department of scientific knowledge. - -The vast majority of European school gardens look to utility. Of the -few that recognise the importance of the educational end, nearly -all stop short at the acquisition of a certain amount of scientific -information and the habit of careful observation. On the other -hand, the Macdonald School Gardens, while designed to encourage the -cultivation of the soil as an ideal life-work, are intended to promote -above all things else symmetrical education of the individual. They -do not aim at education to the exclusion of utility, but they seek -education through utility, and utility through education. The garden -is the means, the pupil is the end. The Macdonald School Gardens are -a factor in an educational movement, and for this reason Professor -Robertson sought to have them brought under the Education Department, -and not under the Department of Agriculture, in each province. The -fact that the various provinces already referred to have passed orders -in council incorporating the Macdonald School Gardens into their -educational systems at once places these school gardens on a broader -educational basis than that occupied by the school gardens of any other -state or country. - -The Ontario Government has provided special courses at Guelph to train -teachers in the practical educational aspects of this new work. An -initial grant of one hundred dollars, as well as an annual grant, is -offered to any rural school section establishing a school garden. -At Truro, and elsewhere in the Maritime Provinces, suitable courses -for teachers are also provided. In New Brunswick, annual grants of -thirty dollars to the Board of Trustees are given where a garden is -established at an elementary school. In Quebec, extensive preparations -for the training of teachers in the new lines of education are under -way. - -The Macdonald School Gardens not only have a recognised place in the -provincial systems of education, but they are attached to the ordinary -rural schools, owned by the school corporation and conducted under -the authority of the school trustees and the express approval of the -ratepayers. - -The work of the garden is recognised as a legitimate part of the school -programme, and it is already interwoven with a considerable part of -the other studies. The garden is becoming the outer classroom of -the school, and the plots are its blackboards. The garden is not an -innovation, or an excrescence, or an addendum, or a diversion. It is a -happy field of expression, an organic part of the school in which the -boys and girls work among growing things and grow themselves in body -and mind and spiritual outlook. - -The true relation of the garden to the school has been in good part -established by the travelling instructors whom Professor Robertson -appointed to supervise the work in each province. These instructors -were chosen as teachers of experience in rural schools, and were sent -for special preparation, at the expense of the Macdonald fund, to -Chicago, Cornell, Columbia, and Clark universities, and to the Ontario -Agricultural College, Guelph. - - - THE SCHOOL GARDENS OF CARLETON COUNTY, ONTARIO - -The county of Carleton was selected by Prof. Robertson for the -initiation of school gardens in Ontario, and the work that is being -carried on here is typical of what is being done in the other four -provinces. In all five gardens have been established under the -Macdonald fund in Carleton County. Two of these are placed at Carp -and Galetta, points on the Canada Atlantic Railway, distant twenty -and thirty-three miles respectively from Ottawa. A third is located -at Richmond, a small incorporated village in the heart of the county, -distant from the capital about twenty miles by stage. The remaining -gardens are situated at North Gower and Bowesville, the former about -twenty-five miles and the latter five miles from the city. As the five -schools at which these gardens have been established are from seven -to fifteen miles apart, the experiment is being brought fairly under -the scrutiny of the entire county. The garden at Richmond is within a -short distance of the grounds of the County Agricultural Society, and -will annually be open to the inspection of many hundred visitors to -the fair. Already the gardens have attracted much local attention, and -last autumn the products of the gardens won about a hundred dollars -in prizes, given both by the agricultural societies and by private -citizens who have taken a generous interest in this educational -experiment. - -After full discussion with trustees and ratepayers each garden was -established under the direct approval and control of the school board -concerned, and in harmony with the already existing regulations of the -Education Department, which provide in a general way for instruction -in agriculture and nature-study, and also for enlarging school -grounds. It is worthy of note that while the ratepayers interested -were not indifferent to the question of expense involved, they paid -special attention to the fact that they were being asked to take up an -experiment of a very novel nature which required a marked departure -from the beaten path of elementary school work. Thus the educational -aspects of school gardens were specially considered, the result being -that the people have taken up the enterprise with an open-minded -interest that has already carried the experiment far on the way to -success. - -The size of the gardens, including the usual school grounds, is in each -case two acres, excepting the garden at Richmond, which contains three -acres. Where additional land had to be acquired, the Macdonald fund -bore half the cost, as also the whole cost of fencing and preparing -the garden, erecting garden shed and providing the necessary tools, -etc. The cost of maintenance of the garden is likewise met by the -Macdonald fund for a period of three years. For the same period Sir -William Macdonald pays the salary of the travelling instructor, Mr. -J. W. Gibson, who visits each garden one day per week to assist the -teachers in directing the garden work of the pupils, to give lessons in -certain practical aspects of nature-study, and generally to encourage -the association of the garden work with the ordinary exercises of the -classrooms. - -One of the most useful accessories to the school garden is the garden -shed, which is used for storing tools and produce, and for carrying -on work not suited to the classroom, such as preparing tickets and -labels, analysing soils, assorting seeds, arranging plants, etc. The -average cost of the garden sheds is about seventy-five dollars. They -are of various shapes and sizes, according to the number of pupils -to be accommodated. A popular plan is that of a shed, ten feet by -twenty feet, with an extension on one side about five feet wide, and -finished as a greenhouse. This obviates the necessity of having special -hot-beds. The garden tools are disposed along the walls of the shed -in places numbered to accord with the numbering of the pupils’ plots. -Along one side of each shed is a bench or table of plain boards, -about eighteen inches wide, running close to the wall, along which -are several small windows giving abundant light to pupils engaged in -practical work. - -The chief tools and implements requisite to the school garden are hoes, -rakes, hand weeders, garden lines, one or two spades and shovels, a -wheelbarrow, hammer, saw, nails, etc. The pupils, as a rule, require -only hoes, rakes and hand weeders. Those pupils who are sufficiently -mature to work a plot by themselves, or along with a companion, can get -along very well with hoes and rakes of the average size. In one case, -where smaller tools were supplied, the pupils abandoned them after a -little practice for those of the standard size. - -While the plan of laying out the gardens varies according to soil, -surface and location, the arrangement of the Bowesville garden suggests -the general features that have been kept in view. These include a -belt of ornamental native trees and shrubs surrounding the grounds; -two walks, each about one hundred yards long, between rows of trees; -a playground about half an acre in area for boys; a lawn of about -a quarter of an acre for the girls, bordered with some light and -graceful shade, such as the cut-leaf birch; a small orchard, in which -are grown a few varieties of the fruit trees most profitable to the -district; a forest plot, in which the most important Canadian trees -will be grown from seed and by transplanting; a plot for cultivating -the wild herbs, vines and shrubs of the district; space for individual -plots and special experimental plots; an attractive approach to the -school, including open lawn, large flowering plants, foliage, rockery, -ornamental shrubs, etc. - -The special experimental plots are, as a rule, larger than the -individual plots. They are used for such purposes as the special study -of rotation of crops, values of fertilisers, effects of spraying, -selection of seeds, merits of soils, productiveness and quality of -different varieties of crops, and many other similar subjects. At one -school a special study was made of corn, clover, tomatoes, and cabbage; -at another beans, peas, beets, and potatoes occupied the experimental -plots; and at still another, some extra attention was given to plots -of pumpkins, squash, cabbage, and cauliflower. At all the gardens -special plots will be devoted to small fruits, such as strawberries, -raspberries, gooseberries, and currants. The experimental plots vary in -area from 200 to 2,000 square feet, but where the extent of ground is -restricted the experiments may be successfully carried out on plots of -a much smaller average size. - -The gardens are managed throughout on the basis of individual -ownership, individual effort and individual responsibility on the part -of the pupils. At all the gardens the pupils are given plots that are -solely their own. According to the age and strength of the pupils, -these plots vary in size from 72 square feet to 120 square feet. At -some schools each pupil has two plots, one for vegetables, etc., and -the other for flowers. In other cases the flowers and vegetables are -kept in different parts of the same plot. The former plan presents no -inconvenience, and is found to contribute to the general appearance -of the garden. At one of the school gardens the pupils’ plots were -uniformly 10 feet wide by 20 feet in length, each plot being worked in -partnership, a junior pupil working with a senior pupil in each case. -Though very good results were secured by this method, the instructor -considers the individual method preferable, and will pursue it in -future. - - - NOVA SCOTIA - - Nature-study is here taken very seriously. The following - extracts from a leaflet issued to every teacher in the province - by the Educational Department will show how thoroughly and - systematically the matter is dealt with. - - - LOCAL “NATURE” OBSERVATIONS - -This sheet is provided for the purpose of aiding teachers to interest -their pupils in observing the times of the regular procession of -natural phenomena each season. First, it may help the teacher in doing -some of the “Nature” lesson work of the Course of Study; secondly, -it may aid in procuring valuable information for the locality and -province. Two copies are provided for each teacher who wishes to -conduct such observations, _one_ to be preserved as the property -of the section for reference from year to year; the _other_ to be -sent in with the return to the inspector, who will transmit it to the -superintendent for examination and compilation. - -What is desired is to have recorded in these forms the dates of the -_first_ leafing, flowering and fruiting of plants and trees; the -_first_ appearance in the locality of birds migrating north in spring -or south in autumn, etc. While the objects specified here are given -so as to enable comparison to be made between the different sections -of the province, it is very desirable that other local phenomena of -a similar kind be recorded. Every locality has a _flora_, _fauna_, -_climate_, etc., more or less distinctly its own; and the more common -trees, shrubs, plants, crops, etc., are those which will be most -valuable from a local point of view in comparing the characters of a -series of seasons. - -Teachers will find it one of the most convenient means for the -stimulation of pupils in observing all natural phenomena when going -_to_ and _from_ the school, and some pupils radiate as far as two -miles from the schoolroom. The “nature-study” under these conditions -would thus be mainly undertaken at the most convenient time, without -encroaching on school time; while on the other hand it will tend to -break up the monotony of school travel, fill an idle and wearisome hour -with interest, and be one of the most valuable forms of educational -discipline. The eyes of a whole school daily passing over a whole -school section will let very little escape notice, especially if the -first observer of each annually recurring phenomenon receives credit -as the first observer of it for the year. The observations will be -accurate, as the facts must be demonstrated by the most undoubted -evidence, such as the bringing of the specimens to the school when -possible or necessary. - -To all observers the following most important, most essential -principles of recording are emphasised: Better _no date_, NO RECORD, -than a WRONG ONE or a DOUBTFUL one. Sports out of season due to very -local conditions not common to at least a small field, should not be -recorded except parenthetically. The date to be recorded for the -purposes of compilation with those of other localities should be the -_first_ of the _many_ of its kind following immediately after it. -For instance, a butterfly emerging from its chrysalis in a sheltered -cranny by a southern window in January would not be an indication of -the general climate, but of the peculiarly heated nook in which the -chrysalis was sheltered; nor would a flower in a semi-artificial, warm -shelter give the date required. When these sports out of season occur, -they might also be recorded, but within a parenthesis to indicate the -peculiarity of some of the conditions affecting their early appearance. - -These schedules should be sent in to the inspector with the annual -school returns in July, containing the observations made during the -whole school year and back as far as the preceding July (if possible), -when the schedule of the previous school year was necessarily completed -and sent in. - -A duplicate copy of the schedule of observations should be securely -attached to the school register for the year, so that the series of -annual observations may be preserved in each locality. The new register -has a page for such records. - -Remember to fill in carefully and distinctly the date, locality, and -other blanks at the head of the schedule on the next page; for if -either the date or the locality or the name of the responsible compiler -should be omitted the whole paper is worthless and cannot be bound up -for preservation in the volume of The Phenological Observations. - - -PHENOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, CANADA - -(1906 SCHEDULE) - -For the _year_ ending _July_, 190. - - Province ____________ County ______________ - - District ____________ locality or School Section - - ____________________________ No. ________ - -============================================================= - - [The estimated length and breadth of the locality - within which the following observations were made ______ × - ______ miles. Estimated distance from the sea-coast - ______ miles. Estimated altitude above the sea level - ______ feet. - - Slope or general exposure of the region _____________________ - General character of the soil and surface ___________________ - Proportion of forest and its character ______________________ - Does the region include lowlands or intervales? _____________ - and if so name the main river or stream ________________ Or - is it all substantially highlands? ________________________ - Any other peculiarity tending to affect vegetation? _________ - _____________________________________________________________ - - The most central Post Office of the locality or region ______ - - =================================================================== - NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE TEACHER OR OTHER COMPILER |WHEN | WHEN - OF THE OBSERVATIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR |FIRST | BECOMING - ACCURACY. |Seen. | Common. - _______________________________ | | - _________________________________ | | - --------------------------------------------------+------+--------- - WILD PLANTS, ETC.--NOMENCLATURE as in “Spotton” | | - or “Gray’s Manual.” | | - | | - Alder (Alnus incana), catkins shedding pollen | | - Aspen (Populus tremuloides), „ | | - Mayflower (Epigæa repens), flowering | | - Field Horsetail (Equisetum arvense), shedding | | - spores | | - Blood-root (Sanguinaria Canadensis), flowering | | - White Violet (Viola blanda), flowering | | - Etc., etc., etc. | | - | | - CULTIVATED PLANTS, ETC. | | - | | - Red Currant (Ribes rubrum), flowering | | - „ „ fruit ripe | | - Black Currant (Ribes nigrum), flowering | | - „ „ fruit ripe | | - Cherry (Prunus Cerasus), flowering | | - „ „ fruit ripe | | - Plum (Prunus domestica), flowering | | - Etc., etc., etc. | | - | | - FARMING OPERATIONS, ETC. | | - | | - Ploughing begun | | - Sowing begun | | - Planting of Potatoes begun | | - Shearing of Sheep | | - Hay Cutting | | - Grain Cutting | | - Potato Digging | | - | | - (METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA). | | - | | - Opening of (a) Rivers, (b) Lakes without currents | | - Last Snow (a) to whiten ground, (b) to fly in air | | - Last Spring Frost (a) “hard” (b) “hoar” | | - Water in Streams, Rivers, etc., (a) highest, (b) | | - lowest | | - First Autumn Frosts (a) “hoar” (b) “hard” | | - First Snow (a) to fly in air, (b) to whiten ground| | - Closing of (a) Lakes without currents, (b) Rivers | | - Number of Thunder-storms (with dates of each) | | - - Jan---------------, Feb---------------, Mar--------------- - - Apr---------------, May---------------, June-------------- - - July--------------, Aug---------------, Sept-------------- - - Oct---------------, Nov---------------, Dec--------------- - ===========================================+===========+=========== - |Going North|Going South - |or coming |or leaving - |in Spring. |in Fall. - -------------------------------------------+-----------+----------- - MIGRATION OF BIRDS, ETC. | | - | | - Wild Duck migrating | | - Wild Geese migrating | | - Song Sparrow (Melospiza fasciata) | | - American Robin (Turdus migratorius) | | - Slate-coloured Snow Bird (Junco hiemalis) | | - Spotted Sand Piper (Actitis macularia) | | - Meadow Lark (Sturnella magna) | | - Kingfisher (Ceryle Alcyon) | | - Etc., etc., etc. | | - ===========================================+===========+=========== - - - AUSTRALIA - - VICTORIA - - SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE IN RICHMOND PARK, MELBOURNE - -The site covers 33 acres of ground. In 1890 the Government decided to -start here an institution for the training of orchardists and small -settlers, and during the past eight years much has been done to provide -for teaching the regular and casual students, and those visitors -calling in search of special information. Classroom instruction is -given in horticultural science, vegetable pathology, botany, physical -and commercial geography, entomology; measuring, levelling, designing, -and plotting of homesteads, orchards, small farm and garden areas, -and the most approved methods of raising and managing fruit trees and -plants. Practical work includes the propagation and management of -orchard trees, citrons, table grapes, bush fruits; harvesting, storing, -packing, marketing, drying and canning fruit; vegetable culture; -clearing, grading, and trenching land; management of soils, manures, -drainage, and villa gardening. - -The principal and his assistant carry out this programme by affording -lessons daily in the classroom and field. In 1899 women students were -first admitted. They have for the most part devoted their attention to -the designing and making of villa gardens, vegetables and herb culture, -and the special cultivation of table grapes and lemons--branches -of commercial horticulture most suited to women. Previous to 1903 -instruction was free, but a fee of £5 per annum is now charged. There -is a steady advance in the number of students, and every indication of -the school doing generally helpful work in the service of the State. - -The school year extends from February to December. - - * * * * * - -The tabulated return on the following page of persons engaged in -agricultural pursuits in 1901 is of interest. Only those subjects -bearing reference specially to horticulture are mentioned. - -A lady near Melbourne has recently bought a place and laid out a -garden. There is about one acre of ground, and a five-roomed cottage -with various outhouses, etc. The whole cost about £400, and has since -increased in value. A telephone is attached, and a good many people -in Melbourne ring up when they want flowers. These are despatched -direct to the buyers by train, the station being only ten minutes’ -walk from the house. All the flowers are hardy ones. The work is done -by a gardener, who comes when wanted, and the rest is done by the -lady herself. There has not so far been much profit, as it has only -been started two years. As the garden is now well-established, it is -supposed it will pay well in August, September, October, and November, -which are the best months in Melbourne. - - -------------------+------------+------------+------------+------------ - _Persons | |_In Business| | - following |_Employers |on their own| _Receiving |_Relatives - Agricultural |of Labour._ |account, but| Salary or |assisting._ - Pursuits._ | |not | Wages._ | - | |employing | | - | | labour._ | | - -------------------+-----+------+-----+------+-----+------+-----+------ - |Males|F’m’es|Males|F’m’es|Males|F’m’es|Males|F’m’es - Market Gardeners | 859 | 19 |1,647| 32 |1,518| 9 | 576 | 132 - Fruit Growers } | | | | | | | | - Orchardists } | 493 | 44 | 868| 91 | 700| 43 | 465 | 172 - Hop, Cotton, Tea, }| | | | | | | | - Coffee Grower }| 10 | 2 | 7| -- | 48| 48 | 9 | 2 - Tobacco Grower | 10 | -- | 25| -- | 24| -- | 1 | -- - Vine Grower } | | | | | | | | - Vigneron } | 174 | 18 | 72| 8 |1,131| 6 | 86 | 39 - Horticulturist | 237 | 7 | 571| 17 |2,132| 7 | 107 | 39 - -------------------+-----+------+-----+-----+------+------+-----+------ - - - - NEW SOUTH WALES - -“We are a young community and also a small one, otherwise we should -have had at least a small college for lady gardeners ere now,” is the -answer that comes to my inquiry on the subject. I am told, however, -that there is fine scope for such a thing, and that the women of -New South Wales are quite ready for it. Up to now they have chiefly -confined themselves to bettering the conditions of labour in those -departments voluntarily sought by women, rather than to forming new -schemes. - - - TASMANIA - -Accounts which come to us of the possibilities of the successful -cultivation of fruits, trees and plants are all favourable. The -mildness of the winter and the great amount of sunshine cause very -rapid growth and production of fruit. Plants that will not survive an -English winter need no protection here. We learn, too, that the acreage -of gardens and orchards is steadily on the increase. - -There are so far no training schools for lady gardeners, and no posts -are held by them either in private gardens or market gardens. The -jam factories employ women, but these belong to the working classes. -Nothing definite can therefore be held out as to the future for lady -gardeners, beyond the certainty that the more directing heads we have, -superintending the development of these orchards and gardens, the more -successful they will be. - - [Illustration: THE MARCHIONESS OF SLIGO’S GARDEN, MOUNT BROWNE, - NEAR GUILDFORD. - - UNDER THE MANAGEMENT OF A LADY GARDENER. - - _Photograph by Pictorial Agency._] - - - - - CHAPTER XVIII - - TRAINING GROUNDS FOR MARKET GARDENERS. - - - Special opportunities are afforded to those who intend to - devote their attention to the study of market-garden work. I - am enabled, by the courtesy of the principals, to give the - following information concerning some successful market gardens - which are conducted by ladies, and where pupils are received. - This I have supplemented with details of such facilities as are - offered by public bodies for courses of instruction in the work. - - - THE VIOLET NURSERIES AT HENFIELD, SUSSEX. - - _Proprietors_: MISSES A. AND D. ALLEN-BROWN. - -The Violet Nurseries, instituted a few years ago in a small garden, -now extend over several acres, and are carried forward on practical -business lines. - -The Misses Allen-Brown, specialist violet growers, do the entire work -of the nurseries, with the assistance of a boy and of any pupils who -may be with them. - -Pupils are received on payment of five guineas premium for a year’s -tuition. The instruction given is entirely practical. Arrangements -are made to obtain rooms for pupils in the village, the charges being -(approximately) one guinea for a single room and board, and fifteen -shillings each for a room shared. - -The work of the year is, in general:--In spring, the taking of cuttings -and planting out; in summer, the tending of plants and cutting of -runners; in autumn, the lifting into frames, and the selling, packing -and despatching of plants and flowers; in winter, the picking of -blossoms and the tending of plants in frames. Of the four, spring is -the busiest and most instructive season for violet-growers, but it is -advisable that pupils should, if possible, remain in the nurseries for -the full year. - -The work is exceedingly healthy--above all other open-air -employments--owing to the fact that the smell of violets has medicinal -qualities. The pleasure of the work proves its ample reward, apart from -the pecuniary success, to all who give themselves to it, unreservedly, -with physical and mental vigour. - - Amongst ladies who are supervising, or themselves undertaking, - market gardens, are the following. They all write hopefully - about their work, but seem of one accord in thinking that it - is only by the combination of their brains and the work of a - labouring man that success ensues. - -MISS DORA GROOME, at Heath Nursery Gardens, Petersfield, has -the largest nursery garden in the neighbourhood, but only employs men. - -MISS A. CROSS, Cleveland, Bere Alston, Devon, writes that, -having been trained at Studley College, she has lately started a -nursery garden. At present the garden is only three-quarters of an -acre in extent, but it is proposed to add to it each year. It will be -eventually a fruit and asparagus market garden, supplemented by poultry -and milking goats. - -MISS BIRTELL and her sisters have a violet farm at the -Cottage, Shripney, near Bognor. They do all the work in connection with -the violets themselves, and also make the frames and glaze and paint -the lights. A labouring man does the rough digging. Miss Birtell has -two acres of land and about half of it is devoted only to the violets. - - - HOLLY BUSH NURSERY, CHESNUT LANE, AMERSHAM, BUCKS - -MISS M. AGAR and MISS M. G. HOLMES, directors of this garden, are -willing to take ladies as students in simple land surveying and plan -drawing. Terms for tuition are £2 2s. per week; and if students live at -the nursery, 30s. a week is charged for board and lodging. - -Gardening students will probably be admitted shortly, but the garden -has not been started long enough to take these at present. Miss Agar -is a garden designer. The following are particulars of her nursery -garden:-- - -The Nursery undertakes the laying out, stocking, and up-keep of -gardens, and provides seeds, bulbs, plants, shrubs, and all garden -requisites. - -Skilled gardening labour is supplied at 4s. a day. Yearly or monthly -contracts can be made. - -Advisory work is undertaken at a guinea for the first visit, and -half-a-guinea for subsequent visits; or two guineas a week with all -expenses. - -MISS A. BATESON, Bashley Nursery, New Milton, Hants, has a -most successful market garden, described on p. 73. She sometimes takes -students, and her terms are £40 premium for a year’s work without -residence; £100 per annum premium with board and residence. - -MISS DIXON, F.R.H.S., holding the Horticultural College, -Swanley, diploma, and 1st class Horticultural certificate, South -Kensington, assisted by MISS EVE, R.H.S., receives students -at Elmcroft Nursery, Westergate, Chichester, suitable rooms being -provided in the village. The house stands in two acres of ground, four -miles from Bognor, and six from Chichester. Both soil and climate are -good. There are 300 ft. of glass, in which are grown melons, cucumbers, -tomatoes, peaches, strawberries, forced rhubarb and seakale, early -vegetables, roses, chrysanthemums, bulbs, etc. Outside are grown roses, -sweet peas, violets, and other flowers; vegetables of all sorts, and -fruit. - -Poultry and ducks are kept, and there is also jam making and fruit -bottling. - -The produce is chiefly sent to Bognor, Chichester, and Manchester, and -private orders are supplied for weekly hampers of vegetables, eggs, and -cut flowers. - -A man is kept to help with the rough work. - - [Illustration: CAPTAIN COLTHURST VESEY’S GARDEN, LUCAN, IRELAND. - - FOR MANY YEARS HIS MOTHER, MRS. VESEY, HAS MADE THE GARDEN HER - PERSONAL INTEREST. - - _Photograph by Pictorial Agency._] - -In 1907 Miss Dixon obtained the R.H.S. Silver Medal for melons, -and second prize for fruit, flowers, and jam from the Women’s -Agricultural and Horticultural International Union. - - Although the following is not a school for instruction in - horticulture, I should like to mention it, as young ladies are - taught floral decoration and other matters, which may prove - of great use to them, if they wish to start job gardening or - decoration for themselves. - -The Women’s London Gardening Association, established in 1891, -undertakes floral decorations of all kinds. Cut flowers supplied -regularly by contract, and arranged if desired. Wreaths, crosses, -sprays, bouquets, baskets, dinner-tables, receptions, ballrooms, -platforms, weddings, etc. Table decorations are a speciality. Jobbing -gardening work is also done. Contracts are taken to keep in order, -and furnish, gardens, conservatories, window-boxes, balconies, -roof-gardens, etc., by the year or season. - -Advice is given on the management of country or suburban gardens at -reasonable fees. Lawns are sown and kept in order, gravel is supplied, -soils, fibre, sand, flowerpots, retail. Seeds, bulbs, etc. - -The above is under the management of Mrs. T. Chamberlain, and all -communications should be addressed to her at 107, Pimlico Road, -Chelsea, S.W. - -The nursery is in St. Ann’s Place, Milman Street, Chelsea, and the old -wells in it were once in Sir Thomas More’s garden. - -Mrs. Chamberlain takes one or two young ladies from time to time, as -apprentices or improvers to learn jobbing gardening, florist’s work, -or both if desired. Terms for improvers who have already had some -training, 10s. per week to start with. The terms for a course, £30. -The ladies find their own board and lodging. After three months, Mrs. -Chamberlain pays them 2s. 6d. per week, and after six months 5s. per -week. For the last quarter of their training, ladies receive 7s. 6d. -per week. Sometimes ladies are taken for four months, upon payment by -them of £10 10s. - -Should it prove desirable, they can, at the end of this time, pay a -further sum and remain a year. Pupils are expected to be ready to do -anything required, and are not allowed to pick and choose their work. - - The following extracts from the report of the - - - WOMEN’S INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL CLUB - - will serve to show the scope of its object and work. The club - has as its premises the Manor House, Bredon’s Norton, near - Tewkesbury, Worcestershire. - -There are few more beautiful spots in rural England than the little -village of Bredon’s Norton in Worcestershire, nestling as it does at -the base of the lofty Bredon Hill and overlooking the fertile valley -of the Severn. The club-house stands on a gentle eminence, and from -its broad terraces may be viewed some of the most lovely scenery in -England. Abruptly behind it rises the Bredon Beacon Hill, of which a -great poet wrote: - - “Twelve lovely counties saw the blaze - From Bredon’s lonely height.” - -The hill is crowned by the remains of a Roman encampment, thrown up, it -is said, during the wars of the Romans against Boadicea, the Queen of -the Iceni. - -The hopeless intellectual outlook of agricultural pursuits dissevered -from contact with the foremost thought and scientific experiments of -to-day has driven the enterprising progressive workers of both sexes -from the land to the towns. - -Miss Woodhull, of Norton Park, Bredon’s Norton, near Tewkesbury, who -has gone deeply into the agricultural problem, more especially the -great need for the extension of intensive culture, has retained a fine -old Elizabethan manor house on her estate, which she has renovated and -filled with beautiful old furniture for the club. - -Since the lighter branches of agriculture have taken such a prominent -place on the list of suitable occupations for women, there has been a -great demand for some place where the subjects could be studied for -short or long periods. Though short courses are held no college as yet -has filled this want. - -Where a large number of students are together it is necessary to have a -certain number of rules which compel them to lead the ordinary college -life. In many cases it is not convenient to do this, and so many a -woman who sometimes finds she has a week or two at her disposal and -would very much like to come to a place of this sort is debarred from -doing so. - -It is hoped this club will do much to solve the problem of what is to -be done with the healthy, energetic unmarried woman of the present -day, who has a little capital, and who wishes to live in the country, -instead of leading a narrow and restricted life in towns. In Bredon’s -Norton in a simple way she can live her own life, have congenial -employment, and at the same time add to her income without being cut -off from associating with people of her own standing, or debarred from -intellectual occupations, which is so often the result if an isolated -country life is led devoted entirely to agricultural pursuits. - -The result, so far, is satisfactory. The scheme is in its second -year, and has earned a right to its recognition by the public. Since -January, 1906, several cottages have been secured in the village, and -have been made suitable for gentlewomen to reside in. These have all -been taken by those who carry on whatever work they are interested in. -Some members have taken up half-acre plots, and among other things are -growing tomatoes in large quantities. - -The club is unique of its kind; while combining opportunities for the -higher intellectual pursuits and attracting those who have travelled -and read extensively, it enables those who wish to specialise in the -lighter branches of agriculture to carry out their work under the -following conditions: - -1. Members staying at the club will be able to take lessons in -gardening, dairy or poultry work, or bee-keeping, for long or short -periods. - -2. Members who have trained at any of the existing colleges can reside -at the club and rent small plots, from half an acre upwards, which will -enable them to make a start either in market gardening or otherwise -with very little outlay. - -3. A horticultural school is carried on in connection with the club. -The younger students under the necessary supervision will live in -separate houses. - -4. Members can attend the higher courses at Cheltenham Ladies’ College. - -5. Members who reside in the village or immediate neighbourhood can -obtain all meals at the club at a very moderate tariff. This is an -important item, as gentlewomen are often deterred from settling in the -country on account of the great difficulty of getting anyone to do the -necessary cooking and housework; by being able to obtain their meals -they are more or less independent of the servant question and manage -very well with occasional help. - -The library contains standard books of reference in the lighter -branches of agriculture, besides a wide range of other subjects, -together with the principal English and foreign magazines. - -An experienced secretary and typist is at the disposal of members. The -telephone is attached to the club; the principal houses and cottages in -the village are connected by telephone. - -The club house is situated 106 miles from London, 16 miles from -Gloucester, 14 miles from Worcester, 14 miles from Evesham, 11 miles -from Cheltenham, 11 miles from Malvern, 5 miles from Tewkesbury, and 5 -miles from Pershore. - - - TARIFF - -Resident members: breakfast, 1s.; dinner (middle day), 1s. 6d.; -afternoon tea, 6d. and 9d.; high tea, 1s.; plain late dinner, 2s. 6d.; -supper, 1s. 6d.; cocoa and cake, 3d. Rooms from 1s. 6d. per night. -Meals for non-resident members, permanently living in cottages, 15s. -per week. - - - LIST OF CHARGES - - VISITORS - -Terms per week, 2 guineas, to include: Breakfast, 1s.; dinner (middle -day), 1s. 6d.; afternoon tea, 6d.; supper, 1s. 6d.; room, 1s. 6d. Rooms -from 1s. 6d. per night. Meals for non-resident visitors as per charges -on tariff card. - - - WEEK-END VISITORS - -From middle day, Saturday, to middle day, Monday, 17s. 6d. (to include -breakfast, mid-day dinner, afternoon tea, and supper, also room). - -Arrangements can be made for boarding dogs. - - * * * * * - - The following scheme is in operation under the Department of - Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland. Any woman, - of whose qualifications the above department approves, is - eligible for the post of instructor under this scheme, which, by - permission, I am allowed to reproduce. It will be seen that - the actual appointment rests with the local authorities. - - Miss Lucy Douglas, in Cavan, is at present the only woman - gardener employed under it. - - [Illustration: ROSE GARDEN, DANNY, SUSSEX. - - THE ROSES ARE PRUNED AND ATTENDED TO BY MISS ALICE CAMPION. - - _Photograph by Pictorial Agency._] - - - SCHEME OF INSTRUCTION IN HORTICULTURE AND THE - MANAGEMENT OF BEES, 1907–8 - -1. The department are prepared, provided a suitable instructor in -horticulture and bee-keeping can be obtained, to approve of the -appointment of at least one such person for each county in Ireland. -In the case of new appointments no person shall be eligible for the -position of instructor in the county of which he is a native, or in -which he permanently resides. - -2. The department will, as far as possible, assist the county committee -in obtaining an instructor, by supplying the names of persons qualified -for the post. If a county committee should find it impossible to obtain -a person competent to give instruction in both branches the department -may sanction the employment of separate instructors for each subject. - -3. The remuneration of the instructor shall not, unless in exceptional -circumstances, exceed £2 per week, in addition to expenses of -locomotion, which include second or third-class railway fare, as -decided by the county committee, car hire when necessary, or a bicycle -allowance not exceeding 2d. per mile in lieu thereof. - -4. The employment of the instructor under this scheme shall not -continue beyond the 30th of September, 1908, and is terminable at any -time previous to that date by the giving of four weeks’ notice in -writing on either side. - -5. It will be the duty of the instructor to give demonstrations and, -if approved, to deliver lectures on horticultural subjects, such -as soils, manures, vegetable, fruit, and flower cultivation, plant -diseases, and insect pests--to visit gardens and orchards, and give -practical demonstrations on spraying, planting, pruning and grafting -of fruit trees--to conduct such experiments and other demonstrations -in the spring and summer as may be approved by the department--to -select suitable land for this purpose--to supervise the sowing of the -seeds and manures, and the keeping of the plots free from weeds--to -weigh the produce, tabulate the figures, and prepare a report on -the results--to give instruction in the principles and practice -of modern bee-keeping--to deal with diseases of bees, plants, and -trees--to advise farmers, cottagers, and others interested in land, -as to the planting of trees, etc., for shelter and ornament--to -reply to letters from those seeking his advice on horticultural and -bee-keeping subjects--to report to the department and to the county -committee on the progress of his work either weekly or otherwise, as -may be required; and generally to give his whole time to the work and -to do all in his power to further the interests of horticulture and -bee-keeping in the county. - -6. The instructor shall report to the county committee on all cases -of foul brood which may come under his notice. He may, subject to -the consent of the owner of the bees being previously obtained by -him, destroy infected stocks by burning them, and shall take all -due precautions against the spread of the disease. He must advise -in writing the county committee of each case in which stocks are so -destroyed, and the county committee may, if they think fit, pay to -the owners of such stocks a sum not exceeding 5s. for each stock -destroyed, provided that the amount set aside in the county scheme for -compensation under this clause shall not be exceeded. - -It will also be his duty to report to the county committee the names -and addresses of persons in the possession of gooseberry bushes on -which he has detected, or has reasonable grounds for suspecting the -existence of, American gooseberry mildew. - -7. For the purposes of this scheme the county should be divided into -circuits. The instructor should work for three or four weeks in each -circuit, and give lectures and demonstrations during that time. In -cases, however, where an instructor may be employed to give instruction -in bee-keeping only it will not be necessary to divide the county -into circuits. In such instances demonstrations can be arranged -for at centres from which applications have been made through the -secretary of the county committee for his services. The instructor will -visit gardens, orchards or apiaries in the district, and give such -information on practical subjects as the circumstances of the case may -suggest. - -The county committee are alone responsible for the selection of centres -for lectures and demonstrations. No work of this nature should be -undertaken by the instructor, though it is desirable that he should be -consulted. - -8. It will be the duty of the county committee to select centres at -which the lectures and demonstrations will be given, and to appoint at -each centre a local committee, with an honorary secretary, who should -select the school and arrange for the hiring, lighting, and warming of -the room in which the lectures will be delivered. - -In selecting centres the county committee should have particular regard -to districts in which lectures and demonstrations may not have been -given in previous years. - -It will also be the duty of the county committee to undertake the -responsibility of seeing that the instructor’s time is fully and -usefully employed. - -The county committee shall keep a separate account of all expenditure -under this scheme, and shall furnish detailed statements of such -expenditure as may from time to time be required by the department. - -9. Where it is considered desirable to arrange for lectures, the -lectures should be given in schoolrooms or other suitable public -rooms in the evenings, and should be held in rural centres. Towns and -the larger villages should be avoided, as experience has shown that -the greatest success attends those lectures which are given in the -rural parts of a county. The local committee at each centre should be -responsible for appointing a representative chairman for each lecture -as well as for the distribution of the short syllabus of the lectures -which will be prepared by the lecturer as soon as he is appointed. The -local committee should undertake to have posters and handbills, which -will be supplied by the secretary of the county committee, effectively -displayed and distributed throughout their district. Copies of these -posters and handbills should be forwarded to the department at least a -week prior to the commencement of each course of lectures. Each lecture -should be followed by a discussion, during which persons interested in -horticulture and bee-keeping will be invited to ask questions. Where -a course of lectures has already been given a new syllabus should be -presented. - -10. The county committee may purchase fruit, forest and other trees, -shrubs, or plants, in bulk, and resell them at cost price, including -carriage, to farmers, cottagers and other residents in the county. As, -however, it has come to the knowledge of the department that trees and -plants infested with disease have been imported into Ireland, it will -be necessary for county committees who intend to put this clause into -operation to invite from nurserymen tenders for the supply of trees, -etc., to be guaranteed free from disease, and before acceptance to -submit the tenders to the department for examination. The department -may, if they think it advisable, inspect the trees, etc., that are -offered for sale, and satisfy themselves that they are suitable and -free from disease. - -11. The horticultural demonstrations should commence early in autumn -and be continued throughout the whole year. - -12. In each circuit one demonstration plot may be provisionally -selected for the purpose of growing fruit, vegetables, and flowers, -and showing improved methods of cultivation, but no new plots shall be -selected in a county if a sufficient number of suitable plots have been -established in previous years. - -Before sanctioning the establishment of a new plot the department will -inspect the site with a view to determining the suitability of the -land, etc. - -(_a_) In counties in which a sufficient number of suitable plots -already exist the committee shall make provision for the continuance of -the plots at a cost not to exceed £1 5s. per plot. (See List A on p. -270.) - -All requisite labour must be given gratuitously by the owner of the -plot, who will be entitled to the produce. - -(_b_) In cases where it is necessary to establish new plots the -department will require compliance with the following regulations:-- - - (1) Plots must not exceed a quarter of an acre in extent, or - be less than one-eighth of an acre (quarter-acre plots are - recommended). - - (2) No new plot shall be established save at a convenient centre - adjacent to a main road. - - (3) Plots should be selected on sites which are properly fenced. - Should, however, any fencing be necessary, the materials (i.e., - a sufficient quantity of wire with wooden posts) may be supplied - by the committee, provided funds have been allocated for the - purpose in the county scheme; the fencing to be put up by the - owner of the plot at his own expense. In no case will the - department approve of expensive fencing and gates being supplied - by the county committee to a plot owner. - - (4) The aspect of each plot and the nature of the soil must - be suitable for fruit and vegetable growing. Necessary - improvements, such as drainage, must be carried out, and when - required farmyard manure must be supplied by the plot owner - without expense to the committee. - - (5) The owner of the plot must sign an undertaking to continue - the plot for three years. - - (6) The necessary labour must be given gratuitously by the - persons providing the plots--the produce to be their property. - -The cost of trees, etc., required for planting a new plot must not -exceed £3. (See List B on p. 271.) - -13. The department’s approval in writing must be obtained before any -expense is incurred in connection with the establishment of a plot, and -application for such approval must be accompanied in each case by a -detailed report from the instructor. - -14. No action shall be taken by the county committee towards putting -this scheme, or any part thereof, into operation until the sanction of -the department has been obtained in writing. - -15. In all matters of dispute relating to this scheme the decision of -the department shall be final. - - - LIST A - - LIST OF VEGETABLES, ETC., RECOMMENDED FOR A HORTICULTURAL - DEMONSTRATION PLOT (NOT EXCEEDING ONE-FOURTH ACRE) - ALREADY ESTABLISHED - - ESTIMATED COST ABOUT £1 5s. 0d. - - _Vegetables_ - - _Description._ _Quantity._ - Beans, Broad 1 qt. - Beans, French ½ pt. - Beans, Runner ½ pt. - Brussels Sprouts ½ oz. - Broccoli ½ oz. - Cabbage, Early 3 oz. - Cabbage, Savoy ½ oz. - Cauliflower ½ oz. - Carrot 2 oz. - Celery 100 plants. - Kale, Curly ½ oz. - Leek 1 oz. - Lettuce 1 oz. - Onion 3 oz. - Onion, Potato 1 st. - Parsnip 2 oz. - Parsley 1 oz. - Peas 3 qts. - Potatoes, Early (to be boxed) 4 st. - Potatoes, Late (to be boxed) 4 st. - Turnips 2 oz. - Vegetable Marrow 1 packet. - - _Flowers_ - - Candituft 1 packet each. - Canterbury Bells 1 „ - Larkspur 1 „ - Lupin 1 „ - Mignonette 1 „ - Nasturtium 1 „ - Sunflower 1 „ - Wallflower 1 „ - Sweet Pea 1 pt. - - _Artificial Manures_ - - Muriate of Potash 3 stone. - Nitrate of Soda 3 „ - Superphosphate 4 „ - - - LIST B - - LIST OF FRUIT TREES, PLANTS AND SEEDS, ETC., RECOMMENDED FOR - A NEW HORTICULTURAL DEMONSTRATION PLOT OF ONE-FOURTH - ACRE IN EXTENT - - ESTIMATED COST ABOUT £3 - - _Fruit_ - - _Description._ _Quantity._ - Apples, Bush on Paradise Stock 6 trees. - Pears, Bush on Quince Stock 2 „ - Plums, Bush 2 „ - Currants, Red 3 bushes. - Currants, White 3 „ - Currants, Black 6 „ - Gooseberries 12 „ - Raspberries 24 canes. - Strawberries 100 plants. - - _Vegetables_ - - Beans, Broad 1 qt. - Beans, French ½ pt. - Beans, Runner ½ pt. - Brussels Sprouts ½ oz. - Broccoli ½ oz. - Cabbage, Early 3 oz. - Cabbage, Savoy ½ oz. - Cauliflower ½ oz. - Carrot 2 oz. - Celery 100 plants. - Kale, Curly ½ oz. - Leek 1 oz. - Lettuce 1 oz. - Mint 3 plants. - Marjoram 3 „ - Onion (Autumn-sown) 100 „ - Onion 3 oz. - Onion, Potato 1 stone. - Parsnip 2 oz. - Parsley 1 oz. - Peas 3 qts. - Potatoes, Early (to be boxed) 4 st. - Potatoes, Late (to be boxed) 4 st. - Rhubarb 6 plants. - Sage 3 „ - Thyme 3 „ - Turnips 2 oz. - Vegetable Marrow 1 packet. - - _Flowers_ - - Candituft 1 packet. - Canterbury Bells 1 „ - Dahlias 2 plants. - Larkspur 1 packet. - Lupin 1 „ - Mignonette 1 „ - Nasturtium 1 „ - Roses 4 plants. - Sunflower 1 packet. - Wallflower 1 „ - Sweet Pea 1 pint. - - _Artificial Manures_ - - Muriate of Potash 3 st. - Nitrate of Soda 3 st. - Superphosphate 4 st. - - - - - APPENDIX - - USEFUL INFORMATION FOR LADY GARDENERS - - HINTS FOR LAYING OUT FLOWER BEDS - - -A Lady Gardener may have to arrange new ornamental flower beds, and -a few hints about pegging out the shape may be useful. It does not -always follow that a design for a formal flower plot works out as well -in reality as it does upon paper. In order to gain a good impression -of what their effect will be when finished they should be marked out -with pegs and _white_ tape or string tied round these to show the -outline of the future beds. That is, if ground that has already been -broken up is being dealt with. - -Should, however, a wide stretch of lawn have to be marked out in flower -beds, a capital plan is to draw the outline of them with a whitewash -brush upon the grass, in the same way that a lawn tennis court is -marked. Having ascertained that no improvement or alteration will be -necessary, work can then be commenced with the turf cutter. - -It is convenient, for drawing circular or other beds, to have a garden -_compass_. Should this not be handy, a couple of stout iron pins -and a length of rope will answer the purpose. - -The compass consists of a stout iron pin and a light, flat rod of wood -six to ten feet long, with holes drilled the whole length, one inch -apart. One end of the rod has a perfectly round ring, which will turn -easily on the pin. A second pin or rod about three feet long is needed -as a marker. - - [Illustration: FIG. 1] - -In making a circular bed (Fig. 1), the centre is first determined on, -and the stout pin is driven in through the ring. The marking pin is -then placed in the hole corresponding to the required radius. With it -the circle is drawn. - - [Illustration: FIG. 2] - - [Illustration: FIG. 3] - -When using a cord, instead of the wooden marking pin, it must be -stretched tight on the centre pin, and the radius measured along it -from the pin. The marker is then passed through the rope and bound in -place with a piece of twine or soft wire. Care should be taken, when -marking, that the rope rests either on the ground or parallel to it. - -A circular bed is the easiest of all to set out, but it is the -foundation of several others. The easiest are polygons of four, six, -and eight sides. To lay out a four-sided polygon (Fig. 2), equal a -square: Lay off the diagonal A B. Lay off C D at right angles to A B, -and join A D, D B, B C, C A. - -To lay out a six-sided bed (Fig. 3), equal a hexagon: From the centre -C draw a circle with radius C 1. Then from 1 with the same radius cut -the circle at 2, from 2 cut it at 3, and so on. Then join 1 2, 2 3, 3 -4, etc. To lay out an eight-sided bed, equal an octagon (Fig. 4): Draw -a circle, lay off the diameters A B, C D at right angles to each other. -Next bisect the four right angles at E F G H, and join A E, E C, C G, G -B, etc. - - [Illustration: FIG. 4] - - [Illustration: FIG. 5] - - [Illustration: FIG. 6] - -These three are the most usual figures, but it is easy to draw any -number of sides to your polygon you may require. - -First draw a circle, and lay off any diameter A B. Divide A B into as -many equal parts as you want sides (in Fig. 5 it is five, as that is -the most usual number required, but it may be seven or nine or any -other number). From A and B with radius A B describe the arcs cutting -each other at C. From C draw a line to figure 2 on the diagonal and -produce it till it cuts the circle at D. Then from D with radius A D -cut the circle at 2´, from 2´ cut it at 3´, and so on, and join 1´ 2´, -2´ 3´, 3´ 4´, 4´ 5´. - -With a circle, too, it is easy to lay out a star bed with four, six, or -eight points (Fig. 6), or a half moon. - -Rectangular beds are also most easily set out by means of a circle. - -In a diamond the line should bisect the diagonal. - -The only other shape in general use is an oval, and this is not built -up on the circle. First determine the length and breadth A B, C D -(Fig. 7). Bisect A B and make C D perpendicular to it at the point of -bisection O. From C with radius O A, cut A B in E F. These points are -the form of the oval. - - [Illustration: FIG. 7] - -Drive a stake in at E F and C, and put a cord round the three stakes. -Tie the ends together, and take out the stake at C, and keeping the -loop of cord taut, draw C B D A, which will be a perfect oval. - -The shape of the flower beds having been decided and cut out, attention -will not only have to be given to drainage, soil, and manure, but the -proper shape and building up of soil will have to be considered before -planting takes place. This is a matter rather insufficiently studied. -It varies according to the surrounding position, arrangement of the -garden and soil. - -In some herbaceous borders where height at the back of the border is an -advantage, it is well to build the soil up so:-- - - [Illustration] - -By this means tall flowers like hollyhocks, sunflowers, etc., have -additional height given to them. - -In formal beds, circular ones or others, the building up of the soil -takes place from the sides to the centre--so:-- - - [Illustration] - -In other long, narrow beds the appearance is so:-- - - [Illustration] - - I have to thank Miss J. S. Turner for many of the above - notes. - - -HOW TO MARK OUT A LAWN TENNIS COURT - -The following are the laws laid down by the Lawn Tennis Association for -the year 1907. - - [Illustration: SINGLE-HANDED COURT] - - [Illustration: FULL COURT] - -For the single-handed game, the court is 27 feet in width, and 78 feet -in length. It is divided across the middle by a net, the ends of which -are attached to the tops of two posts, which stand 3 feet outside the -court on each side. The height of the net is 3 feet 6 inches at the -posts, and 3 feet in the centre. At each end of the court, parallel -with the net, and at a distance of 39 feet from it, are drawn the -Base Lines, the extremities of which are connected by the Side Lines. -Half-way between the Side Lines, and parallel with them, is drawn the -Half-Court Line, dividing the space on each side of the net into two -equal parts, called the Right and Left Courts. On each side of the net, -at a distance of 21 feet from it, and parallel with it, are drawn the -Service Lines. The marking of the part of the Half-Court Line, between -the Service Lines and the Base Line, may be omitted, with the exception -of a small portion at the centre of each Base Line, as indicated in the -plans. - -The plan here given is not the most generally used, but it may be the -best adapted to the ground or to the requirements of the owner of the -garden. - -For the three-handed and four handed games, the court is 36 feet in -width. Within the Side-Lines, at a distance of 4¼ feet from them, -and parallel with them, are drawn the Service Side Lines. In other -respects, the court is similar to that which is described for a -single-handed game (Fig. 1). - -Fig. 2 is the plan most generally used in private grounds; it is usual -to continue the “Service Side Lines” as far as the Base-Lines, as shown -in the dotted line B in the plan. - -Keep the net loose from the posts when the ground is not used. For -instructions as to the rolling, mowing, and general treatment of lawns, -croquet and tennis courts, read Sutton’s “Management of Lawns.” - -The following is the best way of making a mixture for marking boundary -lines upon grass courts. Dissolve ordinary lump whitening in water, and -use it when it is about the consistency of cream. A tumbler of milk -or a small quantity of builders’ size, mixed with it, will preserve -the lines from being washed out and destroyed by rain. The mixture is -made in a pail or watering pot, and the tank of the marking machine -is filled from it. After using the washer, the whitening should be -emptied, and the tank washed, for if allowed to remain, it hardens -and has to be broken up. - - [Illustration: PLAN OF CROQUET LAWN] - - - HOW TO LAY OUT A CROQUET GROUND - -The following regulations are those laid down in 1907, and are -authorised by the Croquet Association. - -The ground shall be rectangular, 35 yards in length by 28 yards in -width, with a defined boundary. A flag shall be placed at each corner, -and corner spots, 3 feet from both boundaries, shall be accurately -defined. - -Points on the boundary, 3 feet from each corner flag, shall be marked -by white pegs, not exceeding ¾ inch in diameter, and 3 inches above -the ground. - -The above is for a full-sized ground, but for smaller ones any multiple -of 5 × 4 is correct. - -The _hoops_ shall be of round iron, not less than ½ inch, and not more -than ¾ inch in diameter, and shall stand 12 inches out of the ground, -and be firmly fixed. The crown shall be straight, and at right angles -to the uprights, which shall be not less than 3¾ inches, or more than 4 -inches apart (inside measurement) from the ground upwards. - -The turning and the winning pegs shall be of wood, a uniform diameter -above the ground of 1½ inches. They shall stand 18 inches above the -ground. - -The setting of the hoops and pegs shall be in accordance with the -diagram given. Permission for publishing this has kindly been given by -Messrs. John Jaques & Son, 102, Hatton Garden, London. - -Measurements:--Pegs in centre line of ground, 7 yards from the nearest -boundary; hoops up centre line of ground, 7 yards from peg and 7 yards -apart; corner hoops, 7 yards from centre line and 7 yards from the -nearest boundaries. - -It is important in lifting the hoops for rolling and mowing, to fill up -the holes with a mixture of fine dry earth and sand before replacing -the hoops. By this means they are kept rigid and upright. - -When the croquet season is over the hoops are put away and painted -during the winter. - -The best way to do this is to rub the hoops down well with fine -sandpaper, and repaint them with good oil colour. Use it thin, and put -on two or three coats. It is preferable to one thick coat. - - * * * * * - -The following notes may be useful to ladies who are seeking posts:-- - - - THE CENTRAL BUREAU FOR THE EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN, - - 9, SOUTHAMPTON STREET, HIGH HOLBORN, W.C. - - (2nd Floor) - -Two minutes from British Museum, Central London Railway; two minutes -from Piccadilly and Brompton Railway, Holborn Station. - - Telegrams: “Einheit.” Telephone: 4858 Central. - _Chairman_: THE MARCHIONESS OF SALISBURY - _Vice-Chairman_: MRS. W. E. HAITLAND - _Hon. Treasurer_: H. JOHN FALK, ESQ. - _Secretary_: MISS M. G. SPENCER - - - OBJECTS OF THE CENTRAL BUREAU - -1. To prevent unemployment, and the evils resulting therefrom. - -2. To help women, especially those of good education, to help -themselves, by guiding them into suitable permanent work. - -3. To promote the training of the unprepared, and thus raise the -general standard of efficiency. - -4. To maintain records of women desiring employment, and of employers -having vacancies. - -5. To collect and circulate information as to various occupations. - -6. To study and record the fluctuations of demand and supply in various -occupations. - -7. To publish advertisement lists, newspapers, and other printed -matter, by which the purposes of the society may be advanced. - -8. To promote and co-operate with other bureaus and societies having -objects wholly or partly similar. - -_Nature of the Work._--The work of the Central Bureau consists -largely in counteracting those evils of social prejudice and defective -training which have hitherto prevented many women of the educated class -from being able to earn their own livelihood. It therefore includes -not only what is ordinarily understood to be the work of an employment -registry, but also the more laborious and less immediately remunerative -business of investigating possible openings for employment, promoting -sound schemes for apprenticeship and training, and so advising and -helping women as to enable them to make their services of genuine -value to the community. Did space permit, it would be possible to -give a long list of those women who have been enabled, through -guidance received at the bureau, to fill satisfactorily positions of -considerable responsibility and importance. By a carefully considered -system of indexing and tabulation, the Central Bureau is able to make -the results of its work available for the purposes of the statistician -and the economic inquirer. The advantages of this system have been -recognised by the committees of other women’s employment bureaus, which -have now, with few exceptions, adopted the same method of tabulation. -But while endeavouring to introduce improvements in method, the council -of the Central Bureau are far from losing sight of the individual -needs of each employer and applicant for work, realising that upon the -full comprehension of individual circumstances the success of the work -depends. - - - REGISTRY FEES FOR APPLICANTS - - (_Those for employers seem unnecessary for our purpose here_) - -Registration, covering a period of three months, 1s. 6d; Suiting fees, -permanent posts on salaries not exceeding 10s. per week, non-resident, -2s. 6d.; resident, 5s.; not exceeding 15s. per week, non-resident, 3s. -9d.; resident, 7s. 6d.: not exceeding 20s. per week, non-resident, -5s.; resident, 10s.: not exceeding 30s. per week, non-resident, 7s. -6d.; resident, 15s.; not exceeding 40s. per week, non-resident, -10s.; resident, 20s.--being half per cent. on first year’s salary, -non-resident; and one per cent. on first year’s salary, resident. -Temporary posts not exceeding three months, one per cent. on salary -for the term, but not _less_ than 2s. 6d. Temporary post not -exceeding one week, 1s. 6d. Suiting fees in every case are payable -on engagement. Hours of interviews, 11.30 to 1, and 2.30 to 4.30, -excepting Monday mornings and Saturdays. In order to save time, callers -are asked to write for appointments. Fees for consultation, 6d. and 1s. - -_Publications._--The Central Bureau publishes _Women’s -Employment_ (price 1d., post free, 1½d.). The issue of this -publication, which appears on the first Friday in the month, contains -articles on employment subjects, written by experts, together with -advertisements, and information as to training. Intermediate lists -of vacant situations and _workers_ disengaged are published -fortnightly at the same price. _Women’s Employment_ (including -the intermediate Lists) may also be obtained from the Secretary of the -Central Bureau on payment of 3s. per annum. The Central Bureau has also -published a pamphlet entitled the _Finger Post_ (price 1s. 6d.), -containing 70 articles, written by experts, on professions for educated -women. - - * * * * * - - - WOMEN’S INSTITUTE, - - 92, VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, S.W. - -Here, information is given of every kind upon social subjects, training -for professions, board, education, etc. A member is entitled to have -six questions a year answered free; non-members pay a small fee. -Recreations of various sorts are also given, and three programmes are -issued yearly of lectures, conferences, debates, social and musical -afternoons and evenings. The library is well provided with books on -subjects of interest to women, and on sociology. - -The institute was founded in 1897, in the hope, which has already been -fulfilled, that it might be able to provide something of the nature -of a central office or “clearing house” of the various departments of -woman’s work which are now scattered over the whole field of English -social life. It is no part of the aim of the institute itself to take -up any department of work in competition with existing societies, much -less to interfere in any way with their management. Its object is -rather to make the work of existing societies better known, through -its Information Bureau, through the circulation of literature, through -meetings and conferences held within its walls, and lastly, by bringing -the workers in one department into touch with those in another, by -means of frequent social gatherings. - - - WHAT THE INSTITUTE OFFERS TO INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS - -The social side of the institute has been organised with the double -object:-- - - 1. Of bringing workers into friendly communication. - - 2. Of offering to isolated workers some of the recreation to - which all workers are entitled. - - - SOME OF THE FEATURES ARE:-- - - 1. A weekly “At Home” held by the executive committee. - - 2. Lectures and debates. - - 3. A musical society. - - 4. An art society. - - 5. A recreation department. - - 6. A circulating library of special books. - - 7. A voluntary workers’ association for philanthropic work. - -It is not desired that women should join the institute in the -expectation that it should be a direct means of enabling them to -obtain work, but a register is kept of members’ requirements, and the -institute co-operates with the Central Bureau for the Employment of -Women in the interests of its own members. - - - CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP - -Men, as well as women, are eligible for membership. - -Agreement to abide by and be subject to the rules and bye-laws of the -institute for the time being in force. - -Terms for general members (men and women): Annual subscription, £1 -1s. Terms for American, Colonial and Foreign members (men and women): -Annual subscription, 10s. 6d. Office hours: 10 to 6, except Saturdays, -when the institute is open 10 to 1. - -The institute is closed on Bank Holidays and for one month at the end -of summer. - - * * * * * - -Those who are strangers in London and are doubtful where to stay while -they are seeking for posts may be glad to know of the following: - - - BRABAZON HOUSE, LTD. - - Hopkinson House, 88, Vauxhall Bridge Road, S.W. - Brabazon House, Moreton Street, S.W. - -Single rooms, with use of sitting-rooms, piano, and papers, 7s. 6d. to -18s. 6d. a week; double rooms, 12s. to 18s. 6d. a week; cubicles, 5s., -5s. 6d., 6s., 6s. 6d., and 7s. - -Ladies are expected to provide their own soap, towels, toilet covers, -and serviettes. Each lady is required to give two references. By the -night: room, 2s. to 3s.; cubicle, 1s. 6d. By the meal: breakfast, 6d.; -lunch, 9d.; tea, 4d.; dinner, 1s. Hours of meals: breakfast, 7.45 to -8.45 a.m.; lunch, 1 p.m.; tea, 4.30 p.m.; dinner, 7.30 p.m. Sundays: -breakfast, 8.45 to 9.30 a.m.; dinner, 1.30 p.m.; tea, 5 p.m.; supper, -8.45 p.m. Tariff: breakfast and late dinner with full meals on Sundays, -8s. 6d. per week; lunch and afternoon tea provided if required; full -board (by the week), 10s. 6d. A reduction will be made to those unable -to be present at all the dinners. - -_Managing Director and Secretary_: MISS LINDSEY. - - - PRINTED BY - CASSELL AND COMPANY, LIMITED, LA BELLE SAUVAGE, - LONDON, E.C. - - -Transcriber’s Notes: - -1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been -corrected silently. - -2. Where hyphenation is in doubt, it has been retained as in the -original. - -3. Superscripts are represented using the caret character, e.g. -D^r. or X^{xx}. - -4. 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- font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - - </style> - </head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Gardening for women, by Frances Wolseley</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Gardening for women</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Frances Wolseley</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: January 4, 2023 [eBook #69705]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Charlene Taylor, Karin Spence and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GARDENING FOR WOMEN ***</div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="frontis" style="max-width: 430px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/frontis.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">A PUPIL IN WORKING COSTUME, SCHOOL FOR LADY GARDENERS, -GLYNDE, SUSSEX.</p> - <p class="p0 center sm"><i>Photograph by Pictorial Agency.</i></p> - </div> - - -<h1>GARDENING FOR<br /> -WOMEN</h1> - -<p class="center p2 xs">BY</p> - -<p class="center lg">THE HON. FRANCES WOLSELEY</p> - -<p class="center xs">PRINCIPAL OF THE GLYNDE SCHOOL FOR LADY -GARDENERS IN SUSSEX</p> - - -<p class="center p4 sm"><i>WITH THIRTY-TWO ILLUSTRATIONS</i></p> - - -<p class="center p4">CASSELL AND COMPANY, LIMITED</p> - -<p class="center p-min"><span class="smcap">London, Paris, New York, Toronto and Melbourne</span><br /> -1908</p> - -<p class="center xs p6">ALL RIGHTS RESERVED</p> - - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2>CONTENTS</h2> -</div> - -<table summary="pictures" class="smaller"> - <tr> - <td class="header" colspan="2">PART I</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header1" colspan="2">CHAPTER I</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <th></th> - <th class="pag">PAGE</th> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht1">Gardening as a Profession for Women</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header1" colspan="2">CHAPTER II</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht1">The Training Required</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header1" colspan="2">CHAPTER III</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht1">Landscape Gardening</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header1" colspan="2">CHAPTER IV</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht1">Jobbing Gardening and Floral Decoration</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header1" colspan="2">CHAPTER V</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht1">The Teaching of Nature-Study</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header1" colspan="2">CHAPTER VI</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht1">Some Hints upon Taking Up a Post as Head Gardener</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header1" colspan="2">CHAPTER VII</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht1">Dress for Lady Gardeners</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header1" colspan="2">CHAPTER VIII</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht1">Cottage and Food</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header1" colspan="2">CHAPTER IX</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht1">Market Gardening</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header1" colspan="2">CHAPTER X</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht1">The Medical Aspect of Gardening for Women</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header1" colspan="2">CHAPTER XI</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht1">Women Gardeners for South Africa</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header1" colspan="2">CHAPTER XII</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht1">Italian Pot Gardens: A Suggestion</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header1" colspan="2">CHAPTER XIII</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht1">For Those who Hesitate to Employ Lady Gardeners</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header" colspan="2">PART II</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header1" colspan="2">CHAPTER XIV</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht1">Colleges and Schools for Lady Gardeners in Great Britain</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header1" colspan="2">CHAPTER XV</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht1">Continental Schools and Colleges</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header1" colspan="2">CHAPTER XVI</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht1">Schools and Colleges in America</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header1" colspan="2">CHAPTER XVII</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht1">Gardening and Nature-Study in Canada and Australia</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header1" colspan="2">CHAPTER XVIII</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht1">Training Grounds for Market Gardeners</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header1" colspan="2">APPENDIX</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht1">Useful Information for Lady Gardeners</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></td> - </tr> - -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> -</div> - -<table summary="illos" class="smaller" style="max-width: 50em"> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th class="pag">TO FACE PAGE</th> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">A Pupil in Working Costume, School for Lady Gardeners, Glynde, Sussex</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#frontis"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">The “Walled Garden” at the House of Field-Marshal Viscount Wolseley, K.P.</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing004">4</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Model by Miss A. C. Sewell of a Children’s Garden, exhibited at the Whitechapel -Country in Town Exhibition</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing012">12</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">The Hanging Gardens, Ratton Park, Sussex</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing020">20</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">A Page from a Boy’s “Nature-Study” Sketch Book</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#image030">30</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">The Countess Bathurst’s Garden, Pinbury, near Cirencester</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing036">36</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">The Yew Tree Avenue, known as “the Nun’s Walk,” in the Countess -Bathurst’s Garden, Pinbury, near Cirencester</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing044">44</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Miss E. Douglas in her Greenhouse at Shedfield Grange, Botley, Hants</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing048">48</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Miss Hester Perrin at Work in her Brother’s Garden at Fortfield -House, Terenure, Co. Dublin</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing054">54</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">In the Garden at Fortfield House, Terenure, Co. Dublin</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing060">60</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">In the Garden at Fortfield House, Terenure, Co. Dublin</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing064">64</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Boxing Bulbs for Forcing at Miss Bateman’s Market Garden, -Bashley Nursery, New Milton, Hants</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing074">74</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">The Ruins Gardens, Slougham Place, Sussex</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing086">86</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">The Yews at Hutton John, Cumberland</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing092">92</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">An Italian Pot Garden</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing102">102</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Italian Orange Pots and Oil Jars</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing104">104</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">The Ruins, Ratton Park, Sussex</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing110">110</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">The Cottage, School of Lady Gardeners, Glynde, Sussex</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing118">118</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Gathering Roses for Pot Pourri, School of Lady Gardeners, Glynde, Sussex</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing120">120</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">“Potting”: Students at Work, Reading University</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing126">126</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">At Work in the Vinery, Studley College for Lady Gardeners</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing136">136</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Preparing the Frames at Studley College for Lady Gardeners</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing140">140</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Students at the School of Pomology and Horticulture, Marienfelde, -near Berlin</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing166">166</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">School for Lady Gardeners, Holtenau, near Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing188">188</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Students at Hastum School, Norway</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing200">200</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Students at Work at the Agdatorp School of Gardening, Sweden</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing202">202</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Students at Work at the Espenäs School for Lady Gardeners, Sweden</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing206">206</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Avenue leading to “Lowthorpe,” Croton, Massachusetts, Mrs. Low’s -School for Lady Gardeners</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing220">220</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Southern Entrance to “Lowthorpe,” Croton, Massachusetts, -Mrs. Low’s School for Lady Gardeners</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing222">222</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">The Marchioness of Sligo’s Garden, Mount Browne, near Guildford</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing252">252</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Captain Colthurst Vesey’s Garden, Lucan, Ireland</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing256">256</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Rose Garden, Danny, Sussex</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#facing262">262</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">[ix]</span></p> - -<h2>INTRODUCTION</h2> -</div> - - -<p>How often it is that Fate places us amongst people whose characters, -pursuits, and tastes we do not know! We hesitate how best to melt that -barrier of icy reserve and shyness behind which we English remain -frozen. How can we speedily break through the reserve which rises up -between us and the stranger near us? There is at least one subject of -conversation which usually calls forth a response—it is gardening.</p> - -<p>Whether our neighbour be politician, soldier, architect, or painter, he -will surely listen with interest to the mention of a garden. He will -tell us of some newly-discovered plant, a flower show that he went to -see, or he will expatiate upon the beauties of South African bulbs. We -may be sure that if he himself is no gardener, he has someone dear to -him who is a lover of flowers. After a hard day’s work in the City, he -will gladly turn his thoughts to the peace and quiet of a walled-in -country garden, where the hum of bees<span class="pagenum" id="Page_x">[x]</span> and the scent of sweet briar or -rosemary bring happiness and contentment.</p> - -<p>It is the same with country people, who live in our quiet English -villages that are as yet unspoilt by the dust of motors and the noise -of holiday-makers. A little chat over the garden wall in the cool -of evening, about the luxuriant growth of the peas, the beauty of -madonna lilies gleaming white against the dark timber of the cottage, -or the special size of this year’s roses, will often make a lasting -friendship. No make-believe pastime is gardening with them; it is their -true recreation. Their lives have been passed amidst fields, trees, -beautiful hedgerows, and consequently they look upon these objects as -friends. Surely this love of Nature is wholesome both to body and mind, -and greatly to be encouraged by all who wish for the well-being of -England and her Colonies.</p> - -<p>Are we not shown the vast importance of keeping our rural population -away from towns? Do we not thus endeavour with every means in our power -to improve the cultivation of our land? County Council lectures, flower -shows, cottage-garden competitions, Nature-study courses, training -colleges are provided for this purpose. But, perhaps, the surest -way of all is to make our boys and girls fond of bee-keeping, fruit -growing, gardening and all other industries of country life. It<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xi">[xi]</span> is -with them that future success lies, and by teaching them to tend small -gardens of their own, and compete for prizes in tidiness and artistic -arrangement of flower plots, we shall continue a love for the country -in future generations. To keep them away from the gloom, squalor, and -temptations of large towns is what we all wish to achieve. Well-tilled, -wisely-worked farms, orchards, gardens, bring us prosperity; but we -gain a love of Nature, too, from contact with such things. This must -soften people. It brings us nearer God.</p> - - <div class="poetry-container"> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="ileft">“A garden is a lovesome thing, God wot!</div> - <div>Rose plot,</div> - <div>Fringed pool,</div> - <div>Ferned grot—</div> - <div>The veriest school</div> - <div>Of peace; and yet the fool</div> - <div>Contends that God is not—</div> - <div>Not God! in gardens! when the eve is cool?</div> - <div>Nay, but I have a sign;</div> - <div>’Tis very sure God walks in mine.”<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> From “My Garden,” one of the collected poems of T. E. -Brown. By kind permission of Messrs. Macmillan and Co.</p> - -</div> - -<p>It is not alone amongst our village people that we hope for steady -development in the cultivation of our soil. They unconsciously -assimilate much from what they see carried out in the vicarage garden, -the manor-house orchard, and the large<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xii">[xii]</span> park. These must set the -example both in tidiness, artistic arrangement, and well-grown produce. -Education in taste, as well as scientific knowledge, is required -for the heads of these gardens. We know that in Japan gardening and -flower arrangement have attained wonderful perfection. There it is -necessary to learn for seven years before a requisite amount of skill -is acquired. Not only are artistic effects studied, but flowers are -used as modes of expression. Different colours and combinations convey -distinct meanings.</p> - -<p>Surely we Western races should also look upon a garden as of the same -artistic value as a beautiful picture, or a many-coloured, skilfully -wrought piece of embroidery? In short, so ancient a craft should be -as intelligently and carefully studied as any Fine Art. A garden is -a living picture. The painter having found a subject, studies each -detail. Surroundings, background, the position it should occupy upon -the canvas, what portion is to be accurately depicted, which objects -are to be omitted or only faintly indicated: all these points are -considered before he takes up his brush. A gardener must do likewise. -Sometimes, when ground is not yet laid out, he must do more. He then -has to think some years ahead and imagine what this bare piece of -meadow will be when plants have grown in it. The lay of the land, the -character<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiii">[xiii]</span> of the soil, the relation of the house with the garden—all -have to be weighed before planting is commenced. Therefore, our -gardeners must be artists as well as successful cultivators of plants.</p> - -<p>True gardening gives scope for much sympathy and feeling. There is -a soft repose in grey and pale pink. An arbour with such colouring -invites thoughtfulness, quiet contemplation; whereas orange or bright -yellow may, in some sad moments, be obtrusive, or jar upon our -feelings. A brilliant bed of scarlet poppies, if put in the right -natural surroundings, are gay with <i>joie de vivre</i>, whilst gentle -pansies appear to look with melting human kindness as they raise their -little faces appealingly towards us. Good effects have been gained -by planting large, bold clumps of Pampas grass in empty spaces. The -situation must be very carefully selected or it is apt to strike a -discord. In the solemn graveyard it soothes; the waving plumes seem to -bow down in sympathy with the mourners.</p> - -<p>A real artist gardener not only has aptitude for placing right lines, -and forming rich, telling colour effects, but he also understands -the personality of flowers, the sentiments of colours and scent. A -painter’s instinct tells him where the varied colours of a mixed border -are allowable, and how elsewhere<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiv">[xiv]</span> a touch of strong, brilliant colour -is wanted to lead again to a shaded path of mystery.</p> - -<p>In order to successfully accomplish this Fine Art gardening, which we -in England are now ambitious to have, artistic, well-educated, refined -head gardeners are needed. From our Colonies, too, comes a cry for -skilled and well-instructed “heads.” There they have plenty of hands to -do mechanical work, numbers of “coolies” to do menial jobs, but they -want more intelligent directors and guides to industry. Again, in our -schools, we require for the children those who sympathise with school -garden work and Nature-study.</p> - -<p>These, then, are the ambitions of lady gardeners. They do not wish to -supplant able, clever men head-gardeners, nor even to compete with -them. They do desire, however, to assist as far as their strength -allows, by lending intelligence, good taste, refinement, towards -securing better cultivation of our great country. What they lack -in physical strength they endeavour to compensate by other equally -important, yet softer, womanly qualities.</p> - -<p>This book has two objects in view. It hopes, by means of practical -advice—in fact, by some it may be considered somewhat Spartan -counsel—to draw attention to what is required of lady gardeners. The -other aim is to show employers what<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xv">[xv]</span> would be gained by appointing -them; at the same time to disarm any mistaken illusion which may have -arisen that ladies wish to supplant men gardeners. They merely intend -to supplement and increase the good work which men are doing for our -land.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[1]</span></p> - -<p class="xl center">GARDENING FOR WOMEN</p> -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="xl center">Part I</p> -</div> - -<h2>CHAPTER I<br /> -<span class="subhed">GARDENING AS A PROFESSION FOR WOMEN</span></h2> - -<p>Daughters of many professional men are obliged to earn a living. It -often happens that the head of the family, after years of hard work, -has to retire owing either to illness or age. His pension is a small -one, and it becomes necessary for his daughters, as well as his sons, -to make a career for themselves. They have been accustomed, perhaps, -to a comfortable home, with a considerable number of luxuries, and the -question as to the best method of earning a living must necessarily be -a difficult one. In this connection it is, I hope, pardonable to quote -a passage from Mrs. Creighton’s recent article upon women’s education, -which created great interest among those concerned with the welfare of -young women. She wrote:—“It is tolerably well agreed what<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[2]</span> men should -be; but social conditions which produce a preponderance of the female -population and make it impossible for some women, however much they may -desire it, to be married, are inconvenient and disturbing to the views -of most men.</p> - -<p>“The existence of women who, whether they like it or not, are bound to -work for their livelihood, is, as a rule, only unwillingly recognised -as an exception; the existence of women who claim to have a life of -their own is still more upsetting to all ideas of a well-constituted -universe.”</p> - -<p>A somewhat mistaken idea is sometimes held that women who are obliged -to follow a definite career are less likely to marry than their sisters -who remain at home in quiet surroundings. It is often found, however, -that of the daughters, say, of a country clergyman living in some -remote corner of England, it is those out in the world as secretaries, -companions, or gardeners who do marry. Not only has a wider sphere of -life brought them friends, but their knowledge of the world has taught -them how to keep them. They have larger interests, broader views, and -are therefore happier than their sisters, who remain at home in village -surroundings. They should, too, be better helpmates to men leading -active lives. If they are sensible, wise, good women, they should not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[3]</span> -lose by contact with people of different types any of that gentleness -and softness which are the chief attractions of a woman.</p> - -<p>The choice of a career depends largely upon the character and bringing -up of a girl. Unless she is fond of out-of-door life, however, she -must not think of becoming a gardener, and she will probably find that -her parents look somewhat critically upon this profession. They have -an uncomfortable feeling that the head of a private garden is only a -kind of servant, and in market, jobbing, or landscape gardening they -see a life of constant digging and delving; a struggle to compete with -the strength of a working man. The disadvantages—many days of rain -and wind, early rising, disagreeable menial jobs—all assume larger -proportions to them than the benefits that are to be derived. Parents -are perfectly right to point out all these drawbacks to their daughter. -They should be fully realised and weighed before she embarks upon such -a career. Professional gardening is no child’s play. It means at least -three years of diligent study and hard work before any considerable -remuneration can be sought.</p> - -<p>Let the girl who is leaving college carefully view all sides of the -question, and, above all, let her wait until she is twenty before she -takes any decisive step. Having reached years of discretion,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[4]</span> and -being full grown and strong in health, the advantages of a gardener’s -life will probably attract her. If, during her childhood, she has had -the care of a plot of ground in the home garden, or has had bees or -poultry under her charge, it will be pain and grief to her to leave -these pursuits and live in the confinement of a town. The thought of -a stuffy London typewriting office, and the long, dark evenings in -cheap lodgings, will be repulsive to her. She will miss the wide, -open stretches of sky, the coming and going of the seasons. How she -will long for a sight of cowslips in the meadows and the fresh, sweet -scent of gorse. Perhaps, if she is a governess or companion, she may -live in the country and have all these pleasures, but will she fully -relish them if she has no freedom? Her evenings may possibly not be her -own, and during the day, too, she will have to accommodate her wishes -to those of others. The well-known lines of Richard Jefferies will -constantly recur to her, and she will see the wisdom of them. “Let us -be always out of doors among trees and grass and rain and wind and sun. -Let us get out of these indoor, narrow, modern days, whose twelve hours -somehow have become shortened, into the sunlight and the pure wind. A -something that the ancients called divine can be found and felt there -still.”</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing004" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing004.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">THE “WALLED GARDEN” AT THE HOUSE OF F.M. VISCOUNT WOLSELEY, K.P.</p> - <p class="p0 center xs">THE ROSES WERE PLANTED AND PRUNED BY THE LADY GARDENERS.</p> - <p class="p0 center sm"><i>Photograph by Pictorial Agency</i>.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[5]</span></p> - -<p>The profession of gardening offers a considerable amount of freedom, -the refining influence of poetry and beauty, contact with intelligent, -interesting people, and health and happiness to body and mind. These, -to an active, out-of-door, young woman are very great advantages. -Then, too, there are different branches of the profession, so that a -selection is possible as to which best suits her talents. Should she -be fond of teaching, she can hold classes in Nature Study or botany; -if she has taste and talent for drawing, she can take up landscape -gardening. With a small amount of capital to invest, she may start a -market garden, with every prospect of success.</p> - -<p>There are, too, the higher branches of horticulture, such -as the treatment of rare greenhouse plants, hybridisation, -cross-fertilisation, and the handling of orchids. All these intensely -interesting, intellectual matters require such dainty skill, so much -thought, that there is no doubt whatever they are suited to ladies. -Many who practise in these branches employ women to execute the minute -operations that are so often entailed, because their light touch is -better adapted to the purpose than the heavy hand of a man. Few women -have up to the present studied long enough to surpass men in these -matters, but there is a certain future<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[6]</span> for them in such work if they -persevere in study.</p> - -<p>It must be borne in mind that horticulture is still a comparatively -new profession for women, and that unless those who enter it strive -to give full time and application to learning its details they cannot -hope to be successful. Some few failures have occurred already, much -to the regret of all keenly interested onlookers. These have been -caused by anxiety to earn something before proficient knowledge had -been acquired. It is the same, I believe, in all new professions; and -it is only now, after many years of striving, that women have attained -success as sick nurses, secretaries, and teachers. The first who went -into the arena made mistakes, and possibly paved the way for their -successors, who noted the causes of failure, and mended their ways. Let -us hope that this will be the case in horticulture, for there is no -reason why women should not succeed in it. Moreover, we have already -some brilliant examples of success. Those who are thinking of taking it -up should spare no pains to gain a complete education, for only then, -when they are themselves worth something, can they expect remuneration.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[7]</span></p> - -<h2>CHAPTER II<br /> -<span class="subhed">THE TRAINING REQUIRED</span></h2></div> - -<p>There are various ways of obtaining the necessary training to be a lady -gardener. Both at home and abroad numerous colleges and schools exist -where young women are well instructed in all branches of Horticulture. -A college course is necessary, but if a girl is not more than twenty -years of age (and it is advisable that she should not be much younger -when she commences her training) it will help her to be apprenticed for -a year or two first in a private garden. Should she prefer, it will be -better still to spend two years at a small school where instruction -is more individual and personal than in a large college. Here the -students are few in number, and carefully selected, and it is possible -to learn in the same way that the working man learned, when he began -as a garden boy. The pupil will be ordered to do menial jobs, such as -turning manure, wheeling refuse, sweeping leaves, or mowing a lawn. -This comparative drudgery must<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[8]</span> be gone through in order to understand -how to direct others. Even wheeling a barrow full of soil and washing -out pots is interesting if the heart be in the profession and there is -the wish to succeed.</p> - -<p>In a private garden or small school, too, it will be possible to follow -the ultimate use the pots are put to, after they are washed, and the -reason for each operation will be more easily made apparent than is -the case in a large college, where lectures and theoretical classes -are sometimes put before practice. When there is a large number of -students, too, it is impossible that all should take part in each -operation. Personal interest in the garden is apt to be lost sight of, -and teaching becomes a “demonstration,” where the expert does the work, -and the students look on. They cannot thus learn in the only thorough -way, by working themselves.</p> - -<p>In a college course, hours are often suited to the requirements of -expert lecturers, and students are apt to ignore the fixed hours of -work observed in a private garden. I have known students to whom it -never occurred that it might not be agreeable to the family to hear the -sound of raking on a gravel path outside the breakfast room, and who -were unconscious of its being an offence against garden etiquette for -them to shout remarks to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[9]</span> fellow students across the flower beds. Then, -too, fixed school holidays, which are necessary in large communities, -sometimes interfere with the possibility of seeing certain operations -performed.</p> - -<p>I therefore strongly advocate a course of manual work, like that of the -garden boy, as an introduction to more serious training. This routine -work will enable the pupil to understand college lectures, when the -time comes to attend them. Theoretic teaching can then be applied to -the treatment of soil and plants.</p> - -<p>Not possessed of the strength and facility for manual work of a man, -the girl student must make up for this deficiency by intelligent -reasoning. She should follow closely in the footsteps of science, -and have a reason for each operation. What is heard in the chemistry -laboratory has to be applied in practice in the garden. When the dismal -herbaceous border, upon which so much money has been spent, is seen, -the cause of failure will be known. After all the talk, trouble and -expense, why does it lack colour? Surely some ingredient in the soil is -missing—dress it with lime, put more manure or leaf mould, as the case -may be.</p> - -<p>I believe that some people imagine that a lady gardener is intended -always to remain at work amongst the swept-up leaves and garden<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[10]</span> -refuse! But if her intelligence is not sufficient to make her soar -speedily beyond the powers of a £1 a week man gardener, she had better -take up other work, for she certainly cannot compete with him in -physical strength.</p> - -<p>A course of study for two or three years, such as I have described, is -certainly not too lengthy. Each plant, shrub, tree, goes through the -same phases once in each year. Although these processes are repeated -year after year, they may be subjected to variations of weather and -temperature. Different treatment is probably necessary each year. Time -only can show this. Books teach much and so also do lectures, but only -when supplemented by practical experience, will they make a competent -gardener.</p> - -<p>The intending girl-gardener should make up her mind from the beginning -that she must spend money on a three years’ course of training. It -should be taken in the way that best suits the individual case; there -need never be regret for the money spent upon it. It is only by skill -and knowledge that employment will eventually be secured.</p> - -<p>Therefore the beginner should do some practical work in a garden, and -cram botany, chemistry, and physics into her head. When she has a free -day, or if other opportunity occurs, visits<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[11]</span> should be made to other -gardens. Then it will be possible to learn the names and habits of new -plants, and, by studying a different treatment of them, the powers of -observation will be increased.</p> - -<p>After college training an effort should be made to get a subordinate -paid post, for whatever branch of Horticulture it is decided to -specialise in. No attempt should be made to superintend a large garden -until, as they say of children, the student has learned “to feel her -feet.”</p> - -<p>I propose to give a short account of the different branches available -from which a selection can be made. It will be convenient to divide -them into two classes:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>A. Which require training and education only:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>I.—Landscape Gardening.</p> - -<p>II.—Jobbing Gardening.</p> - -<p>III.—Head gardener in a private garden.</p> -</div> - -<p>B. Which requires capital as well as training and education:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Market Gardening.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[12]</span></p> - -<h2>CHAPTER III<br /> -<span class="subhed">LANDSCAPE GARDENING</span></h2></div> - -<p>This wide field of study is one which women are well suited to, -provided they have brains and good taste. In order to be really -successful, imagination is required, as well as other qualities that -are needed by an ordinary head gardener. No amount of study or training -can adapt an inartistic woman to this profession, but given artistic -feeling, the power of conveying her ideas to her employers and to -those working for her, great possibilities are within reach. Many -fail, perhaps, by a headstrong desire to carry out their own plans; -they do not regard sufficiently the views and wishes of those for whom -they work. A considerable amount of tact is necessary, in order to -obtain the confidence of the owner of the garden. Having ascertained -his requirements, and made these the centre of the scheme, the -woman-gardener’s imagination should help to fill in all details.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing012" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing012.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">MODEL BY MISS A. C. SEWELL OF A CHILDREN’S GARDEN, -EXHIBITED AT THE WHITECHAPEL COUNTRY IN TOWN EXHIBITION.</p> - <p class="p0 center xs">ILLUSTRATION OF WHAT CAN BE SHOWN OF A GARDEN BY MEANS OF A MODEL.</p> - <p class="p0 center sm"><i>Photograph by Clarke and Hyde.</i></p> - </div> - -<p>I assume that the candidate for such a position has had a good general -education, and is well <span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[13]</span>grounded in botany and botanical geography. -It is necessary that she should be able to draw, and a knowledge of -simple plane geometry and geometrical drawing is essential. She must -be able to make a sketch plan showing the proposed alterations with -their measurements. In some cases, where the employer is not himself a -draughtsman or does not read a ground plan easily, the lady gardener -may find it useful to have recourse to a different system for conveying -her meaning to him.</p> - -<p>I have seen a rough model made in cardboard to represent the house, -and real soil used to surround it, with little twigs placed here and -there in imitation of trees or hedges. This is a somewhat childish -means of experimenting upon future alterations, but in cases where -the owner is undecided or unable completely to grasp the effect which -will be attained by moving soil, or planting trees, the model may be -exceedingly useful. The soil can be so easily shifted from side to side -with the hands, a tree planted here, a dividing hedge placed there, -until the desired effect is attained. Then, too, it may convey well to -the contractor (who possibly undertakes the whole alteration) the exact -amount of labour that he will have to expend.</p> - -<p>Another way of conveying ideas for proposed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[14]</span> alterations is by means -of a “prophetic drawing.” That is to say, if a rose arbour is to be -made, a sketch, with finished details of what it should look like two -years hence, when the roses have climbed to the summit of the pergola, -may influence the owner in his decision to put the matter in hand. It -is important that all these methods of conveying intentions should be -studied.</p> - -<p>A slight acquaintance with geology will be useful in forming rock work. -Most of these subjects, together with surveying, can be learnt at a -Municipal School, but the more thoroughly they are acquired the better.</p> - -<p>Methodical habits are essential. So many women, compelled to earn a -living, fail in this. They do not note expenses carefully; they are -not business-like in rendering an account of wages paid out; and they -do not trouble to obtain estimates of work to be done. The education -of women is much at fault in these respects, but certainly, until this -lack of business qualities is replaced by methodical ways, we shall be -considered the reverse of helpful.</p> - -<p>It will greatly assist the young gardener if visits are paid to many -gardens, both private ones as well as market gardens. Small cottage -gardens or wayside hedgerows should not be despised; much can be learnt -by looking at<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[15]</span> both. The plants that are natural to the climate and -soil are at once detected in this way, and knowledge is obtained as to -what will most speedily lend itself to an effect of foliage or colour. -Often, the chance arrangement of a large mass of gypsophila with bright -coloured nasturtiums interwoven with its feathery flowers, or pansies -springing up between an old paved path, may give ideas for a large -garden. The “Traveller’s Joy,” and blackberries, that grow so rampantly -on chalk, will make a pergola look clothed before a rarer plant could -grow three feet up it.</p> - -<p>If possible, a trip abroad should be taken; it would give fresh ideas, -if the fields of mauve autumn crocuses in France, or the terraces and -vineyards of Italy, could be seen. There are so many different ways -of building pergolas, training creepers, and tying vines to posts. If -we adopt some of these foreign styles in England it gives a touch of -Italy to our tame English gardens. Copious notes should be made of all -that is seen, and the knowledge thus acquired can be readily applied to -designs for gardens here.</p> - -<p>All books on landscape gardening, new and old, must be studied; many -old-fashioned plans of mazes and beds can so easily be used or adapted -to modern grounds, and with some knowledge of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[16]</span> architecture, it will be -easy to place the right design near a house.</p> - -<p>All gardens must be chiefly considered with a view to improving the -appearance of the house. This must be the starting point and first -consideration. Planting specimen trees and lovely plants is of -secondary moment. No school or college can teach good taste; some -people will learn it instinctively, others will never acquire it. With -constant observation and copious notes, artistic feeling in gardening -may certainly be increased. It will be helpful to know the habits, mode -of growth, etc., of trees, shrubs, and garden plants. Their time of -flowering, and appearance, are more important matters for consideration -than the actual ability to grow them. A head gardener can cultivate -them, when the broad effects of colour have been planned and decided -upon.</p> - -<p>As much knowledge as possible must be gained concerning soils, manures, -road making, draining, pond making, levelling, embanking, and there -must be the ability roughly to calculate the cost of such operations. -By apprenticeship, or by going to watch someone who is making large -and extensive alterations, much can be learnt. Facility is acquired in -estimating the time that is taken in carting soil, or loading manure, -by watching a large staff of men at work; experience can thus<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[17]</span> be -gained as to the best method to map out work. It is so essential to -save labour and untidiness. A job that has to be done twice over is -distressing to all concerned. The organisation of work can only be -arrived at by planning out each detail beforehand, and orders can at -once be given as to where the excavated soil is to be placed so that it -may, at a future time, be handy for a further development of the plan.</p> - -<p>We are considering this branch of gardening as one that may be gone in -for without capital. When the training is completed it will be best to -advertise for work. The terms for paying a preliminary visit and giving -general advice should be stated. After this, should an understanding -with an employer be arrived at, the further charges will depend upon -the way in which the work has to be carried out. Perhaps it may only -be necessary to pay an occasional visit to the scene of operations -and see how the head gardener is executing his orders. In this case a -guinea or more a visit would be the remuneration. It may answer the -purpose better to obtain the services of a local contractor, and having -explained the whole plan carefully to him, let him quote a price for -the fulfilment of the contract. The fees would then be so much per -cent. upon the total.</p> - -<p>Under all circumstances it will be necessary to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[18]</span> deal tactfully with -the men who do the work. The ideal way of carrying out landscape -gardening would be to have a staff of permanent workmen, who would -accompany the landscape gardener to the various gardens, and carry out -her directions. How much more quickly things would often go, if she had -her own men to rely upon. As this, however, means capital, it should -not be considered here, and stress can only be laid upon the necessity -for making orders concise and clear, and studying the characters of the -various workpeople, so as to succeed in obtaining the largest value -possible out of their services. The power of interesting them in their -work is a useful adjunct. Often a friendly word, or placing some slight -responsibility upon a workman, will double the amount he tries to do.</p> - -<p>At first it will be difficult to obtain work. Any successful -plans that are carried out gratis for friends are sure to lead to -further employment, and each good thing achieved will bring other -opportunities. Should there still be time on hand, perhaps an architect -may be found who is willing to secure the help of a well-trained garden -designer.</p> - -<p>No fixed rules for obtaining employment can be laid down. Ambition -and keen desire to get on will steer best to the right channel for -seeking work. Several municipal authorities are willing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[19]</span> to employ -women as landscape gardeners. Should it be possible for women to make a -success of private garden designs, it would surely help towards their -appointment to larger spheres of landscape garden work. The laying out -of parks, squares, and garden cities could be handed over to them, and -what a large source of interest this would be.</p> - -<p>It is unfortunate that we in England attach so little importance to -the study of forestry. In none of our agricultural colleges is it -taught in the same thorough way as in Germany. A great future might -be open to a lady who studied this subject. It might be possible to -induce a consulting forester in England, Scotland, or, better still, in -Germany, to take a pupil. This subject, if fully mastered, would be of -the greatest use in carrying out large alterations in public parks or -private grounds.</p> - -<p>To any lady with a love of nature, the possession of taste, and -possibly the wish to improve and add to the beauty of our English -country homes, this branch of gardening will greatly appeal. What a -pleasurable sensation it is to see a lovely picture growing daily more -like the plan that was roughly sketched out. How satisfactory to watch -the building up of that stately terrace beneath the house, which puts -the finishing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[20]</span> touch to the beauty of the building itself. Without a -terrace, the house would appear insignificant and poor—now it seems -to have grown in dignity and stateliness. What pleasant days, too, can -be spent in noting the happy results of garden-making, such as we see -in the great yew trees of Levens, the grand Avenues of Le Nôtre, at -Versailles, or the clever grouping of trees in many an English park. -Here we, who come some two hundred years after, reap the full benefit -of what then had the appearance only of a flat field dotted with stiff -little baby trees. We can follow the old plans and ideas, but by using -quicker growing materials it is possible to develop a picture under our -eyes.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing020" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing020.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">THE HANGING GARDENS, RATTON PARK, SUSSEX.</p> - <p class="p0 center xs">LAID OUT BY THE HON. MRS. FREEMAN-THOMAS.</p> - <p class="p0 center sm"><i>Photograph by Pictorial Agency.</i></p> - </div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[21]</span></p> - -<h2>CHAPTER IV<br /> -<span class="subhed">JOBBING GARDENING AND FLORAL DECORATION</span></h2></div> - -<p>Often, as we drive through London suburbs, we see remains of some -former stately Georgian house. Perhaps, a hundred and fifty years ago, -when it was built, it stood isolated, with only a quiet country village -near by. In the gardens were hedges of rosemary and lavender, fruitful -pear trees were trained upon high walls, a slender little lady in a -flowered brocade made sweet pot pourri with pink rose leaves. All that -now remains of the garden is a small Adams summer house, built up into -the wall, having a quaint shaped Dutch roof. A charming outlook it was -when “My Lady” watched for “My Lord” riding home from London. All that -now brings to us a touch of romance is the undisturbed yew hedge and a -few box-edged formal beds. The garden has been divided off into villa -plots.</p> - -<p>Everywhere these villas spring up. We see long roads of them in each -suburb; in seaside<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[22]</span> towns, watering places, and golfing centres we -find them too. Each house has a garden, which is not necessarily large -enough to supply the family with vegetables, but usually a small, level -lawn is contrived for tennis or croquet; and a small portion near -the road is kept gay with flowers. It is amusing, as we walk along, -to compare taste in gardening at Clarence House with that displayed -next door at Highclere Villa; to note how preferable is the natural -arrangement of well-grown tea-roses in one, to the star-shaped beds of -stiff geraniums in another.</p> - -<p>Who looks after these small gardens? Often an uneducated working -man, whose chief idea is to keep them tidy. This is commendable, but -tidiness is not the only pleasurable feature of a garden. To plan -successful combinations of colour really brings happiness, to have -means of tending little bits of tender, precious plants, gifts of -friends, is what contents us. It would help many owners of such gardens -to hand them over to the care of a lady. The size of the piece of -ground is not too much for her to look after, the work is not arduous. -In fact, she can limit her work to a given number of days a week, or -even half days.</p> - -<p>This kind of jobbing gardening, although well paid, would only content -those who are obliged<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[23]</span> to live at home and require some light garden -work, after their course of training is completed. It is remunerative, -very little responsibility is entailed, and, to a certain extent, it is -possible to combine it with home duties. The interest of it need not -be restricted to the actual manual labour of mowing and rolling the -small lawn and planting out seedlings. A small greenhouse is perhaps -attached, and pleasant social intercourse may be had, if the owner is -also interested in gardening.</p> - -<p>To those who are ambitious for a wider scope to their capacity, this -kind of jobbing gardening will be insufficient. If they have a little -capital and some experience, it will well repay them to start a small -nursery garden and not only supply labour for these villa gardens, but -also sell plants to them. Some business capacity is necessary, but if, -in addition, strong, healthy plants are raised, there is no limit to -the possibilities of such a business. Should friends combine in such -an undertaking, it can be worked without assistance from working men. -If, however, as is very likely to occur, the staff of lady assistants -is called upon to give advice in laying out small gardens, arranging -plants in window boxes, decorating rooms for concerts, dances, etc., -men would have to be employed to do the heavy work. The planning,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[24]</span> -organising, and directing is what ladies should excel in.</p> - -<p>By procuring large instalments of bulbs, raising quantities of -perennials from seed, keeping up a plentiful supply of bedding-out -plants on their own land, a satisfactory effect can be produced in many -villa gardens at comparatively small cost. For a fixed sum per annum -the jobbing gardener could undertake to keep in good order, plant and -tend all in each small garden. It is easily estimated that this kind -of work becomes, after the first outlay, exceedingly remunerative -and interesting. There is employment for old and young, strong -and delicate; a happy combination of interests and tastes is what -should perhaps be most sought for by the staff of ladies in such an -enterprise. Secretarial work, planning tempting price lists, would fall -to the lot of one, whilst landscape gardening would belong to another.</p> - -<p>In all branches of horticulture the remuneration to be obtained by -a lady should not be less than that earned by a man. She is indeed -entitled to receive even more than a man head gardener, as compensation -for her superior taste and good education. The particulars which I am -able to give of Mrs. Chamberlain’s work on p. 257 show how large a -sphere can be covered by jobbing gardening, and in Miss Agar’s account -(p. 253)<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[25]</span> will be found particulars of the remuneration that can be -usually claimed by a lady expert.</p> - -<p>Floral decoration may be combined with jobbing gardening, or it may be -undertaken apart from any other interests.</p> - -<p>All will agree that the work of arranging flowers is undoubtedly -suited to ladies. It needs good taste, an eye for colour, lightness of -touch and great patience. These qualities are possessed by most young -gentlewomen, but if they are not natural to them, practice will, as a -rule, teach sufficient for the execution of the mechanical part of the -work. The preliminary stage of training is perhaps least tempting, for -it involves long, tiring hours, spent in a hot, unrestful florist’s -shop. It will be found best to serve an apprenticeship in this way -for some months. Possibly the people met there are not very obliging -or polished; often work has to be done under extreme pressure, as -many orders have to be ready at the same moment, and the freshness of -flowers has to be greatly considered. Bouquets, dinner-tables, all have -to be postponed until the last safe moment. Consequently there remains -but little time for enjoyment of completed work, and there is very -scant appreciation. Work which has to be hurried is seldom pleasing. -Being chiefly mechanical, however, it rapidly becomes easier to carry -out the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[26]</span> different orders, and then real enjoyment begins. The business -becomes interesting to the novice when she is sufficiently trusted to -exert her imagination, and make suggestions as to blending different -flowers and foliage. From the moment when she comes into contact with -those who give the order, that best incentive, personal interest, is -aroused. As in the case of jobbing gardening, it is possible for a girl -to live at home and yet have floral decoration as a daytime interest. -This, too, is a saving.</p> - -<p>The premium for acquiring experience is a heavy one. It varies -according to the position and reputation of the florist’s shop, but it -is never less than £15, and it often reaches £50. During the first year -it is not usual to obtain a salary. There are exceptions to this rule, -as will be seen on p. 257, in the account of the Women’s Gardening -Association.</p> - -<p>Only those who have tried it know what tiring work flower arrangement -is, and only strong, able-bodied girls should contemplate such -a profession. Success, as in all undertakings, comes after long -perseverance and patience. The ideal method of carrying on this -business is to have a nursery garden and raise suitable flowers in it -to supply one’s own shop. It is then merely necessary to superintend, -and give general ideas as to arrangement.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[27]</span></p> - -<p>With thorough business habits and very good taste, there is no saying -what sum might not be realised by a woman in this direction. Like -millinery or dressmaking, it needs a combination of qualities, and is -essentially a woman’s art.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[28]</span></p> - -<h2>CHAPTER V<br /> -<span class="subhed">THE TEACHING OF NATURE-STUDY</span></h2></div> - -<p>When, at Christmas time, we search the shelves of a London book shop, -to find fresh “Golliwog” adventures or new fairy tales, are we not -struck by the importance given to another class of child’s book? “The -Fairchild Family,” “Struwelpeter,” Hans Andersen’s tales, books that we -were brought up upon, are superseded by a totally new kind. Anything -relating to living things, birds, mammals, plants, wild flowers, -fruit, is what we now give our children. In short, nature-study, and -everything connected with it, is the fashion. It forms not only an -important part of education, but it also is recreation. Possibly we -encourage it as a reversion from over-much science and book-learning, -which is apt to produce a somewhat unhealthy, overstrained, nervous -condition. The philosophy of the “Simple Life,” which is preached so -much, is a reaction from these abnormal conditions to the natural, -healthy order of existence.</p> - -<p>Up to now, we stand only upon the threshold<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[29]</span> of these new ideas, we -hardly realise the wealth and meaning of this new philosophy. We only -know that a still greater use is in store for it, and that, through -it, greater happiness will ensue for us. The right application of -nature study and all that it embraces, to the education of children, -is one of the most important developments of our day. All those who -are ambitious for the prosperity of our future England should give -very careful consideration to these matters. More and more we learn -that the first endeavour of a school is to teach people to live. This -new study tends to connect school teaching with life at home. By means -of such schooling, our children acquire from earliest days habits -of observation. They appreciate all wonders and beauties of natural -objects around them. Lovely wild flowers on our downs, many grasses in -our meadows, clouds, stars, all become real friends.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="image030" style="max-width: 433px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/image030.jpg" - alt="" /> - -<p><i>Obs:</i></p> -<p><i>the wild clematis.</i></p> -<p><span style="margin-left: 5.5em"><i>Ther: reg. 70½°.</i></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><i>July 12<sup>th</sup></i></div> - -<p><i>Obs: smut on oats.</i></p> -<p><i>It is a small black</i></p> -<p><i>powdery fungus.</i></p> -<p><span style="margin-left: 5.5em"><i>Bar: reg: 30-1/20°</i></span></p> -<p><span style="margin-left: 5.5em"><i>Ther: „ : 68°.</i></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><i>July 13<sup>th</sup></i></div> - -<p><i>Obs a chrysalis of the -horse bot fly.</i></p> - -<p><i>Obs evening primrose in a hedge.</i></p> -<p><span style="margin-left: 5.5em"><i>Bar: reg: 30-1/20°.</i></span></p> -<p><span style="margin-left: 5.5em"><i>Ther: 91°s</i></span></p> -<p><span style="margin-left: 10.5em"><i>74sh</i></span></p> - - <p class="p0 center sm">A PAGE FROM A BOY’S NATURE STUDY SKETCH-BOOK.</p> - <p class="p0 center xs">A PUPIL OF MR. J. P. WILLIAMS. HURSTPIERPOINT, SUSSEX.</p> - <p class="p0 center sm">(<i>See opposite Plate.</i>)</p> - </div> - -<p>Love of nature, which familiarity with her beauty breeds, is not only -wholesome for children of the upper classes. It is good for them, but -more especially do we need an increase of such knowledge amongst the -poor little waifs and strays of our great cities and towns, who have -so few bright moments in their dull grey lives. If these nature study -classes can help them, should we not do our utmost to encourage more -ladies to <span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[31]</span>take up this form of study in order to impart it to them -with sympathy?</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing030" style="max-width: 368px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing030.jpg" - alt="" /> -<p class="p0 center"><i>Wild Clematis</i></p> - -<p class="p0 center"><i>Smut on Oats</i></p> - -<p class="p0 center"><i>Stag Beetle.</i></p> - - <p class="p0 center sm">A PAGE FROM A BOY’S NATURE STUDY SKETCH-BOOK.</p> - <p class="p0 center xs">A PUPIL OF MR. J. P. WILLIAMS, of HURSTPIERPOINT, SUSSEX.</p> - </div> - -<p>Then, too, in our country villages, is it not wise to foster in young -people a love of everything connected with country life? Will it not -help largely to induce them to remain on the land and not migrate to -the hardships and squalor of crowded towns?</p> - -<p>The two chief aims of education are to draw out individuality and -personality. This is certainly accomplished with success when we see -representations as are shown herewith from a child’s nature study diary.</p> - -<p>We in England are sadly behind Germany and America in this branch of -education. It is only a short time ago that children in our schools -were encouraged to bring objects from out-of-doors into the schoolroom -for examination. They were asked to make collections of lichen, ferns, -or wild fruits; and what charming devices one has seen, wrought by -ingenuity out of all these lovely things. Now, however, we have made a -decided stride, for by means of school gardens, which gradually replace -the dreary bit of asphalt playground, we go out to seek objects in -their natural surroundings. Soon, teachers in our elementary schools, -possessing the Froebel and kindergarten certificate and a Government -teacher’s certificate, will doubtless<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[32]</span> be fired with ambition; will vie -with each other in improving upon this system of education. We shall -have others following the example of the late Miss Lucy R. Latter. She -it was who did such good work in this respect as head infants’ mistress -of the Invicta Road Council School, Westcombe Park. Having carefully -studied the question in Italy, France, and the United States, she was -given a commission by the Government of the Maharajah to start school -gardens in connection with the public school system of Mysore. Teachers -were prepared by her to carry on the work; and let us hope that, -although gloom has been cast by her sudden death, they will yet have -been inspired by her to continue their efforts.</p> - -<p>There is no doubt that the school garden successfully developed is the -pivot round which nature-study revolves, and as time goes on it will be -seen more and more that gardening and nature-study have much in common. -Those ladies who have talent for teaching, and have been through a -course of gardening, will find many openings for work. A garden, -although artificial, is far less so than a schoolroom, and it combines -scope for general education, quite apart from mere manual horticultural -teaching.</p> - -<p>I am informed by one of the greatest authorities upon this subject that -science mistresses do not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[33]</span> exist in sufficient numbers to supply the -demand for them. In this country it is a great recommendation for a -woman to be able to teach nature-study, and there is no difficulty in -the way of a post being obtained by one who possesses knowledge and who -can impart it. As new training colleges and secondary girls’ schools -are instituted, the demand will become greater, and it is in the realms -of possibility that there may be women teachers of nature-study wanted -in South Africa and in India, though Canada and Australia are capable -of supplying all the teachers they want themselves.</p> - -<p>Those who are interested in this subject will do well to read the Notes -in the Swanley College and other reports in the second part of this -volume.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[34]</span></p> - -<h2>CHAPTER VI<br /> -<span class="subhed">SOME HINTS UPON TAKING UP A POST AS HEAD GARDENER</span></h2></div> - -<p>I assume that a candidate for a position as head gardener has been -through a two years’ course of study at one of the Horticultural -Colleges or at a school, and has been under-gardener for a year or -more in a private garden. No doubt she has learnt how to grow flowers, -vegetables, and fruit, but it is possible that she does not know much -about the routine work which she will now have to superintend. As -principal of the Glynde School for Lady Gardeners, I have had to study -this subject, and the following notes, some of which are compiled with -the help of a former superintendent, Miss J. S. Turner, are offered for -use.</p> - -<p>A lady gardener is still somewhat of an experiment to owners of -gardens, and, therefore, each one who takes up the work is, in a sense, -the pioneer of a new profession for women; it rests with her to make or -mar the success of future lady gardeners. If she is a failure, or does -not give<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[35]</span> satisfaction, it may prevent other employers from engaging -lady gardeners. This should not, however, be allowed to discourage or -intimidate an applicant for such a post. There is no doubt that a lady, -with superior education, tact and taste, should succeed where many men -have failed. It must be borne in mind that the employer’s pleasure has -to be studied, and that the men will have to be managed with firmness -and strict fairness. Where these points are carried out intelligently, -the success of an intensely interesting career is fairly secured.</p> - -<p>If possible, it is advisable that the duties should commence -at Michaelmas, which is the beginning of the agricultural and -horticultural year. If a start is made in the spring, most of the -praise or blame that ensues during the remainder of the horticultural -year belongs by right to the previous gardener.</p> - -<p>Autumn and winter are the seasons for laying a good foundation, for -forming plans, and cleaning up. “Well begun is half done,” but it is -more than “half done” in gardening. Unless the winter foundation is -correctly laid, the summer superstructure will be wrong, or there is a -chance of there being no structure at all.</p> - -<p>The first thing for a lady “head” to do is to have a good look round. -She must see what crops<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[36]</span> are still on the ground, what preparation has -been made for winter and spring crops, and the state the houses and -frames are in. Everything under her care must be clean and in good -order.</p> - -<p>Her aim is to fulfil all requirements of the family which she serves, -and, in order to succeed, she must ascertain their wants. These vary -with each family, and it is not possible to lay down any fixed rules. -Many questions that will need answering should be noted down, and an -interview should be requested of the lady of the house, or whoever is -most interested in the garden.</p> - -<p>I will only draw attention to a few points which need consideration, -and these can either be decided by the gardener herself, should she be -given a free hand, or settled by the employer.</p> - -<p>(1) The hours of work and holidays for the garden staff. Arrangements -should be made also for power to dismiss any subordinate who is lazy or -misbehaves; and this should be acted upon without hesitation upon the -first proof of neglect.</p> - -<p>(2) The payment of men, and the number of extra ones allowed for -additional work. In large gardens, this matter comes under the estate -department, but in small gardens the head gardener deals with it.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing036" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing036.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">THE COUNTESS BATHURST’S GARDEN, PINBURY, NEAR CIRENCESTER</p> - <p class="p0 center sm"><i>Photograph by Pictorial Agency.</i></p> - </div> - -<p>(3) The days and hours that will be most convenient for the despatch of -routine work, such as <span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[37]</span>mowing, tidying, etc. Some ladies have weekend -parties, and require the place to look especially neat on Sundays. -There may be small but necessary rules about sweeping and tidying the -carriage drive, cleaning and washing garden steps or benches, the -position of seats, tents, croquet hoops, marking tennis courts, etc. -The employer’s wishes should be ascertained, orders given accordingly, -and it should be seen that these are carried out.</p> - -<p>(4) The days and hours for picking flowers for the house. If it is the -gardener’s duty to arrange the cut flowers, this must be gone into -carefully, as it is probably one of the most important matters in the -eyes of the lady of the house. Should the family be in London, there -will be fixed days for sending flowers, vegetables, and fruit to them; -all these matters have to be carefully noted. The amount of green -foliage required for mixing with cut flowers also varies with different -people’s taste. It must be ascertained whether many pot plants are -required in the sitting-rooms, or if cut flowers are chiefly used; and -if so, which are the favourite kinds and colours. It will then be easy -to decide which plot of ground should be used as a reserve garden for -cut flowers, and what proportion of mignonette, violets, lilies of the -valley, etc., will be needed for decoration.</p> - -<p>(5) Another matter, which only the lady of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[38]</span> the house can decide, will -be the arrangements for bedding out, or the grouping and colouring -required for herbaceous borders. If she has taste, and is artistic, -it is necessary only to carry out her plans. Possibly she may leave -the matter to the gardener; in which case visits should be made to a -few neighbouring gardens to ascertain what plants and climbers are -best suited to the climate and soil. Having put the plans on paper, an -estimate can be formed of the quantity of bulbs, plants, shrubs, or -climbers required for the whole garden. The autumn is the best time -to order these. There remains then a further point upon which advice -should be asked.</p> - -<p>(6) The ordering of seeds, plants, tools, and garden requisites may be -in the gardener’s department, or it may be managed by the estate. In -any case, it will be a good plan to touch upon these matters to the -employer. Unimportant as they may appear, it is wise for him to deal -with local tradesmen, and, therefore, a stranger to the neighbourhood -will have to learn their names, and what things they each excel in. The -carting of purchases from the station to the garden is a matter for -careful consideration. Should this be done by the estate, it must be -borne in mind that, when the yearly accounts are sent in, the estate -will wish to appear economical as regards its<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[39]</span> own requirements, and -if the gardener is not on good terms with the agent or bailiff, it is -possible that the total at the bottom of the garden expense column -may be surprisingly large. My advice, therefore, is to make friends -with the estate department. When pea boughs, and timber for rails are -needed, when locks are to be repaired, or hinges fixed, it is good to -have a friend at court.</p> - -<p>(7) Occasionally matters are put under a gardener’s direction which -can hardly be called garden work. The washing down of drains, cleaning -away leaves from the roof gutters, brushing snow off the roof, -emptying receptacles of refuse, burning waste paper from the house, -may fall to a lady gardener’s lot. In any case, when specific duties -are ascertained, no responsibility connected with them should be -handed over to subordinates. Washing a drain down is not, perhaps, an -especially elevating task, and it may be urged that any fool can do it. -It will only be done, however, and well done, if the men know that a -look-out is being kept for their neglect or carelessness. If they are -sometimes unexpectedly watched it will be found that the work is well -done, and instead of their thinking less of their “head,” they will -respect her all the more.</p> - -<p>If a holiday is asked for them sometimes, or a kind act is performed -for their wives or children,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[40]</span> they will work with a good will which -should be encouraging to their chief.</p> - -<p>It is not very probable that anyone, after only two or three years’ -training, will soar at once to the height of being head gardener on an -estate, or of having the direction of many labouring men. I have noted -most of the points of importance for a start in the garden profession; -they must be added to from experience as the ladder is mounted towards -success.</p> - -<p>I have not, so far, touched upon the main point for consideration, -whether the garden be large or small. This is the vegetable garden. It -will be necessary, without loss of time, to interview the cook, and ask -what vegetables are most required.</p> - -<p>“Different people, different opinions; some like apples, some like -onions.” Do not grow what is not wanted. It is well to try and make -friends with the cook, for if not, any failure in the vegetable course -at dinner will be laid to the gardener’s door. They will be too young -or too old, too tender or too tough, or it will be said that the cook -has expressed an opinion that “no one couldn’t cook them vegetables -which that there lady gardener sends in.” Therefore, spare no pains to -be friends with the head of the kitchen, for success or failure may -depend much upon her<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[41]</span> opinion. A few compliments upon her skill in -cooking will be a good preliminary to any explanations that may have to -be made in introducing a new vegetable to her notice. I have heard of a -sad instance of the Mont d’Or butter beans that were given to the pigs -“because they were yellow.” In this case, had the cook been interviewed -beforehand, those lovely golden beans would not have been cast “like -pearls before swine.” The requirements of houses as regards flowers and -vegetables vary very much, and it will only be by asking advice of the -lady and the cook that a gardener can guess at all what she is expected -to send into the house. The first year will naturally be somewhat of -an experiment in this respect, and it will be well to point out these -difficulties to the employer, for fear he considers that there is -either undue extravagance or too economical a saving of produce.</p> - -<p>Having interviewed the cook, the next thing is to arrange the crops.</p> - -<p>For an ordinary kitchen garden of one acre, the following should<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[42]</span> -generally be ordered.</p> - -<table summary="garden" class="smaller"> - <tr> - <td class="cht">Peas</td> - <td class="right1">6</td> - <td class="cht">qts.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Broad Beans</td> - <td class="right1">2–3</td> - <td class="cht">qts.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">French Beans</td> - <td class="right1">½</td> - <td class="cht">qt.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Runner Beans</td> - <td class="right1">½</td> - <td class="cht">lb.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Spinach</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">qt.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Winter spinach</td> - <td class="right1">8</td> - <td class="cht">ozs.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Mustard and Cress</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">qt. each.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Beet</td> - <td class="right1">2</td> - <td class="cht">ozs.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Carrots</td> - <td class="right1">2</td> - <td class="cht">ozs.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Leek</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Lettuce, Summer</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Lettuce, Winter</td> - <td class="right1">½</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Onions, Spring</td> - <td class="right1">4</td> - <td class="cht">ozs.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Onions, Autumn</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Parsley</td> - <td class="right1">2</td> - <td class="cht">ozs.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Parsnips</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Salsify</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Turnips</td> - <td class="right1">4</td> - <td class="cht">ozs.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Endive</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Radish</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">pint.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Kale</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Brussels Sprouts</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Cauliflower (of sorts)</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Broccoli (of sorts)</td> - <td class="right1">1½</td> - <td class="cht">ozs.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Cabbage</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Red Cabbage</td> - <td class="right1">½</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Savoys</td> - <td class="right1">½</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Celery</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">pkt.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>Cheap plants can be bought of these latter, and also marrows and -cucumbers. If the garden is a small one, it will be more economical -to do this than to raise them from seed. The above are ordinary -vegetables; for special ones, such as cardoons, chicory, etc., a small -packet of seed will be sufficient.</p> - -<p>There are three vegetables not usually grown, but which are most -useful. They are:—</p> - -<p><i>Phœnix Kale.</i>—Will stand the most severe winter, and the more it -is cut in the late winter or spring, the more it will shoot.</p> - -<p><i>Seakale Beet</i> (not Spinach Beet).—Can be cut all the autumn. It -will stand an ordinary winter, and will furnish another cut in spring -when vegetables are scarce. It has a broader midrib than<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[43]</span> spinach beet, -is perfectly white, and is cooked like seakale. The green blade can be -used as spinach.</p> - -<p><i>Couve Tronchuda.</i>—Is used much in the same way as seakale beet. -Cut the lower leaves first, and use the thick fleshy leaf-stalks; when -the lower leaves are done, there still remains very good cabbage on the -top. Sutton calls it “rather tender,” but it is not always necessary to -protect it in winter.</p> - -<p>It will be found useful to obtain a large chart of the vegetables -usually grown, and the time of sowing, planting, and cutting. This can -be obtained from the Stores (Book department).</p> - -<p>If a rough plan of the garden can be obtained, it will be of help; if -not, a copy book should be bought, and on one page a rough sketch made -of each plot, with the length and breadth marked upon it. This need not -necessarily be drawn to scale. Upon the opposite page should be put the -crop which is on the ground. Probably someone can supply information -as to what crop was previously there, and when the ground was last -trenched and manured. Any notes that can be made in this respect will -be useful. It is a good plan to divide the garden under cultivation -roughly into four quarters, disregarding, for the moment, that part -which is under permanent crops, such as asparagus, rhubarb, etc. By -trenching<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[44]</span> and manuring one plot every year, it can be arranged for -each quarter to have a good dressing at least once every four years.</p> - -<p>Bastard trenching is generally better than trenching; and the more -constantly the ground is stirred the better.</p> - -<p>As farmyard manure is often scarce, and labour for thorough trenching -is expensive or difficult to obtain, it will be found that doing a -quarter of the ground each year is a sure way of getting it all under -cultivation. This, and digging in the refuse, will supply the necessary -humus. Between times dig as deep as possible and use artificial manure.</p> - -<p>The reason for ascertaining the crops that have been grown before is -to enable some sort of rotation to be practised. It is impossible, in -gardening, to do this as perfectly as in agriculture, but there are -a few things which it is well to bear in mind. The three fundamental -rules are as follows:—</p> - -<p>(1) Plants of the same natural order should not follow each other.</p> - -<p>(2) Crops which have occupied the same ground for several years should -be succeeded by others of short duration. This gives an opportunity for -constantly stirring and cleaning the ground.</p> - -<p>(3) Plants grown for their roots, or bulbs, should not be followed by -others grown for the same purpose. Plants grown for their seeds should -also not succeed each other.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing044" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing044.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">THE YEW TREE AVENUE KNOWN AS “THE NUN’S WALK,” IN THE -COUNTESS BATHURST’S GARDEN, PINBURY, NEAR CIRENCESTER.</p> - <p class="p0 center sm"><i>Photograph by Pictorial Agency.</i></p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[45]</span></p> - -<p>In a small garden, it is best to grow only early potatoes. Others can -be bought as cheaply as they can be grown, and the space they would -occupy is valuable. A piece of ground may be under early potatoes -these should be cleared by the middle of June, when a sowing of peas -can be made, selecting one of the early varieties for a late crop. When -they come off, they can be followed by turnips, which are drawn off -during the winter. In January the ground can be bastard trenched, but -not manured. Let it lie fallow awhile; then put in carrots, parsnips, -or beet. The order can be varied indefinitely, so long as the rules are -followed, and the plot of ground kept well trenched, and manured every -fourth year.</p> - -<p>The next things to consider are the crops still on the ground, and -those coming on. In a fairly well-managed garden late peas, runner -beans, cauliflowers, and marrows all “in cut,” should still be found in -the autumn. The runner beans and the marrows should bear until they are -cut down by frost. Their bearing capacity can be prolonged by careful -picking, by a mulch of well-rotted manure, or with a drenching of -liquid<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[46]</span> manure, according to whether the season is wet or dry.</p> - -<p>If there is likely to be a shortage of winter stuff, fully ripe marrows -can be hung up in an airy place, and runner beans put down with salt. -A breadth of celery should be found coming into use, and parsnips that -will stand until they are required. The main crop of carrots and beet -will still be there to store, and there should be a break of sprouts, -kale, and other things to come in later. If the supply is likely to run -short, it will not be too late to plant cabbage and colewort.</p> - -<p>First then, clear off all crops that are over, such as peas, early -cauliflower, and potatoes. Burn all this refuse, as well as the weeds, -and return it to the ground. Keep on hoeing. If there is no winter -spinach in, make a sowing at once, and also make a sowing of turnips.</p> - -<p>October is the great storing month. Take up all beet, carrots, and -parsnips; but artichokes and salsify are best left where they are.</p> - -<p>Corn salad can be sown, to come up in early spring. Cauliflowers should -be pricked out into a cold frame where they can be protected from frost.</p> - -<p>All leaves should be swept up and stored in a heap, to make leaf mould. -In the process they will generate steady heat, and if a frame can be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[47]</span> -spared it should be put over them. Tender plants can be stored in it, -or winter salad grown in it.</p> - -<p>By now the work will have got into swing, and the routine of it has -consequently been acquired. Any mistakes or omissions that have -occurred will have been rectified.</p> - -<p>As the crops come off, settle what it is intended to put in next, -and prepare the ground accordingly. Some things require little or no -manure; others need much. All ground is better for being stirred, -therefore keep on digging. War must be waged against all weeds between -the rows of greens, decayed leaves should be removed. All crops that -are likely to be injured by frost must be protected.</p> - -<p>Now is a good moment to see about obtaining a supply of pea and bean -sticks, flower stakes and canes. Two important matters can be done in -bad weather, when the land cannot be worked. Stakes may be sorted out -in sizes, pointed and tied into bundles, and put away in a shed. Any -painting of stakes, tubs, or labels can also be done, and it will be -found a good plan to go over the stock of tools.</p> - -<p>There is much more work that I could suggest, but if the hints already -given are carried out, a good start will have been made. By taking in -a practical garden paper, such as “The Gardener”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[48]</span> (1d. per week), “The -Journal of Horticulture” (2d. per week), or the “Gardener’s Chronicle” -(3d. per week), a reminder of the regular rotation of work will be -secured. By reading these it will be seen exactly when to harvest -fruit, prune shrubs and roses, clean over borders, layer carnations, -etc. All details connected with these different operations will -have been learned at college, so I need not add another to the many -gardening books that will already have been read.</p> - -<p>I want to draw attention to one quality that a lady head-gardener may -find herself in need of. It is humility. I do not know a profession -in which this is more necessary than in gardening. Because all -difficulties of the soil in a chalky southern county have been learned, -the requirements of that poor land mastered, and preparations made -to guard against the violent attacks of the south-west wind, do not -suppose that these same torments exist necessarily in other counties. -Enemies and insect pests will be found, but they may not always be -the same kind. The good advice and hints, therefore, that may be -obtained from smock-frocked residents in the neighbourhood should not -be despised. They have, perhaps, never been further than the nearest -town close by; reading and writing are difficulties which they cannot -overcome, but they have fully taken in <span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[49]</span>how to grow vegetables and -flowers on their own bit of land. Watch the time of year they undertake -different simple operations, and learn to do likewise. Disappointment -may be saved if they are humbly watched. Bitter experience has taught -these men, and, by taking their advice, one may learn quickly what a -lifetime has shown them.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing048" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing048.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">MISS E. DOUGLAS IN HER GREENHOUSE AT SHEDFIELD GRANGE, BOTLEY HANTS.</p> - <p class="p0 center sm"><i>Photograph by Pictorial Agency.</i></p> - </div> - - -<h3>TOOLS</h3> - -<p>The lady-gardener can turn her attention to the question of tools -when she has carefully looked round her new garden and when she knows -how many men are to be employed. A list should then be made of those -that are wanted, and they should all be ordered together, as by that -means they will be cheaper. Those of an inferior quality should not be -obtained just for the sake of saving a few shillings. They are dear at -any price, so the best should be had and treated well. I have known -instances of spades that “came to pieces in my 'and,” as the housemaid -says. If they broke off at the first trial of a lady gardener, they -certainly would do so when used by a man. Therefore all spades and -forks should be obtained from a trustworthy manufacturer.</p> - -<p>In some cases, a tool for each person employed will be required. In -other instances, one or two<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[50]</span> of each kind will be enough, according to -the size of the garden. Of these “sets” had better be ordered.</p> - -<p><i>Spades.</i>—A spade must be chosen to fit the user, and Nos. 2 -and 3 are the most generally serviceable. One with a solid socket is -strongest, and if the bend of the handle is right, it will not be -appreciably heavier than others.</p> - -<p><i>Forks.</i>—A digging fork or grape with four prongs may be either -flat or round. For general use, the round pronged ones are best, as -they can be used for stirring the ground, digging potatoes, or forking -manure. When digging, a flat pronged fork is strongest.</p> - -<p><i>Rakes.</i>—These can be obtained with iron or steel teeth, three -to a set, in sizes of 16 in., 12 in., and 8 in. The end teeth and head -should be in one piece, the other teeth rivetted, and very slightly -curved. The socket should be long, and have at least three holes for -rivets.</p> - -<p><i>Draw hoes</i> should be two to a set, 9 in. and 4 in.; the blades of -steel welded to an iron neck which is slightly curved or swan-necked, -as it is easier then to keep free of weeds.</p> - -<p><i>Dutch hoes</i> should be two to a set, 9 in. and 6 in.</p> - -<p><i>Trowels.</i>—A trowel should be chosen not too concave in the -blade. A small mason’s trowel is useful.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[51]</span></p> - -<p>A strong pruning knife will be required for each person. Besides these -tools, there will be required, according to the size of the garden, one -or two shovels, several manure forks, some wooden rakes, and two or -three dibbers.</p> - -<p>A garden roller.</p> - -<p>A pick with one end sharpened to a point, and the other wedge shaped.</p> - -<p>A crowbar, pitch bar, or punch.</p> - -<p>A couple of hammers and a wooden mallet.</p> - -<p>An edging iron.</p> - -<p>A pair of shears for cutting grass verges.</p> - -<p>A pair of straight hedge shears.</p> - -<p>A pair of lopping shears.</p> - -<p>One or two pairs of secateurs.</p> - -<p>A large axe and a couple of hatchets. The American are best, or if -these cannot be had, those with American handles should be obtained.</p> - -<p>Several scythes.</p> - -<p>A couple of saws, one an ordinary carpenter’s saw, the other a pruning -saw. A cross-cut, to be used by two men, is very useful.</p> - -<p>One or two garden lines and reels.</p> - -<p>A measuring rod, 10 ft. long, and marked in feet and quarters.</p> - -<p>A diamond for cutting panes of glass.</p> - -<p>Several wheelbarrows.</p> - -<p>A hand barrow.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[52]</span></p> - -<p>Several baskets or trugs.</p> - -<p>Watering cans.</p> - -<p><i>Mowing machine.</i> This will depend upon the amount of grass; but -in a garden of any considerable size two will be required, one large -one for the lawns, and a small one, 10 in. or 12 in. wide, for borders -and edges. For the first, the American make is light, cheap, and simple -in construction, but as they have no back roller, they will not work on -narrow borders. The “Pennsylvania,” to be worked by a man and a boy, -and a small “Green,” will probably be the most suitable.</p> - -<p>It must be seen that the tools are kept in first rate order. A -grindstone, one worked with a treadle, will be necessary. If good tools -are bought and kept clean, well oiled, and sharp, they will last a long -time; and those that have been used are the easiest to work with. They -are broken in, as it were.</p> - -<p>It will be advisable, upon the first opportunity, to clear out every -hole and corner, and get rid of the rubbish. Old tools, however, should -never be thrown away, as wooden handles will turn into dibbers and -measuring pegs. Short handles will do for trowels, etc. Old spades can -be cut down, re-sharpened, and used for digging amongst shrubs and in -herbaceous borders. When they are past work, they can be put into the -ground, blade upwards,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[53]</span> as foot scrapers. Old forks can have their -prongs shortened and turned down at right angles, or nearly so, to the -helve. They are then useful as drag hoes for loosening soil among young -crops.</p> - -<p>It is a good plan, in a garden where extra labour is employed, and when -neat and tidy habits cannot always be expected from the labouring men, -to have receptacles for different kinds of refuse. There should be one -for crocks, another for glass, a third for paper, and one for bits of -wood. It should be seen each night that tools are carefully put away -clean.</p> - -<p>No pains should be spared to master thoroughly the mechanism of mowing -machines. The lady-gardener must also know how to stoke a greenhouse -furnace, and repair broken glass in frames. If these matters have -been learned in student days there will be no difficulty for her in -directing men. Should she be unable herself to put a piece of glass -into a frame, she must not be angry with her workman if he fixes it -insecurely. As thorough master of her trade, she will make herself -respected.</p> - -<p>Care, too, should be taken from the first to look ahead, as regards -what has to be purchased, such as pots, soil, manure, peat, nails, -raffia. It is provoking in finishing a job to be delayed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[54]</span> because, at -the right moment, some necessary article was not ordered.</p> - -<p>“Thinking ahead” in this way is a habit, and can be acquired.</p> - -<p>It is well never to be without a pocket-book and pencil, to jot down at -once any things that may be required or jobs which need attention.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing054" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing054.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">MISS HESTER PERRIN AT WORK IN HER BROTHER’S GARDEN AT -FORTFIELD HOUSE, TERENURE, CO. DUBLIN</p> - <p class="p0 center sm"><i>Photograph by Pictorial Agency</i></p> - </div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[55]</span></p> - -<h2>CHAPTER VII<br /> -<span class="subhed">DRESS FOR LADY GARDENERS</span></h2></div> - -<p>The question of clothes is always an important one to the feminine -mind. It is impossible to lay down any fixed rules as regards the -costume best adapted to a lady gardener. Chief considerations are -neatness and suitability to the climate.</p> - -<p>It is best to have few clothes, and to have them good. It should be -remembered that lady gardeners usually must brush their skirts, and -possibly have to clean their own boots. A small cottage does not -afford much space, so nothing should be bought which is not absolutely -necessary.</p> - -<p><i>Underclothing.</i>—Wool should be worn next to the skin, both in -winter and summer, and the weight of clothes varied according to the -weather. A plain fitting flannel belt to cover the waist and abdomen is -advisable. This is worn next the skin, whether the usual underwear be -merino or not. Knickerbockers, and not petticoats, should be worn. For -winter wear, ready-made blue or black stockinette ones are best. Cheap -ready-made<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[56]</span> cotton ones are useful for summer; or they can be obtained -in khaki drill, should that material be preferred.</p> - -<p><i>Blouse or Shirt.</i>—This should be of the simplest, untrimmed -make. For student days, when there are digging and other exertions to -be performed, a turn-down flannel collar, with a tie, will give most -freedom of movement. For a head gardener, a stand-up linen collar will -give a neat appearance. In winter a flannel or Scotch wincey blouse is -warm. For summer, a tussore silk one is cool. Wincey and silk cost more -than flannel and cotton, but they wear longer, and do not shrink in the -wash, so the expense in the end is the same.</p> - -<p>A strong leather belt round the waist will keep both skirt and blouse -neat. If one or two swivels and spring hooks are fixed to it, a knife, -keys, etc., can be attached, and thus will always be at hand.</p> - -<p><i>Skirt and Coat.</i>—Several of these are needed, all thoroughly -business-like and tailor made. The skirts should clear the ankles well, -and be very even all round. Nothing looks worse than one that hangs -lower at the back than in front. Care should, therefore, be taken to -get the tailor to see to this. In rough weather, one should be worn -with a 3 in. or 4 in. lining of thin waterproof inside. This enables -one to wash off the mud with a sponge,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[57]</span> and it will help preserve the -dress. Thin waterproof is preferable to leather for this purpose, as it -is lighter, and does not hang like a log round the wearer when she has -been out in the rain for some time.</p> - -<p>The colour of the coat and skirt should depend upon what will least -show the soil when it rubs off as tools are handled or heavy mud is -walked through. For winter, homespun, Scotch, West of England, or Irish -tweed should be worn; a heather mixture or light brown are best, as -these show dust less than darker colours. In summer, navy blue looks -smart and workmanlike, but will get dirty easily, so it should only be -kept for when clean jobs are undertaken.</p> - -<p>Blue fishwife’s flannel is inexpensive, and washes well. A loose coat -or Norfolk jacket of the same material as the skirt is useful to slip -over a blouse when the weather is cold, or after work is finished.</p> - -<p>It should be seen that the tailor gives two comfortable deep pockets, -and makes a wide collar with a flap, by which it can be fastened at -the neck in rainy weather. Unless the necessity of these details is -pointed out, he will probably skimp cloth and work. The tailor should -be consulted as to the material best suited, an explanation having -been given to him of the hard wear to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[58]</span> which it will be put. Several -colleges and schools for lady gardeners have designed special costumes -for their students, but although some are becoming to slim, graceful -figures, they are by no means suited to all, and are somewhat too -conspicuous to be really desirable.</p> - -<p><i>Waterproof or aqua scutum.</i>—This will be needed for stormy -weather and night work; and the latter is preferable, as it is -pleasanter to work in than a mackintosh.</p> - -<p><i>Hat.</i>—In summer, a shady, thick straw hat looks best. It should -not be “floppy,” as this is troublesome in windy weather, and it must -be plain, not trimmed with chiffon or flowers. A bit of ribbon round -it is all that is wanted. Although a sun-bonnet is picturesque, it -is hot and close, for it keeps off the air as well as the sun. The -old-fashioned plan of putting a couple of cabbage leaves in the crown -of the hat is not to be despised, should the heat be felt very much. -For winter, a soft felt hat or cap will be required.</p> - -<p><i>Boots.</i>—This is the most important item of all, and one, -curiously enough, usually neglected by lady gardeners. I often notice -that students, when they begin work, wear ready-made and badly-made -articles of the thickness only of paper. Boots are better than shoes, -but they must be good.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[59]</span> Cheap boots are dear at any price. If possible -to afford it, they should be made to order, for a good many hours of -the day will be spent in them. It is well to have a few nails in the -soles; those made of aluminium are best. From 1 to 1½ ozs. will be -sufficient for a pair of boots, and the difference in weight between -them and the ordinary tackets is worth the extra cost.</p> - -<p>Boots should never be blacked, but always greased. This makes them -warm in winter and wonderfully cool; in summer they are then really -waterproof. If they are dressed once or twice a week with Gishurstine, -they will wear well, and keep soft and pliable. A 1s. tin will last -a long time. Castor oil, too (the cheap veterinary kind), is also -excellent. Two pairs of boots are necessary so that they can be worn -on alternate days, and thus be properly dried. There is a foolish, -old-fashioned rule in some gardens that the men must have their boots -neatly blacked on Monday mornings. This should not be encouraged.</p> - -<p>The best way to dry boots, when absolutely soaked through, is as -follows:—Take 2 or 3 lb. of oats, and heat them in the oven; when the -boots are taken off, stand them in a pail, and pour the hot oats up to -the top of the polish. The oats absorb moisture, and as the boot dries -they will<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[60]</span> swell, and act as a last. The same oats may be used over and -over again. To clean brown boots Bucknell’s saddle soap is better than -any of the patent preparations.</p> - -<p><i>Stockings.</i>—For winter wear, stockings should be knitted of -soft, thick wool. Woven ones are the best in summer.</p> - -<p>If, when the mid-day hour of rest arrives, boots and stockings are wet -through, they should be changed at once. It is false economy to neglect -to do this, for a rheumatic future may be the outcome. It will be -found, however, that, if they are not wet, there will be less suffering -from tired feet when the same stockings and boots are kept on all day. -If they are removed, and a rest is taken in easy shoes during dinner -time, the feet will swell, cause pain, and blisters will probably rise -when a fresh pair of boots are put on for the afternoon. Beginners -usually have to put up with tender feet until they become accustomed to -heavy boots. For this reason, thick stockings are preferable. It will -be found that camphorated Eau de Cologne cools the feet. Another and -better remedy is Balm of Bethesda, which can be had from most chemists. -The feet should be soaked in warm water, and while still damp a few -drops of the balm rubbed in. This should be done every night until a -cure is effected. It may be necessary <span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[61]</span>to repeat the remedy each -spring when the first warm days arrive.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing060" style="max-width: 452px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing060.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">IN THE GARDEN AT FORTFIELD HOUSE, TERENURE, CO. DUBLIN.</p> - <p class="p0 center xs">WHERE MISS HESTER PERRIN DEVOTES MUCH TIME TO THE SUCCESSFUL -CULTIVATION OF BULBS AND PLANTS.</p> - <p class="p0 center sm"><i>Photograph by Pictorial Agency.</i></p> - </div> - -<p><i>Leggings.</i>—These, too, are important, and should be of leather, -and similar to those worn by men. Buttons or spring fastenings are -to be avoided. The spiral strap fastening with a buckle is the most -practical, and brown leather is better than black, as it is more easily -cleaned. Cloth leggings, gaiters or puttees should not be worn they -are troublesome to clean.</p> - -<p><i>Gloves.</i>—Thick leather gloves are useful when working among -thorns and thistles. Many jobs, such as thinning out small things, -pruning and nailing, cannot be properly done in gloves. When working -among wet vegetables, they only make the hands cold, and encourage -chilblains. Hands will wash, but it is as well to be provided with a -bottle of nail-cleaning fluid, a box of orange sticks, and a little -cotton wool. A hand nail brush must not be used, but soap and water -should be vigorously applied.</p> - -<p><i>Apron or Overall.</i>—This will keep the skirt clean, and if there -is a large pocket in the front it will be useful to keep scissors, a -knife, raffia, or string in it for tying roses to pergolas, or picking -flowers. A blue serge apron looks best, or an overall made of sacking, -with a belt round the waist, is neat.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[62]</span></p> - - -<h3>OTHER REQUISITES</h3> - -<p><i>Medicine Chest.</i>—There will often be exposure to rough weather. -A bottle of Eau de Cologne saturated with camphor is a necessity. It -should be rubbed on the skin after washing, and it will tone it up -and keep the surface smooth. It is a good hair tonic, and relieves -headache; it also takes away toothache, and twenty drops on a lump of -sugar will generally prevent a cold after working in damp weather. -Scrubbs’ cloudy ammonia put into a very hot bath is refreshing after a -hard day. Quinine is indispensable to those who can take it.</p> - -<p>I need mention no other requisites for a medicine cupboard, as, unless -one is strong and active, a gardener’s life will not be chosen. The -chief risk that arises is that of taking cold, especially when work -necessitates going in and out of a greenhouse, and thus being subjected -to unusual changes of temperature. To guard against this, a knitted -woollen golfing blouse should be kept handy. It is so thick, that -it will keep out the coldest, most piercing wind, and can be easily -slipped over the flannel blouse when leaving a greenhouse.</p> - -<p><i>Bicycle.</i>—Should there not be a cart for the gardener’s use, -a bicycle is indispensable. Visits<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[63]</span> to other gardens are of interest -if only for the sake of comparison. Often, too, by making friends -with neighbouring gardeners, cuttings of new plants or seeds can be -exchanged. A basket can be fixed to the handle-bars of the bicycle, in -which can be put books and papers, whilst larger things are tied to the -carrier behind. It will be found useful to understand the management of -a repair outfit for punctures. The more independent of outside help a -lady gardener is, the better she will get on, and the happier she will -be.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[64]</span></p> - -<h2>CHAPTER VIII<br /> -<span class="subhed">COTTAGE AND FOOD</span></h2></div> - -<p>The question of finding a suitable cottage for a lady gardener is -sometimes considered a difficulty by employers. But this need not be -so. As a rule, the cottage stands alone in the kitchen garden, or near -by, and what is large enough for a married man with many children will -suit a lady admirably.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing064" style="max-width: 394px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing064.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">IN THE GARDEN AT FORTFIELD HOUSE, TERENURE, CO. DUBLIN.</p> - <p class="p0 center xs">BELONGING TO L. PERRIN HATCHELL, ESQ., AND IN WHICH MISS HESTER PERRIN -DEVOTES MUCH TIME AND LABOUR.</p> - <p class="p0 center sm"><i>Photograph by Pictorial Agency.</i></p> - </div> - -<p>A lady gardener will want either a companion or a servant, as it is too -tiring for her to cook and manage for herself after a hard day’s work. -There are several ways of arranging this comfortably. Should the salary -be a large one, it will be best to have a servant to cook and undertake -all household duties. If the cost of a resident servant is too great, -it will probably be possible to make some arrangement with a woman in -the village. She will come for so many hours a day for cleaning and -rough work, and the cooking can be dealt with by the gardener herself. -As, however, it is extremely important that she should keep in good -health, I urge that she should endeavour, by some <span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[65]</span>arrangement or -other, to get the cooking and house work done for her. There is sure -to be an extra bedroom in the cottage, and should it be impossible to -keep a servant, it can probably be arranged to have either a friend or -a garden student as companion, who is willing to take over these small -responsibilities. Often there are ladies training for Colonial work, -who would gladly come and manage, in exchange for board and lodging. -Vegetables are allowed to a gardener, and, therefore, she can easily -afford to pay for the board of someone who helps her. Sometimes milk is -provided for the use of a head gardener, and also coals. Before a post -is accepted it should be ascertained exactly to what she is entitled, -and then a calculation should be made as to how expenses can best be -met. It must be remembered, however, that good, well-cooked food often -saves a doctor’s bill; so no pains should be spared to live well. The -greater variety that can be managed in the case of food, the better the -health will be. Women living alone are very apt, from laziness, to fall -into a habit of drinking tea and eating only bread and butter. Work -certainly cannot be done on this; solid food is absolutely necessary.</p> - -<p>With a view to assisting lady gardeners to undertake their own cooking -in cases of emergency, I am<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[66]</span> able, through the kindness of Miss J. S. -Turner, to give a few hints which may, I hope, be of use.</p> - -<p>For roasting, an American roaster, which can be placed in the oven and -requires no attention for basting, is necessary. If there is a close -range, the earthenware French <i>casseroles</i> and <i>marmites</i> are -nicer than saucepans. There are many American “notions” too, that save -labour.</p> - -<p>Asbestos mats for placing under saucepans on a closed stove only cost -4d. each, and prevent the contents burning.</p> - -<p>Aluminium utensils are much better than those of iron or tin. They cost -more, but are indestructible, and easily kept clean.</p> - -<p>To commence with, the following utensils should be provided:—</p> - -<p>1 large saucepan. It should be the largest that can be fitted on the -stove, and a steamer to fit it is also required.</p> - -<p>1 spirit lamp for quickly boiling hot water or eggs.</p> - -<p>1 small saucepan.</p> - -<p>1 double saucepan or porringer.</p> - -<p>1 kettle.</p> - -<p>1 gourmet boiler.</p> - -<p>1 American roaster.</p> - -<p>3 frying pans for meat, fish, and eggs.</p> - -<p>1 oven tin.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[67]</span></p> - -<p>1 pudding bowl.</p> - -<p>2 pie dishes.</p> - -<p>2 basins.</p> - -<p>2 jugs.</p> - -<p>1 teapot.</p> - -<p>1 coffee pot.</p> - -<p>1 bowl for mixing paste.</p> - -<p>Pastry board and rolling-pin.</p> - -<p>Cups, glasses, knives, forks, spoons, egg-cups and table-cloths will be -needed.</p> - -<p>With the above-mentioned articles most things can be done, and other -utensils can be added as required.</p> - -<p><i>Breakfast.</i>—Breakfast should consist of porridge and milk, a -boiled or poached egg, and a rasher of bacon if necessary.</p> - -<p>The porridge should be made overnight. Half a breakfast cup of Provost -or Quaker Oats, with a good pinch of salt, should be put into a -saucepan. A cup and a half of <i>boiling</i> water must be poured over -it and well stirred. Put on the lid, and allow the whole to boil for -ten to twenty minutes. Leave it by the side of the stove all night, -and it will only want heating up in the morning, which can be done on -a paraffin stove. Do not forget to put water in the lower half of the -saucepan.</p> - -<p>It will only take a few minutes to boil an egg or fry some bacon.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[68]</span></p> - -<p>When going out early in summer, it may be convenient to make a hot cup -of tea, and for this the spirit lamp will be useful.</p> - -<p><i>Midday meal.</i>—If lunch has to be prepared by oneself, bread and -cheese, cold meat, soup, a hard-boiled egg with salad, will be the -most easily managed. Tinned food should not be relied upon; it is dear -and unwholesome. If a hot luncheon can be obtained it will be better. -I only give the above suggestions to those who have to manage for -themselves.</p> - -<p><i>Supper.</i>—As work ceases at 6 p.m., there will be plenty of time -to prepare a meal for 7.30 p.m. A gourmet boiler is most useful. Put -in meat, potatoes, onions, etc., and a teacupful of water. Place the -boiler in a large saucepan, and fill up with water to the rim of the -boiler. If this be put on the fire at luncheon time, a good stew will -be ready in two hours, and a still better one in eight hours’ time. One -visit to replenish the water in the saucepan will be necessary</p> - -<p>Beefsteak pudding, too, can be left on for hours, with the assurance -that it will be all the nicer for long cooking.</p> - -<p>Many dishes can be prepared beforehand, and heated up when required. It -only needs a little thinking out.</p> - -<p><i>Coffee.</i>—Buy the whole berries roasted. Grind<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[69]</span> them as they -are wanted. Small mills can be procured cheaply. Put the coffee in an -earthenware coffee jug, and place it upon the stove for ten minutes -or until it gets thoroughly heated. Pour on boiling water, and let it -stand for five minutes. Stir it up, and then let it settle.</p> - -<p><i>Tea.</i>—Should the locality be one where the water is “hard,” -“Hardwater tea” should be obtained. This is economical. Other blends -are expensive, because the water does not extract the full flavour, and -more tea has to be used.</p> - -<p><i>Milk.</i>—If milk is bought, get new milk, and do not skim it. -Put it into a jug as soon as it is received. Let it stand twelve to -twenty-four hours according to the season, and stir it well before it -is used</p> - -<p><i>Butter.</i>—An icicle butter box, to hold from 1 lb. upwards, can -be obtained, and if butter is kept in this box it will be firm even on -the warmest day.</p> - -<p><i>Pot au feu.</i>—When tired after a day’s work, and not up to -cooking, this and Pepperpot or Lancashire Hot Pot (the recipes in Mrs. -Beeton’s cookery book) will be found a great stand-by. The pot merely -has to be put on the stove, and in a few minutes a respectable meal is -ready.</p> - -<p>Life in the open air gives a good appetite, and, as a rule, no -difficulty will be found in responding to it, if these slight -instructions are followed.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[70]</span></p> - -<h2>CHAPTER IX<br /> -<span class="subhed">MARKET GARDENING</span></h2></div> - -<p>This is a branch of horticulture which requires great consideration and -careful reflection, before a lady undertakes it. It needs both brains -and capital. Market gardening resembles that larger sphere of jobbing -combined with nursery gardening which is described towards the end of -Chapter IV. Possibly less artistic sense is necessary, but far larger -business capacity is essential. To succeed at all everything grown -must be of the best quality, and suit the prevailing demand. There -are fashions in flowers and vegetables, and these have to be studied -and responded to. Then, too, in order to sell to London or other big -markets, advance must be kept of others. It well repays to have green -peas a fortnight before your neighbour, and more money is made if the -supply of choice vegetables can be prolonged throughout the winter -months. Then, again, white flowers sell better than others. These and -many other tricks of the trade are not learned in an amateur<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[71]</span> way. They -have to be studied under a competent master. Flowers have to be picked -before the sun has opened them; they have to be packed with skill, and -only certain kinds will travel well. Experience is necessary in order -to know the right kind of foliage to send away with flowers.</p> - -<p>So much, indeed, has to be learnt which cannot well be acquired at a -college, that I strongly advise apprenticeship for a year or two to a -nursery gardener. If it is preferred to study first at a school where -surplus flowers and vegetables are sold, a good foundation of knowledge -can be laid, which is considerably added to later in a market garden. I -would suggest at least four years’ training for this particular branch -of Horticulture.</p> - -<p>An apprentice might well suppose that many secrets of the trade would -be revealed to her. But this may prove to be a mistake. Business people -are cautious as to what information they impart, and possibly more is -to be acquired by keeping eyes and ears well open. Constant and careful -inquiries should be made as to the price obtained for various vegetable -produce, and the most likely quarters where there is a demand for it in -that particular part of the country.</p> - -<p>I am inclined to think, however, that the most useful business -information is to be gained during the first year or two’s work in -one’s own<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[72]</span> garden. It is gloomy to foretell such things, but mistakes -are sure to happen, and from experience comes knowledge. To lose one’s -own money hurts more than to see others lose.</p> - -<p>Should the intending market gardener be a free agent, and able to -select any part of England for her garden, there are two important -matters for her to weigh. Where will be the best market, and what land -has the most plentiful supply of water? Probably for the first venture -the neighbourhood of a large seaside town, a watering-place or golf -links, will be a safer market than London, which is so large and well -supplied. It should be ascertained who the most likely customers will -be—schools, boarding-houses, private families, etc., and the garden -should be adapted to supply their wants.</p> - -<p>Many are the ways of arranging work in a market garden. A lady of ample -means can afford to keep an experienced foreman, a large staff, and -horses and vans. By paying the head man so much per cent. upon the sale -of produce, his interest in the concern will be kept alive. In this -case a thoroughly dependable and honest man is necessary. Should more -scope for energy be needed it will be advisable for the principal to do -the secretarial work, decide the rotation of crops, conduct the sale -transactions, as well as attend to the social<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[73]</span> part of the business. -She should also supervise most of the operations and have good skilled -labour to carry out all manual work.</p> - -<p>If it can be avoided a field should not be converted into a market -garden. The money that necessarily has to be spent at the start will -more quickly be repaid if land is worked which has been used as a -garden before. However good the soil, climate, and situation may be, -a garden can only barely pay its way during the first two years on -account of the many expenses that have to be met.</p> - -<p>As opinions can best be formed by hearing real experiences, I propose -inserting the following letter, written by one who has known what it -is to overcome obstacles, and finally reach well-earned success. This -interesting letter and several detailed accounts of market gardens -given on p. 253 show what a suitable career this is for a woman. One, -too, which will bring not only health and happiness from work in the -open, but considerable remuneration, if it be carefully and well -conducted.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="smcap r10">Bashley Nursery,</p> - -<p class="smcap r4 p-min">New-Milton, Hampshire,</p> - -<p class="r2 p-min"><i>October 11th, 1907</i>.</p> - -<p class="smcap p-left">Dear Madam,—</p> - -<p>In answer to your request for information about my market -garden here, I think it will be best if I give you<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[74]</span> a short -history of the undertaking. I bought six acres of land here -fifteen years ago, with a view to start a garden on a more or -less remunerative footing. I had been brought up in a town, but -had always been fond of botany—of plants as individuals—and -as years went on, felt drawn to a country life. I got to know -something of cultivated plants by studying in the Botanic -Gardens at Cambridge, where I lived. I hired a quarter-acre -allotment in a field let out in that way. I got very much -interested in it, and decided to go in for a country life with -a garden, which I hoped to make pay its way, if not more. I -studied gardening for two years with a family who had taken up -market gardening in Wales, and proceeded to buy a small plot -of land to begin upon. I had enough capital to start a place -and build a small house for myself, and, fortunately enough, -means to live upon in a somewhat bare way. I did not feel -the least sanguine of making ends more than meet, and this -was fortunate, as for many years it was a most unpromising -and expensive undertaking. I was entirely without business -knowledge in general, or of any of the detailed knowledge of -the horticultural trade, and also, being town-bred, I was led -into many errors. The soil proved poor and sour from lack of -draining, and thickly infested with wire-worms, and being far -from any town (Bournemouth, nine miles, being the nearest) -there was absolutely no local demand for anything. I should -say one of the main points in starting any place of the kind -is to be near some town. I had not originally intended to go -in for market gardening, but circumstances seemed to favour -it more than any other <span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[75]</span>branch, of gardening, so after many -misgivings and qualms at further sinking of capital, I put up -a block of five greenhouses, each 100 feet by 12 feet. This -necessitated having a skilled man to live on the place, and -consequently the building of a cottage, as there was none near. -I intended to grow tomatoes for Bournemouth market, followed -by chrysanthemums and other winter crops. The first season of -tomato growing proved enough of a success to encourage me to -persevere, and I bought a horse and van to begin a trade with -Bournemouth shops, and engaged a man as salesman. On the whole -this proved a success from the first. Our chief crops to start -with were tomatoes in the houses, followed by chrysanthemums for -cut flowers in the winter, and out of doors a variety of plants -for cut flowers, especially early flowering chrysanthemums, also -strawberries, rhubarb, and vegetable marrows. After a short time -we took up narcissus, forcing for a spring crop, followed by -bedding plants in pots and boxes, and a variety of pot-plants, -such as genistas, ferns, cyclamen, freesia, and pelargoniums.</p> -</div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing074" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing074.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">BOXING BULBS FOR FORCING AT MISS BATEMAN’S MARKET -GARDEN, BASHLEY NURSERY, NEW MILTON, HANTS.</p> - </div> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>After a few years I bought nine acres more, adjoining the first -field, and two years ago I bought another small field of four -acres. A few years ago I was able greatly to improve our water -supply, and to put up an engine for pumping all water used -in the houses, and to build a second cottage for workmen. My -original staff consisted of one labourer; it is now about nine -men and boys. Last year I was able to add a large tomato house -100 feet by 30 feet, and a small fernery.</p> - -<p>Whilst living here the neighbourhood has become a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[76]</span> residential -one, and consequently a good deal of trade has come from the -immediate locality.</p> - -<p>A good many people are glad to have their gardens superintended, -or to have suggestions about the laying out of their borders.</p> - -<p>I cannot say I have ever found it a very remunerative -undertaking; it has certainly been a laborious one, but to me it -has been immensely enjoyable.</p> - -<p>Other crops we grow out of doors are gooseberries, raspberries -and currants, and large quantities of roots, such as pansies, -polyanthus, wallflower, forget-me-not, for spring bedding. Among -the out-of-door flowers for cutting the chief are: narcissi, -chrysanthemums, roses, carnations, violets, gypsophila, -sweet-peas, marguerites, dahlias, astors, coreopsis, mignonette, -gladioli, Spanish iris, pæonies, scabious, alstromœria, daisies, -and many others. We also have a number of herbaceous plants and -a good many shrubs to supply retail customers.</p> - -<p class="r4">I am, yours faithfully,</p> - -<p class="smcap r2">A. Bateson.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[77]</span></p> - -<h2>CHAPTER X<br /> -<span class="subhed">THE MEDICAL ASPECT OF GARDENING FOR WOMEN</span></h2></div> - -<p>Anxious parents often ask whether gardening is a really healthy -occupation for their daughters. These doubts, shared by many, are -perhaps not so easily dispelled as, at the outset, might be supposed. -We are all prone to view with suspicion any project which has for its -purpose the fitting of women for the more arduous tasks of life. “For -men must work and women must weep” is what we are accustomed to hear. -We know that amongst all primitive peoples it has been found that women -are capable physically of carrying out hard work in the open. We have -evidence to prove that crofter women, those engaged at coal-pit mouths, -women peasants in France and Germany, North American Indians, African -races and the aborigines of Australia, are not less long-lived than -their more favoured sisters in leisured countries. Amongst civilised -races, however, the principle is upheld that only light tasks are -relegated to women, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[78]</span> surely so it should be. The charm of woman -lies in her softness and gentleness. Must we not preserve this above -all else?</p> - -<p>Thus the father of a family views with alarm the profession of a -gardener, when it is first suggested to him for one of his daughters. -It seems undesirable to him that she, who has been accustomed to gentle -living and refinement, should lead the monotonous, solitary life which -he pictures it to be. He sees her, in imagination, constantly weeding -and digging amongst plants, without leisure during the day for any of -the relaxation to be found in mental employment or development, and -returning home at night physically exhausted. Her mother thinks that -rough exposure to all weathers will play havoc with a good complexion; -visions of a brown sunburnt face, or a wrinkled parchment one, knotted -fingers, stiff joints, uneven shoulders, rise up to alarm her. Many are -the prophetic croaks that the young girl hears about rheumatism and -age before its time, or misgivings as to the results of digging and -trenching and the bad effect they may have on back and hip muscles. I -know one young woman who was so frightened lest she should develop a -huge hump on her back from stooping, like the old road-mender whom she -met daily, that she always laid down quite flat on her bed, during rest -hours, to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[79]</span> counteract any harm that might be likely to come to her.</p> - -<p>It is most natural that many should be alarmed and have a strong -disinclination to advise gardening as a healthy profession. I cannot -help thinking that they may alter their views when they realise fully -that it is not hard manual work that is needed of women in this -profession. They are not meant to do spade-work like the ordinary -labouring man; we have plenty of fine, strong hulking men who do -this, but we do need more directing heads to plan out work and guide -others. This is what lady gardeners are to do. It has become evident, -in recent years, that women have determined to shake themselves free -from former occupations and interests. They intend to apply their -energy in new directions. Frequently, it must be admitted by all, they -are successful. Practical experience shows us that women can acquit -themselves with honour and success in games and in the pursuit of -sports, which formerly were reserved only for men. Hunting, shooting, -golf, cricket, swimming, hockey, climbing and walking are acknowledged -to be fields of activity in which women may safely indulge. In Jane -Austen’s day such pursuits were considered not only dangerous to -health, but likely to produce awkwardness of figure and ungainliness -of movement.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[80]</span> Physical activity was supposed to unfit young girls for -society. Things are changed since then, and although many of us see -with regret some loss of feminine softness and charm in occasional -specimens of the new woman, we cannot put all the evils to the -profession of gardening. There must always, I suppose, be eccentric -individuals who exaggerate their peculiarities, but these exist in all -professions, and classes.</p> - -<p>Much attention is now paid to the physical development of girls and -young women in our schools, and we cannot fail to see the immense -advantage gained by comparison through this over the results of early -Victorian education. We have all, it is to be hoped, learnt that open -air life is no longer a privileged form of existence suited only -to men. We know that it is, when carried out on sensible lines of -moderation, immensely helpful to women. The medical world has lately -been awakened to the importance of improving the physique of our young -people. Both Sir Lauder Brunton and Sir John Cockburn (chairman of -the Swanley Horticultural College for Women) have impressed this fact -openly upon the world. We see daily before us leisured women who from -lack of pleasant, wholesome interests and bodily exercise, without -scope for reasonable aspirations, have become anæmic parodies of the -sex. The insidious<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[81]</span> malady which dogs the steps of a nation’s progress -towards highly cultured, unlimited leisure and freedom, masquerades -under the old-fashioned term “<i>ennui</i>” or the new-fangled names of -nervous exhaustion, break-down, overwork (!), hysteria, decadence.</p> - -<p>I believe I am justified in saying that medical men, who can appreciate -the often aimless, humdrum existence of many women of the wealthier -classes and the debility of those in our large towns, find in gardening -a good agent for the removal of such evils. Possibly a year spent in -rising early, out in sun and rain, with simple food, pure interests, -physical exercise, does more for some than many medicine bottles, rest -cures, Swedish movements, and other modern remedies. The same may be -said for those who are mentally troubled—insane, that is, in a legal -sense. The managers of our asylums are appreciating more each year the -benefits to be derived by occupations. In this instance such interests -act not only upon the individual, but also upon the health of a nation.</p> - -<p>No one who has given the least attention to the advances made in the -modern treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis can fail to recognise that -open-air treatment has proved to be of immense value to sufferers from -consumption, and that by its means cure, in the real sense of the term, -may be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[82]</span> established. It is a matter of national gratification that this -sensible mode of cure should have been initiated in this country, by -Bodington and MacCormac, years before it was adopted elsewhere. It is -an instance of our national slowness to do what is obviously right, -that our Continental neighbours have, till recent years, outstripped -us in the perfection of these methods of cure. Our own pioneers, too, -have been subjected to ridicule and temporary obloquy. We now know that -though outdoor life at high altitudes is especially successful in the -treatment of tuberculosis, high altitude is not a necessity. A cure can -be effected in the lower altitudes of our own country, so long as the -principle is maintained of a constantly “open window.”</p> - -<p>Quite recently practical proof has been brought forward by Dr. M. S. -Paterson, of the Brompton Hospital Sanatorium at Frimley, which shows -that even the success of the Continental patterns of sanatoria can be -greatly enhanced by allowing the sufferers to work in the gardens. -By giving them this healthy employment they harden themselves, and -instead of being confirmed idlers, they leave the institution vigorous -in muscle, as well as healed of their lung trouble. The patients, -men and women, are encouraged to execute all the lighter duties of -gardeners, and the more robust of the men<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[83]</span> are allowed to excavate and -trench ground. All minor ailments, such as nasal catarrh, or “common -cold,” bronchitis, sore throat, headaches and muscular rheumatism, -are remediable by means of a life regulated in accordance with the -principle of the “open window.” It can hardly be doubted, therefore, -that if those exercises which take the form of outdoor games are in -part replaced by the more primitive and infinitely more profitable ones -of gardening and botanical study, the same excellent effects will be -realised.</p> - -<p>Those who advocate gardening for women do not seek to deprive them of -intellectual pursuits through a constant devotion to physical effort. -They wish to secure to them the certain assurance of a healthy physical -state by moderate devotion to a refined and pleasant occupation. Direct -experience is fortunately available to carry conviction on this point -to those who consider it with proper calmness and reasonableness. -Healthy women who have essayed the experiment of gardening have no sort -of doubt as to the beneficial results to be derived from it. Again -and again it has been found, not only by devotees themselves, but by -others whose training as medical men and women has enabled them to -detect any undesirable results, that gardening is little short of an -unmixed blessing. One distinguished medical<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[84]</span> authority who has made the -agricultural education of women a life-long study, says that the young -women who have taken up gardening as a profession are in consequence -“as lithe as panthers and of splendid physique.”</p> - -<p>Not only, therefore, does such a life increase muscular development and -consequently help circulatory, respiratory, digestive and other normal -processes, but it helps to make a healthy mind. If a serious bit of -thinking has to be done, a piece of trenching or some purely mechanical -exercise will greatly assist the brain. To quote a passage upon digging -from Mr. Halsham’s admirable book, “Every Man His Own Gardener,” “You -will find that the mind is not merely left free for all the valuable -reflections which may occur to it, but that the attention necessary -for the job takes up and keeps employed and quiet some subordinate -activities of the understanding which in times of repose are often -decidedly troublesome.”</p> - -<p>I should like to quote a passage, too, from Ruskin’s “Sesame and -Lilies,” which seems to me very applicable to the case in point. In -showing us the power of woman, he says: “The first of our duties to -her—no thoughtful persons now doubt this—is to secure for her such -physical training and exercise as may confirm her health, and perfect -her beauty, the highest refinement of that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[85]</span> beauty being unattainable -without splendour of activity and of delicate strength. To perfect her -beauty, I say, and increase its power, it cannot be too powerful, nor -shed its sacred light too far; only remember that all physical freedom -is vain to produce beauty without a corresponding freedom of heart.” -Then follows the quotation which we all know so well, and which shows -us the “vital feeling of delight” which true love of nature, and all -the lovely things in nature, give us—“Thus, then, you have first to -mould her physical frame, and then, as the strength she gains will -permit you, to fill and temper her mind with all knowledge and thoughts -which tend to confirm its natural instincts of justice, and refine its -natural taste of love.”</p> - -<p>I ask what can more readily lead to the fulfilment of this ideal than -a life of quiet, peaceful interests in the company of the pure and -lovable companionship of flowers? What can bring healthier happiness -than watching for those harbingers of the new flower year, the little -green heads of Winter Aconite that come pushing so determinedly through -the brown earth, and are followed later by little golden heads of -flower? What can give greater intellectual and artistic pleasure and -scope for imagination than planning the herbaceous border which is to -be bright with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[86]</span> colour all the year? Careful study and much reading are -needed, but happy evenings fly speedily by, as you gaze into the fire -and plan a lovely summer dream garden. Then, too, there is the interest -of arranging work for others, marshalling the men at your command and -apportioning the work to their different characters and temperaments. -It is indeed no monotonous, unintellectual life.</p> - -<p>A report has been received from one of our modern university colleges -where lectures are provided upon various subjects. It tells us that -women students are occasionally absent owing to indisposition from -lectures and demonstrations upon history and classics, but that they -attend with regularity those upon gardening. This is a flattering -statement as regards the interest of horticulture.</p> - -<p>Several of the reports of foreign schools which I am able to give, -through the kindness of their directors, show that other nations are in -advance of us in two points, at least, connected with this branch of -study.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing086" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing086.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">THE RUINS GARDENS, SLOUGHAM PLACE, SUSSEX.</p> - <p class="p0 center xs">LAID OUT BY THE HON. MRS. CHARLES SERGISSON.</p> - <p class="p0 center sm"><i>Photograph by Pictorial Agency</i>.</p> - </div> - -<p>In Germany, Holland, and Italy, great stress is laid upon the ultimate -use of horticultural courses. They are intended especially to fit young -women to be useful in their own homes, either while living with their -parents, or later when they <span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[87]</span>marry or have homes of their own. This -applies to women with means who are not obliged to earn a living. They -are considered, with a knowledge of fruit culture, flower and vegetable -gardening, jam making and fruit preserving, to become valuable adjuncts -to the household. The word “Hausfrau” nowadays includes these garden -matters, and we in England might profitably follow this example. If a -young woman marries well and has servants who do all these things for -her, she will still never regret having herself mastered difficulties, -and probably she will be better served by being able with experience -to criticise the work of others. Then, too, we notice in the foreign -syllabuses that a doctor’s certificate of health is required before a -young girl thinks of studying gardening.</p> - -<p>It is certainly advisable that the family doctor should give advice -before any decision is made as to the vocations of young women. This -should be all the more insisted upon, when the would-be student suffers -from some malady, whether it appears to be but a trifling one or not. -It is a practical certainty that many minor maladies and symptoms are -entirely removed when a suitable life is led. On the other hand, others -apparently equally insignificant are harbingers of grave illness. It -is possible that these remain dormant,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[88]</span> or are not accentuated in the -ordinary quiet routine life at home, but assume grave proportions as -the result of the greater physical requirements of work in a garden. -Therefore, parents should ask advice of a doctor before encouraging -their daughters to take up gardening. It probably will be found by -those who are able to adopt it as a profession, that there will be -fewer aimless and useless existences, and that there will be many more -happy, long-lived people.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[89]</span></p> - -<h2>CHAPTER XI<br /> -<span class="subhed">WOMEN GARDENERS FOR SOUTH AFRICA</span></h2></div> - -<p>There is small doubt that the subject of emigration to South Africa -appeals to young Englishwomen, buoyant with youth and hopefulness, -ambitious for adventure. A singular fascination exists about that -virgin soil, clear air, brilliant sunlight. We know that nurses, -teachers, mothers’ helps, servants are needed there. Unhesitatingly we -recommend young women who belong to these professions to go to South -Africa. They must thoroughly weigh beforehand the hardship of leaving -home, and fully realise the obstacles they will have to overcome in a -new country. Having faced these difficulties, they can, however, be -confident of success, for the refining influence of women is fully -appreciated in what are still somewhat uncivilised surroundings.</p> - -<p>“Is this so with lady gardeners, are they likely to prove useful in -South Africa?” This is a question often asked, and still somewhat -difficult to answer. Experience of the subject is meagre,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[90]</span> and the idea -of sending ladies as gardeners to our colonies is a new one. We have -had brilliant examples of success, and at the present moment a lady -gardener at Bloemfontein is doing good work. Miss Hewetson’s report to -the South African Colonisation Society, on Cape Colony Fruit-farming, -tells us, perhaps, most about the subject, and we feel that her views -can guide us, as her supervision of the work of Kaffirs for a year and -a half gave her personal experience in the matter. We know that there -are vast possibilities of fruitful cultivation if only there existed -more skilled, directing heads. What a change might be made in the -production of the soil, if educated guides superintended the merely -mechanical work of Kaffirs!</p> - -<p>It is intelligence and enlightenment that are needed, brains that -are wanted more than hands. We are told that it takes three busy -months to prune fruit trees on a large Cape Colony farm. These fruit -trees make only moderate growth, as in England, but in Natal growth -is tropically luxuriant, and in pruning much wood has to be left for -shade, otherwise the fruit becomes sunbaked. To carry out properly such -operations intelligence is necessary. Then, again, we know that fruit -packing and grading are large undertakings on many farms. We read of a -farm with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[91]</span> 30,000 fruit trees and several vineyards, and can readily -understand, not only the number of hands needed to sort and pack fruit, -but the necessity of having clever overseers to speed on such work. Old -inhabitants assure us that large profits could be made in dairying, -poultry-rearing, bee-keeping, or flower-growing by English ladies who -were earnest and adaptable, and possessed of capital as well as brains. -The climate does not allow a white woman to dig or to undertake heavy -work, but her services should be valuable to organise work for the -natives. Until we have more definite examples of success, it is unwise -to urge ladies to go to South Africa as gardeners. The safest course -is, perhaps, to relate the steps that have up to now been taken, and -leave all decision to the good judgment of those who contemplate taking -up a profession which holds out decidedly good prospects to ladies who -can face some degree of adventure. Much depends upon the natural taste -and ambition of a woman. With good health, energy, and intelligence, -people usually succeed in any country.</p> - -<p>The most important matter that has so far been undertaken is the -organisation of a colonial branch of training at Swanley College for -lady gardeners. Here, students are put through a course, intended to -fit them, to a certain degree,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[92]</span> for posts on fruit farms, dairy farms, -and private gardens in South Africa. This training at home, excellent -as it is, must, however, be supplemented by apprenticeship in the -colony itself. The difficulties of a foreign land cannot be grasped in -England. A college for lady gardeners in South Africa itself is what -is really needed, and no doubt in time it will be started. Meanwhile, -until it is in existence, it is necessary for those who contemplate -going as gardeners to the colonies to learn as much as possible at -home. A two years’ course should be taken in fruit-growing, packing, -jam-making, bee-keeping, etc. These subjects, if thoroughly understood -in our climate, will present fewer difficulties, and will be easier -to deal with in new surroundings. An application to Mrs. Hopkinson, -chairwoman of the South African Colonisation Society’s Agricultural -Committee, and of the colonial branch of the Horticultural College, -Swanley, will secure all necessary information. The South African -Colonisation Society offers advice as to climate conditions. It is also -constantly looking out for possible openings in South Africa, where -experience of soil, climate and cultivation can be acquired.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing092" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing092.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">THE YEWS AT HUTTON JOHN, CUMBERLAND.</p> - <p class="p0 center xs">WHICH THE SPEAKER AND MRS. LOWTHER HAVE RENTED. THE ARTISTIC -ARRANGEMENT OF THE BORDERS IS MRS. LOWTHER’S SPECIAL CARE.</p> - </div> - -<p>However successful one may be in out-of-door pursuits in England, the -knowledge will still be inadequate in the colonies. The chance of -success <span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[93]</span>will lie in undertaking work with a spirit of pure humility. -Only after a thorough course of instruction in the country itself can -the management of a post of any degree of responsibility be attempted.</p> - -<p>One considerable source of difficulty is the question of a white woman -as overseer being left unprotected among Kaffirs. In small gardens, -with only one “boy,” this danger is reduced, but in large ones it is -almost a necessity that two ladies should protect each other. The -proportion of men to women is about seven to one, and, therefore, some -may consider that South Africa will not be, as regards lady gardeners, -a woman’s country for another fifty years. That it will be so then, -we who are anxious to see the better cultivation of our great colony, -upon lines indicated for us by Cecil Rhodes, venture to hope. When -Englishwomen have firmly established a good reputation as landscape -gardeners, directing experts and teachers in the mother country, they -will doubtless be welcomed with enthusiasm in our colonies.</p> - -<p>To those who are not deterred from making an attempt at gardening in -South Africa by these few difficulties, I venture to give the following -practical hints, which I am allowed to publish by the kindness of the -South African Colonisation Society:—</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[94]</span></p> - -<h4>BOARD AND LODGING</h4> - -<table summary="costs" class="smaller"> - <tr> - <td class="cht">In Cape Colony</td> - <td class="ctr">from</td> - <td class="cht">£5</td> - <td class="ctr">to</td> - <td class="right1">£8</td> - <td class="ctr">per month</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">In Natal</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - <td class="cht">£4 10s.</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - <td class="right1">£8</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">In Rhodesia</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - <td class="cht">£9</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - <td class="right1">£11</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">In the Transvaal</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - <td class="cht">£7</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - <td class="right1">£10</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">In Orange River Colony</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - <td class="cht">£6</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - <td class="right1">£8</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht" colspan="6">Laundry in Cape Colony costs from 8s. to 10s. per month.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>In the other colonies it is generally from 2s. to 8s. per doz. -articles, irrespective of size.</p> -</div> - - -<h3>OUTFIT</h3> - -<p>The same clothes are needed in South Africa as in England, except that -furs are not necessary, and a larger supply of washing dresses, etc., -are needed for the longer summers. Wool of some sort must always be -worn next the skin, even if it is only a cholera belt in the hottest -weather, on account of the sudden falls in the temperature. In the -Transvaal and Orange River Colony the winters are bitterly cold, and -warm underwear is there very necessary.</p> - -<p>Warm wraps are essential, as the nights seem bitterly cold by contrast -to the hot, sunny days. Washing fabrics should be chosen of fast -colours; white linen, holland and Tussore silk wear the best. Light -unwashable materials are unwise, as the dust is terrible all over the -country, and there are no good cleaners. Black and dark-coloured<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[95]</span> -materials are inadvisable, as also most kinds of grey, as they become -stained with red dust. Rough mixture tweeds in greens, browns and reds -are most useful, or any other warm, light, dust-proof material.</p> - -<p>Brown shoes and stockings are better than black ones, and a good supply -should be taken, as the wear is harder than at home. Gauze and chiffon -veils are a great comfort in a dust storm, and it is wise to have a -cushion for travelling.</p> - -<p><i>A thick mackintosh, overshoes, and a warm rug are essential.</i></p> - -<p>It is economical to provide a really serviceable outfit, calculated to -last for some time, as clothes obtained in the colony are both more -expensive and less satisfactory than in England.</p> - - -<h4>FARES</h4> - -<p class="center smaller">(2nd Class Union-Castle Intermediate Steamers)</p> - -<table summary="fares" class="smaller"> - <tr> - <td class="cht">To Cape Town</td> - <td class="cht">£20 15s.</td> - <td class="ctr">to</td> - <td class="right1">£21 13s.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">To Algoa Bay</td> - <td class="cht">£21 13s.</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - <td class="right1">£23 9s.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">To East London</td> - <td class="cht">£22 11s.</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - <td class="right1">£24 7s.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">To Durban</td> - <td class="cht">£24 11s. 6d.</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - <td class="right1">£26 9s.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>N.B.—At least £1 10s. should be allowed for landing expenses, and -about £1 for tips on board ship (the stewardess expects from 5s. to -10s., according to the amount of attention required on<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[96]</span> the voyage, and -the cabin steward and table steward will expect 5s. each. Subscriptions -to games and other tips are optional). An Emergency Fund of a few -pounds should also be kept in hand. Passengers are met at the various -ports by South African Colonisation Society agents, and they can stay -at the Hostels of the South African Colonisation Society, where board -and lodging are provided for from 3s. 6d. per day.</p> - -<p>A girl with a long railway journey before her would do well to provide -herself with food at the port of landing; tea and coffee can always be -obtained <i>en route</i>.</p> - -<p>Besides the regulation cabin trunk (this must not exceed 14 inches -in height, 2 feet in breadth, or 3 feet in length), it is wise to -have two smaller boxes in preference to one big one, as they are more -convenient for transit in South Africa, and are less likely to get -damaged in loading and unloading on board ship. Second-class passengers -are allowed 25 cubic feet of baggage free on the ship; any excess is -charged 1s. 6d. per cubic foot. On the South African Railways 75 lbs. -only of luggage is allowed free to second-class passengers; all excess -is charged according to scale.</p> - -<p>Girls going to towns, who possess bicycles in good condition, are -advised to take them, but they will have to pay duty on them—as much -as<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[97]</span> 15s. in all probability; also the train freightage is heavy. On the -boat they are shipped as luggage without extra charge if the 25 cubic -feet of baggage be not exceeded.</p> - -<p>Introductions to residents in South Africa are given to everyone going -out under the auspices of the S.A.C.S., so that all may find friends on -arriving in the new country.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[98]</span></p> - -<h2>CHAPTER XII<br /> -<span class="subhed">ITALIAN POT GARDENS: A SUGGESTION</span></h2></div> - -<p>A well-known French horticulturist, director of many parks, once gave -most flattering praise to an English garden. He called it “<i>un jardin -intime</i>.” These three words sum up what most of us wish our gardens -to be.</p> - -<p>We bring to them, from other countries, plants that recall pleasant -memories. As we watch these growing happily in our herbaceous borders, -thoughts come to us of those who gave them, of happy meetings, and -unforgotten scenes. In England we make real friends of our gardens; -we confide many secrets to their safe keeping. Owing to a temperate -climate, we have long in which to mark the slow development of bud and -blossom. The time of flowering is late, and it remains all the longer -for our enjoyment. When spring flowers are over, there are lovelier -ones to look forward to. We have not to combat the heat and drought -which so speedily bring summer beauty to an end in Italian gardens. -It is, no doubt, on account<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[99]</span> of climate that abroad the bedding-out -system has been adopted, and thus much of that intimacy with herbaceous -plants, which we have, is there unknown. Our English gardens are tended -carefully and steadily all the year round; a feeling of rest and peace -pervades them.</p> - -<p>In Italy a garden is neglected during the winter, whilst the Signoria -are away. Beds and paths are left unweeded, all vegetation appears to -be dead, and the gardener occupies himself only with vines, vegetables -and plants growing in pots, which later will be the chief means -of dressing-up the grounds. Most Tuscan villas in winter have the -appearance of a Palace of Sleep. We wonder how it will be possible, -when the Fairy Prince arrives, to transform disorder into a well-kept, -beautiful place. We realise as we see so wonderful a change occur, how -valuable a touch of this surprise would be to our old-fashioned English -homes. It would improve not only the appearance of our gardens, but -enhance the architectural beauty of our houses.</p> - -<p>This sudden transformation is brought about upon the first really warm -spring day, as if by the stroke of a fairy’s wand. Then the doors of -the orangery are flung open, and ornamental pots of all sizes and -shapes are brought out by means of rollers and stood in striking -positions in the pleasure grounds. During the last few years we have -been<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[100]</span> shown in England, through the good taste and skill of Mrs. Watts -and others, what can be done in the way of terra-cotta work for the -adornment of gardens. There is nothing new to us in the lovely boxes, -sundials, fountains, vases and pots that we see designed, but we have -not all, perhaps, succeeded in mastering the art of the Italian in -placing these objects, with striking effect, in masses.</p> - -<p>With a view to studying this we wandered round many gardens in Tuscany. -We were shown lovely loggias overhung with climbing roses; masses -of tall graceful arums and many coloured carnations in pots, stood -beneath them in cool shade. Flowering bushes outside were carpeted with -sweet-smelling violets, walls and arbours were hidden under lavender -wistaria, white and pink camellias lit up the borders of shrubberies. -Nothing, of all this luxuriant vegetation, was arranged quite in -accordance with our English taste. We were dissatisfied, until one day -we chanced upon a garden which seemed to combine successful herbaceous -arrangement with ornamental pot decoration.</p> - -<p>A narrow country lane, hedged in on either side by cypresses, led to -the front of the villa. The terrace, with old-fashioned stone seats -built into the corners of the wall, invited the passer-by to rest -beneath the shade of an overhanging sycamore and look down upon a -lovely stretch of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[101]</span> country below. Near by, dense box hedges sheltered -some plantations of fruit trees, all pink and white with blossom, while -beneath grew delicious scented narcissus. The shadows played upon the -grey and green of the olive gardens, and deep blue in the distance -were the hills round Fiesole. Florence itself was hidden, but close to -us the stately Certosa crowned her dome-shaped hill. To the left, an -opening in the hills showed us the misty plain of Prato, looking like a -still lake in dreamland dotted with small white ships. The villa door -stood temptingly open, and ascending a flight of stone steps we entered -the small, cool, paved court.</p> - -<p>It was different from most courtyards. In the place of orange trees in -pots there were flower beds amidst the paving. Each was round in shape -and contained a graceful lilac bush carpeted with mauve violas. In -the centre of the court was a well with ornamental ironwork railings, -against which stood handsome Amaryllis lilies in pots. The walls of -the house had roses climbing up them; so robust were they that their -stems had twined around the iron window gratings, making, with their -thorns, a double security against attack. The whole effect was cool and -quiet—a good preparation for the blaze of colour which met us, as we -passed under the dark archway into the garden itself.</p> - -<p>What struck us most, when first we saw it,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[102]</span> was the height above the -ground to which colour had been raised, by planting shrubs in large -ornamental terra-cotta pots. It will be seen upon the plan, that these -not only stand upon the paths and walls, but are arranged at intervals, -in the very midst of the herbaceous borders. Large grey stones, about -a foot above the level of the flower bed, are placed for the pots to -stand upon. A groove, in the form of a cross, is cut in the stone, to -allow the drainage from the pot to run off easily. These stones and the -lower portion of the pots are partially hidden by groups of irises, -pæonies, aquilegias and roses, growing in the border. Just a touch of -the terra-cotta flowerpot with its handsome ornamentation of wreaths, -is seen above the blue and white of the irises or the many-coloured -ranunculuses, and then, above, high up, we get the foliage and -colour of the shrub which is planted in the pot. It is certainly a -most effective way of giving height and variety to a flat, rather -uninteresting piece of ground.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing102" style="max-width: 422px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing102.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center">AN ITALIAN POT GARDEN</p> - <p class="p0 center sm">IN ORDER TO SHEW THE LAY OVT OF THE GARDEN MORE DISTINTCLY THE POTS -ONLY ARE SHEWN.</p> - <p class="p0 center sm">ON THE PLAN THE POTS ARE INDICATED THVS</p> - <p class="p0 center xs">DRAWN FROM PLANS MADE BY MISS MARY CAMPION.</p> - </div> - -<p>Most of the pots had lemons or oranges growing in them. In our country -it is possible to have these only in the more sheltered parts, but -laurustinus, box trees, bays, lilacs, hydrangeas or roses could be used -instead. Even should the pots occasionally have to stand empty, they -are so exceedingly handsome and decorative in themselves, that they -only <span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[103]</span>improve the general appearance of the garden. They are made in -different shapes and sizes. Some are very elaborately ornamented, but -the kind of which a sketch is given are the simplest and most dignified.</p> - -<p>No one who has seen an Italian garden, so arranged, can dispute the -beauty of it. It may be suggested that in England it would be difficult -to protect the terra-cotta from cracking in frosty weather. Experience -in southern counties has been favourable, and should it not be so in -colder places, they can be put under cover for the winter months.</p> - -<p>The plan which is given is from drawings made by the kindness of Miss -M. G. Campion. Although it is rather elaborate, it could easily be -modified for a small garden. It represents about an acre of land, -which is cleverly arranged to allow of the combined cultivation of -fruit trees, flowers and vegetables. It is closed in upon every side. -The house shelters it from the east wind, the long orangery casts a -shadow upon the south side and makes it possible to have a lovely bed -of lilies of the valley near by. On the north, besides the trees, is -a high wall. The west is the most exposed, as it has a hornbeam hedge -through which small openings are cut, to show the hills with vineyards -outside the grounds. Against the hedges stand large, empty oil jars, -in terra-cotta,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[104]</span> their graceful shapes showing well against the dark -green. Round the central fountain is a 3-ft. wall, wide enough to have -pink Bourbon roses, in pots, standing upon it. Each of the four smaller -fountains forms the centre of a little plot of ground. These plots are -divided into four beds. Each bed is large enough to have several pink -and white blossomed fruit trees and some gooseberry bushes. Amongst -them are planted spring-flowering bulbs such as narcissus, tulips, -etc., for cutting. Other beds have smaller fruit trees, or currant -bushes and roses alternate. The dark red-green foliage of the rose -bushes contrasts with the fresh green of other plants. A few plots are -reserved for vegetables, but, as a rule, these are close to a border -of flowers; therefore, the garden, although small, is ornamental as -well as useful. From below the windows of the house comes a delicious -scent of freesias, and as we look more closely, we see orange-red -tulips planted amongst them, the deeper notes of orange in the freesias -corresponding with the colour of the tulips.</p> - -<p>The plan, if carefully studied, will give a good idea, therefore, of -a successful combination of permanent herbaceous borders, improved, -dressed up, and heightened by the addition of ornamental terra-cotta -pot decoration.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing104" style="max-width: 422px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing104.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">ITALIAN ORANGE POTS AND OIL JARS.</p> - <p class="p0 center xs">DRAWN FROM SKETCHES BY MISS MARY CAMPION. TO BE OBTAINED FROM THE -SCHOOL OF LADY GARDENERS, GLYNDE, SUSSEX.</p> - </div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[105]</span></p> - -<h2>CHAPTER XIII<br /> -<span class="subhed">FOR THOSE WHO HESITATE TO EMPLOY LADY GARDENERS</span></h2></div> - -<p>Many ladies who own large gardens take personal interest in the -arrangement of the grounds. Not only do they wish to have beautiful, -sweet smelling flowers in glasses and bowls to adorn their rooms; they -also aspire to have plants grouped harmoniously in herbaceous borders -and in formal beds. There has arisen a kind of competition to have -as good a garden, if not a better one, than our neighbour. In the -case of some specially gifted and energetic ladies, lovely gardens -have been created, through their directions being carefully followed -by the head gardener. Some illustrations of such are given in this -volume. Possessed of complete knowledge about the flowers best suited -to the soil and position, having carefully studied the height, time -of flowering, and prettiest combinations of colour for beds, they are -competent to direct themselves. It sometimes occurs, however, that -the lady of the house is willing to devote<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[106]</span> a small amount of time to -planning garden effects, but family and social duties call her away. -She can only give general directions to the clever gardener, and leave -him to carry them out. Although many men are skilled in growing fine -specimen plants, few are sufficiently well educated, or possessed of -the natural taste requisite to execute their employer’s wishes.</p> - -<p>I hope no one will suppose that, because this book is intended to be -a guide to lady gardeners, I am narrow-minded enough to think in a -depreciative way of men gardeners. Some of them are personal friends -whom I respect, esteem, and who, I am aware, have done infinitely -better work than any lady has so far achieved. Many are not only -gardeners, they are artists as well. I have the highest opinion of -them and their profession. I do feel strongly, however, that there is -a large field open to young gentlewomen anxious to take up this work. -There are many gardens, too, where a change has necessarily to be made, -and the owners will benefit by substituting a lady in the place of a -man, as head gardener.</p> - -<p>I should like to draw the attention of employers to two important -points connected with this subject:</p> - -<p>1. A lady must be selected; not a “would-be” one. Only if she is this -at heart, will she have authority over men working for her.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[107]</span></p> - -<p>2. She should have the same salary as a man. A lady gardener must not -be considered an economy. Many people without consciences think they -can exact the same amount of manual work from a young woman that they -would expect from a man. They also imagine, because she is a woman, -they can pay her lower wages. Pay her well, and treat her well. Her -honesty and intelligence will save expense in the end, but do not -economise upon her salary. The advantages to be gained by the employer, -should he appoint a lady as head gardener, are these:</p> - -<p>(1) <i>Scientific knowledge and true artistic taste.</i></p> - -<p>Owing to a college training, and first-rate general education, she -should have better scientific knowledge than the ordinary labouring -man who has worked his way up from village schooldays, through the -different grades of a gardener’s life, to be head over others of his -own class. She will possess a good grounding in botany and the science -of soils. In short, she can reason scientifically. Instead of saying, -“Oh, so-and-so won’t ever grow here, the soil does not suit it,” she -will be able to ascertain what quality is lacking in the ground, and by -adding an ingredient secure proper growth. Thus, an end will be made -to the often erroneous ideas of a foreman, who, because he does not -know the requirements of a plant, gives up the idea of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[108]</span> growing it, or -continues absolutely satisfied with the weedy specimen under his care.</p> - -<p>A lady gardener, too, owing to her early surroundings, the study of -pictures, gardens, and beautiful objects, should possess greater -capacity for appreciating fully the requirements of the lady of the -house. Plans for the arrangements of flower beds, shrubbery, borders, -surprises of all sorts, are more speedily, more satisfactorily decided -upon when two people meet upon the ground of similarity of education.</p> - -<p>(2) <i>Taste in colour.</i></p> - -<p>This is more developed with the majority of women than with men. We -have so many opportunities, at the fortnightly exhibitions of the Royal -Horticultural Society, of seeing the latest productions of beautiful -flowers. Then, too, there are books, such as Robinson’s “English Flower -Garden,” Kelway’s Manual, Wright’s “Beautiful Gardens,” to guide us. -They show us plans for grouping colours harmoniously in herbaceous -borders. Nowadays we all know what we want to achieve, but we often -fail to find the right one to fulfil our imaginings. It hurts the eye -to see scarlet geraniums growing near mauve asters, or the delicate -pink of the Dorothy Perkins rose killed by being placed near a glaring -red brick wall. The lady gardener should, by her natural<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[109]</span> taste and -good judgment, avoid such mistakes of arrangement both in the ordering -of plants for flower borders, and in the decoration of flowers in -rooms. A dinner-table should be an easy matter for her to plan. -Lightness of touch will enable her to succeed in mixing graceful, soft -foliage with suitable flowers. She will accomplish this in less time -than the average man gardener.</p> - -<p>Week-end parties are a favoured form of entertaining, and often the -lady of the house is busy in London during the week, only arriving at -her country house just before her guests. It will give her a pleasant -sensation of ease if she has someone at home to whom she can absolutely -entrust the decoration of her rooms and dinner-table. Then, too, -another important matter is the selection, gathering, and packing up -of suitable flowers to send away. My experience has always been that -men gardeners do not study this sufficiently. They gather beautiful -carnations, pentstemon, irises, or whatever their speciality may be, -but forget that suitable green or coloured foliage must be mixed with -them to show off the blossom. Knowing the very great difficulties of -arranging flowers in glasses, a lady will be more careful about this -than a man.</p> - -<p>(3) <i>Honesty and trustworthiness.</i></p> - -<p>The lady gardener is a gentlewoman, and,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[110]</span> therefore, we presume -she possesses these qualities. I do not mean to cast the faintest -aspersion upon the honesty of men gardeners! There have been instances -of dishonesty and drunkenness amongst them, and as a class they are -certainly open to greater temptations than a lady. Many owners of -moderately large places, where perhaps no agent or bailiff is kept, -are forced to be absent for some months each year; others fill high -positions in diplomacy, and are obliged to spend some years away from -home. To such, it will be a satisfaction to feel that they leave a -capable lady at the head of affairs. Someone is at home who can be -trusted, and will report to them if things are not going on as they -would wish.</p> - -<p>I am often questioned as to whether a lady can possibly exert authority -and influence over a working man. I am certain, if she is the right -kind of woman, she can. Let her, without hesitation, dismiss the first -drunken under-gardener she meets with, and the others will respect her, -and not try to take advantage of her because she is a woman.</p> - -<p>(4) <i>As companions.</i></p> - -<p>The above remarks apply chiefly to a large flower and vegetable garden. -I think women are equally suited to small posts. We often hear of a -maiden lady living in the country who needs <span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[111]</span>company. She would be -pleased if a nice, cheerful, bright girl lived with her to share her -pleasure in the garden. The strength and vigour of the young girl would -compass things which the elderly lady could not attempt unassisted. -Thus companionship would be added to the joy of gardening.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing110" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing110.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">THE RUINS, RATTON PARK, SUSSEX.</p> - <p class="p0 center xs">WHICH THE HON. MRS. FREEMAN-THOMAS HAS ENLIVENED WITH CHARMING -BOX-EDGED BEDS OF BRIGHT FLOWERS.</p> - <p class="p0 center sm"><i>Photograph by Pictorial Agency.</i></p> - </div> - -<p>Then, also, we know of many a young married woman with a large family -of children, whose limited means necessitate a country life. The -children are sent to school, and return home only in holiday time, -or they have daily teachers who leave them after lessons. Surely an -arrangement might be made by which some of their free time could be -turned to profitable, and yet pleasant account, by their working a -little in the garden under the direction of the lady gardener. Children -love planting and digging. If encouraged, they will take the greatest -interest in beautifying a garden. Some lessons in nature study, too, -could be given occasionally to increase their love for a country life.</p> - -<p>This comparatively new idea of having someone to talk over garden -arrangements with, in a friendly and more or less companionable way, -usually smiles upon the woman of the house. She, at last, sees within -her reach the possibility of achieving artistic effects which she has -long thought of in her day dreams, but has failed to get carried<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[112]</span> out. -Against the dark green yew hedge, how lovely will be the group of tall, -stately pink hollyhocks, with pale rose-coloured annual larkspurs, -Japanese anemones, and silver-foliaged plants intermingled with them! -What lovely combinations of plants bearing similar coloured foliage she -can arrange to plant together! There will be irises, German and Spanish -ones, then the white drooping bells of hyacinth candicans, followed by -scarlet tritomas and montbretias, bringing their brightness to cheer -dull autumn days. How satisfactorily she now will be able to maintain a -constant succession of colour in herbaceous borders throughout the year!</p> - -<p>In short, the advent of a lady gardener is pleasing to her. Her husband -will probably not approve the innovation. “If I see the poor thing -out working in a heavy downpour of rain, I shall feel a brute not to -go and help her,” he will say as he smokes his pipe reflectively, and -meditates over the follies of womenkind. But, I ask, what man head -gardener need work in rain? If he does, he will probably do more harm -than good, by making a mess of the ground. Need he, wet or fine, do -much manual labour? No! his duties lie chiefly in directing the men -under his charge; in executing the lighter, but more intricate work -of pruning, thinning out grapes, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">[113]</span> secretarial duties. Above all, -he must plan the succession of crops. All these matters can be done -equally well, if not more speedily, by an educated woman.</p> - -<p>As this book aims at introducing lady gardeners to employers, I should -like to ask for these gentlewomen the good treatment, absolute trust, -gentle handling, which their position entitles them to receive. Without -the entire confidence of their masters, no ladies would wish to take -up a post, but with their support, and the power to dismiss those -under their authority who they find are dishonest or undeserving, lady -gardeners should be absolutely successful. No longer need there be that -frequent termination to all pleasure in a large garden, when the head -gardener grows only what he likes, and not what his master requires. -How often, when shown round a large place, one is struck by the remark, -“Oh, Dibber never lets us have violets or carnations, all his interest -is centred in vegetable growing”; or “Truman gives all his time to -preparing plants for exhibition; he is certainly very successful in -winning prizes, but we come off badly, as all the best things are sent -to exhibitions!” Instead, therefore, of having someone to contend with, -or a man whose obstinacy has to be circumvented before a bunch of sweet -peas can be brought into the house, you will have a friend<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[114]</span> who will -endeavour to give you all she can successfully grow, and whose taste -and judgment can be relied upon.</p> - -<p>Every year the number of women students at horticultural colleges -increases. The profession appeals to many, and there are now a large -number who, having completed their education, are seeking posts. Up -to the present time, the supply is in excess of the demand. This -is, I believe, the case with all professions until they have become -firmly established. Employers still hesitate to try a lady gardener. -Then, too, the ladies who up to now have desired to have women head -gardeners, have usually possessed large gardens, needing many hands -to work them. It is natural that the young woman who but lately was a -student, superintended and guided in all her undertakings by a teacher, -hesitates about managing a large garden. There are many such who still -hold back in diffidence, hoping to obtain a small post first.</p> - -<p>I sincerely trust, when this is fully realised by those interested in -the success of women horticulturalists, that many owners of medium -sized or small gardens will come forward and offer posts to women. A -garden of one or two acres, with a small greenhouse, and only one or -two labourers for rough work, will be best suited to a newly fledged -lady gardener. She should be able to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[115]</span> manage this, and two or three -years spent in it will be a good preparation for a post entailing -larger responsibilities. I do not think that anyone who is generous -spirited enough to offer such posts to ladies will repent the act.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[116]</span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="xl center">Part II</p> -</div> - -<h2>CHAPTER XIV<br /> -<span class="subhed">COLLEGES AND SCHOOLS FOR LADY GARDENERS IN GREAT BRITAIN</span></h2></div> - -<p>The following syllabuses of British colleges and schools are submitted -for the use of ladies interested in gardening. It is hoped that they -may assist all those who, in England or abroad, have the management -of such training centres. By means of them it will be easy to compare -notes as to the various methods of imparting practical information the -form in which foreign syllabuses are staged may inspire fresh ideas. I -should like to add that I do not, of course, consider what I am able to -give of these particulars as in any way comprehensive; but it has been -my endeavour to insert only details of colleges and schools that have -been in existence some time. I have received the syllabuses and many -interesting notes through the kindness of those who have at heart the -wish that ladies should succeed in the profession of horticulture.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[117]</span></p> - - -<h3>THE THATCHAM FRUIT AND FLOWER FARM SCHOOL OF GARDENING, HENWICK, NEAR -NEWBURY</h3> - -<p class="center"><i>Principals</i>: <span class="smcap">Lily Hughes Jones</span>, F.R.H.S.; <span class="smcap">Mary -Peers</span>, F.R.H.S.</p> - -<p class="center">(<i>1st Class Certificates and Bee Experts</i>)</p> - -<p>The farm is situated on high ground in the Kennet Valley, facing south, -one and three-quarter miles from Newbury, two miles from Thatcham -Station, about twelve miles from Reading, and one-quarter mile from the -Bath Road.</p> - -<p>The residence is a roomy old farm-house, facing south. Its position is -thoroughly healthy, 400 feet above sea level.</p> - -<p>An old-fashioned garden lies to one side of the house, and four -acres of land on the other side, on which the main crops are grown, -consisting of hardy fruits, perennials, and other crops.</p> - -<p>The farm is conducted as a market garden for business purposes. -Students will thus see practical work—the object being to provide -outdoor work of the healthiest kind, and at the same time to give a -thoroughly practical knowledge of country life—knowledge that may be -used as a means of livelihood or in superintending a garden, and will, -in any case, be of unfailing interest and use in after life. It is not -intended to take a large number of students, so that each student will -have individual attention, and her capacity be carefully studied.</p> - -<p>The greatest care is taken with regard to the food of the students, and -their health carefully guarded.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[118]</span></p> - - -<h4>PRACTICAL WORK</h4> - -<p><i>Horticulture.</i>—Instruction in all branches of outdoor gardening; -specialities being made of herbaceous plants, violets, and fruit.</p> - -<p><i>Bee-Keeping.</i>—Instruction in the management of bees, including -lectures and coaching for the B. B. K. A. Experts’ Examinations. -Practical work and manipulation is carried on in the farm apiary.</p> - -<p><i>Carpentering.</i>—Students are instructed in the workshop in the -making of various gardening and bee-keeping appliances.</p> - -<p><i>Jam Factory.</i>—Jam making is taught in the small factory which -was instituted for the production of homemade preserves.</p> - -<p>A French garden has now been added, and a competent Frenchman teaches -this branch only. It is worked upon the lines of the famous “Maraîche” -system, and differs in every detail from an English garden. All -vegetables and fruits are brought on out of season. At present we have -400 frames, all made, glazed, painted, by the students, and 1,000 -<i>cloches</i>.</p> - -<p>Two other French gardens have been started in England, and have proved -successful.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing118" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing118.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">THE COTTAGE, SCHOOL OF LADY GARDENERS, GLYNDE, SUSSEX.</p> - <p class="p0 center sm"><i>Photograph by Pictorial Agency.</i></p> - </div> - - -<h4>THEORETICAL WORK</h4> - -<p><i>Horticulture.</i>—Complete courses of instruction are given in -the various branches of horticulture, including Entomology, Soils and -Manures.</p> - -<p><a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a><i>Botany</i>, for R. H. S. Examinations. Lectures on the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[119]</span>elements of morphology and physiology of flowering plants, with -practical work, can be attended.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> These lectures are optional.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Students also get a thorough insight into packing, purchasing, and -marketing produce.</p> - -<p><i>Floral Work.</i>—Demonstrations are given in bouquet-making and -floral arrangements.</p> - -<p><i>Session.</i>—The year is divided into three terms of about thirteen -weeks each.</p> - -<p><i>Fees.</i>—For the full course, including everything with the -exception of botany lectures, £55 per annum. Botany, 30s. per term, in -addition.</p> - -<p><i>Extras.</i>—A small fee of 5s. per annum is charged for the use of -all tools in various departments. All fees payable in advance at the -beginning of each term. A term’s notice of removal of any student must -be given, in writing, to the principal, otherwise a term’s fees will be -charged. Application for forms of entrance and further details to be -addressed to the principals. It is advisable to train for a period not -shorter than two years, as experience necessary for success in an after -career cannot be gained in less time. Short courses of instruction are -arranged when desired.</p> - - -<h3>INSTRUCTION IN PRACTICAL GARDENING FOR LADIES, GLYNDE, NEAR LEWES, -SUSSEX</h3> - -<p class="center"><i>Principal</i>: <span class="smcap">The Hon. Frances Wolseley</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="hangingindent"><i>Patrons</i>: <span class="smcap">The Lady Ardilaun</span>, <span class="smcap">Miss G. -Jekyll</span>, <span class="smcap">Miss White</span>, <span class="smcap">E. O. Greening, Esq.</span>, -<span class="smcap">W. Robinson, Esq.</span>, <span class="smcap">Mrs. Charles Earle</span>, -<span class="smcap">Miss Willmott</span></p> -</div> - -<p>The school was founded in 1901–2, and is supervised<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[120]</span> by the Hon. -Frances Wolseley. The number of students is limited, and great care -is taken as to their selection. A personal interview and the highest -references are required before admission. The following arrangements -for the course of work are a development upon specialised lines of the -scheme which has up to now existed. The chief objects of the course -are:—</p> - -<p>To give a thorough foundation in the management of all the more hardy -garden plants.</p> - -<p>To improve taste in the laying out and arrangement of gardens. To teach -the daily routine work of a private garden, so essential to those who, -later, wish to become private head gardeners.</p> - -<p>To give students responsibility and thus enable them more easily to be -competent to undertake posts when their course of training is completed.</p> - -<p>A competent, practical superintendent gives instruction in flower, -fruit and vegetable growing. In addition to this well-known advisory -experts visit the school from time to time and give lectures upon the -theory and special branches of horticulture. H. Edmonds, Esq., B.Sc., -of the Municipal School at Brighton, lectures upon Botany and the -Chemistry of the Soil.</p> - -<p>Mr. Back gives demonstrations upon fruit culture. Mr. Paris lectures -upon Bee-keeping. Mr. Edmund D. Foster, Head of the Engineering -Department of the Brighton Technical College, has undertaken to lecture -upon Land Surveying.</p> - -<p>A special feature of the garden is the arrangement of Italian Oil Jars -and Lemon Pots.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing120" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing120.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">GATHERING ROSES FOR POT POURRI, SCHOOL OF LADY GARDENERS -GLYNDE, SUSSEX</p> - <p class="p0 center sm"><i>Photograph by Pictorial Agency.</i></p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[121]</span></p> - -<p>Students are encouraged to take personal interest in all alterations -and improvements made in the gardens.</p> - -<p>Attention is given to the every-day work of a garden, comprising:—The -care of grass, paths and beds; mowing, sweeping and general tidiness; -digging, trenching and other ground operations, raising plants from -seeds and cuttings, their subsequent treatment; culture of herbaceous -alpine plants and roses; forcing violets, Dutch bulbs, richardias, -etc.; watering, ventilation and other points of glass-house management. -Gathering and packing flowers and general varieties of vegetables for -market is carried out. Fruit is grown, including bush, standards, -espaliers and strawberries.</p> - -<p>Arrangements are made by which students can visit local gardens. -They are required to keep notes of these visits and to answer in -writing questions upon them. The advantages thus gained to students, -in comparing their own work with that of those having life-long -experience, will be a special feature of the school.</p> - -<p>Students are encouraged to stay two years if it is found that their -special needs can be provided for. In any case they should not stay -less than one year. Advice is given as to their future.</p> - -<p>A half-holiday is given once a week when the necessary work allows. -This implies that quiet times alternate with busy ones, and it is -necessary that a high standard in the appearance of a garden should be -maintained.</p> - -<p>Fees for practical instruction, £10 per annum, payable after a week’s -mutual trial. Should the student, owing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[122]</span> to any serious breach of -discipline, be asked to leave at Miss Wolseley’s wish, this sum is -refunded.</p> - -<p>The lectures of experts are £2 per annum extra.</p> - -<p>Preparation for Royal Horticultural Society’s Examination, £1 extra, -but only two-year students go in for this.</p> - -<p>Lodgings, conveniently near the gardens, where several students board -together, can be secured at 17s. per week, for board and lodging. Each -student defrays these expenses.</p> - - -<h3>UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, READING</h3> - -<p><i>Principal</i>: <span class="smcap">W. M. Childs</span>, M.A., Keble College, Oxford -(Professor of Modern History).</p> - -<p><i>Director of the Department of Agriculture and Horticulture</i>: -Professor <span class="smcap">John Percival</span>, M.A., St. John’s College, Cambridge.</p> - -<p><i>Assistant Directors</i>: <span class="smcap">Edward Brown</span>, F.L.S. -(Agriculture); <span class="smcap">Charles Foster</span>, F.R.H.S. (Horticulture).</p> - -<p><i>Registrar</i>: <span class="smcap">Francis H. Wright</span>.</p> - -<p>The day classes of the college are open to men and women students over -the age of sixteen. Students who do not live at their own homes are -required to reside in the college hostels or in lodgings licensed by -the college. Women students in residence for not less than one session -(three terms) are required to reside in the college hostels, unless -they have received the principal’s permission to reside elsewhere.</p> - - -<h4>COURSES IN HORTICULTURE</h4> - -<p>The Department of Agriculture and Horticulture was founded in 1893. Its -work is carried on under the inspection<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[123]</span> of the Board of Agriculture. -Courses in Horticulture consist of lectures and laboratory work in the -college and of practical work in the college garden and fruit station.</p> - -<p>The college garden, four acres in extent, adjoins the main college -buildings in London Road, Reading. It consists of vegetable and flower -gardens and orchard, and is provided with horticultural buildings. The -houses, greenhouses, vineries (early and late), peach house, etc., are -used for plant and fern growing, general florist work, market work, and -the culture of grapes, pot fruit trees, etc. Students spend upwards of -twenty hours per week in the garden, and, in addition, pay frequent -visits to neighbouring private gardens, as well as to Messrs. Sutton -and Sons’ Trial Grounds, the exhibitions of the Royal Horticultural -Society, and the Royal Gardens, Kew.</p> - -<p>Besides instruction and practice in the routine operations of the -garden, students are placed in charge of sections of both indoor and -outdoor work. In their second year they may specialise in market and -florists’ work, or in fruit growing, in preparation for work at home -or in the Colonies. In all cases they pay special attention to the -business side of horticulture and assist in the work of marketing and -book-keeping.</p> - -<p>During their two sessions’ course, students may take advantage of the -workshop, and of the instruction in carpentry, etc., provided, to learn -how to make up boxes, staging, and how to repair, glaze, and paint.</p> - -<p>In addition to preparing for the college diploma or certificate, -students may also prepare for the examinations<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">[124]</span> of the Royal -Horticultural Society or of the Board of Education, South Kensington.</p> - -<p>During the session 1905–6, eleven acres of the college farm at -Shinfield, two and a half miles from Reading, were planted as a fruit -station. On this station students will be able to study modern methods -of fruit and vegetable cultivation on a commercial scale.</p> - -<p>Courses of instruction have been arranged as follows:—</p> - -<p><i>The diploma in horticulture</i> is awarded at the end of a two -years’ course in the science and practice of horticulture. The course -is designed for students who intend to take up horticulture as a -career. It provides training in the sciences on which the practice of -horticulture is based, in market and florist work, and in fruit-growing.</p> - -<p>Each session of the course extends over forty weeks, including the -thirty weeks of the ordinary college session, together with ten weeks -of practical work only, arranged to suit the convenience of individual -students.</p> - -<p><i>The diploma with distinction</i> in special subjects is awarded -to students who, having gained the diploma, spend a third year at -the college pursuing special studies, and who pass the examination -prescribed. The course is adapted to the requirements of those who -may become teachers of horticulture or specialists in some particular -branch of horticulture.</p> - -<p><i>Note.</i>—The above diplomas are granted by the Oxford and Reading -Joint Committee, on which are represented the college, the University -of Oxford, the Royal Agricultural Society, and the Royal Horticultural -Society.</p> - -<p><i>The certificate in horticulture</i> (granted by the college)<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[125]</span> is -awarded to students who have followed a one-year course at the college -(forty weeks) and have satisfied the examiners in the subjects of the -first year examination for the diploma.</p> - -<p>The subjects of examination for the diploma and certificate are as -follows:—</p> - -<p><i>Diploma (First Year) and Certificate</i></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="hangingindent1">1. Theory and practice of horticulture (including composition of -soils, cultivation, the use of tools and manures; the vegetable -garden, flower garden, rose garden, rock garden; orchard, lawn, -shrubbery; aquatic and bog plants).</p> - -<p class="hangingindent1">2. Botany (theoretical and practical).</p> - -<p class="hangingindent1">3. General chemistry and physics (theoretical and practical).</p> - -<p class="hangingindent1">4. Book-keeping.</p> -</div> - -<p><i>Diploma (Second Year)</i></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="hangingindent1">1. Theory and practice of horticulture (including more advanced -study of soils and manures, cultivation under glass, forcing, -methods of dealing with fungoid diseases and insect pests, -improvement of plants by budding, hybridisation, etc., packing -and marketing, florists’ work, storage of fruit).</p> - -<p class="hangingindent1">2. Botany (theoretical and practical).</p> - -<p class="hangingindent1">3. Entomology (theoretical and practical).</p> -</div> - -<p>The fees for the above full courses are as follows:—</p> - -<p>For students who have resided for not less than a year in the County -Borough of Reading or the administrative<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[126]</span> Counties of Berkshire, -Oxfordshire, or Buckinghamshire, £18 the session of forty weeks; for -other students, £24 the session.</p> - -<p>Students may, however, enter for shorter periods than one year, and -may take courses of practical work, together with such lectures as may -suit their requirements. The fees are:—For five weeks, £7 7s., for ten -weeks, £10 10s. In addition to the above fees, all students pay the -registration fee of one shilling per session, and there are entrance -fees for examinations. The cost of board and lodging at the college -hostels is 21s. per week (for a cubicle), or 25s. to 30s. (for a study -bedroom).</p> - -<p>Diplomas are not awarded to candidates under the age of twenty-one.</p> - -<p><i>Scholarships</i> tenable at the college are awarded from time to -time by the County Councils of Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire, -Dorset, Hampshire, Somersetshire, and Gloucestershire. Application -should be made to the Education Secretaries of these counties.</p> - -<p><i>Courses in Agriculture, Dairying, and Poultry-keeping</i> are held -at the college. Practical instruction is given at the College Farm, -Shinfield, the British Dairy Institute, Reading, and the College -Poultry Farm, Theale.</p> - - -<p class="smcap center">List of Women Students who have Passed the Examinations for the -Diploma in Horticulture</p> - -<p>1904.—Ellen C. Wallace. 1906.—Caroline Pellew, Lilian S. Tuckett, -Brenda M. Young. 1907.—Dorothy M. Cayley, Dorothy A. E. Dyson, -Adelaide M. Taylor, Henrietta C. Tuke.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing126" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing126.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">“POTTING”: STUDENTS AT WORK, READING UNIVERSITY.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[127]</span></p> - - -<h3>THE HORTICULTURAL COLLEGE, SWANLEY</h3> - -<p class="center"><i>Principal</i>: <span class="smcap">Miss F. R. Wilkinson</span></p> - -<p class="center"><i>Vice-Principal and Secretary</i>: <span class="smcap">Miss M. Kekewich</span></p> - -<p class="center"><i>Lady Superintendent</i>: <span class="smcap">Mrs. Watson</span>, South Bank, Swanley</p> - - -<h4>LECTURERS</h4> - -<p><i>Bee-keeping</i>, <span class="smcap">W. Herrod</span>, F. E. S. <i>Book-keeping</i>, -<span class="smcap">H. W. Kersey</span> (Lecturer on Book-keeping, Wye College). -<i>Botany, Vegetable Pathology</i>, <span class="smcap">R. J. Tabor</span>, F. L. S. -<i>Dairy</i>, <span class="smcap">Miss Dawson</span>, N. D. D. (Certificate Midland Dairy -Institute). [3]<i>Entomology</i>, F. V. <span class="smcap">Theobald</span>, M. A., F. L. -S. (Lecturer on Entomology, Wye College). <i>Gardening</i>, <span class="smcap">Miss -Villiers-Stuart</span>. <a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a><i>Greenhouse Construction</i>, <span class="smcap">F. A. -Fawkes</span>. <i>Horticultural Science and Rural Economy</i>, <span class="smcap">F. J. -Baker</span>, A.R.C.Sc. <span class="smcap">Lond</span>. <i>Manual Training</i>, <span class="smcap">W. -Herrod</span>. <i>Poultry</i>, <span class="smcap">Miss Dawson</span>.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> Courses in these subjects are given once in two years.</p> - -</div> - - -<p class="center"><i>Head Gardener</i>: <span class="smcap">Mr. J. Lawson</span></p> - -<p>There is also a staff of under-gardeners and labourers.</p> - -<p>The college is situated seventeen and a half miles from London, and one -and a half miles from Swanley Junction Station on the South Eastern and -Chatham Railway.</p> - -<p>Women were admitted in 1892, the college being the first place to open -its doors to women students who wished to obtain a thorough training in -horticulture.</p> - -<p>It stands in forty-three acres of freehold land, allotted to flower, -kitchen, market gardens, fruit plantations, playing fields, also -conservatories and glass-houses for market work.</p> - -<p>Lecture rooms and laboratories form part of the college,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[128]</span> while -adjoining are a workshop, farm buildings, apiary, dairy, poultry runs, -etc.</p> - -<p>It aims at giving a thorough training to fit women to become market -growers, gardeners in private places, teachers of nature-study and -colonists, or to enable them to manage their own property.</p> - - -<h4>COURSES OF INSTRUCTION</h4> - -<p>The full horticultural course lasts two years, and consists of -practical work out of doors and under glass, with lectures on -scientific principles. Diplomas or certificates are awarded to students -who have qualified.</p> - - -<h4>COLONIAL BRANCH</h4> - -<p>Courses are specially arranged for intending colonists, which, in -addition to gardening, include a simple training in cooking, housework, -laundry, needlework, and hygiene.</p> - - -<h4>NATURE-STUDY COURSE</h4> - -<p>A course for training Garden and Nature-Study mistresses in botany, -zoology, geology, meteorology, and simple gardening, extends over one -year.</p> - -<p>A holiday course for school teachers is held in August, and affords -special opportunities for field work, gardening, dairying, etc.</p> - - -<h4>SHORT COURSES</h4> - -<p>In the spring and summer terms, courses are arranged, lasting six -weeks. These include the following subjects:—gardening, dairying, -poultry-keeping, bee-keeping, and fruit preserving.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[129]</span></p> - - -<h4>ADMISSION AND FEES</h4> - -<p>The fees, which, include all expenses except medical attendance, fire -in bedroom, laundress, books, and small charge for loan of microscope -and tools, and the extras stated below, are, for a cubicle, from £80 -a year of three terms, study-bedroom from £96 a year of three terms, -out-students from £40 a year of three terms, colonial students from £16 -5s. per term.</p> - -<p>At the examination held in April, 1907, by the Royal Horticultural -Society, sixteen students from the college competed, and secured places -among 142 competitors:—</p> - -<p>First class, 8; second class, 6; third class, 2.</p> - - -<h4>SCHOLARSHIPS</h4> - -<p>The County Councils of Kent, London, Norfolk, and Staffordshire offer -scholarships at the college to residents in their own counties. As the -regulations are not identical, intending competitors should apply to -the secretaries of the respective Education Committees for particulars.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="hangingindent"><i>Kent.</i>—<span class="smcap">F. W. Crook</span>, Esq., Kent Education Office, -Caxton House, Westminster, S.W.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent"><i>London.</i>—The Executive Officer, Education Office, -Victoria Embankment.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent"><i>Staffordshire.</i>—<span class="smcap">Graham Balfour</span>, Esq., County -Council Offices, Stafford.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent"><i>Norfolk.</i>—The <span class="smcap">Secretary</span>, County Council -Education Offices, Norwich.</p> -</div> - -<p>Since 1892, 410 students have attended the college courses.</p> - -<p>Through the kindness of Miss F. R. Wilkinson,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[130]</span> I am able to quote the -following interesting statistics:—</p> - - -<h4>AFTER-CAREERS OF STUDENTS</h4> - -<p>Landscape gardeners, 3; market gardeners, 25; head gardeners, 26; under -gardeners, 13; working in home garden, 49; “jobbing” gardeners, 9; -teaching, 23; working at science, 5; poultry-keeping, 2; manageress -milk depôt, 1; principals in gardening schools, 2; apiarist, 1; at -Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, 2.</p> - - -<h4>AVERAGE SALARIES</h4> - -<p>Landscape gardeners, two guineas a week to two guineas a day head -gardeners, highest, £100 a year with rooms, light and vegetables -lowest, £20 a year resident; under gardeners, highest, £80 -non-resident; lowest, 18s. a week, cottage and coals; schools, highest, -£65 resident; lowest, £30 resident; institution, highest, £75 resident; -lowest, £20 resident; jobbing, 4s. to 7s. a day; companion gardener, -highest, £100; resident lowest, £30 resident.</p> - - -<h4>NATURE STUDY</h4> - -<p>The following syllabus may be of interest, although the course has -already taken place (July, 1907). It will show what an important place -Nature Study takes in the education of women.</p> - -<p>A course for helping those who are desirous of extending their -knowledge of Nature Study will be held at the Horticultural College, -Swanley.</p> - -<p>Most of the instruction will be given (weather permitting)<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[131]</span> out of -doors, rambles in the country under the guidance of experienced -teachers being the chief feature.</p> - -<p>Miss Hibbert-Ware (Science Mistress, Queen Margaret’s School, -Scarborough) and Mr. Tabor (Resident Science Lecturer) will lead -combined excursions for studying birds, pond life, insects, wild -flowers, trees, grasses, etc., in their different environments.</p> - -<p>The college gardens, greenhouses, orchards, farm, and fruit-preserving -appliances will be in working order, and students will be able to -obtain an insight into the work carried on in each department. Miss M. -Agar will give demonstrations and instructions in simple gardening, -and on the care of school gardens. Demonstrations in dairying and -poultry-keeping will be given by Miss M. Dawson (N.D.D. and Certificate -Midland Dairy Institute), who will explain the chief points of farm -operations during the year.</p> - -<p>As far as possible the open-air studies will take place within easy -distance of the college, but excursions will be arranged to districts -with varying soils and climate, and the accompanying variety of natural -objects. Students having bicycles are advised to bring them.</p> - -<p>It is hoped to combine the natural history excursions with points of -antiquarian, artistic, and other interest in outlying districts, and -endeavour will be made to render the course useful, both for home life -and school work.</p> - - -<h4>FEES</h4> - -<p class="center">(<i>Payable in advance or on arrival</i>)</p> - -<p>For teachers and those training to be teachers,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[132]</span> including tuition, -board, and lodging, and expenses of excursions, £5 5s.; single room; -extra, 10s. 6d.; to those not engaged in teaching an extra fee will be -charged of £1 1s.</p> - - -<h4>STUDIES IN PLANT LIFE AND PLANT GEOGRAPHY</h4> - -<p class="center">By <span class="smcap">R. J. Tabor</span>, F.L.S. (Resident Science Lecturer), and <span class="smcap">M. -Wilson, B.Sc. Lond.</span></p> - -<p>The work of this course will be arranged on the assumption that most of -the students will have had some previous training in elementary botany.</p> - -<p>Its objects will be to extend their knowledge of plants in the field, -and especially of the various plant associations and their adaptation -to their surroundings. For this purpose excursions will be arranged to -study the flora of woods, ponds and streams, moors and heaths, fresh -and salt water marshes.</p> - -<p>An explanatory lecture, illustrated with lantern slides, will be given -on the eve of each excursion, in which the special features to be noted -in the next day’s work will be described.</p> - -<p>The special subject for this year’s course will be “Common British -Trees and Shrubs,” and on alternate days laboratory work will be -provided, in order that students may become familiar with the -distinguishing characters of their leaves, twigs, buds, etc., to enable -them to identify these plants in summer and winter.</p> - -<p>Facilities will be provided for making collections of common plants for -subsequent reference. Students are recommended to bring a flora and a -vasculum.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">[133]</span></p> - -<p>If time permits, a demonstration will be given towards the end of the -course on the arrangement and carrying out of simple experiments in -plant physiology.</p> - - -<h4>STUDIES IN POND LIFE, INSECTS AND BIRDS, GEOLOGY AND ASTRONOMY</h4> - -<p class="center">By <span class="smcap">Miss Hibbert-Ware</span> (Science Mistress at Queen Margaret’s -School, Scarborough)</p> - -<p><i>Pond Life.</i>—The management of aquaria. The life-history, -breathing, adaptations, etc., of the various aquatic creatures obtained -on the excursions.</p> - -<p><i>Insect Life.</i>—Some garden friends and foes (<i>e.g.</i>, -ladybird, cockchafer).</p> - -<p><i>Birds.</i>—The habits and call notes of common British birds so -far as they can be studied during August. Opportunity will be given to -students of learning to identify the birds from museum specimens, and -also of preparing the skins of birds and small mammals for class use.</p> - -<p><i>Geology.</i>—The origin, composition, and history of some common -rocks and fossils, especially those observed and collected on the -excursions.</p> - -<p><i>Astronomy.</i>—The subjects of four of the evening lectures will -be: 1. The solar system; 2 and 3. The starry heavens; 4. The earth as a -member of the solar system.</p> - -<p>A part of these lectures will be held out-of-doors.</p> - -<p>N.B.—Students are recommended to bring note-books containing both -blank and lined pages and paint boxes.</p> - - -<h4>GARDEN LECTURES AND DEMONSTRATIONS</h4> - -<p class="center">By <span class="smcap">Miss M. Agar</span> (College Diploma, Landscape Gardener to the -Metropolitan Public Gardens Association)</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">[134]</span></p> - -<p><i>Sowing Seeds.</i>—Seed-bed, temperature, moisture, depth of sowing, -vitality of seed, pricking out seedlings—potting on.</p> - -<p><i>Propagation by Cuttings.</i>—Nodes, internodes, growing points, -callus, formation of roots—potting on.</p> - -<p>(<i>Supplementary</i>: Propagation by leaves, roots, “ringing stems.”)</p> - -<p><i>Budding.</i>—Scion, stocks, time for budding.</p> - -<p><i>Pruning.</i>—Fruit trees, bush fruits, roses.</p> - -<p>Demonstrations will be given in the grounds with the exception of -pruning, for which the time of the year is unsuitable.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>The last published report of the Swanley College will be found of -interest.</p> - - -<h4>REPORT: DECEMBER 31ST, 1906</h4> - -<p>During the past year gratifying progress can be reported in each -department of the college work. The value to women of systematic -training in the various branches of horticulture is becoming more -and more widely recognised from both the utilitarian and educational -standpoints. It opens the door to attractive and remunerative -employment in many directions, while it serves as an admirable -complement to the mental training of the High School or the University. -No one doubts that healthy occupation in the open air for a couple of -years or so goes far towards counteracting the morbid tendencies which -occasionally result from exclusive attention to literary studies, and -promotes moral no less than physical development. That the advantages -offered by Swanley in this respect are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[135]</span> appreciated is evidenced by -the number of students who attend solely to cultivate those faculties -for which the ordinary school or college makes no provision, and to -acquire a knowledge of natural and physical phenomena that will prove -of increasing interest throughout their lives.</p> - -<p>For those destined for a professional career, whether as teachers -or gardeners, the opportunities are daily increasing. The growth of -gardens, as instruments of education, in connection with elementary -and secondary schools within the past two or three years has been -remarkable. The number of elementary school gardens has risen from 379 -in 1903 to 570 in 1905 according to the last report of the Board of -Education. In 1906 there was a very considerable advance, but the exact -figures have not yet been issued, nor are any statistics available in -regard to secondary schools. The great difficulty in every county is -the scarcity of teachers qualified to undertake gardening and general -nature-study. For these duties the training at Swanley affords an -excellent preparation. Lord Onslow, when, as President of the Board -of Agriculture, he distributed the prizes in July, 1904, particularly -emphasised this point. A student who has followed the complete course -may obtain a position as gardening or nature-study mistress at a -secondary school, or as a peripatetic teacher of those subjects for a -group of elementary day schools. With the object of assisting those -already engaged in such tuition as well as those who contemplate a -similar appointment, the college now provides a Special Third-year -Course in natural history.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">[136]</span></p> - -<p>The demand for well-trained gardeners, capable of acting as the head -and assuming the responsibility for a large private garden, exceeds -the supply. Applications have again and again to be refused. These -posts are desirable in themselves, and furnish infinite scope for the -exercise of individual taste and skill. We are glad to note that the -salaries offered are somewhat higher than formerly, but they are still -often insufficient to attract the best and most promising students.</p> - - -<h3>STUDLEY HORTICULTURAL COLLEGE, STUDLEY, WARWICKSHIRE</h3> - -<p class="center"><i>Founder</i>: <span class="smcap">The Countess of Warwick</span></p> - -<p class="center"><i>Warden</i>: <span class="smcap">Miss Mabel C. Faithful</span></p> - - -<h4>STAFF OF INSTRUCTORS</h4> - -<p><i>Horticulture</i>, <span class="smcap">Mr. W. Iggulden</span>, F.R.H.S., and <span class="smcap">Mr. -W. Sarsons</span>; <i>Botany</i>, <span class="smcap">Mr. W. B. Groves</span>, M.A. -(<span class="smcap">Cantab</span>); <i>Poultry</i>, <span class="smcap">Mr. George A. Palmer</span>; -<i>Dairy Farming and Agriculture</i>, <i>Dairy Instructress</i>, -<span class="smcap">Miss K. A. Baynes</span>, N.D.D., B.D.F.A., Diploma; <i>Book-keeping -and Business Training</i>, <span class="smcap">Mr. A. E. M. Long</span> (Chartered -Accountant); <i>Apiculture</i>, <span class="smcap">Mr. W. Herrod</span>, F.E.S.; -<i>Fruit Bottling and Jam Making</i>, <span class="smcap">Miss Cran</span>; <i>Cooking -Lessons</i>, <span class="smcap">Miss Faithfull</span>.</p> - -<p>Studley Castle is situated about two and a half miles from Studley -Station (Midland Railway) on a branch line between Birmingham and -Evesham.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing136" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing136.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">AT WORK IN THE VINERY, STUDLEY COLLEGE FOR LADY GARDENERS.</p> - </div> - -<p>Students may enter for a course of instruction in any of the following -groups:—</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[137]</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="hangingindent">(<i>a</i>) <i>Horticulture and Bee-keeping.</i>—Certificate -course two years; diploma course three years.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">(<i>b</i>) <i>Dairy Work, Poultry and -Bee-keeping.</i>—Certificate course one year; diploma course -two years.</p> -</div> - -<p>The <i>Session</i> (year) is of 40 weeks’ duration, and consists of -three terms of about thirteen weeks each, beginning respectively -in September, January, and May. Students are advised to enter at -the commencement of the session, in September, although they can be -admitted at any time.</p> - -<p>An <i>examination</i> in each group is held at the end of every term. A -final examination is held at the end of the session (July), and Studley -College certificates and diplomas are awarded to successful candidates -who have completed their full course.</p> - -<p><i>Short courses</i> of instruction lasting either six or ten weeks are -held at the college, the subjects taught being in accordance with the -work done in each department at the particular time of year.</p> - -<p>Studley College grants diplomas and certificates to those students -who have completed their training, and who have passed the necessary -examinations. It is believed that these diplomas and certificates will -have a distinct value in the educational and business world, as being -the distinctions awarded to skilled and practical workers.</p> - -<p>The arrangements for the horticultural sections are as follow:—</p> - -<p>Certificate in horticulture, both practical and theoretical, will be -granted after two years’ training; it will include<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[138]</span> horticulture, -botany, soils and manures, entomology, and book-keeping. The diploma in -horticulture will only be granted after three years’ training.</p> - - -<h4>SCHEME OF WORK</h4> - -<p>1.—Students may prepare for either or both the examinations of the -Royal Horticultural Society and Studley College certificate and diploma.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">(a) The Royal Horticultural Society.—This examination is held -in April or May, and includes:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="hangingindent1"><i>The Elementary Principles on which Horticultural practice is -based</i>: (1) Soils; (2) Requirements of growth—water, heat, -air; (3) Seeds; (4) Roots; (5) Stems and Branches; (6) Leaves; -(7) Tubers and Bulbs; (8) Growth and Development; (9)Flowers; -(10)Fruit; (11)Seed; (12) Variation and Selection; (13) Names -and Orders of Common Garden Plants, Trees, etc.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent1"><i>Horticultural Operations and Practice.</i>—(1) Elements -of Surveying and Landscape Gardening; (2) Choice of Site for -Garden; (3) Description and use of Implements; (4) Operations -connected with the Cultivation of the Land; (5) Propagation; (6) -Fruit Culture; (7) Vegetable Culture; (8) Flower Culture; (9) -Manures; (10) Hybridisation and Selection; (11) Arboriculture; -(12) Insect and Fungus Pests.</p> -</div> - -<p><i>Practical Work.</i>—This includes the care of lawns (mowing and -rolling), paths and beds; weeding, potting; planting and propagating -flowers and vegetables; mixing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">[139]</span> soils; seed sowing. Work in kitchen -and flower gardens, shrubberies, greenhouses, frames, and hot beds. -Budding, grafting, pruning, and planting. Rotation of crops. Orchard -work. Cultivation of tomatoes, cucumbers, and melons. Planting of -herbaceous borders. Classification of plants, fertilisation. Diseases -of plants. Labelling plants and seeds. Table decorations, wreath and -bouquet making.</p> - -<p><i>Bee-keeping.</i>—Students are prepared for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd -Class Experts’ Examination of the British Bee-keepers’ Association and -are fully instructed in apiculture, both in theory and practice.</p> - -<p><i>Fruit bottling and preserving.</i>—Course of instruction in fruit -bottling and preserving, jam making, etc., will be held during the -fruit season (June to October). Students can join for two weeks at a -time or longer. Fee, including board and residence, £5 5s. for two -weeks.</p> - -<p><i>Marketing department and business training.</i>—Students, on the -completion of their full course, may take a course for three months in -the marketing department, at the usual fees. This will enable them to -obtain a knowledge of this important branch, which it is impossible for -them to get during their regular period of training. Students may enter -for this branch alone if desired.</p> - -<p>The course includes:—Business methods; the markets, and methods of -buying and selling goods; packing; railway rates, etc.</p> - -<p><i>Manual training.</i>—Instruction in manual training and woodwork -is given by the college carpenter, and includes:—Tools, their names -and uses, proper methods of using and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[140]</span> sharpening; simple joints, etc. -Construction of portable poultry-house and appliances; beehives and -appliances, garden appliances, and various articles of general utility.</p> - - -<h4>FEES</h4> - -<p>All fees are required to be paid terminally in advance, <i>i.e.</i>, on -or before the first day of each term. A full term’s notice in writing -must be given to the Warden before the removal of any student from the -college in default of which notice payment of the term’s fees will be -required. Notice of removal received after a term has begun will take -effect at the end of the term next ensuing.</p> - -<p>Short courses:—Students may enter for these at any time when they are -arranged.</p> - -<p>All fees must be paid in advance. In no cases can fees be returned.</p> - - -<h4>RESIDENT STUDENTS</h4> - -<p>Full training, with board and residence at the college, in -horticulture, or dairy and poultry work: cubicle, £80 a year; -study-bedroom, £100 and £120 a year. Short courses for ten weeks: -cubicle, £25; study-bedroom, £30. Short courses for six weeks: cubicle, -£15; study-bedroom, £18. Bee-keeping is optional, and may be combined -with either of the above courses, an additional fee of £5 5s. a year, -or £2 2s. a term, being charged. Fruit bottling and preserving:—Two -weeks’ course, including board and residence, £5 5s. Manual training -and carpentering, £3 3s. a year, or £1 10s. a term. Cooking lessons, -£1 5s. a term. Extra charges: Use of microscopes, 5s. a year; use of -gardening tools, 5s. a year; use of carpentering tools, 5s. a year.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing140" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing140.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">PREPARING THE FRAMES AT STUDLEY COLLEGE FOR LADY GARDENERS.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">[141]</span></p> - - -<h4>NON-RESIDENT STUDENTS</h4> - -<p>Non-resident students can be received at the college under certain -conditions. Fees for instruction in each department, 25s. a week, or -£13 6s. 8d. per term.</p> - -<p>Candidates for admission to the college are requested to write to the -Warden for full particulars and admission form, which must be filled -in with the name, age, and experience of the intending student, the -particular course of study which she wishes to follow, and her ultimate -object in seeking instruction. (These admission forms will be regarded -as strictly confidential. After receiving notification that her -application has been accepted, the intending student will be liable for -a term’s fees.)</p> - -<p>The Warden of the college prefers to interview intending students -previous to admission whenever possible.</p> - -<p>The college is open to visitors, but they are asked to make an -appointment beforehand. The best route is from Euston, 9.20, reaching -Birmingham 11.30; train for Studley, 12 o’clock, from same station; -returning from Studley, 4.38, and Birmingham, 7 o’clock. Studley can -also be reached from Paddington, G.W.R., <i>viâ</i> Evesham. Students -must be in residence at the college on the day previous to the -commencement of a term.</p> - - -<h3>ROYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY OF LONDON PRACTICAL GARDENING SCHOOL FOR LADIES</h3> - -<p>Held in the <span class="smcap">Society’s Gardens, Regent’s Park</span>, and officially -recognised by the Technical Education Board of the London County -Council.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[142]</span></p> - -<p>The course of instruction extends over three years, and commences on -October 1st.</p> - - -<h4>SUBJECTS: FIRST YEAR</h4> - -<p><i>Outdoor Work.</i>—Ground operations, implements used; levelling -with borning rods; draining; formation of paths, beds, and lawns; -trenching, digging and hoeing; preparation for planting, etc.; care -of lawns—mowing with machine, sweeping, weeding, and rolling; flower -gardening—herbaceous borders, pricking off, planting; staking, tying -and watering; vegetable and fruit garden—double digging, manuring; -preparation of seed beds; aërating the soil.</p> - -<p><i>Indoor Work.</i>—Cleaning and crocking pots; materials required for -composts; potting, watering, cleaning, staking, tying and top-dressing -plants; propagation by cuttings, as geraniums, etc.; pricking off -seedlings.</p> - - -<h4>SECOND YEAR</h4> - -<p><i>Outdoor Work.</i>—Preparing and storing manure, methods of -application; care of lawns, flower and kitchen garden, shrubbery, -fernery, etc.; sowing vegetable and flower seeds, and planting tubers; -growing vegetables, flowers and fruits; outdoor tomato culture.</p> - -<p><i>Indoor Work.</i>—Horticultural buildings, repairing, painting and -glazing; propagation by division of roots, stems, and tubers; forcing -and retarding; insects and fungoid pests; methods of extermination; -melon, cucumber and tomato culture.</p> - -<p><i>Theoretical Work.</i>—Suitable manures for various soils; -principles of hot-water heating.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[143]</span></p> - - -<h4>THIRD YEAR</h4> - -<p>Pruning trees and shrubs; mowing with scythe; special classes of -plants; hybridisation and selection; care of conservatory, plant -houses, frames and pits; spraying plants; mushroom culture; vine and -fig culture; budding and grafting; labelling.</p> - -<p><i>Theoretical Work.</i>—Keeping garden accounts, stock books, stores, -etc.; purchase of pots, gravel, sand, peat, manure, etc.; elementary -meteorology; theory of landscape gardening; plant parasites; sprays -and washes for insect pests; classes and laboratory work in botany and -horticultural chemistry.</p> - -<p>The society undertakes that each pupil shall be given opportunities -for studying and practising each of the above subjects, but it cannot -guarantee that in every case the order of the above list will be -adhered to.</p> - - -<h4>FEES FOR THE ABOVE COURSE</h4> - -<p>First year, £20; second year, £15; third year, £10. Floral decoration -is £1. 1s. per annum.</p> - -<p>A year’s course in gardening is given to ladies who possess gardens in -the country. Early application should be made to the superintendent, -Mrs. J. Bryant Sowerby, Botanic Gardens, Regent’s Park.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Amongst the rules I see that pupils must attend at the gardens at 9.30 -a.m. in summer, and 10 a.m. in winter, and are allowed an interval of -one hour and a half (12.30 to 2) in the middle of the day.</p> - -<p>Six students having passed out of the Royal Botanic<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">[144]</span> Gardens are -working their own gardens. Two have started as market gardeners. -Several are working as jobbing gardeners and companion gardeners.</p> - - -<h3>THE EDINBURGH SCHOOL OF GARDENING FOR WOMEN, CORSTORPHINE, EDINBURGH</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Miss Barker and Miss Morison</span>,</p> - -<p class="center"><i>Diplomées of Swanley Horticultural College; Certificated Gardeners, -Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh</i></p> - -<p>The objects of this school are to prepare women for the various -branches of practical professional gardening—to fit them for managing -a market garden, or for taking charge of private gardens—and to give -instruction to those who wish to devote themselves with intelligence to -gardening as a private interest.</p> - -<p><i>Situation.</i>—The gardens are situated on the south slope of -Corstorphine Hill, in a charming district just beyond the suburbs of -Edinburgh. They are within two miles of the west end of the city, -within three minutes’ walk of the 'bus service, and within seven -minutes’ walk of Corstorphine railway station. The position is -eminently suitable both for gardening and for residence.</p> - -<p><i>Grounds.</i>—Part of the garden is devoted to growing for market, -and students are taught how to work a market garden through all its -stages—from the preparation of the ground and sowing the seeds to the -packing of the produce for the market. In this department is included -the growing of stuff under glass, such as tomatoes, cucumbers, flowers, -etc. Another department deals with the requirements of good private -gardens, and includes a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[145]</span> vinery, peach-house, mushroom-house, rose -garden, herbaceous border, and kitchen garden.</p> - -<p><i>Practical Instruction.</i>—The practical instruction includes -all the details of actual work, such as hoeing, digging, care of -glass-houses, propagation of plants by seeds, cuttings, etc.; -planting-out, thinning, potting, pruning, gathering, and packing. -Demonstrations, in which the students take a practical part, are -given by experts in bee-keeping and floral decoration, including -bouquet-making, sprays and button-holes, table decoration, and wreaths.</p> - -<p><i>Theoretical Instruction.</i>—All intelligent practical work must -include a certain amount of theoretical instruction in order to explain -the reasons for the various operations necessary. At the same time a -more formal and exact study of the sciences underlying the practice -of gardening is necessary, and in order to obtain this the students -attend certain classes at the Edinburgh and East of Scotland College -of Agriculture. Students are prepared for the Royal Horticultural -Society’s Examination.</p> - -<p><i>The Curriculum.</i>—The full curriculum extends over two years. -Shorter courses may be arranged for those who wish to study with a view -to private instruction only, and do not propose to follow gardening as -a profession.</p> - -<p><i>The Diploma.</i>—Every care is taken in the arrangements for -practical instruction, lectures and examinations, to ensure that the -diploma shall be a reliable guarantee of thorough efficiency in the -theory and practice of gardening. It will be granted only to students -who have taken part in the regular practical work of the school for two -years,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[146]</span> and have passed satisfactorily examinations in the following -subjects:—</p> - -<p>Horticulture (Royal Horticultural Society’s Examination), practical -horticulture, botany, agricultural chemistry, book-keeping.</p> - -<p><i>Boarding arrangements.</i>—Both resident and non-resident students -are received. Resident students live with the principals, Miss Barker -and Miss Morison. Two references are required from each student.</p> - -<p><i>Terms.</i>—The session is divided into three terms, beginning -respectively in May, October, and January. Students are advised to -begin either in May or in October.</p> - -<p><i>Fees.</i>—Resident students, £70 a year; resident students, with -separate bedroom, £86; non-resident students, with dinner and tea, £40. -Fees are payable at the beginning of each term. A term’s notice is -required before a student leaves, otherwise the fee for the term will -be charged.</p> - -<p><i>Examiner in Practical Horticulture</i>—<span class="smcap">Mr. Berry</span>, East of -Scotland College of Agriculture.</p> - - -<h3>CLASSES TAKEN AT THE EDINBURGH AND EAST OF SCOTLAND COLLEGE OF -AGRICULTURE</h3> - -<p><i>Horticulture</i>, <span class="smcap">Mr. G. P. Berry</span>. <i>Agricultural -Chemistry</i>, <span class="smcap">A. Lauder, D.Sc.</span> <i>Agricultural Natural -History</i>, <span class="smcap">R. S. MacDougall, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.E.</span></p> - - -<h4>CLASS TAKEN AT THE HERIOT-WATT COLLEGE</h4> - -<p><i>Botany</i> (<i>Advanced and Elementary</i>), <span class="smcap">R. S. MacDougall, -M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.E.</span></p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">The Year’s Work</h3> - -<p>The following sketch calendar of the actual work shared<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[147]</span> in by the -students month by month may be of service to those who have little -practical acquaintance with gardening. No sketch of this kind can show -all the details of daily work, and the separation into months is merely -for convenience, as in almost every case the work of one month overlaps -with that of another. Certain operations, such as hoeing and weeding, -extend throughout the greater part of the year; plants under glass -require daily attention, and, in addition, there is the specialised -culture required by special classes of plants—vines, peaches, -tomatoes, etc.—which is not indicated in this calendar:—</p> - -<p><i>January.</i>—In this month there is much important work to be -done under glass and in the forcing-houses. Seeds are sown almost -daily—flower seeds, such as annual carnations, petunias, antirrhinums, -etc.; and vegetables, such as lettuce, leeks, onions, cauliflowers, -cucumbers, tomatoes, etc. There are also the gathering and packing of -forced flowers and rhubarb, and the forcing of these and other plants. -When possible, seed-beds are prepared in the open.</p> - -<p><i>February.</i>—Much of January’s work is continued this month. -Seed-sowing goes on, some of it in the open. Plants sown in January -have to be potted and pricked out in pans and boxes. Watering, heating, -and ventilation in the various glass-houses require great attention. -The taking of chrysanthemum cuttings is continued from last month.</p> - -<p><i>March.</i>—This is perhaps the busiest month of the garden year. -The preparation of seed-beds and the cleaning of the ground must be -completed, as well as the sowing of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[148]</span> almost every vegetable that is -in the garden, of hardy annual flowers in the open, and of half-hardy -annuals in frames. Strawberries are planted, young tomatoes potted -on, cucumbers attended to, and more seed sown for late crops. Rooted -chrysanthemum cuttings have to be potted on.</p> - -<p><i>April.</i>—Much time this month must be devoted to seedlings to -prevent overcrowding and weakening. Cauliflowers are planted out, and -vegetable marrows sown in pots for planting out later. More sowings of -vegetables and of hardy annuals are made, and half-hardy annuals are -hardened-off previous to planting in the open.</p> - -<p><i>May.</i>—In this month sowings are repeated of all vegetables -required for succession. Celery plants are pricked out and trenches -prepared. Cabbages are planted; out runner beans are sown; weeding and -hoeing go on constantly.</p> - -<p><i>June.</i>—The gathering, bunching, and packing of cut flowers form -an important part of this month’s work. Celery is put in trenches; -mushroom-beds are prepared. Much attention is required by tomatoes and -cucumbers.</p> - -<p><i>July.</i>—Flowers for cutting are now more plentiful, and, in -addition, the smaller fruits have to be gathered and packed for market. -Carnations have to be layered, and strawberry runners pegged down. -Broccoli and cabbage are planted out; biennial and perennial flowers -may still be sown.</p> - -<p><i>August and September.</i>—These months are the school holidays. -The chief work in the garden is the continued gathering and packing of -fruit and flowers, and keeping the ground clean.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[149]</span></p> - -<p><i>October.</i>—Bulbs are potted to be forced when well rooted; -wallflower is transplanted to its blooming quarters; chrysanthemums are -brought in, and celery is earthed up. Vacant plots of ground can be -made ready for winter by digging and manuring.</p> - -<p><i>November.</i>—Some bulbs can be planted out in the open; plants -ready for forcing are brought in. Cucumbers for an early crop are sown -now, and mustard and cress are sown weekly. The glass and brickwork of -the houses are thoroughly cleaned. When weather permits, the pruning -of fruit-trees and bushes is carried on in this and the other winter -months. Chrysanthemums are bunched and packed for market.</p> - -<p><i>December.</i>—Rhubarb is brought in for forcing; vines are pruned, -and peach-trees trained.</p> - -<p>In bad weather, work is carried on in the glass-houses or the -potting-shed, or the time is allowed for study.</p> - - -<h3>ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, GLASNEVIN, DUBLIN, IRELAND</h3> - -<p>F. W. Moore, Esq., Director of the above gardens, is kind enough to -admit two ladies as students in horticulture. No fees are charged, -and there is no remuneration of any sort given. There is no syllabus, -as the students work under the immediate direction of Mr. Moore. -They obtain a thorough knowledge of general garden practice. Cross -pollination, collecting seeds, fruit pruning, and all kinds of work, -both indoors and out-of-doors, is taught. It is not possible to obtain -a more general gardening experience than is given here. All lectures -are free. The places are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[150]</span> usually taken some years in advance. The -first two ladies came on July 1, 1898, and eighteen in all have passed -through up to 1907. Of these, the following are at present actively -employed as follows:—</p> - -<p>Lucy Douglas, County Council Instructor in Horticulture, Co. Cavan; -Jane Langley, gardening, laying out gardens, giving advice, good -employment in Co. Waterford; Katherine Kinnear, market and nursery -gardening in Scotland; Rose Pollock, private secretary and assistant -to F. W. Moore, Esq., Botanic Gardens, Dublin; Jean Rogers, working as -head gardener; Christina Carlyon, instructor in horticultural college -in South Africa; Jane Garner, working her own garden, and botanical and -horticultural teacher in Dublin; Emmeline Crocker, head gardener over -a large garden in Cornwall; May Crosbie, working her own garden. The -students can obtain comfortable and cheap rooms in Dublin, in order to -attend daily at the gardens.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>The London County Council has organised classes for gardeners, which -ladies may attend at</p> - -<h3>THE LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL NORWOOD TECHNICAL -INSTITUTE, KNIGHT’S HILL, WEST NORWOOD</h3> - -<p>The following are the syllabuses:</p> - - -<h4>BOTANY (THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL), 5s. PER COURSE</h4> - -<p>Stage I.—(Elementary): Fridays, 9–10; Practical Class, 7.30–9. -Stage II. (Advanced): Fridays, 6.30–7.30; Practical Class, 7.30–9</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">[151]</span></p> - -<p class="center"><i>Lecturer</i>: <span class="smcap">Miss Eva Whitley, B.Sc.</span></p> - - -<p class="p-left"><span class="smcap">Stage I.</span> (Covering the London Matriculation Syllabus)</p> - -<p><i>Elementary.</i>—The study of the typical flowering plant; the -form and function of the plant organs and the variations which adapt -them to special conditions; the inflorescence; the pollination and -fertilisation of flowers, fruits and seeds; germination; the nutrition, -respiration and growth of plants; the movements exhibited by plants; -the outlines of the cellular structure of plants; elements of plant -classification, with special reference to some of the more important -British natural orders.</p> - - -<p class="p-left"><span class="smcap">Stage II.</span> (Covering the Inter-Science Syllabus)</p> - -<p><i>Advanced.</i>—More advanced work in the subjects taken in the -elementary course. Study of typical members of the larger sub-divisions -of the plant world (pinus, picra, selaginella, aspidium, funaria, -pellia, fucus, spirogyra, hæmatococcus, agaricus, eurotium, puccinia, -parmelia, collema, pythium, mucor, saccharomyces), and of additional -natural orders to those taken in Stage I.; plant œcology.</p> - -<p>In the practical class specimens are examined and described, -microscopic preparations made, and a few of the simpler experiments -illustrative of physiological processes are carried out.</p> - -<p>Two or three museum visits are arranged during the session. These -classes should prove useful and interesting to those engaged in -horticulture and the allied callings.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[152]</span></p> - - -<h4><span class="allsmcap">GARDENING</span>, 2s. 6d. <span class="allsmcap">PER COURSE</span></h4> - -<p class="center"><i>Lecturer</i>: <span class="smcap">Chas. H. Curtis, F.R.H.S.</span></p> - -<p class="center">Tuesdays, 7.45–9.15</p> - - -<h4>SYLLABUS</h4> - -<p><i>Introduction.</i>—Need for better methods. How to plant.</p> - -<p><i>Soils.</i>—Kinds and values. Cultivation and improvement. Manures -and their value for certain crops and soils. Propagation. Seeds and -seedlings. Cuttings and layers. Budding and grafting. Spring-flowering -bulbs. Selections.</p> - -<p><i>Planting and potting.</i>—Chrysanthemums for garden and greenhouses.</p> - -<p><i>Small fruits.</i>—Varieties for town and suburban gardens. Pruning -and training. Choice fruits; peaches, nectarines, figs, grapes and -melons.</p> - -<p><i>Beautiful trees and shrubs.</i>—Flowering, deciduous and evergreen. -Rock, wall, and water gardening.</p> - -<p>Lawns and walks. Fences and screens. Edgings. Window, balcony, and -home gardening. Garden design and improvement. The use and abuse of -garden tools. Herbaceous borders. Selections and times of flowering. -Summer bedding plants and flowers. Autumn flowers. Conservatory and -greenhouse. Annual and biennial plants. Roses for summer and autumn.</p> - -<p><i>Vegetable culture.</i>—Root crops. Onions, leeks, and shallots. -Cauliflowers, winter greenstuffs. Salads. Peas for small gardens, -beans, marrows, tomatoes. Asparagus, seakale, mushrooms. Forcing.</p> - -<p>The syllabus is subject to alteration to meet the needs of the class. -Each lecture will be illustrated by specimens,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">[153]</span> demonstration, -blackboard diagrams, etc. Several outings and daylight demonstrations -will be arranged during the session.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Ladies may attend the following courses arranged by the London County -Council at</p> - -<h3>BROWNHILL ROAD EVENING SCIENCE, ART, ETC., -COMMERCIAL CENTRE, CATFORD, S.E.</h3> - -<p>Five shillings the session is charged to students over sixteen, and 2s. -6d. to those under sixteen, for one or more subjects, including science -and art.</p> - - -<h4>BIOLOGY AND NATURE STUDY</h4> - -<p class="center"><i>Instructor</i>: <span class="smcap">Mr. G. Alford</span></p> - -<p>In the first stage, students will investigate the external features, -general structure, mode of life, surroundings, life-history, and habits -of flowering plants, yeast, frog, amœba, etc.</p> - -<p>In the second stage the subjects of the elementary class will be -studied more fully, together with the earthworm, crayfish, dogfish, -pine, fern, selaginella.</p> - -<p>The practical work will deal with nutrition, respiration, etc., -including dissection and the microscopic examination of the smaller -organisms.</p> - - -<h4>HORTICULTURE</h4> - -<p class="center"><i>Instructor</i>: <span class="smcap">Mr. E. H. Smith</span></p> - -<p>This course of lectures is arranged specially for those who take an -interest in gardening.</p> - -<p>The syllabus of instruction deals with: the cultivation<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[154]</span> of vegetables, -hardy fruit, etc.; the management of the orchard house, flower garden, -flowers under glass, seed growing, propagation, etc.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Ladies may attend the courses offered by the London County Council at</p> - -<h3>BLOOMFIELD ROAD EVENING COMMERCIAL AND -SCIENCE AND ART CENTRE, PLUMSTEAD</h3> - -<p>Five shillings the session for one or more subjects, including science -and art, for students over sixteen. For those under sixteen, 2s. 6d. -per session for one or more subjects.</p> - - -<h4>BOTANY—STAGES I. AND II.</h4> - -<p class="center"><i>Instructor</i>: <span class="smcap">Mr. W. P. Bolas</span></p> - -<p>The lectures will cover but not be confined to the syllabus of the -Board of Education. Every assistance will be given to those engaged in -the teaching of Nature study. Practical work with experiments forms -a special feature of the course. Formation of collections of dried -specimens of leaves, fruits, seeds, etc. Special study of British wild -flowers. Occasional botanical rambles and visits to places of botanical -interest.</p> - -<p>Text Books:—Stage I.—Oliver’s “Elementary Botany.”</p> - -<p><span style="margin-left: 6em">Stage II.—Lowson’s “Second Stage Botany.”</span></p> - - - -<h4>HORTICULTURE</h4> - -<p><span class="smcap">Stage I.</span>—This stage provides an elementary course<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">[155]</span> on -the science of plant life and soil, and will be taught chiefly by -experiment and observation.</p> - -<p><i>Plant life.</i>—Seeds. Roots. Leaves structure, transpiration, -formation of starch. Stems. Buds. Flowers. Fruits. Seeds. Annuals, -biennials, bulbs, tubers, perennials.</p> - -<p><i>The soil.</i>—Plant food. Origin and composition of soils. How -plants appropriate food from the soil.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Stage II.</span>—<i>Soil and situation.</i>—Conditions which render -land suitable to particular forms of horticulture. Market gardening. -Hardy fruit growing. Nursery stock. Cultivation under glass. Proximity -to markets or stations. Cost of labour and manure. Conditions of tenure.</p> - -<p><i>Arrangements.</i>—Design of a garden to suit particular purposes. -Shelter hedges and wind breaks. Water supply. Roadways and paths.</p> - -<p><i>Tillage.</i>—The various operations and tools required. Drainage. -The amelioration of the soil by liming, claying, the incorporation of -lightening materials on clay soils.</p> - -<p><i>Composts and manures.</i>—Loam, peat, leaf mould, farmyard manure, -liquid manure, artificial manures.</p> - -<p><i>Vegetables.</i>—The cultivation of the standard vegetables in the -open air (1) for show, (2) for private consumption, (3) for market -work. Preparation of land, time of sowing, manures, management, -insect pests, harvesting and storing of each crop. The character of -the leading varieties of the cabbage, kale, broccoli, cauliflower, -lettuce, spinach, etc., celery, turnips, beet, carrots, parsnips, -potatoes, onions, peas and beans, asparagus and seakale, tomatoes in -the open air. Succession of crops. Forcing. Growth<span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">[156]</span> of tomatoes, beans, -cucumbers, etc., under glass. Mushrooms under glass and in sheds.</p> - -<p><i>Hardy fruit.</i>—Preparation of the land, planting, pruning and -root management, manures. Spraying. Leading varieties of strawberries, -gooseberries, raspberries, currants, apples, plums, pears and cherries, -filberts and other nuts. Renovation of old fruit trees.</p> - -<p><i>Orchard house.</i>—Peaches, nectarines, figs, apricots, cherries, -etc. Insect pests, etc.</p> - -<p><i>The flower garden.</i>—Hardy and half-hardy annuals. Bedding out. -The herbaceous border. The rock garden and hardy fernery. Management of -roses, etc., for show.</p> - -<p><i>Flowers under glass.</i>—Azaleas, ericas, etc., lily of the valley, -etc., rose, chrysanthemums, etc.</p> - -<p><i>Shrubs and trees.</i>—Flowering shrubs, etc.</p> - -<p><i>Seed growing.</i>—Saving and storing seed. Cross fertilisation and -hybridising. Selection and fixation of new varieties.</p> - -<p><i>Propagation.</i>—Division, offsets. Bulbous plants. Soft and hard -wooded cuttings. Layering. Stocks for fruit trees, etc. Grafting and -budding.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Ladies may attend the course of instruction offered by the London -County Council at</p> - -<h3>KILMORIE ROAD EVENING COMMERCIAL AND ART -CENTRE, FOREST HILL, S.E.</h3> - -<p>Five shillings fee per session is charged to students over sixteen, and -2s. 6d. per session to those under sixteen.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">[157]</span></p> - - -<h4>HORTICULTURE</h4> - -<p class="center">The syllabus of the Royal Horticultural Society will be taken</p> - -<p><i>Elementary principles on which horticultural practice is -based.</i>—Soils, good and bad; their mineral composition; chemical -nature of fertilisers and their respective values. The physiological -values of water, heat, and air in plant growth. The structure of seeds -and their modes of germination; the chemical phenomena of germination; -the movements of seedlings and the uses of them. The functions of -roots; their anatomical structure; hindrances to healthy root-action -and their remedies. The uses of stems and branches; the anatomical -structure of ordinary dicotyledonous and of a monocotyledonous stem. -The physiological functions of leaves, and the action of light upon -them. The structure of tubers and other subterranean stems; the -structure of bulbs and buds; the general phenomena of vegetative -multiplication. The physiological processes undergone in growth -and development; the structure of an active cell, and the process -of cell-division and the formation of tissues. The structure of -flower-buds and of flowers; the methods of pollination, natural and -artificial. The process of impregnation of the ovule, and the formation -of embryo and endosperm. The classification and description of fruits; -the changes and development during ripening. The general characters of -the commoner families of plants in cultivation. The origin of species.</p> - -<p><i>Horticultural operations and practice.</i>—Elements of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">[158]</span> surveying -and landscape gardening. Choice of site for garden. Description and -use of implements under each head. Operations connected with the -cultivation of the land, with explanations and illustrations of good -and bad methods; digging and trenching; draining, hoeing, stirring -the soil, and weeding; watering; preparation of seed beds; rolling -and raking, sowing, transplanting and thinning; potting, planting; -aspects, positions, and shelter; staking; earthing and blanching, etc. -Propagation, elementary principles; cuttings, buddings and grafting, -stocks used, layering, division, branch pruning, root pruning; old -and young trees and bushes. Training. Fruit culture: Open air and -under glass; small fruits; apples and pears; stone fruits; gathering -and storing; packing and marketing. General knowledge of fruits, and -selection of varieties. Vegetable culture: tubers and roots; green -vegetables; fruit and seeds; rotation of crops, and selection of -varieties. Flower culture, outside and under glass. Manures and their -application. Improvement of plants by cross-breeding, hybridisation and -selection. Arboriculture: trees and shrubs and their culture. Insect -and Fungus pests; prevention and treatment.</p> - -<p><i>Examination.</i>—Royal Horticultural Society in April.</p> - - -<h4>PARTICULARS REGARDING SCHOOL GARDENS AT SCHOOLS MAINTAINED BY THE -LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL</h4> - -<p>There are at present a number of schools maintained by the Council -where gardens exist. As a rule these gardens are kept in condition -by the caretaker or by the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">[159]</span> teachers and pupils. In such cases it is -the practice to allow an annual expenditure in respect of the garden, -the amount varying from 10s. to £2. In one case, namely, Bailey’s -Lane Mixed School, South Tottenham, an annual expenditure of £3 -3s. is allowed, but at this school cottage gardening is taken as a -grant-earning subject, the Head Master being recognised as a qualified -teacher by the Board of Education.</p> - -<p>With this exception the gardens are used for the purposes of -instruction in botany and nature study.</p> - -<p>Special teachers are not engaged for the purpose of giving instruction -in gardening.</p> - -<p>The Council has at present under consideration the general question of -the formation and maintenance of gardens in certain schools, and it is -proposed that all work in connection therewith shall be carried out -by a staff of gardeners employed by the Council, and that the gardens -shall be utilised for the purpose of instruction of the pupils in -nature study by the teachers on the staff.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">[160]</span></p> - -<h2>CHAPTER XV<br /> -<span class="subhed">CONTINENTAL SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES</span></h2></div> - -<h3>BELGIUM</h3> - -<p>I am told upon good authority that although up to the present -moment no schools of horticulture have been founded for ladies, -the Government is contemplating the institution of one. In 1907 -six young ladies joined the classes of the Government School -of Horticulture at Ghent. At the Vilvorde Government School of -Horticulture three young women (foreigners) followed the school -training, and one of them received a diploma. Quite recently -a horticultural section has been opened in the Pensionnat -d’Hiverlé, and three young ladies have joined it. Belgium -possesses many <i>écoles ménagères agricoles</i> for women, but -these are more for agricultural or farming supervision.</p> - -<p>At the Horticultural Congress held in 1907 at St. Crond (in the -province of Lunbourg), M. de Vuyst read an interesting paper in -favour of gardening instruction for ladies.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>Mademoiselle Rossignon in her admirable private<span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">[161]</span> school for girls at -86, Rue Gachard, Avenue Louise, Brussels, has organised classes where -gardening is taught. Here, each girl has the management of a plot -of ground, and elementary landscape gardening from simple designs -is shown. Besides being taught the use to which land can be put for -the cultivation of vegetables, fruit and flowers, students can learn -preserving and cooking fruits and vegetables.</p></div> - - -<h3>DENMARK</h3> - -<p>I have received the following report from the National Council of Women -of Denmark, Copenhagen. There are in Denmark no horticultural colleges -for women only. But the colleges and schools admit women, and usually -on the same conditions as men.</p> - - -<h3>I.—DEN KONGELIGE VETERINOR AND LAND BOHOJSKOLE</h3> - -<p class="center">(<i>The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural College</i>),</p> - -<h3 class="smcap">Copenhagen</h3> - -<p>(Public State Institution), has also a division for horticulture. -The training is chiefly theoretical, and does not include practical -gardening, which must be learned elsewhere. The course lasts for -two years (of two terms each), and leads up to a state examination; -the candidate who successfully passes this has the title of -“havebrugskandidat.”</p> - -<p>Certain entrance qualifications are required. The entrance fee is -10 kr.,<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> the fee per term (two terms a year), about 50 kr.; the -examination fees, Part I., 15 kr.; Part II., 25 kr. Scholarships may -be obtained. The college<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">[162]</span> is not residential, and the students are not -subject to any rules out of school hours. Women are admitted on exactly -the same terms as men, but very few have hitherto graduated—only one -before 1894, and six after that time.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> One krone = 1s. 1½d.</p> - -</div> - -<p>The instruction is partly oral, partly in writing, partly work in the -laboratories. Botanical excursions are held nearly every week in the -spring and autumn. Practical training in surveying and levelling is -given in July of the first year’s course.</p> - - -<h4>SYLLABUS: LECTURES, CLASSES, PRACTICAL WORK, AND DEMONSTRATION</h4> - -<table summary="classes" class="smaller"> - <tr> - <td class="header" colspan="3"><i>First Year’s Course</i></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht"></td> - <td class="ctr" colspan="2"><i>Lessons per week.</i></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht"></td> - <td class="ctr"><i>First term.</i></td> - <td class="ctr"><i>Second term.</i></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Mechanical physics and optics</td> - <td class="ctr">3</td> - <td class="ctr">2</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Chemical physics</td> - <td class="ctr">2</td> - <td class="ctr">2</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Meteorology</td> - <td class="ctr">2</td> - <td class="ctr">1</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Chemistry</td> - <td class="ctr">4</td> - <td class="ctr">4</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Geology and knowledge of soils</td> - <td class="ctr">4</td> - <td class="ctr">4</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Botany</td> - <td class="ctr">4</td> - <td class="ctr">4</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">General horticulture</td> - <td class="ctr">2</td> - <td class="ctr">2</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Laying out of gardens and cultivation of ornamental plants</td> - <td class="ctr">2</td> - <td class="ctr">1</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Horticultural zoology</td> - <td class="ctr">1</td> - <td class="ctr">1</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Practical chemistry</td> - <td class="ctr">9</td> - <td class="ctr">9</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Surveying (Oct. 1st to May 15th)</td> - <td class="ctr">4</td> - <td class="ctr">2</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Drawing</td> - <td class="ctr">6</td> - <td class="ctr">6</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header" colspan="3"><i>Second Year’s Course</i><span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">[163]</span></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">General horticulture</td> - <td class="ctr">3</td> - <td class="ctr">2</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Cultivation of vegetables</td> - <td class="ctr">2</td> - <td class="ctr">2</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Orchard and nursery gardening</td> - <td class="ctr">5</td> - <td class="ctr">2</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Laying out of gardens and cultivation of ornamental plants</td> - <td class="ctr">2</td> - <td class="ctr">3</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Forcing of useful plants</td> - <td class="ctr">2</td> - <td class="ctr">3</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Horticultural botany</td> - <td class="ctr">4</td> - <td class="ctr">4</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Pathology of plants</td> - <td class="ctr">2</td> - <td class="ctr">2</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Horticultural zoology</td> - <td class="ctr">1</td> - <td class="ctr"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Agricultural chemistry</td> - <td class="ctr">1</td> - <td class="ctr">6</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Comparing of garden plans</td> - <td class="ctr">6</td> - <td class="ctr">6</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Practical horticulture</td> - <td class="ctr">2</td> - <td class="ctr">2</td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h4>THE EXAMINATIONS COMPRISE:—</h4> - -<p class="center"><i>Part I.</i> (<i>after the first year’s course</i>)</p> - -<p>Physics and meteorology, oral; chemistry, oral, practical and written; -knowledge of soils, oral; botany, oral; surveying and levelling, -practical drawing.</p> - - -<p class="center"><i>Part II.</i> (<i>after the second year’s course</i>)</p> - -<p class="center">(<i>No one is admitted to Part II. who has not passed satisfactorily in -Part I.</i>)</p> - -<p>General horticulture, oral and written; cultivation of vegetables, oral -and written; orchard and nursery gardening, oral and written; laying -out of gardens, etc., oral and written; forcing of useful plants, oral; -horticultural botany, oral; pathology of plants, oral; horticultural -zoology, oral; agricultural chemistry, practical and written; composing -of garden plans.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">[164]</span></p> - - -<h3>II.—HAVEBRUGSHOJSKOLEN “VILVORDE” PR. CHARLOTTENLUND, NEAR COPENHAGEN</h3> - -<p>This is a residential school for gardeners, both men and women. A full -course is of two or two-and-a-half years, comprising both practical -and theoretical training. The preferable age for students is from -eighteen to twenty. To be admitted the student must have been occupied -with gardening for two years. If there is room students without this -qualification may be admitted, but these must stay three years at the -school.</p> - -<p>In the summer theory is studied from 6 till 10 a.m., practical work, -10.30 a.m. till 5.30 p.m.; in the winter, theory is from 2 till 6 p.m., -practical work, 7.30 a.m. till 1 p.m.</p> - -<p>The examinations are controlled by the Education Department. They are -both theoretical and practical.</p> - -<p>Eight women have been trained during the three years since this -examination was instituted. The school itself is more than twenty-five -years old.</p> - -<p>The fees for board, lodging, and instruction are on an average 35 -kroner per month for the first year, and 32 kroner per month for the -second year.</p> - - -<h3>III.—THE ROYAL GARDENS AT ROSENBORG CASTLE, COPENHAGEN</h3> - -<p>Both men and women pupils are received, for a two years’ course. The -training is chiefly practical. Theoretical instruction is given during -winter in two lessons of two hours each a week in the mornings, and -three lessons of two hour each in the afternoons. In summer there are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">[165]</span> -some lessons in botany. During their training men get 10 kr. a month -the first year, 24 kr. the second. Women get nothing the first year, 10 -kr. a month the second, but then they have not exactly the same work.</p> - -<p>A practical examination can be entered for after five years’ practical -gardening: sometimes old students come back after some years to go in -for this examination. Not many women have been trained at Rosenborg, -and only one has had an appointment there—for a short time after her -training.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Several estates and market gardens take women as pupils, but the -training is only practical. Very few women earn an independent living -as gardeners; market gardening is usually considered rather hard work -for women, and, besides, requires capital, and no woman has hitherto -obtained a superior situation in any of the larger gardens, public or -private. When they obtain a post they are usually paid less than the -men for the same work.</p> - -<p>Upon the whole, gardening in Denmark does not seem at present to be -a very recommendable career for women who have to earn their living -by it. On the other hand, many women now study it for use in their -own homes. Thus there are State-aided courses for cottagers’ wives -and daughters both at Kjarhave and at a few other schools. Teachers -go through a course of gardening in order to be able to teach in the -school gardens.</p> - - -<h3>GERMANY</h3> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>I am permitted to publish the following extracts, and they have -been kindly put into English<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">[166]</span> for me by a friend. They give an -interesting description of the commencement of a school which -is now one of the most famous in Germany. I am told, upon good -authority, that posts for lady gardeners are easily obtained; in -fact, that the demand is greater than the supply. The salaries -vary from 400 marks to 2,000 marks and free living. The posts -are chiefly in private gardens, sanatoria, and house-keeping -schools.</p> -</div> - - -<h3>DR. ELVIRA CASTNER’S SCHOOL OF POMOLOGY AND HORTICULTURE, MARIENFELDE</h3> - -<p class="center">By <span class="smcap">Marie C. Vorwerk</span></p> - -<p>In 1877 a German lady-student was living in the American seaport of -Baltimore. She loved in her leisure hours to seek the harbour and watch -the ships come and go. One day in autumn she saw with astonishment, -from a train of perhaps fifteen to twenty coaches, an immense quantity -of small square boxes unloaded and brought to a ship. On inquiry as to -their contents, where they came from, and whither bound, she was told -they were apples from California, destined for Germany, and that this -fruit was sent every year in increasing numbers to Germany and other -European countries.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing166" style="max-width: 438px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing166.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">STUDENTS AT THE SCHOOL OF POMOLOGY AND HORTICULTURE -MARIENFELDE, NEAR BERLIN.</p> - </div> - -<p>Why should Germany import foreign fruit? Has she not in all her -provinces tracts of land with conditions and climate suitable for -fruit and vegetable growing, and why should not German women earn -a livelihood by horticulture? From these questions, which the -student <span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">[167]</span>asked herself in the harbour of Baltimore, has arisen the -Horticultural School of Marienfelde. In the meantime the lady was -naturally inclined to continue her chosen career of dentistry, to -finish her studies, and begin to earn her living. But the idea would -not rest! Whoever comes to Marienfelde to-day and sees there the -stately building in its large garden, or has met a lady-gardener, -trained at Marienfelde, in her thoroughly satisfying calling, must -acknowledge what splendid results have sprung from this idea of the -German student in the distant American commercial town.</p> - -<p>A bee-hive with the inscription, “No reward without diligence,” is -carved over one of the entrance-doors of the school a suitable -escutcheon as warning and incentive to the entering students, and not -less as a reminder of the origin of the school and the busy life of its -foundress.</p> - -<p>Elvira Castner was a chemist’s daughter, born in 1844 in a small town -of western Prussia, and was a very lively, clever child. That she might -not have to go from home for her education, her parents sent her to -a boys’ school, kept by a very scholarly pastor; there she eagerly -studied every subject up till then reserved for boys. After two years -at a seminary in Posen, she passed her teacher’s examination. She liked -her calling as teacher, but owing to throat trouble had to give up this -profession. She went to Berlin for five years, and her health being -re-established, her long-restrained love for medicine woke to new life. -Liberal Berlin granted her what had been unattainable in the provinces.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">[168]</span></p> - -<p>She returned from Baltimore in 1878, with her degree as dental-surgeon, -set up as a dentist in Berlin, and soon gained an extensive practice. -Her mother and sisters came to reside with her, and one of her sisters, -after taking her dental degree in America, became her assistant. Having -attained her object, there came a time of comparative rest, in which -the idea of German Horticulture stepped again into the foreground. -Leisure hours were utilised for botanical study, holiday tours to -visit various horticultural schools, pomological institutions and -model-gardens in Reutlingen, Stuttgart, Switzerland, etc.</p> - -<p>In the year 1889 an opportunity occurred to purchase in the -neighbourhood of Berlin a small piece of ground where her acquired -theoretical knowledge might be put into practice. Dr. Elvira Castner, -with her family, occupied part of the double house built on the ground, -while the remainder was let. A market garden was laid out—the rougher -work being done by the porter’s wife. The sisters took charge of the -remainder, aided by the counsel of their mother, an experienced farmer.</p> - -<p>The first practical trial of a School of Horticulture for women was -made at this time by the wife of the Counsellor of Commerce for -Charlottenburg. Dr. Elvira Castner thought herself fortunate to see -her idea so soon realised, and gave the school her warmest interest. -As vice-president of the Berlin society for the benefit of women, -she had opportunity to know it well. The society protected the -school, and appointed a commission for the promotion of pomology and -horticulture, of which Miss Castner was chairman. Accompanied by this -committee she visited the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">[169]</span> Charlottenburger school, and came back quite -disillusioned. That school of horticulture was not to her mind; the -tending of flowers was undertaken, but without any solid instruction, -and fruit and vegetable cultivation were never mentioned.</p> - -<p>At the first sitting of the commission, she gave her ideas on the -subject of a School for Horticulture, and was requested to embody them -in a report, so as to reach a larger public. In complying with this -desire she answered clearly and convincingly the three questions:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>1. Should more be done in our Fatherland for pomology and -horticulture?</p> - -<p>2. Is it possible for women to follow a gardener’s calling, and -to earn a living by it?</p> - -<p>3. How would an educated woman, after sufficient training, find -opportunity to practise this calling?</p> -</div> - -<p>The report was published in several papers, and Dr. Castner received -letters from all parts, asking where the school of horticulture was -to be found, carried out on these principles. A determined little -lady, Frau Rackau, from Jena, came to Berlin to present herself at -this school. It seemed the propitious moment to start the school; -friends thronged round, circumstances were favourable. An attempt -by the formation of a company to interest a larger public failed -miserably, and courageous Dr. Castner, inspired by the need of giving -to German women the new calling of practical gardening, opened on the -1st October, 1894, the first German female School of Horticulture, -with seven scholars. The other part of the Friedenauer house happened -to be free; it was turned<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">[170]</span> into living-and classrooms for the future -scholars. The necessary tools were obtained, and so the work began, -though differently from Miss Castner’s first intentions. As it had -not been possible to rouse the active interest of educated German -women, particularly those living in the country, the school could not -be limited to their own country-women, as had been the original plan. -Our statistical tables plainly show how largely foreigners are in the -majority.</p> - -<p>The difficulties of the beginning were successfully overcome; the -garden, now three acres, attracted students in growing numbers. In -April, 1895, ten new scholars joined the original seven, and in the -next year seventeen were added. From that time a regular increase went -on.</p> - -<p>Yet many hindrances remained. If women were indifferent, gardeners -showed the liveliest, though not friendly, interest in the scheme, and -it took years to convince them they would not be harmed by the new -ideas.</p> - -<p>Prominent men like Professors Wittenack, Herren, Ascherson, Sorauer, -Garden-Inspector Lindemint, and others, whose judgment carried great -weight, were most sceptical. They feared, not without cause, that -the training for women, as was too common, would be imperfect. Some -examinations, at which they were present on the invitation of Dr. -Elvira Castner, convinced them of the thoroughness of our work, and -with just pride we count them now amongst our truest friends.</p> - -<p>The establishment soon won general respect. House and garden at -Friedenau became too small, and a move was made in October, 1899, -to Marienfelde, where the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">[171]</span> garden of ten acres and the large house -promised to be sufficient for years to come. Miss Castner gave up -her dental practice and devoted herself entirely to the school. The -interest of German women was at last awakened, and what was impossible -ten years previously was now imitated in Godesberg and other places. -Schools of horticulture, on the Marienfelde model, were started.</p> - -<p>Next comes the question of the training and the after career of the -students. The prospectus and plan of studies of the institution -abundantly answer the first question. I believe I can rightly say -one seldom finds such an excellent organisation, with so harmonious -an intermingling of theory and practice. The gardener’s calling is -thoroughly practical, but theoretical instruction cannot be left in -the background. In our school only the afternoon hours belong to -scientific exposition, the whole morning is devoted to practical work. -This is more necessary, as most ladies come to us without the slightest -preliminary knowledge, and an obligatory previous apprenticeship was -part of our ideal scheme. It is no slight task for a head-gardener to -overlook and occupy in the garden fifty to sixty ladies, many without -former training. A suitable organisation, formed in the course of -years, considerably lightens this task, and the number of students -in the gardens might be doubled without causing Herr Cornelius (our -present head-gardener) much more trouble. Each lady learns to begin and -finish her task without help; second year students are allowed partly -to arrange their own work for each season, and are responsible for -their management of it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">[172]</span></p> - -<p>The ten-acre garden is not sufficient to employ the many students, -although all the work is done by the ladies; more ground has been -added, and, in addition, each class undertakes to keep in order one or -two private gardens in the colony.</p> - -<p>What becomes of all the students after training? Do they find really -satisfactory posts? Up till now the situations offered cannot be -filled, there not being sufficient candidates. The great varieties -in the exercise of this calling, which in my opinion are not nearly -exhausted, promise to all women, giving themselves to it, a suitable -and pleasant occupation.</p> - -<p>All nerve and lung sanatoria, as well as Nature Cure establishments, -on whose patients garden work exercises such a beneficial effect, -all house-keeping schools, kindergarten, benevolent institutions and -orphanages will, it is to be hoped, in a few years, consider the -appointment of a trained lady gardener a matter of course. Then come -posts in private gardens, in town or country, nursery gardens, soon it -is to be hoped school gardens, and all new schools of horticulture.</p> - -<p>A glance at our statistics shows that proportionately few scholars -of the two years’ course undergo the examination, and later take -situations. This is explained by the different scholars who come here, -and who may be divided into three classes:—</p> - -<p>1. Those who actually prepare for a profession.</p> - -<p>2. So-called “hospitantinnen,” mostly ailing ladies, ordered by a -doctor work in the open air.</p> - -<p>3. Young girls between sixteen and eighteen years of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">[173]</span> age, who in -healthy open-air work seek relaxation after school time, and a -substitute for the usual year in a boarding-school. This state of -affairs is not likely to last much longer. New institutions will branch -off; some, perhaps, only for delicate women, others reserved for young -girls.</p> - - -<h4>STATISTICAL OBSERVATIONS</h4> - -<p>The school was from October 1, 1894, to April 1, 1904, attended by</p> - -<table summary="statistics" class="smaller"> - <tr> - <td class="cht">Two years’ scholars</td> - <td class="right1">114</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">One year scholars</td> - <td class="right1">31</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Scholars less than a year</td> - <td class="right1">33</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Special students</td> - <td class="right1b">54</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht2">Total</td> - <td class="right1">232</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">April 1, 1904. Scholars received</td> - <td class="right1">13</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">April 1, 1904. Special scholars received</td> - <td class="right1">7</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">May, 1904. Special scholars received</td> - <td class="right1b">2</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht"></td> - <td class="right1">254</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>Till April 1, 1904, course completed by 77 scholars. Of those</p> - -<table summary="statistics" class="smaller"> - <tr> - <td class="cht">In situations</td> - <td class="right1">38</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Occupied at home</td> - <td class="right1">18</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Self-supporting on their own account</td> - <td class="right1">9</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Married</td> - <td class="right1">4</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Studying botany and chemistry</td> - <td class="right1">2</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Occupation and residence unknown</td> - <td class="right1b">6</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht2">Total</td> - <td class="right1">77</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">In the school</td> - <td class="right1b">37</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht2">Total</td> - <td class="right1">114</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">[174]</span></p> - -<p>There remain in the school 37 scholars + 13 = 50 + 9 special students.</p> - - -<h4>NATIONALITIES</h4> - -<table summary="nationalities" class="smaller"> - <tr> - <td class="cht">German</td> - <td class="right1">218</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Dutch</td> - <td class="right1">8</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Norwegian</td> - <td class="right1">4</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Italian</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Bulgarian</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Russian</td> - <td class="right1">14</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Austrian</td> - <td class="right1">5</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">American</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Swiss</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Roumanian</td> - <td class="right1b">1</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht2">Total</td> - <td class="right1">254</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>For five years our horticultural school has given a course for -teachers, which is held in two divisions of fourteen days, one in -spring, the other in August. A quite special programme is sketched out -for it, and everything necessary for regulating a school garden is -taught to teachers in the shortest possible way. Teachers must carry -out all the tasks given, by themselves. Twenty-five teachers have -taken advantage of this course, four of these from Königsberg, in East -Prussia.</p> - - -<p class="hangingindent sm">THE FOLLOWING EXTRACTS FROM THE PROSPECTUS OF THE MARIENFELDE -SCHOOL SHOW ITS PRESENT DEVELOPMENT</p> - -<p class="center">(<i>Formerly Friedenau, near Berlin</i>)</p> - -<h4>OBJECT OF THE INSTITUTION</h4> - -<p>The intention of the School of Pomology and Horticulture is, by -theoretical instruction and practical work,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">[175]</span> to fit women and girls -of good education to take posts as professional gardeners, or to turn -their acquired knowledge into money by the cultivation of their own -ground. Above all, they learn that intelligent cultivation of the soil -brings better crops and produce, and with better sale a higher value -to the ground, and that all the necessary work can be carried on with -success by women. Those scholars who wish to qualify as gardeners must -go through a two years’ course. At the expiry of this an examination -is held, which confers a leaving certificate on the successful -candidates. Those who have not attended the course regularly or have -not accomplished the desired quantity of practical or theoretical work, -or who do not wish to undergo the examination, as well as those who, -after a one year’s course, leave the institution, receive, if they wish -it, a certificate of attendance at the school.</p> - - -<h4>A.—COURSE FOR SCHOLARS</h4> - -<p>The course is for two years, and pupils are admitted at the beginning -of April and October of each year. The theoretical instruction embraces -these branches:—</p> - -<p>1. <i>Pomology.</i>—Planting, cultivation, care of fruit-trees and -berry bushes, improvement, pruning, knowledge of species, preservation -and sale of fruit, forcing under glass, pot fruit culture.</p> - -<p>2. <i>Viticulture.</i>—Planting and training of the vine.</p> - -<p>3. <i>Cultivation of vegetables</i> on waste land, sale and preserving, -hot-beds.</p> - -<p>4. <i>Flower culture.</i>—Special attention given to the rose -(propagation and improvement).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">[176]</span></p> - -<p>5. <i>Arboriculture.</i>—Cultivation, increase and description of the -chief kinds of woods with information of their decorative value for -landscape gardening.</p> - -<p>6. <i>Landscape gardening and design.</i>—Sketches and plans of -gardens and pleasure-grounds.</p> - -<p>7. <i>Land surveying and levelling.</i></p> - -<p>8. <i>Lessons in soils and manures.</i></p> - -<p>9. <i>Botany, anatomy, physiology.</i>—Systems, morphology and -geography of plants, diseases of plants.</p> - -<p>10. <i>Chemistry.</i>—The most important constituents of organic and -inorganic chemistry, and the most important minerals for plants.</p> - -<p>11. <i>Zoology.</i>—Animals hurtful or beneficial to pomology and -horticulture.</p> - -<p>12. <i>Geometry.</i></p> - -<p>13. <i>Binding, tying.</i></p> - -<p>14. <i>Bee-rearing.</i>:</p> - -<p>15. The most important and practical legal knowledge.</p> - -<p>16. <i>Book-keeping</i> and correspondence.</p> - -<p>17. <i>Instruction</i> in management.</p> - -<p>The practical work is carried on under the guidance and supervision of -a head-gardener, which work must be done unconditionally according to -the arrangement of the head or his substitute: Work begins in summer at -seven o’clock, in winter at eight.</p> - -<p>The plan of work, containing all details, is settled at the beginning -of every session. Holidays of three weeks at Christmas, and of fourteen -days in summer. The students must leave the institution during the -Christmas holidays, owing to the necessary yearly repairs. Permission<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">[177]</span> -to remain is only given in urgent cases. Irregular attendance at the -institution is a cause of dismissal before the end of the course. The -course ends with the examination.</p> - -<p>Bee-rearing is practically undertaken. Those ladies interested in -poultry-breeding get the opportunity to acquire the rudiments of this -knowledge.</p> - - -<h4>CONDITIONS OF ADMISSION</h4> - -<p>Necessary conditions of admission are a healthy body fit for the work, -and education in the first class of a secondary girls’ school. To -this must be added a short account of one’s life. Minors must have -the written consent of their father, whose agreement to bear all the -expenses of attending the school must be given.</p> - - -<h4>DRESS</h4> - -<p>For practical work a special dress is prescribed: reform-dress of -coarse woollen stuff (linen in summer) and an apron. In the wet season -of the year wooden shoes must be worn. Students provide at their own -cost: garden knife, grafting and fertilising knife, stock shears, tree -saws and pocket scissors. Instruments and the suitable clothing can be -purchased after entry into the institution, as there is no variation -in the dress (stuff, colour, and cut). Those scholars received as -boarders must bring with them mattress and feather-bed (bedsteads with -spiral spring-mattresses are provided) as well as bed-linen, towels, -serviettes, spoons, knives and forks. Bedsteads and other large pieces -of furniture may not be brought or procured.</p> - -<p>Scholars are not accepted under sixteen years.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">[178]</span></p> - - -<h4>B.—COURSE FOR SPECIAL STUDENTS</h4> - -<p>1. For those who, on account of ill-health, want to occupy themselves -for a time in the open air. These have only practical work, and do -not take part in the theoretical instruction. Admission from April to -October, or for a longer or shorter time.</p> - -<p>2. Those who wish to take theoretical instruction along with the other. -Admission April and October.</p> - - -<h4>C.—SPECIAL COURSE</h4> - -<p>1. Course for teachers of fourteen days’ duration in spring, and the -same in autumn.</p> - -<p>2. Course for owners of gardens (February-March), lasting four weeks. -Care of fruit-trees and pruning.</p> - - -<h4>FEES</h4> - -<p>Scholars (Course <span class="allsmcap">A</span>) whose parents do not reside in the near -neighbourhood of Marienfelde must live in the institution, so far as -there is room. If all places are filled, other boarding-houses will be -recommended. Board in the school (without laundry) amounts to £4 per -month, instruction 25s., and are both paid quarterly, the first term -beforehand.</p> - -<p>The cost of board in other pensions is from £4 10s. to £5 per month, -according to size of room.</p> - -<p>Monthly fee for Course <span class="allsmcap">A</span> (first quarter in advance), £1 5s.; -monthly fee for Course <span class="allsmcap">B</span>1 (one month payable in advance), -£1 15s. monthly fee for Course <span class="allsmcap">B</span>2 (a quarter payable in -advance), £1 15s.; monthly fee for Course <span class="allsmcap">C</span>1 (each division -in advance), 10s.; monthly fee for Course <span class="allsmcap">C</span>2 (payable in -advance), £2.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">[179]</span></p> - -<p>Scholars who wish to leave the institution before the end of the course -must give three months’ notice; this can only be done in January and -June.</p> - -<p>Should a pupil leave for any cause whatever in the middle of a -quarter no reduction is made, and board and fees must be paid for the -<i>next</i> term.</p> - -<p>For the six winter months (October to April) 3s. per month for heating, -and each session 3s. for use of garden utensils, are levied from each -scholar.</p> - -<p>It is expected and supposed that each scholar will conduct herself as a -lady, in and out of the institution. Unladylike behaviour, as well as -contravention of the rules of the house, necessary to the maintenance -of discipline, may be punished by dismissal from the school.</p> - -<p class="r4"><i>Principal and Owner</i>: <span class="smcap">Elvira Castner.</span></p> - -<p class="r2 p-min">Dr. D. S.</p> - - -<h3>POMOLOGICAL AND HORTICULTURAL SCHOOL FOR WOMEN, AT WOLFENBÜTTEL</h3> - -<p class="center"><i>Conducted by</i> <span class="smcap">Martha Breymann</span></p> - -<h4>OBJECTS AND INSTRUCTION</h4> - -<p>The object of the two-years’ course is to give the most comprehensive -instruction in horticulture, so as to afford ladies the opportunity -of fitting themselves for an independent career in husbandry; or by a -one year’s course to be able to occupy their time usefully and happily -in cultivating their own ground. Besides the correct working of the -ground, the aim is to teach the pupils to know for themselves the -most necessary work and its<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">[180]</span> proper execution, and to turn them out -practical gardeners and capable, observant characters.</p> - -<p>The forenoon, till the pause for breakfast, is kept exclusively for -practical work, which daily amounts to five or six hours. The field of -activity is the nine-acre garden of the “Breymann Educational Institute -for Young Girls,” with pleasure-grounds, greenhouses, forcing-beds, -vegetable-fields, nursery, etc. The opportunity to learn bee-culture is -also given.</p> - -<p>The theoretical instruction serves to explain and so to support the -practical work. It comprises:</p> - -<p>1. <i>Botany.</i>—Plant life.</p> - -<p>2. <i>Elementary chemistry</i>, for the better understanding of the -transformations of matter, instruction in manures, analysis of soils.</p> - -<p>3. <i>Fruit and vegetable culture.</i></p> - -<p>4. <i>Flower growing.</i></p> - -<p>5. <i>Arboriculture.</i></p> - -<p>6. <i>Forcing.</i></p> - -<p>7. <i>Zoology</i> (the foes of plants and their destruction).</p> - -<p>8. <i>Garden design.</i></p> - -<p>Theoretical instruction is given every afternoon from one to two -hours. Thursday afternoons are at the students’ disposal. Holidays are -in winter from the 15th of December till the 15th of January. During -this time the institution is closed. As an exception, if specially -desired, leave is granted for a fortnight at whichever date suits best, -viz., 1st to 15th April, July, or October; in those weeks theoretical -instruction is not given.</p> - -<p><i>Stipulations.</i>—1, Good education; 2, excellent health;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">[181]</span> 3, -obedience to the regulations of the house. Order and punctuality are -expected. Notice must be given of absence from a meal, or after ten -o’clock at night. There are three principal meals, and early and -afternoon coffee. The food is simple, but carefully prepared.</p> - -<p>The fees amount to 250 marks per quarter, to be paid quarterly in -advance. The institution can only be left after a quarter’s notice. For -heating and lighting the bedroom (if desired) an extra charge is made. -Exceptional use, such as a fire the whole day, or light after ten p.m., -is naturally more. A heated general room for study is at every one’s -disposal. On leaving and at Christmas 3s. for attendance is added to -the account.</p> - -<p>Each student must bring: Feather-bed (not bedstead or mattress), -bed-cover, sheets, towels, serviettes, and table-cover. An exception -is made for foreigners, to whom these articles are lent for a fee. Any -further information will be readily given. Letters of recommendation -can be shown.</p> - - -<h3>THE MARIENBURG SCHOOL FOR LADY GARDENERS</h3> - -<p class="center"><i>Station</i>: <span class="smcap">Leutesdorf</span></p> - -<p class="center"><i>Pier</i>: <span class="smcap">Andernach</span> (with ferry connection to Leutesdorf)</p> - -<p class="center smcap">Course for Educated Women in Horticulture and Forcing</p> - -<p>Marienburg lies close to the Rhine, in Leutesdorf. The larger -agricultural property, with ornamental park,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">[182]</span> fruit and vegetable -garden, greenhouses, hot-beds belonging to Neuwied, a neighbouring -country residence, serve as the practical field of work for the school. -All the labour needed is done by the students. The school is in two -buildings, with single-and double-bedded rooms for the reception -of twenty ladies. Hot and cold water is laid on, with bath-rooms -and central heating. Comfortably furnished sitting-rooms give the -opportunity for social intercourse during off-time. This school gives -educated girls and women the chance to acquire the requisite practice -and knowledge to work a garden correctly and independently.</p> - -<p>Practical and theoretical instruction are both given, but the -<i>greater value</i> is placed on thoroughly comprehensive <i>practical -knowledge</i>.</p> - - -<h4>I.—TWO YEARS’ COURSE</h4> - -<p>For those ladies who wish to fit themselves for a gardener’s calling, -and later take posts as gardeners on estates, in villa gardens, -sanatoria, house-keeping schools, educational institutions, etc. (2,000 -have taken situations with salary, six without).</p> - - -<h4>A.—PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION</h4> - -<p>Pomology: Hybridisation, care, forcing, sale. Vegetable culture: -Open-air and forcing, sale. Floriculture: Hardy and hot-house flowers, -balcony and room decoration, arranging, making wreaths. Commercial -gardening: Sale and despatch, with practical book-keeping. Landscape -gardening: Designing, laying out and care of gardens. Basket weaving, -joinery, glazing.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">[183]</span></p> - - -<h4>B.—THEORETICAL INSTRUCTION</h4> - -<p>Pomology: Breeding, pruning, forcing, knowledge of species. Vegetable -culture and forcing. Flower propagation and hot-houses, forcing. -Forestry: Description and crossing of the most important trees for -landscape gardening. Landscape gardening. Legal knowledge. Book-keeping -and correspondence. Botany: Morphology, anatomy, physiology, systems, -geography of plants, plant diseases. Zoology: Animals useful and -hurtful to horticulture. Chemistry: Soils and manures. Geometry and -surveying.</p> - -<p>Theoretical instruction is given by a head-gardener, a highly-educated -scientific master, and by the principal herself. The head-gardener -instructs in the practical department with the help of a basket-maker -and joiner for those branches. Admission to the course is in the -beginning of April and October.</p> - -<p>As a means of judging the proficiency of our scholars a small -exhibition of garden products, and sketches and designs of gardens, is -held yearly in the institution, about the end of September or beginning -of October. An inspection of the exhibition, and also of the garden, is -willingly permitted to anyone interested.</p> - -<p>At the close of the second year the scholars receive a certificate -after examination.</p> - - -<h4>CONDITIONS OF ADMISSION</h4> - -<p>Scholars must have passed through the first class in a secondary girls’ -school, and have a healthy, robust constitution. Age not over thirty. -A medical certificate<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">[184]</span> and a short autobiography must be added to the -report.</p> - -<p>A special dress is required for practical work. This, as well as -garden shears and saws, is provided at the student’s cost; all other -implements belong to the school, and are used without payment. From 1st -to 15th every quarter there is no theoretical instruction. Extra leave, -if wanted, should be asked for then. Classes are stopped for four weeks -at Christmas, and scholars can only remain in the institution at this -time by special permission.</p> - - -<h4>FEES</h4> - -<p>For board and lodging, exclusive of heating and laundry, in -double-bedded room, £4 10s.; single-bedded room, £5 monthly. For -instruction £1 monthly is charged. Fees are to be paid quarterly in -advance (from £16 10s. to £18.) In the two winter quarters 15s. extra -for heating are charged. Arrears are not allowed. Anyone wishing to -leave before the end of the course must give three months’ notice, -or pay a quarter’s fees; such notice will only be received at the -beginning of each quarter.</p> - -<p>The following articles are to be brought:—Table silver and cutlery, -fruit-knife, serviette-ring (all plainly marked), serviettes, towels, -pillows, sheets, and soiled linen-bag. Bedstead and mattress are -supplied.</p> - - -<h4>II.—ONE YEAR’S COURSE</h4> - -<p>For those ladies who wish to work their own gardens, and for young -girls who, after the strain of school life, seek re-invigoration in -healthy, refreshing activity for body and mind. These receive the -same instruction as for the first year of the regular course, but no -certificate.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">[185]</span> In other respects the conditions of the full course hold -good. Ladies who already have elementary knowledge, and only wish to -take the second year’s course, must undergo a preliminary examination.</p> - - -<h4>III.—SPECIAL STUDENTS</h4> - -<p>Can enter for a shorter time, to try if the calling of gardener suits -them, so that later they can take a course of one or two years. This -class, as well as those who want to improve their health by occupation -in the open air, only take part in practical instruction. They will -find near the Leutesdorf school a good boarding-house, where the charge -is 30s. monthly. Entry on the 1st or 15th of every month.</p> - -<p>Scholars under eighteen years of age are in the special charge of the -principal, and without her permission may not leave the institution. -Practical instruction is divided into four hours in the morning and -two in the afternoon. Theoretical instruction is given from one to -two hours daily in the afternoon. Scholars are free on Saturday -afternoon and Sunday. From time to time excursions with the students -are undertaken to inspect the surrounding country, gardens and -pleasure-grounds, and nurseries.</p> - -<p>Punctuality and order are required of every student. The rules of the -school and house must be rigidly observed.</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Marie C. Vorwerk, Elsbeth von Zibzewik</span> (<i>Owners -and Principals</i>) -</p> - - -<p class="smcap center">Rules for the House</p> - -<p>1. Scholars must appear punctually at meals; exceptions are to be -notified to the housekeeper. In case<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">[186]</span> of illness only will meals be -served in the bedroom. Dress must be changed for dinner and supper.</p> - -<p>2. Before first breakfast scholars must put away anything lying about -their rooms, make beds, and open the windows.</p> - -<p>3. Paper, flowers, hair, or other insoluble articles may not be put in -the basin.</p> - -<p>4. The scholars must clean clothes and shoes, except their working -boots.</p> - -<p>5. Servants and assistants are not to be asked for any extra service -tips and presents are forbidden; at Christmas and on leaving every -scholar puts something into a money-box for the servants.</p> - -<p>6. Rooms and passages may not be entered with garden boots.</p> - -<p>7. Boxes and soiled linen are to be kept on the ground floor.</p> - -<p>8. After dinner till 2 o’clock and after 10 p.m. perfect quiet must -prevail. Lamps in the school-and business-rooms, as well as in the -corridor, are put out at 10 p.m.</p> - -<p>9. Nails may not be knocked in the walls of the rooms without -permission; it is also forbidden to fasten articles on the walls with -ordinary or drawing-pins.</p> - -<p>10. Any damage to the house or furniture must be pointed out at once to -the principals, and made good.</p> - -<p>11. All complaints are to be made to the principals.</p> - - -<p class="smcap center">School Regulations</p> - -<p>1. The scholars must attend theoretical and practical instruction -regularly; leave of absence only from the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">[187]</span> principals. Whoever misses -more than six weeks’ instruction in one session cannot be admitted to -the examination.</p> - -<p>2. Practical work occupies six hours, theoretical from one to two hours -daily. Work begins in summer at 7 o’clock, in winter at 8 o’clock in -the morning. Saturday afternoon and Sunday are holidays.</p> - -<p>3. Scholars whose week it is to be in management, or at work in the -hot-houses, must remain in the establishment, even in their free time, -and look after their departments.</p> - -<p>4. Only half of the scholars at most can get leave in the first -fortnight of a quarter. Permission should therefore be sought in good -time. Those employed in the hot-houses or as overseers can obtain leave -in case of urgency only, and must put in a substitute during their -absence.</p> - -<p>5. Permission for a week’s leave is to be obtained at latest eight days -in advance, for one or several days the day before. Only urgent cases -permit an exception.</p> - -<p>To be provided:—1 reform winter dress with bloomers; 2 reform summer -dresses with 2 bloomers; 2 blue linen aprons; 1 cap, and 2 linen -hats; 1 pair strong boots and gaiters; some books, drawing materials, -grafting-saw, tree-shears, garden-knife, grafting and fertilising -knives, yard-stick, materials for basket-making.</p> - -<p>Anyone maliciously violating the regulations of the house or school is -dismissed.</p> - - -<h3>SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE FOR LADIES, AT HOLTENAU, NEAR KIEL, -SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN</h3> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">[188]</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>“I willingly comply with the request to contribute a short -report of my work in connection with the above institution, -which I founded in 1901.</p> - -<p>“It is beautifully situated on an elevation gently sloping -south towards Kiel Harbour, near the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal. It -contains two hot-houses, eighty forcing frames, about 500 fruit -trees of all sorts and kinds, a grand assortment of shrubs, -ornamental trees and conifers. Two alleys of high-grown pear -trees (interlaced) in the shape of a large cross form the centre -of the garden.</p> - -<p>“I opened the school with five pupils; at present there are -seventeen. The course of training is two years for those who -wish to take up gardening as a profession, and one year for -amateurs.</p> - -<p>“The study is twofold: Practical and theoretical. Our practical -course comprises:—Fruit growing: How to grow best dessert fruit -on large and small farm trees. Harvesting the fruit. Storing and -packing it. There are about forty different kinds of apples, -thirty-five pear and fifteen plum trees. Preserving various -fruits in various ways. Then there is the annual grafting of -wild trees, the culture of farm trees, of high standard and -half-high standards. We also grow apples, pears, and peaches -in pots and tubs. Vegetable growing includes forcing in the -hot-house and frames, as well as cultivation of all suitable -kinds in the open field. I teach preserving and wintering of -vegetables. In flower growing we specially take those pot plants -that sell well, as: Chrysanthemum indicum, Primula obconica and -chinensis, cyclamen, begonias, amaryllis, hyacinths, tulips, -cineraria, etc. But of course we also cultivate exotics.</p> -</div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing188" style="max-width: 413px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing188.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">SCHOOL FOR LADY GARDENERS, HOLTENAU, NEAR KIEL -SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">[189]</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>“In the open we cultivate the favourite spring and summer -flowers, annual and perennial roses, etc. Thus we obtain -abundant material for cut flowers, which serve for teaching -the pupils to make up bouquets, table decorations, etc. We -use the garden stuff first of all for our own household, but -the remainder—by far the larger part—is sold in Kiel, thus -teaching the pupils the actual market value of their materials.</p> - -<p>“At the Schleswig-Holstein Horticultural Exhibition in 1906 -our school gained four first and three second prizes; several -diplomas; and the silver State medal for fruit-packing.</p> - -<p>“For landscape gardening we have small plantations, where every -year we train new trees by means of slips, suckers, shoots, -and heaping up. We have had orders to plan and lay out several -gardens in Kiel and Holtenau.</p> - -<p>“Now and then visits are arranged to the various nurseries, -market gardens, private gardens of importance, or the Botanical -Gardens at Kiel, so as to give the pupils opportunity of seeing -other plants and other ways of arranging and growing.</p> - -<p>“Our scientific course comprises:—Botany, chemistry, mineralogy -(taught by a University man), drawing (by the municipal -head-gardener). Drawing includes: Geometrical problems, drawing -plans of small and large gardens, then designs of pupils’ own -making; correct calculation of expenses, and working plans in -detail.</p> - -<p>“Land surveying and levelling are first taught theoretically, -then practically. Much importance is attached to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">[190]</span> a thoroughly -accurate drawing of plans, as it is excellent practice for the -eye for all things pertaining to gardening. In regard to plan -drawing we have had many successes. At the before-mentioned -Schleswig-Holstein Horticultural Show in Kiel, September, -1906, five pupils exhibited their own designs in garden -plans, with schemes for working them, and bill of costs -attached, which gained distinctions; two pupils received the -<i>Ehrenpreis</i>, given by H.H. Duchess Caroline Mathilde of -Schleswig-Holstein-Glücksburg. At the exhibition in Bremen in -1907 two pupils earned honourable mention by the Horticultural -Society.</p> - -<p>“Then we have lessons on soil, manure, zoology, arboriculture, -and how to lay out plantations. Our practical subjects are -thoroughly entered into, and treated also from their scientific -basis.</p> - -<p>“As a test of the work done by the pupils there is an annual -exhibition of garden produce of all kinds, and of the pupils’ -drawings, in the hall of the Institution. Friends and experts -are invited. We have had cheering visits of inspection from the -Kieler Horticultural Club and the Frauenverein.</p> - -<p>“After the two years’ learning is completed the pupils receive a -testimonial as to their qualifications and achievements. But no -examination is held, as I hold that not being held by qualified -Government examiners they are practically useless. My aim is to -give my pupils a thoroughly sound practical education.</p> - -<p>“There is a great demand for well trained lady gardeners, and -one who is skillful commands a good social position. I have so -many offers for trained pupils<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">[191]</span> that the demand far overreaches -the supply. Salaries commence with about £30, including food, -and treatment as a member of the family. Many of my pupils are -filling situations on estates, schools for economy, sanatoria, -private gardens, etc. Two former pupils are now teachers of -horticulture at the Household School for Women at Reifenstein, -near Leinefelde (Prov. Saxony), and at Maidburg, near Kempen -(Prov. Posen). One pupil has been gardener-in-chief at the -large training home for girls near Berlin; then she went to -America, where she is manager of a large private garden in New -York. Another pupil occupied the post as paid assistant at an -extensive vegetable growing plantation near Kiel, and was able -to work as fast and satisfactorily as the male assistants. Other -pupils again, including some Danes and Norwegians, cultivate -their own gardens or take situations in their own country. Still -another pupil founded, about two years ago, a Horticultural -School at Wolfenbüttel (Brunswick), following the same -principles as taught at my school.</p> - -<p>“There is no difficulty in finding really good situations for -skilful workers, and gardening has proved a blessing to many of -our sex.</p> - -<p class="r2 p-min smcap">“Marta Back.</p> - -<p class="p-min">“<span class="smcap">Holtenau</span>, <i>September, 1907</i>.”</p> -</div> - -<p class="p2">The above account gives such a graphic description that I need only add -the terms. A thorough education and good health are required of those -applying for vacancies. The terms are:—50 marks per quarter. Pension -for students the first year, 75 marks per month; pension for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">[192]</span> students -the second year, 70 marks per month. This must be paid three months in -advance.</p> - - -<h3>AUGUSTE-FÖRSTER INSTITUTION, OBERZWEHREN (KREIS CASSEL)</h3> - -<p>The Kassel Society for the Education of Women has provided in the -Auguste-Förster Institute a country school where young girls and women -may obtain a thorough training in three different departments: viz., -horticulture, domestic economy, and poultry and pig-rearing, etc. The -instruction, combining theoretical information and practical work, is -given by accomplished female teachers. Six to eight scholars can be -taken for each department.</p> - -<p>The duration and direction of the course are regulated by the result -aimed at. The time of study in each department lasts a year; scholars, -who intend to make use of their training in their own home, can take a -half-year’s course.</p> - -<p>Students are not permitted to take the different courses concurrently. -Those who successfully pass an examination, held at the end of the -year’s course, receive a certificate of proficiency. These certificates -are of special importance to those who wish to earn their living in -the gardener’s calling, or as housekeepers. The year’s course and -certificate are also valuable to those who become teachers of domestic -economy in rural house-keeping schools, as the regulation examination -for domestic economy does not include such special country subjects -as horticulture, poultry-rearing, etc. For those who have already -attended<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">[193]</span> similar institutions, and wish further instruction without -intending to make money by it, a shorter course of study, under special -conditions, is arranged.</p> - -<p>The instruction comprises:—Theoretical instruction in the different -branches and conditions of plant-culture. Practical work: Fruit and -vegetable culture, raising plants in the open air and under glass, -care of plants in hot-houses and in rooms, care of ornamental grounds, -decoration of dwelling-rooms and verandahs with plants and cut-flowers. -To those students who intend to become professional gardeners a longer -attendance at our establishment is recommended, or a continuance of -training in a nursery or private garden; a thorough initiation into the -high calling of gardener is not possible in a shorter time. Any who -have taken the year’s course, and desire more advanced training, can -attend the State horticultural institutions as out-students.</p> - -<p>The Kassel Chamber of Agriculture has granted the Förster Institution -the use of the means of instruction provided in the Oberzwehren -Pomological Institute, a remarkably well-conducted establishment.</p> - -<p>The Auguste-Förster Institution at the same time aims to attract -educated women to settle in the country, by affording them practical -guidance in social work. For this object, instruction in handicrafts, -knitting, sewing, mending, cutting-out, cooking, washing, and ironing -is given (chiefly in winter) to the women, young girls, and children -of the surrounding villages. Ladies with good preparatory knowledge -are admitted as voluntary helpers, if they intend to devote themselves -in earnest to social<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">[194]</span> work in the country, and if there is room in the -institution.</p> - - -<h3>HOLLAND</h3> - -<p>The following notes were sent me by a lady in Holland, and have been -kindly put into English by a friend. They describe briefly the school -recently opened near The Hague (Station of Rijswyk). The name of the -school is “Huis te Lande,” and it is built in the style of an English -country house. It is managed by Mesdames <span class="smcap">J. Kuyst</span> and <span class="smcap">C. -Pompe</span>.</p> - -<p>On a medallion over the entrance the following motto is inscribed. -“Think great thoughts, do great deeds.” The students are all girls of -good position and well educated. They must speak at least three modern -languages, and have a good knowledge of botany and geography. Otherwise -they could not profit by the course; it is therefore preferable if they -have been at a high school. They must have taste for gardening.</p> - -<p>A medical certificate is required, showing that they are physically fit -for the work. The directors of this school do their best to correct the -idea, which many doctors have, that gardening is suitable to invalids. -The institution is not intended as a Sanatorium, and only healthy, -active girls are wanted, and those who evince a strong inclination for -out-of-door life.</p> - -<p>The school is especially intended for the daughters of those who -inhabit cottages or villas having small gardens attached. As a rule -these gardens leave much to be desired in the way of cultivation. They -are too<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">[195]</span> small for a gardener, and are worked by a labourer, who knows -but little about the cultivation of flowers. It is hoped that the -school training will enable these young ladies to manage and cultivate -their home gardens. It is considered, in Holland, that the time for -ladies to earn a living by gardening has not yet arrived.</p> - -<p>Both practical and theoretical work is taught, but the former is -considered the most advantageous. If the students know how to do the -work themselves, they can show their workmen. At the same time theory -will help them to understand the why and wherefore of operations. On -three mornings a week, from 9 to 12, theory is taught. The rest of the -time is for practical work. A lecture hall is attached to the school; -there is also a special laboratory, which students are only allowed to -use under the supervision of those who understand chemistry.</p> - -<p>A coffee room is provided for students who live too far away to return -home for dinner. There is also a dressing-room, and from here a door -opens into the one acre of flower garden and arboretum, which is -surrounded by frames and glass-houses.</p> - -<p>In the middle of the grounds is a spacious workshop, which can be -warmed.</p> - -<p>Some of the glass-houses are for flowers, and others for fruit. They -contain many pots with small fruit trees, in full fruit, and peach -trees. The whole is under good and practical management. Only six -students are at present admitted at a time. Terms are 300 guelders a -year.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">[196]</span></p> - - -<h3>GOVERNMENT WINTER SCHOOL FOR GARDENING (HORTICULTURE)</h3> - -<h4>AALSMEER, BOSKOOP, NAALDWIJK, TIEL</h4> - -<p>Practical experiments are also carried out during the summer at -Aalsmeer.</p> - -<p><i>Age of Admission.</i>—16.</p> - -<p><i>Requirements.</i>—Knowledge of the Dutch language, of arithmetic, -geography, rudiments of German and English. Some idea of gardening (to -be given verbally).</p> - -<p><i>Fees.</i>—Fl. 10, for two winter terms. Pupils without means can -receive free admission from the Minister of the Interior. The fee for -the summer term at Aalsmeer is fl. 25.</p> - -<p><i>Implements or tools.</i>—Cost fl. 9 or fl. 10.</p> - -<p><i>The theoretical instruction comprises</i> physics, chemistry, -botany and zoology, all branches of horticulture, the Dutch language, -arithmetic, book-keeping, and, if desired, English and German -commercial correspondence.</p> - -<p>Drawing for the laying out of gardens.</p> - -<p><i>Practical instruction comprises</i>:—Different kinds of work in the -proof gardens, with Government subsidy; experiments in cultivation, -manuring and grafting.</p> - -<p>During the second year this work is also carried out in the gardens of -other horticulturists and gardeners.</p> - -<p><i>Diploma</i> can be obtained after two years.</p> - -<p><i>Course of instruction for pruning.</i>—There is a course of -instruction for pruning at Tiel, for a fee of fl. 2.50.</p> - -<p>Temporary local winter terms are given by Government teachers in -gardening with the aim of preparing the lady teachers of the temporary -winter terms.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">[197]</span></p> - -<p>The course extends over three years, during which time a hundred -lessons per year are given.</p> - -<p>The diploma obtainable is the Degree of Primary Instruction for -Horticulture, and the course is open only to those who hold the degree -as teacher of Primary Instruction. There is no fee.</p> - -<p>Temporary winter terms are arranged by gardening societies, with -Government subsidies. There is no fee, and at the conclusion of the -term of instruction a certificate is granted.</p> - - -<h3>COURSE OF HORTICULTURAL STUDY AT THE ACADEMY AT LEIDEN</h3> - -<p><i>Requirements.</i>—Instruction received at the High School, or -diploma for Secondary Primary Instruction, knowledge of foreign -languages.</p> - -<p><i>Fees.</i>—For the theory lessons, one hour a week, fl. 30 for three -months; for the theory lessons, two hours a week, fl. 50 for three -months; for the theory lessons, three hours a week, fl. 60 for three -months. The course extends over one and a half to two years.</p> - -<p>There is also a similar course of study at the Gröningen Academy.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Other Schools of Gardening in Holland are:—</p> - -<p>The Sempercrescens at Naarden, Bussum. (Fees, fl. 300, implements and -tools, fl. 10.)</p> - -<p>Flora Horticultural School at Watergraafsmeer (Middenweg, 89). Age of -admission, 14. Fees, fl. 250; implements and tools, fl. 20 knowledge -of the Dutch language, writing, arithmetic, geography, are necessary.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">[198]</span></p> - -<p>A course of study is given by Mr. van der Wissel, Huize Soltane, Epe.</p> - - -<h3>ITALY</h3> - -<h3>WOMEN’S INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY,</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Cascine, Florence, 1907</span></p> - -<p>This institute was founded on the initiative of several ladies, -with the object of instructing girls in the different branches of -agriculture and domestic economy, by giving them theoretical and -practical ideas, which will enable them to employ their valuable energy -in the domain of agriculture and good house-keeping.</p> - -<p>The school opens its classes in November. The training lasts six months.</p> - -<p>The classrooms are in the left wing of the grand ducal palace, on the -Piazzole del Re, in the public park of the Cascine, very near the -station of the electric tramway, which places the school within twenty -minutes from the centre of the town.</p> - -<p>The close vicinity of the horticultural establishment of the Royal -School of Pomology and Horticulture, possessing gardens, hot-houses, -orchards, vineyards, and kitchen gardens covering more than 50 acres -of ground, together with the splendid position of the institute in -the middle of the Cascine Park, combine to offer the best possible -conditions for the practical teaching of agriculture, horticulture, -dairy work, bee-keeping, etc.</p> - -<p>The curriculum includes agriculture, house-keeping, hygiene, chemistry, -book-keeping, cooking.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">[199]</span></p> - -<p>The programme of each class is as follows:—</p> - -<p><i>Agriculture.</i>—Elements of morphology or vegetable physiology. -Climatic conditions. Elements of agronomy. Cultivation of herbaceous -plants. Fruit culture: starting an orchard, and cultivation of pear, -apple, peach, cherry, plum and apricot trees; storing and drying fruit; -jam and preserve making. Vine and olive tree culture. Horticulture: -laying out a small kitchen garden, and the cultivation of the principal -kinds and varieties of vegetables. Gardening: flowers and ornamental -foliage plants, trees and shrubs; plants for the house, flower cutting -and arranging.</p> - -<p><i>House-keeping.</i>—I merely mention here those points which are -connected with horticulture, such as:—</p> - -<p><i>The cellar.</i>—Storage of wine and oil.</p> - -<p><i>Fruit store-room.</i>—Heating and lighting apparatus; how to use -and clean them.</p> - -<p><i>Hygiene.</i>—Open air and close air, meteorological factors.</p> - -<p><i>Water.</i>—Its qualities.</p> - -<p><i>Soil.</i>—Its fertilisation and sanitation.</p> - -<p><i>Chemistry.</i>—Bodies, simple and composed. The soil in its -relation to plant life—artificial manuring; air, light, heat, water, -drink, food, seasonings. Practical experiments.</p> - -<p><i>Book-keeping.</i>—Domestic and patrimonial administrations; -compilation of inventories; current accounts; buying and selling; State -funds; plain book-keeping and other methods; book-keeping for business -on a small scale; auxiliary books; special accounts and their books;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">[200]</span> -registry and balance account; exercises in domestic and agricultural -book-keeping.</p> - -<p><i>Cooking.</i>—The lessons will be as much as possible demonstrative, -and accompanied by manual practice of the more important operations -of agriculture (grafting, pruning, sowing, etc.), of agricultural -industries, and also of house-keeping and cooking. Holiday re-unions -will be held under the supervision of the patronesses of the institute, -and instructive excursions will be made.</p> - -<p><i>Admission.</i>—For the theoretical and practical classes the girls -must be at least sixteen years old.</p> - -<p>A formal request on official stamped paper must be presented, together -with the legalised birth certificate and documents proving that -students have obtained—either at private or public schools—the -necessary education in all ordinary knowledge. There must also be a -certificate of good health and of vaccination.</p> - -<p>The admission fee is 10 lire (8s.), besides the payment of 40 lire -(32s.), to attend the lessons. At the end of six months, after a -theoretical and practical examination, a certificate of steady -attendance and progress will be given.</p> - -<p><i>Non-residents</i> can inquire about good and inexpensive lodgings in -Florence from the secretary of the committee of patronesses.</p> - -<p>There will also be a few places for non-students who wish to attend -some of the lectures. They must address their request to the director -of the institute and pay 30 lire (20s.) for each course of lectures -they wish to attend.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">[201]</span></p> - -<p>Arrangements will be made for non-students attending several classes.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing200" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing200.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">STUDENTS AT HASTUM SCHOOL, NORWAY.</p> - </div> - - -<h3>NORWAY</h3> - -<p>The Norwegian agricultural high school has a special class for -horticulture, and here ladies are given the highest education. After -two years’ study they obtain the title of “Cand-horticulture,” which -means a certificated gardener.</p> - -<p>Before being admitted, it is necessary to have done practical work in -a garden for two years, and to have passed an examination in a smaller -school of horticulture. The three following are the lower schools:—</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Berly</span> school for lady gardeners was established in 1901. It -is supported by Government, and has a grant of about 4,000 kroner a -year. The principal is Mr. M. <span class="smcap">Nilsen</span>, and there is a teacher -besides. Only ten students are admitted each year, and up to now -seventy young ladies have been educated here.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Vaartum</span> school for lady gardeners, at Stenlyaer, is also -supported by Government, with a grant of 4,000 kroner a year. The -principal is Mr. <span class="smcap">Solstael</span>, and there is one teacher besides. -Ten students are admitted yearly. Ladies are trained here for work in -their own gardens, as well as for other employment.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Hastum</span> school for lady gardeners, at Kristiania, was -established in 1906. This school is inspected by Government, but does -not receive a grant. The principals are the Misses <span class="smcap">Frölich</span>. -Sixteen students are admitted yearly.</p> - -<p>These schools all have practical and theoretical courses<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">[202]</span> which last -seven months. Hastum school also admits students for six-week courses. -Instruction is given in the cultivation of fruit, vegetables, and -flowers. Fruit-preserving is also taught. Training plants, forcing, -frame and hot-bed culture, chemistry, botany, agriculture, and the -diseases of plants are taught by lecture. At the same time students -have to practise out-of-doors what they have learnt theoretically.</p> - -<p>From the Norwegian horticultural high school only one lady has up to -now passed out, but about 140 ladies in all have been through the lower -schools. Several of these have bought land to work on themselves, -others have taken posts in private gardens or in market gardens. They -usually receive a salary of 25–30 kr. a month, besides a house and -food. Others work in their own home gardens. Vegetables and fruit grow -well, the flavour of them being far better than those grown further -south.</p> - -<p>I am told upon good authority that Norwegian women realise more and -more that a great work lies before them out-of-doors, and they begin to -prefer contact with Nature to sedentary work in offices.</p> - - -<h3>SWEDEN</h3> - -<p>Through the kindness of a friend I am able to give a translation of the -prospectus of the</p> - -<h3>GARDENING SCHOOL AT AGDATORP,</h3> - -<p class="p-left">a practical school for lady gardeners.</p> - -<p>The summer term begins on April 1st. The school, which is helped by -the State and “Blekinge hushållningssållśkap,” takes students of all -classes of society.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing202" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing202.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">STUDENTS AT WORK AT THE AGDATORP SCHOOL OF GARDENING, SWEDEN.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">[203]</span></p> - -<p>The chief object of the school is to spread a knowledge of gardening, -and interest in it, amongst the daughters of the country population.</p> - -<p>There are two different divisions. A student of Division I. has to pay -100 kr. (£5 10s.) at the commencement of the term, and 40 kr. (£2 5s.) -at the beginning of each month for board and lodging.</p> - -<p>Students of Division II. pay 50 kr. at the beginning of the term, and -2.20 kr. on the 1st of each month for board and lodging.</p> - -<p>The hours of instruction in Division I. are fewer, though the fees are -higher. The instruction for both is similar. Practical and theoretical -instruction is given in the following subjects:—Culture of fruit, -vegetables, flowers, hot-house and frame work, raising seeds, treatment -of soil and manure, botany.</p> - -<p>Special importance is attached to the use of garden produce in the -house, preserving, and making fruit wines.</p> - -<p>A course of lessons in plain cookery (free of charge) is arranged for -those students who wish to take it. From July 1st to Oct. 1st.</p> - -<p>The conditions for entering the school are:—Pupils to be at -least seventeen years of age, and physically strong. Application -for admission should be accompanied by a doctor’s certificate. A -certificate from the upper class is also needed from those who come -from elementary schools.</p> - -<p>Students must have their own bedding, linen, napkins, candles, and -soap, and must also provide gardening knives and scissors. The latter -can best be procured after they enter the school.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">[204]</span></p> - -<p>Students are taken for part of the course, after the term has begun, -for 60 kr. per month. Should a student for some reason be forced to -leave, before her time is up, no money is returned.</p> - -<p>In 1907 the State gave one place free to daughters of farmers. -“Blekinge hushållningssållśkap” gave three places to daughters of -farmers from Blekinge.</p> - -<p>The school is situated at Agdatorp farm, in Nettraby, about 12 km. from -Karlskrona. The term commences on April 1st and lasts until October -31st. Applications must be sent in before March 15th to Fr. <span class="smcap">J. -Schmidt</span>.</p> - -<p>Since the college was founded 79 students have passed out. Of this -number only eight have taken posts. The usual salary is from 15 kr. -per month, board and lodging being provided. Some of the students have -completed their training at other colleges, others pursue the interest -of gardening in their own homes. It is clear that the salary mentioned -is that of an under gardener, for the salary of a head gardener in -Sweden varies from 300 kr. to 800 kr., with board and lodging; it is -also usual to give a percentage upon the sales in the garden. Most of -the women who study for gardening in Sweden do so in order to direct -their own gardens. Many go through a course of training in a market -garden, and some have been educated in colleges in other countries.</p> - - -<h3>ESPENÄS SCHOOL FOR LADY GARDENERS</h3> - -<p><i>Postal Address</i>: Lännäs. <i>Railway Stations</i>: Kilsmo, -Sköllersta, and Wingaker. <i>Steamboat Pier</i>: Hampetorp. -<i>Steamer</i>: “Gustav Lagerbjelde.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">[205]</span></p> - -<p>Espenäs is beautifully situated close to the Lake “Store Hjälmaren.”</p> - -<p>The school was founded in 1899. The term commences on April 15th and -ends on October 15th. The teaching is both practical and theoretical.</p> - -<p>The subjects taught are: General gardening, kitchen gardening, flowers -for beds and borders; the care of hot-houses and frames, glazing, -painting, making mats, preparation of frames, sowing, watering, etc. -The cultivation of delicate vegetables and fruits such as asparagus, -tomatoes, artichokes, cucumbers, melons and strawberries; climbing -plants, grapes, and roses; fruit trees and berries; preparation of soil -and manure; tying up plants; book-keeping as applied to gardening; the -Weck method of preserving vegetables, fruit and berries; making fruit -syrups, jellies, marmalade, fruit wines and pickles; drying fruit, -berries, and vegetables. Optional—looking after poultry.</p> - -<p>The conditions for entering the school are, that it is necessary to -have passed through an elementary school, or to have had similar -education. A testimonial from a clergyman or a doctor is required, as -well as a photograph of the proposed student.</p> - -<p>Payment in advance upon April 15th, 125 kr. (£7) for the whole term. -For board and lodgings, all found, 65 kr. per month, to be paid on -April 15th and July 15th. Soap, candles, linen, and bedding are -provided by the students. A piano is in the house. There are good roads -for cycling, and excellent bathing. Apply to <span class="smcap">Stina Swartling</span>, -<i>née</i> <span class="smcap">von Hofsten</span>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">[206]</span></p> - -<p>The number of students who have passed out since the school was founded -is over 100. Most of the students, upon the termination of their -training, return to their homes, others take posts as gardeners, and -their salaries amount usually to from 20 kr. to 40 kr. per month, board -and lodging being provided for them.</p> - - -<h3>SWITZERLAND</h3> - -<p>The following account of the only school for lady gardeners in the -German-speaking part of Switzerland, has been very kindly sent to me -by Madame Chaponniere, President de l’Alliance Nationale de Sociétés -Féminines Suisses. I give the report in her words:—</p> - - -<h3>ÉCOLE PROFESSIONNELLE D’HORTICULTURE POUR LES FEMMES</h3> - -<p class="smcap center">à Nieder-Lenz, Canton d’Argovie, Suisse</p> - -<p>La seule école professionnelle d’horticulture pour les femmes, existant -actuellement en Suisse, est celle de Nieder-Lenz fondée en 1906, par la -“Société d’Utilité Publique des Femmes Suisses,” à Nieder-Lenz, dans un -joli domaine, situé sur la ligne de chemin-de-fer du Seethal dans le -Canton d’Argovie.</p> - -<p>Le programme de l’école comprend différentes catégories de cours:—</p> - -<p>1. Des cours de deux années destinés aux femmes désirant faire de -l’horticulture leur profession.</p> - -<p>2. Des cours d’une année destinés aux maîtresses d’écoles ménagères ou -primaires.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing206" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing206.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">STUDENTS AT WORK AT THE ESPENÄS SCHOOL FOR LADY -GARDENERS SWEDEN.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">[207]</span></p> - -<p>3. Des cours d’une année, pour les personnes qui, par raison de santé -ou autre, désirent connaître la culture des fruits, et du jardin.</p> - -<p>4. Des cours spéciaux, d’une durée de six mois, sur les différentes -branches du jardinage ou de la culture des arbres fruitiers. Le cours -de deux années est formé de deux parties; une partie pratique et une -partie théorique.</p> - -<p>La partie pratique comprend:—</p> - -<p>(<i>a</i>) La culture des légumes ainsi que leur emploi, leur -conservation, et éventuellement la manière de les cuire et de les -apprêter.</p> - -<p>(<i>b</i>) Culture des fleurs en plein air et en serre, fleurs -d’appartement, décoration, préparation de bouquets.</p> - -<p>(<i>c</i>) Etablissement de jardins potagers.</p> - -<p>(<i>d</i>) Culture des arbres fruitiers, taille, greffe, récolte des -fruits, emballage, conserves, etc.</p> - -<p>(<i>e</i>) Culture des baies (fraises, framboises, groseilles, -myrtilles).</p> - -<p>(<i>f</i>) Elevage de la volaille, des lapins, des abeilles.</p> - -<p>La partie théorique comprend des leçons de botanique, de pomologie, -de zoologie, de chimie agricole, de géométrie, de dessin, la tenue de -livres et quelques notions de droit usuel.</p> - -<p>L’école d’horticulture s’est ouverte le 1er avril 1906, avec huit -élèves pour le cours complet de deux années et sept élèves pour le -cours de six mois. Dans le courant de l’année huit autres élèves sont -entrées pour un nouveau cours de deux ans. La majorité des élèves -viennent de la Suisse, mais l’Autriche, Hongrie et la Russie en ont<span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">[208]</span> -fourni aussi quelques-unes. Les conditions d’admission sont:—Avoir -fréquenté une école secondaire ou une école analogue, être munie d’un -certificat médical de bonne santé et d’un acte d’origine, être âgée de -dix-sept ans accomplis.</p> - -<p>Pour les cours d’une ou de deux années, le prix annuel de la pension -et de l’enseignement est de francs 600 (£24) payables par trimestre à -l’avance.</p> - -<p>Pour les cours d’une année, sans but professionnel, francs 60 par mois, -ainsi que pour les cours spéciaux de six mois. Les étrangers paient en -outre francs 300 par an pour l’enseignement.</p> - -<p>A ces différents cours, il faut ajouter encore des cours de culture -de quelques semaines, données au printemps, en été, en automne, et -destinées aux jeunes campagnardes des environs.</p> - -<p>L’école est sous la surveillance d’une Commission de cinq membres, dont -la présidente est Madame Coradi-Stahl (Wiedingstrasse, 56, Zurich), -inspectrice fédérale des écoles ménagères, la secrétaire Madame Prof. -Stocker-Caviezel (Küsnacht bei Zürich). La directrice de l’école est -Madame Prof. Joss-Roser.</p> - -<p>Les dons reçus en vue de l’installation ont atteint la somme de francs -18,959.36 et les dépenses pour l’installation se sont élevées à francs -14,298.76. Les recettes régulières pour cette première année se montent -à francs 9,897.80, tandis que les dépenses, loger de la propriété, -etc., font un total de francs 12,883.28, laissant ainsi un découvert -de francs 2,985.48. Il y a lieu d’espérer qu’avec l’extension prévue -de l’école et des sources de revenus nouvelles, ce déficit ne se -renouvellera pas.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">[209]</span></p> - -<h2>CHAPTER XVI<br /> -<span class="subhed">SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES IN AMERICA</span></h2></div> - -<h3>THE UNITED STATES</h3> - -<p>The conditions under which women work in America are very unlike -those that exist in England. Schools and colleges are founded upon a -different basis; therefore work done in America cannot be strictly -compared to that done in England.</p> - -<p>Each of the forty-five states in the United States has a college of -agriculture. These institutions are supported by public funds. They are -open to men and women alike, and both work together. That is to say, -these institutions are co-educational. These colleges cover the general -field of agriculture, and, in some, horticultural work is especially -well developed. Women in these institutions may take a variety of -subjects, or they may specialise in horticulture, dairying, home -economics, Nature-study.</p> - -<p>A number of Government research posts in natural history are held by -women. They are also admitted to the instructional bodies of several -American Co-educational Colleges. A considerable number of the Doctors’ -theses in botany from the University of Chicago are by women, and can -be seen in the <i>Botanical Gazette</i>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">[210]</span> A notable thesis of late -years is that by Mrs. Clements, of the University of Nebraska.</p> - -<p>Popular attention is turned increasingly to outdoor life and to living -on the land, and the demand for horticultural schools will continue and -ensure their establishment.</p> - -<p>An expert tells me there is a wide field for women in horticulture -in America. Positions as teachers, lecturers, gardeners in private -gardens, consulting gardeners in suburban districts, market gardeners, -fruit and nut growers, poultry and bee keepers are open. The only -difficulty is that the right people are not at hand to fill them. The -oversight of school gardens and of vacant lot cultivation in the great -cities are openings appealing especially to women. Already there are -some successful landscape gardeners. Miss Beatrice Jones, of New York -City, and Miss Elizabeth Lee, of Philadelphia, are well known in this -branch.</p> - - -<h3>NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, -NEW YORK</h3> - - -<h4>HORTICULTURE</h4> - -<p>The equipment is divided into two parts—that which is associated with -the classroom and laboratories in the second and basement floors of the -main agricultural building, and that connected with the forcing-houses -and grounds surrounding them.</p> - -<p>1. <i>Class rooms and laboratories.</i>—The teaching activities are -centred mainly in the headquarters of the department, located on the -second floor of the main building in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">[211]</span> agricultural compound. On -this floor are a commodious lecture room with a seating capacity for -100 students, a recitation-room for 35 students, a laboratory for -instruction in practical and systematic pomology. The laboratory -will accommodate 40 students, and is being fitted with suitable -apparatus and appliances for the efficient teaching of the practical -and laboratory phases of horticultural work. On the same floor is -the laboratory for advanced students. This room has space for 20 -students, and those who are working in the graduate department or -engaged in research courses are provided with suitable appliances for -their special needs. The remainder of this floor is devoted to museum -purposes, herbarium, seminary-room, and offices for the instructing -staff.</p> - -<p>In the basement is a laboratory with adjacent store-room for use in -connection with applied work in nursery and orchard practice. The -capacity of this laboratory is 50 students, so that a beginning class -of 100 may be accommodated in two sections. Students in elementary -pomology and greenhouse management pursue work in this laboratory.</p> - -<p><i>Forcing-houses, barn, and fruticetum.</i>—The glass structures -for the study of forcing crops such as flowers, vegetables, and -fruits cover an area of about 6,000 square feet, and are used in -connection with nearly all classes, though more especially associated -with floriculture and olericulture. One house is assigned to advanced -students for the working out of problems on which they are engaged. -Another house is given over to the study of the variation of plants and -the technique of plant-breeding.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">[212]</span></p> - -<p>The barn is headquarters for horticultural implements used in tilling, -pruning, and spraying trees and plants. The collection of spray -machinery, including gas engines, traction machines, and the like, is -full and complete. Thorough instruction is given in the control of -orchard enemies.</p> - -<p>Aside from the ordinary equipment, the garden herbarium with more than -12,000 sheets is an important aid in the study of systematic pomology -and plant variation. There is also an exceptionally fine collection -of nearly 10,000 negatives illustrating all phases of fruit, flower, -and vegetable growing. This collection is being added to continually, -and furnishes a source for lantern slides to illustrate up-to-date -methods in the management of fruit plantations, the construction of -forcing-houses, and the growing of crops in field and under glass.</p> - -<p><i>Elementary pomology.</i>—A study of the methods of propagation and -early care of bush and tree fruits; the principles and practice of -budding and grafting, with special attention to the particular method -of propagating each kind of fruit. Must be preceded by Botany 1 and 2. -Lectures and recitations with laboratory. The class will participate in -a required excursion to Geneva and vicinity.</p> - -<p>Another class is held on this subject particularly adapted to the needs -of the special student, and not open to those who are required to take -Botany 1 and 2. The class will participate in a required excursion to -Geneva and vicinity.</p> - -<p><i>Practical pomology.</i>—The study and practice of the planting, -fertilising, and care of orchards; picking, grading,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">[213]</span> packing and -marketing of fruits. Pre-requisites, Botany and Horticulture, and -taking Agricultural Botany. This class will participate in a required -excursion to the fruit-growing sections of Geneva and Rochester.</p> - -<p><i>Spraying of fruit trees.</i>—A study of the preparation and -application of the different spray mixtures used in orchard and garden -practice. Lectures and recitations with laboratory.</p> - -<p><i>Greenhouse construction and management.</i>—A study of the -principles of greenhouse construction. Laboratory work will consist of -the drawing and erection of sections illustrating the leading types of -greenhouses. Throughout the year.</p> - -<p><i>Olericulture.</i>—- A study of the principles of vegetable -gardening with special reference to trucking, accompanied by field -practice in the actual growing of the plants.</p> - -<p><i>Garden and greenhouse practice.</i>—Practical work in the -forcing-houses and gardens, with familiar talks. One or two hours by -appointment. Throughout the year. Limited to 12 students first term, 18 -second term.</p> - -<p><i>Sub-tropical pomology.</i>—A study of citrus, and other -sub-tropical fruits, with special reference to American conditions.</p> - -<p><i>Systematic pomology.</i>—Advanced course in classification and -systematic study of fruits. Two hours.</p> - -<p><i>Literature of horticulture and landscape gardening.</i>—An -examination of the writings of European and American authors, with -special reference to the evolution of horticultural methods. Open to -juniors and seniors, and required of graduates.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">[214]</span></p> - -<p><i>Plant-breeding</i>, with special reference to the improvement of -orchard fruits. Juniors and seniors; required of graduates.</p> - -<p><i>German horticultural reading.</i>—A study of periodical literature -relating to horticulture. Each student is required to subscribe for one -periodical and make translations from assigned paragraphs.</p> - -<p><i>French</i> of the same character and conducted in the same way.</p> - -<p><i>Investigation</i> incident to previous courses. For graduates and -advanced students.</p> - -<p><i>Seminary work for advanced students.</i>—Required of graduates. -One hour. F., 2–4.30, every two weeks beginning the first week of -each term. On the alternate week students are required to attend the -Seminary in Plant Industry.</p> - - -<h4>RURAL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE</h4> - -<p><i>Field engineering.</i>—Lectures, recitations and practice in -surveying and plotting the farm; designing farm buildings, roads, -fences, and water supply; drainage and irrigation. Second half-year. -Lectures and practice.</p> - -<p><i>Farm machinery.</i>—A study of the elements of mechanics and -of machine design entering into the construction of all machinery, -followed by a special study of:—(a) <i>Motors</i>, including -steam boilers, gas and steam engines, windmills, hydraulic rams, -water wheels, and a brief discussion of the laws and applications -of electricity; (b) <i>Farm Machinery</i> for tillage, seeding, -harvesting, threshing, cleaning, etc., with a discussion of the cost, -life, draft, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">[215]</span> special mechanical features of some of the machines -now on the market.</p> - -<p>Opportunities will be afforded for special work in the second half-year.</p> - - -<h4>RURAL ECONOMY AND SOCIOLOGY</h4> - -<p><i>Rural economy.</i>—A study of the economic problems of agriculture.</p> - -<p><i>Rural social conditions.</i>—The social history, status and -progress of the rural community.</p> - -<p><i>History of agriculture.</i>—An outline of the development of -agriculture in its more important phases.</p> - - -<h4>RURAL ART</h4> - -<p>This is a two-year course comprising the junior and senior years of the -regular course in the College of Agriculture; and for those who have -attained a certain degree of proficiency graduate work is offered.</p> - -<p>Previous to registering in this work the student must have completed -the requirements of the freshman and sophomore years, and the -following:—Elementary surveying, Lettering and making of titles, -Botany, Organography of ornamental plants, Elementary architecture.</p> - -<p>Previous to graduation the student must have completed the following -subjects in addition to the regular work:—Dendrology, Economic -entomology, Greenhouse construction and management, Field engineering, -Municipal engineering, French or German horticultural reading.</p> - -<p><i>Theory and æsthetics of rural art and landscape design.</i>—Deals -with the principles of landscape design, their<span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">[216]</span> application to specific -problems, together with discussions on the theory in all its points of -application.</p> - -<p><i>Landscape design.</i>—First course. Work on practical problems in -design, paced and measured surveys, sketch plans, finished plans and -detailed working drawings with specifications. Short sketch problems -for study will be given from time to time. The aim is to familiarise -the student with the various types of plans as applied to different -problems. Practical problems in the vicinity will be studied, and -reports, both preliminary and final, will be required.</p> - -<p><i>Freehand sketching.</i>—Sketching and rendering in various media of -indoor and outdoor subjects, plans, etc., particularly pertaining to -landscape design.</p> - -<p><i>History of landscape design.</i>—A study of the chronological -development of the art of landscape gardening, its modifications -in various countries and the influences which have affected its -development. A full study of the three types of gardening—ancient, -mediæval and modern, and their relation to each other.</p> - -<p><i>Advanced problems and research in landscape design.</i>—The more -complicated problems, such as country estates, parkways and civic -centres, are taken up and worked out in detail. Studies, reports, plans -of arrangement, rendered studies, detailed drawings, grade designs, -planting plans, total estimates of cost and a set of specifications are -worked out for two major problems. Minor problems and sketch problems -are required from time to time.</p> - -<p><i>Seminary.</i>—A review of current literature and the discussion -of live questions relating to various phases of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">[217]</span> landscape work, and -reports on investigations. Required of seniors and graduates.</p> - - -<h4>HOME ECONOMICS</h4> - -<p>Instruction will be given in home economics in 1907–8. Information -about this work may be had from the director of the College of -Agriculture, as the courses are not yet ready for scheduling.</p> - - -<h4>DRAWING</h4> - -<p><i>Applied drawing.</i>—- Personal instruction in the solution of -particular problems and in fitting the student to pursue certain lines -of study to better advantage, or to enable him to become proficient in -a speciality.</p> - - -<h4>WINTER COURSES IN HORTICULTURE</h4> - -<p>Each year since the establishment of the winter courses the demand -for special instruction in fruit-growing and gardening has increased. -The opportunities for profitable fruit-and vegetable-growing on the -comparatively cheap lands of the east and within easy reach of the -great markets, are attracting capital and energy. It is in response -to this general demand and these opportune conditions that a winter -course in horticulture is offered. The various studies included in this -course are intended to help the fruit-grower and gardener to manage his -orchards and gardens better than in the past; to fit those who have had -some experience for positions of responsibility; to give the beginner -the salient principles and acquaint him as far as possible with the -best practices of commercial and amateur fruit-growers and gardeners -the country over.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">[218]</span></p> - -<p>The entrance requirements to this course are the same as to the course -in general agriculture. Field experience will always enable the student -to get a maximum of benefit from a study of this kind.</p> - -<p>The course is made up of lectures, recitations and practice, special -stress being laid on the last.</p> - - -<h4>SPECIAL EXPENSES</h4> - -<p>General laboratory fee, $7.50; books, $5.00; work suit, $1.50.</p> - -<p>All students in this course, except those who have previously completed -satisfactorily the winter course in general agriculture, are required -to take the subjects that follow. Those who complete the winter course -in general agriculture will not be required to take again subjects that -they have already passed. They should consult the professor in charge -concerning substitutes for any of the subjects. All students must -register with the Secretary of the College.</p> - - -<h4>REQUIRED SUBJECTS</h4> - -<p><i>Amateur and commercial fruit-growing.</i>—A survey of the -principles and practices of fruit-growing with reference to orchard -management, handling, packing, storing, transplanting and marketing of -orchard products. Seven hours. Five hours of lectures a week and two -afternoons a week for practice.</p> - -<p><i>Vegetable culture.</i>—Lectures and exercises on the growing and -marketing of vegetables for special and general market. Two hours.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">[219]</span></p> - -<p><i>Farm Botany.</i>—Four hours a week. Two lectures and two laboratory -periods.</p> - -<p><i>Fertility of the land.</i>—Two hours.</p> - -<p>There are thus fifteen hours a week of required work in this course. -Students may elect, with permission of the instructor concerned, three -hours a week additional by taking the following courses:—</p> - - -<h4>ELECTIVE SUBJECTS</h4> - -<p><i>Economic entomology.</i>—One hour a week.</p> - -<p><i>Plant diseases.</i>—Three hours. One hour lecture and two hours’ -laboratory practice.</p> - -<p><i>Horticultural reading.</i>—Assignment of topics for abstracts and -reports in standard works and current periodicals. One to three hours -by appointment.</p> - -<p><i>Floriculture and ornamental gardening.</i>—Lectures and exercises -on the growing and marketing of greenhouse crops, and the principles of -lawn decoration. Two hours a week.</p> - -<p><i>Greenhouse practice.</i>—In this course the student is assigned -specific pieces of work in the greenhouse to be performed under the -direction of the gardener. One hour a week.</p> - - -<h4>EQUIPMENT</h4> - -<p>Practically the same facilities are available to the winter course -students as are offered the student in the regular course:—The -library, one of the best in the country; the material equipment of -the forcing-houses, including plants, work rooms, spray pumps and -implements, are all used in conducting the work of instruction.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">[220]</span></p> - -<p>Those who desire additional information should apply to</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">John Craig</span>, <i>Professor of Horticulture</i>.</p> - -<p>Women are eligible on equal terms with men in all these courses of -instruction—and a good many women are at work in this college. The -students registered in the college of agriculture (not in the College -of Arts and Sciences) number over 300.</p> - - -<h3>LOWTHORPE SCHOOL OF LANDSCAPE GARDENING AND HORTICULTURE FOR -WOMEN, AT GROTON, MASSACHUSETTS</h3> - -<p class="center"><i>Founded by</i> Mrs. <span class="smcap">Edward Gilchrist Low</span></p> - - -<h4>LECTURERS</h4> - -<p><i>Landscape architecture.</i>—Mr. <span class="smcap">J. F. Dawson</span>, -with <span class="smcap">Olmsted Brothers</span>. <i>The garden and its -accessories.</i>—<span class="smcap">Mr. Loring Underwood.</span></p> - - -<h4>INSTRUCTORS</h4> - -<p><i>Study of trees and shrubs.</i>—<span class="smcap">Miss Laura Blanchard -Dawson.</span> <i>Drawing and garden design.</i>—<span class="smcap">Miss Gertrude -F. Sanderson.</span> <i>Surveying and engineering.</i>—<span class="smcap">Mr. -Stephen Child.</span> <i>Botany: Greenhouse work and gardening -out-of-doors.</i>—<span class="smcap">Miss L. L. Hetzer.</span></p> - -<p><i>Study of trees and shrubs.</i>—Lectures with field walks. Study -of trees from winter buds, and in leaf. Study of shrubs, foliage, and -flowering, with consideration of landscape value. Specimens from the -Arnold Arboretum.</p> - -<p><i>Botany.</i>—Study of plant structure, function, and classification. -The greater part of the time will be devoted to the flowering plants.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing220" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing220.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">AVENUE LEADING TO “LOWTHORPE,” GROTON, MASSACHUSETTS, -MRS. LOW’S SCHOOL FOR LADY GARDENERS.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">[221]</span></p> - -<p><i>Garden design.</i>—Practice in making preliminary and finished -plans. Designing and laying out of gardens.</p> - -<p><i>Drawing.</i>—Freehand in black and white and water colour, -with autumn and spring sketching out of doors. Mechanical, simple -projections leading up to elementary study of architectural details.</p> - -<p><i>Surveying and engineering.</i>—Such parts as have value to -landscape work.</p> - -<p><i>Greenhouse work.</i>—Care of greenhouse. Propagation, by seeds, -cuttings, layering, budding, and grafting. Carnation, violet growing, -orchids, etc.</p> - - -<h4>EXPENSES</h4> - -<p>Tuition $100 a year. One half to be paid on entering, the second half -in January.</p> - -<p>A limited number of students may be accommodated at Lowthorpe. Single -room, $30.00 per month, and upwards; double room for two, at $30.00 per -month for each. Accommodation for others may be obtained in the village -near by. The full course comprises two years’ work. School year is from -September 15 to June 15. Vacations at Christmas and Easter.</p> - -<p>The avenues of work that are available are:—</p> - -<p>Designing and planting flower gardens; care and maintenance of rose -gardens and flowering shrubs; weekly supervising of greenhouses; -planning and laying out small estates; planting small parks for village -improvement societies.</p> - -<p>All communications should be addressed to</p> - -<p class="smcap center">Lowthorpe School, Groton, Massachusetts.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">[222]</span></p> - -<p>Simmons College, Boston, Mass., has, I believe, a horticultural college -connected with it, but it has not been in operation long.</p> - -<p>Smith College, Northampton, Mass., also offers courses in practical -horticulture.</p> - -<p>The following letter, written by the director of the principal school -of Forestry in America, and very kindly sent to me by Mrs. Low, shows -that he is of opinion that there is an opening for women in landscape -gardening:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="smcap r4">Yale University Forest School,</p> - -<p class="smcap r2 p-min">New Haven, Conn.,</p> - -<p class="right p-min"><i>May 22</i>, 1907.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">My Dear Mrs. Low</span>,—</p> - -<p>I have for a long time felt that there is an opportunity for -useful work by women in landscape gardening. There is, at the -present time, no place except the Lowthorpe School, where women -can secure an adequate training in landscape gardening. I -believe that your institution is needed, and will be appreciated.</p> - -<p>I may say from my impressions upon visiting your school that you -have chosen an exceedingly favourable location, and that you -have made very fine progress in the organisation of your work.</p> - -<p>I want to do what I can to assist your school, for I believe in -it. If I can be of any service in this or any other way, I hope -that you will feel free to call upon me.</p> - -<p class="r10">Sincerely yours,</p> - -<p class="r2"><span class="smcap">H. S. Graves</span> (<i>Director</i>).</p> -</div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing222" style="max-width: 425px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing222.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">SOUTHERN ENTRANCE TO “LOWTHORPE,” GROTON, MASS. MRS. -LOW’S SCHOOL FOR LADY GARDENERS</p> - </div> - -<p><i>To</i> <span class="smcap">Mrs. Low</span>,</p> - -<p class="center"><i>Principal of Lowthorpe School for Lady Gardeners</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">[223]</span></p> -<p>Mrs. Low asks me to draw attention to the fact that the work of -“landscape design” is the most important in her school. Garden and -greenhouse work are secondary to this. She tells me that several of -her former students have become supervisors of school gardens, in -connection with the Public Schools or Village Improvement Societies. -The highest salary is $60 per month, for five months. One former -student has gone to Portland, in Oregon, on the Pacific coast, where -she is told she will soon become established as a landscape gardener. -Several women have already made a success of landscape gardening. Ten -years hence they will be heard of all over the country. At present the -largest income is £800, or $4,000.</p> - -<p>The two photographs of Lowthorpe are attractive. Three years ago the -site of the present avenue, leading to the house, was a field. The -students surveyed the avenue under instruction, and then did the -planting. They have to learn to read a surveyor’s plan with ease. In -the oval in front of the door are Rhododendron maximum, which is hardy -in Massachusetts, ferns and Rinus Strabus. At the entrance on the -right are viburnums, cornus, lonicera, roses, etc. The picture of the -southern entrance gives the bulb garden, between the greenhouse and -verandah, where later on bloom lilies, lilacs and magnolias. On the -left is a hedge of white rose rugosa. Through the arch one goes into -the garden. The large tree is a “platanus occidentalis.” The place was -an old farm when Mrs. Low bought it in 1900–1, and we can judge by the -well-kept grounds what a success she has made of it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">[224]</span></p> - - -<h3>PENNSYLVANIA SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE FOR WOMEN</h3> - -<p>The plan of the Pennsylvania School of Horticulture for Women has -originated in the desire to offer to women an opportunity to fit -themselves for an occupation at once healthful, pleasant, profitable, -peculiarly fitted to their gifts, and in which they have ever taken an -intelligent interest and active part.</p> - -<p>Our purpose is to offer to these earnest-minded women a training in the -principles and practice of horticulture and allied subjects, knowing -that really skilled labour can always find a market, helping them also -to find employment in the work for which they have been thus prepared.</p> - -<p>To this end we expect to open in the near future the “Pennsylvania -School of Horticulture for Women.” A small farm of twenty to forty -acres will be obtained (probably rented), having upon it a comfortable -dwelling with accommodation for about ten students (at first). Flower -and kitchen gardens and orchards will be laid out and planted. Teachers -of skill and experience will lecture upon the principles and practice -of the courses of study offered, and will oversee all practice work -done by students. For the very heavy work a labourer will be employed, -but the students will do all the rest themselves under direct -supervision of the teacher. A competent matron or principal will be in -charge of the household and will have general oversight of the students.</p> - -<p>The full course will occupy two years of twelve months each, but -arrangements will be made for suitable holidays,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">[225]</span> and full students -will be advised to live in the house. Short courses on special subjects -will also be arranged, and it is hoped will prove attractive and useful -to some who may want to specialise along certain lines.</p> - -<p>The tuition and board fees will be kept down to as low a figure as -possible, and it is hoped that there will be endowed scholarships.</p> - -<p>The subjects to be offered at once are:—</p> - -<p>Flower and kitchen gardening, care of lawns and shrubbery, orchards, -poultry raising, bee-keeping, garden carpentry, marketing of produce.</p> - -<p>Later there may be added:—</p> - -<p>Forestry, maple sugar growing, preserving of fruits and vegetables, and -such other subjects as may be called for.</p> - -<p>There is in Pennsylvania no other school of this character. The -Pennsylvania State College at State College, Centre County, offers -valuable and excellent instruction, but, like the other state colleges, -lays most of its stress on agriculture rather than on horticulture, and -gives great attention (and necessarily so) to experimental farm work, -and to seed and soil tests. Incidentally we hope to profit by these -experiments and to help to spread abroad knowledge of the improvements -and better methods which their experience may have proved beneficial.</p> - -<p>We shall be glad to enter into communication with others interested in -the subject, and we look for the interest and support of Pennsylvanians -and many others.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Miss Jane B. Haines</span>, <i>Secretary and Treasurer</i>, -Cheltenham, Pa.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">[226]</span></p> - - -<h3>THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDENS, ST. LOUIS, MO.</h3> - -<p>The Trustees of the garden offer theoretical and practical instruction -in gardening, with a certain number of competitive scholarships. These -scholarships are not open to women. The course of instruction can, -however, be taken by women who are ready to bear their own expenses and -pay the nominal fee of $25 per annum.</p> - -<p>Only one young woman has so far completed the course. This lady, -Miss Eda A. Sutermeister, 1637, Broadway, Kansas City, Missouri, -has become an accomplished landscape architect. One other girl went -through the greater part of the work. She subsequently took charge of -the floriculture at an industrial school for women, after extensive -experience in practical floriculture. In addition to these two, a -number of ladies have taken various courses of study included in the -outline, or have received practical training in gardening at the -Botanical Garden, covering short periods of time, and limited parts of -the subject.</p> - -<p>The following is taken from the last report:—</p> - - -<h4>INSTRUCTION IN GARDENING</h4> - -<p>The requirement that instruction in gardening and horticulture should -receive attention at the Garden, in addition to the provision of a -lodging house for pupils, led to the entire renovation of the fruit -orchard some years ago, at a cost of $444.44, and two small vegetable -houses have been built for further experimental and educational use. -The annual expenditure on the gardening course averages $930.34.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">[227]</span></p> - -<p>The Director reports that of the 39 pupils thus far enrolled, of whom -15 completed the course, ten are now successful florists or gardeners, -two have become landscape architects, three hold responsible park -positions, two are college horticulturists with teaching as well -as practical duties, one is a surveyor, one is a government plant -experimenter, and one is a forester in the Philippine service.</p> - - -<h4>INSTRUCTION IN BOTANY</h4> - -<p>Mr. Shaw’s provision for a close connection between the School of -Botany, which he had endowed in Washington University, and the -Garden has been of great assistance to the undergraduate department -of the University, and through the Garden opportunities for work -have been offered to graduate students, of whom five have received -the Master’s degree and six the degree of Doctor of Philosophy with -botany as a major study. The Board expect to see a large increase in -this utilisation of the Garden facilities commensurate with the very -gratifying growth of Washington University. Indirectly the Garden has -been of much use to the young men who have served as assistants in its -office, library, or herbarium, or as teachers in the school of botany, -for with very few exceptions they have gone to college, government or -other positions of high responsibility in botany or horticulture, for -which their service here gave excellent training.</p> - - -<h3>NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, -NEW YORK</h3> - -<p><i>Normal Work.—Two-Year Special Course in Nature-Study.</i>—This -course is organised to help persons who expect<span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">[228]</span> to teach nature-study -and country-life subjects in the public schools. Persons actually -engaged in teaching, and also all persons in the University who signify -their intention to teach, are eligible. A certificate will be given on -the completion of 60 hours in the courses prescribed below, together -with such other work in the College of Agriculture as may be approved -by the director. Designed to prepare students to teach elementary -agriculture.</p> - -<p><i>Nature-Study.</i>—Lectures and discussion of methods.</p> - -<p><i>Home Nature-Study Work.</i>—Work in the training classes in the -Ithaca schools in which students are also to take part.</p> - -<p><i>Practice Work in Nature-Study</i> in the public schools of Ithaca, -comprising schoolroom work, excursions, and other exercises with -children.</p> - -<p><i>School Gardens</i>, comprising actual garden-making with children on -school grounds and in the University school gardens. In winter the work -will be conducted in the forcing houses, where plant-growing subjects -will be taken up in such a way as to adapt them to elementary school -conditions.</p> - -<p><i>Seminary in Nature-Study and Elementary Agriculture.</i>—Devoted -to the study of the methods of teaching nature-study and elementary -agriculture, and to the review and criticism of courses now offered in -our elementary and secondary schools.</p> - -<p><i>Nature-Study.</i>—Advanced course. Individual work on special -problems.</p> - -<p><i>Travel Course in Agriculture.</i>—The aim of this course is to give -the students an opportunity, under competent<span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">[229]</span> guidance, to see the main -agricultural activities and crops not represented in New York. It is -open to qualified students of the College of Agriculture and of other -colleges.</p> - - -<h4>SPECIAL WORK</h4> - -<p>Opportunities are provided for persons who desire to pursue special -work. Students must be at least eighteen years of age to take advantage -of this work.</p> - -<p><i>Special Work in General Agriculture.</i>—This work is designed to -meet the needs of young men and young women from the farm who have -not the time to give to a four years’ course. They must satisfy the -director that they are well enough grounded in the secondary school -subjects to enable them to pursue the work with credit to themselves -and with honour to the University, and also that they desire to take -the work because of direct interest in agricultural affairs. They must -present an honourable dismissal from the school last attended and -certificates of good moral character, and will be required to present -such certificates and letters as may be desired. This work is not a -definite “course” in the sense of having a programme or a prescribed -set of studies. The student chooses any of the agricultural “electives” -that he may be able to pursue. Certain courses are to be given by some -of the departments for those who lack some of the fundamental work -usually required in those subjects. Admission as a special student by -the director does not admit to classes. The student is admitted to the -various classes by the heads of the departments when he has satisfied -such officers that he is able to pursue the work.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">[230]</span></p> - -<p><i>Nature-Study Special Course.</i>—This course, of two years, is -open to teachers, or to such students in regular University courses -as signify their intention to teach, who desire to prepare themselves -in nature-study and country-life subjects. In this course the work -is largely prescribed. The course comprises two categories of work: -the subject-matter studies, and the pedagogical practice. The -subject-matter is secured in the regular classes of the University, -largely in the biological departments. The pedagogical practice is to -be had with children in regular nature-study classes and clubs in the -public schools of Ithaca and in school-garden work with children.</p> - - -<h4>EXTENSION WORK</h4> - -<p>The extension work of the College of Agriculture is designed to help -persons directly on their farms, and to aid those who desire definite -instruction but cannot take a long or regular course in agriculture in -the University. It supplements the teaching and experimenting of the -College of Agriculture. It is professedly a popular work. It endeavours -to reach the common problems of the people, to quicken the agricultural -occupations, and to inspire a greater interest in country life. It -is also a bureau of publicity, whereby there is an exchange of all -important matters connected with the progress of the agriculture of the -State.</p> - - -<h3>ARGENTINA; BUENOS AIRES</h3> - -<p>The following information is all that I can ascertain. There are no -special horticultural colleges for ladies<span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">[231]</span> in this country, but they -are admitted to all the agricultural colleges. They may take the same -degrees as men.</p> - -<p>As yet only one lady has received the highest degree accorded, namely -Agricultural Engineer, and two others are now studying.</p> - -<p>No opening for women in this sphere of activity has presented itself -so far, but I am informed that undoubtedly very soon the public will -appreciate their efforts and employ them in preference to men.</p> - -<p>In all public schools pupils from the fourth to sixth grades of both -sexes receive notions of agriculture, and are practically taught -the care and cultivation of indoor plants. In some few schools that -have the necessary ground, pupils are also instructed in cultivating -vegetable and flower plants.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">[232]</span></p> - -<h2>CHAPTER XVII<br /> -<span class="subhed">GARDENING AND NATURE-STUDY IN CANADA AND AUSTRALIA</span></h2></div> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>The question of gardening for women in Canada is admirably dealt -with—together with that of “Nature-Study”—in the following -communication which I have received from Miss E. Ritchie, of -Halifax, Nova Scotia. It will be seen that while “Nature-Study” -is taking a prominent position in the curriculum of the public -school—the profession of gardening for women has barely entered -into consideration:—</p> -</div> - -<p>I very much regret that the information I can now send is far from -complete as regards the whole Dominion. Our committee on education -is not really in working order, only two members—both from Ontario -cities—having been appointed by “local councils,” so that I have -myself had to collect facts from the other provinces without having -local knowledge to guide me. In Canada educational matters are subject -entirely to provincial control, and the system differs in the various -provinces, so there is no Central Bureau of information at Ottawa. The -following<span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">[233]</span> statements may, I think, be relied upon as correct as far as -they go.</p> - -<p>1. <i>Nature-Study</i> is taught to some extent in the public schools -all over Canada (I am not quite sure about Quebec, about which my -information is imperfect, but I believe it is probably true of that -province also). In Nova Scotia, which is a fairly representative -province in such matters, nature-study occupies a part of every day in -all the schools, and so far as my own observation goes, it seems to -be taught sensibly, and in a way to interest the children; they are -made familiar with the growth of plants, the habits of insects, the -appearance, songs, and migration of the different kinds of birds, etc., -and are encouraged in making simple nature-observation for themselves. -In the higher grades this teaching merges into more specifically -agricultural and scientific work.</p> - -<p>2. <i>School gardens</i> are becoming more numerous throughout Canada; -Ontario probably takes the lead in this respect. Sir William Macdonald, -who is devoting very large sums to the development of the more -practical side of education, has inaugurated a number of school gardens -in Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and (I think) -British Columbia.</p> - -<p>As of possible interest in this connection, I may mention a plan -carried out by the Halifax Local Council of Women to encourage a love -of gardening among city children. Seeds of six hardy varieties of -flowers are bought wholesale in the spring, and sold through the school -teachers to children desiring them at cost price. Each child for six -cents (threepence) got a package containing small packages<span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">[234]</span> of the six -kinds of seed, and simple printed directions for sowing and caring for -them. An exhibition of flowers grown from these seeds was held in the -month of August, and prizes given for the best bouquets, and also for -“compositions” on the raising of flowers. Last year some 6,000 children -bought the seeds, and the exhibition of flowers was quite remarkable, -even the children from the poorer parts of the city having done -remarkably well. I am in hopes other “local councils” will follow us in -this work.</p> - -<p>3. <i>In regard to the status and prospects of professional women -gardeners in Canada</i>, I have been unable to get much information. -Few, if any women here, have deliberately chosen this calling as their -life’s work. It must be remembered that almost every woman <i>living -in the country</i> in Canada, whether married or not, has to do a -large part, often all, of her own housework, servants of any kind -being, except in the towns, almost unobtainable—in the North-West -Provinces absolutely so; this renders it difficult for her to undertake -outdoor work that would occupy a great part of her time. I think all -gentlewomen thinking of settling in the rural parts of Canada should -fully realise the bearings of that most troublesome enigma, “the -servant problem,” which we have in its extremest form in this country. -Apart from this I should imagine that gardening, in the neighbourhood -of a good market, might be carried on by women with very satisfactory -results—some capital and good business ability being supposed.</p> - -<p>I do not think there would be at present many openings in Canada for -lady teachers of gardening, as such subjects<span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">[235]</span> as “nature-study,” etc., -are taught in the public schools by teachers of other subjects, and in -the private schools (which, though the wealthier parents send their -children to them, are generally inferior from a pedagogical point -of view to the public or free schools) nature-study is very little -attended to.</p> - -<p>A career for women that might offer inducements to some is that of -“orchardist,” which in Nova Scotia especially pays well, and is in many -ways agreeable. I know of many married women who assist their husbands -in the apple orchards, and at least one, a widow, I think, who owns and -manages a large orchard with great success; and there are probably many -others. Of course, capital is required, and some knowledge of local -conditions.</p> - -<p>4. <i>In regard to opportunities for the education of lady -gardeners</i>, I may say that in all agricultural and other colleges -supported by public money women are received and taught on precisely -the same terms as men. This includes the Agricultural College at Truro, -Nova Scotia, Prince of Wales College, Charlottetown, Prince Edward -Island (which has agricultural courses), the Agricultural College at -Guelph, Ontario, and the Macdonald College at St. Anne, Bellevue, -Quebec. The latter is said to be the most advanced and well-equipped -institution of its kind in America.</p> - - -<h3>THE MACDONALD SCHOOL GARDENS</h3> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>The following information relative to the School Garden -movement is taken from a paper written by Mr. R. H. Cowley, and -originally published in the <i>Queen’s Quarterly</i>.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">[236]</span></p> - -<p>In the spring of 1904 a group of school gardens went into operation in -each of the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia -and Prince Edward Island. These school gardens are associated with Sir -William C. Macdonald’s plans for the improvement of Canadian schools, -and they constitute a notable feature of the general scheme devised by -Professor James W. Robertson, director of the Macdonald educational -movement.</p> - -<p>At a meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, in 1890, a -paper on horticultural education for children was read by Mr. Henry -Lincoln Clapp, master of George Putnam School, Roxbury, Mass. At this -school a garden was established the following year as a result of the -interest awakened. This garden, which appears to have been the first -of its kind in the United States, was devoted exclusively to native -wild plants until 1901, when a vegetable plot was added. Here and there -within the past decade, and with various objects in view, the idea has -been employed by private citizens, charitable associations, commercial -firms, horticultural societies, and a few educational institutions, but -as yet the school garden has not become an organic feature of any state -system of education.</p> - -<p>In Canada the school garden idea has also received some recognition -prior to the Macdonald movement. For several years a very successful -and quite extensive garden for boys has been conducted at Broadview, -Toronto, by Captain Atkinson, of the Boys’ Brigade Institute. Here and -there throughout the Dominion, floriculture has been encouraged to some -extent in the elementary schools. Under the aggressive advocacy of Dr. -A. H. MacKay,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">[237]</span> Superintendent of Education, whose faith in all branches -of nature-study has been fully justified by his works, Nova Scotia -has taken a leading place in establishing school gardens. In 1903 -there were 52 school gardens in the province. Last July 79 in all were -reported. The special courses in agriculture and nature-study, recently -provided for teachers, has had a considerable influence in promoting -the school garden movement, though outside the Macdonald gardens few -are yet more than temporary efforts of the teacher for the time being.</p> - -<p>It is apparent that three leading motives underlie the origin and -growth of school gardens in Europe:—(1) to provide a convenient means -of supplementing the teachers’ income, thereby simplifying the problem -of maintaining the public school; (2) to promote a practical knowledge -of horticulture and agriculture, thereby increasing the national -prosperity; (3) to furnish means and material for the practical study -of botany as a desirable department of scientific knowledge.</p> - -<p>The vast majority of European school gardens look to utility. Of the -few that recognise the importance of the educational end, nearly -all stop short at the acquisition of a certain amount of scientific -information and the habit of careful observation. On the other -hand, the Macdonald School Gardens, while designed to encourage the -cultivation of the soil as an ideal life-work, are intended to promote -above all things else symmetrical education of the individual. They -do not aim at education to the exclusion of utility, but they seek -education through utility, and utility through education. The garden -is the means, the pupil is the end.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">[238]</span> The Macdonald School Gardens are -a factor in an educational movement, and for this reason Professor -Robertson sought to have them brought under the Education Department, -and not under the Department of Agriculture, in each province. The -fact that the various provinces already referred to have passed orders -in council incorporating the Macdonald School Gardens into their -educational systems at once places these school gardens on a broader -educational basis than that occupied by the school gardens of any other -state or country.</p> - -<p>The Ontario Government has provided special courses at Guelph to train -teachers in the practical educational aspects of this new work. An -initial grant of one hundred dollars, as well as an annual grant, is -offered to any rural school section establishing a school garden. -At Truro, and elsewhere in the Maritime Provinces, suitable courses -for teachers are also provided. In New Brunswick, annual grants of -thirty dollars to the Board of Trustees are given where a garden is -established at an elementary school. In Quebec, extensive preparations -for the training of teachers in the new lines of education are under -way.</p> - -<p>The Macdonald School Gardens not only have a recognised place in the -provincial systems of education, but they are attached to the ordinary -rural schools, owned by the school corporation and conducted under -the authority of the school trustees and the express approval of the -ratepayers.</p> - -<p>The work of the garden is recognised as a legitimate part of the school -programme, and it is already interwoven with a considerable part of -the other studies. The garden is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">[239]</span> becoming the outer classroom of -the school, and the plots are its blackboards. The garden is not an -innovation, or an excrescence, or an addendum, or a diversion. It is a -happy field of expression, an organic part of the school in which the -boys and girls work among growing things and grow themselves in body -and mind and spiritual outlook.</p> - -<p>The true relation of the garden to the school has been in good part -established by the travelling instructors whom Professor Robertson -appointed to supervise the work in each province. These instructors -were chosen as teachers of experience in rural schools, and were sent -for special preparation, at the expense of the Macdonald fund, to -Chicago, Cornell, Columbia, and Clark universities, and to the Ontario -Agricultural College, Guelph.</p> - - -<h3>THE SCHOOL GARDENS OF CARLETON COUNTY, ONTARIO</h3> - -<p>The county of Carleton was selected by Prof. Robertson for the -initiation of school gardens in Ontario, and the work that is being -carried on here is typical of what is being done in the other four -provinces. In all five gardens have been established under the -Macdonald fund in Carleton County. Two of these are placed at Carp -and Galetta, points on the Canada Atlantic Railway, distant twenty -and thirty-three miles respectively from Ottawa. A third is located -at Richmond, a small incorporated village in the heart of the county, -distant from the capital about twenty miles by stage. The remaining -gardens are situated at North Gower and Bowesville, the former about -twenty-five miles and the latter five miles from the city. As the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">[240]</span> five -schools at which these gardens have been established are from seven -to fifteen miles apart, the experiment is being brought fairly under -the scrutiny of the entire county. The garden at Richmond is within a -short distance of the grounds of the County Agricultural Society, and -will annually be open to the inspection of many hundred visitors to -the fair. Already the gardens have attracted much local attention, and -last autumn the products of the gardens won about a hundred dollars -in prizes, given both by the agricultural societies and by private -citizens who have taken a generous interest in this educational -experiment.</p> - -<p>After full discussion with trustees and ratepayers each garden was -established under the direct approval and control of the school board -concerned, and in harmony with the already existing regulations of the -Education Department, which provide in a general way for instruction -in agriculture and nature-study, and also for enlarging school -grounds. It is worthy of note that while the ratepayers interested -were not indifferent to the question of expense involved, they paid -special attention to the fact that they were being asked to take up an -experiment of a very novel nature which required a marked departure -from the beaten path of elementary school work. Thus the educational -aspects of school gardens were specially considered, the result being -that the people have taken up the enterprise with an open-minded -interest that has already carried the experiment far on the way to -success.</p> - -<p>The size of the gardens, including the usual school grounds, is in each -case two acres, excepting the garden at<span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">[241]</span> Richmond, which contains three -acres. Where additional land had to be acquired, the Macdonald fund -bore half the cost, as also the whole cost of fencing and preparing -the garden, erecting garden shed and providing the necessary tools, -etc. The cost of maintenance of the garden is likewise met by the -Macdonald fund for a period of three years. For the same period Sir -William Macdonald pays the salary of the travelling instructor, Mr. -J. W. Gibson, who visits each garden one day per week to assist the -teachers in directing the garden work of the pupils, to give lessons in -certain practical aspects of nature-study, and generally to encourage -the association of the garden work with the ordinary exercises of the -classrooms.</p> - -<p>One of the most useful accessories to the school garden is the garden -shed, which is used for storing tools and produce, and for carrying -on work not suited to the classroom, such as preparing tickets and -labels, analysing soils, assorting seeds, arranging plants, etc. The -average cost of the garden sheds is about seventy-five dollars. They -are of various shapes and sizes, according to the number of pupils -to be accommodated. A popular plan is that of a shed, ten feet by -twenty feet, with an extension on one side about five feet wide, and -finished as a greenhouse. This obviates the necessity of having special -hot-beds. The garden tools are disposed along the walls of the shed -in places numbered to accord with the numbering of the pupils’ plots. -Along one side of each shed is a bench or table of plain boards, -about eighteen inches wide, running close to the wall, along which -are several small windows giving abundant light to pupils engaged in -practical work.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">[242]</span></p> - -<p>The chief tools and implements requisite to the school garden are hoes, -rakes, hand weeders, garden lines, one or two spades and shovels, a -wheelbarrow, hammer, saw, nails, etc. The pupils, as a rule, require -only hoes, rakes and hand weeders. Those pupils who are sufficiently -mature to work a plot by themselves, or along with a companion, can get -along very well with hoes and rakes of the average size. In one case, -where smaller tools were supplied, the pupils abandoned them after a -little practice for those of the standard size.</p> - -<p>While the plan of laying out the gardens varies according to soil, -surface and location, the arrangement of the Bowesville garden suggests -the general features that have been kept in view. These include a -belt of ornamental native trees and shrubs surrounding the grounds -two walks, each about one hundred yards long, between rows of trees -a playground about half an acre in area for boys; a lawn of about -a quarter of an acre for the girls, bordered with some light and -graceful shade, such as the cut-leaf birch; a small orchard, in which -are grown a few varieties of the fruit trees most profitable to the -district; a forest plot, in which the most important Canadian trees -will be grown from seed and by transplanting; a plot for cultivating -the wild herbs, vines and shrubs of the district; space for individual -plots and special experimental plots; an attractive approach to the -school, including open lawn, large flowering plants, foliage, rockery, -ornamental shrubs, etc.</p> - -<p>The special experimental plots are, as a rule, larger than the -individual plots. They are used for such purposes<span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">[243]</span> as the special study -of rotation of crops, values of fertilisers, effects of spraying, -selection of seeds, merits of soils, productiveness and quality of -different varieties of crops, and many other similar subjects. At one -school a special study was made of corn, clover, tomatoes, and cabbage -at another beans, peas, beets, and potatoes occupied the experimental -plots; and at still another, some extra attention was given to plots -of pumpkins, squash, cabbage, and cauliflower. At all the gardens -special plots will be devoted to small fruits, such as strawberries, -raspberries, gooseberries, and currants. The experimental plots vary in -area from 200 to 2,000 square feet, but where the extent of ground is -restricted the experiments may be successfully carried out on plots of -a much smaller average size.</p> - -<p>The gardens are managed throughout on the basis of individual -ownership, individual effort and individual responsibility on the part -of the pupils. At all the gardens the pupils are given plots that are -solely their own. According to the age and strength of the pupils, -these plots vary in size from 72 square feet to 120 square feet. At -some schools each pupil has two plots, one for vegetables, etc., and -the other for flowers. In other cases the flowers and vegetables are -kept in different parts of the same plot. The former plan presents no -inconvenience, and is found to contribute to the general appearance -of the garden. At one of the school gardens the pupils’ plots were -uniformly 10 feet wide by 20 feet in length, each plot being worked in -partnership, a junior pupil working with a senior pupil in each case. -Though very good results were secured by<span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">[244]</span> this method, the instructor -considers the individual method preferable, and will pursue it in -future.</p> - - -<h3>NOVA SCOTIA</h3> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Nature-study is here taken very seriously. The following -extracts from a leaflet issued to every teacher in the province -by the Educational Department will show how thoroughly and -systematically the matter is dealt with.</p> -</div> - - -<h4>LOCAL “NATURE” OBSERVATIONS</h4> - -<p>This sheet is provided for the purpose of aiding teachers to interest -their pupils in observing the times of the regular procession of -natural phenomena each season. First, it may help the teacher in doing -some of the “Nature” lesson work of the Course of Study; secondly, -it may aid in procuring valuable information for the locality and -province. Two copies are provided for each teacher who wishes to -conduct such observations, <i>one</i> to be preserved as the property -of the section for reference from year to year; the <i>other</i> to be -sent in with the return to the inspector, who will transmit it to the -superintendent for examination and compilation.</p> - -<p>What is desired is to have recorded in these forms the dates of the -<i>first</i> leafing, flowering and fruiting of plants and trees; -the <i>first</i> appearance in the locality of birds migrating north -in spring or south in autumn, etc. While the objects specified -here are given so as to enable comparison to be made between the -different sections of the province, it is very desirable that other -local phenomena<span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">[245]</span> of a similar kind be recorded. Every locality has -a <i>flora</i>, <i>fauna</i>, <i>climate</i>, etc., more or less -distinctly its own; and the more common trees, shrubs, plants, crops, -etc., are those which will be most valuable from a local point of view -in comparing the characters of a series of seasons.</p> - -<p>Teachers will find it one of the most convenient means for the -stimulation of pupils in observing all natural phenomena when going -<i>to</i> and <i>from</i> the school, and some pupils radiate as far -as two miles from the schoolroom. The “nature-study” under these -conditions would thus be mainly undertaken at the most convenient -time, without encroaching on school time; while on the other hand it -will tend to break up the monotony of school travel, fill an idle and -wearisome hour with interest, and be one of the most valuable forms of -educational discipline. The eyes of a whole school daily passing over -a whole school section will let very little escape notice, especially -if the first observer of each annually recurring phenomenon receives -credit as the first observer of it for the year. The observations will -be accurate, as the facts must be demonstrated by the most undoubted -evidence, such as the bringing of the specimens to the school when -possible or necessary.</p> - -<p>To all observers the following most important, most essential -principles of recording are emphasised: Better <i>no date</i>, <span class="allsmcap">NO -RECORD</span>, than a <span class="allsmcap">WRONG ONE</span> or a <span class="allsmcap">DOUBTFUL</span> one. -Sports out of season due to very local conditions not common to at -least a small field, should not be recorded except parenthetically. -The date to be recorded for the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">[246]</span> purposes of compilation with those of -other localities should be the <i>first</i> of the <i>many</i> of its -kind following immediately after it. For instance, a butterfly emerging -from its chrysalis in a sheltered cranny by a southern window in -January would not be an indication of the general climate, but of the -peculiarly heated nook in which the chrysalis was sheltered; nor would -a flower in a semi-artificial, warm shelter give the date required. -When these sports out of season occur, they might also be recorded, -but within a parenthesis to indicate the peculiarity of some of the -conditions affecting their early appearance.</p> - -<p>These schedules should be sent in to the inspector with the annual -school returns in July, containing the observations made during the -whole school year and back as far as the preceding July (if possible), -when the schedule of the previous school year was necessarily completed -and sent in.</p> - -<p>A duplicate copy of the schedule of observations should be securely -attached to the school register for the year, so that the series of -annual observations may be preserved in each locality. The new register -has a page for such records.</p> - -<p>Remember to fill in carefully and distinctly the date, locality, and -other blanks at the head of the schedule on the next page; for if -either the date or the locality or the name of the responsible compiler -should be omitted the whole paper is worthless and cannot be bound up -for preservation in the volume of The Phenological Observations.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">[247]</span></p> - - -<h3>PHENOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, CANADA</h3> - -<p class="smcap center">(1906 Schedule)</p> - -<p class="center">For the <i>year</i> ending <i>July</i>, 190.</p> - -<table summary="observations" class="smaller" style="max-width: 30em"> - <tr> - <td class="cht" colspan="3">Province ____________ County ______________</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht" colspan="3">District ____________ locality or School Section</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtbd" colspan="3">____________________________ No. ________</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht" colspan="3">[The estimated length and breadth of the locality<br /> - within which the following observations were made ______ ×<br /> - ______ miles. Estimated distance from the sea-coast<br /> - ______ miles. Estimated altitude above the sea level<br /> - ______ feet.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht" colspan="3">Slope or general exposure of the region _____________________</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht" colspan="3">General character of the soil and surface ___________________</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht" colspan="3">Proportion of forest and its character ______________________</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht" colspan="3">Does the region include lowlands or intervales? _____________</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht" colspan="3">and if so name the main river or stream ________________ Or</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht" colspan="3">is it all substantially highlands? ________________________</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht" colspan="3">Any other peculiarity tending to affect vegetation? _________</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht" colspan="3">_____________________________________________________________</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtbd" colspan="3">The most central Post Office of the locality or region _____________</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht1r">Name and Address of the Teacher or other Compiler -of the Observations responsible for their accuracy.</td> - <td class="ctrrb" rowspan="3">When<br />First<br />Seen.</td> - <td class="ctrb" rowspan="3">When<br />Becoming<br />Common.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr1">_______________________________</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtrb">_______________________________</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header2"><span class="smcap">Wild Plants, etc.—Nomenclature</span> as in -“Spotton” or “Gray’s Manual.”</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Alder (Alnus incana), catkins shedding pollen</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Aspen (Populus tremuloides),  „ </td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">[248]</span></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Mayflower (Epigæa repens), flowering</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Field Horsetail (Equisetum arvense), shedding spores</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Blood-root (Sanguinaria Canadensis), flowering</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">White Violet (Viola blanda), flowering</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr1">Etc., etc., etc.</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header2 smcap">Cultivated Plants, etc.</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Red Currant (Ribes rubrum), flowering</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">  „  „  fruit ripe</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Black Currant (Ribes nigrum), flowering</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">  „  „  fruit ripe</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Cherry (Prunus Cerasus), flowering</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">  „  „  fruit ripe</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Plum (Prunus domestica), flowering</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr1">Etc., etc., etc.</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header2 smcap">Farming Operations, etc.</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Ploughing begun</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Sowing begun</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Planting of Potatoes begun</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Shearing of Sheep</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Hay Cutting</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Grain Cutting</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Potato Digging</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header2 smcap">(Meteorological Phenomena.)</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Opening of (a) Rivers, (b) Lakes without currents</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Last Snow (a) to whiten ground, (b) to fly in air</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Last Spring Frost (a) “hard” (b) “hoar”</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Water in Streams, Rivers, etc., (a) highest, (b) lowest</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">First Autumn Frosts (a) “hoar” (b) “hard”</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">First Snow (a) to fly in air, (b) to whiten ground</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Closing of (a) Lakes without currents, (b) Rivers</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Number of Thunder-storms (with dates of each)</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_249">[249]</span></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht" colspan="3">Jan_____________, Feb_____________, Mar_____________</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht" colspan="3">Apr_____________, May_____________, June_____________</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht" colspan="3">July_____________, Aug_____________, Sept_____________</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtbd" colspan="3">Oct_____________, Nov_____________, Dec_____________</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtrb"></td> - <td class="ctrrb">Going North<br />or coming<br />in Spring.</td> - <td class="ctrb">Going South<br />or leaving<br />in Fall.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header2 smcap">Migration of Birds, etc.</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Wild Duck migrating</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Wild Geese migrating</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Song Sparrow (Melospiza fasciata)</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">American Robin (Turdus migratorius)</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Slate-coloured Snow Bird (Junco hiemalis)</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Spotted Sand Piper (Actitis macularia)</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Meadow Lark (Sturnella magna)</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Kingfisher (Ceryle Alcyon)</td> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr1bd">Etc., etc., etc.</td> - <td class="chtrbd"></td> - <td class="chtbd"></td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3>AUSTRALIA</h3> - -<h4>VICTORIA</h4> - -<h3>SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE IN RICHMOND PARK, MELBOURNE</h3> - -<p>The site covers 33 acres of ground. In 1890 the Government decided to -start here an institution for the training of orchardists and small -settlers, and during the past eight years much has been done to provide -for teaching the regular and casual students, and those visitors -calling in search of special information. Classroom instruction is -given in horticultural science, vegetable pathology, botany, physical -and commercial geography, entomology;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_250">[250]</span> measuring, levelling, designing, -and plotting of homesteads, orchards, small farm and garden areas, -and the most approved methods of raising and managing fruit trees and -plants. Practical work includes the propagation and management of -orchard trees, citrons, table grapes, bush fruits; harvesting, storing, -packing, marketing, drying and canning fruit; vegetable culture; -clearing, grading, and trenching land; management of soils, manures, -drainage, and villa gardening.</p> - -<p>The principal and his assistant carry out this programme by affording -lessons daily in the classroom and field. In 1899 women students were -first admitted. They have for the most part devoted their attention to -the designing and making of villa gardens, vegetables and herb culture, -and the special cultivation of table grapes and lemons—branches -of commercial horticulture most suited to women. Previous to 1903 -instruction was free, but a fee of £5 per annum is now charged. There -is a steady advance in the number of students, and every indication of -the school doing generally helpful work in the service of the State.</p> - -<p>The school year extends from February to December.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>The tabulated return on the following page of persons engaged in agricultural pursuits in 1901 is of -interest. Only those subjects bearing reference specially to -horticulture are mentioned.</p> - -<p>A lady near Melbourne has recently bought a place and laid out -a garden. There is about one acre of ground, and a five-roomed -cottage with various outhouses, etc. The whole cost about £400, -and has since increased in value. A telephone is attached, and -a good many people in Melbourne ring up when they want flowers. -These are despatched direct to the buyers by train, the station -being only ten minutes’ walk from the house. All the flowers -are hardy ones. The work is done by a gardener, who comes when -wanted, and the rest is done by the lady herself. There has not -so far been much profit, as it has only been started two years. -As the garden is now well-established, it is supposed it will -pay well in August, September, October, and November, which are -the best months in Melbourne.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_251">[251]</span></p> - -<table summary="pursuits" class="smaller"> - <tr> - <td class="ctrtrbthick"><i>Persons following<br /> - Agricultural Pursuits.</i></td> - <td class="ctrtrbthick" colspan="2"><i>Employers<br /> - of Labour.</i></td> - <td class="ctrtrbthick" colspan="2"><i>In Business on<br /> - their own<br /> - account, but<br /> - not employing<br /> - labour.</i></td> - <td class="ctrtrbthick" colspan="2"><i>Receiving<br /> - Salary or - Wages.</i></td> - <td class="ctrtbthick" colspan="2"> <i>Relatives<br /> - assisting.</i></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr"></td> - <td class="ctrr">Males</td> - <td class="ctrr">F’m’es</td> - <td class="ctrr">Males</td> - <td class="ctrr">F’m’es</td> - <td class="ctrr">Males</td> - <td class="ctrr">F’m’es</td> - <td class="ctrr">Males</td> - <td class="ctr">Females</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Market Gardeners</td> - <td class="rightr">859</td> - <td class="rightr">19</td> - <td class="rightr">1,647</td> - <td class="rightr">32</td> - <td class="rightr">1,518</td> - <td class="rightr">9</td> - <td class="rightr">576</td> - <td class="right">132</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Fruit Growers<br />Orchardists |</td> - <td class="rightr">493</td> - <td class="rightr">44</td> - <td class="rightr">868</td> - <td class="rightr">91</td> - <td class="rightr">700</td> - <td class="rightr">43</td> - <td class="rightr">465</td> - <td class="right">172</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Hop, Cotton, Tea,<br /> - Coffee Grower</td> - <td class="rightr">10</td> - <td class="rightr">2</td> - <td class="rightr">7</td> - <td class="ctrr">—</td> - <td class="rightr">48</td> - <td class="rightr">48</td> - <td class="rightr">9</td> - <td class="right">2</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Tobacco Grower</td> - <td class="rightr">10</td> - <td class="ctrr">—</td> - <td class="rightr">25</td> - <td class="ctrr">—</td> - <td class="rightr">24</td> - <td class="ctrr">—</td> - <td class="rightr">1</td> - <td class="ctr">—</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtr">Vine Grower<br /> - Vigneron</td> - <td class="rightr">174</td> - <td class="rightr">18</td> - <td class="rightr">72</td> - <td class="rightr">8</td> - <td class="rightr">1,131</td> - <td class="rightr">6</td> - <td class="rightr">86</td> - <td class="right">39</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chtrbthick">Horticulturist</td> - <td class="rightrbd">237</td> - <td class="rightrbd">7</td> - <td class="rightrbd">571</td> - <td class="rightrbd">17</td> - <td class="rightrbd">2,132</td> - <td class="rightrbd">7</td> - <td class="rightrbd">107</td> - <td class="rightbd">39</td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3>NEW SOUTH WALES</h3> - -<p>“We are a young community and also a small one, otherwise we should -have had at least a small college for lady gardeners ere now,” is the -answer<span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">[252]</span> that comes to my inquiry on the subject. I am told, however, -that there is fine scope for such a thing, and that the women of -New South Wales are quite ready for it. Up to now they have chiefly -confined themselves to bettering the conditions of labour in those -departments voluntarily sought by women, rather than to forming new -schemes.</p> - - -<h3>TASMANIA</h3> - -<p>Accounts which come to us of the possibilities of the successful -cultivation of fruits, trees and plants are all favourable. The -mildness of the winter and the great amount of sunshine cause very -rapid growth and production of fruit. Plants that will not survive an -English winter need no protection here. We learn, too, that the acreage -of gardens and orchards is steadily on the increase.</p> - -<p>There are so far no training schools for lady gardeners, and no posts -are held by them either in private gardens or market gardens. The -jam factories employ women, but these belong to the working classes. -Nothing definite can therefore be held out as to the future for lady -gardeners, beyond the certainty that the more directing heads we have, -superintending the development of these orchards and gardens, the more -successful they will be.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing252" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing252.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">THE MARCHIONESS OF SLIGO’S GARDEN, MOUNT BROWNE, NEAR GUILDFORD.</p> - <p class="p0 center xs">UNDER THE MANAGEMENT OF A LADY GARDENER.</p> - <p class="p0 center sm"><i>Photograph by Pictorial Agency.</i></p> - </div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">[253]</span></p> - -<h2>CHAPTER XVIII<br /> -<span class="subhed">TRAINING GROUNDS FOR MARKET GARDENERS.</span></h2></div> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Special opportunities are afforded to those who intend to -devote their attention to the study of market-garden work. I -am enabled, by the courtesy of the principals, to give the -following information concerning some successful market gardens -which are conducted by ladies, and where pupils are received. -This I have supplemented with details of such facilities as are -offered by public bodies for courses of instruction in the work.</p> -</div> - - -<h3>THE VIOLET NURSERIES AT HENFIELD, SUSSEX.</h3> - -<p class="center"><i>Proprietors</i>: <span class="smcap">Misses A. and D. Allen-Brown</span>.</p> - -<p>The Violet Nurseries, instituted a few years ago in a small garden, -now extend over several acres, and are carried forward on practical -business lines.</p> - -<p>The Misses Allen-Brown, specialist violet growers, do the entire work -of the nurseries, with the assistance of a boy and of any pupils who -may be with them.</p> - -<p>Pupils are received on payment of five guineas premium<span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">[254]</span> for a year’s -tuition. The instruction given is entirely practical. Arrangements -are made to obtain rooms for pupils in the village, the charges being -(approximately) one guinea for a single room and board, and fifteen -shillings each for a room shared.</p> - -<p>The work of the year is, in general:—In spring, the taking of cuttings -and planting out; in summer, the tending of plants and cutting of -runners; in autumn, the lifting into frames, and the selling, packing -and despatching of plants and flowers; in winter, the picking of -blossoms and the tending of plants in frames. Of the four, spring is -the busiest and most instructive season for violet-growers, but it is -advisable that pupils should, if possible, remain in the nurseries for -the full year.</p> - -<p>The work is exceedingly healthy—above all other open-air -employments—owing to the fact that the smell of violets has medicinal -qualities. The pleasure of the work proves its ample reward, apart from -the pecuniary success, to all who give themselves to it, unreservedly, -with physical and mental vigour.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Amongst ladies who are supervising, or themselves undertaking, market gardens, are the following. -They all write hopefully about their work, but seem of one -accord in thinking that it is only by the combination of their -brains and the work of a labouring man that success ensues.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Miss Dora Groome</span>, at Heath Nursery Gardens, Petersfield, has -the largest nursery garden in the neighbourhood, but only employs men.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">[255]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Miss A. Cross</span>, Cleveland, Bere Alston, Devon, writes that, -having been trained at Studley College, she has lately started a -nursery garden. At present the garden is only three-quarters of an -acre in extent, but it is proposed to add to it each year. It will be -eventually a fruit and asparagus market garden, supplemented by poultry -and milking goats.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Miss Birtell</span> and her sisters have a violet farm at the -Cottage, Shripney, near Bognor. They do all the work in connection with -the violets themselves, and also make the frames and glaze and paint -the lights. A labouring man does the rough digging. Miss Birtell has -two acres of land and about half of it is devoted only to the violets.</p> - - -<h3>HOLLY BUSH NURSERY, CHESNUT LANE, AMERSHAM, BUCKS</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Miss M. Agar</span> and <span class="smcap">Miss M. G. Holmes</span>, directors of -this garden, are willing to take ladies as students in simple land -surveying and plan drawing. Terms for tuition are £2 2s. per week; and -if students live at the nursery, 30s. a week is charged for board and -lodging.</p> - -<p>Gardening students will probably be admitted shortly, but the garden -has not been started long enough to take these at present. Miss Agar -is a garden designer. The following are particulars of her nursery -garden:—</p> - -<p>The Nursery undertakes the laying out, stocking, and up-keep of -gardens, and provides seeds, bulbs, plants, shrubs, and all garden -requisites.</p> - -<p>Skilled gardening labour is supplied at 4s. a day. Yearly or monthly -contracts can be made.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_256">[256]</span></p> - -<p>Advisory work is undertaken at a guinea for the first visit, and -half-a-guinea for subsequent visits; or two guineas a week with all -expenses.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Miss A. Bateson</span>, Bashley Nursery, New Milton, Hants, has a -most successful market garden, described on p. 73. She sometimes takes -students, and her terms are £40 premium for a year’s work without -residence; £100 per annum premium with board and residence.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Miss Dixon</span>, F.R.H.S., holding the Horticultural College, -Swanley, diploma, and 1st class Horticultural certificate, South -Kensington, assisted by <span class="smcap">Miss Eve</span>, R.H.S., receives students -at Elmcroft Nursery, Westergate, Chichester, suitable rooms being -provided in the village. The house stands in two acres of ground, four -miles from Bognor, and six from Chichester. Both soil and climate are -good. There are 300 ft. of glass, in which are grown melons, cucumbers, -tomatoes, peaches, strawberries, forced rhubarb and seakale, early -vegetables, roses, chrysanthemums, bulbs, etc. Outside are grown roses, -sweet peas, violets, and other flowers; vegetables of all sorts, and -fruit.</p> - -<p>Poultry and ducks are kept, and there is also jam making and fruit -bottling.</p> - -<p>The produce is chiefly sent to Bognor, Chichester, and Manchester, and -private orders are supplied for weekly hampers of vegetables, eggs, and -cut flowers.</p> - -<p>A man is kept to help with the rough work.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing256" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing256.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">CAPTAIN COLTHURST VESEY’S GARDEN, LUCAN, IRELAND.</p> - <p class="p0 center xs">FOR MANY YEARS HIS MOTHER, MRS. VESEY, HAS MADE THE GARDEN HER PERSONAL -INTEREST.</p> - <p class="p0 center sm"><i>Photograph by Pictorial Agency.</i></p> - </div> - -<p>In 1907 Miss Dixon obtained the R.H.S. Silver Medal for melons, -and second prize for fruit, flowers, and jam <span class="pagenum" id="Page_257">[257]</span>from the Women’s -Agricultural and Horticultural International Union.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Although the following is not a school for instruction in horticulture, I should like to mention it, -as young ladies are taught floral decoration and other matters, -which may prove of great use to them, if they wish to start job -gardening or decoration for themselves.</p> -</div> - -<p>The Women’s London Gardening Association, established in 1891, -undertakes floral decorations of all kinds. Cut flowers supplied -regularly by contract, and arranged if desired. Wreaths, crosses, -sprays, bouquets, baskets, dinner-tables, receptions, ballrooms, -platforms, weddings, etc. Table decorations are a speciality. Jobbing -gardening work is also done. Contracts are taken to keep in order, -and furnish, gardens, conservatories, window-boxes, balconies, -roof-gardens, etc., by the year or season.</p> - -<p>Advice is given on the management of country or suburban gardens at -reasonable fees. Lawns are sown and kept in order, gravel is supplied, -soils, fibre, sand, flowerpots, retail. Seeds, bulbs, etc.</p> - -<p>The above is under the management of Mrs. T. Chamberlain, and all -communications should be addressed to her at 107, Pimlico Road, -Chelsea, S.W.</p> - -<p>The nursery is in St. Ann’s Place, Milman Street, Chelsea, and the old -wells in it were once in Sir Thomas More’s garden.</p> - -<p>Mrs. Chamberlain takes one or two young ladies from<span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">[258]</span> time to time, as -apprentices or improvers to learn jobbing gardening, florist’s work, -or both if desired. Terms for improvers who have already had some -training, 10s. per week to start with. The terms for a course, £30. -The ladies find their own board and lodging. After three months, Mrs. -Chamberlain pays them 2s. 6d. per week, and after six months 5s. per -week. For the last quarter of their training, ladies receive 7s. 6d. -per week. Sometimes ladies are taken for four months, upon payment by -them of £10 10s.</p> - -<p>Should it prove desirable, they can, at the end of this time, pay a -further sum and remain a year. Pupils are expected to be ready to do -anything required, and are not allowed to pick and choose their work.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>The following extracts from the report of the</p> - -<p class="center sm">WOMEN’S INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL CLUB</p> - -<p class="p-left">will serve to show the scope of its object and work. The club -has as its premises the Manor House, Bredon’s Norton, near -Tewkesbury, Worcestershire.</p> -</div> - -<p>There are few more beautiful spots in rural England than the little -village of Bredon’s Norton in Worcestershire, nestling as it does at -the base of the lofty Bredon Hill and overlooking the fertile valley -of the Severn. The club-house stands on a gentle eminence, and from -its broad terraces may be viewed some of the most lovely<span class="pagenum" id="Page_259">[259]</span> scenery in -England. Abruptly behind it rises the Bredon Beacon Hill, of which a -great poet wrote:</p> - - <div class="poetry-container"> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="ileft">“Twelve lovely counties saw the blaze</div> - <div>From Bredon’s lonely height.”</div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - -<p>The hill is crowned by the remains of a Roman encampment, thrown up, it -is said, during the wars of the Romans against Boadicea, the Queen of -the Iceni.</p> - -<p>The hopeless intellectual outlook of agricultural pursuits dissevered -from contact with the foremost thought and scientific experiments of -to-day has driven the enterprising progressive workers of both sexes -from the land to the towns.</p> - -<p>Miss Woodhull, of Norton Park, Bredon’s Norton, near Tewkesbury, who -has gone deeply into the agricultural problem, more especially the -great need for the extension of intensive culture, has retained a fine -old Elizabethan manor house on her estate, which she has renovated and -filled with beautiful old furniture for the club.</p> - -<p>Since the lighter branches of agriculture have taken such a prominent -place on the list of suitable occupations for women, there has been a -great demand for some place where the subjects could be studied for -short or long periods. Though short courses are held no college as yet -has filled this want.</p> - -<p>Where a large number of students are together it is necessary to have a -certain number of rules which compel them to lead the ordinary college -life. In many cases it is not convenient to do this, and so many a -woman<span class="pagenum" id="Page_260">[260]</span> who sometimes finds she has a week or two at her disposal and -would very much like to come to a place of this sort is debarred from -doing so.</p> - -<p>It is hoped this club will do much to solve the problem of what is to -be done with the healthy, energetic unmarried woman of the present -day, who has a little capital, and who wishes to live in the country, -instead of leading a narrow and restricted life in towns. In Bredon’s -Norton in a simple way she can live her own life, have congenial -employment, and at the same time add to her income without being cut -off from associating with people of her own standing, or debarred from -intellectual occupations, which is so often the result if an isolated -country life is led devoted entirely to agricultural pursuits.</p> - -<p>The result, so far, is satisfactory. The scheme is in its second -year, and has earned a right to its recognition by the public. Since -January, 1906, several cottages have been secured in the village, and -have been made suitable for gentlewomen to reside in. These have all -been taken by those who carry on whatever work they are interested in. -Some members have taken up half-acre plots, and among other things are -growing tomatoes in large quantities.</p> - -<p>The club is unique of its kind; while combining opportunities for the -higher intellectual pursuits and attracting those who have travelled -and read extensively, it enables those who wish to specialise in the -lighter branches of agriculture to carry out their work under the -following conditions:</p> - -<p>1. Members staying at the club will be able to take<span class="pagenum" id="Page_261">[261]</span> lessons in -gardening, dairy or poultry work, or bee-keeping, for long or short -periods.</p> - -<p>2. Members who have trained at any of the existing colleges can reside -at the club and rent small plots, from half an acre upwards, which will -enable them to make a start either in market gardening or otherwise -with very little outlay.</p> - -<p>3. A horticultural school is carried on in connection with the club. -The younger students under the necessary supervision will live in -separate houses.</p> - -<p>4. Members can attend the higher courses at Cheltenham Ladies’ College.</p> - -<p>5. Members who reside in the village or immediate neighbourhood can -obtain all meals at the club at a very moderate tariff. This is an -important item, as gentlewomen are often deterred from settling in the -country on account of the great difficulty of getting anyone to do the -necessary cooking and housework; by being able to obtain their meals -they are more or less independent of the servant question and manage -very well with occasional help.</p> - -<p>The library contains standard books of reference in the lighter -branches of agriculture, besides a wide range of other subjects, -together with the principal English and foreign magazines.</p> - -<p>An experienced secretary and typist is at the disposal of members. The -telephone is attached to the club; the principal houses and cottages in -the village are connected by telephone.</p> - -<p>The club house is situated 106 miles from London,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_262">[262]</span> 16 miles from -Gloucester, 14 miles from Worcester, 14 miles from Evesham, 11 miles -from Cheltenham, 11 miles from Malvern, 5 miles from Tewkesbury, and 5 -miles from Pershore.</p> - - -<h4>TARIFF</h4> - -<p>Resident members: breakfast, 1s.; dinner (middle day), 1s. 6d.; -afternoon tea, 6d. and 9d.; high tea, 1s.; plain late dinner, 2s. 6d.; -supper, 1s. 6d.; cocoa and cake, 3d. Rooms from 1s. 6d. per night. -Meals for non-resident members, permanently living in cottages, 15s. -per week.</p> - - -<h4>LIST OF CHARGES</h4> - -<h4>VISITORS</h4> - -<p>Terms per week, 2 guineas, to include: Breakfast, 1s.; dinner (middle -day), 1s. 6d.; afternoon tea, 6d.; supper, 1s. 6d.; room, 1s. 6d. Rooms -from 1s. 6d. per night. Meals for non-resident visitors as per charges -on tariff card.</p> - - -<h4>WEEK-END VISITORS</h4> - -<p>From middle day, Saturday, to middle day, Monday, 17s. 6d. (to include -breakfast, mid-day dinner, afternoon tea, and supper, also room).</p> - -<p>Arrangements can be made for boarding dogs.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>The following scheme is in operation under the Department of -Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland. Any woman, -of whose qualifications the above department approves, is -eligible for the post of instructor under this scheme, which, by -permission, I am allowed to reproduce. It will <span class="pagenum" id="Page_263">[263]</span>be seen that -the actual appointment rests with the local authorities.</p> - -<p>Miss Lucy Douglas, in Cavan, is at present the only woman -gardener employed under it.</p> -</div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="facing262" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/facing262.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">ROSE GARDEN, DANNY, SUSSEX.</p> - <p class="p0 center xs">THE ROSES ARE PRUNED AND ATTENDED TO BY MISS ALICE CAMPION.</p> - <p class="p0 center sm"><i>Photograph by Pictorial Agency.</i></p> - </div> - - -<h4>SCHEME OF INSTRUCTION IN HORTICULTURE AND THE MANAGEMENT OF BEES, 1907–8</h4> - -<p>1. The department are prepared, provided a suitable instructor in -horticulture and bee-keeping can be obtained, to approve of the -appointment of at least one such person for each county in Ireland. -In the case of new appointments no person shall be eligible for the -position of instructor in the county of which he is a native, or in -which he permanently resides.</p> - -<p>2. The department will, as far as possible, assist the county committee -in obtaining an instructor, by supplying the names of persons qualified -for the post. If a county committee should find it impossible to obtain -a person competent to give instruction in both branches the department -may sanction the employment of separate instructors for each subject.</p> - -<p>3. The remuneration of the instructor shall not, unless in exceptional -circumstances, exceed £2 per week, in addition to expenses of -locomotion, which include second or third-class railway fare, as -decided by the county committee, car hire when necessary, or a bicycle -allowance not exceeding 2d. per mile in lieu thereof.</p> - -<p>4. The employment of the instructor under this scheme shall not -continue beyond the 30th of September, 1908, and is terminable at any -time previous to that date by<span class="pagenum" id="Page_264">[264]</span> the giving of four weeks’ notice in -writing on either side.</p> - -<p>5. It will be the duty of the instructor to give demonstrations and, -if approved, to deliver lectures on horticultural subjects, such -as soils, manures, vegetable, fruit, and flower cultivation, plant -diseases, and insect pests—to visit gardens and orchards, and give -practical demonstrations on spraying, planting, pruning and grafting -of fruit trees—to conduct such experiments and other demonstrations -in the spring and summer as may be approved by the department—to -select suitable land for this purpose—to supervise the sowing of the -seeds and manures, and the keeping of the plots free from weeds—to -weigh the produce, tabulate the figures, and prepare a report on -the results—to give instruction in the principles and practice -of modern bee-keeping—to deal with diseases of bees, plants, and -trees—to advise farmers, cottagers, and others interested in land, -as to the planting of trees, etc., for shelter and ornament—to -reply to letters from those seeking his advice on horticultural and -bee-keeping subjects—to report to the department and to the county -committee on the progress of his work either weekly or otherwise, as -may be required; and generally to give his whole time to the work and -to do all in his power to further the interests of horticulture and -bee-keeping in the county.</p> - -<p>6. The instructor shall report to the county committee on all cases -of foul brood which may come under his notice. He may, subject to -the consent of the owner of the bees being previously obtained by -him, destroy infected stocks by burning them, and shall take all -due precautions against<span class="pagenum" id="Page_265">[265]</span> the spread of the disease. He must advise -in writing the county committee of each case in which stocks are so -destroyed, and the county committee may, if they think fit, pay to -the owners of such stocks a sum not exceeding 5s. for each stock -destroyed, provided that the amount set aside in the county scheme for -compensation under this clause shall not be exceeded.</p> - -<p>It will also be his duty to report to the county committee the names -and addresses of persons in the possession of gooseberry bushes on -which he has detected, or has reasonable grounds for suspecting the -existence of, American gooseberry mildew.</p> - -<p>7. For the purposes of this scheme the county should be divided into -circuits. The instructor should work for three or four weeks in each -circuit, and give lectures and demonstrations during that time. In -cases, however, where an instructor may be employed to give instruction -in bee-keeping only it will not be necessary to divide the county -into circuits. In such instances demonstrations can be arranged -for at centres from which applications have been made through the -secretary of the county committee for his services. The instructor will -visit gardens, orchards or apiaries in the district, and give such -information on practical subjects as the circumstances of the case may -suggest.</p> - -<p>The county committee are alone responsible for the selection of centres -for lectures and demonstrations. No work of this nature should be -undertaken by the instructor, though it is desirable that he should be -consulted.</p> - -<p>8. It will be the duty of the county committee to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_266">[266]</span> select centres at -which the lectures and demonstrations will be given, and to appoint at -each centre a local committee, with an honorary secretary, who should -select the school and arrange for the hiring, lighting, and warming of -the room in which the lectures will be delivered.</p> - -<p>In selecting centres the county committee should have particular regard -to districts in which lectures and demonstrations may not have been -given in previous years.</p> - -<p>It will also be the duty of the county committee to undertake the -responsibility of seeing that the instructor’s time is fully and -usefully employed.</p> - -<p>The county committee shall keep a separate account of all expenditure -under this scheme, and shall furnish detailed statements of such -expenditure as may from time to time be required by the department.</p> - -<p>9. Where it is considered desirable to arrange for lectures, the -lectures should be given in schoolrooms or other suitable public -rooms in the evenings, and should be held in rural centres. Towns and -the larger villages should be avoided, as experience has shown that -the greatest success attends those lectures which are given in the -rural parts of a county. The local committee at each centre should be -responsible for appointing a representative chairman for each lecture -as well as for the distribution of the short syllabus of the lectures -which will be prepared by the lecturer as soon as he is appointed. The -local committee should undertake to have posters and handbills, which -will be supplied by the secretary of the county committee, effectively -displayed and distributed throughout their district. Copies of these -posters<span class="pagenum" id="Page_267">[267]</span> and handbills should be forwarded to the department at least a -week prior to the commencement of each course of lectures. Each lecture -should be followed by a discussion, during which persons interested in -horticulture and bee-keeping will be invited to ask questions. Where -a course of lectures has already been given a new syllabus should be -presented.</p> - -<p>10. The county committee may purchase fruit, forest and other trees, -shrubs, or plants, in bulk, and resell them at cost price, including -carriage, to farmers, cottagers and other residents in the county. As, -however, it has come to the knowledge of the department that trees and -plants infested with disease have been imported into Ireland, it will -be necessary for county committees who intend to put this clause into -operation to invite from nurserymen tenders for the supply of trees, -etc., to be guaranteed free from disease, and before acceptance to -submit the tenders to the department for examination. The department -may, if they think it advisable, inspect the trees, etc., that are -offered for sale, and satisfy themselves that they are suitable and -free from disease.</p> - -<p>11. The horticultural demonstrations should commence early in autumn -and be continued throughout the whole year.</p> - -<p>12. In each circuit one demonstration plot may be provisionally -selected for the purpose of growing fruit, vegetables, and flowers, -and showing improved methods of cultivation, but no new plots shall be -selected in a county if a sufficient number of suitable plots have been -established in previous years.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_268">[268]</span></p> - -<p>Before sanctioning the establishment of a new plot the department will -inspect the site with a view to determining the suitability of the -land, etc.</p> - -<p>(<i>a</i>) In counties in which a sufficient number of suitable plots -already exist the committee shall make provision for the continuance of -the plots at a cost not to exceed £1 5s. per plot. (See List A on p. -270.)</p> - -<p>All requisite labour must be given gratuitously by the owner of the -plot, who will be entitled to the produce.</p> - -<p>(<i>b</i>) In cases where it is necessary to establish new plots the -department will require compliance with the following regulations:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>(1) Plots must not exceed a quarter of an acre in extent, or -be less than one-eighth of an acre (quarter-acre plots are -recommended).</p> - -<p>(2) No new plot shall be established save at a convenient centre -adjacent to a main road.</p> - -<p>(3) Plots should be selected on sites which are properly fenced. -Should, however, any fencing be necessary, the materials (i.e., -a sufficient quantity of wire with wooden posts) may be supplied -by the committee, provided funds have been allocated for the -purpose in the county scheme; the fencing to be put up by the -owner of the plot at his own expense. In no case will the -department approve of expensive fencing and gates being supplied -by the county committee to a plot owner.</p> - -<p>(4) The aspect of each plot and the nature of the soil must -be suitable for fruit and vegetable growing. Necessary -improvements, such as drainage, must be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_269">[269]</span> carried out, and when -required farmyard manure must be supplied by the plot owner -without expense to the committee.</p> - -<p>(5) The owner of the plot must sign an undertaking to continue -the plot for three years.</p> - -<p>(6) The necessary labour must be given gratuitously by the -persons providing the plots—the produce to be their property.</p> -</div> - -<p>The cost of trees, etc., required for planting a new plot must not -exceed £3. (See List B on p. 271.)</p> - -<p>13. The department’s approval in writing must be obtained before any -expense is incurred in connection with the establishment of a plot, and -application for such approval must be accompanied in each case by a -detailed report from the instructor.</p> - -<p>14. No action shall be taken by the county committee towards putting -this scheme, or any part thereof, into operation until the sanction of -the department has been obtained in writing.</p> - -<p>15. In all matters of dispute relating to this scheme the decision of -the department shall be final.</p> - - -<h4>LIST A</h4> - -<p class="smcap center sm">List of Vegetables, etc., Recommended for a Horticultural -Demonstration Plot (not exceeding one-fourth acre) already -established</p> - -<p class="center sm">ESTIMATED COST ABOUT £1 5s. 0d.</p> - -<table summary="list" class="smaller"> - <tr> - <td class="header" colspan="3"><i>Vegetables</i></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="ctr"><i>Description.</i></td> - <td class="ctr" colspan="2"><i>Quantity.</i></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Beans, Broad</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">qt.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Beans, French</td> - <td class="right1">½</td> - <td class="cht">pt.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_270">[270]</span></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Beans, Runner</td> - <td class="right1">½</td> - <td class="cht">pt.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Brussels Sprouts</td> - <td class="right1">½</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Broccoli</td> - <td class="right1">½</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht"></td> - <td class="right1"></td> - <td class="cht"></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Cabbage, Early</td> - <td class="right1">3</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Cabbage, Savoy</td> - <td class="right1">½</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Cauliflower</td> - <td class="right1">½</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Carrot</td> - <td class="right1">2</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Celery</td> - <td class="right1">100</td> - <td class="cht">plants.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Kale, Curly</td> - <td class="right1">½</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Leek</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Lettuce</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Onion</td> - <td class="right1">3</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Onion, Potato</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">st.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Parsnip</td> - <td class="right1">2</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Parsley</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Peas</td> - <td class="right1">3</td> - <td class="cht">qts.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Potatoes, Early (to be boxed)</td> - <td class="right1">4</td> - <td class="cht">st.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Potatoes, Late (to be boxed)</td> - <td class="right1">4</td> - <td class="cht">st.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Turnips</td> - <td class="right1">2</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Vegetable Marrow</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">packet.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header" colspan="3"><i>Flowers</i></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Candituft</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">packet each.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Canterbury Bells</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Larkspur</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Lupin</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Mignonette</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Nasturtium</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Sunflower</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Wallflower</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Sweet Pea</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">pt.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header" colspan="3"><i>Artificial Manures</i></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Muriate of Potash</td> - <td class="right1">3</td> - <td class="cht">stone.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Nitrate of Soda</td> - <td class="right1">3</td> - <td class="cht"> „</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Superphosphate</td> - <td class="right1">4</td> - <td class="cht"> „</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_271">[271]</span></p> - - -<h4>LIST B</h4> - -<p class="smcap center sm">List of Fruit Trees, Plants and Seeds, etc., Recommended for a new -Horticultural Demonstration Plot of One-fourth Acre in Extent</p> - -<p class="center sm">ESTIMATED COST ABOUT £3</p> - -<table summary="list" class="smaller"> - <tr> - <td class="header" colspan="3"><i>Fruit</i></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="ctr"><i>Description.</i></td> - <td class="ctr" colspan="2"><i>Quantity.</i></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Apples, Bush on Paradise Stock</td> - <td class="right1">6</td> - <td class="cht">trees.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Pears, Bush on Quince Stock</td> - <td class="right1">2</td> - <td class="cht"> „</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Plums, Bush</td> - <td class="right1">2</td> - <td class="cht"> „</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Currants, Red</td> - <td class="right1">3</td> - <td class="cht">bushes.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Currants, White</td> - <td class="right1">3</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Currants, Black</td> - <td class="right1">6</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Gooseberries</td> - <td class="right1">12</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Raspberries</td> - <td class="right1">24</td> - <td class="cht">canes.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Strawberries</td> - <td class="right1">100</td> - <td class="cht">plants.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header" colspan="3"><i>Vegetables</i></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Beans, Broad</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">qt.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Beans, French</td> - <td class="right1">½</td> - <td class="cht">pt.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Beans, Runner</td> - <td class="right1">½</td> - <td class="cht">pt.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Brussels Sprouts</td> - <td class="right1">½</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Broccoli</td> - <td class="right1">½</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Cabbage, Early</td> - <td class="right1">3</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Cabbage, Savoy</td> - <td class="right1">½</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Cauliflower</td> - <td class="right1">½</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Carrot</td> - <td class="right1">2</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Celery</td> - <td class="right1">100</td> - <td class="cht">plants.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Kale, Curly</td> - <td class="right1">½</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Leek</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Lettuce</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Mint</td> - <td class="right1">3</td> - <td class="cht">plants.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Marjoram</td> - <td class="right1">3</td> - <td class="cht"> „</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Onion (Autumn-sown)</td> - <td class="right1">100</td> - <td class="cht"> „</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Onion</td> - <td class="right1">3</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Onion, Potato</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">stone.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Parsnip</td> - <td class="right1">2</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Parsley</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">oz.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_272">[272]</span></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Peas</td> - <td class="right1">3</td> - <td class="cht">qts.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Potatoes, Early (to be boxed)</td> - <td class="right1">4</td> - <td class="cht">st.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Potatoes, Late (to be boxed)</td> - <td class="right1">4</td> - <td class="cht">st.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Rhubarb</td> - <td class="right1">6</td> - <td class="cht">plants.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Sage</td> - <td class="right1">3</td> - <td class="cht"> „</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Thyme</td> - <td class="right1">3</td> - <td class="cht"> „</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Turnips</td> - <td class="right1">2</td> - <td class="cht">oz.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Vegetable Marrow</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">packet.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header" colspan="3"><i>Flowers</i></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Candituft</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">packet.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Canterbury Bells</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Dahlias</td> - <td class="right1">2</td> - <td class="cht">plants.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Larkspur</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">packet.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Lupin</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Mignonette</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Nasturtium</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Roses</td> - <td class="right1">4</td> - <td class="cht">plants.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Sunflower</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">packet.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Wallflower</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="ctr">„</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Sweet Pea</td> - <td class="right1">1</td> - <td class="cht">pint.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="header" colspan="3"><i>Artificial Manures</i></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Muriate of Potash</td> - <td class="right1">3</td> - <td class="cht">st.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Nitrate of Soda</td> - <td class="right1">3</td> - <td class="cht">st.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Superphosphate</td> - <td class="right1">4</td> - <td class="cht">st.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_273">[273]</span></p> - -<h2>APPENDIX<br /> -<span class="subhed">USEFUL INFORMATION FOR LADY GARDENERS</span></h2></div> - -<h3>HINTS FOR LAYING OUT FLOWER BEDS</h3> - - -<p>A Lady Gardener may have to arrange new ornamental flower beds, and -a few hints about pegging out the shape may be useful. It does not -always follow that a design for a formal flower plot works out as well -in reality as it does upon paper. In order to gain a good impression -of what their effect will be when finished they should be marked out -with pegs and <i>white</i> tape or string tied round these to show the -outline of the future beds. That is, if ground that has already been -broken up is being dealt with.</p> - -<p>Should, however, a wide stretch of lawn have to be marked out in flower -beds, a capital plan is to draw the outline of them with a whitewash -brush upon the grass, in the same way that a lawn tennis court is -marked. Having ascertained that no improvement or alteration will be -necessary, work can then be commenced with the turf cutter.</p> - -<p>It is convenient, for drawing circular or other beds, to have a garden -<i>compass</i>. Should this not be handy, a couple of stout iron pins -and a length of rope will answer the purpose.</p> - -<p>The compass consists of a stout iron pin and a light, flat rod of wood -six to ten feet long, with holes drilled the whole length, one inch -apart. One end of the rod has<span class="pagenum" id="Page_274">[274]</span> a perfectly round ring, which will turn -easily on the pin. A second pin or rod about three feet long is needed -as a marker.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="image274a"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/image274a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm smcap">Fig. 1</p> - </div> - -<p>In making a circular bed (Fig. 1), the centre is first determined on, -and the stout pin is driven in through the ring. The marking pin is -then placed in the hole corresponding to the required radius. With it -the circle is drawn.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="image274b"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/image274b.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm smcap">Fig. 2</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="image274c"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/image274c.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm smcap">Fig. 3</p> - </div> - -<p>When using a cord, instead of the wooden marking pin, it must be -stretched tight on the centre pin, and the radius measured along it -from the pin. The marker is then passed through the rope and bound in -place with a piece of twine or soft wire. Care should be taken, when -marking,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_275">[275]</span> that the rope rests either on the ground or parallel to it.</p> - -<p>A circular bed is the easiest of all to set out, but it is the -foundation of several others. The easiest are polygons of four, six, -and eight sides. To lay out a four-sided polygon (Fig. 2), equal a -square: Lay off the diagonal A B. Lay off C D at right angles to A B, -and join A D, D B, B C, C A.</p> - -<p>To lay out a six-sided bed (Fig. 3), equal a hexagon: From the centre -C draw a circle with radius C 1. Then from 1 with the same radius cut -the circle at 2, from 2 cut it at 3, and so on. Then join 1 2, 2 3, 3 -4, etc. To lay out an eight-sided bed, equal an octagon (Fig. 4): Draw -a circle, lay off the diameters A B, C D at right angles to each other. -Next bisect the four right angles at E F G H, and join A E, E C, C G, G -B, etc.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="image275"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/image275.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm smcap">Fig. 4</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="image276a"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/image276a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm smcap">Fig. 5</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="image276b"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/image276b.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm smcap">Fig. 6</p> - </div> - -<p>These three are the most usual figures, but it is easy to draw any -number of sides to your polygon you may require.</p> - -<p>First draw a circle, and lay off any diameter A B. Divide A B into as -many equal parts as you want sides (in Fig. 5 it is five, as that is -the most usual number required, but it may be seven or nine or any -other number).<span class="pagenum" id="Page_276">[276]</span> From A and B with radius A B describe the arcs cutting -each other at C. From C draw a line to figure 2 on the diagonal and -produce it till it cuts the circle at D. Then from D with radius A D -cut the circle at 2´, from<span class="pagenum" id="Page_277">[277]</span> 2´ cut it at 3´, and so on, and join 1´ 2´, -2´ 3´, 3´ 4´, 4´ 5´.</p> - -<p>With a circle, too, it is easy to lay out a star bed with four, six, or -eight points (Fig. 6), or a half moon.</p> - -<p>Rectangular beds are also most easily set out by means of a circle.</p> - -<p>In a diamond the line should bisect the diagonal.</p> - -<p>The only other shape in general use is an oval, and this is not built -up on the circle. First determine the length and breadth A B, C D -(Fig. 7). Bisect A B and make C D perpendicular to it at the point of -bisection O. From C with radius O A, cut A B in E F. These points are -the form of the oval.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="image277"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/image277.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm smcap">Fig. 7</p> - </div> - -<p>Drive a stake in at E F and C, and put a cord round the three stakes. -Tie the ends together, and take out the stake at C, and keeping the -loop of cord taut, draw C B D A, which will be a perfect oval.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_278">[278]</span></p> - -<p>The shape of the flower beds having been decided and cut out, attention -will not only have to be given to drainage, soil, and manure, but the -proper shape and building up of soil will have to be considered before -planting takes place. This is a matter rather insufficiently studied. -It varies according to the surrounding position, arrangement of the -garden and soil.</p> - -<p>In some herbaceous borders where height at the back of the border is an -advantage, it is well to build the soil up so:—</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="image278a"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/image278a.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p>By this means tall flowers like hollyhocks, sunflowers, etc., have -additional height given to them.</p> - -<p>In formal beds, circular ones or others, the building up of the soil -takes place from the sides to the centre—so:—</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="image278b"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/image278b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p>In other long, narrow beds the appearance is so:—</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="image278c"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/image278c.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>I have to thank Miss J. S. Turner for many of the above -notes.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_279">[279]</span></p> - - -<h4>HOW TO MARK OUT A LAWN TENNIS COURT</h4> - -<p>The following are the laws laid down by the Lawn Tennis Association for -the year 1907.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="image279a"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/image279a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">SINGLE-HANDED COURT</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="image279b"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/image279b.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">FULL COURT</p> - </div> - -<p>For the single-handed game, the court is 27 feet in width, and 78 feet -in length. It is divided across the middle by a net, the ends of which -are attached to the tops of two posts, which stand 3 feet outside the -court on each side. The height of the net is 3 feet 6 inches at the -posts, and 3 feet in the centre. At each end of the court, parallel -with the net, and at a distance of 39 feet from it, are drawn the -Base Lines, the extremities of which are connected by the Side Lines. -Half-way between the Side Lines, and parallel with them, is drawn the -Half-Court Line, dividing the space on each side of the net into two -equal parts, called the Right and Left Courts. On each side of the net, -at a distance of 21 feet from it, and parallel with it,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_280">[280]</span> are drawn the -Service Lines. The marking of the part of the Half-Court Line, between -the Service Lines and the Base Line, may be omitted, with the exception -of a small portion at the centre of each Base Line, as indicated in the -plans.</p> - -<p>The plan here given is not the most generally used, but it may be the -best adapted to the ground or to the requirements of the owner of the -garden.</p> - -<p>For the three-handed and four handed games, the court is 36 feet in -width. Within the Side-Lines, at a distance of 4¼ feet from them, -and parallel with them, are drawn the Service Side Lines. In other -respects, the court is similar to that which is described for a -single-handed game (Fig. 1).</p> - -<p>Fig. 2 is the plan most generally used in private grounds; it is usual -to continue the “Service Side Lines” as far as the Base-Lines, as shown -in the dotted line B in the plan.</p> - -<p>Keep the net loose from the posts when the ground is not used. For -instructions as to the rolling, mowing, and general treatment of lawns, -croquet and tennis courts, read Sutton’s “Management of Lawns.”</p> - -<p>The following is the best way of making a mixture for marking boundary -lines upon grass courts. Dissolve ordinary lump whitening in water, and -use it when it is about the consistency of cream. A tumbler of milk -or a small quantity of builders’ size, mixed with it, will preserve -the lines from being washed out and destroyed by rain. The mixture is -made in a pail or watering pot, and the tank of the marking machine -is filled from it. After using the washer, the whitening should be -emptied, and the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_282">[282]</span> tank washed, for if allowed to remain, it hardens -and has to be broken up.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="image281"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/image281.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center sm">PLAN OF CROQUET LAWN</p> - </div> - - -<h4>HOW TO LAY OUT A CROQUET GROUND</h4> - -<p>The following regulations are those laid down in 1907, and are -authorised by the Croquet Association.</p> - -<p>The ground shall be rectangular, 35 yards in length by 28 yards in -width, with a defined boundary. A flag shall be placed at each corner, -and corner spots, 3 feet from both boundaries, shall be accurately -defined.</p> - -<p>Points on the boundary, 3 feet from each corner flag, shall be marked -by white pegs, not exceeding ¾ inch in diameter, and 3 inches above -the ground.</p> - -<p>The above is for a full-sized ground, but for smaller ones any multiple -of 5 × 4 is correct.</p> - -<p>The <i>hoops</i> shall be of round iron, not less than ½ inch, and -not more than ¾ inch in diameter, and shall stand 12 inches out of -the ground, and be firmly fixed. The crown shall be straight, and at -right angles to the uprights, which shall be not less than 3¾ inches, -or more than 4 inches apart (inside measurement) from the ground -upwards.</p> - -<p>The turning and the winning pegs shall be of wood, a uniform diameter -above the ground of 1½ inches. They shall stand 18 inches above the -ground.</p> - -<p>The setting of the hoops and pegs shall be in accordance with the -diagram given. Permission for publishing this has kindly been given by -Messrs. John Jaques & Son, 102, Hatton Garden, London.</p> - -<p>Measurements:—Pegs in centre line of ground, 7 yards<span class="pagenum" id="Page_283">[283]</span> from the nearest -boundary; hoops up centre line of ground, 7 yards from peg and 7 yards -apart corner hoops, 7 yards from centre line and 7 yards from the -nearest boundaries.</p> - -<p>It is important in lifting the hoops for rolling and mowing, to fill up -the holes with a mixture of fine dry earth and sand before replacing -the hoops. By this means they are kept rigid and upright.</p> - -<p>When the croquet season is over the hoops are put away and painted -during the winter.</p> - -<p>The best way to do this is to rub the hoops down well with fine -sandpaper, and repaint them with good oil colour. Use it thin, and put -on two or three coats. It is preferable to one thick coat.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>The following notes may be useful to ladies who are seeking posts:—</p> - - -<p class="center sm">THE CENTRAL BUREAU FOR THE EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN,</p> - -<p class="smcap center">9, Southampton Street, High Holborn, W.C.</p> - -<p class="center">(2nd Floor)</p> - -<p>Two minutes from British Museum, Central London Railway; two minutes -from Piccadilly and Brompton Railway, Holborn Station.</p> - -<p class="center">Telegrams: “Einheit.”    Telephone: 4858 Central.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>Chairman</i>: <span class="smcap">The Marchioness of Salisbury</span></p> - -<p class="center"><i>Vice-Chairman</i>: <span class="smcap">Mrs. W. E. Haitland</span></p> - -<p class="center"><i>Hon. Treasurer</i>: <span class="smcap">H. John Falk, Esq.</span></p> - -<p class="center"><i>Secretary</i>: <span class="smcap">Miss M. G. Spencer</span></p> - - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_284">[284]</span></p> - - -<h4>OBJECTS OF THE CENTRAL BUREAU</h4> - -<p>1. To prevent unemployment, and the evils resulting therefrom.</p> - -<p>2. To help women, especially those of good education, to help -themselves, by guiding them into suitable permanent work.</p> - -<p>3. To promote the training of the unprepared, and thus raise the -general standard of efficiency.</p> - -<p>4. To maintain records of women desiring employment, and of employers -having vacancies.</p> - -<p>5. To collect and circulate information as to various occupations.</p> - -<p>6. To study and record the fluctuations of demand and supply in various -occupations.</p> - -<p>7. To publish advertisement lists, newspapers, and other printed -matter, by which the purposes of the society may be advanced.</p> - -<p>8. To promote and co-operate with other bureaus and societies having -objects wholly or partly similar.</p> - -<p><i>Nature of the Work.</i>—The work of the Central Bureau consists -largely in counteracting those evils of social prejudice and defective -training which have hitherto prevented many women of the educated class -from being able to earn their own livelihood. It therefore includes -not only what is ordinarily understood to be the work of an employment -registry, but also the more laborious and less immediately remunerative -business of investigating possible openings for employment, promoting -sound schemes for apprenticeship and training, and so advising and -helping women as to enable them to make<span class="pagenum" id="Page_285">[285]</span> their services of genuine -value to the community. Did space permit, it would be possible to -give a long list of those women who have been enabled, through -guidance received at the bureau, to fill satisfactorily positions of -considerable responsibility and importance. By a carefully considered -system of indexing and tabulation, the Central Bureau is able to make -the results of its work available for the purposes of the statistician -and the economic inquirer. The advantages of this system have been -recognised by the committees of other women’s employment bureaus, which -have now, with few exceptions, adopted the same method of tabulation. -But while endeavouring to introduce improvements in method, the council -of the Central Bureau are far from losing sight of the individual -needs of each employer and applicant for work, realising that upon the -full comprehension of individual circumstances the success of the work -depends.</p> - - -<h4>REGISTRY FEES FOR APPLICANTS</h4> - -<p>(<i>Those for employers seem unnecessary for our purpose here</i>)</p> - -<p>Registration, covering a period of three months, 1s. 6d; Suiting fees, -permanent posts on salaries not exceeding 10s. per week, non-resident, -2s. 6d.; resident, 5s.; not exceeding 15s. per week, non-resident, 3s. -9d.; resident, 7s. 6d.: not exceeding 20s. per week, non-resident, -5s.; resident, 10s.: not exceeding 30s. per week, non-resident, 7s. -6d.; resident, 15s.; not exceeding 40s. per week, non-resident, -10s.; resident, 20s.—being half per cent. on first year’s salary, -non-resident; and one per cent. on first year’s salary, resident. -Temporary posts not exceeding three months, one per cent. on salary -for the term, but<span class="pagenum" id="Page_286">[286]</span> not <i>less</i> than 2s. 6d. Temporary post not -exceeding one week, 1s. 6d. Suiting fees in every case are payable -on engagement. Hours of interviews, 11.30 to 1, and 2.30 to 4.30, -excepting Monday mornings and Saturdays. In order to save time, callers -are asked to write for appointments. Fees for consultation, 6d. and 1s.</p> - -<p><i>Publications.</i>—The Central Bureau publishes <i>Women’s -Employment</i> (price 1d., post free, 1½d.). The issue of this -publication, which appears on the first Friday in the month, contains -articles on employment subjects, written by experts, together with -advertisements, and information as to training. Intermediate lists -of vacant situations and <i>workers</i> disengaged are published -fortnightly at the same price. <i>Women’s Employment</i> (including -the intermediate Lists) may also be obtained from the Secretary of the -Central Bureau on payment of 3s. per annum. The Central Bureau has also -published a pamphlet entitled the <i>Finger Post</i> (price 1s. 6d.), -containing 70 articles, written by experts, on professions for educated -women.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center sm">WOMEN’S INSTITUTE,</p> - -<p class="smcap center">92, Victoria Street, London, S.W.</p> - -<p>Here, information is given of every kind upon social subjects, training -for professions, board, education, etc. A member is entitled to have -six questions a year answered free; non-members pay a small fee. -Recreations of various sorts are also given, and three programmes are -issued yearly of lectures, conferences, debates, social and musical -afternoons and evenings. The library is well provided<span class="pagenum" id="Page_287">[287]</span> with books on -subjects of interest to women, and on sociology.</p> - -<p>The institute was founded in 1897, in the hope, which has already been -fulfilled, that it might be able to provide something of the nature -of a central office or “clearing house” of the various departments of -woman’s work which are now scattered over the whole field of English -social life. It is no part of the aim of the institute itself to take -up any department of work in competition with existing societies, much -less to interfere in any way with their management. Its object is -rather to make the work of existing societies better known, through -its Information Bureau, through the circulation of literature, through -meetings and conferences held within its walls, and lastly, by bringing -the workers in one department into touch with those in another, by -means of frequent social gatherings.</p> - - -<h4>WHAT THE INSTITUTE OFFERS TO INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS</h4> - -<p>The social side of the institute has been organised with the double -object:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>1. Of bringing workers into friendly communication.</p> - -<p>2. Of offering to isolated workers some of the recreation to -which all workers are entitled.</p> -</div> - - -<h4>SOME OF THE FEATURES ARE:—</h4> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>1. A weekly “At Home” held by the executive committee.</p> - -<p>2. Lectures and debates.</p> - -<p>3. A musical society.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_288">[288]</span></p> - -<p>4. An art society.</p> - -<p>5. A recreation department.</p> - -<p>6. A circulating library of special books.</p> - -<p>7. A voluntary workers’ association for philanthropic work.</p> -</div> - -<p>It is not desired that women should join the institute in the -expectation that it should be a direct means of enabling them to -obtain work, but a register is kept of members’ requirements, and the -institute co-operates with the Central Bureau for the Employment of -Women in the interests of its own members.</p> - - -<h4>CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP</h4> - -<p>Men, as well as women, are eligible for membership.</p> - -<p>Agreement to abide by and be subject to the rules and bye-laws of the -institute for the time being in force.</p> - -<p>Terms for general members (men and women): Annual subscription, £1 -1s. Terms for American, Colonial and Foreign members (men and women): -Annual subscription, 10s. 6d. Office hours: 10 to 6, except Saturdays, -when the institute is open 10 to 1.</p> - -<p>The institute is closed on Bank Holidays and for one month at the end -of summer.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Those who are strangers in London and are doubtful where to stay while -they are seeking for posts may be glad to know of the following:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="smcap center">Brabazon House, Ltd.</p> - -<p class="p-left">Hopkinson House, 88, Vauxhall Bridge Road, S.W.<br /> -Brabazon House, Moreton Street, S.W.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_289">[289]</span></p> - -<p>Single rooms, with use of sitting-rooms, piano, and papers, 7s. 6d. to -18s. 6d. a week; double rooms, 12s. to 18s. 6d. a week; cubicles, 5s., -5s. 6d., 6s., 6s. 6d., and 7s.</p> - -<p>Ladies are expected to provide their own soap, towels, toilet covers, -and serviettes. Each lady is required to give two references. By the -night: room, 2s. to 3s.; cubicle, 1s. 6d. By the meal: breakfast, 6d.; -lunch, 9d.; tea, 4d.; dinner, 1s. Hours of meals: breakfast, 7.45 to -8.45 a.m.; lunch, 1 p.m.; tea, 4.30 p.m.; dinner, 7.30 p.m. Sundays: -breakfast, 8.45 to 9.30 a.m.; dinner, 1.30 p.m.; tea, 5 p.m.; supper, -8.45 p.m. Tariff: breakfast and late dinner with full meals on Sundays, -8s. 6d. per week; lunch and afternoon tea provided if required; full -board (by the week), 10s. 6d. A reduction will be made to those unable -to be present at all the dinners.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>Managing Director and Secretary</i>: <span class="smcap">Miss Lindsey</span>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_290">[290]</span></p> - - -<p class="center xs smcap p6">Printed by<br /> -Cassell and Company, Limited, La Belle Sauvage,<br /> -London, E.C.</p> - - -<p class="transnote">Transcriber’s Notes:<br /> -<br /> -1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been -corrected silently.<br /> -<br /> -2. Where hyphenation is in doubt, it has been retained as in the -original.</p> - - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GARDENING FOR WOMEN ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ -concept and trademark. 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