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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b705c4b --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #69092 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/69092) diff --git a/old/69092-0.txt b/old/69092-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 822fd47..0000000 --- a/old/69092-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1447 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Ohio Naturalist, Vol. 1, No. 4, -February 1901, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Ohio Naturalist, Vol. 1, No. 4, February 1901 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: October 29, 2022 [eBook #69092] - -Language: English - -Produced by: The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE OHIO NATURALIST, VOL. 1, -NO. 4, FEBRUARY 1901 *** - - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes: - - Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ - in the original text. - Equal signs “=” before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= in - the original text. - Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals. - Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs. - Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected. - - - - - THE OHIO - Naturalist - - PUBLISHED BY - THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY - - EDITORIAL STAFF - - EDITOR-IN-CHIEF—JOHN H. SCHAFFNER, A. M., M. S. - - ASSOCIATE EDITORS: - _Zoology_—F. L. LANDACRE, B. Sc. - _Botany_—F. J. TYLER, B. Sc. - _Geology_—J. A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc. - _Archaeology_—W. C. MILLS, B. Sc. - _Ornithology_—R. F. GRIGGS - - ADVISORY BOARD: - PROFESSOR W. A. KELLERMAN, Ph. D. - Department of Botany. - PROFESSOR HERBERT OSBORN, M. Sc. - Department of Zoology. - PROFESSOR J. A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc. - Department of Geology. - - Volume 1. February, 1901 Number 4 - - COLUMBUS, OHIO - _PRESS OF HANN & ADAIR_ - - _THE OHIO NATURALIST_ - - A journal devoted more especially to the - natural history of Ohio. The official organ - of THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE - UNIVERSITY. Published monthly during the - academic year, from November to June (8 numbers). - - Price 50 cents per year, payable in advance. - To foreign countries, 75 cents. - Single copies 10 cents. - - JOHN H. SCHAFFNER, _Editor_. - F. J. TYLER, _Subscriptions_. - R. F. GRIGGS, _Advertising Agent_. - - _Address_ - THE OHIO NATURALIST, Ohio State University, - COLUMBUS, OHIO. - - - - -CONTENTS - - - The Corning Oil and Gas Field 49 - _J. A. Bownocker_ - - Twelve Additions to the Ohio Plant List 59 - _W. A. Kellerman_ - - A new species of Gomphus and its near Relatives 60 - _James S. Hine_ - - A Comparative Study of Gomphus furcifer and villosipes 61 - _James S. Hine_ - - Notes from Botanical Literature 63 - _W. A. Kellerman_ - - Meeting of the Biological Club 66 - _James S. Hine, Sec._ - - The Ohio Naturalist - - PUBLISHED BY - THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY - - - Vol. 1. FEBRUARY, 1901 No. 4 - - - - -THE CORNING OIL AND GAS FIELD.[A] - -J. A. BOWNOCKER - - -AREA.—This field lies in the three counties, Athens, Perry and Morgan. -Leaving out of consideration at present a few small outlying pools, and -starting at the south, the productive territory may be said to begin in -Section 22, Trimple township, Athens county. From this point it runs -almost due north to the Perry county line. The widest part of this -portion of the field does not exceed one-half mile, while the narrowest -portion permits of a single row only of wells. - -[A] Published by permission of Edward Orton, Jr., State Geologist. - -It enters Monroe township, Perry county in Section 33, and runs almost -due north towards Corning, but bends to the northeast about one mile -south of that place. Here the productive territory attains a maximum -width of 3 miles, the greatest in the field. The northeast course is -continued to the Morgan county line, where it turns due north, skirting -that line with a productive strip about one-half mile wide for 2½ -miles, when it turns slightly to the east, entering Morgan county in -Section 31 of Deerfield township. From that place it extends through -Section 30 and into Section 19, beyond which it has not been traced. -Development of this part of the field is retarded by floods of salt -water which may limit it in this direction. The total length of the -field is about 14 miles. - -Outside of this belt are four pools, two of which are of little -importance. One lies around Glouster, and has an area of less than one -square mile. A second one lies in Sections 22 and 29, a short distance -northwest of Glouster. This is the principal territory from which the -gas of Corning and surrounding towns is derived. A third pool lies -around Porterville, and the fourth known as the Oakfield lies from 3 to -5 miles north of Corning. It includes parts of sections 5, 21, 28, 29, -32, and 33 of Pleasant and 22, 27 and 34 of Bearfield townships. It is -in this pool that the most extensive work is being done at the present -time. - -DISCOVERY.—Probably the first deep well drilled in the Sunday Creek -Valley was near Burr Oak, about 4 miles south of Corning. Its date is -not now known, but it must have been 40 or more years ago. Its depth -is likewise unknown, but it is reported to have penetrated the salt -sand. To this day it flows salt water, and with it sufficient gas to be -ignited. This well, however, seems not to have aroused suspicion that -there might be valuable liquids other than salt water buried in the -rocks. - -The discovery of oil in the Corning field was a matter of accident, -and resulted directly from a scarcity of water for the Toledo and Ohio -Central railroad. To remedy this a deep well was drilled in August, -1891, at the round-house, about three-fourths of a mile south of -Corning. The only water found was in the salt sand which is reported as -having been struck at a depth of 630 feet. The supply was copious, but -the salinity prevented its being used in locomotives. This brine was -shut out of the well by casing and the drill forced down to a depth of -1507 feet. Finding no water at that depth the work ceased, but a few -days later oil was thrown to the top of the derrick, and there were -smaller eruptions later. However further disturbances of this sort were -prevented by the company closing the well. - -DEVELOPMENT.—The disclosure made by this well attracted the attention -of oil men who immediately entered the field and began leasing -territory. The citizens of Corning feared the territory was falling -into the hands of the Standard Oil Company, and that it might not under -such conditions be developed for years. Accordingly a home company -styled “The Sunday Creek Oil & Gas Company,” was organized in -February, 1892, to make certain the development of the territory. The -capital stock was placed at $10,000 in shares of $50, and $8900 of -the stock was sold. Much of this was raised by citizens of the town -subscribing for single shares. - -The new Company was successful. By January 1st, 1898, 255% in dividends -had actually been paid the stock holders. In September, 1898, a power -for pumping the wells, and costing over $7000, was erected, the -contractor taking the product of the wells until it paid for the plant. -In November, 1899, the property together with $1250—the amount received -in excess of the cost of the plant—was turned over to the original -holders. The power is now (July 1, 1900,) pumping 20 wells, which have -a daily production of 40 barrels. - -The first well drilled by this Company was on the William Fisher farm -in northwest quarter section 14, Monroe township, Perry county. The -Berea was struck at 1012 feet, but the indications were so unfavorable -for a paying well that it was not considered advisable to shoot it. -However, on June 2d, 1892, after waiting nearly a month, the well was -shot with 80 quarts of nitro-glycerine, which had been hauled from -Sistersville, W. Va. The cost of the shot was $200. The first day -following the shooting of the well it produced 12 barrels, and a year -later was still producing 10 barrels per day. Following this other -wells were drilled in sections 14 and 15. In all 25 have been drilled, -only 3 of which were dry holes. - -[Illustration: THE CORNING OIL _and_ GAS FIELD - -BY J.A. BOWNOCKER.] - -Other companies began work and the territory was rapidly leased and -tested. Naturally operations began near the round-house where oil had -first been shown to exist. From this as a center the drill moved out -in all directions until the limits of the field had been disclosed. -The later work has been along the northeast end of the territory in -Morgan county, where the oil seems to be shut out by reservoirs of -salt water. During the present summer (1900) the valuable pool in the -Oakfield district has been developed, though small wells had been -found there several years earlier. The principal farms are the Porter, -Longstreth, Donnelly, Monahan, McDonald and Grenen. The first well was -on the Porter farm and was finished early in 1900. Its production was -35 barrels the first day. The second well was on the Monahan farm. It -was completed soon after the Porter well and had an initial flow of 45 -barrels in 24 hours. The next two wells were drilled on the Longstreth -farm, and both were fair producers. Early in the Spring a well was -completed on the Donnelly farm and flowed 125 barrels the first day. -Other wells on this farm are much smaller. Two wells on the Grenen -farm began flowing 675 and 90 barrels respectively. It is interesting -to note that the development of this, the richest part of the Corning -field, occurred late in the territory’s history. Possibly other pools -of equal richness may yet be discovered lying near the principal field. - -An important step in the development of the field occurred on August -13th, 1893 when the Buckeye Pipe Line was completed. Before that the -oil was transported by tank cars. The oil which is brought to the tanks -partly by gravity and partly by suction, the latter being produced by -an 8 horse-power gas engine, is stored in two iron tanks, one of which -has a capacity of 30,000, and the other 28,000 barrels. From these -tanks the oil is forced to Elba, a distance of 34 miles, through a 4 -inch line. This work is done by a 35 horse-power engine which gives a -pressure in the line of from 700 to 1000 pounds per square inch. The -rate at which the oil is transported varies with the temperature. In -the summer when the oil is warm, and hence thin, 128 barrels may be -pumped in one hour, but in the winter when the oil is cold and thick -the transportation may be restricted to 11 barrels for the same period. - -When the pipe line was completed the production of the field was -about 500 barrels per day. It increased to 1300 barrels in 1896, but -since then has declined. At present it ranges from 800 to 900 barrels -per day. The total production of the field is shown by the following -letter: - - - The Buckeye Pipe Line Company—Macksburg Division. - Oil City, Pennsylvania, October 25th, 1900. - - J. A. Bownocker, Esq., Columbus, Ohio: - - Dear Sir—Your favor of October 18th to - Superintendent N. Moore, asking for the total - production by years of the Corning Field, has been - referred to me. Below please find the figures of oil - received by The Buckeye Pipe Line Company from the - Corning Field from August, 1893, to September, 1900: - - Part of Year 1893 128,918.03 Bbls. - Year 1894 322,313.71 “ - Year 1895 428,385.03 “ - Year 1896 469,258.78 “ - Year 1897 328,188.11 “ - Year 1898 196,417.75 “ - Year 1899 211,060.22 “ - January 1st to July 31st, 1900 143,314.96 “ - August, 1900 26,929.66 “ - September, 1900 22,517.67 “ - —————— - Total 2,277,303.90 Bbls. - - July 31st, 1900, completes the first seven years - production and thinking you might prefer to use the - even years, I have given you the figures for the year - 1900 to July 31st in one lump and the oil taken from - that field for the months of August and September - separately. - - Trusting this will answer your purposes, I remain - Yours truly, - J. R. CAMPBELL, Treasurer. - -LEASES.—At first the operators paid no bonuses, but gave a royalty -of one-eighth of the oil to the land owners—a rate of compensation -that has been usually maintained. To this there is one exception -worthy of note. When the round-house well showed the existence of -oil, and operators began leasing the surrounding territory, Fredrick -Weaver, a thrifty German farmer residing a short distance east from -the round-house, quietly visited the oil fields of Washington, -Pennsylvania, and investigated the methods of leasing oil territory in -that field. When he returned home he demanded a royalty of one-fourth -the oil and a bonus of $200 for each of the eight wells which it was -proposed should be drilled on his farm of eighty acres, and since his -territory was regarded as very promising, these rather severe terms -were granted. However, after drilling six wells, and the territory -not meeting expectations, the contractors complained and Mr. Weaver -generously reduced the bonus. More recently a royalty of one-sixth the -oil has been received by holders of lands that were deemed especially -promising, and bonuses also have been received. The leases usually -required that a well be drilled in from thirty to sixty days, but -sometimes, especially in the least promising territory, six months were -allowed. - -That the field was a monopoly for no one is shown by the following -list, which includes the chief operators of the district: - - Corning Oil Company. - Denman & Thompson. - O’Connel Oil Company. - Brooks Oil Company. - Caldron & Snyder. - Sunday Creek Oil & Gas Company. - Perry County Oil Company. - W. B. Barker & Company. - Cleveland Oil Company. - Keystone Oil Company. - W. E. Detlor. - William Rosier. - J. H. Van Wormer. - Northeast Oil Company. - Becker Oil Company. - Allen, Sternberg & Company. - Bolivar Oil Company. - William McMullen. - A. Bulger & Company. - Corning Natural Gas Company. - L. D. Langmade. - Harrington Brothers. - Ohio Oil Company. - Church Oil Company. - Monroe Oil & Gas Company. - Weaver Brothers. - W. B. Irwin & Company. - George Best & Company. - Foster & Moran. - Fallen Rock Company. - Ohlviler & Chambers. - Mill Oil Company. - Hemlock Oil Company. - John Holden. - Wells & Foraker. - Longfellow & Stevens. - Russell Metzger. - McGee & Stewart. - Stratton & Mark. - National Oil Company. - -GEOLOGY OF THE REGION.—The surface of the territory lies in the Lower -Productive and Lower Barren coal measures. The highest hills reach up -to or extend above the Ames or Crinoidal limestone. In fact along the -northeast extremity of the field the hills are capped by the limestones -which underlie the Pittsburgh coal. The deepest valley—that of Sunday -Creek—cuts through the Middle Kittanning coal, a short distance north -of Corning, but at this town the seam named is under cover, while the -Upper Freeport coal is at about drainage level. - -The succession of strata under ground is shown by the following record -kept and furnished the Survey by Mr. G. W. Delong, Superintendent of -Schools, Corning. The well is located on lot 154 of the town just -named, and the top of the well lies at the base of the Mahoning -sandstone: - - Thickness of Total - Stratum Thickness - - Shale 25 feet 25 feet - Bastard Lime 15 “ 40 “ - Sand 10 “ 50 “ - Coal (No. 6) 10 “ 60 “ - White Slate 65 “ 125 “ - Sand 15 “ 140 “ - White Slate 25 “ 165 “ - Blue 10 “ 175 “ - Sand 10 “ 185 “ - Slate 50 “ 235 “ - Shale 35 “ 270 “ - Sand 30 “ 300 “ - Black Shale 10 “ 310 “ - Lime 25 “ 335 “ - Shale with Concretions 100 “ 435 “ - Slate 25 “ 460 “ - Limestone(?) 30 “ 490 “ - Shale 35 “ 525 “ - Salt Sand 30 “ 555 “ - White Slate 100 “ 655 “ - Slate and Concretions 25 “ 680 “ - Shale 15 “ 695 “ - Little Salt Sand 20 “ 715 “ - White Slate 100 “ 815 “ - Slate and Concretions 100 “ 915 “ - Brown Shale 40 “ 955 “ - Black Shale 38 “ 993 “ - Top Berea 993 “ - Bottom of Berea 1008 “ - -The depth of the well as shown by the steel line is 1012½ feet. It -was drilled in the Fall of 1896, and was shot with twenty quarts of -nitro-glycerine. It began flowing thirty barrels per day, but the -production has diminished until at present it is producing only one -barrel per day. Below the Berea the Bedford shales are found in their -normal conditions. - -THE OIL SAND.—This is in all cases the Berea. The sand has the light -gray color so common in this formation in other parts of the state. -It is moderately fine grained, but there is considerable variation in -this respect. Usually it is a pure quartz sand, but occasionally has -thin layers of dark shaly material running through it. In thickness -it shows considerable variation, but never disappears in this field. -The normal thickness is usually given as twenty feet and the maximum -reported is eighty feet. This depth was found on the Potts farm about -one and one-fourth miles northeast of Corning, and on the O’Farrell -farm about two miles east from the same town. In both cases a dark -gray shale, probably the Ohio, lay below. The Bedford on this theory -had been swept away before the Berea was deposited. In such abnormal -depths the additions always appear to be on the bottom, showing that -the surface of the underlying Bedford shale was quite uneven. Here, as -elsewhere in the state, the drill shows the upper surface of the Berea -to be uniform. It is worthy of note that the production of oil does -not vary as the thickness of the sand. In fact in this field the great -thicknesses are generally poor producers. - -The “pay streak” or that containing the oil and gas ranges in thickness -from 3 to 8 feet, but very few of the wells attain the maximum figure. -Towards the margin of the productive field the “pay streak” thins, and -finally disappears. The top of the “pay” usually lies from 10 to 15 -feet below the surface of the Berea. As a rule the “pay” is coarser -than other parts of the Berea, and generally the coarser the rock the -larger the well. Sometimes in the thick part of the Berea there are two -“pay streaks.” - -THE WELLS.—The number of wells producing July 1, 1900, exceeded 600. -About 100 dry holes have been drilled and about an equal number of -wells have been abandoned, so that 800 is a fair approximation of the -total number of wells drilled in the field. As a rule a well has been -put down for each 8 to 10 acres of surface territory. - -The wells have been cased through the salt sand, a depth of 555 feet in -the valley at Corning. The casing has almost invariably been 5⅝ inches, -inside measurement. The rocks comprising the underlying 160-180 feet, -and terminating with the “Little Salt Sand” have furnished some water -which has been disastrous to the wells. It reduced the gas pressure, -thus necessitating pumping the wells earlier than otherwise would have -been required, and perhaps prematurely destroying the life of the well. -Had the wells been cased through the “Little Salt Sand” time and money -would have been saved, and the production of the field would have been -larger. - -The western side of the field is quite free from salt water. It is on -that side that the principal gas territory lies. On the eastern side of -the field the conditions are more variable. In Trimble township, Athens -county, the wells are free from water, while in Monroe township, Perry -county, salt water is found in the northeast corner, and in Morgan -county it is so abundant that operating is prevented. From this it -appears that the western side of the Corning field is free from salt -water, and that it is absent also on the eastern side at the southern -margin of the territory, but that it increases rapidly to the northeast. - -While the production of the wells after being shot has varied greatly, -yet they have not furnished the great extremes that many other fields -have. Few, if any of the wells, have started better than 125 barrels -per day, and it has been estimated that the average for the entire -field has been 20 barrels. - -The wells have sufficient gas pressure to flow them during the earlier -part of their lives, but later as the pressure diminishes they have to -be pumped. Since the eastern side of the field has salt water the wells -there have to be pumped earlier than those on the western side. - -THE GAS WELLS.—The principal gas territory is that along Muddy Fork -in Sections 22 and 29 Trimble township, Athens county, the best wells -being found in the western half of the latter section on the lands of -the Hocking Coal and Railroad company. The largest well in this field -started at 3,000,000 cubic feet per day with a rock pressure of 400 -pounds. It was drilled in the fall of 1897, and one year later was -producing 2,000,000 cubic feet per day, and still another year later -1,500,000 cubic feet. Of the other wells in this territory two started -at 2,000,000 feet each, two at 1,000,000 feet each, and three at -500,000 feet each. The decline in the smaller wells was not as rapid as -in the larger ones since the demands made on them were not as heavy. -Thus far no dry holes have been found in this territory. The reliance -of the community is on this field where 5,000 acres are leased in one -block. - -Another district that has yielded considerable gas is that at Oakfield -about 3 miles north of Corning. These wells started at 2,000,000, -1,500,000, 500,000, and 250,000 cubic feet per day respectively. Two -of the smaller of these have been abandoned after having produced for -two years. The largest of these wells, now four years old, is producing -500,000 cubic feet per day, and the second largest, now three years -old, is producing the same amount. The wells in this field produce -considerable oil and by some are rated as oil wells rather than gas -ones. - -Outside of these two places an occasional strip is found that produces -gas in paying quantities. Thus about one mile northeast of Corning -two wells were drilled, which combined produced 500,000 cubic feet -per day. They produced three years and were then abandoned. About two -miles north of Corning a good well was drilled on the Newberry farm. It -started at 1,500,000 cubic feet per day, had an initial rock pressure -of 400 pounds and lasted three years. - -Another productive tract lies about 6 miles northeast of Corning on -the Finley, Devore and Stoneburner farms. Three wells were drilled on -the Finley farm, and started one at 1,500,000 and two at 250,000 cubic -feet, with an initial rock pressure of 400 pounds. These wells lasted -three years. - -The operators of the wells have been much troubled with salt water -in the Muddy Fork field and with oil in the Oakfield territory. Salt -water is removed by “blowing” the wells. For this operation the wells -are closed for a short period, usually about 30 minutes, allowing the -gas pressure to increase; when this has become sufficiently strong the -well is opened at the top and the gas then blows the water from the -well. When the well has been cleansed in this manner it is closed and -the gas turned back into the mains. Sometimes, however, the weight of -the water is so great that the gas cannot drive it from the well in -the manner just stated, especially is this true with wells that have -been in use for a considerable period. Then an iron rod attached to a -long pole is let down through the water, is raised and lowered, and -the gas following the pole in its ascent finally drives the water from -the well. This method of cleaning is known as “agitating.” Finally the -pressure of the gas becomes so small that it cannot lift the water with -the help of “agitating,” and then the well is dead. In winter time each -well is cleaned every other day, and in the summer twice a week. - -The gas wells in the Corning field are owned and operated by the -Corning Natural Gas Company. It supplies Jacksonville, Trimble, -Glouster, Murray City, New Straitsville, Shawnee, Hemlock, Corning, -Rendville, Moxahala, New Lexington, and several interior hamlets. -Almost the sole use of the fuel is for heat and light. - -The company makes a rate of 20 cents per thousand feet by meter. Where -the meter is not used, the prices in winter are $2.00 per month for the -first fire; $1.50 for the second; $1.00 for the third; 75 cents for the -fourth, and all additional fires at the latter figure. In the summer a -charge of $1.50 for each cooking fire is made. For lights the charges -are 25 cents each for the first two and 15 cents for each additional -one. - -The number of customers supplied by this company in 1900 was -approximately as follows: - - Corning 300 - Glouster 250 - New Lexington 250 - Shawnee 200 - New Straitsville 150 - Other places 350 - —— - Total 1500 - -In the Fall of 1899 the wells of the company produced 6,000,000 cubic -feet per day, but during cold weather when the demand for fuel was -great they dropped to 3,000,000 cubic feet, and the rock pressure which -was 300 pounds in the Fall was only 200 during the winter. On July 7th, -1900, the rock pressure of the wells in the Muddy Fork field ranged -from 170 to 280 pounds, indicating a considerable drop from that of the -preceding autumn. The company expects to drill four additional wells -during the ensuing fall (1900) in the Muddy Fork territory, and by so -doing expects to keep three wells closed, and thus maintain a good rock -pressure. - - - - -TWELVE ADDITIONS TO THE OHIO PLANT LIST. - -W. A. KELLERMAN. - - -The species named below have not been reported in the Fourth State -Catalogue of Ohio Plants, in the First Annual Supplement, nor in -“Additions to the Ohio Flora,” O. S. U. NATURALIST, 1:15. The serial -number prefixed to each name indicates where in the Fourth State -Catalogue the species should be inserted. The first collector and -locality are given for each of the listed specimens. - - 82a. Potamogeton nuttallii Cham. & Schw., Nuttall’s - Pondweed. Donor’s Lake, Wayne County, Ohio - (Reported by A. D. Selby before meeting of Ohio - Academy of Science, December 27, 1900.) - - 488a. Juncus dichotoma Ell. Forked Rush. Cuyahoga - County. (Edo Claassen.) - - 647a. Betula alba pendula Hortorum. Pendulous White - Birch. Escaped; Painesville. (Otto Hacker.) - - 781a. Dianthus deltoides L. Maiden Pink. Escaped: - Painesville. (Otto Hacker.) - - 936a. Erysimum repandum L. Logan County. (A. D. - Selby in report before Ohio Academy of Science, - December 27, 1900.) - - 1117a. Lespedeza angustifolia (Ph) L. (L. capitata - var. angustifolia Ph.) Narrow-leaf Bush-clover. - Fulton County. (A. D. Selby in report at meeting - of Ohio Academy of Science, December 27, 1900.) - - 1211a. Rhamnus caroliniana Walt. Carolina Buckthorn. - Adams and Brown Counties. (W. A. Kellerman.) - - 1526a. Teucrium scorodonia L. European Germander. - Escaped; Painesville, Lake County. (Otto - Hacker.) - - 1650a. Gerardia besseyana Britt. (G. tenuifolia - var. macrophylla Benth.) Bessey’s Gerardia. - Wooster. (J. W. T. Duvel; reported by - A. D. Selby at meeting of the Ohio Academy - of Science, December 27, 1900.) - - 1759a. Leontodon hastilis L. Dandelion. Escaped; - Painesville, Lake County. (Otto Hacker.) - - 1766b. Lactuca saligna L. European Wild Lettuce. - Dayton. (A. D. Selby.) - - 1777a. Hieracium greenii Porter & Britt. Green’s - Hawkweed. Wayne County. (Selby and Duvel; - reported by A. D. Selby before meeting of - Academy of Science, December 27, 1900.) - -There were 2025 species reported in the Fourth State Catalogue (1899) -for the State of Ohio. This number was supposed to be approximately -correct, since those of previous lists were discarded which are known -to have been erroneously identified or were unquestionably beyond -our range. In the First Annual Supplement sixty-nine additions were -made, and in Additions to the Ohio Flora, (O. S. U. NATURALIST, 1:15) -twenty-two more were recorded. Therefore those enumerated above bring -our grand total to 2128 species of Pteridophytes and Spermatophytes. - - - - -A NEW SPECIES OF GOMPHUS AND ITS NEAR RELATIVES. - -JAMES S. HINE. - - -_Gomphus viridifrons_ n. sp. Length of the abdomen about 33 mm., hind -wing about 27 mm.; black, face and occiput green; prothorax with -anterior margin and three spots green or yellow; thorax green with -spaces at base of wings, lateral suture and six bands before black, -the two middle bands are abbreviated anteriorly and separated by the -mid-dorsal carina which is very feebly green. Abdomen black, a dorsal -band and sides of first two or three segments yellowish, a yellow spot -at base of each of segments four to seven, and sides of eight and nine -usually yellowish. - -Abdominal appendages of the male straight, about as long as the tenth -segment, from above, widest at base, gradually narrowed from apical -third and acute at apex; from the side prominently widened at base, -with a strong tooth beneath at two-thirds of the length. Hamules large, -of nearly the same width for the whole length and ending behind in a -hooked process. Vulvar scale almost as long as the ninth abdominal -segment, gradually narrowed, apical third divided and the two parts -divaricate. - -Described from fourteen males and a female taken at Loudonville, Ohio, -June 14, 1900; and a male and female taken at Ohio Pile, Pa.—the latter -two specimens by E. B. Williamson. - -The species averages larger than either _brevis_ or _abbreviatus_ -and may be separated from the former readily by its green face, by -the striking differences in the vulvar lamina and by the hamules and -male appendages. In _brevis_ the tooth on the appendage is nearer -the end and the space from it to appex is noticeably curved while in -_viridifrons_ this space is practically straight. - -It has more points in common with _abbreviatus_, but in that species -the vulvar scale is short and triangular, the hamules are smaller and -shorter, and the tooth on the superior appendage of the male is much -farther from the apex. - -Through the kindness of Dr. Calvert and Mr. Williamson I have at my -disposal, specimens from which many of the accompanying drawings were -made. In _viridifrons_, _brevis_ and _abbreviatus_ I have made drawings -from different specimens of the same species to show slight variations. - -This is _Gomphus_ sp. Williamson, Dragonflies of Indiana, 294. - - - - -A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GOMPHUS FURCIFER AND VILLOSIPES. - -JAMES S. HINE. - - -It seems that nearly every author who has considered these two species -has compared them. Considering general appearances they are much alike -but can be separated easily by several details and as I have good -material of both sexes of the two species before me, I thought it -might be of consequence to consider in a comparative way some of their -characteristics. - -The occiput in both sexes of _villosipes_ bears a prominent tooth at -the middle of its upper edge. This tooth varies some in different -specimens, it ends above in a single point or it may be widened and end -above in three or more points. In _furcifer_ there is no tooth on the -occiput in either sex. - -The vulvar scales are very different, in _villosipes_ the part may -be said to be triangular with the free sides curved and the apical -part divided for about half the length of the scale. In _furcifer_ -its basal part is similar but the apical part is produced, giving -quite a different form. In the former species the scale is about -one-third as long as the ninth segment, while in the latter it is about -three-eighths as long as that segment. - -The abdominal appendages of the male are different. From dorsal view -those of _furcifer_ are rectangular with the inner distal angle very -much produced inward and backward; in _villosipes_ they are wide at -base, oblong, with the outer distal part broadly rounded and the -corresponding inner part produced directly backward. The hamules are -characteristic and may be explained best by reference to the figures. - -The two species are colored much alike but _furcifer_ is darker. -The tenth abdominal segment may be said to be yellow in both but in -_furcifer_ the sides of the segment are dark, oftentimes black. - -They agree in habits, both preferring to fly over stagnant water where -the males come to rest on floating objects or on the ground at the -water’s edge. I have observed the female of _furcifer_ ovipositing in -stagnant water among lily pads and other aquatic plants. Her flight is -slow while thus engaged, and her actions more like a _Libellula_ than -the usual _Gomphus_. - - -EXPLANATION OF PLATE. - - Gomphus villosipes—1, dorsal view of male - appendages; 3, vulvar scale; 5, hamule; 7, occiput - of female; 8, occiput of male. - - Gomphus furcifer—2, dorsal view of male appendages; - 4, hamule; 6, vulvar scale; 9, occiput of male; 10, - occiput of female. - - Gomphus viridifrons—11, 12, 13, dorsal view of - male appendages—13 from Pa., 11, 12 from Ohio; - 14, 15, 16, hamules; 17, 18, vulvar scales—18 from - Pennsylvania, 17 from Ohio. - - Gomphus brevis—19, 20, 21, dorsal view of male - appendages—specimens from Maine and Pennsylvania; - 22, 23, 24, hamules; 25, 26, vulvar scales. - - Gomphus abbreviatus—27, 28, 29, hamules; 30, 31, - vulvar scales; 32, 33, 34, dorsal view of male - appendages—specimens all from Maine. - -[Illustration: _Plate 5._ - -HINE—GOMPHINE STUDIES.] - - - - -NOTES FROM BOTANICAL LITERATURE. - -W. A. KELLERMAN. - - -A very interesting Bulletin of eight pages on the Chrysanthemum Rust -has been issued by J. C. Arthur, botanist of the Indiana Agricultural -Experiment Station. It is No. 85, and is dated October, 1900. Dr. -Arthur gives a general account of Uredineae or Rusts, explaining -that the typical forms have three prominent sets of spores, namely -(1) aecidiospores, usually red or orange in little white cups, (2) -uredospores, generally of a rusty yellow color and abundant (hence -the group name, Rusts), and (3) teleutospores, or the Winter spores, -usually dark brown or black. He further states that only uredospores -have yet been found in Europe and America, and since the fungus is an -annual, it is puzzling to see how it escapes extermination in winter -and spring when Chrysanthemum plants are latent. - -The assumption that this was the well known and common Puccinia -hieracii or Puccinia tanaceti he proves to be incorrect by inoculation -experiments. Uredospores from Chrysanthemums he sowed on Chrysanthemums -and obtained a crop of uredospores. Similar uredospores sowed on -Dandelion, Burdock, and Ox-eye Daisy produced no infection; uredospores -from the latter hosts sown on Chrysanthemum likewise produced no -infection. Uredospores from Dandelion sown on Dandelion produced -uredospores. Others have tried similar experiments, using Tansy, -Costmary, Orange Hawkweed, Giant Daisy, and Marguerite, besides the -host plants named above, but the Chrysanthemum Rust refuses to grow -on any of them. This Rust, which is common and well known on the -Chrysanthemum in Japan, has been named Puccinia chrysanthemi by Rose. - -In connection with suggestions relative to combating the disease, -Dr. Arthur says that “so long as the teleutospores do not make an -appearance in this country, the careful cultivator may feel assured -that a moderate amount of timely effort will enable him to rid -his establishment of the Rust, if he is so unfortunate as to have -it donated to him by some careless florist. Observations made by -the writer and others show that the tendency is for the disease -to disappear of itself, to run its course in an establishment and -die out, which is very likely to some extent due to the absence of -teleutospores.” - -BRYOLOGY.—Mrs. Britton’s popular articles on the Mosses and how to -study them, that have appeared from time to time, furnished the -directions and incentive to many who before had taken little or no -interest in this group of plants. Her purpose and plan are imitated -and extended in a charming little book, that has been prepared and -published by Dr. A. J. Grout, of the Boys’ High School, Brooklyn, New -York, called “Mosses with a Hand-Lens.” The author says that many years -of study of Mosses in the field and in Herbaria have convinced him -that “any person of average intelligence can easily learn to recognize -seventy to one hundred common mosses, with the aid of a hand-lens of -ten to fifteen diameters magnifying power.” - -[Illustration: Fig. 9, Ceratodon.] - -I have Dr. Grout’s permission to reproduce two illustrations, which -represent fairly that phase of his valuable book. Figure 9 shows -Ceratodon purpureus L, and the text pertaining to the same is as -follows: “Ceratodon is one of the commonest of all our mosses. It -is found on the edges of paths, roofs of old buildings, sand by the -seashore, and in general any barren compact soil is its favorite -habitat. The plants are short and grow close together, forming dense -thin mats of dark green. The lance-like young sporophytes appear early -in spring as soon as the snow is melted. By the middle of summer the -capsules often decay beyond recognition, and the seta breaks from the -plant at the touch. - -Unless one has become very familiar with Ceratodon it is not always -easy to recognize it without mature capsules. When the capsules have -fully matured they shrink when dry and become furrowed. This peculiar -furrowing, the dark rich color of the capsules, a color called purple -by the older botanists, but which is really a very dark chestnut or -red-brown, make it easy to recognize this species.” - -Plate II. shows the Hair-cap Mosses, Polytrichum, the largest of all -our species. There are four common species all having square capsules -which character distinguishes them from Pogonatums, the latter having -cylindric capsules. “The Ohio Hair-cap without the sporophyte (seta -and capsule, commonly called fruit) is not readily distinguished from -the Common, as the leaves and general appearance are very similar. But -with the sporophyte present, the distinctions are clear. In Figs. b and -d (Plate II.) note that the capsule of the Common Hair-cap is almost -cubical, that the lid has a _very short beak_, and that the capsule is -entirely covered by the calyptra. The capsule of the Ohio Hair-cap (e) -is elongated, slender with a tapering neck, and with a much longer beak -to the lid. The lid and the calyptra of the Ohio Hair-cap fall early in -June, very soon after the spores are ripe, and it is not always easy to -find either in position, but if the calyptra be found, it will be seen -to cover the upper portion of the capsule only. The Common Hair-cap, -although occurring in woods, is most common in open fields; the Ohio -Hair-cap being most frequent in shady, more moist spots, often in deep -woods. The remaining two species are easily distinguished from the -two mentioned above by the margins of the leaves, which are thin and -membranaceous, and are folded in over the central portion of the leaf, -as illustrated in o, o′ and p.” - -[Illustration: - - Plate II., Polytrichum or Hair-cap Moss. - Figs. a (dry), b (moist), c (leaf), d (capsule) and f are P. commune; - Fig. e, capsule of P. ohioense; - Figs. g, h and p, P. piliferum; - Figs. o and o′, P. juniperinum.] - -I can not too strongly commend “Mosses with a Hand-Lens” (price $1.10) -prepared with the purpose of giving “by drawings and descriptions the -information necessary to enable any one interested to become acquainted -with the more common mosses with the least possible outlay of time, -patience and money.” The book contains a key to the genera based mainly -on structural characters and one mainly on habitat, also many keys -under the genera; copious illustrations, clear and accurate on almost -every page of the text and eight full-page plates from drawings by Mary -V. Thayer; and an illustrated glossary of bryological terms. - - - - -MEETING OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB. - - -The Biological Club met in Zoological lecture room December 3, 1900. -Prof. Herbert Osborn presided, twenty-six members present. The -following papers were presented: - - “Notes on the Saw Brier, and a Rhamnus new to Ohio.” - - “The Waverly Series of Ohio.” - -In the first paper Prof. Kellerman spoke of the distribution of the -Saw Brier, _Smilax glauca_, in the southern part of the State, and -exhibited specimens showing its striking variations in form of leaves. - -The southern buckthorne, _Rhamnus caroliniana_, was observed commonly -in Adams County. It also occurs in Brown County. This is the first -record for this species in Ohio. Specimens in fruit were exhibited. - -A hackberry was found unlike any form hitherto reported from -Ohio. Specimens are in the hands of Rev. E. J. Hill for study and -determination. - -Prof. Ball reported leaf variation as occurring commonly in Colorado, -and that various leaf forms could be observed in climbing a single hill. - -Prof. Prosser, in the second paper, reviewed the literature that has -been published on the Waverly Series of Ohio, and as a summing up gave -a list of names with authorities to be used in future in speaking of -the formations of this series. These are as follows: - -Beginning above the Huron Shale. 1. Bedford Shale (Newb.) 85 feet. 2. -Berea Grit (Newb.) 40 feet. 3. Sunbury Shale (Hicks) 10-15 feet. 4. -Cuyahoga Shale (Newb.) 275-300 feet. 5. Black Hand Conglomerate (Hicks) -40-100 feet. 6. Logan Sandstone (Andrews) 115 feet. - -Under the head of personal observations, Prof. Schaffner gave a list -of trees and shrubs which he and F. J. Tyler had found cutting off -(self-pruning) their own branches. - -Prof. Kellerman remarked upon the abundance of the red-seeded dandelion -in various parts of the state. - -Walter Metz, J. A. Beer, H. A. Clark, Charles I. Meade, Miss Elizabeth -Sessions, Miss L. D. Wilson, W. P. Simpson, Mrs. J. H. Schaffner, B. -B. Wells, Mrs. E. D. Ball, J. N. Frank, A. G. McCall, Miss Carrie R. -Weick, A. C. Whitmore, Miss Caroline Meade and Miss Maud Flynn were -elected to membership. - -Professors Prosser, Landacre and Mr. Griggs were appointed a committee -to locate board and lodging for members of the Ohio Academy of Science. -Adjourned. - - JAS. S. HINE, Secretary. - - - - - Ohio State University - - Six distinct and independent Colleges, each - with a Dean and Faculty of its own. - THIRTY SEVEN DEPARTMENTS. - THIRTY DISTINCT COURSES. - - =AGRICULTURE, ARTS, LAW,= - =ENGINEERING, PHARMACY,= - =VETERINARY MEDICINE.= - - Superior facilities for education in Applied Science. - - Short or special courses for mature - students not candidates for degrees. - - One hundred and twenty-one instructors. - Over thirteen hundred students. - - FINEST GYMNASIUM IN THE WEST. - - _For further information address the President_, - =DR. W. O. THOMPSON, STATE UNIVERSITY, COLUMBUS.= - - Ohio Forest Trees Identified by Leaves and Fruit. - - By W. A. KELLERMAN, PH. D., Ohio State University. - - A neat pamphlet for every one who wishes to learn our - native forest trees. Keys simple Description plain. - Can learn the names of the trees easily. - - Price reduced from 25 cents to 10 cents. - - Also, =The Fourth State Catalogue of Ohio Plants=. - - Bound copies at cost of binding, - namely 20 cents. - - Gives list of scientific and common names; - distribution by counties. - - Teachers and others will also be interested in Prof. - Kellerman’s Phyto-theca or Herbarium Portfolio, - _Practical Studies_ in Elementary Botany, - _Elementary Botany_ with Spring Flora, all published - by Eldredge & Bro., Philadelphia, to whom apply. - - For information or copies of _Forest Trees_ and - _Catalogue_ or names of plant specimens of your - region _address_ - - =W. A. KELLERMAN, COLUMBUS, OHIO= - - American Entomological Co. - 1040 DE KALB AVENUE, BROOKLYN, N. Y. - - Lepidoptera Price List No. 2.—_Price 5 cents_ - Refunded to Buyers - - ISSUED NOVEMBER 15th 1900. - - Dealers of all kinds of - _ENTOMOLOGICAL SUPPLIES_ - - Manufacturers of the Original - and Celebrated - SCHMITT INSECT BOXES. - - _Builders of INSECT CABINETS, ETC._ - - The Twentieth Century Text Books of Biology. - - - =PLANT RELATIONS, 12mo, cloth= =$1.10= - =PLANT STRUCTURES, 12mo, cloth= =1.20= - =PLANT STUDIES, 12mo, cloth= =1.20= - =PLANTS, 12mo, cloth= =1.80= - =ANALYTICAL KEY TO PLANTS, 12mo, flexible cloth= =.75= - - =All by JOHN MERLE COULTER, A. M., Ph. D., - Head of Dept. of Botany, - University of Chicago.= - - _They are already the preferred texts, and_ - _the reasons will be apparent on examination._ - - ANIMAL LIFE: A First Book of Zoology. - - By DAVID S. JORDAN, M. S., M. D., Ph. D., LL. D., - President of the Leland Stanford Junior University, - and VERNON L. KELLOGG, M. S., - Professor in Leland Stanford Junior University. - 12mo. 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- font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: - none; -} - -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - -.ws3 {display: inline; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em;} -.ws4 {display: inline; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 4em;} -.ws6 {display: inline; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 6em;} -.ws10 {display: inline; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 10em;} - - </style> - </head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Ohio Naturalist, Vol. 1, No. 4, February 1901, by Various</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Ohio Naturalist, Vol. 1, No. 4, February 1901</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Various</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: October 29, 2022 [eBook #69092]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE OHIO NATURALIST, VOL. 1, NO. 4, FEBRUARY 1901 ***</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="center"><span class="fontsize_300">THE OHIO</span><br /> -<span class="fontsize_400"><i>Naturalist</i></span></p> - -<p class="center">PUBLISHED BY<br /> -<b><big>THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF<br /> THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY</big></b></p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="f200"><b>EDITORIAL STAFF</b></p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Editor-in-chief</span>—JOHN H. SCHAFFNER, A. M., M. S.</p> - -<p class="f150 space-above2"><b><span class="smcap">Associate Editors</span>:</b></p> - -<ul class="index no-wrap"> -<li class="isub5"><i>Zoology</i>—F. L. LANDACRE, B. Sc.</li> -<li class="isub5"><i>Botany</i>—F. J. TYLER, B. Sc.</li> -<li class="isub5"><i>Geology</i>—J. A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc.</li> -<li class="isub5"><i>Archaeology</i>—W. C. MILLS, B. Sc.</li> -<li class="isub5"><i>Ornithology</i>—R. F. GRIGGS</li> -</ul> - -<p class="f120"><b><span class="smcap">Advisory Board</span>:</b></p> - -<p class="center"><b>PROFESSOR W. A. KELLERMAN, Ph. D.</b><br /> -Department of Botany.</p> - -<p class="center"><b>PROFESSOR HERBERT OSBORN, M. Sc.</b><br /> -Department of Zoology.</p> - -<p class="center"><b>PROFESSOR J. A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc.</b><br /> -Department of Geology.</p> -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="f150"><b>Volume 1.<span class="ws4"> </span>February, 1901 -<span class="ws4"> </span>Number 4</b></p> - -<p class="f120 space-above3"><b>COLUMBUS, OHIO</b></p> -<p class="f90"><i>PRESS OF HANN & ADAIR</i></p> -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="f200"><b><i>THE OHIO NATURALIST</i></b></p> - -<p class="blockquot">A journal devoted more especially to the natural -history of Ohio. The official organ of <span class="smcap">The -Biological Club of the Ohio State University</span>. Published monthly -during the academic year, from November to June (8 numbers). Price 50 -cents per year, payable in advance. To foreign countries, 75 cents. -Single copies 10 cents.</p> - -<p class="author"><span class="smcap">John H. Schaffner</span>, <i>Editor</i>.<br /> -<span class="smcap">F. J. Tyler</span>, <i>Subscriptions</i>.<br /> -<span class="smcap">R. F. Griggs</span>, <i>Advertising Agent</i>.</p> - -<p><i>Address</i><br /> -<span class="ws4">THE OHIO NATURALIST, Ohio State University,</span><br /> -<span class="ws10">COLUMBUS, OHIO.</span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="f150"><b>CONTENTS</b></p> -</div> - -<table class="fontsize_120 no-wrap" border="0" cellspacing="2" summary="TOC" cellpadding="2" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">The Corning Oil and Gas Field</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#OIL_GAS">49</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3" colspan="2"><i>J. A. Bownocker</i></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Twelve Additions to the Ohio Plant List</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#PLANT_LIST">59</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3" colspan="2"><i>W. A. Kellerman</i></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">A new species of Gomphus and its near Relatives</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#GOMPHUS">60</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3" colspan="2"><i>James S. Hine</i></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">A Comparative Study of Gomphus furcifer and villosipes  </td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#GOMPHUS_FURCIFER">61</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3" colspan="2"><i>James S. Hine</i></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Notes from Botanical Literature</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#NOTES">63</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3" colspan="2"><i>W. A. Kellerman</i></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Meeting of the Biological Club</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#MEETING">66</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3" colspan="2"><i>James S. Hine, Sec.</i></td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> -<h1><big><i>The Ohio Naturalist</i></big></h1> - -<p class="center">PUBLISHED BY<br /> -<b><big>THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF<br /> THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY</big></b></p> - -<hr class="full" /> -<p class="f120"><b>Vol. 1.<span class="ws4"> </span>FEBRUARY, 1901 -<span class="ws4"> </span>No. 4</b></p> -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="OIL_GAS" class="nobreak">THE CORNING OIL AND GAS FIELD.<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></h2> -</div> - -<p class="f120 space-below2"><span class="smcap">J. A. Bownocker</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Area.</span>—This field lies in the three -counties, Athens, Perry and Morgan. Leaving out of consideration at -present a few small outlying pools, and starting at the south, the -productive territory may be said to begin in Section 22, Trimple -township, Athens county. From this point it runs almost due north to -the Perry county line. The widest part of this portion of the field -does not exceed one-half mile, while the narrowest portion permits of a -single row only of wells.</p> - -<div class="footnote space-above1 space-below2"><p class="no-indent"> -<a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[A]</a> -Published by permission of Edward Orton, Jr., State Geologist.</p> -</div> - -<p>It enters Monroe township, Perry county in Section 33, and runs almost -due north towards Corning, but bends to the northeast about one mile -south of that place. Here the productive territory attains a maximum -width of 3 miles, the greatest in the field. The northeast course is -continued to the Morgan county line, where it turns due north, skirting -that line with a productive strip about one-half mile wide for 2½ -miles, when it turns slightly to the east, entering Morgan county in -Section 31 of Deerfield township. From that place it extends through -Section 30 and into Section 19, beyond which it has not been traced. -Development of this part of the field is retarded by floods of salt -water which may limit it in this direction. The total length of the -field is about 14 miles.</p> - -<p>Outside of this belt are four pools, two of which are of little -importance. One lies around Glouster, and has an area of less than one -square mile. A second one lies in Sections 22 and 29, a short distance -northwest of Glouster. This is the principal territory from which the -gas of Corning and surrounding towns is derived. A third pool lies -around Porterville, and the fourth known as the Oakfield lies from 3 to -5 miles north of Corning. It includes parts of sections 5, 21, 28, 29, -32, and 33 of Pleasant and 22, 27 and 34 of Bearfield townships. It is -in this pool that the most extensive work is being done at the present time. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Discovery.</span>—Probably the first deep well -drilled in the Sunday Creek Valley was near Burr Oak, about 4 miles -south of Corning. Its date is not now known, but it must have been 40 -or more years ago. Its depth is likewise unknown, but it is reported -to have penetrated the salt sand. To this day it flows salt water, and -with it sufficient gas to be ignited. This well, however, seems not to -have aroused suspicion that there might be valuable liquids other than -salt water buried in the rocks.</p> - -<p>The discovery of oil in the Corning field was a matter of accident, -and resulted directly from a scarcity of water for the Toledo and Ohio -Central railroad. To remedy this a deep well was drilled in August, -1891, at the round-house, about three-fourths of a mile south of -Corning. The only water found was in the salt sand which is reported as -having been struck at a depth of 630 feet. The supply was copious, but -the salinity prevented its being used in locomotives. This brine was -shut out of the well by casing and the drill forced down to a depth of -1507 feet. Finding no water at that depth the work ceased, but a few -days later oil was thrown to the top of the derrick, and there were -smaller eruptions later. However further disturbances of this sort were -prevented by the company closing the well.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Development.</span>—The disclosure made by -this well attracted the attention of oil men who immediately entered -the field and began leasing territory. The citizens of Corning -feared the territory was falling into the hands of the Standard Oil -Company, and that it might not under such conditions be developed for -years. Accordingly a home company styled “The Sunday Creek Oil & -Gas Company,” was organized in February, 1892, to make certain the -development of the territory. The capital stock was placed at $10,000 -in shares of $50, and $8900 of the stock was sold. Much of this was -raised by citizens of the town subscribing for single shares.</p> - -<p>The new Company was successful. By January 1st, 1898, 255% in dividends -had actually been paid the stock holders. In September, 1898, a -power for pumping the wells, and costing over $7000, was erected, -the contractor taking the product of the wells until it paid for the -plant. In November, 1899, the property together with $1250—the amount -received in excess of the cost of the plant—was turned over to the -original holders. The power is now (July 1, 1900,) pumping 20 wells, -which have a daily production of 40 barrels.</p> - -<p>The first well drilled by this Company was on the William Fisher farm -in northwest quarter section 14, Monroe township, Perry county. The -Berea was struck at 1012 feet, but the indications were so unfavorable -for a paying well that it was not considered advisable to shoot it. -However, on June 2d, 1892, after waiting nearly a month, the well was -shot with 80 quarts of nitro-glycerine, which had been hauled from -Sistersville, W. Va. The cost of the shot was $200. The first day -following the shooting of the well it produced 12 barrels, and a year -later was still producing 10 barrels per day. Following this other -wells were drilled in sections 14 and 15. In all 25 have been drilled, -only 3 of which were dry holes. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <a href="images/i005_hr.jpg"> - <img src="images/i005.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="396" /></a> - <p class="f150"><b>THE CORNING OIL <i>and</i> GAS FIELD</b></p> - <p class="f120">BY J.A. BOWNOCKER.</p> - <p class="f110 space-below2">[Click on image for expanded map.]</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</span> -Other companies began work and the territory was rapidly leased and -tested. Naturally operations began near the round-house where oil had -first been shown to exist. From this as a center the drill moved out -in all directions until the limits of the field had been disclosed. -The later work has been along the northeast end of the territory in -Morgan county, where the oil seems to be shut out by reservoirs of -salt water. During the present summer (1900) the valuable pool in the -Oakfield district has been developed, though small wells had been -found there several years earlier. The principal farms are the Porter, -Longstreth, Donnelly, Monahan, McDonald and Grenen. The first well was -on the Porter farm and was finished early in 1900. Its production was -35 barrels the first day. The second well was on the Monahan farm. It -was completed soon after the Porter well and had an initial flow of 45 -barrels in 24 hours. The next two wells were drilled on the Longstreth -farm, and both were fair producers. Early in the Spring a well was -completed on the Donnelly farm and flowed 125 barrels the first day. -Other wells on this farm are much smaller. Two wells on the Grenen -farm began flowing 675 and 90 barrels respectively. It is interesting -to note that the development of this, the richest part of the Corning -field, occurred late in the territory’s history. Possibly other pools -of equal richness may yet be discovered lying near the principal field.</p> - -<p>An important step in the development of the field occurred on August -13th, 1893 when the Buckeye Pipe Line was completed. Before that the -oil was transported by tank cars. The oil which is brought to the tanks -partly by gravity and partly by suction, the latter being produced by -an 8 horse-power gas engine, is stored in two iron tanks, one of which -has a capacity of 30,000, and the other 28,000 barrels. From these -tanks the oil is forced to Elba, a distance of 34 miles, through a 4 -inch line. This work is done by a 35 horse-power engine which gives a -pressure in the line of from 700 to 1000 pounds per square inch. The -rate at which the oil is transported varies with the temperature. In -the summer when the oil is warm, and hence thin, 128 barrels may be -pumped in one hour, but in the winter when the oil is cold and thick -the transportation may be restricted to 11 barrels for the same period.</p> - -<p>When the pipe line was completed the production of the field was about -500 barrels per day. It increased to 1300 barrels in 1896, but since -then has declined. At present it ranges from 800 to 900 barrels per -day. The total production of the field is shown by the following letter: -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="center space-above1">The Buckeye Pipe Line Company—Macksburg Division.<br /> -Oil City, Pennsylvania, October 25th, 1900.</p> - -<p class="no-indent">J. A. Bownocker, Esq., Columbus, Ohio:</p> - -<p>Dear Sir—Your favor of October 18th to Superintendent N. Moore, -asking for the total production by years of the Corning Field, has been -referred to me. Below please find the figures of oil received by The -Buckeye Pipe Line Company from the Corning Field from August, 1893, to -September, 1900:</p> - -<table class="fontsize_120 no-wrap" border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Production" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">Part of Year 1893</td> - <td class="tdr">128,918.03</td> - <td class="tdc">Bbls.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Year 1894</td> - <td class="tdr">322,313.71</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Year 1895</td> - <td class="tdr">428,385.03</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Year 1896</td> - <td class="tdr">469,258.78</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Year 1897</td> - <td class="tdr">328,188.11</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Year 1898</td> - <td class="tdr">196,417.75</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Year 1899</td> - <td class="tdr">211,060.22</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">January 1st to July 31st, 1900</td> - <td class="tdr">143,314.96</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">August, 1900</td> - <td class="tdr">26,929.66</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">September, 1900</td> - <td class="tdr">22,517.67</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Total</td> - <td class="tdr over">2,277,303.90</td> - <td class="tdc"> Bbls.</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p>July 31st, 1900, completes the first seven years production and -thinking you might prefer to use the even years, I have given you the -figures for the year 1900 to July 31st in one lump and the oil taken -from that field for the months of August and September separately.</p> - -<p>Trusting this will answer your purposes, I remain</p> -<p class="author">Yours truly,<span class="ws6"> </span><br /><span class="smcap">J. R. Campbell</span>, Treasurer.</p> -</div> - -<p class="space-above2"><span class="smcap">Leases.</span>—At first -the operators paid no bonuses, but gave a royalty of one-eighth of the -oil to the land owners—a rate of compensation that has been usually -maintained. To this there is one exception worthy of note. When the -round-house well showed the existence of oil, and operators began -leasing the surrounding territory, Fredrick Weaver, a thrifty German -farmer residing a short distance east from the round-house, quietly -visited the oil fields of Washington, Pennsylvania, and investigated -the methods of leasing oil territory in that field. When he returned -home he demanded a royalty of one-fourth the oil and a bonus of $200 -for each of the eight wells which it was proposed should be drilled -on his farm of eighty acres, and since his territory was regarded as -very promising, these rather severe terms were granted. However, after -drilling six wells, and the territory not meeting expectations, the -contractors complained and Mr. Weaver generously reduced the bonus. -More recently a royalty of one-sixth the oil has been received by -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</span> -holders of lands that were deemed especially promising, and bonuses -also have been received. The leases usually required that a well be -drilled in from thirty to sixty days, but sometimes, especially in the -least promising territory, six months were allowed.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>That the field was a monopoly for no one is shown by the following -list, which includes the chief operators of the district:</p> - -<ul class="index"> -<li class="isub4">Corning Oil Company.</li> -<li class="isub4">Denman & Thompson.</li> -<li class="isub4">O’Connel Oil Company.</li> -<li class="isub4">Brooks Oil Company.</li> -<li class="isub4">Caldron & Snyder.</li> -<li class="isub4">Sunday Creek Oil & Gas Company.</li> -<li class="isub4">Perry County Oil Company.</li> -<li class="isub4">W. B. Barker & Company.</li> -<li class="isub4">Cleveland Oil Company.</li> -<li class="isub4">Keystone Oil Company.</li> -<li class="isub4">W. E. Detlor.</li> -<li class="isub4">William Rosier.</li> -<li class="isub4">J. H. Van Wormer.</li> -<li class="isub4">Northeast Oil Company.</li> -<li class="isub4">Becker Oil Company.</li> -<li class="isub4">Allen, Sternberg & Company.</li> -<li class="isub4">Bolivar Oil Company.</li> -<li class="isub4">William McMullen.</li> -<li class="isub4">A. Bulger & Company.</li> -<li class="isub4">Corning Natural Gas Company.</li> -<li class="isub4">L. D. Langmade.</li> -<li class="isub4">Harrington Brothers.</li> -<li class="isub4">Ohio Oil Company.</li> -<li class="isub4">Church Oil Company.</li> -<li class="isub4">Monroe Oil & Gas Company.</li> -<li class="isub4">Weaver Brothers.</li> -<li class="isub4">W. B. Irwin & Company.</li> -<li class="isub4">George Best & Company.</li> -<li class="isub4">Foster & Moran.</li> -<li class="isub4">Fallen Rock Company.</li> -<li class="isub4">Ohlviler & Chambers.</li> -<li class="isub4">Mill Oil Company.</li> -<li class="isub4">Hemlock Oil Company.</li> -<li class="isub4">John Holden.</li> -<li class="isub4">Wells & Foraker.</li> -<li class="isub4">Longfellow & Stevens.</li> -<li class="isub4">Russell Metzger.</li> -<li class="isub4">McGee & Stewart.</li> -<li class="isub4">Stratton & Mark.</li> -<li class="isub4">National Oil Company.</li> -</ul> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</span> -<span class="smcap">Geology of the Region.</span>—The surface of the -territory lies in the Lower Productive and Lower Barren coal measures. -The highest hills reach up to or extend above the Ames or Crinoidal -limestone. In fact along the northeast extremity of the field the hills -are capped by the limestones which underlie the Pittsburgh coal. The -deepest valley—that of Sunday Creek—cuts through the Middle Kittanning -coal, a short distance north of Corning, but at this town the seam -named is under cover, while the Upper Freeport coal is at about -drainage level.</p> - -<p>The succession of strata under ground is shown by the following -record kept and furnished the Survey by Mr. G. W. Delong, -Superintendent of Schools, Corning. The well is located on lot 154 of -the town just named, and the top of the well lies at the base of the -Mahoning sandstone:</p> - -<table class="fontsize_120 no-wrap" border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Geology" cellpadding="0" > - <thead><tr> - <th class="tdc bb"> </th> - <th class="tdc bb" colspan="2"> Thickness of <br />Stratum</th> - <th class="tdc bb" colspan="2">Total<br /> Thickness </th> - </tr> - </thead> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">Shale</td> - <td class="tdr">25</td> - <td class="tdc">feet</td> - <td class="tdr">25</td> - <td class="tdc">feet</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Bastard Lime</td> - <td class="tdr">15</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Sand</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">50</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Coal (No. 6)</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">60</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">White Slate</td> - <td class="tdr">65</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">125</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Sand</td> - <td class="tdr">15</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">140</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">White Slate</td> - <td class="tdr">25</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">165</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Blue</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">175</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Sand</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">185</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Slate</td> - <td class="tdr">50</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">235</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Shale</td> - <td class="tdr">35</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">270</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Sand</td> - <td class="tdr">30</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">300</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Black Shale</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">310</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Lime</td> - <td class="tdr">25</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">335</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Shale with Concretions</td> - <td class="tdr">100</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">435</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Slate</td> - <td class="tdr">25</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">460</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Limestone(?)</td> - <td class="tdr">30</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">490</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Shale</td> - <td class="tdr">35</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">525</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Salt Sand</td> - <td class="tdr">30</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">555</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">White Slate</td> - <td class="tdr">100</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">655</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Slate and Concretions</td> - <td class="tdr">25</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">680</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Shale</td> - <td class="tdr">15</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">695</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Little Salt Sand</td> - <td class="tdr">20</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">715</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">White Slate</td> - <td class="tdr">100</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">815</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Slate and Concretions</td> - <td class="tdr">100</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">915</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Brown Shale</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">955</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Black Shale</td> - <td class="tdr">38</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">993</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Top Berea</td> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdr">993</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Bottom of Berea</td> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdr">1008</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p class="space-above1"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</span> -The depth of the well as shown by the steel line is 1012½ feet. It -was drilled in the Fall of 1896, and was shot with twenty quarts of -nitro-glycerine. It began flowing thirty barrels per day, but the -production has diminished until at present it is producing only one -barrel per day. Below the Berea the Bedford shales are found in their -normal conditions.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The Oil Sand.</span>—This is in all cases the -Berea. The sand has the light gray color so common in this formation -in other parts of the state. It is moderately fine grained, but there -is considerable variation in this respect. Usually it is a pure quartz -sand, but occasionally has thin layers of dark shaly material running -through it. In thickness it shows considerable variation, but never -disappears in this field. The normal thickness is usually given as -twenty feet and the maximum reported is eighty feet. This depth was -found on the Potts farm about one and one-fourth miles northeast of -Corning, and on the O’Farrell farm about two miles east from the same -town. In both cases a dark gray shale, probably the Ohio, lay below. -The Bedford on this theory had been swept away before the Berea was -deposited. In such abnormal depths the additions always appear to be on -the bottom, showing that the surface of the underlying Bedford shale -was quite uneven. Here, as elsewhere in the state, the drill shows the -upper surface of the Berea to be uniform. It is worthy of note that the -production of oil does not vary as the thickness of the sand. In fact -in this field the great thicknesses are generally poor producers.</p> - -<p>The “pay streak” or that containing the oil and gas ranges in thickness -from 3 to 8 feet, but very few of the wells attain the maximum figure. -Towards the margin of the productive field the “pay streak” thins, and -finally disappears. The top of the “pay” usually lies from 10 to 15 -feet below the surface of the Berea. As a rule the “pay” is coarser -than other parts of the Berea, and generally the coarser the rock the -larger the well. Sometimes in the thick part of the Berea there are two -“pay streaks.”</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The Wells.</span>—The number of wells producing -July 1, 1900, exceeded 600. About 100 dry holes have been drilled and -about an equal number of wells have been abandoned, so that 800 is a -fair approximation of the total number of wells drilled in the field. -As a rule a well has been put down for each 8 to 10 acres of surface -territory.</p> - -<p>The wells have been cased through the salt sand, a depth of 555 feet in -the valley at Corning. The casing has almost invariably been 5⅝ inches, -inside measurement. The rocks comprising the underlying 160-180 feet, -and terminating with the “Little Salt Sand” have furnished some water -which has been disastrous to the wells. It reduced the gas pressure, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</span> -thus necessitating pumping the wells earlier than otherwise would have -been required, and perhaps prematurely destroying the life of the well. -Had the wells been cased through the “Little Salt Sand” time and money -would have been saved, and the production of the field would have been -larger.</p> - -<p>The western side of the field is quite free from salt water. It is on -that side that the principal gas territory lies. On the eastern side of -the field the conditions are more variable. In Trimble township, Athens -county, the wells are free from water, while in Monroe township, Perry -county, salt water is found in the northeast corner, and in Morgan -county it is so abundant that operating is prevented. From this it -appears that the western side of the Corning field is free from salt -water, and that it is absent also on the eastern side at the southern -margin of the territory, but that it increases rapidly to the northeast.</p> - -<p>While the production of the wells after being shot has varied greatly, -yet they have not furnished the great extremes that many other fields -have. Few, if any of the wells, have started better than 125 barrels -per day, and it has been estimated that the average for the entire -field has been 20 barrels.</p> - -<p>The wells have sufficient gas pressure to flow them during the earlier -part of their lives, but later as the pressure diminishes they have to -be pumped. Since the eastern side of the field has salt water the wells -there have to be pumped earlier than those on the western side.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The Gas Wells.</span>—The principal gas -territory is that along Muddy Fork in Sections 22 and 29 Trimble -township, Athens county, the best wells being found in the western half -of the latter section on the lands of the Hocking Coal and Railroad -company. The largest well in this field started at 3,000,000 cubic feet -per day with a rock pressure of 400 pounds. It was drilled in the fall -of 1897, and one year later was producing 2,000,000 cubic feet per day, -and still another year later 1,500,000 cubic feet. Of the other wells -in this territory two started at 2,000,000 feet each, two at 1,000,000 -feet each, and three at 500,000 feet each. The decline in the smaller -wells was not as rapid as in the larger ones since the demands made on -them were not as heavy. Thus far no dry holes have been found in this -territory. The reliance of the community is on this field where 5,000 -acres are leased in one block.</p> - -<p>Another district that has yielded considerable gas is that at Oakfield -about 3 miles north of Corning. These wells started at 2,000,000, -1,500,000, 500,000, and 250,000 cubic feet per day respectively. Two -of the smaller of these have been abandoned after having produced for -two years. The largest of these wells, now four years old, is producing -500,000 cubic feet per day, and the second largest, now three years -old, is producing the same amount. The wells in this field produce -considerable oil and by some are rated as oil wells rather than gas ones. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</span></p> - -<p>Outside of these two places an occasional strip is found that produces -gas in paying quantities. Thus about one mile northeast of Corning -two wells were drilled, which combined produced 500,000 cubic feet -per day. They produced three years and were then abandoned. About two -miles north of Corning a good well was drilled on the Newberry farm. It -started at 1,500,000 cubic feet per day, had an initial rock pressure -of 400 pounds and lasted three years.</p> - -<p>Another productive tract lies about 6 miles northeast of Corning on -the Finley, Devore and Stoneburner farms. Three wells were drilled on -the Finley farm, and started one at 1,500,000 and two at 250,000 cubic -feet, with an initial rock pressure of 400 pounds. These wells lasted -three years.</p> - -<p>The operators of the wells have been much troubled with salt water -in the Muddy Fork field and with oil in the Oakfield territory. Salt -water is removed by “blowing” the wells. For this operation the wells -are closed for a short period, usually about 30 minutes, allowing the -gas pressure to increase; when this has become sufficiently strong the -well is opened at the top and the gas then blows the water from the -well. When the well has been cleansed in this manner it is closed and -the gas turned back into the mains. Sometimes, however, the weight of -the water is so great that the gas cannot drive it from the well in -the manner just stated, especially is this true with wells that have -been in use for a considerable period. Then an iron rod attached to a -long pole is let down through the water, is raised and lowered, and -the gas following the pole in its ascent finally drives the water from -the well. This method of cleaning is known as “agitating.” Finally the -pressure of the gas becomes so small that it cannot lift the water with -the help of “agitating,” and then the well is dead. In winter time each -well is cleaned every other day, and in the summer twice a week.</p> - -<p>The gas wells in the Corning field are owned and operated by the -Corning Natural Gas Company. It supplies Jacksonville, Trimble, -Glouster, Murray City, New Straitsville, Shawnee, Hemlock, Corning, -Rendville, Moxahala, New Lexington, and several interior hamlets. -Almost the sole use of the fuel is for heat and light.</p> - -<p>The company makes a rate of 20 cents per thousand feet by meter. Where -the meter is not used, the prices in winter are $2.00 per month for the -first fire; $1.50 for the second; $1.00 for the third; 75 cents for the -fourth, and all additional fires at the latter figure. In the summer a -charge of $1.50 for each cooking fire is made. For lights the charges -are 25 cents each for the first two and 15 cents for each additional one.</p> - -<p>The number of customers supplied by this company in 1900 was -approximately as follows: -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</span></p> - -<table class="fontsize_120 no-wrap" border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Customers" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">Corning</td> - <td class="tdr">300</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Glouster</td> - <td class="tdr">250</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">New Lexington</td> - <td class="tdr">250</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Shawnee</td> - <td class="tdr">200</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">New Straitsville  </td> - <td class="tdr">150</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Other places</td> - <td class="tdr">350</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Total</td> - <td class="tdr bt">1500</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p class="space-above1">In the Fall of 1899 the wells of the company -produced 6,000,000 cubic feet per day, but during cold weather when the -demand for fuel was great they dropped to 3,000,000 cubic feet, and the -rock pressure which was 300 pounds in the Fall was only 200 during the -winter. On July 7th, 1900, the rock pressure of the wells in the Muddy -Fork field ranged from 170 to 280 pounds, indicating a considerable -drop from that of the preceding autumn. The company expects to drill -four additional wells during the ensuing fall (1900) in the Muddy Fork -territory, and by so doing expects to keep three wells closed, and thus -maintain a good rock pressure.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="PLANT_LIST">TWELVE ADDITIONS TO<br /> THE OHIO PLANT LIST.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="f120 space-below2"><span class="smcap">W. A. Kellerman.</span></p> - -<p>The species named below have not been reported in the Fourth State -Catalogue of Ohio Plants, in the First Annual Supplement, nor in -“Additions to the Ohio Flora,” <span class="smcap">O. S. U. Naturalist</span>, 1:15. -The serial number prefixed to each name indicates where in the Fourth -State Catalogue the species should be inserted. The first collector and -locality are given for each of the listed specimens.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="neg-indent2">82a. Potamogeton nuttallii Cham. & Schw., -Nuttall’s Pondweed. Donor’s Lake, Wayne County, Ohio (Reported by A. D. -Selby before meeting of Ohio Academy of Science, December 27, 1900.)</p> - -<p class="neg-indent3">488a. Juncus dichotoma Ell. Forked Rush. -Cuyahoga County. (Edo Claassen.)</p> - -<p class="neg-indent3">647a. Betula alba pendula Hortorum. Pendulous -White Birch. Escaped; Painesville. (Otto Hacker.)</p> - -<p class="neg-indent3">781a. Dianthus deltoides L. Maiden Pink. -Escaped: Painesville. (Otto Hacker.)</p> - -<p class="neg-indent3">936a. Erysimum repandum L. Logan County. (A. D. -Selby in report before Ohio Academy of Science, December 27, 1900.)</p> - -<p class="neg-indent4">1117a. Lespedeza angustifolia (Ph) L. (L. -capitata var. angustifolia Ph.) Narrow-leaf Bush-clover. Fulton County. -(A. D. Selby in report at meeting of Ohio Academy of Science, December -27, 1900.)</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</span></p> - -<p class="neg-indent4">1211a. Rhamnus caroliniana Walt. Carolina Buckthorn. -Adams and Brown Counties. (W. A. Kellerman.)</p> - -<p class="neg-indent4">1526a. Teucrium scorodonia L. European -Germander. Escaped; Painesville, Lake County. (Otto Hacker.)</p> - -<p class="neg-indent4">1650a. Gerardia besseyana Britt. (G. tenuifolia -var. macrophylla Benth.) Bessey’s Gerardia. Wooster. (J. W. T. Duvel; -reported by A. D. Selby at meeting of the Ohio Academy of Science, -December 27, 1900.)</p> - -<p class="neg-indent4">1759a. Leontodon hastilis L. Dandelion. Escaped; -Painesville, Lake County. (Otto Hacker.)</p> - -<p class="neg-indent4">1766b. Lactuca saligna L. European Wild Lettuce. -Dayton. (A. D. Selby.)</p> - -<p class="neg-indent4">1777a. Hieracium greenii Porter & Britt. -Green’s Hawkweed. Wayne County. (Selby and Duvel; reported by A. D. -Selby before meeting of Academy of Science, December 27, 1900.)</p> -</div> - -<p>There were 2025 species reported in the Fourth State Catalogue (1899) -for the State of Ohio. This number was supposed to be approximately -correct, since those of previous lists were discarded which are known -to have been erroneously identified or were unquestionably beyond -our range. In the First Annual Supplement sixty-nine additions were -made, and in Additions to the Ohio Flora, (O. S. U. NATURALIST, 1:15) -twenty-two more were recorded. Therefore those enumerated above bring -our grand total to 2128 species of Pteridophytes and Spermatophytes.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="GOMPHUS">A NEW SPECIES OF GOMPHUS<br /> AND ITS NEAR RELATIVES.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="f120 space-below2"><span class="smcap">James S. Hine.</span></p> - -<p><i>Gomphus viridifrons</i> n. sp. Length of the abdomen about 33 mm., -hind wing about 27 mm.; black, face and occiput green; prothorax with -anterior margin and three spots green or yellow; thorax green with -spaces at base of wings, lateral suture and six bands before black, -the two middle bands are abbreviated anteriorly and separated by the -mid-dorsal carina which is very feebly green. Abdomen black, a dorsal -band and sides of first two or three segments yellowish, a yellow spot -at base of each of segments four to seven, and sides of eight and nine -usually yellowish.</p> - -<p>Abdominal appendages of the male straight, about as long as the tenth -segment, from above, widest at base, gradually narrowed from apical -third and acute at apex; from the side prominently widened at base, -with a strong tooth beneath at two-thirds of the length. Hamules large, -of nearly the same width for the whole length and ending behind in a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</span> -hooked process. Vulvar scale almost as long as the ninth abdominal -segment, gradually narrowed, apical third divided and the two parts -divaricate.</p> - -<p>Described from fourteen males and a female taken at Loudonville, Ohio, -June 14, 1900; and a male and female taken at Ohio Pile, Pa.—the -latter two specimens by E. B. Williamson.</p> - -<p>The species averages larger than either <i>brevis</i> or -<i>abbreviatus</i> and may be separated from the former readily by -its green face, by the striking differences in the vulvar lamina and -by the hamules and male appendages. In <i>brevis</i> the tooth on -the appendage is nearer the end and the space from it to appex is -noticeably curved while in <i>viridifrons</i> this space is practically -straight.</p> - -<p>It has more points in common with <i>abbreviatus</i>, but in that -species the vulvar scale is short and triangular, the hamules are -smaller and shorter, and the tooth on the superior appendage of the -male is much farther from the apex.</p> - -<p>Through the kindness of Dr. Calvert and Mr. Williamson I have at my -disposal, specimens from which many of the accompanying drawings were -made. In <i>viridifrons</i>, <i>brevis</i> and <i>abbreviatus</i> I -have made drawings from different specimens of the same species to show -slight variations.</p> - -<p>This is <i>Gomphus</i> sp. Williamson, Dragonflies of Indiana, 294.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="GOMPHUS_FURCIFER">A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF<br /> GOMPHUS FURCIFER AND VILLOSIPES.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="f120 space-below2"><span class="smcap">James S. Hine.</span></p> - -<p>It seems that nearly every author who has considered these two species -has compared them. Considering general appearances they are much alike -but can be separated easily by several details and as I have good -material of both sexes of the two species before me, I thought it -might be of consequence to consider in a comparative way some of their -characteristics.</p> - -<p>The occiput in both sexes of <i>villosipes</i> bears a prominent tooth -at the middle of its upper edge. This tooth varies some in different -specimens, it ends above in a single point or it may be widened and end -above in three or more points. In <i>furcifer</i> there is no tooth on -the occiput in either sex.</p> - -<p>The vulvar scales are very different, in <i>villosipes</i> the part -may be said to be triangular with the free sides curved and the apical -part divided for about half the length of the scale. In <i>furcifer</i> -its basal part is similar but the apical part is produced, giving -quite a different form. In the former species the scale is about -one-third as long as the ninth segment, while in the latter it is about -three-eighths as long as that segment. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</span></p> - -<p>The abdominal appendages of the male are different. From dorsal view -those of <i>furcifer</i> are rectangular with the inner distal angle -very much produced inward and backward; in <i>villosipes</i> they are -wide at base, oblong, with the outer distal part broadly rounded and -the corresponding inner part produced directly backward. The hamules -are characteristic and may be explained best by reference to the -figures.</p> - -<p>The two species are colored much alike but <i>furcifer</i> is darker. -The tenth abdominal segment may be said to be yellow in both but in -<i>furcifer</i> the sides of the segment are dark, oftentimes black.</p> - -<p>They agree in habits, both preferring to fly over stagnant water -where the males come to rest on floating objects or on the ground -at the water’s edge. I have observed the female of <i>furcifer</i> -ovipositing in stagnant water among lily pads and other aquatic plants. -Her flight is slow while thus engaged, and her actions more like a -<i>Libellula</i> than the usual <i>Gomphus</i>.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="f150"><b>EXPLANATION OF <a href="#PLATE_5">PLATE</a>.</b></p> - -<p class="no-indent"><b>Gomphus villosipes</b>—1, dorsal view of male -appendages; 3, vulvar scale; 5, hamule; 7, occiput of female; 8, -occiput of male.</p> - -<p class="no-indent"><b>Gomphus furcifer</b>—2, dorsal view of male -appendages; 4, hamule; 6, vulvar scale; 9, occiput of male; 10, occiput -of female.</p> - -<p class="no-indent"><b>Gomphus viridifrons</b>—11, 12, 13, dorsal view of -male appendages—13 from Pa., 11, 12 from Ohio; 14, 15, 16, hamules; 17, -18, vulvar scales—18 from Pennsylvania, 17 from Ohio.</p> - -<p class="no-indent"><b>Gomphus brevis</b>—19, 20, 21, dorsal view of male -appendages—specimens from Maine and Pennsylvania; 22, 23, 24, hamules; -25, 26, vulvar scales.</p> - -<p class="no-indent"><b>Gomphus abbreviatus</b>—27, 28, 29, hamules; 30, 31, -vulvar scales; 32, 33, 34, dorsal view of male appendages—specimens all -from Maine.</p> -</div> - -<div id="PLATE_5" class="figcenter"> - <p class="f150 space-above2"><b>Plate 5.</b></p> - <img src="images/i017.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="874" /> - <p class="f120 space-below2">HINE—GOMPHINE STUDIES.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="NOTES">NOTES FROM BOTANICAL<br /> LITERATURE.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="f120 space-below2"><span class="smcap">W. A. Kellerman.</span></p> - -<p>A very interesting Bulletin of eight pages on the Chrysanthemum Rust -has been issued by J. C. Arthur, botanist of the Indiana Agricultural -Experiment Station. It is No. 85, and is dated October, 1900. Dr. -Arthur gives a general account of Uredineae or Rusts, explaining -that the typical forms have three prominent sets of spores, namely -(1) aecidiospores, usually red or orange in little white cups, (2) -uredospores, generally of a rusty yellow color and abundant (hence -the group name, Rusts), and (3) teleutospores, or the Winter spores, -usually dark brown or black. He further states that only uredospores -have yet been found in Europe and America, and since the fungus is an -annual, it is puzzling to see how it escapes extermination in winter -and spring when Chrysanthemum plants are latent.</p> - -<p>The assumption that this was the well known and common Puccinia -hieracii or Puccinia tanaceti he proves to be incorrect by inoculation -experiments. Uredospores from Chrysanthemums he sowed on Chrysanthemums -and obtained a crop of uredospores. Similar uredospores sowed on -Dandelion, Burdock, and Ox-eye Daisy produced no infection; uredospores -from the latter hosts sown on Chrysanthemum likewise produced no -infection. Uredospores from Dandelion sown on Dandelion produced -uredospores. Others have tried similar experiments, using Tansy, -Costmary, Orange Hawkweed, Giant Daisy, and Marguerite, besides the -host plants named above, but the Chrysanthemum Rust refuses to grow -on any of them. This Rust, which is common and well known on the -Chrysanthemum in Japan, has been named Puccinia chrysanthemi by Rose.</p> - -<p>In connection with suggestions relative to combating the disease, -Dr. Arthur says that “so long as the teleutospores do not make an -appearance in this country, the careful cultivator may feel assured -that a moderate amount of timely effort will enable him to rid -his establishment of the Rust, if he is so unfortunate as to have -it donated to him by some careless florist. Observations made by -the writer and others show that the tendency is for the disease -to disappear of itself, to run its course in an establishment and -die out, which is very likely to some extent due to the absence of -teleutospores.”</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Bryology.</span>—Mrs. Britton’s popular articles -on the Mosses and how to study them, that have appeared from time to -time, furnished the directions and incentive to many who before had -taken little or no interest in this group of plants. Her purpose and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</span> -plan are imitated and extended in a charming little book, that has been -prepared and published by Dr. A. J. Grout, of the Boys’ High School, -Brooklyn, New York, called “Mosses with a Hand-Lens.” The author says -that many years of study of Mosses in the field and in Herbaria have -convinced him that “any person of average intelligence can easily learn -to recognize seventy to one hundred common mosses, with the aid of a -hand-lens of ten to fifteen diameters magnifying power.”</p> - -<div id="FIG_9" class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i020.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="502" /> - <p class="f120 space-below2">Fig. 9, Ceratodon.</p> -</div> - -<p>I have Dr. Grout’s permission to reproduce two illustrations, which -represent fairly that phase of his valuable book. <a href="#FIG_9">Figure 9</a> -shows Ceratodon purpureus L, and the text pertaining to the same is as -follows: “Ceratodon is one of the commonest of all our mosses. It -is found on the edges of paths, roofs of old buildings, sand by the -seashore, and in general any barren compact soil is its favorite -habitat. The plants are short and grow close together, forming dense -thin mats of dark green. The lance-like young sporophytes appear early -in spring as soon as the snow is melted. By the middle of summer the -capsules often decay beyond recognition, and the seta breaks from the -plant at the touch.</p> - -<p>Unless one has become very familiar with Ceratodon it is not always -easy to recognize it without mature capsules. When the capsules have -fully matured they shrink when dry and become furrowed. This peculiar -furrowing, the dark rich color of the capsules, a color called purple -by the older botanists, but which is really a very dark chestnut or -red-brown, make it easy to recognize this species.”</p> - -<p><a href="#PLATE_II">Plate II</a>. shows the Hair-cap Mosses, -Polytrichum, the largest of all our species. There are four common -species all having square capsules which character distinguishes them -from Pogonatums, the latter having cylindric capsules. “The Ohio -Hair-cap without the sporophyte (seta and capsule, commonly called -fruit) is not readily distinguished from the Common, as the leaves and -general appearance are very similar. But with the sporophyte present, -the distinctions are clear. In Figs. b and d (<a href="#PLATE_II">Plate II</a>.) -note that the capsule of the Common Hair-cap is almost -cubical, that the lid has a <i>very short beak</i>, and that the -capsule is entirely covered by the calyptra. The capsule of the Ohio -Hair-cap (e) is elongated, slender with a tapering neck, and with a -much longer beak to the lid. The lid and the calyptra of the Ohio -Hair-cap fall early in June, very soon after the spores are ripe, and -it is not always easy to find either in position, but if the calyptra -be found, it will be seen to cover the upper portion of the capsule -only. The Common Hair-cap, although occurring in woods, is most common -in open fields; the Ohio Hair-cap being most frequent in shady, more -moist spots, often in deep woods. The remaining two species are easily -distinguished from the two mentioned above by the margins of the -leaves, which are thin and membranaceous, and are folded in over the -central portion of the leaf, <a href="#PLATE_II">as illustrated</a> -in o, o′ and p.” -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</span></p> - -<div id="PLATE_II" class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i021.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="872" /> - <p class="f120">Plate II., Polytrichum or Hair-cap Moss.</p> - -<ul class="index"> -<li class="isub1">Figs. a (dry), b (moist), c (leaf),</li> -<li class="isub5">d (capsule) and f are P. commune;</li> -<li class="isub1">Fig. e, capsule of P. ohioense;</li> -<li class="isub1">Figs. g, h and p, P. piliferum;</li> -<li class="isub1">Figs. o and o′, P. juniperinum.</li> -</ul></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</span> -I can not too strongly commend “Mosses with a Hand-Lens” (price $1.10) -prepared with the purpose of giving “by drawings and descriptions the -information necessary to enable any one interested to become acquainted -with the more common mosses with the least possible outlay of time, -patience and money.” The book contains a key to the genera based mainly -on structural characters and one mainly on habitat, also many keys -under the genera; copious illustrations, clear and accurate on almost -every page of the text and eight full-page plates from drawings by Mary -V. Thayer; and an illustrated glossary of bryological terms.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="MEETING">MEETING OF THE<br /> BIOLOGICAL CLUB.</h2> -</div> - -<p>The Biological Club met in Zoological lecture room December 3, 1900. -Prof. Herbert Osborn presided, twenty-six members present. The -following papers were presented:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>“Notes on the Saw Brier, and a Rhamnus new to Ohio.”</p> - -<p>“The Waverly Series of Ohio.”</p> -</div> - -<p>In the first paper Prof. Kellerman spoke of the distribution of the -Saw Brier, <i>Smilax glauca</i>, in the southern part of the State, and -exhibited specimens showing its striking variations in form of leaves.</p> - -<p>The southern buckthorne, <i>Rhamnus caroliniana</i>, was observed -commonly in Adams County. It also occurs in Brown County. This is -the first record for this species in Ohio. Specimens in fruit were -exhibited.</p> - -<p>A hackberry was found unlike any form hitherto reported from -Ohio. Specimens are in the hands of Rev. E. J. Hill for study and -determination.</p> - -<p>Prof. Ball reported leaf variation as occurring commonly in Colorado, -and that various leaf forms could be observed in climbing a single hill.</p> - -<p>Prof. Prosser, in the second paper, reviewed the literature that has -been published on the Waverly Series of Ohio, and as a summing up gave -a list of names with authorities to be used in future in speaking of -the formations of this series. These are as follows:</p> - -<p>Beginning above the Huron Shale. 1. Bedford Shale (Newb.) 85 feet. 2. -Berea Grit (Newb.) 40 feet. 3. Sunbury Shale (Hicks) 10-15 feet. 4. -Cuyahoga Shale (Newb.) 275-300 feet. 5. Black Hand Conglomerate (Hicks) -40-100 feet. 6. Logan Sandstone (Andrews) 115 feet.</p> - -<p>Under the head of personal observations, Prof. Schaffner gave a list -of trees and shrubs which he and F. J. Tyler had found cutting off -(self-pruning) their own branches.</p> - -<p>Prof. Kellerman remarked upon the abundance of the red-seeded dandelion -in various parts of the state.</p> - -<p>Walter Metz, J. A. Beer, H. A. Clark, Charles I. Meade, Miss Elizabeth -Sessions, Miss L. D. Wilson, W. P. Simpson, Mrs. J. H. Schaffner, B. -B. Wells, Mrs. E. D. Ball, J. N. Frank, A. G. McCall, Miss Carrie R. -Weick, A. C. Whitmore, Miss Caroline Meade and Miss Maud Flynn were -elected to membership.</p> - -<p>Professors Prosser, Landacre and Mr. Griggs were appointed a committee -to locate board and lodging for members of the Ohio Academy of Science. -Adjourned.</p> - -<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Jas. S. Hine</span>, Secretary.</p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="blockquot no-wrap"> -<p class="f300"><b><i>Ohio State University</i></b></p> - -<ul class="index fontsize_120"> -<li class="isub1">Six distinct and independent Colleges, each</li> -<li class="isub2">with a Dean and Faculty of its own.</li> -<li class="isub1"> </li> -<li class="isub4">THIRTY SEVEN DEPARTMENTS.</li> -<li class="isub5">THIRTY DISTINCT COURSES.</li> -<li class="isub1"> </li> -<li class="isub7"><span class="smcap"><b>Agriculture, Arts, Law,</b></span></li> -<li class="isub8"><span class="smcap"><b>Engineering, Pharmacy,</b></span></li> -<li class="isub9"><span class="smcap"><b>Veterinary Medicine.</b></span></li> -</ul> - -<p class="center">Superior facilities for education in Applied Science.</p> - -<p class="center">Short or special courses for mature<br /> -students not candidates for degrees.</p> - -<p class="center space-above2">One hundred and twenty-one instructors.<br /> -Over thirteen hundred students.</p> - -<p class="center space-above2">FINEST GYMNASIUM IN THE WEST.</p> - -<p class="center space-above2"><i>For further information address the President</i>,<br /> -<span class="smcap"><b>Dr. W. O. Thompson, State University, Columbus.</b></span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="f150"><b>Ohio Forest Trees Identified by Leaves and Fruit.</b></p> - -<p class="f120">By <span class="smcap">W. A. Kellerman, Ph. D.</span>, Ohio State University.</p> - -<p class="no-indent">A neat pamphlet for every one who wishes to learn our -native forest trees. Keys simple Description plain.</p> - -<p class="no-indent">Can learn the names of the trees easily.</p> - -<p class="no-indent">Price reduced from 25 cents to<span class="ws3"> </span>10 cents.</p> - -<p class="space-above2">Also,</p> -<p class="f150"><b>The Fourth State Catalogue of Ohio Plants</b>.</p> - -<p class="no-indent">Bound copies at cost of binding, namely<span class="ws3"> </span>20 cents.</p> - -<p class="no-indent">Gives list of scientific and common names; -distribution by counties.</p> - -<p class="no-indent">Teachers and others will also be interested in -Prof. Kellerman’s Phyto-theca or Herbarium Portfolio, <i>Practical -Studies</i> in Elementary Botany, <i>Elementary Botany</i> with Spring -Flora, all published by Eldredge & Bro., Philadelphia, to whom apply.</p> - -<p class="no-indent">For information or copies of <i>Forest Trees</i> and -<i>Catalogue</i> or names of plant specimens of your region <i>address</i></p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><b>W. A. Kellerman, Columbus, Ohio</b></span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="f200"><b>American Entomological Co.</b></p> - -<p class="center">1040 DE KALB AVENUE, BROOKLYN, N. Y.</p> - -<p class="f120 space-above2">Lepidoptera Price List No. 2.—</p> -<p class="f120"><i>Price 5 cents</i></p> - -<p class="center space-below2">Refunded to Buyers</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Issued November</span> 15th 1900.</p> - -<p class="center">Dealers of all kinds of</p> -<p class="f150"><i><span class="smcap">Entomological Supplies</span></i></p> - -<p class="f120">Manufacturers of the Original<br /> -and Celebrated</p> - -<p class="f150">SCHMITT INSECT BOXES.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>Builders of INSECT CABINETS, ETC.</i></p> -</div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="f200"><b>The Twentieth Century<br /> Text Books of Biology.</b></p> -<hr class="r5" /> - -<table class="fontsize_120 boldfont no-wrap" border="0" cellspacing="2" summary=" " cellpadding="2" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">PLANT RELATIONS, 12mo, cloth</td> - <td class="tdr">$1.10</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">PLANT STRUCTURES, 12mo, cloth</td> - <td class="tdr">1.20</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">PLANT STUDIES, 12mo, cloth</td> - <td class="tdr">1.20</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">PLANTS, 12mo, cloth</td> - <td class="tdr">1.80</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">ANALYTICAL KEY TO PLANTS, 12mo, flexible cloth </td> - <td class="tdr">.75</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">All by JOHN MERLE COULTER, A. M., Ph. D.,</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">Head of Dept. of Botany, University of Chicago.</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p class="f110 space-above1 space-below2"><i>They are already the preferred texts, and<br /> -the reasons will be apparent on examination.</i></p> - -<p class="center space-above2"><b><span class="fontsize_200">ANIMAL LIFE:</span> -<span class="fontsize_150">A First Book of Zoology.</span></b></p> - -<p class="neg-indent">By DAVID S. JORDAN, M. S., M. D., Ph. D., LL. -D., President of the Leland Stanford Junior University, and VERNON L. -KELLOGG, M. S., Professor in Leland Stanford Junior University. 12mo. -Cloth, $1.20. <i>Now ready.</i></p> - -<p><i>Not a book for learning the classification, anatomy, and -nomenclature of animals, but to show how animals reached their present -development, the effects of environment, their place in Nature, their -relations to one another and to the human race. Designed for one-half -year’s work in high schools. Send for sample pages.</i></p> - -<p class="center space-above2"><b><span class="fontsize_200">ANIMAL FORMS:</span> -<span class="fontsize_150">A Second Book of Zoology.</span></b></p> - -<p class="neg-indent">By DAVID S. JORDAN, M. S., M. D., Ph. D., LL. -D., and HAROLD HEATH, Ph. D., Professor in Leland Stanford Junior -University. <i>Ready in February, 1901.</i></p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="f120"><b>D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, Publishers</b>,<br /> -<i>New York</i>, <i>Chicago</i>, <i>London</i>.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="f200"><b><span class="smcap">Recent Scientific Works</span></b></p> - -<p class="no-indent"><span class="fontsize_150">In</span> <b>Astronomy</b>, Dr. Simon Newcomb’s new -book, published October, 1900; in <b>Physics</b>, the Johns Hopkins -text of Professors Rowland and Ames; also in Physics for second and -third year high school work, the text of Dr. Hoadley, of Swathmore; -in <b>Physiology</b>, the text by Drs. Macy and Norris, based on -the Nervous System; also the <b>High School Physiology</b> indorsed -by the W. C. T. U., written by Dr. Hewes, of Harvard University; in -<b>Geology</b>, the <b>Revised</b> “<b>Compend</b>” of Dr. Le Conte, -and the two standard works of Dana,—The <b>Manual for University -Work</b>, and the <b>New Text Book</b>, revision and rewriting of -Dr. Rice, for fourth year high school work; in <b>Chemistry</b>, -the approved <b>Storer and Lindsay</b>, recommended for secondary -schools by the leading colleges; in <b>Zoology</b>, the <b>Laboratory -Manual</b> of Dr. Needham, of Cornell; and the Series “<b>Scientific -Memoirs</b>” edited by Dr. Ames, of Johns Hopkins. Nine volumes ready.</p> - -<p class="center">The publishers cordially invite correspondence.</p> - -<p class="f120"><b><big>AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY</big>, -<span class="smcap">Cincinnati</span></b></p> -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="transnote bbox space-above2"> -<p class="f120 space-above1">Transcriber’s Notes:</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="indent">The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up - paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they illustrate.</p> -<p class="indent">Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.</p> -</div></div> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE OHIO NATURALIST, VOL. 1, NO. 4, FEBRUARY 1901 ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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