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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..72d5519 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #69109 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/69109) diff --git a/old/69109-0.txt b/old/69109-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 5dcb760..0000000 --- a/old/69109-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2216 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The cretaceous birds of New Jersey, by -Storrs L. Olson - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The cretaceous birds of New Jersey - -Authors: Storrs L. Olson - David C. Parris - -Release Date: October 7, 2022 [eBook #69109] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Tom Cosmas compiled from materials made available at The - Internet Archive and placed in the Public Domain. - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CRETACEOUS BIRDS OF NEW -JERSEY *** - - - - - -Transcriber Note: Text emphasis denoted as _Italics_ and =Bold=. - - - - The Cretaceous Birds - of New Jersey - - - STORRS L. OLSON - - and - - DAVID C. PARRIS - - - SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY • NUMBER 63 - - - SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION - -Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was -expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan -for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the -following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, -giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes -made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of -basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of -titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, -commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and -continuing with the following active series: - - _Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics_ - _Smithsonian Contributions to Botany_ - _Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences_ - _Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences_ - _Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology_ - _Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology_ - _Smithsonian Folklife Studies_ - _Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space_ - _Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology_ - -In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale -monographs that report the research and collections of its various -museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of -science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing -lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout -the world. - -Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by -the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format -and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums -or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press -requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the -inside back cover. - - Robert McC. Adams - Secretary - Smithsonian Institution - - -SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY · NUMBER 63 - - - - -The Cretaceous Birds of New Jersey - - -Storrs L. Olson and David C. Parris - - -[Illustration] - -SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS - -Washington, D.C. - -1987 - - - - -ABSTRACT - - -Olson, Storrs L., and David C. Parris. The Cretaceous Birds of New -Jersey. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, number 63, 22 -pages, 11 figures, 1987.--This is a revision of the fossil birds from -Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian; Hornerstown and Navesink formations) -deposits in New Jersey. Material of previously named taxa, described -over a century ago, is augmented by more recently collected specimens -from a new locality at the Inversand Company marl pits near Sewell, -Gloucester County. With about 8 genera and 9 species, this is the most -diverse Cretaceous avifauna yet known. Most species belong to a group -of primitive Charadriiformes resembling in limb morphology the fossil -family Presbyornithidae and the living family Burhinidae. These are -tentatively referred to the “form family” Graculavidae Fürbringer, -1888, with its provisional synonyms Palaeotringinae Wetmore, 1940; -Telmatornithidae Cracraft, 1972, and Laornithidae Cracraft, 1972. The -species included are: _Graculavus velox_ Marsh, 1872; _Telmatornis -priscus_ Marsh, 1870 (synonyms: _Telmatornis affinis_ Marsh, 1870; -_Graculavus pumilis_ Marsh, 1872; _Palaeotringa vetus_ Marsh, 1870); -_Anatalavis rex_ (Shufeldt, 1915); _Laornis edvardsianus_ Marsh, 1870; -_Palaeotringa littoralis_ Marsh, 1870; _P. vagans_ Marsh, 1872; and -an undescribed genus and species probably different from any of the -preceding. _Anatalavis_ is proposed as a new genus for Telmatornis rex -Shufeldt, 1915. A new family, genus, and species (Tytthostonychidae, -_Tytthostonyx glauconiticus_) is proposed for a humerus showing -similarities to the Pelecaniformes and Procellariiformes and -tentatively referred to the latter, along with an ulna of a much -smaller species. The species in this fauna appear to be part of the -modern radiation of neognathous birds, but none can be referred to -modern families. - - -Official publication date is handstamped in a limited number of initial -copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, _Smithsonian -Year_. Series cover design: The trilobite _Phacops rana_ Green. /X -Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Olson, Storrs -L. The cretaceous birds of New Jersey. (Smithsonian contributions -to paleobiology; no. 63) Bibliography: p. 1 Birds Fossil. 2. -Paleontology--Cretaceous. 3. Paleontology--New Jersey. I. Parris, David -C. II. Title. III. Series. QE701.S56 no. 63 560 s 86-29837 [QE871] -[568’.09749] X/ - - - - -Contents - - - Page - - Introduction 1 - - Acknowledgments 1 - - The Fossil Localities and Their Stratigraphy 1 - - Order Charadriiformes 4 - - “Form Family” Graculavidae Fürbringer, 1888 4 - - Genus _Graculavus_ Marsh, 1872 4 - - _Graculavus velox_ Marsh, 1872 4 - - _Graculavus velox?_ 6 - - Genus _Telmatornis_ Marsh, 1870 6 - - _Telmatornis priscus_ Marsh, 1870 6 - - Genus _Anatalavis_, new genus 11 - - _Anatalavis rex_ (Shufeldt, 1915), new combination 11 - - Genus _Laornis_ Marsh, 1870 12 - - _Laornis edvardsianus_ Marsh, 1870 12 - - Genus _Palaeotringa_ Marsh, 1870 12 - - _Palaeotringa littoralis_ Marsh, 1870 12 - - _Palaeotringa littoralis?_ 14 - - _Palaeotringa vagans_ Marsh, 1872 14 - - Graculavidae, Genus and Species Indeterminate 14 - - Order Procellariiformes? 14 - - Family Tytthostonychidae, new family 16 - - Genus _Tytthostonyx_, new genus 16 - - _Tytthostonyx glauconiticus_, new species 16 - - Family and Genus Indeterminate 16 - - Aves, incertae sedis 19 - - Discussion 19 - - Appendix 20 - - Literature Cited 21 - - - - -The Cretaceous Birds of New Jersey - - -_Storrs L. Olson and David C. Parris_[1] - -[Footnote 1: _Storrs L. Olson, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, -National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, -Washington, D.C. 20560. David C. Parris, New Jersey State Museum, 205 -West State Street, Trenton, New Jersey 08625-0530._] - - - - -Introduction - - -Fossils of Cretaceous birds are scarce and usually difficult -to interpret. The better known forms such as _Hesperornis_ and -_Ichthyornis_ belong to strange and archaic groups having little or -nothing to do with the modern avian radiation. The only areas that have -yielded Cretaceous birds of essentially modern aspect in sufficient -quantities to be regarded as avifaunal assemblages are the inland -deposits of the Lance Formation and strata of similar age in Wyoming -(Brodkorb, 1963a) and the marine deposits of New Jersey. Of these, the -assemblage from New Jersey is the more diverse. - -Fossil birds were described from the Cretaceous greensands of southern -New Jersey over a century ago by Marsh (1870, 1872). These have been -carried, largely uncritically, in lists and compilations ever since -(e.g. Hay, 1902; Lambrecht, 1933; Rapp, 1943; Miller, 1955; Brodkorb, -1963b, 1967). Although some of these specimens were subsequently -re-examined and their status altered (Shufeldt, 1915; Cracraft, 1972, -1973), there has been no modern comprehensive revision of all of the -avian taxa that have been named from the Cretaceous of New Jersey. In -recent years, additional fossil birds have been recovered from these -deposits that add further to our knowledge of late Mesozoic avifaunas, -making a review of this material all the more desirable. - -In spite of the relative diversity of the New Jersey Cretaceous -avifauna, the total number of specimens is still small. The decline -of the glauconite greensand industry and the difficulty of recovering -small fossils have contributed to this paucity of specimens. The -glauconite industry is now confined to a single operation, the -Inversand Company in Sewell, Mantua Township, Gloucester County, New -Jersey. Fortunately, the late owner of the company, Mr. Churchill -Hungerford, Jr., generously allowed fossils to be recovered on his -property by the New Jersey State Museum, which houses most of the newly -discovered specimens, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia -being the repository of the rest. Another specimen came from a locality -in Upper Freehold Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey and was donated -to the New Jersey State Museum by Gerard R. Case. - -Acknowledgments.--We gratefully acknowledge the late Churchill -Hungerford, Jr., for permitting fossil material to be recovered from -his property by the New Jersey State Museum (NJSM). We are much -indebted to John H. Ostrom, Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale -University (YPM), and Gay Vostreys and Charles Smart of the Academy -of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP) for their patience in -lending types and other material from their collections for a very -extended period. Pat V. Rich, Monash University, assisted Parris in -the early stages of this study. Comparative material of _Presbyornis_ -was obtained from the collection of the University of California -Museum of Paleontology (UCMP), the University of Wyoming (UW), and the -National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (USNM). -The photographs are by Victor E. Krantz, Smithsonian Institution. For -valuable comments on the manuscript we are grateful to Donald Baird, -Princeton University, and Jonathan Becker, Smithsonian Institution. - - -=The Fossil Localities and Their Stratigraphy= - -The extensive deposits of Cretaceous age in eastern North America -have been widely studied for over 150 years. These generally poorly -consolidated sediments have provided valuable resources, notably -glauconite, fire clay, and chalk. As the publications by Morton (1829), -Vanuxem (1829), Conrad (1869), and other early authors showed, the -sediments are also quite fossiliferous. - -In the eastern United States, significant Cretaceous deposits occur -from New Jersey to Texas (Figure 1), with extensive outcrop and -subsurface records in both Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains. The -surface distribution and correlations were first summarized by -Stephenson et al. (1942). Subsequent works by various authorities -have refined, but not substantially altered his views of outcrop -stratigraphy. Petroleum exploration has encouraged more recent restudy -of the subsurface stratigraphy, notably along the east coast (Minard et -al., 1974; Perry et al., 1975; Petters, 1976). - -[Illustration: Figure 1.--Distribution of Cretaceous rocks in the -eastern United States. Arrow indicates New Jersey. (Modified after -Moore, 1958, fig. 15.2).] - -In New Jersey, the latest Cretaceous deposits are remarkably rich -in glauconite, especially the Navesink and Hornerstown formations. -Besides providing a local industry in agricultural fertilizers, the -glauconite greensands, locally called “marl,” yielded many specimens to -the fiercely competitive vertebrate paleontologists of the nineteenth -century. Preservation of vertebrate fossils in a glauconite deposit may -be excellent, apparently due to autochthonous formation of the mineral -and the probable quiescence of the depositional environment. The -Hornerstown Formation, for example, contains few grains of terrigenous -origin and little evidence of disturbance by water currents. -Such depositional environments were apparently favorable for the -preservation of small and delicate bones. The accumulation of sediment -occurred during a period of marine transgression with the shoreline not -far to the northwest but at sufficient distance to prevent deposition -of terrigenous material. - -During their great rivalry, E.D. Cope and O.C. Marsh sought greensand -fossils vigorously. Marsh, however, obtained all of the Cretaceous -birds (Marsh, 1870, 1872), largely due to efforts of marl pit owner -J.G. Meirs. Although in the years subsequent to Marsh's original -descriptions of the New Jersey birds from the Navesink and Hornerstown -formations there was some confusion regarding their probable age -(Wetmore, 1930), this was later definitely established as Cretaceous -by Baird (1967), who attributed the specimens to the Navesink and -Hornerstown formations. - -The summary of Petters (1976) represents current ideas of the -Cretaceous stratigraphy of New Jersey. Baird's (1967) discussion is -consistent with Petters's view that the Hornerstown Formation is -regarded as partly Cretaceous and partly Tertiary. Some authors have -used the term New Egypt Formation instead of Navesink in more southerly -outcrops. - -Cretaceous birds have been recovered from three geographically -distinct localities in New Jersey (Figure 2). With the exception of -_Laornis_, all of the specimens described by Marsh (1870, 1872) came -from Upper Freehold Township, Monmouth County, in the area including -the settlements of Hornerstown, Arneytown, and Cream Ridge. The Meirs -family operated a number of pits in this area and it is no longer -possible to ascertain the exact provenance of specimens labelled only -as being from Hornerstown. These could have come either from the -basal Hornerstown Formation or the underlying Navesink Formation, -both of which are Maastrichtian in age. Baird (1967:261) ascertained -that the holotype of _Palaeotringa vetus_, from “friable green marl -near Arneytown” was from the lower (i.e., Cretaceous) part of the -Hornerstown Formation. The holotypes of _Telmatornis priscus_ and _T. -affinis_, from the Cream Ridge Marl Company pits, on the other hand, -are from the Navesink Formation. A more recently collected specimen -from this area is the proximal end of an ulna (NJSM 11900) collected -by Gerard R. Case from “marl piles near junction of Rtes. 537 and -539 in Upper Freehold Twp., Monmouth County, near Hornerstown.” This -definitely came from the Hornerstown Formation but it cannot be said -whether from the Cretaceous or Paleocene sediments included therein. - -[Illustration: Figure 2.--Localities in southern New Jersey of the -main fossiliferous deposits that have yielded Cretaceous birds. (The -bold line demarcates the inner and outer coastal plain physiographic -provinces; B = Birmingham; H = Hornerstown; S = Sewell.)] - -The second general locality is near Birmingham, Burlington County, -where the type of _Laornis edvardsianus_ was obtained from “greensand -of the upper, Cretaceous marl bed ... in the pits of the Pemberton Marl -Company” (Marsh, 1870:208). There is nothing to be added to Baird's -(1967) conclusion that this specimen is latest Cretaceous in age. - -The third locality, and that yielding most of the recently obtained -specimens, is the Inversand Company marl pit, located near Sewell, -Gloucester County. In accordance with the wishes of the Inversand -Company, the precise locality of this pit will not be disclosed, -although this information is preserved in records sufficient in number -and distribution to assure that it will not be lost. The Inversand -specimens came from the main fossiliferous layer within the basal -portion of the Hornerstown Formation (Figure 3). This layer is of late -Maastrichtian age (latest Cretaceous), on the basis of invertebrate -fossils, including three genera of ammonites, and a substantial -vertebrate fauna, including mosasaurs (see Appendix). It is probable -that the upper part of the Hornerstown Formation within the pit is of -Paleocene age, as it is known to be elsewhere, but most paleontologists -believe the basal portion to be Cretaceous in age (Gaffney, 1975; Koch -and Olsson, 1977). One avian specimen is from an unknown level in the -pit. - -[Illustration: Figure 3.--Stratigraphic diagram of the Inversand -Company marl pit at Sewell, Gloucester County, New Jersey.] - - -=Order Charadriiformes= - -=“Form Family” Graculavidae Fürbringer, 1888= - - -Type Genus.--Graculavus Marsh, 1872. - -Included Genera.--_Graculavus_ Marsh, 1872; _Telmatornis_ Marsh, 1870; -_Anatalavis_, new genus; _Laornis_ Marsh, 1870; _Palaeotringa_ Marsh, -1870; and an additional unnamed genus. - -Remarks.--Most of the birds from the New Jersey deposits belong with -what Olson (1985) has termed the “transitional Charadriiformes,” a -group that seemingly tends to connect the Gruiformes and the more -typical Charadriiformes. The only living family in this group that -has traditionally been considered charadriiform is the Burhinidae, -the thick-knees or stone curlews. Other apparent descendants include -ibises (Plataleidae) and the ducks and geese of the order Anseriformes. -The latter are linked with the “transitional Charadriiformes” through -the Paleocene and Eocene genus _Presbyornis_, which is known from -abundant material from widely scattered areas of the world (Olson and -Feduccia, 1980b; Olson, 1985). _Presbyornis_ combines a long-legged -shorebird-like body with the head of a duck. The fragmentary Cretaceous -fossils from New Jersey, all of which are postcranial, usually show -more similarity to _Presbyornis_ than to any modern group of birds -except the Burhinidae. Therefore, our comparisons have been made -chiefly with these two groups. - -With the fragmentary material at hand it is difficult, well nigh -impossible, to make hard and fast taxonomic judgments concerning the -number of species, genera, or families represented. Birds with very -similar wing or leg elements could have had completely different -feeding adaptations and could represent ancestral forms leading to -different modern groups not considered to be closely related. For -example, without the skull, _Presbyornis_ could not be determined as -having anything to do with the Anseriformes (Olson and Feduccia, 1980b: -12-13). - -Late Cretaceous fossil birds of modern aspect have been described in -a variety of genera, most of which have been used as the basis for -family-group names. Taxa from New Jersey that appear to belong with -the “transitional Charadriiformes” for which family-group names are -available include: Graculavinae Fürbringer, 1888; Palaeotringinae -Wetmore, 1940; Telmatornithidae Cracraft, 1972; and Laornithidae -Cracraft, 1973. - -Taxa from Upper Cretaceous deposits in western North America that -appear to fall in the same category (Olson and Feduccia, 1980a) -include: Apatornithidae Fürbringer, 1888; Cimolopterygidae Brodkorb, -1963a; Torotigidae Brodkorb, 1963a; and Lonchodytidae Brodkorb, 1963a. - -Tertiary taxa that may possibly be related to the “transitional -Charadriiformes” and that have been used as the basis of family-group -names are: Presbyornithidae Wetmore, 1926 (Nautilornithinae Wetmore, -1926, and Telmabatidae Howard, 1955, are definitely synonyms); -Scaniornithidae Lambrecht, 1933; and Dakotornithidae Erickson, 1975. - -Doubtless there are others that we have overlooked. How many families -are actually represented here and what their interrelationships may -be is purely a matter of conjecture in the absence of better fossil -material. Because the entire skeleton of _Presbyornis_ is known, the -familial name Presbyornithidae may justifiably be retained and used for -that genus. - -In the case of the Cretaceous birds under consideration here, we -have decided for the time being to adopt a version of paleobotanical -convention in recognizing a “form family” Graculavidae, which implies a -general similarity in morphology of the constituent taxa, although the -material available is simply not sufficient for determining phylogeny -or key adaptations. - - - - -=Genus Graculavus Marsh, 1872= - - - _Limosavis_ Shufeldt, 1915:19. - -Type-Species.--_Graculavus velox_ Marsh 1872, by subsequent designation -(Hay, 1902). - -Included Species.--Type species only. - -Remarks.--_Limosavis_ Shufeldt, 1915, substitute name for _Graculavus_, -considered inappropriate; not used in direct combination with any -specific name when originally proposed. - - -=_Graculavus velox_ Marsh, 1872= - -Figure 4 _b,d,f,h_ - - - _Graculavus velox_ Marsh, 1872:363. - - _Limosavis velox_ (Marsh).--Lambrecht, 1933:546. - -Holotype.--Proximal end of left humerus, YPM 855. - -Locality and Horizon.--From Hornerstown, Upper Freehold Township, -Monmouth County, New Jersey; collected by J.G. Meirs; Late Cretaceous -(Maastrichtian), either basal Hornerstown Formation or Navesink -Formation. - -Measurements (in mm).--Proximal end of humerus, YPM 855: proximal width -through dorsal and ventral tubercles 21.1, depth through bicipital -surface and tuberculum ventrale 11.6, depth of head 5.7. - -[Illustration: Figure 4.--Proximal ends of left humeri of _Graculavus -velox_ and related birds: _a_, _Esacus magnirostris_ (Burhinidae), USNM -19649; _b,d,f,h_, _Graculavus velox_, holotype, YPM 855; _c,e,g, i_, -_Presbyornis_ sp., UCMP 126205. _a-c_, anconal view; _d,e_, anconal -view with distal portion tilted upwards; _f,g_, palmar view; _h,i_, -proximal view. All figures × 2; specimens coated with ammonium chloride -to enhance detail.] - -Comparisons.--Marsh (1872) originally described this as a species of -cormorant (Phalacrocoracidae, Pelecaniformes) and included the species -_G. pumilis_ Marsh, 1872, also from New Jersey, and _G. anceps_ Marsh, -1872, from the Late Cretaceous of Kansas, in the same genus. Marsh -(1880) later referred _G. anceps_ to the genus _Ichthyornis_, where it -has remained. Shufeldt (1915:17-19) went into considerable detail to -show that the species of _Graculavus_, particularly _G. velox_, were -not cormorants, instead being limicoline shorebirds with similarities -to the Burhinidae, Haematopodidae, and Charadriidae. Accordingly, -Lambrecht (1933:540, 546) placed these taxa among the charadriiform -birds, but rather inexplicably listed velox under Shufeldt's substitute -name _Limosavis_ in the suborder Laro-Limicolae, while retaining -_pumilis_ in the genus _Graculavus_ in the suborder Limicolae. -Brodkorb (1963b:249) ignored Shufeldt's assessment of relationships -and placed _G. velox_ and _G. pumilis_ in the Phalacrocoracidae, -subfamily Graculavinae. Cracraft (1972) did not examine the specimens -attributed to _Graculavus_ in his consideration of the relationships of -_Telmatornis_. - -We have synonymized _Graculavus pumilis_ Marsh, 1872, with -_Telmatornis priscus_ Marsh, 1870, and discuss below the characters -by which _Graculavus_ (restricted to _G. velox_) may be separated -from _Telmatornis_. Shufeldt (1915) has already presented adequate -evidence that _Graculavus_ is not a cormorant and is instead a -charadriiform. The following combination of characters of the proximal -end of the humerus is shared by _Graculavus_ and _Presbyornis_ and -distinguishes these genera from other Charadriiformes: (1) lack of -a distinct lanceolate scar for M. coracobrachialis cranialis; (2) -lack of a distinctly excavated second (dorsal) tricipital fossa; (3) -presence of a distinct tumescence in the proximoventral portion of the -tricipital fossa; scars for (4) M. scapulohumeralis caudalis and (5) -M. scapulohumeralis cranialis very large and distinct; (6) attachment -of M. latissimus dorsi cranialis a well-defined, raised protuberance -situated dorsal to the median ridge of the shaft; (7) tuberculum -dorsale well defined, distinctly pointed. In most of the preceding -characters that it preserves, the single proximal end of humerus -referred to _Telmatornis_ (the holotype of _G. pumilis_) agrees with -_Graculavus_ and _Presbyornis_. - -Among living families, the Burhinidae are the most similar to -_Graculavus_; both agree in characters 1, 2, 4, and 7, with certain -species of _Burhinus_ also having characters 3 and 6 present but less -developed. _Graculavus_ differs from Burhinus mainly in having (8) the -head not as deep and bulbous; (9) distance from head to tuberculum -dorsale greater; (10) tuberculum dorsale smaller, much less projecting; -(11) tuberculum ventrale in ventral view more elongate; and (12) scar -on tuberculum ventrale for M. coracobrachialis caudalis much larger and -more distinct. - -_Graculavus_ is very similar to _Presbyornis_, agreeing with that -genus in characters 8 and 10 but differing in characters 11 and 12 -and in (13) having the head more deeply undercut. _Presbyornis_ is -intermediate between _Graculavus_ and the _Burhinidae_ in character 9. - -_Graculavus velox_ was a fairly large bird, being approximately the -size of _Presbyornis_ cf. _pervetus_ and somewhat larger than the large -living burhinid _Esacus magnirostris_. - - -=Graculavus velox?= - -Figure 9_d_ - - -Referred Material.--Abraded right carpometacarpus consisting mainly of -the major metacarpal, NJSM 11854. - -Locality and Horizon.--Collected from the main fossiliferous layer of -the Inversand Company marl pit, Sewell, Gloucester County, New Jersey; -Hornerstown Formation, latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian); collected 25 -February 1976 by David C. Parris. - -Measurements (in mm).--Length 51.0. - -Comparisons.--Nothing can be said about this very poor specimen except -that it came from a bird with a carpometacarpus slightly larger than -that of a modern specimen of the burhinid _Esacus magnirostris_. -Because _Graculavus velox_ is the only bird yet known in the New Jersey -fossil fauna that was of this same size, the present specimen may -possibly be referable to that species. - - - - -=Genus _Telmatornis_ Marsh, 1870= - - -Type-Species.--_Telmatornis priscus_ Marsh, 1870, by subsequent -designation (Hay, 1902:528). - -Included Species.--Type species only. - - -=_Telmatornis priscus_ Marsh, 1870= - -Figures 5_b-j_, 6_c,e,g_, 7_a,d,g,j,n_ - - - _Telmatornis priscus_ Marsh, 1870:210. - - _Telmatornis affinis_ Marsh, 1870:211. - - _Graculavus pumilis_ Marsh, 1872:364. - - _?Palaeotringa vetus_ Marsh, 1870:209. - -Holotype.--Distal end of left humerus (Figure 5_e,h_), YPM 840; -collected in pits of the Cream Ridge Marl Company, near Hornerstown, -New Jersey by J.G. Meirs. Navesink Formation, Maastrichtian, Late -Cretaceous (Baird, 1967). - -Referred Specimens.--Distal end of right humerus (Figure 5_f,g_), -YPM 845 (holotype of _Telmatornis affinis_ Marsh 1870); same data as -holotype of _T. priscus_. - -Proximal end of right humerus (Figure 5_b-d_), YPM 850, with distal -end of right carpometacarpus (Figure 5_i_) and several fragments of -shafts of long bones apparently associated (holotypical material of -_Graculavus pumilis_ Marsh, 1872); collected near Hornerstown, New -Jersey, by J.G. Meirs; probably from the basal Hornerstown Formation, -Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous. - -Distal end of left tibiotarsus (Figure 7_n_), ANSP 13361 (holotype -of _Palaeotringa vetus_), collected near Arneytown, on the -Monmouth-Burlington county boundary, New Jersey; Basal Hornerstown -Formation, Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous (Baird, 1967). - -Left humerus lacking proximal end (Figure 6_c,e,g_), ANSP 15360; -collected in 1971 from the Inversand Company marl pit, Sewell, -Gloucester County, New Jersey, by Keith Madden. Basal Hornerstown -Formation, Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous. - -Distal end of left tarsometatarsus (Figure 7_d,g,j_), NJSM 11853; -collected 27 March 1975 by David C. Parris from the main fossiliferous -layer of the Inversand Company marl pit. - -[Illustration: Figure 5.--Wing elements of _Burhinus_ and -_Telmatornis_. _a_, _Burhinus vermiculatus_ (USNM 488870), proximal end -of right humerus, anconal view, _b-d_, Telmatornis priscus (holotype -of _Graculavus pumilis_, YPM 850), proximal end of right humerus -(_b_, anconal view; _c_, palmar view; _d_, proximal view), _e,h_, _T. -priscus_ (holotype, YPM 840), distal end of left humerus (_e_, anconal -view; _h_, palmar view), _f,g_, _T. priscus_ (holotype of _Telmatornis -affinis_, YPM 845), distal end of right humerus (_f_, aconal view; _g_, -palmar view), _i_, _T. priscus_ (associated with YPM 850), distal end -of left carpometacarpus, dorsal view; _j_, _T. priscus_ (NJSM 11900), -proximal end of right ulna. (All figures x 2; specimens coated with -ammonium chloride to enhance detail.)] - -[Illustration: Figure 6.--Humeri of _Anatalavis_, new genus, and -_Telmatornis_. _a_, _Anatalavis rex_ (holotype, YPM 902), right -humerus, palmar view; × 1.5. _b,d,f_, _A. rex_, (YPM 948), left -humerus (_b_, palmar view, × 1.5; _d_, enlarged, anconal view, × 2; -_f_, enlarged, palmar view, × 2). _c,e,g_, _Telmatornis priscus_, -(ANSP 15360), left humerus (_c_, palmar view, × 1.5; _e_, enlarged, -anconal view, × 2; _g_, enlarged, palmar view, × 2); _h_, _Burhinus -vermiculatus_ (USNM 430630), left humerus, palmar view, × 2. (Specimens -coated with ammonium chloride to enhance detail.)] - -[Illustration: Figure 7.--Hindlimb elements. _a,b_, Right pedal -phalanx 1 of digit II (_a_, _Telmatornis priscus_, ANSP 15541; _b_, -_Presbyornis_ sp., USNM uncatalogued; part of associated foot), _c-k_, -Distal end of left tarsometatarsus, anterior, posterior, and distal -views, respectively (_c,f,i_, _Presbyornis_ sp., UCMP 126178; _d,g,j_, -_T. priscus_, NJSM 11853; _e,h,k_, _Burhinus vermiculalus_, USNM -488870). _l-n_, Distal portions of left tibiotarsi (_l_, _Palaeotringa -littoralis_, holotype, YPM 830; _m_, _P. vagans_, holotype, YPM 835; -_n_, _T. priscus_, holotype of _P. vetus_, ANSP 13361). (All figures × -2; specimens coated with ammonium chloride to enhance detail.)] - -Right pedal phalanx 1 of digit II (Figure 7_a_), ANSP 15541; collected -in 1972 by Richard White at the Inversand Company marl pit. - -Proximal end of right ulna (Figure 5_j_), NJSM 11900; collected 14 -July 1978 from spoil piles near junction of Routes 537 and 539, near -Hornerstown, Upper Freehold Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey, by -Gerard R. Case; presumably from the Hornerstown Formation but whether -from Cretaceous or Tertiary sediments is not known. - -Miller (1955) lists an additional specimen from near Arneytown under -the name _Palaeotringa vetus_ (YPM 2808). This was cataloged in 1937 -as “part of a tibia” of “Eocene” age but the specimen cannot now be -located in the Yale collections and its age and identity must be -considered very doubtful. - -Measurements (in mm).--Distal ends of humeri (YPM 840, YPM 845, ANSP -15360, respectively): distal width 10.9, 10.1, 11.3; depth through -dorsal condyle 5.7, 5.2, 5.5; width of shaft at proximal extent of -brachial fossa 6.3, 5.5,6.4; length from distal end of pectoral crest -to ventral condyle (ANSP 15360 only) 45.1; shaft width at midpoint -(ANSP 15360 only) 4.7. - -Proximal end of humerus YPM 850: proximal width through dorsal and -ventral tubercles 13.1; depth through bicipital surface and ventral -condyle 7.5, depth of head approximately 3.5. - -Proximal end of ulna NJSM 11900: depth through dorsal cotyla 7.0. - -Distal end of carpometacarpus YPM 840: depth at distal end 5.3; shaft -width 2.9. - -Distal end of tibiotarsus ANSP 13361: shaft width 3.5, approximate -depth through medial condyle 6.9. - -Distal end of tarsometatarsus NJSM 11853: distal width 6.1+; shaft -width 2.7. - -Pedal phalanx 1 of digit II: length 14.6; proximal width 3.0. - -Comparisons.--This is evidently the most abundant bird in the -New Jersey Cretaceous deposits. Hitherto it had been known only -from the two distal ends of humeri that are the holotypes of -_Telmatornis priscus_ and _T. affinis_. Marsh (1870) did not clearly -place _Telmatornis_ with any living family but mentioned species -of Rallidae, Scolopacidae, and Ardeidae in his comparisons. Hay -(1902:528) listed the genus under the Rallidae. Shufeldt (1915:26) -considered that _Telmatornis_ was not a heron but might be related -either to rail-like or charadriiform birds, the material, according -to him, being insufficient for positive determination. He (1915:27) -also described a larger species, _Telmatornis rex_, which we have -removed to a new genus. Lambrecht (1933:489) maintained _Telmatornis_ -as a genus incertae sedis in his order Ralliformes. Brodkorb (1967) -placed the genus in the family Rallidae, subfamily Rallinae, without -comment. Cracraft (1972) established that Telmatornis did not belong -in the Rallidae but was instead very similar to the Burhinidae. He -synonymized _T. affinis_ with _T. priscus_ and created a new family, -Telmatornithidae, for _T. priscus_ and _T. rex_. - -We concur in synonymizing _T. affinis_ with _T. priscus_. The holotypes -and the new specimen of humerus (ANSP 15360), which is instructive in -that it preserves much more of the shaft (Figure 6_c_), are indeed -very similar to the humeri in the Burhinidae. In size they are closely -comparable to the small living species _Burhinus vermiculatus_ (cf. -Figure 6_g,h_). The fossils differ from _Burhinus_ in having (1) the -shaft less curved, both in dorsal and in lateral views; (2) brachial -depression shorter, wider, and slightly more distally located; in -distal view (3) the ventral condyle smaller and less rounded; and (4) -the dorsal tricipital groove shallower. - -The distal portion of the humerus of _Telmatornis_ is similar to that -in _Presbyornis_ but differs in having (1) the dorsal condyle decidedly -more elongate; (2) olecranal fossa much shallower; (3) ventral -epicondyle in ventral view less distinctly demarcated but (4) more -protrudent in lateral or medial view. - -The proximal end of humerus (YPM 850) that is the holotype of -_Graculavus pumilis_ was considered by Shufeldt (1915:19) definitely -to be from a limicoline charadriiform. It is from a bird exactly the -size of _Telmatornis priscus_ and its coloration and preservation would -not be incompatible with its being the opposite end of the same bone -as the holotype of _T. affinis_ (Figure 5_b,c,f,g_). The following -differences between the holotypical humeri of _G. velox_ and _“G.” -pumilis_ establish that these belong to different genera: (1) in -_velox_ the area dorsal to the ventral tubercle and distal to the head -is much more excavated, undercutting the head; (2) the dorsal tubercle -is more pronounced; (3) there is a distinct excavation distomedial to -the ventral tubercle, lacking in _pumilis_; (4) the ventral tubercle in -ventral view is much more produced in _velox_ than in _pumilis_. - -The holotype of _G. pumilis_ is very similar to the humerus in the -Burhinidae but differs from that family and agrees with _Graculavus_ -in characters 8, 9, and 10 (p. 6). It differs further from the -Burhinidae in having the area for the attachment of M. scapulohumeralis -caudalis extending farther distally in ventral view. It differs from -_Presbyornis_ mainly in lacking the excavation to and undercutting -the head. Because pumilis is not congeneric with _Graculavus velox_ -and because of its size and similarities with the Burhinidae and -_Presbyornis_, we have no hesitation about considering Graculavus -pumilis Marsh, 1872, to be a junior subjective synonym of _Telmatornis -priscus_ Marsh, 1870. - -The proximal end of an ulna, NJSM 11900 (Figure 5_j_), is from a bird -the size of _Burhinus vermiculatus_ and not too dissimilar to it -except that the shaft is more robust in the fossil. The specimen is -too imperfect to merit detailed study and is referred to Telmatornis -priscus only on size and probability. - -The very fragmentary distal end of carpometacarpus associated with the -type of _G. pumilis_ (Figure 5_i_) is slightly larger and more robust -than in _Burhinus vermiculatus_, but not so much as to be incompatible -with _T. priscus_. Compared to _Burhinus_ (1) the symphysial area -is deeper and (2) the articular surface for the major digit is -proportionately larger, the specimen being somewhat more similar to the -carpometacarpus in _Presbyornis_. - -The three specimens of _Palaeotringa_ Marsh from the Cretaceous of New -Jersey are based on poorly preserved distal ends of tibiotarsi. The -holotype of _Palaeotringa vetus_ Marsh, 1870 (Figure 7_n_) is similar -in size to the comparable element in _Burhinus vermiculatus_, though -with a relatively more slender shaft, and hence is from a bird the -size of _T. priscus_, being smaller than any of the other species of -_Palaeotringa_. It is more similar to _Presbyornis_ than to _Burhinus_. -Because it is from a charadriiform the size of _T. priscus_, as first -revisers we tentatively consider _Palaeotringa vetus_ Marsh, 1870, -to be a subjective synonym of _Telmatornis priscus_ Marsh, 1870. The -only alternative would be to consign it to Aves incertae sedis. It is -of passing historical interest to recall Marsh's (1870:209) comment -that the type of _Palaeotringa vetus_ “apparently was the first fossil -bird-bone discovered in this country,” having been mentioned both by -Morton (1834) and Harlan (1835) as belonging to the genus _Scolopax_ -(Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae). - -The distal portion of tarsometatarsus NJSM 11853 (Figure 7_d,g,f_) -is unfortunately quite abraded. It is from a small charadriiform and -has a shaft width about the same as in _Burhinus vermiculatus_. If -this fossil came from an individual of _Telmatornis priscus_, as we -assume, _T. priscus_ being the smallest and most abundant “graculavid” -in the New Jersey Cretaceous deposits, then it is a very instructive -specimen, for it differs much more from Burhinus than does the humerus -of Telmatornis. NJSM 11853 differs from the Burhinidae and agrees with -_Presbyornis_ in having (1) the distal foramen proportionately large -and oval, not very small and circular; (2) a large, well-developed scar -for the hallux (hallux absent in Burhinidae); (3) external trochlea -proximodistally more elongate. That which remains of the inner trochlea -indicates that it was (1) somewhat more posteriorly retracted than -in _Burhinus_ but (2) not nearly as elevated and retracted as in -_Presbyornis_. - -Pedal phalanx ANSP 15541 (Figure 7_a_) is from a bird the size of _T. -priscus_. This specimen is much longer and more slender than phalanx 1 -of digit II in _Burhinus vermiculatus_ but has almost exactly the shape -and proportions of the same element in _Presbyornis_ (Figure 7_b_), -although being much smaller. Although its assignment to _Telmatornis_ -is very tentative, the length of this element seems to indicate a -wading bird as opposed to one with the terrestrially adapted shorter -toes of the Burhinidae. - - - - -=Genus _Anatalavis_, new genus= - - -Type-Species.--Telmatornis rex Shufeldt, 1915. - -Included Species.--Type-species only. - -Diagnosis.--Differs from _Telmatornis_ and _Presbyornis_ in (1) having -the shaft very short, stout, and much more curved, both in dorsoventral -and lateromedial views. Differs from _Telmatornis_ and agrees with -_Presbyornis_ in (2) having the distal end in distal view deeper, with -(3) a narrower and much deeper olecranal fossa. Also, (4) the brachial -depression is smaller and narrower than in _Telmatornis_ but not as -deep, nor as proximally situated as in _Presbyornis_. - -Etymology.--“Duck-winged bird,” from Latin _anas_, duck, _ala_, wing, -and _avis_, bird. The gender is feminine. - - -=_Anatalavis rex_ (Shufeldt, 1915), new combination= - -Figure 6_a,b,d_J - - - Telmatornis rex Shufeldt, 1915:27, fig. 101. - -Holotype.--Right humerus lacking proximal end, YPM 902 (Figure 6_a_). - -Locality and Horizon.--From Hornerstown, Upper Freehold Township, -Monmouth County, New Jersey; collected by W. Ross in 1878; probably -Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), basal Hornerstown Formation. - -Referred Specimen.--Paratypical left humerus lacking proximal end, -YPM 948 (Figure 6_b,d,f_). From Hornerstown, Upper Freehold Township, -Monmouth County, New Jersey; collected by J.G. Meirs in 1869; probably -Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), basal Hornerstown Formation. - -Measurements (in mm).--Humeri (YPM 902, YPM 948, respectively): distal -width 13.6, 13.2; depth through dorsal condyle 7.3, 7.5; width of shaft -at proximal extent of brachial fossa 7.2,7.5; length from distal end of -pectoral crest to ventral condyle 49.1, 50.7; shaft width at midpoint -5.4, 5.6. - -Remarks.--Shufeldt (1915:27) described this species in the same genus -as _T. priscus_ and _T. affinis_ but correctly noted that the humerus -“is a short one ... its sigmoid curve very pronounced.” Cracraft -(1972:41) considered that “except for its decidedly larger size, _T. -rex_ does not differ from _T. priscus_ in any significant features.” -In fairness to these authors, it should be noted that the great -differences between Anatalavis and Telmatornis are much more apparent -in comparisons with the new humerus of _T. priscus_ (ANSP 15360), which -preserves much more of the shaft than the previously known specimens. -Both Shufeldt and Cracraft considered YPM 948 to belong to the same -species as the holotype of _T. rex_, and we concur. - -The specimens of _A. rex_ are not comparable with the type of -_Graculavus velox_, which was from a larger bird. _Anatalavis rex_ -was a larger, heavier bird than _Telmatornis priscus_, with the -humerus remarkably short and robust, so that the overall length of the -humerus in _A. rex_ would scarcely have exceeded that of _T. priscus_. -_Anatalavis_ must have been a bird of considerably different flight -habits from _Telmatornis_ or _Presbyornis_. The overall appearance of -its humerus is in fact rather duck-like, except for the more expanded -distal end. It is still quite short and stout even for a duck. - - -=Genus _Laornis_ Marsh, 1870= - - -Type-Species.--_Laornis edvardsianus_ Marsh, 1870, by monotypy. - -Included Species.--Type species only. - - -=_Laornis edvardsianus_ Marsh, 1870= - -Figure 8_a,c,e_ - - - _Laornis edvardsianus_ Marsh, 1870:206. - -Holotype.--Distal end of right tibiotarsus, YPM 820. - -Locality and Horizon.--From pits of the Pemberton Marl Company at -Birmingham, Burlington County, New Jersey; collected by J.C. Gaskill; -Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), basal Hornerstown Formation. - -Measurements (in mm).--Distal end of tibiotarsus, YPM 820: distal width -across condyles 22.6, depth of external condyle 19.3, depth of internal -condyle 21.1, least shaft width 11.7, least shaft depth 9.6. - -Comparisons.--The very large size of this specimen has undoubtedly -been a factor in misleading those who have attempted to identify -it, as it came from a bird the size of a swan or a large crane. -The affinities of this fossil have long been questioned and the -species has for most of its history been in limbo. Marsh (1870:207) -concluded only that _Laornis_ “shows a strong resemblance in several -respects to the _Lamellirostres_ [Anseriformes], and also to the -_Longipennes_ [Charadriiformes (Lari) and Procellariiformes], but -differs essentially from the typical forms of both of these groups.” In -its own nebulous way, this assessment is concordant with our placement -of _Laornis_ in a charadriiform group that was near the ancestry of -the Anseriformes. Doubtless only on the strength of Marsh's comments. -Cope (1869-1870:237) placed _Laornis_ in the “Lamellirostres.” Hay -(1902:531) included _Laornis_ in the Anatidae. Shufeldt (1915:23) -hardly clarified matters when he characterized _Laornis_ as “at least -one of the generalized types of waders,” being a “remarkable type, -which seems to have, judging from this piece of the tibiotarsus, -Turkey, Swan, Crane, and even other groups all combined in it.” -Lambrecht (1933:526) included _Laornis_ as a genus incertae sedis in -his “Telmatoformes,” between the Aramidae and Otididae. - -The type was restudied by Cracraft (1973:46) who put _Laornis_ in the -Gruiformes and created a new family (Laornithidae) and superfamily -(Laornithoidea) for it. He included it in his suborder Ralli, the only -other member of which was the Rallidae. After preliminary comparisons, -Olson (1974) ventured that _Laornis_ belonged in the suborder Lari -of the Charadriiformes. Brodkorb (1978:214) listed _Laornis_ under -Aves incertae sedis and guessed that it might be related to the -Pelecaniformes. - -Except for the extreme difference in size, the tibiotarsus of _Laornis_ -is in many respects similar to that of _Presbyornis_ (Figure 8), -especially in (1) the shape and position of the tubercle proximal to -the external condyle; (2) the transverse pit in the intercondylar -sulcus; and (3) the broad, shallow intercondylar sulcus as seen in -distal view. It differs in a seemingly minor but quite characteristic -feature, the large nutrient foramen situated in the groove for M. -peroneus brevis (Figure 8_c_). This is absent in _Presbyornis_ but is -present in both of the tibiotarsi from the Cretaceous of New Jersey -in which that portion of the bone is preserved (the holotypes of -Palaeotringa littoralis and _P. vagans_), as well as in a tibiotarsus -(Science Museum of Minnesota P75.22.25) from the type-locality of -_Dakotornis cooperi_ Erickson, 1975, that may be referable to that -graculavid-like species. The foramen in the peroneus brevis groove -may also be found in at least some specimens of Stercorariidae, which -is partly what led Olson (1974) to suggest a relationship between -_Laornis_ and the Lari. _Laornis_ appears to have been an extremely -large member of the “transitional Charadriiformes,” though where its -relationships may lie within that group cannot be determined. - - - - -=Genus _Palaeotringa_ Marsh, 1870= - - -Type-Species.--_Palaeotringa littoralis_ Marsh, 1870; by subsequent -designation (Hay, 1902:527). - -Included Species.--_Palaeotringa littoralis_ Marsh, 1870, and -_Palaeotringa vagans_ Marsh, 1872. - - -=_Palaeotringa littoralis_ Marsh, 1870= - -Figure 7_l_ - - - _Palaeotringa littoralis_ Marsh, 1870:208. - -Holotype.--Distal portion of left tibiotarsus lacking most of the inner -condyle, YPM 830. - -Locality and Horizon.--Collected in the “middle marl beds” by Nicolas -Wain from his marl pits near Hornerstown, New Jersey; Late Cretaceous -(Maastrichtian), either basal Hornerstown Formation or Navesink -Formation. - -Measurements (in mm).--Depth through outer condyle 8.2; width of shaft -just proximal to outer condyle 7.0. - -Comparisons.--This specimen and that of _P. vagans_ are too fragmentary -for useful comparison. Both have the foramen in the groove for -M. peroneus brevis, mentioned above. Their overall similarity to -_Presbyornis_ and to charadriiform birds in general justifies retaining -them with the other “graculavids” but other than this little else can -be said. In size, _Palaeotringa littoralis_ would have been about -equal to _Burhinus bistriatus vocifer_ and smaller than _Esacus -magnirostris_. Hence it would seem to be too small to belong to the -same species as _Graculavus velox_ and is definitely too large to be -referable to _Telmatornis priscus_. - -[Illustration: Figure 8.--Distal end of right tibiotarsus of (_a,c,e_) -_Laornis edvardsianus_, holotype, YPM 820, compared with (_b,d,f_) the -same element enlarged in _Presbyornis_ sp., UW BQ305: _a,b_, anterior -views; _c,d_, lateral views (note large foramen in peroneus brevis -groove of _Laornis_); _e,f_, distal views. (_a,c,e_, × 1.5, _b,d,f_, × -4; specimens coated with ammonium chloride to enhance detail.)] - - -=_Palaeotringa littoralis?_= - -Figure 9_a_ - - -Referred Material.--Distal portion of a left humerus, NJSM 11303. - -Locality and Horizon.--Collected from the main fossiliferous layer of -the Inversand Company marl pit, Sewell, Gloucester County, New Jersey; -Hornerstown Formation, latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian); collected 27 -September 1972 by David C. Parris. - -Measurements (in mm).--Distal width 12.8, depth through dorsal condyle -6.9, width of shaft at proximal extent of brachial fossa 8.2. - -Comparisons.--This interesting specimen, although considerably worn, -clearly has the overall “graculavid” morphology but shows sufficient -differences from the humeri of _Telmatornis_ or _Anatalavis_ to warrant -its generic separation from them. In size it is about equal to the -modern form _Burhinus bistriatus vocifer_ and hence would be compatible -with _P. littoralis_. It differs from _Telmatornis_, _Anatalavis_, or -_Presbyornis_, and is more similar to _Burhinus_ in having (1) the -brachial depression wider, shallower, and more proximally situated. -Although affected by wear, (2) the dorsal condyle is nevertheless -considerably smaller and not produced as far proximally as in any of -the preceding genera, although _Presbyornis_ is more similar in this -respect than the others. In distal view the specimen is more similar -to _Presbyornis_ than to the other Cretaceous humeri, although (3) the -olecranal fossa is shallower. If this specimen is correctly referred -to _Palaeotringa_, it shows that genus to be distinct from any of the -others yet known in the fauna except possibly _Graculavus_, for which -the distal end of the humerus is unknown. - - -=_Palaeotringa vagans_ Marsh, 1872= - -Figure 7_m_ - - - _Palaeotringa vagans_ Marsh, 1872:365. - -Holotype.--Fragmented distal two-thirds of a left tibiotarsus lacking -the external condyle and the anterior portion of the internal condyle, -YPM 835. - -Locality and Horizon.--From Hornerstown, Upper Freehold Township, -Monmouth County, New Jersey; collected by J.G. Meirs; Late Cretaceous -(Maastrichtian), “about ten feet below the surface of the marl” (Marsh, -1872:365), either basal Hornerstown Formation or Navesink Formation. - -Measurements (in mm).--Width of shaft just proximal to external condyle -5.8. - -Comparisons.--This very unsatisfactory specimen comes from a species -smaller than _P. littoralis_ and larger than _P. vetus_ (= _Telmatornis -priscus_). It differs from the latter and agrees with _P. littoralis_ -in having the distal tendinal opening of a flattened oval shape, rather -than decidedly rounded. If we have correctly referred _P. vetus_ to -_Telmatornis priscus_, then it is certain that neither of the other -two species of _Palaeotringa_ can be referred to _Telmatornis_. In _P. -vagans_ the tendinal groove appears to be much narrower and the bridge -much deeper than in _P. littoralis_, but this is in part due to damage -and possible immaturity in the latter specimen, so it remains possible -that these species are in fact congeneric. The species _P. vagans_ can -be retained as it is smaller than any of the other graculavids in the -fauna except _T. priscus_, from which it is generically distinct. - - -=Graculavidae, Genus and Species Indeterminate= - -Figure 9_b,c_ - - -Referred Material.--Abraded distal end of left humerus and associated -proximal portion of humeral shaft, proximal end of radius, and fragment -of shaft of ulna, NJSM 11302. - -Locality and Horizon.--Collected from the main fossiliferous layer of -the Inversand Company marl pit, Sewell, Gloucester County, New Jersey; -Hornerstown Formation, latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian); collected 15 -August 1972 by David C. Parris. - -Measurements (in mm).--Humerus: distal width 19 mm, depth through -dorsal condyle 9.7, width of shaft at proximal extent of brachial fossa -11.0; greatest proximal diameter of radius 7.0. - -Comparisons.--The distal end of the humerus is the only reasonably -diagnostic element in this assortment and indicates a large, robust -species that would have exceeded in size any of the others known in -this Cretaceous avifauna except _Laornis edvardsianus_, which was -much larger still. In size this bird would have approximated the -modern flamingo _Phoeniconaias minor_, which it somewhat resembles in -morphology as well. The humerus is not greatly different from that -of other Graculavidae in general aspect but is distinct in having a -larger, much deeper, and more proximally situated brachial depression. -It represents a species distinct from any of the others yet known -in the fauna and is certainly generically distinct from all except -possibly _Graculavus_, for which comparable elements are unknown. - - - - -=Order Procellariiformes?= - - -Among the newly collected material from the Inversand pit is a singular -avian humerus that cannot be assigned to the Graculavidae or to -any other known family, fossil or modern. Although it is generally -inadvisable to name even Paleogene birds on single elements, to say -nothing of Cretaceous ones, the specimen under consideration here is -superior to any of the other avian fossils yet collected from the -Cretaceous of New Jersey, both in preservation and in diagnostic -qualities, and it would seem incongruous to leave it innominate when -practically all the other fragments from the same deposits have -received names. - -[Illustration: Figure 9.--Miscellaneous elements, _a_, _Palaeotringa -littoralis?_ (NJSM 11303), distal end of left humerus, palmar view; -_b_, Graculavidae, genus and species indeterminate (NJSM 11302), -distal end of left humerus, palmar view; _c_, proximal end of -radius associated with _b_; _d_, _Graculavus velox?_ (NJSM 11854), -right carpometacarpus; _e,f_, Procellariiformes?, genus and species -indeterminate (ANSP 15713), distal end of left ulna (_e_, external -view;/dorsal view); _g_, Aves, incertae sedis (NJSM 12119), distal end -of left femur, posterior view. (_a,b,c,d_, × 2; _e,f,g_, × 5; specimens -coated with ammonium chloride to enhance detail.)] - -The most distinctive features of this specimen are the deep brachial -depression and the incipient ectepicondylar spur, thus calling to mind -both the Lari (Charadriiformes) and the Procellariiformes among modern -birds. Among the Pelecaniformes it also bears a resemblance to the -Phaethontidae and especially to the Eocene frigatebird _Limnofregata_ -(Fregatidae) (Olson, 1977). - - - - -=Family Tytthostonychidae, new family= - - -Type Genus.--_Tytthostonyx_, new genus. - -Included Genera.--Type genus only. - -Diagnosis.--Differs from the Lari and other Charadriiformes in (1) -the low, narrow head; (2) the very large, long pectoral crest; (3) -the virtual absence of the incisura capitis or any excavation for M. -coracobrachialis cranialis; and (4) the shallow, indistinct tricipital -grooves. It agrees with the Procellariiformes and differs from -_Phaethon_ and _Limnofregata_ in characters 2 and 4, and in the large, -deeply excavated brachial depression. The ectepicondylar spur is better -developed than in any of the Pelecaniformes but not as well developed -as in the Procellariiformes. The apparently very broad pectoral crest -extends much farther distally than in any of the Procellariiformes or -even in _Limnofregata_, to which the fossil is somewhat more similar -in this respect. Tytthostonyx differs from any of the taxa compared in -having the ventral condyle very rounded, extending distally well past -the dorsal condyle. - - - - -=Genus _Tytthostonyx_, new genus= - - -Type-Species.--_Tytthostonyx glauconiticus_, new species. - -Included Species.--Type species only. - -Diagnosis.--As for the family. - -Etymology.--Greek, _tytthos_, little, plus _stonyx_, any sharp point. -The name is masculine in gender and refers to the small, presumably -rudimentary, ectepicondylar spur. It should not be confused with the -coleopteran genus _Tytthonyx_, based on _onyx_, claw. - - -=_Tytthostonyx glauconiticus_, new species= - -Figures 10, 11 - - -Holotype.--Right humerus lacking the ventral tubercle, portions of the -pectoral crest, and other parts of the proximal end, where partially -reconstructed, NJSM 11341. - -Locality and Horizon.--Main fossiliferous layer of the Inversand -Company marl pit, Sewell, Gloucester County, New Jersey; basal portion -of the Hornerstown Formation, latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian); -collected 11 October 1973 by David C. Parris. - -Measurements of Holotype (in mm).--Length as reconstructed, 110; width -and depth of shaft at midpoint 7.0 × 5.6; distal width 14.8; depth -through dorsal condyle 8.7. - -Etymology.--From Latin, _glaucus_ (Greek, _glaukos_), bluish green -or gray, sea-colored, applied to greensands because of their color, -although appropriate because of their marine origins as well; in -reference to the holotype having been recovered from beds of glauconite. - -Remarks.--A possible relationship between the Procellariiformes and -Pelecaniformes has been previously suggested (Sibley and Ahlquist, -1972:70; Olson, 1985:142), and among the pelecaniform taxa most often -mentioned as being procellariiform-like are the Fregatidae. It is -tempting to regard the humerus of _Tytthostonyx_ as being similar -to that possessed by the ancestral stock that gave rise to the -Procellariiformes. Its similarities also to the Eocene frigatebird -_Limnofregata_ would thus be seen as corroborating the primitiveness -of the Fregatidae within the Pelecaniformes. Whereas _Tytthostonyx_ -definitely has not achieved the highly distinctive and presumably -derived morphology of the humerus of modern Procellariiformes, the -incipient development of the ectepicondylar spur and deep brachial -depression could be interpreted as tending in that direction. - -On the other hand, we must admit that we are dealing with only a -single bone and one of very great age at that, so that the risk of -overinterpreting the fossil is correspondingly great. We can only -discern the overall similarities of the specimen and phylogenetic -inferences can therefore be only tentative at best. - - - - -=Family and Genus Indeterminate= - -Figure 9_e,f_ - - -Referred Material.--Distal portion of left ulna ANSP 15713. - -Locality and Horizon.--Inversand Company marl pit, near Sewell, -Gloucester County, New Jersey; Hornerstown Formation, Late Cretaceous -(Maastrichtian); not found in situ, collected on shelf formed by “blue -bed”; collected 31 August 1977 by Richard S. White. - -Measurements (in mm).--Distal width 2.6, distal depth 3.1, width and -depth of shaft near point of break 1.8 × 1.9. - -Comparisons.--This specimen comes from a very small bird. The only -modern pelagic birds in this size range are the storm-petrels of -the family Oceanitidae and the fossil resembles this family in the -extremely straight shaft of the ulna, the shape and depth of the -tendinal grooves, and the relatively well-developed scars for the -attachment of the secondaries. It differs from the Oceanitidae in -having the ventral lip of the external condyle much more rounded and -protrudent past the plane of the shaft, whereas the carpal tubercle in -dorsal view is markedly smaller. On this basis, the fossil certainly -could not be referred to the Oceanitidae and that it should be -associated with the Procellariiformes may be doubted as well. - -[Illustration: Figure 10.--_Tytthostonyx glauconiticus_, new genus -and species (holotype, NJSM 11341), right humerus: _a,b_, anconal and -palmar views of uncoated specimen to show reconstructed areas, × 0.8; -_c,d_, stereophotographs of coated specimen in anconal and palmar -views, × 1.3.] - -[Illustration: Figure 11.--_Tytthostonyx glauconiticus_, new genus and -species (holotype, NJSM 11341), stereophotographs of distal end of -right humerus: _a_, anconal view; _b_, palmar view; _c_, ventral view; -_d_, dorsal view; _e_, distal view. (All figures × 2; specimens coated -with ammonium chloride to enhance detail.)] - - - - -=Aves, incertae sedis= - -Figure 9_g_ - - -Referred Material.--Distal end of left femur, NJSM 12119. - -Locality and Horizon.--Inversand Company marl pit, Sewell, Gloucester -County, New Jersey; from processed spoil piles, precise stratum -unknown; collected 12 December 1981 by Cynthia Miller. Presumably -from the Hornerstown Formation but could be either Late Cretaceous or -Paleocene. - -Measurements (in mm).--Distal width 4.3, distal depth 3.8. - -Comparisons.--This is also from a very small bird, possibly the same -size as the species represented by the preceding ulna (ANSP 15713; -Figure 9_e,f_) but probably somewhat larger. It is characterized -by an extremely well-developed tubercle for the attachment of M. -gastrocnemius lateralis. A perfunctory perusal of modern taxa revealed -nothing similar. - - - - -=Discussion= - - -Because the specimens treated here are avian and of Mesozoic age, it is -almost certain that too much importance will be made of them by some -future authors. Indeed, it will probably be years before the literature -can be expunged of the records of presumed occurrences that arose from -previous misidentifications of these fossils. Therefore, in an effort -to forestall overenthusiasm for these fragments we shall present our -own brief assessment of their significance. - -Unlike most other Cretaceous birds, such as the Hesperornithiformes, -Ichthyornithiformes, and Enantiornithiformes, which represent totally -extinct lineages (Olson, 1985), the Cretaceous birds of New Jersey are -of essentially modern aspect. However, there are no modern families -of birds represented in the fauna. The differences among the fossils -suggest that at least two orders are represented, but whether any or -all of the species can be placed in modern orders is more difficult -to say. This stems as much from the unsatisfactory state of the -ordinal classification of modern birds (Olson, 1981, 1985), as from -the incompleteness of the fossils. There are certain modern birds, for -example the Burhinidae, with sufficient similarities to some of the -Cretaceous fossils that there would be no problem with associating them -in the same ordinal-level taxon, though it would be more difficult to -say which other modern families should also be included. - -The material is too poor to state how many families are represented -in the fauna, although if the various members of the “form-family” -Graculavidae were better known there can scarcely be any doubt that -more than one family would be recognized in this group. Within -the Graculavidae from New Jersey there appear to be six genera -(_Graculavus_, _Telmatornis_, _Palaeotringa_, _Laornis_, _Anatalavis_, -and an unnamed genus). These are diverse, ranging in size from the -smallest of the modern Burhinidae to that of a large crane. The very -short, robust, curved humeri of _Anatalavis_ indicate some diversity in -mode of flight as well. The greatest similarity of most of these forms -is to the early Paleogene bird _Presbyornis_, and then to the modern -family Burhinidae. Because these two groups are very different in their -habits and feeding adaptations we may expect that the various members -of the Graculavidae were probably as divergent from one another as are -_Presbyornis_ and _Burhinus_, their similarities being almost certainly -due to the retention of primitive characters. - -Including the two genera and species that show some similarities to the -Procellariiformes, along with the small indeterminate femur, the total -avifauna from the New Jersey greensands comprises 8 or 9 genera and 9 -or 10 species. As far as can be determined, all of the birds in this -assemblage were probably marine or littoral in habits. We certainly -would not interpret this as indicating that waterbirds are primitive -and that they gave rise to land birds, as suggested by Thulborn and -Hamley (1985) in their fantastic and highly improbable conjectures as -to the mode of life of _Archaeopteryx_. Indeed, just the opposite is -probably the case (Olson, 1985), the lack of Late Cretaceous fossils of -truly terrestrial or arboreal birds most likely being due to sampling -bias. - - - - -Appendix - - -The nonavian megafauna of the main fossiliferous layer (Basal -Hornerstown Formation), at the Inversand Company marl pit, Sewell, -Gloucester County, New Jersey is listed below. Also found in the -deposits were numerous coprolites of sharks and crocodilians, some -amber, phosphatized wood, and a few seeds. Voucher specimens are in the -collections of the New Jersey State Museum, Academy of Natural Sciences -of Philadelphia, and Yale University (Princeton University collections). - - -Brachiopoda - - _Terebratulina atlantica_ (Morton) - - -Gastropoda - - _Gyrodes abyssinus_ (Morton) - _Acteon cretacea_ Gabb - _Anchura abrupta_ Conrad - _Turbinella parva_ Gabb - _Lunatia halli_ Gabb - _Pyropsis trochiformis_ (Tuomey) - _Volutoderma ovata_ Whitfield - _Turbinella subconica_ Gabb - _Turritella vertebroides_ Morton - - -Pelecypoda - - _Cardium tenuistriatum_ Whitfield - _Glycymeris mortoni_ (Conrad) - _Gryphaea convexa_ (Say) - _Gervilliopsis ensiformis_ (Conrad) - _Panopea decisa_ Conrad - _Veniella conradi_ Morton - _Crassatella vadosa_ Morton - _Cucullaea vulgaris_ Morton - _Lithophaga ripleyana_ Gabb - _Xylophagella irregularis_ (Gabb) - _Nuculana stephensoni_ Richards - _Etea delawarensis_ (Gabb) - - -Nautiloidea - - _Eutrephoceras dekayi_ (Morton) - - -Ammonoidea - - _Baculites ovatus_ Say - _Sphenodiscus lobatus_ (Tuomey) - _Pachydiscus_ (_Neodesmoceras_) sp. - - -Crustacea - - cf. _Hoploparia_ sp. - - -Chondrichthyes - - _Lamma appendiculata_ (Agassiz) - _Odontaspis cuspidata_ (Agassiz) - _Squalicorax pristodontus_ (Morton) - _Hexanchus_ sp. - _Edaphodon stenobryus_ (Cope) - _Edaphodon mirificus_ Leidy - _Ischyodus_ cf. _I. thurmanni_ Pictet and Campiche - _Squatina_ sp. - _Myliobatis_ cf. _M. leidyi_ Hay - _Ischyrhiza mira_ Leidy - _Rhinoptera_ sp. - cf. _Rhombodus levis_ Cappetta and Case - - -Osteichthyes - - _Enchodus_ cf. _E. ferox_ Leidy - _Enchodus_ cf. _E. serrulalus_ Fowler - _Paralbula casei_ Estes - - -Chelonia - - _Adocus beatus_ Leidy - _Osteopygis emarginatus_ Cope - _Taphrospys sulcatus_ (Leidy) - _Dollochelys atlantica_ (Zangerl) - - -Crocodilia - - cf. _Procaimanoidea_ sp. - _Hyposaurus rogersii_ Owen - _Thoracosaurus_ sp. - _Bottosaurus harlani_ Meyer - _Diplocynodon_ sp. - - -Lacertilia - - _Mosasaurus_ sp. - _Plioplatecarpus_ sp. - - - - -Literature Cited - - -Baird, Donald - - 1967. 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Imlay - - 1942. Correlation of the Outcropping Cretaceous Formations of - the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain and Trans-Pecos, Texas. - _Geological Society of America Bulletin_, 53:435-448, 1 plate. - -Thulborn, Richard A., and Tim L. Hamley - - 1985. A New Palaeoecological Role for _Archaeopteryx_. _In_ M.K. - Hecht, J.H. Ostrom, G. Viohl, and P. Wellnhofer, editors, - _The Beginnings of Birds: Proceedings of the International - Archaeopteryx Conference Eichstätt 1984_, pages 81-89, 2 - figures. Eichstätt: Freunde des Jura-Museums. - -Vanuxem, Lardner - - 1829. Remark on the Characters and Classification of Certain Rock - Formations. _American Journal of Science_, 16:254-256. - -Wetmore, Alexander - - 1926. Fossil Birds from the Green River Deposits of Eastern Utah. - _Annals of the Carnegie Museum_, 16(3-4):391-402, plates 36-37. - - 1930. The Age of the Supposed Cretaceous Birds from New Jersey. - _Auk_, 47(2):186-188. - - 1940. 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Parris\x97A Project Gutenberg eBook - </title> - <link rel="icon" href="images/cover_epub.jpg" type="image/x-cover" /> - <style> /* <![CDATA[ */ - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em; - text-indent: 1.5em; -} -.p0 { - text-indent: 0.0em; -} - - -hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 33.5%; - margin-right: 33.5%; - clear: both; -} - -hr.tb {width: 45%; margin-left: 27.5%; margin-right: 27.5%;} -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} -@media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} } - -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} -h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} - -table { - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; - border-collapse: collapse; -} -.tblcont {width: 80%;} -.tblcont tr:hover {background-color: #f5f5f5;} - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; -} /* page numbers */ - -.tdl {text-align: left;} -.tdc {text-align: center;} -.tdr {text-align: right;} -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - -h1, h2, h3, .caption1, .caption2 {font-weight: bold; text-align: center; text-indent:0;} -h1 {font-size:2.00em; margin-top: 1.5em;} -h2 {font-size:1.50em; margin-top: 1.0em;} -h3 {font-size:1.25em; margin-top: 1.0em;} -.caption1 {font-size:2.00em; text-align: center; text-indent:0; margin-top: 1.0em;} -.caption2 {font-size:1.50em; text-align: center; text-indent:0; margin-top: 1.0em;} -.caption3nb {font-size:1.25em; text-align: center; text-indent:0; margin-top: 1.0em;} -.smaller {font-size: 0.8em;} -.ind2em {margin-left: 2em;} - -.blkqtp {margin-left: 6em; text-indent: -2em; margin-right: 2em; text-align: left; - padding-bottom: 2em;} - -.blockquot {margin-left: 4em; text-indent: -2em; margin-right: 2em; text-align: left; - padding-bottom: 2em;} - -/* Images */ - -img { - max-width: 100%; - height: auto; -} - -.figcaption { - font-size: 0.8em; -} - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; - page-break-inside: avoid; - max-width: 100%; -} - -.figleft { - float: left; - clear: left; - margin-left: 0; - margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-right: 1em; - padding: 0; - text-align: center; - page-break-inside: avoid; - max-width: 100%; -} -/* comment out next line and uncomment the following one for floating figleft on ebookmaker output */ -.x-ebookmaker .figleft {float: none; text-align: center; margin-right: 0;} -/* .x-ebookmaker .figleft {float: left;} */ - -.figright { - float: right; - clear: right; - margin-left: 1em; - margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-right: 0; - padding: 0; - text-align: center; - page-break-inside: avoid; - max-width: 100%; -} -/* comment out next line and uncomment the following one for floating figright on ebookmaker output */ -.x-ebookmaker .figright {float: none; text-align: center; margin-left: 0;} -/* .x-ebookmaker .figright {float: right;} */ - -/* Footnotes */ -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} - -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: - none; -} - -.transnote { - background-color: #A1FAA8; - font-size: 1.25em; - text-align: center; - padding: 1.5em; -} - - /* ]]> */ </style> -</head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The cretaceous birds of New Jersey, by Storrs L. Olson</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The cretaceous birds of New Jersey</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Authors: Storrs L. Olson</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em;'>David C. Parris</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: October 7, 2022 [eBook #69109]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Tom Cosmas compiled from materials made available at The Internet Archive and placed in the Public Domain.</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CRETACEOUS BIRDS OF NEW JERSEY ***</div> - - - - -<div class="tdc" id="cover" style="width: 358px; margin: 2em auto;"> - <img src="images/cover.png" width="358" height="468" alt="" /> -<div class="tdc"> -The Cretaceous Birds of New Jersey<br/> -STORRS L. OLSON and DAVID C. PARRIS<br /> -SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY • NUMBER 63 -</div> -</div> - - -<h2>SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION</h2> - -<p>Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was -expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan -for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the -following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, -giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes -made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of -basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of -titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, -commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and -continuing with the following active series:</p> - -<p class="tdc"> - <i>Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology</i><br /> - <i>Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics</i><br /> - <i>Smithsonian Contributions to Botany</i><br /> - <i>Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences</i><br /> - <i>Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences</i><br /> - <i>Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology</i><br /> - <i>Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology</i><br /> - <i>Smithsonian Folklife Studies</i><br /> - <i>Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space</i><br /> - <i>Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology</i> -</p> - -<p>In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale -monographs that report the research and collections of its various -museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of -science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing -lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout -the world.</p> - -<p>Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by -the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format -and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums -or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press -requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the -inside back cover.</p> - -<table style="margin-left: 25em;"> -<tr> - <td><span style="width: 25em;"> </span></td> - <td class="tdl">Robert McC. Adams<br /> - Secretary<br /> - Smithsonian Institution<br /></td> -</tr> -</table> - - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - - -<p class="caption3nb">SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY · NUMBER 63</p> - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h1 class="nobreak" id="The_Cretaceous_Birds_of_New_Jersey">The Cretaceous Birds of New Jersey</h1> -</div> - - -<h2>Storrs L. Olson and David C. Parris</h2> - - -<div class="figcenter" id="logo" style="width: 100px;"> - <img src="images/logo.png" width="100" height="100" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="tdc">SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS<br /> - -Washington, D.C.<br /> - -1987</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="ABSTRACT">ABSTRACT</h2> -</div> - - -<p>Olson, Storrs L., and David C. Parris. The Cretaceous Birds of New -Jersey. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, number 63, 22 -pages, 11 figures, 1987.—This is a revision of the fossil birds from -Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian; Hornerstown and Navesink formations) -deposits in New Jersey. Material of previously named taxa, described -over a century ago, is augmented by more recently collected specimens -from a new locality at the Inversand Company marl pits near Sewell, -Gloucester County. With about 8 genera and 9 species, this is the most -diverse Cretaceous avifauna yet known. Most species belong to a group -of primitive Charadriiformes resembling in limb morphology the fossil -family Presbyornithidae and the living family Burhinidae. These are -tentatively referred to the "form family" Graculavidae Fürbringer, -1888, with its provisional synonyms Palaeotringinae Wetmore, 1940; -Telmatornithidae Cracraft, 1972, and Laornithidae Cracraft, 1972. The -species included are: <i>Graculavus velox</i> Marsh, 1872; <i>Telmatornis -priscus</i> Marsh, 1870 (synonyms: <i>Telmatornis affinis</i> Marsh, 1870; -<i>Graculavus pumilis</i> Marsh, 1872; <i>Palaeotringa vetus</i> Marsh, 1870); -<i>Anatalavis rex</i> (Shufeldt, 1915); <i>Laornis edvardsianus</i> Marsh, 1870; -<i>Palaeotringa littoralis</i> Marsh, 1870; <i>P. vagans</i> Marsh, 1872; and -an undescribed genus and species probably different from any of the -preceding. <i>Anatalavis</i> is proposed as a new genus for Telmatornis rex -Shufeldt, 1915. A new family, genus, and species (Tytthostonychidae, -<i>Tytthostonyx glauconiticus</i>) is proposed for a humerus showing -similarities to the Pelecaniformes and Procellariiformes and -tentatively referred to the latter, along with an ulna of a much -smaller species. The species in this fauna appear to be part of the -modern radiation of neognathous birds, but none can be referred to -modern families.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Official publication date is handstamped in a limited number of initial -copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, <i>Smithsonian -Year</i>. Series cover design: The trilobite <i>Phacops rana</i> Green.</p> - -<p class="p0 smaller"> - Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data<br /> - Olson, Storrs L.<br /> - The cretaceous birds of New Jersey.<br /> - (Smithsonian contributions to paleobiology; no. 63)<br /> - Bibliography: p.<br /> - 1 Birds Fossil. 2. Paleontology—Cretaceous. 3. Paleontology—New Jersey.<br /> - I. Parris, David C. II. Title. III. Series.<br /> - QE701.S56 no. 63 560 s 86-29837 [QE871] [568'.09749]<br /> -</p> - - - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Contents">Contents</h2> -</div> - - -<table class="tblcont"> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr smaller">Page</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Introduction</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Introduction">1</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    Acknowledgments</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Acknowledgments">1</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">The Fossil Localities and Their Stratigraphy</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Fossil_Localities">1</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Order Charadriiformes</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Order_Charadriiformes">4</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    "Form Family" Graculavidae Fürbringer, 1888</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Form_Family_Graculavidae">4</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">        Genus <i>Graculavus</i> Marsh, 1872</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Genus_Graculavus_Marsh_1872">4</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">            <i>Graculavus velox</i> Marsh, 1872</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Graculavus_velox_Marsh">4</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">            <i>Graculavus velox?</i></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Graculavus_velox?">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">        Genus <i>Telmatornis</i> Marsh, 1870</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Genus_Telmatornis_Marsh_1870">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">            <i>Telmatornis priscus</i> Marsh, 1870</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Telmatornis_priscus">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">        Genus <i>Anatalavis</i>, new genus</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Genus_Anatalavis_new_genus">11</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">            <i>Anatalavis rex</i> (Shufeldt, 1915), new combination</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Anatalavis_rex">11</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">        Genus <i>Laornis</i> Marsh, 1870</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Genus_Laornis">12</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">            <i>Laornis edvardsianus</i> Marsh, 1870</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Laornis_edvardsianus">12</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">        Genus <i>Palaeotringa</i> Marsh, 1870</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Genus_Palaeotringa_Marsh_1870">12</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">            <i>Palaeotringa littoralis</i> Marsh, 1870</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Palaeotringa_littoralis">12</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">            <i>Palaeotringa littoralis?</i></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Palaeotringa_littoralis?">14</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">            <i>Palaeotringa vagans</i> Marsh, 1872</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Palaeotringa_vagans">14</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">        Graculavidae, Genus and Species Indeterminate</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Graculavidae">14</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Order Procellariiformes?</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Order_Procellariiformes">14</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    Family Tytthostonychidae, new family</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Family_Tytthostonychidae_new_family">16</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">        Genus <i>Tytthostonyx</i>, new genus</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Genus_Tytthostonyx_new_genus">16</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">            <i>Tytthostonyx glauconiticus</i>, new species</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Family_Tytthostonychidae_new_family">16</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    Family and Genus Indeterminate</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Family_and_Genus_Indeterminate">16</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Aves, incertae sedis</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Aves_incertae_sedis">19</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Discussion</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Discussion">19</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Appendix</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Appendix">20</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Literature Cited</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Literature_Cited">21</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">- 1 -</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="nobreak caption1">The Cretaceous Birds of New Jersey</p> -</div> - - -<p class="caption2"><i>Storrs L. Olson and David C. Parris</i><a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> <i>Storrs L. Olson, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, -National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, -Washington, D.C. 20560. David C. Parris, New Jersey State Museum, 205 -West State Street, Trenton, New Jersey 08625-0530.</i></p> - -</div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Introduction"><b>Introduction</b></h2> -</div> - - -<p>Fossils of Cretaceous birds are scarce and usually difficult -to interpret. The better known forms such as <i>Hesperornis</i> and -<i>Ichthyornis</i> belong to strange and archaic groups having little or -nothing to do with the modern avian radiation. The only areas that have -yielded Cretaceous birds of essentially modern aspect in sufficient -quantities to be regarded as avifaunal assemblages are the inland -deposits of the Lance Formation and strata of similar age in Wyoming -(Brodkorb, 1963a) and the marine deposits of New Jersey. Of these, the -assemblage from New Jersey is the more diverse.</p> - -<p>Fossil birds were described from the Cretaceous greensands of southern -New Jersey over a century ago by Marsh (1870, 1872). These have been -carried, largely uncritically, in lists and compilations ever since -(e.g. Hay, 1902; Lambrecht, 1933; Rapp, 1943; Miller, 1955; Brodkorb, -1963b, 1967). Although some of these specimens were subsequently -re-examined and their status altered (Shufeldt, 1915; Cracraft, 1972, -1973), there has been no modern comprehensive revision of all of the -avian taxa that have been named from the Cretaceous of New Jersey. In -recent years, additional fossil birds have been recovered from these -deposits that add further to our knowledge of late Mesozoic avifaunas, -making a review of this material all the more desirable.</p> - -<p>In spite of the relative diversity of the New Jersey Cretaceous -avifauna, the total number of specimens is still small. The decline -of the glauconite greensand industry and the difficulty of recovering -small fossils have contributed to this paucity of specimens. The -glauconite industry is now confined to a single operation, the -Inversand Company in Sewell, Mantua Township, Gloucester County, New -Jersey. Fortunately, the late owner of the company, Mr. Churchill -Hungerford, Jr., generously allowed fossils to be recovered on his -property by the New Jersey State Museum, which houses most of the newly -discovered specimens, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia -being the repository of the rest. Another specimen came from a locality -in Upper Freehold Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey and was donated -to the New Jersey State Museum by Gerard R. Case.</p> - -<p id="Acknowledgments"><span class="smcap">Acknowledgments.</span>—We gratefully acknowledge the late Churchill -Hungerford, Jr., for permitting fossil material to be recovered from -his property by the New Jersey State Museum (NJSM). We are much -indebted to John H. Ostrom, Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale -University (YPM), and Gay Vostreys and Charles Smart of the Academy -of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP) for their patience in -lending types and other material from their collections for a very -extended period. Pat V. Rich, Monash University, assisted Parris in -the early stages of this study. Comparative material of <i>Presbyornis</i> -was obtained from the collection of the University of California -Museum of Paleontology (UCMP), the University of Wyoming (UW), and the -National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (USNM). -The photographs are by Victor E. Krantz, Smithsonian Institution. For -valuable comments on the manuscript we are grateful to Donald Baird, -Princeton University, and Jonathan Becker, Smithsonian Institution.</p> - - -<h3 id="Fossil_Localities">The Fossil Localities and Their Stratigraphy</h3> - -<p>The extensive deposits of Cretaceous age in eastern North America -have been widely studied for over 150 years. These generally poorly -consolidated sediments have provided valuable resources, notably -glauconite, fire clay, and chalk. As the publications by Morton (1829), -Vanuxem (1829), Conrad (1869), and other early authors showed, the -sediments are also quite fossiliferous.</p> - -<p>In the eastern United States, significant Cretaceous deposits occur -from New Jersey to Texas (<a href="#Figure1">Figure 1</a>), with extensive outcrop and -subsurface records in both Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains. The -surface distribution and correlations were first summarized by -Stephenson et al. (1942). Subsequent works by various authorities -have refined, but not substantially altered his views of outcrop -stratigraphy. Petroleum exploration -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">- 2 -</span> has encouraged more recent restudy -of the subsurface stratigraphy, notably along the east coast (Minard et -al., 1974; Perry et al., 1975; Petters, 1976).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="Figure1" style="width: 578px;"> - <img src="images/figure1.png" width="578" height="462" alt="" /> - <div class="figcaption"><span class="smcap">Figure 1.</span>—Distribution of Cretaceous rocks in the - eastern United States. Arrow indicates New Jersey. (Modified after - Moore, 1958, fig. 15.2).</div> -</div> - -<p>In New Jersey, the latest Cretaceous deposits are remarkably rich -in glauconite, especially the Navesink and Hornerstown formations. -Besides providing a local industry in agricultural fertilizers, the -glauconite greensands, locally called "marl," yielded many specimens to -the fiercely competitive vertebrate paleontologists of the nineteenth -century. Preservation of vertebrate fossils in a glauconite deposit may -be excellent, apparently due to autochthonous formation of the mineral -and the probable quiescence of the depositional environment. The -Hornerstown Formation, for example, contains few grains of terrigenous -origin and little evidence of disturbance by water currents. -Such depositional environments were apparently favorable for the -preservation of small and delicate bones. The accumulation of sediment -occurred during a period of marine transgression with the shoreline not -far to the northwest but at sufficient distance to prevent deposition -of terrigenous material.</p> - -<p>During their great rivalry, E.D. Cope and O.C. Marsh sought greensand -fossils vigorously. Marsh, however, obtained all of the Cretaceous -birds (Marsh, 1870, 1872), largely due to efforts of marl pit owner -J.G. Meirs. Although in the years subsequent to Marsh's original -descriptions of the New Jersey birds from the Navesink and Hornerstown -formations there was some confusion regarding their probable age -(Wetmore, 1930), this was later definitely established as Cretaceous -by Baird (1967), who attributed the specimens to the Navesink and -Hornerstown formations.</p> - -<p>The summary of Petters (1976) represents current ideas of the -Cretaceous stratigraphy of New Jersey. Baird's (1967) discussion is -consistent with Petters's view that the Hornerstown Formation is -regarded as partly Cretaceous and partly Tertiary. Some authors have -used the term New Egypt Formation instead of Navesink in more southerly -outcrops.</p> - -<p>Cretaceous birds have been recovered from three geographically -distinct localities in New Jersey (<a href="#Figure2">Figure 2</a>). With the exception of -<i>Laornis</i>, all of the specimens described by Marsh (1870, 1872) came -from Upper Freehold Township, Monmouth -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">- 3 -</span> County, in the area including -the settlements of Hornerstown, Arneytown, and Cream Ridge. The Meirs -family operated a number of pits in this area and it is no longer -possible to ascertain the exact provenance of specimens labelled only -as being from Hornerstown. These could have come either from the -basal Hornerstown Formation or the underlying Navesink Formation, -both of which are Maastrichtian in age. Baird (1967:261) ascertained -that the holotype of <i>Palaeotringa vetus</i>, from "friable green marl -near Arneytown" was from the lower (i.e., Cretaceous) part of the -Hornerstown Formation. The holotypes of <i>Telmatornis priscus</i> and <i>T. -affinis</i>, from the Cream Ridge Marl Company pits, on the other hand, -are from the Navesink Formation. A more recently collected specimen -from this area is the proximal end of an ulna (NJSM 11900) collected -by Gerard R. Case from "marl piles near junction of Rtes. 537 and -539 in Upper Freehold Twp., Monmouth County, near Hornerstown." This -definitely came from the Hornerstown Formation but it cannot be said -whether from the Cretaceous or Paleocene sediments included therein.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="Figure2" style="width: 310px;"> - <img src="images/figure2.png" width="310" height="382" alt="" /> - <div class="figcaption"><span class="smcap">Figure 2.</span>—Localities in southern New Jersey of the - main fossiliferous deposits that have yielded Cretaceous birds. (The - bold line demarcates the inner and outer coastal plain physiographic - provinces; B = Birmingham; H = Hornerstown; S = Sewell.)</div> -</div> - -<p>The second general locality is near Birmingham, Burlington County, -where the type of <i>Laornis edvardsianus</i> was obtained from "greensand -of the upper, Cretaceous marl bed ... in the pits of the Pemberton Marl -Company" (Marsh, 1870:208). There is nothing to be added to Baird's -(1967) conclusion that this specimen is latest Cretaceous in age.</p> - -<p>The third locality, and that yielding most of the recently obtained -specimens, is the Inversand Company marl pit, located near Sewell, -Gloucester County. In accordance with the wishes of the Inversand -Company, the precise locality of this pit will not be disclosed, -although this information is preserved in records sufficient in number -and distribution to assure that it will not be lost. The Inversand -specimens came from the main fossiliferous layer within the basal -portion of the Hornerstown Formation (<a href="#Figure3">Figure 3</a>). This layer is of late -Maastrichtian age (latest Cretaceous), on the basis of invertebrate -fossils, including three genera of ammonites, and a substantial -vertebrate fauna, including mosasaurs (see Appendix). It is probable -that the upper part of the Hornerstown Formation within the pit is of -Paleocene age, as it is known to be elsewhere, but most paleontologists -believe the basal portion to be Cretaceous in age (Gaffney, 1975; Koch -and Olsson, 1977). One avian specimen is from an unknown level in the -pit.</p> - -<div class="figright" id="Figure3" style="width: 308px;"> - <img src="images/figure3.png" width="308" height="399" alt="" /> - <div class="figcaption"><span class="smcap">Figure 3.</span>—Stratigraphic diagram of the Inversand -Company marl pit at Sewell, Gloucester County, New Jersey.</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">- 4 -</span></p> - - -<h2 id="Order_Charadriiformes">Order <span class="smcap">Charadriiformes</span></h2> - -<h3 id="Form_Family_Graculavidae">"Form Family" Graculavidae Fürbringer, 1888</h3> - - -<p id="Type_Genus_Graculavus"><span class="smcap">Type Genus.</span>—Graculavus Marsh, 1872.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Included Genera.</span>—<i>Graculavus</i> Marsh, 1872; <i>Telmatornis</i> Marsh, 1870; -<i>Anatalavis</i>, new genus; <i>Laornis</i> Marsh, 1870; <i>Palaeotringa</i> Marsh, -1870; and an additional unnamed genus.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remarks.</span>—Most of the birds from the New Jersey deposits belong with -what Olson (1985) has termed the "transitional Charadriiformes," a -group that seemingly tends to connect the Gruiformes and the more -typical Charadriiformes. The only living family in this group that -has traditionally been considered charadriiform is the Burhinidae, -the thick-knees or stone curlews. Other apparent descendants include -ibises (Plataleidae) and the ducks and geese of the order Anseriformes. -The latter are linked with the "transitional Charadriiformes" through -the Paleocene and Eocene genus <i>Presbyornis</i>, which is known from -abundant material from widely scattered areas of the world (Olson and -Feduccia, 1980b; Olson, 1985). <i>Presbyornis</i> combines a long-legged -shorebird-like body with the head of a duck. The fragmentary Cretaceous -fossils from New Jersey, all of which are postcranial, usually show -more similarity to <i>Presbyornis</i> than to any modern group of birds -except the Burhinidae. Therefore, our comparisons have been made -chiefly with these two groups.</p> - -<p>With the fragmentary material at hand it is difficult, well nigh -impossible, to make hard and fast taxonomic judgments concerning the -number of species, genera, or families represented. Birds with very -similar wing or leg elements could have had completely different -feeding adaptations and could represent ancestral forms leading to -different modern groups not considered to be closely related. For -example, without the skull, <i>Presbyornis</i> could not be determined as -having anything to do with the Anseriformes (Olson and Feduccia, 1980b: -12-13).</p> - -<p>Late Cretaceous fossil birds of modern aspect have been described in -a variety of genera, most of which have been used as the basis for -family-group names. Taxa from New Jersey that appear to belong with -the "transitional Charadriiformes" for which family-group names are -available include: Graculavinae Fürbringer, 1888; Palaeotringinae -Wetmore, 1940; Telmatornithidae Cracraft, 1972; and Laornithidae -Cracraft, 1973.</p> - -<p>Taxa from Upper Cretaceous deposits in western North America that -appear to fall in the same category (Olson and Feduccia, 1980a) -include: Apatornithidae Fürbringer, 1888; Cimolopterygidae Brodkorb, -1963a; Torotigidae Brodkorb, 1963a; and Lonchodytidae Brodkorb, 1963a.</p> - -<p>Tertiary taxa that may possibly be related to the "transitional -Charadriiformes" and that have been used as the basis of family-group -names are: Presbyornithidae Wetmore, 1926 (Nautilornithinae Wetmore, -1926, and Telmabatidae Howard, 1955, are definitely synonyms); -Scaniornithidae Lambrecht, 1933; and Dakotornithidae Erickson, 1975.</p> - -<p>Doubtless there are others that we have overlooked. How many families -are actually represented here and what their interrelationships may -be is purely a matter of conjecture in the absence of better fossil -material. Because the entire skeleton of <i>Presbyornis</i> is known, the -familial name Presbyornithidae may justifiably be retained and used for -that genus.</p> - -<p>In the case of the Cretaceous birds under consideration here, we -have decided for the time being to adopt a version of paleobotanical -convention in recognizing a "form family" Graculavidae, which implies a -general similarity in morphology of the constituent taxa, although the -material available is simply not sufficient for determining phylogeny -or key adaptations.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Genus_Graculavus_Marsh_1872"><b>Genus Graculavus Marsh, 1872</b></h2> -</div> - - -<div class="blockquot"> - <p><i>Limosavis</i> Shufeldt, 1915:19.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Type-Species.</span>—<i>Graculavus velox</i> Marsh 1872, by subsequent designation -(Hay, 1902).</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Included Species.</span>—Type species only.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remarks.</span>—<i>Limosavis</i> Shufeldt, 1915, substitute name for <i>Graculavus</i>, -considered inappropriate; not used in direct combination with any -specific name when originally proposed.</p> - - -<h2 id="Graculavus_velox_Marsh"><i>Graculavus velox</i> Marsh, 1872</h2> - -<p class="tdc"><span class="tdc smcap"><a href="#Figure4">Figure 4</a></span> <i>b,d,f,h</i></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - <p><i>Graculavus velox</i> Marsh, 1872:363.</p> - - <p><i>Limosavis velox</i> (Marsh).—Lambrecht, 1933:546.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Holotype.</span>—Proximal end of left humerus, YPM 855.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Locality and Horizon.</span>—From Hornerstown, Upper Freehold Township, -Monmouth County, New Jersey; collected by J.G. Meirs; Late Cretaceous -(Maastrichtian), either basal Hornerstown Formation or Navesink -Formation.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Measurements</span> (in mm).—Proximal end of humerus, YPM 855: proximal width -through dorsal and ventral tubercles 21.1, depth through bicipital -surface and tuberculum ventrale 11.6, depth of head 5.7.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">- 5 -</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="Figure4" style="width: 604px;"> - <img src="images/figure4.png" width="604" height="785" alt="" /> - <div class="figcaption"><span class="smcap">Figure 4.</span>—Proximal ends of left humeri of <i>Graculavus -velox</i> and related birds: <i>a</i>, <i>Esacus magnirostris</i> (Burhinidae), USNM -19649; <i>b,d,f,h</i>, <i>Graculavus velox</i>, holotype, YPM 855; <i>c,e,g, i</i>, -<i>Presbyornis</i> sp., UCMP 126205. <i>a-c</i>, anconal view; <i>d,e</i>, anconal -view with distal portion tilted upwards; <i>f,g</i>, palmar view; <i>h,i</i>, -proximal view. All figures × 2; specimens coated with ammonium chloride -to enhance detail.</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">- 6 -</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Comparisons.</span>—Marsh (1872) originally described this as a species of -cormorant (Phalacrocoracidae, Pelecaniformes) and included the species -<i>G. pumilis</i> Marsh, 1872, also from New Jersey, and <i>G. anceps</i> Marsh, -1872, from the Late Cretaceous of Kansas, in the same genus. Marsh -(1880) later referred <i>G. anceps</i> to the genus <i>Ichthyornis</i>, where it -has remained. Shufeldt (1915:17-19) went into considerable detail to -show that the species of <i>Graculavus</i>, particularly <i>G. velox</i>, were -not cormorants, instead being limicoline shorebirds with similarities -to the Burhinidae, Haematopodidae, and Charadriidae. Accordingly, -Lambrecht (1933:540, 546) placed these taxa among the charadriiform -birds, but rather inexplicably listed velox under Shufeldt's substitute -name <i>Limosavis</i> in the suborder Laro-Limicolae, while retaining -<i>pumilis</i> in the genus <i>Graculavus</i> in the suborder Limicolae. -Brodkorb (1963b:249) ignored Shufeldt's assessment of relationships -and placed <i>G. velox</i> and <i>G. pumilis</i> in the Phalacrocoracidae, -subfamily Graculavinae. Cracraft (1972) did not examine the specimens -attributed to <i>Graculavus</i> in his consideration of the relationships of -<i>Telmatornis</i>.</p> - -<p>We have synonymized <i>Graculavus pumilis</i> Marsh, 1872, with -<i>Telmatornis priscus</i> Marsh, 1870, and discuss below the characters -by which <i>Graculavus</i> (restricted to <i>G. velox</i>) may be separated -from <i>Telmatornis</i>. Shufeldt (1915) has already presented adequate -evidence that <i>Graculavus</i> is not a cormorant and is instead a -charadriiform. The following combination of characters of the proximal -end of the humerus is shared by <i>Graculavus</i> and <i>Presbyornis</i> and -distinguishes these genera from other Charadriiformes: (1) lack of -a distinct lanceolate scar for M. coracobrachialis cranialis; (2) -lack of a distinctly excavated second (dorsal) tricipital fossa; (3) -presence of a distinct tumescence in the proximoventral portion of the -tricipital fossa; scars for (4) M. scapulohumeralis caudalis and (5) -M. scapulohumeralis cranialis very large and distinct; (6) attachment -of M. latissimus dorsi cranialis a well-defined, raised protuberance -situated dorsal to the median ridge of the shaft; (7) tuberculum -dorsale well defined, distinctly pointed. In most of the preceding -characters that it preserves, the single proximal end of humerus -referred to <i>Telmatornis</i> (the holotype of <i>G. pumilis</i>) agrees with -<i>Graculavus</i> and <i>Presbyornis</i>.</p> - -<p>Among living families, the Burhinidae are the most similar to -<i>Graculavus</i>; both agree in characters 1, 2, 4, and 7, with certain -species of <i>Burhinus</i> also having characters 3 and 6 present but less -developed. <i>Graculavus</i> differs from Burhinus mainly in having (8) the -head not as deep and bulbous; (9) distance from head to tuberculum -dorsale greater; (10) tuberculum dorsale smaller, much less projecting; -(11) tuberculum ventrale in ventral view more elongate; and (12) scar -on tuberculum ventrale for M. coracobrachialis caudalis much larger and -more distinct.</p> - -<p><i>Graculavus</i> is very similar to <i>Presbyornis</i>, agreeing with that -genus in characters 8 and 10 but differing in characters 11 and 12 -and in (13) having the head more deeply undercut. <i>Presbyornis</i> is -intermediate between <i>Graculavus</i> and the <i>Burhinidae</i> in character 9.</p> - -<p><i>Graculavus velox</i> was a fairly large bird, being approximately the -size of <i>Presbyornis</i> cf. <i>pervetus</i> and somewhat larger than the large -living burhinid <i>Esacus magnirostris</i>.</p> - - -<h2 id="Graculavus_velox?">Graculavus velox?</h2> - -<p class="tdc"><span class="tdc smcap">Figure</span> 9<i>d</i></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Referred Material.</span>—Abraded right carpometacarpus consisting mainly of -the major metacarpal, NJSM 11854.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Locality and Horizon.</span>—Collected from the main fossiliferous layer of -the Inversand Company marl pit, Sewell, Gloucester County, New Jersey; -Hornerstown Formation, latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian); collected 25 -February 1976 by David C. Parris.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Measurements</span> (in mm).—Length 51.0.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Comparisons.</span>—Nothing can be said about this very poor specimen except -that it came from a bird with a carpometacarpus slightly larger than -that of a modern specimen of the burhinid <i>Esacus magnirostris</i>. -Because <i>Graculavus velox</i> is the only bird yet known in the New Jersey -fossil fauna that was of this same size, the present specimen may -possibly be referable to that species.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Genus_Telmatornis_Marsh_1870"><b>Genus <i>Telmatornis</i> Marsh, 1870</b></h2> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Type-Species.</span>—<i>Telmatornis priscus</i> Marsh, 1870, by subsequent -designation (Hay, 1902:528).</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Included Species.</span>—Type species only.</p> - - -<h3 id="Telmatornis_priscus"><i>Telmatornis priscus</i> Marsh, 1870</h3> - -<p class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Figures</span> 5<i>b-j</i>, 6<i>c,e,g</i>, 7<i>a,d,g,j,n</i></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - <i>Telmatornis priscus</i> Marsh, 1870:210. - - <i>Telmatornis affinis</i> Marsh, 1870:211. - - <i>Graculavus pumilis</i> Marsh, 1872:364. - - <i>?Palaeotringa vetus</i> Marsh, 1870:209. -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Holotype.</span>—Distal end of left humerus (<a href="#Figure5">Figure 5<i>e,h</i></a>), YPM 840; -collected in pits of the Cream Ridge Marl Company, near Hornerstown, -New Jersey by J.G. Meirs. Navesink Formation, Maastrichtian, Late -Cretaceous (Baird, 1967).</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Referred Specimens.</span>—Distal end of right humerus (<a href="#Figure5">Figure 5<i>f,g</i></a>), -YPM 845 (holotype of <i>Telmatornis affinis</i> Marsh 1870); same data as -holotype of <i>T. priscus</i>.</p> - -<p>Proximal end of right humerus (<a href="#Figure5">Figure 5<i>b-d</i></a>), YPM 850, with distal -end of right carpometacarpus (<a href="#Figure5">Figure 5<i>i</i></a>) and several fragments of -shafts of long bones apparently associated (holotypical material of -<i>Graculavus pumilis</i> Marsh, 1872); collected near Hornerstown, New -Jersey, by J.G. Meirs; probably from the basal Hornerstown Formation, -Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous.</p> - -<p>Distal end of left tibiotarsus (<a href="#Figure7">Figure 7<i>n</i></a>), ANSP 13361 (holotype -of <i>Palaeotringa vetus</i>), collected near Arneytown, on the -Monmouth-Burlington county boundary, New Jersey; Basal Hornerstown -Formation, Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous (Baird, 1967).</p> - -<p>Left humerus lacking proximal end (<a href="#Figure6">Figure 6<i>c,e,g</i></a>), ANSP 15360; -collected in 1971 from the Inversand Company marl pit, Sewell, -Gloucester County, New Jersey, by Keith Madden. Basal Hornerstown -Formation, Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous.</p> - -<p>Distal end of left tarsometatarsus (<a href="#Figure7">Figure 7<i>d,g,j</i></a>), NJSM 11853; -collected 27 March 1975 by David C. Parris from the main fossiliferous -layer of the Inversand Company marl pit.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">- 7 -</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="Figure5" style="width: 603px;"> - <img src="images/figure5.png" width="603" height="699" alt="" /> - <div class="figcaption"><span class="smcap">Figure 5.</span>—Wing elements of <i>Burhinus</i> and -<i>Telmatornis</i>. <i>a</i>, <i>Burhinus vermiculatus</i> (USNM 488870), proximal end -of right humerus, anconal view, <i>b-d</i>, Telmatornis priscus (holotype -of <i>Graculavus pumilis</i>, YPM 850), proximal end of right humerus -(<i>b</i>, anconal view; <i>c</i>, palmar view; <i>d</i>, proximal view), <i>e,h</i>, <i>T. -priscus</i> (holotype, YPM 840), distal end of left humerus (<i>e</i>, anconal -view; <i>h</i>, palmar view), <i>f,g</i>, <i>T. priscus</i> (holotype of <i>Telmatornis -affinis</i>, YPM 845), distal end of right humerus (<i>f</i>, aconal view; <i>g</i>, -palmar view), <i>i</i>, <i>T. priscus</i> (associated with YPM 850), distal end -of left carpometacarpus, dorsal view; <i>j</i>, <i>T. priscus</i> (NJSM 11900), -proximal end of right ulna. (All figures x 2; specimens coated with -ammonium chloride to enhance detail.)</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">- 8 -</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="Figure6" style="width: 605px;"> - <img src="images/figure6.png" width="605" height="716" alt="" /> - <div class="figcaption"><span class="smcap">Figure 6.</span>—Humeri of <i>Anatalavis</i>, new genus, and -<i>Telmatornis</i>. <i>a</i>, <i>Anatalavis rex</i> (holotype, YPM 902), right -humerus, palmar view; × 1.5. <i>b,d,f</i>, <i>A. rex</i>, (YPM 948), left -humerus (<i>b</i>, palmar view, × 1.5; <i>d</i>, enlarged, anconal view, × 2; -<i>f</i>, enlarged, palmar view, × 2). <i>c,e,g</i>, <i>Telmatornis priscus</i>, -(ANSP 15360), left humerus (<i>c</i>, palmar view, × 1.5; <i>e</i>, enlarged, -anconal view, × 2; <i>g</i>, enlarged, palmar view, × 2); <i>h</i>, <i>Burhinus -vermiculatus</i> (USNM 430630), left humerus, palmar view, × 2. (Specimens -coated with ammonium chloride to enhance detail.)</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">- 9 -</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="Figure7" style="width: 600px;"> - <img src="images/figure7.png" width="600" height="707" alt="" /> - <div class="figcaption"><span class="smcap">Figure 7.</span>—Hindlimb elements. <i>a,b</i>, Right pedal -phalanx 1 of digit II (<i>a</i>, <i>Telmatornis priscus</i>, ANSP 15541; <i>b</i>, -<i>Presbyornis</i> sp., USNM uncatalogued; part of associated foot), <i>c-k</i>, -Distal end of left tarsometatarsus, anterior, posterior, and distal -views, respectively (<i>c,f,i</i>, <i>Presbyornis</i> sp., UCMP 126178; <i>d,g,j</i>, -<i>T. priscus</i>, NJSM 11853; <i>e,h,k</i>, <i>Burhinus vermiculalus</i>, USNM -488870). <i>l-n</i>, Distal portions of left tibiotarsi (<i>l</i>, <i>Palaeotringa -littoralis</i>, holotype, YPM 830; <i>m</i>, <i>P. vagans</i>, holotype, YPM 835; -<i>n</i>, <i>T. priscus</i>, holotype of <i>P. vetus</i>, ANSP 13361). (All figures × -2; specimens coated with ammonium chloride to enhance detail.)</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">- 10 -</span></p> - -<p>Right pedal phalanx 1 of digit II (<a href="#Figure7">Figure 7<i>a</i></a>), ANSP 15541; collected -in 1972 by Richard White at the Inversand Company marl pit.</p> - -<p>Proximal end of right ulna (<a href="#Figure5">Figure 5<i>j</i>), NJSM 1</a>1900; collected 14 -July 1978 from spoil piles near junction of Routes 537 and 539, near -Hornerstown, Upper Freehold Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey, by -Gerard R. Case; presumably from the Hornerstown Formation but whether -from Cretaceous or Tertiary sediments is not known.</p> - -<p>Miller (1955) lists an additional specimen from near Arneytown under -the name <i>Palaeotringa vetus</i> (YPM 2808). This was cataloged in 1937 -as "part of a tibia" of "Eocene" age but the specimen cannot now be -located in the Yale collections and its age and identity must be -considered very doubtful.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Measurements</span> (in mm).—Distal ends of humeri (YPM 840, YPM 845, ANSP -15360, respectively): distal width 10.9, 10.1, 11.3; depth through -dorsal condyle 5.7, 5.2, 5.5; width of shaft at proximal extent of -brachial fossa 6.3, 5.5,6.4; length from distal end of pectoral crest -to ventral condyle (ANSP 15360 only) 45.1; shaft width at midpoint -(ANSP 15360 only) 4.7.</p> - -<p>Proximal end of humerus YPM 850: proximal width through dorsal and -ventral tubercles 13.1; depth through bicipital surface and ventral -condyle 7.5, depth of head approximately 3.5.</p> - -<p>Proximal end of ulna NJSM 11900: depth through dorsal cotyla 7.0.</p> - -<p>Distal end of carpometacarpus YPM 840: depth at distal end 5.3; shaft -width 2.9.</p> - -<p>Distal end of tibiotarsus ANSP 13361: shaft width 3.5, approximate -depth through medial condyle 6.9.</p> - -<p>Distal end of tarsometatarsus NJSM 11853: distal width 6.1+; shaft -width 2.7.</p> - -<p>Pedal phalanx 1 of digit II: length 14.6; proximal width 3.0.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Comparisons.</span>—This is evidently the most abundant bird in the -New Jersey Cretaceous deposits. Hitherto it had been known only -from the two distal ends of humeri that are the holotypes of -<i>Telmatornis priscus</i> and <i>T. affinis</i>. Marsh (1870) did not clearly -place <i>Telmatornis</i> with any living family but mentioned species -of Rallidae, Scolopacidae, and Ardeidae in his comparisons. Hay -(1902:528) listed the genus under the Rallidae. Shufeldt (1915:26) -considered that <i>Telmatornis</i> was not a heron but might be related -either to rail-like or charadriiform birds, the material, according -to him, being insufficient for positive determination. He (1915:27) -also described a larger species, <i>Telmatornis rex</i>, which we have -removed to a new genus. Lambrecht (1933:489) maintained <i>Telmatornis</i> -as a genus incertae sedis in his order Ralliformes. Brodkorb (1967) -placed the genus in the family Rallidae, subfamily Rallinae, without -comment. Cracraft (1972) established that Telmatornis did not belong -in the Rallidae but was instead very similar to the Burhinidae. He -synonymized <i>T. affinis</i> with <i>T. priscus</i> and created a new family, -Telmatornithidae, for <i>T. priscus</i> and <i>T. rex</i>.</p> - -<p>We concur in synonymizing <i>T. affinis</i> with <i>T. priscus</i>. The holotypes -and the new specimen of humerus (ANSP 15360), which is instructive in -that it preserves much more of the shaft (<a href="#Figure6">Figure 6<i>c</i></a>), are indeed -very similar to the humeri in the Burhinidae. In size they are closely -comparable to the small living species <i>Burhinus vermiculatus</i> (cf. -<a href="#Figure6">Figure 6<i>g,h</i></a>). The fossils differ from <i>Burhinus</i> in having (1) the -shaft less curved, both in dorsal and in lateral views; (2) brachial -depression shorter, wider, and slightly more distally located; in -distal view (3) the ventral condyle smaller and less rounded; and (4) -the dorsal tricipital groove shallower.</p> - -<p>The distal portion of the humerus of <i>Telmatornis</i> is similar to that -in <i>Presbyornis</i> but differs in having (1) the dorsal condyle decidedly -more elongate; (2) olecranal fossa much shallower; (3) ventral -epicondyle in ventral view less distinctly demarcated but (4) more -protrudent in lateral or medial view.</p> - -<p>The proximal end of humerus (YPM 850) that is the holotype of -<i>Graculavus pumilis</i> was considered by Shufeldt (1915:19) definitely -to be from a limicoline charadriiform. It is from a bird exactly the -size of <i>Telmatornis priscus</i> and its coloration and preservation would -not be incompatible with its being the opposite end of the same bone -as the holotype of <i>T. affinis</i> (<a href="#Figure5">Figure 5<i>b,c,f,g</i></a>). The following -differences between the holotypical humeri of <i>G. velox</i> and _<i>"G." -pumilis</i> establish that these belong to different genera: (1) in -<i>velox</i> the area dorsal to the ventral tubercle and distal to the head -is much more excavated, undercutting the head; (2) the dorsal tubercle -is more pronounced; (3) there is a distinct excavation distomedial to -the ventral tubercle, lacking in <i>pumilis</i>; (4) the ventral tubercle in -ventral view is much more produced in <i>velox</i> than in <i>pumilis</i>.</p> - -<p>The holotype of <i>G. pumilis</i> is very similar to the humerus in the -Burhinidae but differs from that family and agrees with <i>Graculavus</i> -in characters 8, 9, and 10 (<a href="#Page_6">p. 6</a>). It differs further from the -Burhinidae in having the area for the attachment of M. scapulohumeralis -caudalis extending farther distally in ventral view. It differs from -<i>Presbyornis</i> mainly in lacking the excavation to and undercutting -the head. Because pumilis is not congeneric with <i>Graculavus velox</i> -and because of its size and similarities with the Burhinidae and -<i>Presbyornis</i>, we have no hesitation about considering Graculavus -pumilis Marsh, 1872, to be a junior subjective synonym of <i>Telmatornis -priscus</i> Marsh, 1870.</p> - -<p>The proximal end of an ulna, NJSM 11900 (<a href="#Figure5">Figure 5<i>j</i></a>), is from a bird -the size of <i>Burhinus vermiculatus</i> and not too dissimilar to it -except that the shaft is more robust in the fossil. The specimen is -too imperfect to merit detailed study and is referred to Telmatornis -priscus only on size and probability.</p> - -<p>The very fragmentary distal end of carpometacarpus associated with the -type of <i>G. pumilis</i> (<a href="#Figure5">Figure 5<i>i</i></a>) is slightly larger and more robust -than in <i>Burhinus vermiculatus</i>, but not -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">- 11 -</span> so much as to be incompatible -with <i>T. priscus</i>. Compared to <i>Burhinus</i> (1) the symphysial area -is deeper and (2) the articular surface for the major digit is -proportionately larger, the specimen being somewhat more similar to the -carpometacarpus in <i>Presbyornis</i>.</p> - -<p>The three specimens of <i>Palaeotringa</i> Marsh from the Cretaceous of New -Jersey are based on poorly preserved distal ends of tibiotarsi. The -holotype of <i>Palaeotringa vetus</i> Marsh, 1870 (<a href="#Figure7">Figure 7<i>n</i></a>) is similar -in size to the comparable element in <i>Burhinus vermiculatus</i>, though -with a relatively more slender shaft, and hence is from a bird the -size of <i>T. priscus</i>, being smaller than any of the other species of -<i>Palaeotringa</i>. It is more similar to <i>Presbyornis</i> than to <i>Burhinus</i>. -Because it is from a charadriiform the size of <i>T. priscus</i>, as first -revisers we tentatively consider <i>Palaeotringa vetus</i> Marsh, 1870, -to be a subjective synonym of <i>Telmatornis priscus</i> Marsh, 1870. The -only alternative would be to consign it to Aves incertae sedis. It is -of passing historical interest to recall Marsh's (1870:209) comment -that the type of <i>Palaeotringa vetus</i> "apparently was the first fossil -bird-bone discovered in this country," having been mentioned both by -Morton (1834) and Harlan (1835) as belonging to the genus <i>Scolopax</i> -(Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae).</p> - -<p>The distal portion of tarsometatarsus NJSM 11853 (<a href="#Figure7">Figure 7<i>d,g,f</i></a>) -is unfortunately quite abraded. It is from a small charadriiform and -has a shaft width about the same as in <i>Burhinus vermiculatus</i>. If -this fossil came from an individual of <i>Telmatornis priscus</i>, as we -assume, <i>T. priscus</i> being the smallest and most abundant "graculavid" -in the New Jersey Cretaceous deposits, then it is a very instructive -specimen, for it differs much more from Burhinus than does the humerus -of Telmatornis. NJSM 11853 differs from the Burhinidae and agrees with -<i>Presbyornis</i> in having (1) the distal foramen proportionately large -and oval, not very small and circular; (2) a large, well-developed scar -for the hallux (hallux absent in Burhinidae); (3) external trochlea -proximodistally more elongate. That which remains of the inner trochlea -indicates that it was (1) somewhat more posteriorly retracted than -in <i>Burhinus</i> but (2) not nearly as elevated and retracted as in -<i>Presbyornis</i>.</p> - -<p>Pedal phalanx ANSP 15541 (<a href="#Figure7">Figure 7<i>a</i></a>) is from a bird the size of <i>T. -priscus</i>. This specimen is much longer and more slender than phalanx 1 -of digit II in <i>Burhinus vermiculatus</i> but has almost exactly the shape -and proportions of the same element in <i>Presbyornis</i> (<a href="#Figure7">Figure 7<i>b</i></a>), -although being much smaller. Although its assignment to <i>Telmatornis</i> -is very tentative, the length of this element seems to indicate a -wading bird as opposed to one with the terrestrially adapted shorter -toes of the Burhinidae.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Genus_Anatalavis_new_genus"><b>Genus <i>Anatalavis</i>, new genus</b></h2> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Type-Species.</span>—Telmatornis rex Shufeldt, 1915.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Included Species.</span>—Type-species only.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Diagnosis.</span>—Differs from <i>Telmatornis</i> and <i>Presbyornis</i> in (1) having -the shaft very short, stout, and much more curved, both in dorsoventral -and lateromedial views. Differs from <i>Telmatornis</i> and agrees with -<i>Presbyornis</i> in (2) having the distal end in distal view deeper, with -(3) a narrower and much deeper olecranal fossa. Also, (4) the brachial -depression is smaller and narrower than in <i>Telmatornis</i> but not as -deep, nor as proximally situated as in <i>Presbyornis</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Etymology.</span>—"Duck-winged bird," from Latin <i>anas</i>, duck, <i>ala</i>, wing, -and <i>avis</i>, bird. The gender is feminine.</p> - - -<h3 id="Anatalavis_rex"><i>Anatalavis rex</i> (Shufeldt, 1915), new combination</h3> - -<p class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 6<i>a,b,d</i>J</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - Telmatornis rex Shufeldt, 1915:27, fig. 101. -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Holotype.</span>—Right humerus lacking proximal end, YPM 902 (<a href="#Figure6">Figure 6<i>a</i></a>).</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Locality and Horizon.</span>—From Hornerstown, Upper Freehold Township, -Monmouth County, New Jersey; collected by W. Ross in 1878; probably -Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), basal Hornerstown Formation.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Referred Specimen.</span>—Paratypical left humerus lacking proximal end, -YPM 948 (<a href="#Figure6">Figure 6<i>b,d,f</i></a>). From Hornerstown, Upper Freehold Township, -Monmouth County, New Jersey; collected by J.G. Meirs in 1869; probably -Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), basal Hornerstown Formation.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Measurements</span> (in mm).—Humeri (YPM 902, YPM 948, respectively): distal -width 13.6, 13.2; depth through dorsal condyle 7.3, 7.5; width of shaft -at proximal extent of brachial fossa 7.2,7.5; length from distal end of -pectoral crest to ventral condyle 49.1, 50.7; shaft width at midpoint -5.4, 5.6.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remarks.</span>—Shufeldt (1915:27) described this species in the same genus -as <i>T. priscus</i> and <i>T. affinis</i> but correctly noted that the humerus -"is a short one ... its sigmoid curve very pronounced." Cracraft -(1972:41) considered that "except for its decidedly larger size, <i>T. -rex</i> does not differ from <i>T. priscus</i> in any significant features." -In fairness to these authors, it should be noted that the great -differences between Anatalavis and Telmatornis are much more apparent -in comparisons with the new humerus of <i>T. priscus</i> (ANSP 15360), which -preserves much more of the shaft than the previously known specimens. -Both Shufeldt and Cracraft considered YPM 948 to belong to the same -species as the holotype of <i>T. rex</i>, and we concur.</p> - -<p>The specimens of <i>A. rex</i> are not comparable with the type of -<i>Graculavus velox</i>, which was from a larger bird. <i>Anatalavis rex</i> -was a larger, heavier bird than <i>Telmatornis priscus</i>, with the -humerus remarkably short and robust, so that the overall length of the -humerus in <i>A. rex</i> would scarcely have exceeded that of <i>T. priscus</i>. -<i>Anatalavis</i> must have been a bird of considerably different flight -habits from <i>Telmatornis</i> or <i>Presbyornis</i>. The overall appearance of -its humerus is in fact rather duck-like, except for the more expanded -distal end. It is still quite short and stout even for a duck.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">- 12 -</span></p> - - -<h3 id="Genus_Laornis">Genus <i>Laornis</i> Marsh, 1870</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Type-Species.</span>—<i>Laornis edvardsianus</i> Marsh, 1870, by monotypy.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Included Species.</span>—Type species only.</p> - - -<h3 id="Laornis_edvardsianus"><i>Laornis edvardsianus</i> Marsh, 1870</h3> - -<p class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 8<i>a,c,e</i></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - <i>Laornis edvardsianus</i> Marsh, 1870:206. -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Holotype.</span>—Distal end of right tibiotarsus, YPM 820.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Locality and Horizon.</span>—From pits of the Pemberton Marl Company at -Birmingham, Burlington County, New Jersey; collected by J.C. Gaskill; -Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), basal Hornerstown Formation.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Measurements</span> (in mm).—Distal end of tibiotarsus, YPM 820: distal width -across condyles 22.6, depth of external condyle 19.3, depth of internal -condyle 21.1, least shaft width 11.7, least shaft depth 9.6.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Comparisons.</span>—The very large size of this specimen has undoubtedly -been a factor in misleading those who have attempted to identify -it, as it came from a bird the size of a swan or a large crane. -The affinities of this fossil have long been questioned and the -species has for most of its history been in limbo. Marsh (1870:207) -concluded only that <i>Laornis</i> "shows a strong resemblance in several -respects to the <i>Lamellirostres</i> [Anseriformes], and also to the -<i>Longipennes</i> [Charadriiformes (Lari) and Procellariiformes], but -differs essentially from the typical forms of both of these groups." In -its own nebulous way, this assessment is concordant with our placement -of <i>Laornis</i> in a charadriiform group that was near the ancestry of -the Anseriformes. Doubtless only on the strength of Marsh's comments. -Cope (1869-1870:237) placed <i>Laornis</i> in the "Lamellirostres." Hay -(1902:531) included <i>Laornis</i> in the Anatidae. Shufeldt (1915:23) -hardly clarified matters when he characterized <i>Laornis</i> as "at least -one of the generalized types of waders," being a "remarkable type, -which seems to have, judging from this piece of the tibiotarsus, -Turkey, Swan, Crane, and even other groups all combined in it." -Lambrecht (1933:526) included <i>Laornis</i> as a genus incertae sedis in -his "Telmatoformes," between the Aramidae and Otididae.</p> - -<p>The type was restudied by Cracraft (1973:46) who put <i>Laornis</i> in the -Gruiformes and created a new family (Laornithidae) and superfamily -(Laornithoidea) for it. He included it in his suborder Ralli, the only -other member of which was the Rallidae. After preliminary comparisons, -Olson (1974) ventured that <i>Laornis</i> belonged in the suborder Lari -of the Charadriiformes. Brodkorb (1978:214) listed <i>Laornis</i> under -Aves incertae sedis and guessed that it might be related to the -Pelecaniformes.</p> - -<p>Except for the extreme difference in size, the tibiotarsus of <i>Laornis</i> -is in many respects similar to that of <i>Presbyornis</i> (<a href="#Figure8">Figure 8</a>), -especially in (1) the shape and position of the tubercle proximal to -the external condyle; (2) the transverse pit in the intercondylar -sulcus; and (3) the broad, shallow intercondylar sulcus as seen in -distal view. It differs in a seemingly minor but quite characteristic -feature, the large nutrient foramen situated in the groove for M. -peroneus brevis (<a href="#Figure8">Figure 8<i>c</i></a>). This is absent in <i>Presbyornis</i> but is -present in both of the tibiotarsi from the Cretaceous of New Jersey -in which that portion of the bone is preserved (the holotypes of -Palaeotringa littoralis and <i>P. vagans</i>), as well as in a tibiotarsus -(Science Museum of Minnesota P75.22.25) from the type-locality of -<i>Dakotornis cooperi</i> Erickson, 1975, that may be referable to that -graculavid-like species. The foramen in the peroneus brevis groove -may also be found in at least some specimens of Stercorariidae, which -is partly what led Olson (1974) to suggest a relationship between -<i>Laornis</i> and the Lari. <i>Laornis</i> appears to have been an extremely -large member of the "transitional Charadriiformes," though where its -relationships may lie within that group cannot be determined.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Genus_Palaeotringa_Marsh_1870"><b>Genus <i>Palaeotringa</i> Marsh, 1870</b></h2> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Type-Species.</span>—<i>Palaeotringa littoralis</i> Marsh, 1870; by subsequent -designation (Hay, 1902:527).</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Included Species.</span>—<i>Palaeotringa littoralis</i> Marsh, 1870, and -<i>Palaeotringa vagans</i> Marsh, 1872.</p> - - -<h3 id="Palaeotringa_littoralis"><i>Palaeotringa littoralis</i> Marsh, 1870</h3> - -<p class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 7<i>l</i></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - <i>Palaeotringa littoralis</i> Marsh, 1870:208. -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Holotype.</span>—Distal portion of left tibiotarsus lacking most of the inner -condyle, YPM 830.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Locality and Horizon.</span>—Collected in the "middle marl beds" by Nicolas -Wain from his marl pits near Hornerstown, New Jersey; Late Cretaceous -(Maastrichtian), either basal Hornerstown Formation or Navesink -Formation.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Measurements</span> (in mm).—Depth through outer condyle 8.2; width of shaft -just proximal to outer condyle 7.0.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Comparisons.</span>—This specimen and that of <i>P. vagans</i> are too fragmentary -for useful comparison. Both have the foramen in the groove for -M. peroneus brevis, mentioned above. Their overall similarity to -<i>Presbyornis</i> and to charadriiform birds in general justifies retaining -them with the other "graculavids" but other than this little else can -be said. In size, <i>Palaeotringa littoralis</i> would have been about -equal to <i>Burhinus bistriatus vocifer</i> and smaller than <i>Esacus -magnirostris</i>. Hence it would seem to be too small to belong to the -same species as <i>Graculavus velox</i> and is definitely too large to be -referable to <i>Telmatornis priscus</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">- 13 -</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="Figure8" style="width: 604px;"> - <img src="images/figure8.png" width="604" height="676" alt="" /> - <div class="figcaption"><span class="smcap">Figure 8.</span>—Distal end of right tibiotarsus of (<i>a,c,e</i>) -<i>Laornis edvardsianus</i>, holotype, YPM 820, compared with (<i>b,d,f</i>) the -same element enlarged in <i>Presbyornis</i> sp., UW BQ305: <i>a,b</i>, anterior -views; <i>c,d</i>, lateral views (note large foramen in peroneus brevis -groove of <i>Laornis</i>); <i>e,f</i>, distal views. (<i>a,c,e</i>, × 1.5, <i>b,d,f</i>, × -4; specimens coated with ammonium chloride to enhance detail.)</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">- 14 -</span></p> - - -<h3 id="Palaeotringa_littoralis?"><i>Palaeotringa littoralis?</i></h3> - -<p class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 9<i>a</i></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Referred Material.</span>—Distal portion of a left humerus, NJSM 11303.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Locality and Horizon.</span>—Collected from the main fossiliferous layer of -the Inversand Company marl pit, Sewell, Gloucester County, New Jersey; -Hornerstown Formation, latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian); collected 27 -September 1972 by David C. Parris.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Measurements</span> (in mm).—Distal width 12.8, depth through dorsal condyle -6.9, width of shaft at proximal extent of brachial fossa 8.2.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Comparisons.</span>—This interesting specimen, although considerably worn, -clearly has the overall "graculavid" morphology but shows sufficient -differences from the humeri of <i>Telmatornis</i> or <i>Anatalavis</i> to warrant -its generic separation from them. In size it is about equal to the -modern form <i>Burhinus bistriatus vocifer</i> and hence would be compatible -with <i>P. littoralis</i>. It differs from <i>Telmatornis</i>, <i>Anatalavis</i>, or -<i>Presbyornis</i>, and is more similar to <i>Burhinus</i> in having (1) the -brachial depression wider, shallower, and more proximally situated. -Although affected by wear, (2) the dorsal condyle is nevertheless -considerably smaller and not produced as far proximally as in any of -the preceding genera, although <i>Presbyornis</i> is more similar in this -respect than the others. In distal view the specimen is more similar -to <i>Presbyornis</i> than to the other Cretaceous humeri, although (3) the -olecranal fossa is shallower. If this specimen is correctly referred -to <i>Palaeotringa</i>, it shows that genus to be distinct from any of the -others yet known in the fauna except possibly <i>Graculavus</i>, for which -the distal end of the humerus is unknown.</p> - - -<h3 id="Palaeotringa_vagans"><i>Palaeotringa vagans</i> Marsh, 1872</h3> - -<p class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 7<i>m</i></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - <i>Palaeotringa vagans</i> Marsh, 1872:365. -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Holotype.</span>—Fragmented distal two-thirds of a left tibiotarsus lacking -the external condyle and the anterior portion of the internal condyle, -YPM 835.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Locality and Horizon.</span>—From Hornerstown, Upper Freehold Township, -Monmouth County, New Jersey; collected by J.G. Meirs; Late Cretaceous -(Maastrichtian), "about ten feet below the surface of the marl" (Marsh, -1872:365), either basal Hornerstown Formation or Navesink Formation.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Measurements</span> (in mm).—Width of shaft just proximal to external condyle -5.8.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Comparisons.</span>—This very unsatisfactory specimen comes from a species -smaller than <i>P. littoralis</i> and larger than <i>P. vetus</i> (= <i>Telmatornis -priscus</i>). It differs from the latter and agrees with <i>P. littoralis</i> -in having the distal tendinal opening of a flattened oval shape, rather -than decidedly rounded. If we have correctly referred <i>P. vetus</i> to -<i>Telmatornis priscus</i>, then it is certain that neither of the other -two species of <i>Palaeotringa</i> can be referred to <i>Telmatornis</i>. In <i>P. -vagans</i> the tendinal groove appears to be much narrower and the bridge -much deeper than in <i>P. littoralis</i>, but this is in part due to damage -and possible immaturity in the latter specimen, so it remains possible -that these species are in fact congeneric. The species <i>P. vagans</i> can -be retained as it is smaller than any of the other graculavids in the -fauna except <i>T. priscus</i>, from which it is generically distinct.</p> - - -<h3 id="Graculavidae">Graculavidae, Genus and Species Indeterminate</h3> - -<p class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 9<i>b,c</i></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Referred Material.</span>—Abraded distal end of left humerus and associated -proximal portion of humeral shaft, proximal end of radius, and fragment -of shaft of ulna, NJSM 11302.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Locality and Horizon.</span>—Collected from the main fossiliferous layer of -the Inversand Company marl pit, Sewell, Gloucester County, New Jersey; -Hornerstown Formation, latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian); collected 15 -August 1972 by David C. Parris.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Measurements</span> (in mm).—Humerus: distal width 19 mm, depth through -dorsal condyle 9.7, width of shaft at proximal extent of brachial fossa -11.0; greatest proximal diameter of radius 7.0.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Comparisons.</span>—The distal end of the humerus is the only reasonably -diagnostic element in this assortment and indicates a large, robust -species that would have exceeded in size any of the others known in -this Cretaceous avifauna except <i>Laornis edvardsianus</i>, which was -much larger still. In size this bird would have approximated the -modern flamingo <i>Phoeniconaias minor</i>, which it somewhat resembles in -morphology as well. The humerus is not greatly different from that -of other Graculavidae in general aspect but is distinct in having a -larger, much deeper, and more proximally situated brachial depression. -It represents a species distinct from any of the others yet known -in the fauna and is certainly generically distinct from all except -possibly <i>Graculavus</i>, for which comparable elements are unknown.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Order_Procellariiformes"><b>Order <span class="smcap">Procellariiformes</span>?</b></h2> -</div> - - -<p>Among the newly collected material from the Inversand pit is a singular -avian humerus that cannot be assigned to the Graculavidae or to -any other known family, fossil or modern. Although it is generally -inadvisable to name even Paleogene birds on single elements, to say -nothing of Cretaceous ones, the specimen under consideration here is -superior to any of the other avian fossils yet collected from the -Cretaceous of New Jersey, both in preservation and in diagnostic -qualities, and it would seem incongruous to leave it innominate when -practically all the other fragments from the same deposits have -received names.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">- 15 -</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="Figure9" style="width: 602px;"> - <img src="images/figure9.png" width="602" height="744" alt="" /> - <div class="figcaption"><span class="smcap">Figure 9.</span>—Miscellaneous elements, <i>a</i>, <i>Palaeotringa -littoralis?</i> (NJSM 11303), distal end of left humerus, palmar view; -<i>b</i>, Graculavidae, genus and species indeterminate (NJSM 11302), -distal end of left humerus, palmar view; <i>c</i>, proximal end of -radius associated with <i>b</i>; <i>d</i>, <i>Graculavus velox?</i> (NJSM 11854), -right carpometacarpus; <i>e,f</i>, Procellariiformes?, genus and species -indeterminate (ANSP 15713), distal end of left ulna (<i>e</i>, external -view;/dorsal view); <i>g</i>, Aves, incertae sedis (NJSM 12119), distal end -of left femur, posterior view. (<i>a,b,c,d</i>, × 2; <i>e,f,g</i>, × 5; specimens -coated with ammonium chloride to enhance detail.)</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">- 16 -</span></p> - -<p>The most distinctive features of this specimen are the deep brachial -depression and the incipient ectepicondylar spur, thus calling to mind -both the Lari (Charadriiformes) and the Procellariiformes among modern -birds. Among the Pelecaniformes it also bears a resemblance to the -Phaethontidae and especially to the Eocene frigatebird <i>Limnofregata</i> -(Fregatidae) (Olson, 1977).</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Family_Tytthostonychidae_new_family"><b>Family <span class="smcap">Tytthostonychidae</span>, new family</b></h2> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Type Genus.</span>—<i>Tytthostonyx</i>, new genus.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Included Genera.</span>—Type genus only.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Diagnosis.</span>—Differs from the Lari and other Charadriiformes in (1) -the low, narrow head; (2) the very large, long pectoral crest; (3) -the virtual absence of the incisura capitis or any excavation for M. -coracobrachialis cranialis; and (4) the shallow, indistinct tricipital -grooves. It agrees with the Procellariiformes and differs from -<i>Phaethon</i> and <i>Limnofregata</i> in characters 2 and 4, and in the large, -deeply excavated brachial depression. The ectepicondylar spur is better -developed than in any of the Pelecaniformes but not as well developed -as in the Procellariiformes. The apparently very broad pectoral crest -extends much farther distally than in any of the Procellariiformes or -even in <i>Limnofregata</i>, to which the fossil is somewhat more similar -in this respect. <i>Tytthostonyx</i> differs from any of the taxa compared in -having the ventral condyle very rounded, extending distally well past -the dorsal condyle.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Genus_Tytthostonyx_new_genus"><b>Genus <i>Tytthostonyx</i>, new genus</b></h2> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Type-Species.</span>—<i>Tytthostonyx glauconiticus</i>, new species.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Included Species.</span>—Type species only.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Diagnosis.</span>—As for the family.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Etymology.</span>—Greek, <i>tytthos</i>, little, plus <i>stonyx</i>, any sharp point. -The name is masculine in gender and refers to the small, presumably -rudimentary, ectepicondylar spur. It should not be confused with the -coleopteran genus <i>Tytthonyx</i>, based on <i>onyx</i>, claw.</p> - - -<h3 id="Tytthostonyx_glauconiticus"><i>Tytthostonyx glauconiticus</i>, new species</h3> - -<p class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Figures</span> 10, 11</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Holotype.</span>—Right humerus lacking the ventral tubercle, portions of the -pectoral crest, and other parts of the proximal end, where partially -reconstructed, NJSM 11341.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Locality and Horizon.</span>—Main fossiliferous layer of the Inversand -Company marl pit, Sewell, Gloucester County, New Jersey; basal portion -of the Hornerstown Formation, latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian); -collected 11 October 1973 by David C. Parris.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Measurements of Holotype</span> (in mm).—Length as reconstructed, 110; width -and depth of shaft at midpoint 7.0 × 5.6; distal width 14.8; depth -through dorsal condyle 8.7.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Etymology.</span>—From Latin, <i>glaucus</i> (Greek, <i>glaukos</i>), bluish green -or gray, sea-colored, applied to greensands because of their color, -although appropriate because of their marine origins as well; in -reference to the holotype having been recovered from beds of glauconite.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remarks.</span>—A possible relationship between the Procellariiformes and -Pelecaniformes has been previously suggested (Sibley and Ahlquist, -1972:70; Olson, 1985:142), and among the pelecaniform taxa most often -mentioned as being procellariiform-like are the Fregatidae. It is -tempting to regard the humerus of <i>Tytthostonyx</i> as being similar -to that possessed by the ancestral stock that gave rise to the -Procellariiformes. Its similarities also to the Eocene frigatebird -<i>Limnofregata</i> would thus be seen as corroborating the primitiveness -of the Fregatidae within the Pelecaniformes. Whereas <i>Tytthostonyx</i> -definitely has not achieved the highly distinctive and presumably -derived morphology of the humerus of modern Procellariiformes, the -incipient development of the ectepicondylar spur and deep brachial -depression could be interpreted as tending in that direction.</p> - -<p>On the other hand, we must admit that we are dealing with only a -single bone and one of very great age at that, so that the risk of -overinterpreting the fossil is correspondingly great. We can only -discern the overall similarities of the specimen and phylogenetic -inferences can therefore be only tentative at best.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Family_and_Genus_Indeterminate"><b>Family and Genus Indeterminate</b></h2> -</div> - -<p class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 9<i>e,f</i></p> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Referred Material.</span>—Distal portion of left ulna ANSP 15713.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Locality and Horizon.</span>—Inversand Company marl pit, near Sewell, -Gloucester County, New Jersey; Hornerstown Formation, Late Cretaceous -(Maastrichtian); not found in situ, collected on shelf formed by "blue -bed"; collected 31 August 1977 by Richard S. White.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Measurements</span> (in mm).—Distal width 2.6, distal depth 3.1, width and -depth of shaft near point of break 1.8 × 1.9.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Comparisons.</span>—This specimen comes from a very small bird. The only -modern pelagic birds in this size range are the storm-petrels of -the family Oceanitidae and the fossil resembles this family in the -extremely straight shaft of the ulna, the shape and depth of the -tendinal grooves, and the relatively well-developed scars for the -attachment of the secondaries. It differs from the Oceanitidae in -having the ventral lip of the external condyle much more rounded and -protrudent past the plane of the shaft, whereas the carpal tubercle in -dorsal view is markedly smaller. On this basis, the fossil certainly -could not be referred to the Oceanitidae and that it should be -associated with the Procellariiformes may be doubted as well.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">- 17 -</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="Figure10" style="width: 602px;"> - <img src="images/figure10.png" width="602" height="707" alt="" /> - <div class="figcaption"><span class="smcap">Figure 10.</span>—<i>Tytthostonyx glauconiticus</i>, new genus -and species (holotype, NJSM 11341), right humerus: <i>a,b</i>, anconal and -palmar views of uncoated specimen to show reconstructed areas, × 0.8; -<i>c,d</i>, stereophotographs of coated specimen in anconal and palmar -views, × 1.3.</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">- 18 -</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="Figure11" style="width: 598px;"> - <img src="images/figure11.png" width="598" height="731" alt="" /> - <div class="figcaption"><span class="smcap">Figure 11.</span>—<i>Tytthostonyx glauconiticus</i>, new genus and -species (holotype, NJSM 11341), stereophotographs of distal end of -right humerus: <i>a</i>, anconal view; <i>b</i>, palmar view; <i>c</i>, ventral view; -<i>d</i>, dorsal view; <i>e</i>, distal view. (All figures × 2; specimens coated -with ammonium chloride to enhance detail.)</div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">- 19 -</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Aves_incertae_sedis"><b>Aves, incertae sedis</b></h2> -</div> - -<p class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 9<i>g</i></p> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Referred Material.</span>—Distal end of left femur, NJSM 12119.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Locality and Horizon.</span>—Inversand Company marl pit, Sewell, Gloucester -County, New Jersey; from processed spoil piles, precise stratum -unknown; collected 12 December 1981 by Cynthia Miller. Presumably -from the Hornerstown Formation but could be either Late Cretaceous or -Paleocene.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Measurements</span> (in mm).—Distal width 4.3, distal depth 3.8.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Comparisons.</span>—This is also from a very small bird, possibly the same -size as the species represented by the preceding ulna (ANSP 15713; -<a href="#Figure9">Figure 9<i>e,f</i></a>) but probably somewhat larger. It is characterized -by an extremely well-developed tubercle for the attachment of M. -gastrocnemius lateralis. A perfunctory perusal of modern taxa revealed -nothing similar.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Discussion"><b>Discussion</b></h2> -</div> - - -<p>Because the specimens treated here are avian and of Mesozoic age, it is -almost certain that too much importance will be made of them by some -future authors. Indeed, it will probably be years before the literature -can be expunged of the records of presumed occurrences that arose from -previous misidentifications of these fossils. Therefore, in an effort -to forestall overenthusiasm for these fragments we shall present our -own brief assessment of their significance.</p> - -<p>Unlike most other Cretaceous birds, such as the Hesperornithiformes, -Ichthyornithiformes, and Enantiornithiformes, which represent totally -extinct lineages (Olson, 1985), the Cretaceous birds of New Jersey are -of essentially modern aspect. However, there are no modern families -of birds represented in the fauna. The differences among the fossils -suggest that at least two orders are represented, but whether any or -all of the species can be placed in modern orders is more difficult -to say. This stems as much from the unsatisfactory state of the -ordinal classification of modern birds (Olson, 1981, 1985), as from -the incompleteness of the fossils. There are certain modern birds, for -example the Burhinidae, with sufficient similarities to some of the -Cretaceous fossils that there would be no problem with associating them -in the same ordinal-level taxon, though it would be more difficult to -say which other modern families should also be included.</p> - -<p>The material is too poor to state how many families are represented -in the fauna, although if the various members of the "form-family" -Graculavidae were better known there can scarcely be any doubt that -more than one family would be recognized in this group. Within -the Graculavidae from New Jersey there appear to be six genera -(<i>Graculavus</i>, <i>Telmatornis</i>, <i>Palaeotringa</i>, <i>Laornis</i>, <i>Anatalavis</i>, -and an unnamed genus). These are diverse, ranging in size from the -smallest of the modern Burhinidae to that of a large crane. The very -short, robust, curved humeri of <i>Anatalavis</i> indicate some diversity in -mode of flight as well. The greatest similarity of most of these forms -is to the early Paleogene bird <i>Presbyornis</i>, and then to the modern -family Burhinidae. Because these two groups are very different in their -habits and feeding adaptations we may expect that the various members -of the Graculavidae were probably as divergent from one another as are -<i>Presbyornis</i> and <i>Burhinus</i>, their similarities being almost certainly -due to the retention of primitive characters.</p> - -<p>Including the two genera and species that show some similarities to the -Procellariiformes, along with the small indeterminate femur, the total -avifauna from the New Jersey greensands comprises 8 or 9 genera and 9 -or 10 species. As far as can be determined, all of the birds in this -assemblage were probably marine or littoral in habits. We certainly -would not interpret this as indicating that waterbirds are primitive -and that they gave rise to land birds, as suggested by Thulborn and -Hamley (1985) in their fantastic and highly improbable conjectures as -to the mode of life of <i>Archaeopteryx</i>. Indeed, just the opposite is -probably the case (Olson, 1985), the lack of Late Cretaceous fossils of -truly terrestrial or arboreal birds most likely being due to sampling -bias.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">- 20 -</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Appendix">Appendix</h2> -</div> - - -<p>The nonavian megafauna of the main fossiliferous layer (Basal -Hornerstown Formation), at the Inversand Company marl pit, Sewell, -Gloucester County, New Jersey is listed below. Also found in the -deposits were numerous coprolites of sharks and crocodilians, some -amber, phosphatized wood, and a few seeds. Voucher specimens are in the -collections of the New Jersey State Museum, Academy of Natural Sciences -of Philadelphia, and Yale University (Princeton University collections).</p> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Brachiopoda</span></p> - -<div class="ind2em"> -<i>Terebratulina atlantica</i> (Morton)<br /> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Gastropoda</span></p> - -<div class="ind2em"> -<i>Gyrodes abyssinus</i> (Morton)<br /> -<i>Acteon cretacea</i> Gabb<br /> -<i>Anchura abrupta</i> Conrad<br /> -<i>Turbinella parva</i> Gabb<br /> -<i>Lunatia halli</i> Gabb<br /> -<i>Pyropsis trochiformis</i> (Tuomey)<br /> -<i>Volutoderma ovata</i> Whitfield<br /> -<i>Turbinella subconica</i> Gabb<br /> -<i>Turritella vertebroides</i> Morton<br /> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Pelecypoda</span></p> - -<div class="ind2em"> -<i>Cardium tenuistriatum</i> Whitfield -<i>Glycymeris mortoni</i> (Conrad) -<i>Gryphaea convexa</i> (Say) -<i>Gervilliopsis ensiformis</i> (Conrad) -<i>Panopea decisa</i> Conrad -<i>Veniella conradi</i> Morton -<i>Crassatella vadosa</i> Morton -<i>Cucullaea vulgaris</i> Morton -<i>Lithophaga ripleyana</i> Gabb -<i>Xylophagella irregularis</i> (Gabb) -<i>Nuculana stephensoni</i> Richards -<i>Etea delawarensis</i> (Gabb) -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Nautiloidea</span></p> - -<div class="ind2em"> -<i>Eutrephoceras dekayi</i> (Morton)<br /> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Ammonoidea</span></p> - -<div class="ind2em"> -<i>Baculites ovatus</i> Say<br /> -<i>Sphenodiscus lobatus</i> (Tuomey)<br /> -<i>Pachydiscus</i> (<i>Neodesmoceras</i>) sp.<br /> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Crustacea</span></p> - -<div class="ind2em"> -cf. <i>Hoploparia</i> sp.<br /> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Chondrichthyes</span></p> - -<div class="ind2em"> -<i>Lamma appendiculata</i> (Agassiz)<br /> -<i>Odontaspis cuspidata</i> (Agassiz)<br /> -<i>Squalicorax pristodontus</i> (Morton)<br /> -<i>Hexanchus</i> sp.<br /> -<i>Edaphodon stenobryus</i> (Cope)<br /> -<i>Edaphodon mirificus</i> Leidy<br /> -<i>Ischyodus</i> cf. <i>I. thurmanni</i> Pictet and Campiche<br /> -<i>Squatina</i> sp.<br /> -<i>Myliobatis</i> cf. <i>M. leidyi</i> Hay<br /> -<i>Ischyrhiza mira</i> Leidy<br /> -<i>Rhinoptera</i> sp.<br /> -cf. <i>Rhombodus levis</i> Cappetta and Case<br /> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Osteichthyes</span></p> - -<div class="ind2em"> -<i>Enchodus</i> cf. <i>E. ferox</i> Leidy<br /> -<i>Enchodus</i> cf. <i>E. serrulalus</i> Fowler<br /> -<i>Paralbula casei</i> Estes<br /> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Chelonia</span></p> - -<div class="ind2em"> -<i>Adocus beatus</i> Leidy<br /> -<i>Osteopygis emarginatus</i> Cope<br /> -<i>Taphrospys sulcatus</i> (Leidy)<br /> -<i>Dollochelys atlantica</i> (Zangerl)<br /> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Crocodilia</span></p> - -<div class="ind2em"> -cf. <i>Procaimanoidea</i> sp.<br /> -<i>Hyposaurus rogersii</i> Owen<br /> -<i>Thoracosaurus</i> sp.<br /> -<i>Bottosaurus harlani</i> Meyer<br /> -<i>Diplocynodon</i> sp.<br /> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Lacertilia</span></p> - -<div class="ind2em"> -<i>Mosasaurus</i> sp.<br /> -<i>Plioplatecarpus</i> sp.<br /> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">- 21 -</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Literature_Cited">Literature Cited</h2> -</div> - - -<p class="p0">Baird, Donald</p> - -<div class="blkqtp">1967. Age of Fossil Birds from the Greensands of New Jersey. -<i>Auk</i>, 84:260-262.</div> - - -<p class="p0">Brodkorb, Pierce</p> - -<div class="blkqtp">1963a. Birds from the Upper Cretaceous of Wyoming. <i>Proceedings -of the XIIIth International Ornithological Congress</i>, pages -55-70, 10 figures.</div> - -<div class="blkqtp">1963b. Catalogue of Fossil Birds, Part 1 (Archaeopterygiformes -through Ardeiformes). <i>Bulletin of the Florida Slate Museum</i>, -<i>Biological Sciences</i>, 7(4):179-293.</div> - -<div class="blkqtp">1967. Catalogue of Fossil Birds, Part 3 (Ralliformes, -Ichthyornithiformes, Charadriiformes). <i>Bulletin of the -Florida Slate Museum</i>, <i>Biological Sciences</i>, 11(3):99-220.</div> - -<div class="blkqtp">1978. Catalogue of Fossil Birds, Part 5 (Passeriformes). <i>Bulletin -of the Florida Stale Museum</i>, <i>Biological Sciences</i>, -23(3):140-228.</div> - - -<p class="p0">Conrad, Timothy A.</p> - -<div class="blkqtp">1869. 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Systematics and Evolution of the Gruiformes (Class Aves), 3: -Phylogeny of the Suborder Grues. <i>Bulletin of the American -Museum of Natural History</i>, 151:1-128, 51 figures, 49 tables.</div> - - -<p class="p0">Erickson, Bruce R.</p> - -<div class="blkqtp">1975. <i>Dakotornis cooperi</i>, a New Paleocene Bird from North Dakota. -<i>Scientific Publications of the Science Museum of Minnesota</i>, -new series, 3(1):7 pages, 3 figures.</div> - - -<p class="p0">Fürbringer, Max</p> - -<div class="blkqtp">1888. <i>Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Systematik der -Vögel, zugleich ein Beitrag zur Anatomie der Stütz- und -Bewegungsorgane.</i> 2 volumes, 1751 pages, 30 plates. Amsterdam: -Von Holkema. [Issued as <i>Koninklijk Zoölogisch Genootschap -"Natura Artis Magistra," Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde</i> -(Amsterdam), 15.]</div> - - -<p class="p0">Gaffney, Eugene</p> - -<div class="blkqtp">1975. 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Upper Cretaceous Subsurface Stratigraphy of Atlantic Coastal -Plain of New Jersey. <i>American Association of Petroleum -Geologists Bulletin</i>, 60(1):87-107, 7 figures.</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">- 22 -</span></p> - -<p class="p0">Rapp, William F., Jr.</p> - -<div class="blkqtp">1943. List of the Fossil Birds of New Jersey. <i>Journal of -Paleontology</i>, 17(1):124.</div> - - -<p class="p0">Shufeldt, R.W.</p> - -<div class="blkqtp">1915. Fossil Birds in the Marsh Collection of Yale University. -<i>Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and -Sciences</i>, 19:1-109, 15 plates.</div> - - -<p class="p0">Sibley, Charles G., and Jon E. Ahlquist</p> - -<div class="blkqtp">1972. A Comparative Study of the Egg White Proteins of -Non-Passerine Birds. <i>Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale -University, Bulletin</i>, 39:276 pages, 37 figures.</div> - - -<p class="p0">Stephenson, L.W., P.B. King, W.H. Monroe, and R.W. Imlay</p> - -<div class="blkqtp">1942. Correlation of the Outcropping Cretaceous Formations of -the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain and Trans-Pecos, Texas. -<i>Geological Society of America Bulletin</i>, 53:435-448, 1 plate.</div> - - -<p class="p0">Thulborn, Richard A., and Tim L. Hamley</p> - -<div class="blkqtp">1985. A New Palaeoecological Role for <i>Archaeopteryx</i>. <i>In</i> M.K. -Hecht, J.H. Ostrom, G. Viohl, and P. Wellnhofer, editors, -<i>The Beginnings of Birds: Proceedings of the International -Archaeopteryx Conference Eichstätt 1984</i>, pages 81-89, 2 -figures. Eichstätt: Freunde des Jura-Museums.</div> - - -<p class="p0">Vanuxem, Lardner</p> - -<div class="blkqtp">1829. Remark on the Characters and Classification of Certain Rock -Formations. <i>American Journal of Science</i>, 16:254-256.</div> - - -<p class="p0">Wetmore, Alexander</p> - -<div class="blkqtp">1926. Fossil Birds from the Green River Deposits of Eastern Utah. -<i>Annals of the Carnegie Museum</i>, 16(3-4):391-402, plates 36-37.</div> - -<div class="blkqtp">1930. The Age of the Supposed Cretaceous Birds from New Jersey. -<i>Auk</i>, 47(2):186-188.</div> - -<div class="blkqtp">1940. 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