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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Olynthiacs and the Phillippics of
+Demosthenes, by Demosthenes
+Translated with notes by Charles Rann Kennedy
+
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+Title: The Olynthiacs and the Phillippics of Demosthenes
+
+Author: Demosthenes
+Translated with notes by Charles Rann Kennedy
+
+Release Date: November, 2004 [EBook #6878]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on February 6, 2003]
+
+Edition: 10
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE OLYNTHIACS AND THE PHILLIPPICS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by D. Garcia, David Starner, Charles Franks,
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+OLYNTHIACS
+
+AND THE
+
+PHILIPPICS
+
+OF
+
+DEMOSTHENES
+
+_Literally Translated, with Notes_
+
+BY
+
+CHARLES RANN KENNEDY
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE ORATIONS OF DEMOSTHENES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE FIRST OLYNTHIAC.
+
+  THE ARGUMENT.
+
+  Olynthus was a city in Macedonia, at the head of the Toronaic
+  gulf, and north of the peninsula of Pallene. It was colonized
+  by a people from Chalcis in Euboea, and commanded a large
+  district called Chalcidice, in which there were thirty-two
+  cities. Over all this tract the sway of Olynthus was
+  considerable, and she had waged wars anciently with Athens
+  and Sparta, and been formidable to Philip's predecessors on
+  the throne of Macedon. Soon after Philip's accession, the
+  Olynthians had disputes with him, which were at first
+  accommodated, and he gratified them by the cession of
+  Anthemus. They then joined him in a war against Athens, and
+  he gave up to them Potidaea, which had yielded to their
+  united arms. After the lapse of some years, during which
+  Philip had greatly increased his power, and acquired
+  considerable influence in Thessaly and Thrace, the Olynthians
+  became alarmed, and began to think him too dangerous a
+  neighbor. The immediate cause of rupture was an attack which
+  he made on one of the Chalcidian towns. An embassy was
+  instantly sent to Athens, to negotiate an alliance. Philip,
+  considering this as an infraction of their treaty with him,
+  declared war against them, and invaded their territory. A
+  second embassy was sent to Athens, pressing for assistance.
+  The question was debated in the popular assembly. Demades,
+  an orator of considerable ability, but profligate character,
+  opposed the alliance. Many speakers were heard; and at
+  length Demosthenes rose to support the prayer of the embassy,
+  delivering one of those clear and forcible speeches, which
+  seldom failed to make a strong impression on his audience.
+  The alliance was accepted, and succors voted.
+
+  The orator here delicately touches on the law of Eubulus,
+  which had made it capital to propose that the Theoric fund
+  should be applied to military service. This fund was in fact
+  the surplus revenue of the civil administration, which by the
+  ancient law was appropriated to the defense of the
+  commonwealth; but it had by various means been diverted from
+  that purpose, and expended in largesses to the people, to
+  enable them to attend the theatre, and other public shows and
+  amusements. The law of Eubulus perpetuated this abuse. (See my
+  article _Theorica_ in the Archaeological Dictionary.)
+  Demosthenes, seeing the necessity of a war supply, hints that
+  this absurd law ought to be abolished, but does not openly
+  propose it.
+
+  There has been much difference of opinion among the learned
+  as to the order of the three Olynthiac orations; nor is it
+  certain, whether they were spoken on the occasion of one
+  embassy, or several embassies. The curious may consult Bishop
+  Thirlwall's Appendix to the fifth volume of his Grecian
+  History, and Jacobs' Introduction to his translation. I have
+  followed the common order, as adopted by Bekker, whose edition
+  of Demosthenes is the text of this translation; and indeed my
+  opinion is, on the whole, in favor of preserving the common
+  order, though the plan of this work prevents my entering into
+  controversy on the question. To enable the reader more fully
+  to understand the following orations, I have in an Appendix
+  to this volume given a brief account of Olynthus, showing its
+  position with reference to Macedonia, and the importance of its
+  acquisition to Philip. The historical abstract prefixed to this
+  volume is intended chiefly to assist the reader in reference to
+  dates. Such occurrences only are noticed as may be useful to
+  illustrate Demosthenes.
+
+
+I believe, men of Athens, you would give much to know, what is the true
+policy to be adopted in the present matter of inquiry. This being the
+case, you should be willing to hear with attention these who offer you
+their counsel. Besides that you will have the benefit of all
+preconsidered advice, I esteem it part of your good fortune, that many
+fit suggestions will occur to some speakers at the moment, so that from
+them all you may easily choose what is profitable.
+
+The present juncture, Athenians, all but proclaims aloud, that you must
+yourselves take these affairs in hand, if you care for their success. I
+know not how we seem disposed in the matter. [Footnote: This is a
+cautious way of hinting at the general reluctance to adopt a vigorous
+policy. And the reader will observe the use of the first person, whereby
+the orator includes himself in the same insinuation.] My own opinion is,
+vote succor immediately, and make the speediest preparations for sending
+it off from Athens, that you may not incur the same mishap as before;
+send also embassadors, to announce this, and watch the proceedings. For
+the danger is, that this man, being unscrupulous and clever at turning
+events to account, making concessions when it suits him, threatening at
+other times, (his threats may well be believed,) slandering us and
+urging our absence against us, may convert and wrest to his use some of
+our main resources. Though, strange to say, Athenians, the very cause of
+Philip's strength is a circumstance favorable to you. [Footnote: After
+alarming the people by showing the strength of their adversary, he turns
+off skillfully to a topic of encouragement.] His having it in his sole
+power to publish or conceal his designs, his being at the same time
+general, sovereign, paymaster, and every where accompanying his army, is
+a great advantage for quick and timely operations in war; but, for a
+peace with the Olynthians, which he would gladly make, it has a contrary
+effect. For it is plain to the Olynthians, that now they are fighting,
+not for glory or a slice of territory, but to save their country from
+destruction and servitude. They know how he treated those Amphipolitans
+who surrendered to him their city, and those Pydneans who gave him
+admittance. [Footnote: Amphipolis was a city at the head of the
+Strymonic gulf, in that part of Macedonia which approaches western
+Thrace. It had been built formerly by an Athenian colony, and was taken
+by the Spartan general Brasidas in the Peloponnesian war. Ever since
+Athens regained her character of an imperial state, she had desired to
+recover Amphipolis, which was important for its maritime position, its
+exportation of iron, and especially from the vicinity of the forests
+near the Strymon, which afforded an inexhaustible supply of ship-timber.
+But she had never been able to accomplish that object. Philip, who at
+that time possessed no maritime town of importance, was for obvious
+reasons anxious to win Amphipolis for himself; and he got possession of
+it partly by force of arms, partly by the treachery of certain
+Amphipolitans who were attached to his interest. It seems the Athenians
+had been amused by a promise of Philip to give up the town to them. The
+non-performance of this compact led to their first long war with him.
+Immediately after the capture of Amphipolis, Philip marched against
+Pydna, and was admitted into the town.] And generally, I believe, a
+despotic power is mistrusted by free states, especially if their
+dominions are adjoining. All this being known to you, Athenians, all
+else of importance considered, I say, you must take heart and spirit,
+and apply yourselves more than ever to the war, contributing promptly,
+serving personally, leaving nothing undone. No plea or pretense is left
+you for declining your duty. What you were all so clamorous about, that
+the Olynthians should be pressed into a war with Philip, has of itself
+come to pass, [Footnote: Compare Virgil, Aen. ix. 6.
+
+  Turne, quod optanti Divum promittere nemo
+  Auderet, volvenda dies en attulit ultro.]
+
+and in a way most advantageous to you. For, had they undertaken the war
+at your instance, they might have been slippery allies, with minds but
+half resolved perhaps: but since they hate him on a quarrel of their
+own, their enmity is like to endure on account of their fears and their
+wrongs. You must not then, Athenians, forego this lucky opportunity, nor
+commit the error which you have often done heretofore. For example, when
+we returned from succoring the Euboeans, and Hierax and Stratocles of
+Amphipolis came to this platform, [Footnote: The hustings from which the
+speakers addressed the people. It was cut to the height of ten feet out
+of the rock which formed the boundary wall of the assembly; and was
+ascended by a flight of steps.] urging us to sail and receive possession
+of their city, if we had shown the same zeal for ourselves as for the
+safety of Euboea, you would have held Amphipolis then and been rid of
+all the troubles that ensued. Again, when news came that Pydna,
+[Footnote: Potidaea was in the peninsula of Pallene, near Olynthus, and
+was therefore given by Philip to the Olynthians, as mentioned in the
+argument. Methone and Pydna are on the Macedonian coast approaching
+Thessaly. Pagasae is a Thessalian town in the Magnesian district. It was
+the sea-port of Pherae, capital of the tyrant Lycophron, against whom
+Philip was invited to assist the Thessalians. Philip overcame Lycophron,
+and restored republican government at Pherae; but Pagasae he garrisoned
+himself, and also Magnesia, a coast-town in the same district.]
+Potidaea, Methone, Pagasae, and the other places (not to waste time in
+enumerating them) were besieged, had we to any one of these in the first
+instance carried prompt and reasonable succor, we should have found
+Philip far more tractable and humble now. But, by always neglecting the
+present, and imagining the future would shift for itself, we, O men of
+Athens, have exalted Philip, and made him greater than any king of
+Macedon ever was. Here then is come a crisis, this of Olynthus,
+self-offered to the state, inferior to none of the former. And methinks,
+men of Athens, any man fairly estimating what the gods have done for us,
+notwithstanding many untoward circumstances, might with reason be
+grateful to them. Our numerous losses in war may justly be charged to
+our own negligence; but that they happened not long ago, and that an
+alliance, to counterbalance them, is open to our acceptance, I must
+regard as manifestations of divine favor. It is much the same as in
+money matters. If a man keep what he gets, he is thankful to fortune; if
+he lose it by imprudence, he loses withal his memory of the obligation.
+So in political affairs, they who misuse their opportunities forget even
+the good which the gods send them; for every prior event is judged
+commonly by the last result. Wherefore, Athenians, we must be
+exceedingly careful of our future measures, that by amendment therein we
+may efface the shame of the past. Should we abandon these men [Footnote:
+Here he points to the Olynthian embassadors.] too, and Philip reduce
+Olynthus, let any one tell me, what is to prevent him marching where he
+pleases? Does any one of you, Athenians, compute or consider the means,
+by which Philip, originally weak, has become great? Having first taken
+Amphipolis, then Pydna, Potidaea next, Methone afterward, he invaded
+Thessaly. Having ordered matters at Pherae, Pagasae, Magnesia, every
+where exactly as he pleased, he departed for Thrace; where, after
+displacing some kings and establishing others, he fell sick; again
+recovering, he lapsed not into indolence, but instantly attacked the
+Olynthians. I omit his expeditions to Illyria and Paeonia, that against
+Arymbas, [Footnote: Arymbas was a king of the Molossians in Epirus, and
+uncle of Olympias, Philip's wife.] and some others.
+
+Why, it may be said, do you mention all this now? That you, Athenians,
+may feel and understand both the folly of continually abandoning one
+thing after another, and the activity which forms part of Philip's habit
+and existence, which makes it impossible for him to rest content with
+his achievements. If it be his principle, ever to do more than he has
+done, and yours, to apply yourselves vigorously to nothing, see what the
+end promises to be. Heavens! which of you is so simple as not to know,
+that the war yonder will soon be here, if we are careless? And should
+this happen, I fear, O Athenians, that as men who thoughtlessly borrow
+on large interest, after a brief accommodation, lose their estate, so
+will it be with us; found to have paid dear for our idleness and
+self-indulgence, we shall be reduced to many hard and unpleasant shifts,
+and struggle for the salvation of our country.
+
+To censure, I may be told, is easy for any man; to show what measures
+the case requires, is the part of a counselor. I am not ignorant,
+Athenians, that frequently, when any disappointment happens, you are
+angry, not with the parties in fault, but with the last speakers on the
+subject; yet never, with a view to self-protection, would I suppress
+what I deem for your interest. I say then, you must give a two-fold
+assistance here; first, save the Olynthians their towns, [Footnote: The
+Chalcidian towns. See the Argument. Philip commenced his aggressions
+upon the Olynthians by reducing several of these.] and send out troops
+for that purpose; secondly, annoy the enemy's country with ships and
+other troops; omit either of these courses, and I doubt the expedition
+will be fruitless. For should he, suffering your incursion, reduce
+Olynthus, he will easily march to the defense of his kingdom; or, should
+you only throw succor into Olynthus, and he, seeing things out of danger
+at home, keep up a close and vigilant blockade, he must in time prevail
+over the besieged. Your assistance therefore must be effective, and
+two-fold.
+
+Such are the operations I advise. As to a supply of money: you have
+money, Athenians; you have a larger military fund than any people; and
+you receive it just as you please. If ye will assign this to your
+troops, ye need no further supply; otherwise ye need a further, or
+rather ye have none at all. How then? some man may exclaim: do you move
+that this be a military fund? Verily, not I. [Footnote: There is some
+studied obscurity in this passage, owing to the necessity under which
+the speaker lay of avoiding the penalty of the law and a little quiet
+satire on his countrymen, who seemed desirous of eating their pudding
+and having it too. The logic of the argument runs thus--My opinion is,
+that we ought to have a military fund, and that no man should receive
+public money, without performing public service. However, as you prefer
+taking the public money to pay for your places at the festivals, I will
+not break the law by moving to apply that money to another purpose. Only
+you gain nothing by it; for, as the troops must be paid, there must be
+an extraordinary contribution, or property tax, to meet the exigency of
+the case.] My opinion indeed is, that there should be soldiers raised,
+and a military fund, and one and the same regulation for receiving and
+performing what is due; only you just without trouble take your
+allowance for the festivals. It remains then, I imagine, that all must
+contribute, if much be wanted, much, if little, little. Money must be
+had; without it nothing proper can be done. Other persons propose other
+ways and means. Choose which ye think expedient; and put hands to the
+work, while it is yet time.
+
+It may be well to consider and calculate how Philip's affairs now stand.
+They are not, as they appear, or as an inattentive observer might
+pronounce, in very good trim, or in the most favorable position. He
+would never have commenced this war, had he imagined he must fight. He
+expected to carry every thing on the first advance, and has been
+mistaken. This disappointment is one thing that troubles and dispirits
+him; another is, the state of Thessaly. [Footnote: Philip's influence in
+Thessaly was of material assistance to him in his ambitious projects. It
+was acquired in this way. The power established by Jason of Pherae, who
+raised himself to a sort of royal authority under the title of Tagus,
+had devolved upon Lycophron. His sway extended more or less over the
+whole of Thessaly; but was, if not generally unpopular, at least
+unacceptable to the great families in the northern towns, among whom the
+Aleuadae of Larissa held a prominent place. They invoked Philip's aid,
+while Lycophron was assisted by the Phocian Onomarchus. After various
+success, Onomarchus was defeated and slain, and Lycophron expelled from
+Pherae. This established Philip's influence, and led to his being
+afterward called in to terminate the Sacred war. How far the assertions
+of Demosthenes, respecting the discontent of the Thessalians, are true,
+can not exactly be told. They are confirmed, however, in some degree by
+the fact, that at the close of the Sacred war Philip restored to them
+Magnesia. A new attempt by the regnant family caused Philip again to be
+invited, and Thessaly became virtually a province of Macedonia. Among
+other advantages therefrom was the aid of a numerous cavalry, for which
+Thessaly was famous.] That people were always, you know, treacherous to
+all men; and just as they ever have been, they are to Philip. They have
+resolved to demand the restitution of Pagasae, and have prevented his
+fortifying Magnesia; and I was told, they would no longer allow him to
+take the revenue of their harbors and markets, which they say should be
+applied to the public business of Thessaly, not received by Philip. Now,
+if he be deprived of this fund, his means will be much straitened for
+paying his mercenaries. And surely we must suppose, that Paeonians and
+Illyrians, and all such people, would rather be free and independent
+than under subjection; for they are unused to obedience, and the man is
+a tyrant. So report says, and I can well believe it; for undeserved
+success leads weak-minded men into folly; and thus it appears often,
+that to maintain prosperity is harder than to acquire it. Therefore must
+you, Athenians, looking on his difficulty as your opportunity, assist
+cheerfully in the war, sending embassies where required, taking arms
+yourselves, exciting all other people; for if Philip got such an
+opportunity against us, and there was a war on our frontier, how eagerly
+think ye he would attack you! Then are you not ashamed, that the very
+damage which you would suffer, if he had the power, you dare not seize
+the moment to inflict on him?
+
+And let not this escape you, Athenians, that you have now the choice,
+whether you shall fight there, or he in your country. If Olynthus hold
+out, you will fight there and distress his dominions, enjoying your own
+home in peace. If Philip take that city, who shall then prevent his
+marching here? Thebans? I wish it be not too harsh to say, they will be
+ready to join in the invasion. Phocians? who can not defend their own
+country without your assistance. Or some other ally? But, good sir, he
+will not desire! Strange indeed, if, what he is thought fool-hardy for
+prating now, this he would not accomplish if he might. As to the vast
+difference between a war here or there, I fancy there needs no argument.
+If you were obliged to be out yourselves for thirty days only, and take
+the necessaries for camp-service from the land, (I mean, without an
+enemy therein,) your agricultural population would sustain, I believe,
+greater damage than what the whole expense of the late war [Footnote:
+The Amphipolitan war, said to have cost fifteen hundred talents.]
+amounted to. But if a war should come, what damage must be expected?
+There is the insult too, and the disgrace of the thing, worse than any
+damage to right-thinking men.
+
+On all these accounts, then, we must unite to lend our succor, and drive
+off the war yonder; the rich, that, spending a little for the abundance
+which they happily possess, they may enjoy the residue in security; the
+young, [Footnote: Strictly, _those of the military age_, which was
+from eighteen years to sixty. Youths between eighteen and twenty were
+liable only to serve in Attica, and were chiefly employed to garrison
+the walls. Afterward they were compellable to perform any military
+service, under the penalty of losing their privileges as citizens. The
+expression in the text, it will be seen, is not rendered with full
+accuracy; as those of the military age can only be called _young_
+by comparison. But a short and apt antithesis was needed. Sometimes I
+have "the service-able" or "the able-bodied." Jacobs: _die
+waffenfahigen Junglinge_, and elsewhere, _die Rustige_.] that,
+gaining military experience in Philip's territory, they may become
+redoubtable champions to preserve their own; the orators, that they may
+pass a good account [Footnote: Every man, who is required to justify the
+acts for which he is responsible, may be said to be "called to account."
+But Demosthenes spoke with peculiar reference to those accounts, which
+men in official situations at Athens were required to render at the
+close of their administration.] of their statesmanship; for on the
+result of measures will depend your judgment of their conduct. May it
+for every cause be prosperous.
+
+
+
+
+THE SECOND OLYNTHIAC.
+
+  THE ARGUMENT.
+
+  The Athenians had voted an alliance with the Olynthians, and
+  resolved to send succors. But the sending of them was delayed,
+  partly by the contrivance of the opposite faction, partly
+  from the reluctance of the people themselves to engage in a
+  war with Philip. Demosthenes stimulates them to exertion, and
+  encourages them, by showing that Philip's power is not so
+  great as it appears.
+
+
+On many occasions, men of Athens, one may see the kindness of the gods
+to this country manifested, but most signally, I think, on the present.
+That here are men prepared for a war with Philip, possessed of a
+neighboring territory and some power, and (what is most important) so
+fixed in their hostility, as to regard any accommodation with him as
+insecure, and even ruinous to their country; this really appears like an
+extraordinary act of divine beneficence. It must then be our care,
+Athenians, that we are not more unkind to ourselves than circumstances
+have been; as it would be a foul, a most foul reproach, to have
+abandoned not only cities and places that once belonged to us, but also
+the allies and advantages provided by fortune.
+
+To dilate, Athenians, on Philip's power, and by such discourse to incite
+you to your duty, I think improper: and why? Because all that may be
+said on that score involves matter of glory for him, and misconduct on
+our part. The more he has transcended his repute, [Footnote: Jacobs
+otherwise: uber sein Verdienst gelungen.] the more is he universally
+admired; you, as you have used your advantages unworthily, have incurred
+the greater disgrace. This topic, then, I shall pass over. Indeed,
+Athenians, a correct observer will find the source of his greatness
+here, [Footnote: In this assembly, by the contrivance of venal orators,
+or through the supineness of the people. In the first Philippic there is
+a more pointed allusion to the practices of Philip's adherents, who are
+charged with sending him secret intelligence of what passed at home.
+Such men as Aristodemus, Neoptolemus, perhaps Demades and others are
+referred to. Aeschines had not yet begun to be a friend of Philip.] and
+not in himself. But of measures, for which Philip's partisans deserve
+his gratitude and your vengeance, I see no occasion to speak now. Other
+things are open to me, which it concerns you all to know, and which
+must, on a due examination, Athenians, reflect great disgrace on Philip.
+To these will I address myself.
+
+To call him perjured and treacherous, without showing what he has done,
+might justly be termed idle abuse. But to go through all his actions and
+convict him in detail, will take, as it happens, but a short time, and
+is expedient, I think, for two reasons: first, that his baseness may
+appear in its true light; secondly, that they, whose terror imagines
+Philip to be invincible, may see he has run through all the artifices by
+which he rose to greatness, and his career is just come to an end. I
+myself, men of Athens, should most assuredly have regarded Philip as an
+object of fear and admiration, had I seen him exalted by honorable
+conduct; but observing and considering I find, that in the beginning,
+when certain persons drove away the Olynthians who desired a conference
+with us, he gained over our simplicity by engaging to surrender
+Amphipolis, and to execute the secret article [Footnote: A secret
+intrigue was carried on between Philip and the Athenians, by which he
+engaged to put Amphipolis in their hands, but on the understanding that
+they would deliver up Pydna to him. Demosthenes only mentions the former
+part of the arrangement, the latter not being honorable to his
+countrymen.] once so famous; afterward he got the friendship of the
+Olynthians, by taking Potidaea from you, wronging you his former allies,
+and delivering it to them; and lastly now the Thessalians, by promising
+to surrender Magnesia, and undertake the Phocian war on their behalf. In
+short, none who have dealt with him has he not deceived. He has risen by
+conciliating and cajoling the weakness of every people in turn who knew
+him not. As, therefore, by such means he rose, when every people
+imagined he would advance their interest, so ought he by the same means
+to be pulled down again, when the selfish aim of his whole policy is
+exposed. To this crisis, O Athenians, are Philip's affairs come; or let
+any man stand forward and prove to me, or rather to you, that my
+assertions, are false, or that men whom Philip has once overreached will
+trust him hereafter, or that the Thessalians who have been degraded into
+servitude would not gladly become free.
+
+But if any among you, though agreeing in these statements, thinks that
+Philip will maintain his power by having occupied forts and havens and
+the like, this is a mistake. True, when a confederacy subsists by
+good-will, and all parties to the war have a common interest, men are
+willing to co-operate and bear hardships and persevere. But when one has
+grown strong, like Philip, by rapacity and artifice, on the first
+pretext, the slightest reverse, all is overturned and broken up.
+[Footnote: The original [Greek: _anechaitise_] is "shakes off," or
+"throws off," as a horse does his rider, when he rears and tosses up his
+neck. It will be observed that Demosthenes is very high-flown in his
+language here, passing from one metaphor to another. Leland translates
+these words, "overthrows him, and all his greatness is dashed at once to
+the ground." Francis: "hath already shaken off the yoke and dissolved
+their alliance." Wilson: "turneth all things upside down and layeth it
+flat in the end." Auger, better: _suffisent pour l' ebranler et la
+dissoudre_. Jacobs: _reicht Alles umzusturzen, und aufzulosen_.
+Pabst, very nearly the same.] Impossible is it,--impossible,
+Athenians,--to acquire a solid power by injustice and perjury and
+falsehood. Such things last for once, or for a short period; maybe, they
+blossom fairly with hope; [Footnote: So in Henry VIII. Act iii. Sc. 2.
+
+  Such is the state of man: to-day he puts forth
+  The tender leaves of hope, to-morrow blossoms,
+  And wears his blushing honors thick upon him.]
+
+but in time they are discovered and drop away. [Footnote: Like the
+leaves of a flower; pursuing the last metaphor. So says Moore, in _The
+Last Rose of Summer_: "the gems drop away." Jacobs: _fallt sie von
+selbst zusammen_. Pabst: _sturet in sich selbst zusammen_.] As a
+house, a ship, or the like, ought to have the lower parts firmest, so in
+human conduct, I ween, the principle and foundation should be just and
+true. But this is not so in Philip's conduct.
+
+I say, then, we should at once aid the Olynthians, (the best and
+quickest way that can be suggested will please me most,) and send an
+embassy to the Thessalians, to inform some of our measures, and to stir
+up the rest; for they have now resolved to demand Pagasae, and
+remonstrate about Magnesia. But look to this, Athenians, that our envoys
+shall not only make speeches, but have some real proof that we have gone
+forth as becomes our country, and are engaged in action. All speech
+without action appears vain and idle, but especially that of our
+commonwealth; as the more we are thought to excel therein, the more is
+our speaking distrusted by all. You must show yourselves greatly
+reformed, greatly changed, contributing, serving personally, acting
+promptly, before any one will pay attention to you. And if ye will
+perform these duties properly and becomingly, Athenians, not only will
+it appear that Philip's alliances are weak and precarious, but the poor
+state of his native empire and power will be revealed.
+
+To speak roundly, the Macedonian power and empire is very well as a
+help, as it was for you in Timotheus' time against the Olynthians;
+likewise for them against Potidaea the conjunction was important; and
+lately it aided the Thessalians in their broils and troubles against the
+regnant house: and the accession of any power, however small, is
+undoubtedly useful. But the Macedonian is feeble of itself, and full of
+defects. The very operations which seem to constitute Philip's
+greatness, his wars and his expeditions, have made it more insecure than
+it was originally. Think not, Athenians, that Philip and his subjects
+have the same likings. He desires glory, makes that his passion, is
+ready for any consequence of adventure and peril, preferring to a life
+of safety the honor of achieving what no Macedonian king ever did
+before. They have no share in the glorious result; ever harassed by
+these excursions up and down, they suffer and toil incessantly, allowed
+no leisure for their employments or private concerns, unable even to
+dispose of their hard earnings, the markets of the country being closed
+on account of the war. By this then may easily be seen, how the
+Macedonians in general are disposed to Philip. His mercenaries and
+guards, indeed, have the reputation of admirable and well-trained
+soldiers, but, as I heard from one who had been in the country, a man
+incapable of falsehood, they are no better than others. For if there be
+any among them experienced in battles and campaigns, Philip is jealous
+of such men and drives them away, he says, wishing to keep the glory of
+all actions to himself; his jealousy (among other failings) being
+excessive. Or if any man be generally good and virtuous, unable to bear
+Philip's daily intemperances, drunkenness, and indecencies, [Footnote:
+The original signifies a certain lascivious dance, which formed a part
+of riotous festivities. We gather from history that the orator's
+description here is not wholly untrue, though exaggerated. Thirlwall
+thus writes of Philip: "There seem to have been two features in his
+character which, in another station, or under different circumstances,
+might have gone near to lower him to an ordinary person, but which were
+so controlled by his fortune as to contribute not a little to his
+success. He appears to have been by his temperament prone to almost
+every kind of sensual pleasure; but as his life was too busy to allow
+him often to indulge his bias, his occasional excesses wore the air of
+an amiable condescension. So his natural humor would perhaps have led
+him too often to forget his dignity in his intercourse with his
+inferiors; but to Philip, the great king, the conqueror, the restless
+politician, these intervals of relaxation occurred so rarely, that they
+might strengthen his influence with the vulgar, and could never expose
+him to contempt." It has been observed, that Philips partiality for
+drinking and dancing, his drollery, and a dash of scurrility in his
+character, endeared him especially to the Thessalians. See Jacobs' note
+on this passage.] he is pushed aside and accounted as nobody. The rest
+about him are brigands and parasites, and men of that character, who
+will get drunk and perform dances which I scruple to name before you. My
+information is undoubtedly true; for persons whom all scouted here as
+worse rascals than mountebanks, Callias the town-slave and the like of
+him, antic-jesters, [Footnote: [Greek: _Mimous geloion_], players
+of drolls, mimes, or farces. Our ancient word _droll_ signifies,
+like [Greek: _mimos_], both the actor and the thing acted.] and
+composers of ribald songs to lampoon their companions, such persons
+Philip caresses and keeps about him. Small matters these may be thought,
+Athenians, but to the wise they are strong indications of his character
+and wrong-headedness. Success perhaps throws a shade over them now;
+prosperity is a famous hider of such blemishes; but, on any miscarriage,
+they will be fully exposed. And this (trust me, Athenians) will appear
+in no long time, if the gods so will and you determine. For as in the
+human body, a man in health feels not partial ailments, but, when
+illness occurs, all are in motion, whether it be a rupture or a sprain
+or any thing else unsound; so with states and monarchs, while they wage
+eternal war, their weaknesses are undiscerned by most men, but the tug
+of a frontier war betrays all.
+
+If any of you think Philip a formidable opponent, because they see he is
+fortunate, such reasoning is prudent, Athenians. Fortune has indeed a
+great preponderance--nay, is every thing, in human affairs. Not but
+that, if I had the choice, I should prefer our fortune to Philip's,
+would you but moderately perform your duty. For I see you have many more
+claims to the divine favor than he has. But we sit doing nothing; and a
+man idle himself can not require even his friends to act for him, much
+less the gods. No wonder then that he, marching and toiling in person,
+present on all occasions, neglecting no time or season, prevails over us
+delaying and voting and inquiring. I marvel not at that; the contrary
+would have been marvelous, if we doing none of the duties of war had
+beaten one doing all. But this surprises me, that formerly, Athenians,
+you resisted the Lacedaemonians for the rights of Greece, and rejecting
+many opportunities of selfish gain, to secure the rights of others,
+expended your property in contributions, and bore the brunt of the
+battle; yet now you are both to serve, slow to contribute, in defense of
+your own possessions, and, though you have often saved the other nations
+of Greece collectively and individually, under your own losses you sit
+still. This surprises me, and one thing more, Athenians; that not one of
+you can reckon, how long your war with Philip has lasted, and what you
+have been doing while the time has passed. You surely know, that while
+you have been delaying, expecting others to act, accusing, trying one
+another, expecting again, doing much the same as ye do now, all the time
+has passed away. Then are ye so senseless, Athenians, as to imagine,
+that the same measures, which have brought the country from a prosperous
+to a poor condition, will bring it from a poor to a prosperous?
+Unreasonable were this and unnatural; for all things are easier kept
+than gotten. The war now has left us nothing to keep; we have all to
+get, and the work must be done by ourselves. I say then, you must
+contribute money, serve in person with alacrity, accuse no one, till you
+have gained your objects; then, judging from facts, honor the deserving,
+punish offenders; let there be no pretenses or defaults on your own part
+for you can not harshly scrutinize the conduct of others, unless you
+have done what is right yourselves. Why, think you, do all the generals
+[Footnote: A system of employing mercenary troops sprang up at the close
+of the Peloponnesian war, when there were numerous Grecian bands
+accustomed to warfare and seeking employment. Such troops were eagerly
+sought for by the Persian satraps and their king, by such men as Jason
+of Pherae, Dionysius of Syracuse, or Philomelus of Phocis. Athens, which
+had partially employed mercenaries before, began to make use of them on
+a large scale, while her citizens preferred staying at home, to attend
+to commerce, politics, and idle amusements. The ill effects however were
+soon apparent. Athenian generals, ill supplied with money, and having
+little control over their followers, were tempted or obliged to engage
+in enterprises unconnected with, and often adverse to, the interests of
+their country. Sometimes the general, as well as the troops, was an
+alien, and could be very little depended on. Such a person was
+Charidemus, a native of Oreus in Euboea, who commenced his career as
+captain of a pirate vessel. He was often in the service of Athens, but
+did her more harm than good. See my article _Mercenarii_, Arch.
+Dict.] whom you commission avoid this war, and seek wars of their own?
+(for of the generals too must a little truth be told.) Because here the
+prizes of the war are yours; for example, if Amphipolis be taken, you
+will immediately recover it; the commanders have all the risk and no
+reward. But in the other case the risks are less, and the gains belong
+to the commanders and soldiers; Lampsacus, [Footnote: Chares, the
+Athenian general, was said to have received these Asiatic cities from
+Artabazus, the Persian satrap, in return for the service he had
+performed. Probably it was some authority or privileges in those cities,
+not the actual dominion, that was conferred upon him. Sigeum, which is
+near the mouth of the Hellespont, and was a convenient situation for his
+adventures, was the ordinary residence of Chares.] Sigeum, the vessels
+which they plunder. So they proceed to secure their several interests:
+you, when you look at the bad state of your affairs, bring the generals
+to trial; but when they get a hearing and plead these necessities, you
+dismiss them. The result is that, while you are quarreling and divided,
+some holding one opinion, some another, the commonwealth goes wrong.
+Formerly, Athenians, you had boards [Footnote: This refers to the
+institution of the [Greek: _summoriai_], or boards for management
+of the property-tax at Athens, as to which see Appendix IV. The argument
+of Demosthenes is as follows--The three hundred wealthier citizens, who
+were associated by law for purposes of taxation, had become a clique for
+political purposes, with an orator at their head, (he intentionally uses
+the term [Greek: _haegemon_], _chairman of the board_,) to
+conduct the business of the assembly, while they stood to shout and
+applaud his speeches. The general, who held a judicial court to decide
+disputes about the property-tax, and who in matters of state ought to be
+independent, was subservient to the orator, who defended him in the
+popular assembly.] for taxes; now you have boards for politics. There is
+an orator presiding on either side, a general under him, and three
+hundred men to shout; the rest of you are attached to the one party or
+the other. This you must leave off; be yourselves again; establish a
+general liberty of speech, deliberation, and action. If some are
+appointed to command as with royal authority, some to be ship-captains,
+tax-payers, soldiers by compulsion, others only to vote against them,
+and help in nothing besides, no duty will be seasonably performed; the
+aggrieved parties will still fail you, and you will have to punish them
+instead of your enemies. I say, in short; you must all fairly
+contribute, according to each man's ability; take your turns of service
+till you have all been afield; give every speaker a hearing, and adopt
+the best counsel, not what this or that person advises. If ye act thus,
+not only will ye praise the speaker at the moment, but yourselves
+afterward, when the condition of the country is improved.
+
+
+
+
+THE THIRD OLYNTHIAC.
+
+  THE ARGUMENT.
+
+  The Athenians had dispatched succors to Olynthus, and
+  received, as Libanius says, some favorable intelligence; more
+  probably, however, some vague rumors, which led them to
+  imagine the danger was for the time averted. They began, very
+  prematurely, as the result showed, to be confident of success,
+  and talked of punishing Philip for his presumption. In this
+  they were encouraged by certain foolish orators, who sought to
+  flatter the national prejudices. Demosthenes in this oration
+  strives to check the arrogance of the people; reminds them of
+  the necessity of defensive rather than offensive measures, and
+  especially of the importance of preserving their allies.
+  He again adverts (and this time more boldly) to the law of
+  Eubulus, which he intimates ought to be repealed; and he
+  exhorts the Athenians generally to make strenuous exertions
+  against Philip,
+
+
+Not the same ideas, men of Athens, are presented to me, when I look at
+our condition and when at the speeches which are delivered. The
+speeches, I find, are about punishing Philip; but our condition is come
+to this, that we must mind we are not first damaged ourselves.
+Therefore, it seems to me, these orators commit the simple error of not
+laying before you the true subject of debate. That once we might safely
+have held our own and punished Philip too, I know well enough; both have
+been possible in my own time, not very long ago. But now, I am
+persuaded, it is sufficient in the first instance to effect the
+preservation of our allies. When this has been secured, one may look out
+for revenge on Philip; but before we lay the foundation right, I deem it
+idle to talk about the end.
+
+The present crisis, O Athenians, requires, if any ever did, much thought
+and counsel. Not that I am puzzled, what advice to give in the matter; I
+am only doubtful, in what way, Athenians, to address you thereupon. For
+I have been taught both by hearsay and experience, that most of your
+advantages have escaped you, from unwillingness to do your duty, not
+from ignorance. I request you, if I speak my mind, to be patient, and
+consider only, whether I speak the truth, and with a view to future
+amendment. You see to what wretched plight we are reduced by some men
+haranguing for popularity.
+
+I think it necessary, however, first to recall to your memory a few past
+events. You remember, Athenians, when news came three or four years ago,
+that Philip was in Thrace beieging Heraeum. [Footnote: A fortress on the
+Propontis,(now Sea of Marmora,) near Perinthus. This was a post of
+importance to the Athenians, who received large supplies of corn from
+that district.] It was then the fifth month, [Footnote: Corresponding
+nearly to our November. The Attic year began in July, and contained
+twelve lunar months, of alternately 29 and 30 days. The Greeks attempted
+to make the lunar and solar courses coincide by cycles of years, but
+fell into great confusion. See _Calendarium_ in Arch. Dict.] and
+after much discussion and tumult in the assembly you resolved to launch
+forty galleys, that every citizen under forty-five [Footnote: This large
+proportion of the serviceable citizens, [Greek: _ton en haelikia_],
+shows the alarm at Athens. Philip's illness seems to have put a stop to
+his progress in Thrace at this period. Immediately on his recovery he
+began his aggression against Olynthus. See the Chronological Abstract
+prefixed to this volume.] should embark, and a tax be raised of sixty
+talents. That year passed; the first, second, third month arrived; in
+that month, reluctantly, after the mysteries, [Footnote: The Eleusinian
+Mysteries, in honor of Ceres and Proserpine, called The Mysteries from
+their peculiar sanctity.] you dispatched Charidemus with ten empty ships
+and five talents in money; for as Philip was reported to be sick or
+dead, (both rumors came.) you thought there was no longer any occasion
+for succors, and discontinued the armament. But that was the very
+occasion; if we had then sent our succors quickly, as we resolved,
+Philip would not have been saved to trouble us now.
+
+Those events can not be altered. But here is the crisis of another war,
+the cause why I mentioned the past, that you may not repeat your error.
+How shall we deal with it, men of Athens? If you lend not the utmost
+possible aid, see how you will have manoeuvred every thing for Philip's
+benefit. There were the Olynthians, possessed of some power; and matters
+stood thus: Philip distrusted them, and they Philip. We negotiated for
+peace with them; this hampered (as it were) and annoyed Philip, that a
+great city, reconciled to us, should be watching opportunities against
+him. We thought it necessary by all means to make that people his
+enemies; and lo, what erewhile you clamored for, has somehow or other
+been accomplished. Then what remains, Athenians, but to assist them
+vigorously and promptly? I know not. For besides the disgrace that would
+fall upon us, if we sacrificed any of our interests, I am alarmed for
+the consequences, seeing how the Thebans are affected toward us, the
+Phocian treasury exhausted, nothing to prevent Philip, when he has
+subdued what lies before him, from turning to matters here. Whoever
+postpones until then the performance of his duty, wishes to see the
+peril at hand, when he may hear of it elsewhere, and to seek auxiliaries
+for himself, when he may be auxiliary to others; for that this will be
+the issue, if we throw away our present advantage, we all know pretty
+well.
+
+But, it may be said, we have resolved that succors are necessary, and we
+will send them; tell us only how. Marvel not then, Athenians, if I say
+something to astonish the multitude. Appoint law-revisers: [Footnote: A
+provision was made by Solon for a periodical revision, of the Athenian
+laws by means of a legislative committee, called [Greek:
+_Nomothetai_]. See my article _Nomothetes_, Arch. Dict.) They
+were chosen by lot from the judicial body, on a reference to them by a
+vote of the popular assembly, Demosthenes says, "enact no statutes,"
+instead of saying, "let the committee enact no statutes." This is
+because the committee would be taken from the people themselves, and the
+part are treated as the whole. So in speeches to juries we shall
+frequently observe that in mentioning the decision of some other jury he
+says, "you did this or that," as if they were the same persons.] at
+their session enact no statutes, for you have enough, but repeal those
+which are at present injurious; I mean, just plainly, the laws
+concerning our theatrical fund, and some concerning the troops, whereof
+the former divide the military fund among stayers-at-home for theatrical
+amusement, the latter indemnify deserters, and so dishearten men well
+inclined to the service. When you have repealed these, and made the road
+to good counsel safe, then find a man to propose what you all know to be
+desirable. But before doing so, look not for one who will advise good
+measures and be destroyed by you for his pains. Such a person you will
+not find, especially as the only result would be, for the adviser and
+mover to suffer wrongfully, and, without forwarding matters, to render
+good counsel still more dangerous in future. Besides, Athenians, you
+should require the same men to repeal these laws, who have introduced
+them. It is unjust, that their authors should enjoy a popularity which
+has injured the commonwealth, while the adviser of salutary measures
+suffers by a displeasure that may lead to general improvement. Till this
+is set right, Athenians, look not that any one should be so powerful
+with you as to transgress these laws with impunity, or so senseless as
+to plunge into ruin right before him.
+
+Another thing, too, you should observe, Athenians, that a decree is
+worth nothing, without a readiness on your part to do what you
+determine. Could decrees of themselves compel you to perform your duty,
+or execute what they prescribe, neither would you with many decrees have
+accomplished little or nothing, nor would Philip have insulted you so
+long. Had it depended on decrees, he would have been chastised long ago.
+But the course of things is otherwise. Action, posterior in order of
+time to speaking and voting, is in efficacy prior and superior. This
+requisite you want; the others you possess. There are among you,
+Athenians, men competent to advise what is needful, and you are
+exceedingly quick at understanding it; ay, and you will be able now to
+perform it, if you act rightly. For what time or season would you have
+better than the present? When will you do your duty, if not now? Has not
+the man got possession of all our strongholds? And if he become master
+of this country, shall we not incur foul disgrace? Are not they, to whom
+we promised sure protection in case of war, at this moment in
+hostilities? Is he not an enemy, holding our possessions--a barbarian
+[Footnote: _Barbarians_ (among the Greeks) designates persons who
+were not of Hellenic origin. Alexander, an ancestor of Philip, had
+obtained admission to the Olympic games by proving himself to be of
+Argive descent. But the Macedonian people were scarcely considered as
+Greeks till a much later period; and Demosthenes speaks rather with
+reference to the nation than to Philip personally.]--anything you like
+to call him? But, O heavens! after permitting, almost helping him to
+accomplish these things, shall we inquire who were to blame for them? I
+know we shall not take the blame to ourselves. For so in battles, no
+runaway accuses himself, but his general, his neighbor, any one rather;
+though, sure enough, the defeat is owing to all the runaways; for each
+one who accuses the rest might have stood his ground, and had each done
+so they would have conquered. Now then, does any man not give the best
+advice? Let another rise and give it, but not censure the last speaker.
+Does a second give better advice? Follow it, and success attend you!
+Perhaps it is not pleasant: but that is not the speaker's fault, unless
+he omits some needful prayer. [Footnote: Demosthenes sneers at the
+custom of introducing into the debate sententious professions of
+good-will, and prayers for prosperity; a poor substitute (he would say)
+for good counsel. Compare Virg. Georg. III. 454.
+
+      Alitur vitium vivitque tegendo,
+  Dum medicas adhibere manus ad vulnera pastor
+  Abnegat, et meliora, Deos sedet omina poscens.]
+
+To pray is simple enough, Athenians, collecting all that one desires in
+a short petition: but to decide, when measures are the subject of
+consideration, is not quite so easy; for we must choose the profitable
+rather than the pleasant, where both are not compatible.
+
+But if any one can let alone our theatrical fund, and suggest other
+supplies for the military, is he not cleverer? it may be asked. I grant
+it, if this were possible: but I wonder if any man ever was or will be
+able, after wasting his means in useless expenses, to find means for
+useful. The wishes of men are indeed a great help to such arguments, and
+therefore the easiest thing in the world is self-deceit; for every man
+believes what he wishes, though the reality is often different. See
+then, Athenians, what the realities allow, and you will be able to serve
+and have pay. It becomes not a wise or magnanimous people, to neglect
+military operations for want of money, and bear disgraces like these;
+or, while you snatch up arms to march against Corinthians and Megarians,
+to let Philip enslave Greek cities for lack of provisions for your
+troops.
+
+I have not spoken for the idle purpose of giving offense: I am not so
+foolish or perverse, as to provoke your displeasure without intending
+your good: but I think an upright citizen should prefer the advancement
+of the commonweal to the gratification of his audience. And I hear, as
+perhaps you do, that the speakers in our ancestors' time, whom all that
+address you praise, but not exactly imitate, were politicians after this
+form and fashion;--Aristides, Nicias, my namesake, [Footnote:
+Demosthenes, the general so distinguished in the Peloponnesian war, who
+defeated the Spartans at Pylus, and afterward lost his life in Sicily.]
+Pericles. But since these orators have appeared, who ask, What is your
+pleasure? what shall I move? how can I oblige you? the public welfare is
+complimented away for a moment's popularity, and these are the results;
+the orators thrive, you are disgraced. Mark, O Athenians, what a summary
+contrast may be drawn between the doings in our olden time and in yours.
+It is a tale brief and familiar to all; for the examples by which you
+may still be happy are found not abroad, men of Athens, but at home. Our
+forefathers, whom the speakers humored not nor caressed, as these men
+caress you, for five-and-forty years took the leadership of the Greeks
+by general consent, and brought above ten thousand talents into the
+citadel; and the king of this country was submissive to them, as a
+barbarian should be to Greeks; and many glorious trophies they erected
+for victories won by their own fighting on land and sea, and they are
+the sole people in the world who have bequeathed a renown superior to
+envy. Such were their merits in the affairs of Greece: see what they
+were at home, both as citizens and as men. Their public works are
+edifices and ornaments of such beauty and grandeur in temples and
+consecrated furniture, that posterity have no power to surpass them. In
+private they were so modest and attached to the principle of our
+constitution, that whoever knows the style of house which Aristides had,
+or Miltiades, and the illustrious of that day, perceives it to be no
+grander than those of the neighbors. Their politics were not for
+money-making; each felt it his duty to exalt the commonwealth.
+[Footnote: As Horace says:--
+
+  Privatus illis census erat brevis,
+  Commune magnum.]
+
+By a conduct honorable toward the Greeks, pious to the gods, brotherlike
+among themselves, they justly attained a high prosperity.
+
+So fared matters with them under the statesmen I have mentioned. How
+fare they with you under the worthies of our time? Is there any likeness
+or resemblance? I pass over other topics, on which I could expatiate;
+but observe: in this utter absence of competitors, (Lacedaemonians
+depressed, Thebans employed, none of the rest capable of disputing the
+supremacy with us,) when we might hold our own securely and arbitrate
+the claims of others, we have been deprived of our rightful territory,
+and spent above fifteen hundred talents to no purpose; the allies, whom
+we gained in war, these persons have lost in peace, and we have trained
+up against ourselves an enemy thus formidable. Or let any one come
+forward and tell me, by whose contrivance but ours Philip has grown
+strong. Well, sir, this looks bad, but things at home are better. What
+proof can be adduced? The parapets that are whitewashed? The roads that
+are repaired? fountains, and fooleries? [Footnote: Jacobs: _und
+solches Geschwatz_. The proceedings of Eubulus are here more
+particularly referred to.] Look at the men of whose statesmanship these
+are the fruits. They have risen from beggary to opulence, or from
+obscurity to honor; some have made their private houses more splendid
+than the public buildings; and in proportion as the state has declined,
+their fortunes have been exalted.
+
+What has produced these results? How is it that all went prosperously
+then, and nowgoes wrong? Because anciently the people, having the
+courage to be soldiers, controlled the statesmen, and disposed of all
+emoluments; any of the rest was happy to receive from the people his
+share of honor, office, or advantage. Now, contrariwise, the statesmen
+dispose of emoluments; through them every thing is done; you the people,
+enervated, stripped of treasure and allies, are become as underlings and
+hangers-on, happy if these persons dole you out show-money or send you
+paltry beeves; [Footnote: Entertainments were frequently given to the
+people after sacrifices, at which a very small part of the victim was
+devoted to the gods, such as the legs and intestines, the rest being
+kept for more profane purposes. Tho Athenians were remarkably
+extravagant in sacrifices. Demades, ridiculing the donations of public
+meat, compared the republic to an old woman, sitting at home in slippers
+and supping her broth. Demosthenes, using the diminutive [Greek:
+_boidia_], charges the magistrates with supplying lean and poor
+oxen, whereas the victims ought to be healthy and large, [Greek:
+teleia]. See Virgil, Aen. xi. 739.
+
+  Hic amor, hoc studium; dum sacra secundus aruspex
+  Nuntiet, ac lucos vocet hostia pinguis in altos.]
+
+and, the unmanliest part of all, you are grateful for receiving your
+own. They, cooping you in the city, lead you to your pleasures, and make
+you tame and submissive to their hands. It is impossible, I say, to have
+a high and noble spirit, while you are engaged in petty and mean
+employments: whatever be the pursuits of men, their characters must be
+similar. By Ceres, I should not wonder, if I, for mentioning these
+things, suffered more from your resentment than the men who have brought
+them to pass. For even liberty of speech you allow not on all subjects;
+I marvel indeed you have allowed it here.
+
+Would you but even now, renouncing these practices, perform military
+service and act worthily of yourselves; would you employ these domestic
+superfluities as a means to gain advantage abroad; perhaps, Athenians,
+perhaps you might gain some solid and important advantage, and be rid of
+these perquisites, which are like the diet ordered by physicians for the
+sick. As that neither imparts strength, nor suffers the patient to die,
+so your allowances are not enough to be of substantial benefit, nor yet
+permit you to reject them and turn to something else. Thus do they
+increase the general apathy. What? I shall be asked: mean you
+stipendiary service? Yes, and forthwith the same arrangement for all,
+Athenians, that each, taking his dividend from the public, may be what
+the state requires. Is peace to be had? You are better at home, under no
+compulsion to act dishonorably from indigence. Is there such an
+emergency as the present? Better to be a soldier, as you ought, in your
+country's cause, maintained by those very allowances. Is any one of you
+beyond the military age? What he now irregularly takes without doing
+service, let him take by just regulation, superintending and transacting
+needful business. Thus, without derogating from or adding to our
+political system, only removing some irregularity, I bring it into
+order, establishing a uniform rule for receiving money, for serving in
+war, for sitting on juries, for doing what each according to his age can
+do, and what occasion requires. I never advise we should give to idlers
+the wages of the diligent, or sit at leisure, passive and helpless, to
+hear that such a one's mercenaries are victorious; as we now do. Not
+that I blame any one who does you a service: I only call upon you,
+Athenians, to perform on your own account those duties for which you
+honor strangers, and not to surrender that post of dignity which, won
+through many glorious dangers, your ancestors have bequeathed.
+
+I have said nearly all that I think necessary. I trust you will adopt
+that course which is best for the country and yourselves.
+
+
+
+
+THE FIRST PHILIPPIC.
+
+  THE ARGUMENT.
+
+  Philip, after the defeat of Onomarchus, had marched toward
+  the pass of Thermopylae, which, however, he found occupied by
+  the Athenians, who had sent a force for the purpose of
+  preventing his advance. Being baffled there, he directed his
+  march into Thrace, and alarmed the Athenians for the safety
+  of their dominions in the Chersonese. At the same time he sent
+  a fleet to attack the islands of Lemnos and Imbrus, infested
+  the commerce of Athens with his cruisers, and even insulted
+  her coast. In Thrace he became involved in the disputes
+  between the rival kings Amadocus and Cersobleptes, espousing
+  the cause of the former; and for some time he was engaged in
+  the interior of that country, either at war with Cersobleptes,
+  or extending his own influence over other parts of Thrace,
+  where he established or expelled the rulers, as it suited him.
+  It was just at that time that Demosthenes spoke the following
+  oration, the first in which he called the attention of his
+  countrymen to the dangerous increase of Philip's power. He had
+  become convinced by the course of events, and by observing the
+  restless activity of Philip, that Athens had more to fear from
+  him than from Thebes, or from any new combination of the
+  Grecian republics. The orator himself, perhaps, hardly
+  appreciated the extent of Philip's resources, strengthened as
+  he was now by the friendship of Thessaly, possessed of a navy
+  and maritime towns, and relieved from the presence of any
+  powerful neighbors. What were the precise views of Demosthenes
+  as to the extent of the impending danger, we can not say. It
+  was not for him to frighten the Athenians too much, but to
+  awaken them from their lethargy. This he does in a speech,
+  which, without idle declamation or useless ornament, is
+  essentially practical. He alarms, but encourages, his
+  countrymen; points out both their weakness and their strength;
+  rouses them to a sense of danger, and shows the way to meet it;
+  recommends not any extraordinary efforts, for which at the
+  moment there was no urgent necessity, and to make which would
+  have exceeded their power, but unfolds a scheme, simple and
+  feasible, suiting the occasion, and calculated (if Athenians
+  had not been too degenerate) to lay the foundation of better things.
+
+
+Had the question for debate been any thing new, Athenians, I should have
+waited till most of the usual speakers [Footnote: By an ancient
+ordinance of Solon, those who were above fifty years of age were first
+called on to deliver their opinion. The law had ceased to be in force;
+but, as a decent custom, the older men usually commenced the debate.
+There would be frequent occasions for departing from such a custom, and
+Demosthenes, who was now thirty-three, assigns his reason for speaking
+first.] had been heard; if any of their counsels had been to my liking,
+I had remained silent, else proceeded to impart my own. But as the
+subjects of discussion is one upon which they have spoken oft before, I
+imagine, though I rise the first, I am entitled to indulgence. For if
+these men had advised properly in time past, there would be no necessity
+for deliberating now.
+
+First I say, you must not despond, Athenians, under your present
+circumstances, wretched as they are; for that which is worst in them as
+regards the past, is best for the future. What do I mean? That our
+affairs are amiss, men of Athens, because you do nothing which is
+needful; if, notwithstanding you performed your duties, it were the
+same, there would be no hope of amendment.
+
+Consider next, what you know by report, and men of experience remember;
+how vast a power the Lacedaemonians had not long ago, yet how nobly and
+becomingly you consulted the dignity of Athens, and undertook the war
+[Footnote: He refers to the war in which Athens assisted the Thebans
+against Lacedaemon, and in which Chabrias won the naval battle of Naxos.
+That war commenced twenty-six years before the speaking of the first
+Philippic, and would be well remembered by many of the hearers. See the
+Historical Abstract in this volume.] against them for the rights of
+Greece. Why do I mention this? To show and convince you, Athenians, that
+nothing, if you take precaution, is to be feared, nothing, if you are
+negligent, goes as you desire. Take for examples the strength of the
+Lacedaemonians then, which you overcame by attention to your duties, and
+the insolence of this man now, by which through neglect of our interests
+we are confounded. But if any among you, Athenians, deem Philip hard to
+be conquered, looking at the magnitude of his existing power, and the
+loss by us of all our strongholds, they reason rightly, but should
+reflect, that once we held Pydna and Potidaea and Methone and all the
+region round about as our own, and many of the nations now leagued with
+him were independent and free, and preferred our friendship to his. Had
+Philip then taken it into his head, that it was difficult to contend
+with Athens, when she had so many fortresses to infest his country, and
+he was destitute of allies, nothing that he has accomplished would he
+have undertaken, and never would he have acquired so large a dominion.
+But he saw well, Athenians, that all these places are the open prizes of
+war, that the possessions of the absent naturally belong to the present,
+those of the remiss to them that will venture and toil. Acting on such
+principle, he has won every thing and keeps it, either by way of
+conquest, or by friendly attachment and alliance; for all men will side
+with and respect those, whom they see prepared and willing to make
+proper exertion. If you, Athenians, will adopt this principle now,
+though you did not before, and every man, where he can and ought to give
+his service to the, state, be ready to give it without excuse, the
+wealthy to contribute, the able-bodied to enlist; in a word, plainly, if
+you will become your own masters, and cease each expecting to do nothing
+himself, while his neighbor does every thing for him, you shall then
+with heaven's permission recover your own, and get back what has been
+frittered away, and chastise Philip. Do not imagine, that his empire is
+everlastingly secured to him as a god. There are who hate and fear and
+envy him, Athenians, even among those that seem most friendly; and all
+feelings that are in other men belong, we may assume, to his
+confederates. But now they are all cowed, having no refuge through your
+tardiness and indolence, which I say you must abandon forthwith. For you
+see, Athenians, the case, to what pitch of arrogance the man has
+advanced, who leaves you not even the choice of action or inaction, but
+threatens and uses (they say) outrageous language, and, unable to rest
+in possession of his conquests, continually widens their circle, and,
+while we dally and delay, throws his net all around us. When then,
+Athenians, when will ye act as becomes you? In what event? In that of
+necessity, I suppose. And how should we regard the events happening now?
+Methinks, to freemen the strongest necessity is the disgrace of their
+condition. Or tell me, do ye like walking about and asking one
+another:--is there any news? Why, could there be greater news than a man
+of Macedonia subduing Athenians, and directing the affairs of Greece? Is
+Philip dead? No, but he is sick. And what matters it to you? Should any
+thing befall this man, you will soon create another Philip, if you
+attend to business thus. For even he has been exalted not so much by his
+own strength, as by our negligence. And again; should any thing happen
+to him; should fortune, which still takes better care of us than we of
+ourselves, be good enough to accomplish this; observe that, being on the
+spot, you would step in while things were in confusion, and manage them
+as you pleased; but as you now are, though occasion offered Amphipolis,
+you would not be in a position to accept it, with neither forces nor
+counsels at hand. [Footnote: Important advice this, to men in all
+relations of life. Good luck is for those who are in a position to avail
+themselves of it.
+
+  Illi poma cadunt qui poma sub arbore quaerit.]
+
+However, as to the importance of a general zeal in the discharge of
+duty, believing you are convinced and satisfied, I say no more.
+
+As to the kind of force which I think may extricate you from your
+difficulties, the amount, the supplies of money, the best and speediest
+method (in my judgment) of providing all the necessaries, I shall
+endeavor to inform you forthwith, making only one request, men of
+Athens. When, you have heard all, determine; prejudge not before. And
+let none think I delay our operations, because I recommend an entirely
+new force. Not those that cry, quickly! to-day! speak most to the
+purpose; (for what has already happened we shall not be able to prevent
+by our present armament;) but he that shows what and how great and
+whence procured must be the force capable of enduring, till either we
+have advisedly terminated the war, or overcome our enemies: for so shall
+we escape annoyance in future. This I think I am able to show, without
+offense to any other man who has a plan to offer. My promise indeed is
+large; it shall be tested by the performance; and you shall be my
+judges.
+
+First, then, Athenians, I say we must provide fifty warships, [Footnote:
+The Athenian ship of war at this time was the Trireme, or galley with
+three ranks of oars. It had at the prow a beak ([Greek:
+_embolon_]), with a sharp iron head, which, in a charge, (generally
+made at the broadside,) was able to shatter the planks of the enemy's
+vessel. An ordinary trireme carried two hundred men, including the crew
+and marines. These last ([Greek: _epibatai_]) were usually ten for
+each ship, but the number was often increased. The transports and
+vessels of burden, whether merchant vessels or boats for the carriage of
+military stores, were round-bottomed, more bulky in construction, and
+moved rather with sails than oars. Hence the fighting ship is called
+[Greek: _tacheia_], _swift_. It carried a sail, to be used
+upon occasion, though it was mainly worked with oars.] and hold
+ourselves prepared, in case of emergency, to embark and sail. I require
+also an equipment of transports for half the cavalry [Footnote: The
+total number was one thousand, each tribe furnishing one hundred.] and
+sufficient boats. This we must have ready against his sudden, marches
+from his own country to Thermopylae, the Chersonese, Olynthus, and any
+where he likes. For he should entertain the belief, that possibly you
+may rouse from this over-carelessness, and start off, as you did to
+Euboea, [Footnote: The expedition about five years before, when the
+Thebans had sent an army to Euboea, and Timotheus roused his countrymen
+to expel them from the island. Of this, Demosthenes gives an animated
+account at the close of tho oration on the Chersonese.] and formerly
+(they say) to Haliartus, [Footnote: B. C. 395, when the war between
+Thebes and Sparta had begun and Lysander besieged Haliartus. He was
+slain in a sally by the Thebans and Athenians.] and very lately to
+Thermopylae. And although you should not pursue just the course I would
+advise, it is no slight matter, that Philip, knowing you to be in
+readiness--know it he will for certain; there are too many among our own
+people who report every thing to him--may either keep quiet from
+apprehension, or, not heeding your arrangements, be taken off his guard,
+there being nothing to prevent your sailing, if he give you a chance, to
+attack his territories. Such an armament, I say, ought instantly to be
+agreed upon and provided. But besides, men of Athens, you should keep in
+hand some force, that will incessantly make war and annoy him: none of
+your ten or twenty thousand mercenaries, not your forces on paper,
+[Footnote: Literally "written in letters," that is, promised to the
+generals or allies, but never sent. Jacobs: _eine Macht die auf dem
+Blatte steht_. Compare Shakspeare, Henry IV, Second Part, Act i.
+
+  We fortify in paper and in figures.
+  Using the names of men instead of men.]
+
+but one that shall belong to the state, and, whether you appoint one or
+more generals, or this or that man or any other, shall obey and follow
+him. Subsistence too I require for it. What the force shall be, how
+large, from what source maintained, how rendered efficient, I will show
+you, stating every particular. Mercenaries I recommend--and beware of
+doing what has often been injurious--thinking all measures below the
+occasion, adopting the strongest in your decrees, you fail to accomplish
+the least--rather, I say, perform and procure a little, add to it
+afterward, if it prove insufficient. I advise then two thousand soldiers
+in all, five hundred to be Athenians, of whatever age you think right,
+serving a limited time, not long, but such time as you think right, so
+as to relieve one another; the rest should be mercenaries. And with them
+two hundred horse, fifty at least Athenians, like the foot, on the same
+terms of service; and transports for them. Well; what besides? Ten swift
+galleys: for, as Philip has a navy, we must have swift galleys also, to
+convoy our power. How shall subsistence for these troops be provided? I
+will state and explain; but first let me tell you why I consider a force
+of this amount sufficient, and why I wish the men to be citizens.
+
+Of that amount, Athenians, because it is impossible for us now to raise
+an army capable of meeting him in the field: we must plunder [Footnote:
+Make predatory incursions, as Livy says, "popula bundi magis quam justo
+more belli." Jacobs: _den Krieg als Freibeuter fahren_. Another
+German: _Streifzuge zu machen_ (guerilla warfare). Leland: "harass
+him with depredations." Wilson, an old English translator: "rob and
+spoil upon him."] and adopt such kind of warfare at first: our force,
+therefore, must not be over-large, (for there is not pay or
+subsistence,) nor altogether mean. Citizens I wish to attend and go on
+board, because I hear that formerly the state maintained mercenary
+troops at Corinth, [Footnote: He alludes to the time when Corinth,
+Athens, Thebes, and Argos, were allied against Sparta, and held a
+congress at Corinth, B. C. 394. The allies were at first defeated, but
+Iphicrates gained some successes, and acquired considerable reputation
+by cutting off a small division (_mora_) of Spartan infantry.]
+commanded by Polystratus and Iphicrates and Chabrias and some others,
+and that you served with them yourselves; and I am told, that these
+mercenaries fighting by your side and you by theirs defeated the
+Lacedaemonians. But ever since your hirelings have served by themselves,
+they have been vanquishing your friends and allies, while your enemies
+have become unduly great. Just glancing at the war of our state, they go
+off to Artabazus [Footnote: Diodorus relates that Chares, in the Social
+war, having no money to pay his troops, was forced to lend them to
+Artabazus, then in rebellion against the king of Persia. Chares gained a
+victory for the satrap, and received a supply of money. But this led to
+a complaint and menace of war by the king, which brought serious
+consequences. See the Historical Abstract.] or any where rather, and the
+general follows, naturally; for it is impossible to command without
+giving pay. What therefore ask I? To remove the excuses both of general
+and soldiers, by supplying pay, and attaching native soldiers, as
+inspectors of the general's conduct. The way we manage things now is a
+mockery. For if you were asked: Are you at peace, Athenians? No, indeed,
+you would say; we are at war with Philip. Did you not choose from
+yourselves ten captains and generals, and also captains and two generals
+[Footnote: There were chosen at Athens every year
+
+  Ten generals (one for each tribe), [Greek: _strataegoi_].
+  Ten captains (one for each tribe), [Greek: _taxiarchoi_].
+  Two generals of cavalry, [Greek: _ipparchoi_].
+  Ten cavalry officers (one for each tribe), [Greek: _phularchoi_].
+
+In a regular army of citizens, when each tribe formed its own division,
+both of horse and foot, all these generals and officers would he
+present. Thus, there were ten generals at Marathon. A change took place
+in later times, when the armies were more miscellaneous. Three Athenian
+generals were frequently employed, and at a still later period only one.
+Demosthenes here touches on a very important matter, which we can well
+understand, viz. the necessity of officering the foreign mercenaries
+from home.] of horse? How are they employed? Except one man, whom you
+commission on service abroad, the rest conduct your processions with the
+sacrificers. Like puppet-makers, you elect your infantry and cavalry
+officers for the market-place, not for war. Consider, Athenians, should
+there not be native captains, a native general of horse, your own
+commanders, that the force might really be the state's? Or should your
+general of horse sail to Lemnos, [Footnote: To assist at a religious
+ceremony held annually at Lemnos, where many Athenians resided.] while
+Menelaus commands the cavalry fighting for your possessions? I speak not
+as objecting to the man, but he ought to be elected by you, whoever the
+person be.
+
+Perhaps you admit the justice of these statements, but wish principally
+to hear about the supplies, what they must be and whence procured. I
+will satisfy you. Supplies, then, for maintenance, mere rations for
+these troops, come to ninety talents and a little more: for ten swift
+galleys forty talents, twenty minas a month to every ship; for two
+thousand soldiers forty more, that each soldier may receive for rations
+ten drachms a month; and for two hundred horsemen, each receiving thirty
+drachms a month, twelve talents. [Footnote: As to Athenian money, see
+Appendix II.] Should any one think rations for the men a small
+provision, he judges erroneously. Furnish that, and I am sure the army
+itself will, without injuring any Greek or ally, procure every thing
+else from the war, so as to make out their full pay. I am ready to join
+the fleet as a volunteer, and submit to any thing, if this be not so.
+Now for the ways and means of the supply, which I demand from you.
+
+[_Statement of ways and means_.]
+
+[Footnote: Here the clerk or secretary reads the scheme drawn up by
+Demosthenes, in the preparing of which he was probably assisted by the
+financial officers of the state. What follows was according to
+Dionysius, spoken at a different time. The curious may consult Leland,
+and Jacobs' introduction to his translation.]
+
+This, Athenians, is what we have been able to devise. When you vote upon
+the resolutions, pass what you [Footnote: _I. e._ some measure, if
+not mine, whereby the war may be waged effectually. The reading of
+[Greek: _poiaesate_], adopted by Jacobs after Schaefer, is not in
+congruity with the sentence.] approve, that you may oppose Philip, not
+only by decrees and letters, but by action also.
+
+I think it will assist your deliberations about the war and the whole
+arrangements, to regard the position, Athenians, of the hostile country,
+and consider, that Philip by the winds and seasons of the year gets the
+start in most of his operations, watching for the trade-winds [Footnote:
+The Etesian winds blowing from the northwest in July, which would impede
+a voyage from Athens to Macedonia and Thrace.] or the winter to commence
+them, when we are unable (he thinks) to reach the spot. On this account,
+we must carry on the war not with hasty levies, (or we shall be too late
+for every thing,) but with a permanent force and power. You may use as
+winter quarters for your troops Lemnos, and Thasus, and Sciathus, and
+the islands [Footnote: As Scopelus, Halonnesus, Peparethus, which were
+then subject to Athens.] in that neighborhood, which have harbors and
+corn and all necessaries for an army. In the season of the year, when it
+is easy to put ashore and there is no danger from the winds, they will
+easily take their station off the coast itself and at the entrances of
+the sea-ports.
+
+How and when to employ the troops, the commander appointed by you will
+determine as occasion requires. What you must find, is stated in my
+bill. If, men of Athens, you will furnish the supplies which I mention,
+and then, after completing your preparations of soldiers, ships,
+cavalry, will oblige the entire force by law to remain in the service,
+and, while you become your own paymasters and commissaries, demand from
+your general an account of his conduct, you will cease to be always
+discussing the same questions without forwarding them in the least, and
+besides, Athenians, not only will you cut off his greatest revenue--What
+is this? He maintains war against you through the resources of your
+allies, by his piracies on their navigation--But what next? You will be
+out of the reach of injury yourselves: he will not do as in time past,
+when falling upon Lemnos and Imbrus he carried off your citizens
+captive, seizing the vessels at Geraestus he levied an incalculable sum,
+and lastly, made a descent at Marathon and carried off the sacred galley
+[Footnote: A ship called Paralus generally used on religious missions or
+to carry public dispatches.] from our coast, and you could neither
+prevent these things nor send succors by the appointed time. But how is
+it, think you, Athenians, that the Panathenaic and Dionysian festivals
+[Footnote: The Panathenaic festivals were in honor of Pallas or Athene,
+the protectress of Athens, and commemorated also the union of the old
+Attic towns under one government. There were two, the greater held every
+fourth year, the lesser annually. They were celebrated with sacrifices,
+races, gymnastic and musical contests, and various other amusements and
+solemnities, among which was the carrying the pictured robe of Pallas to
+her temple. The Dionysia, or festival of Bacchus, will be spoken of more
+fully hereafter.] take place always at the appointed time, whether
+expert or unqualified persons be chosen to conduct either of them,
+whereon you expend larger sums than upon any armament, and which are
+more numerously attended and magnificent than almost any thing in the
+world; while all your armaments are after the time, as that to Methone,
+to Pagasae, to Potidaea? Because in the former case every thing is
+ordered by law, and each of you knows long before-hand, who is the
+choir-master [Footnote: The choregus, or choir-master, of each tribe,
+had to defray the expense of the choruses, whether dramatic, lyric, or
+musical, which formed part of the entertainment on solemn occasions.
+This was one of the [Greek: _leitourgiai_], or burdensome offices,
+to which men of property were liable at Athens, of which we shall see
+more in other parts of our author.] of his tribe, who the gymnastic
+[Footnote: The gymnasiarch, like the choregus, had a burden imposed on
+him by his tribe, to make certain provisions for the gymnasium, public
+place or school of exercise. Some of the contests at the festivals being
+of a gymnastic nature, such as the Torch-race, it was his duty to make
+arrangements for them, and more particularly to select the ablest youths
+of the school for performers.] master, when, from whom, and what he is
+to receive, and what to do. Nothing there is left unascertained or
+undefined: whereas in the business of war and its preparations all is
+irregular, unsettled, indefinite. Therefore, no sooner have we heard any
+thing, than we appoint ship-captains, dispute with them on the
+exchanges, [Footnote: For every ship of war a captain, or trierarch, was
+appointed, whose duty it was, not merely to command, but take charge of
+the vessel, keep it in repair, and bear the expense (partly or wholly)
+of equipping it. In the Peloponnesian war we find the charge laid upon
+two joint captains, and afterward it was borne by an association formed
+like the Symmoriae of the Property Tax. Demosthenes, when he came to the
+head of affairs, introduced some useful reforms in the system of the
+Trierarchy.
+
+The exchange, [Greek: _antidosis_], was a stringent but clumsy
+contrivance, to enforce the performance of these public duties by
+persons capable of bearing them. A party charged might call upon any
+other person to take take the office, or exchange estates with him. If
+he refused, complaint was made to the magistrate who had cognizance of
+the business, and the dispute was judicially heard and decided.] and
+consider about ways and means; then it is resolved that resident aliens
+and householders [Footnote: Freedmen, who had quitted their masters'
+house, and lived independently.] shall embark, then to put yourselves on
+board instead: but during these days the objects of our expedition are
+lost; for the time of action we waste in preparation, and favorable
+moments wait not our evasions and delays. The forces that we imagine we
+possess in the mean time, are found, when the crisis comes, utterly
+insufficient. And Philip has arrived at such a pitch of arrogance, as to
+send the following letter to the Euboeans:
+
+[_The letter is read_.]
+
+Of that which has been read, Athenians, most is true, unhappily true;
+perhaps not agreeable to hear. And if what one passes over in speaking,
+to avoid offense, one could pass over in reality, it is right to humor
+the audience; but if graciousness of speech, where it is out of place,
+does harm in action, shameful is it, Athenians, to delude ourselves, and
+by putting off every thing unpleasant to miss the time for all
+operations, and be unable even to understand, that skillful makers of
+war should not follow circumstances, but be in advance of them; that
+just as a general may be expected to lead his armies, so are men of
+prudent counsel to guide circumstances, in order that their resolutions
+may be accomplished, not their motions determined by the event. Yet you,
+Athenians, with larger means than any people--ships, infantry, cavalry,
+and revenue--have never up to this day made proper use of any of them;
+and your war with Philip differs in no respect from the boxing of
+barbarians. For among them the party struck feels always for the blow;
+[Footnote: Compare Virgil, Aen. ix 577.
+
+      Ille manum projecto tegmine demens
+  Ad vulnus tulit.]
+
+strike him somewhere else, there go his hands again; ward or look in the
+face he can not nor will. So you, if you hear of Philip in the
+Chersonese, vote to send relief there if at Thermopylae, the same; if
+any where else, you run after his heels up and down, and are commanded
+by him; no plan have you devised for the war, no circumstance do you see
+beforehand, only [Footnote: This loose mode of expression, which is
+found in the original, I designedly retain.] when you learn that
+something is done, or about to be done. Formerly perhaps this was
+allowable: now it is come to a crisis, to be tolerable no longer. And it
+seems, men of Athens, as if some god, ashamed for us at our proceedings,
+has put this activity into Philip. For had he been willing to remain
+quiet in possession of his conquests and prizes, and attempted nothing
+further, some of you, I think, would be satisfied with a state of
+things, which brands our nation with the shame of cowardice and the
+foulest disgrace. But by continually encroaching and grasping after
+more, he may possibly rouse you, if you have not altogether despaired. I
+marvel, indeed, that none of you, Athenians, notices with concern and
+anger, that the beginning of this war was to chastise Philip, the end is
+to protect ourselves against his attacks. One thing is clear: he will
+not stop, unless some one oppose him. And shall we wait for this? And if
+you dispatch empty galleys and hopes from this or that person, think ye
+all is well? Shall we not embark? Shall we not sail with at least a part
+of our national forces, now though not before? Shall we not make a
+descent upon his coast? Where, then, shall we land? some one asks. The
+war itself, men of Athens, will discover the rotten parts of his empire,
+if we make a trial; but if we sit at home, hearing the orators accuse
+and malign one another, no good can ever be achieved. Methinks, where a
+portion of our citizens, though not all, are commissioned with the rest,
+Heaven blesses, and Fortune aids the struggle: but where you send out a
+general and an empty decree and hopes from the hustings, nothing that
+you desire is done; your enemies scoff, and your allies die for fear of
+such an armament. For it is impossible--ay, impossible, for one man to
+execute all your wishes: to promise, [Footnote: Chares is particularly
+alluded to. The "promises of Chares" passed into a proverb.] and assert,
+and accuse this or that person, is possible; but so your affairs are
+ruined. The general commands wretched unpaid hirelings; here are persons
+easily found, who tell you lies of his conduct; you vote at random from
+what you hear: what then can be expected?
+
+How is this to cease, Athenians? When you make the same persons
+soldiers, and witnesses of the generals conduct, and judges when they
+return home at his audit; [Footnote: The audit or scrutiny of his
+conduct which every officer of the republic had to undergo, before a
+jury, if necessary, at the end of his administration. In the case of a
+general, the scrutiny would be like a court-martial. The Athenian
+people, (says Demosthenes,) as represented by the citizen soldiers,
+would themselves be witnesses of the general's conduct. These same
+soldiers, when they came home, or at least a portion of them, might
+serve on the jury; and so the people would be both witnesses and
+judges.] so that you may not only hear of your own affairs, but be
+present to see them. So disgraceful is our condition now, that every
+general is twice or thrice tried [Footnote: Chares was tried several
+times. Capital charges were preferred also against Autocles,
+Cephisodotus, Leosthenes, Callisthenes.] before you for his life, though
+none dares even once to hazard his life against the enemy: they prefer
+the death of kidnappers and thieves to that which becomes them; for it
+is a malefactor's part to die by sentence of the law, a general's to die
+in battle. Among ourselves, some go about and say that Philip is
+concerting with the Lacedaemonians the destruction of Thebes and the
+dissolution of republics; some, that he has sent envoys to the king;
+[Footnote: The king of Persia, generally called _the king_ by the
+Greeks.] others, that he is fortifying cities in Illyria: so we wander
+about, each inventing stories. For my part, Athenians, by the gods I
+believe, that Philip is intoxicated with the magnitude of his exploits,
+and has many such dreams in his imagination, seeing the absence of
+opponents, and elated by success; but most certainly he has no such plan
+of action, as to let the silliest people among us know what his
+intentions are; for the silliest are these newsmongers. Let us dismiss
+such talk, and remember only that Philip is an enemy, who robs us of our
+own and has long insulted us; that wherever we have expected aid from
+any quarter, it has been found hostile, and that the future depends on
+ourselves, and unless we are willing to fight him there, we shall
+perhaps be compelled to fight here. This let us remember, and then we
+shall have determined wisely, and have done with idle conjectures. You
+need not pry into the future, but assure yourselves it will be
+disastrous, unless you attend to your duty, and are willing to act as
+becomes you.
+
+As for me, never before have I courted favor, by speaking what I am not
+convinced is for your good, and now I have spoken my whole mind frankly
+and unreservedly. I could have wished, knowing the advantage of good
+counsel to you, I were equally certain of its advantage to the
+counselor: so should I have spoken with more satisfaction. Now, with an
+uncertainty of the consequence to myself, but with a conviction that you
+will benefit by adopting it, I proffer my advice. I trust only, that
+what is most for the common benefit will prevail.
+
+
+
+
+THE SECOND PHILIPPIC.
+
+  THE ARGUMENT.
+
+  Soon after the close of the Phocian war, the attention of
+  Philip was called to Peloponnesus, where the dissensions
+  between Sparta and her old enemies afforded him an occasion
+  of interference. The Spartans had never abandoned their right
+  to the province of Messenia, which had been wrested from them
+  by Epaminondas; and since Thebes was no longer to be feared,
+  they seem to have conceived hopes of regaining their lost
+  power. The Argives and the Arcadians of Megalopolis were in
+  league with Messenia, but Sparta had her allies in the
+  Peloponnesus, and even Athens was suspected of favoring her
+  cause. It does not appear that any open hostilities had taken
+  place; but about this time the fears of the Messenians induced
+  them to solicit the alliance of Philip. He willingly promised
+  them his protection, and sent a body of troops into the
+  Peninsula. The progress which Macedonian influence was making
+  there having alarmed the Athenians, they sent Demosthenes with
+  an embassy to counteract it. He went to Messene and to Argos,
+  addressed the people, and pointed out the dangers, to which
+  all Greece was exposed by Philip's ambition. It seems that he
+  failed in rousing their suspicions, or they were too much
+  occupied by an immediate peril to heed one that appeared
+  remote. Philip however resented this proceeding on the part of
+  the Athenians, and sent an embassy to expostulate with them,
+  especially on the charge of bad faith and treachery which had
+  been preferred against him by Demosthenes. Embassadors from
+  Argos and Messene accompanied those of Macedon, and complained
+  of the connection that appeared to subsist between Athens
+  and Lacedaemon, hostile (they thought) to the liberties of
+  Peloponnesus. In answer to these complaints, Demosthenes
+  addressed his second Philippic to the Popular Assembly;
+  repeating the substance of what he had said to the
+  Peloponnesians, vindicating his own conduct, and denouncing
+  the Macedonian party at Athens. The embassy led to no immediate
+  result; but the influence of Demosthenes at home was increased.
+
+
+In all the speeches, men of Athens, about Philip's measures and
+infringements of the peace, I observe that statements made on our behalf
+are thought just and generous, [Footnote: _Generous_, as regards
+the Greek states, whose independence the Athenians stand up for. This
+praise Demosthenes frequently claims for his countrymen, and, compared
+with the rest of the Greeks, they deserved it. Leland understood the
+word [Greek: _philanthropous_] in the same sense, though he
+translates it _humane_. We use the term _philanthropic_ in a
+sense not unlike that of the orator; but, as Leland truly observes, "the
+distinction of Greek and barbarian precluded the rest of mankind from a
+just share in Grecian philanthropy;" and he might have added, that their
+notions of slavery were not in accordance with an enlarged humanity.
+Therefore, I prefer a word of a less arrogant meaning. Jacobs:
+_billig_. Francis: "filled with sentiments of exceeding
+moderation."] and all who accuse Philip are heard with approbation; yet
+nothing (I may say) that is proper, or for the sake of which the
+speeches are worth hearing, is done. To this point are the affairs of
+Athens brought, that the more fully and clearly one convicts Philip of
+violating the peace with you, and plotting against the whole of Greece,
+the more difficult it becomes to advise you how to act. The cause lies
+in all of us, Athenians, that, when we ought to oppose an ambitious
+power by deeds and actions, not by words, we men of the hustings
+[Footnote: Auger has: "nous qui montons a la tribune."] shrink from our
+duty of moving and advising, for fear of your displeasure, and only
+declaim on the heinousness and atrocity of Philip's conduct; you of the
+assembly, though better instructed than Philip to argue justly, or
+comprehend the argument of another, to check him in the execution of his
+designs are totally unprepared. The result is inevitable, I imagine, and
+perhaps just. You each succeed better in what you are busy and earnest
+about; Philip in actions, you in words. If you are still satisfied with
+using the better arguments, it is an easy matter, and there is no
+trouble: but if we are to take measures for the correction of these
+evils, to prevent their insensible progress, and the rising up of a
+mighty power, against which we could have no defense, then our course of
+deliberation is not the same as formerly; the orators, and you that hear
+them, must prefer good and salutary counsels to those which are easy and
+agreeable.
+
+First, men of Athens, if any one regards without uneasiness the might
+and dominion of Philip, and imagines that it threatens no danger to the
+state, or that all his preparations are not against you, I marvel, and
+would entreat you every one to hear briefly from me the reasons, why I
+am led to form a contrary expectation, and wherefore I deem Philip an
+enemy; that, if I appear to have the clearer foresight, you may hearken
+to me; if they, who have such confidence and trust in Philip, you may
+give your adherence to them.
+
+Thus then I reason, Athenians. What did Philip first make himself master
+of after the peace? Thermopylae and the Phocian state. Well, and how
+used he his power? He chose to act for the benefit of Thebes, not of
+Athens. Why so? Because, I conceive, measuring his calculations by
+ambition, by his desire of universal empire, without regard to peace,
+quiet, or justice, he saw plainly, that to a people of our character and
+principles nothing could he offer or give, that would induce you for
+self-interest to sacrifice any of the Greeks to him. He sees that you,
+having respect for justice, dreading the infamy of the thing, and
+exercising proper forethought, would oppose him in any such attempt as
+much as if you were at war: but the Thebans he expected (and events
+prove him right) would, in return for the services done them, allow him
+in every thing else to have his way, and, so far from thwarting or
+impeding him, would fight on his side if he required it. From the same
+persuasion he befriended lately the Messenians and Argives, which is the
+highest panegyric upon you, Athenians; for you are adjudged by these
+proceedings to be the only people incapable of betraying for lucre the
+national rights of Greece, or bartering your attachment to her for any
+obligation or benefit. And this opinion of you, that (so different) of
+the Argives and Thebans, he has naturally formed, not only from a view
+of present times, but by reflection on the past. For assuredly he finds
+and hears that your ancestors, who might have governed the rest of
+Greece on terms of submitting to Persia, not only spurned the proposal,
+when Alexander, [Footnote: Alexander of Macedon, son of Amyntas, was
+sent by Mardonius, the Persian commander, to offer the most favorable
+terms to the Athenians, if they would desert the cause of the Greeks.
+The Spartans at the same time sent an embassy, to remind them of their
+duty. The spirited reply which the Athenians made to both embassies is
+related by Herodotus. The Thebans submitted to Xerxes, and fought
+against the Greeks at the battle of Plataea. The Argives were neutral,
+chiefly from jealousy of Sparta. They demanded half the command of the
+allied army, as a condition of their assistance, but this could not be
+complied with.] this man's ancestor, came as herald to negotiate, but
+preferred to abandon their country and endure any suffering, and
+thereafter achieved such exploits as all the world loves to mention,
+though none could ever speak them worthily, and therefore I must be
+silent; for their deeds are too mighty to be uttered [Footnote: The
+simple [Greek: _eipein_] in the original is more forcible than if
+it had been [Greek: _epainein_], or the like. Compare Shakspeare,
+Coriolanus, Act ii. sc. 2.
+
+  I shall lack voice: the deeds of Coriolanus
+  Should not be uttered feebly----
+                          For this last
+  Before and in Corioli, let me say,
+  I can not speak him home.]
+
+in words. But the forefathers of the Argives and Thebans, they either
+joined the barbarian's army, or did not oppose it; and therefore he
+knows that both will selfishly embrace their advantage, without
+considering the common interest of the Greeks. He thought then, if he
+chose your friendship, it must be on just principles; if he attached
+himself to them he should find auxiliaries of his ambition. This is the
+reason of his preferring them to you both then and now. For certainly he
+does not see them with a larger navy than you, nor has he acquired an
+inland empire and renounced that of the sea and the ports, nor does he
+forget the professions and promises on which he obtained the peace.
+
+Well, it may be said, he knew all this, yet he so acted, not from
+ambition or the motives which I charge, but because the demands of the
+Thebans were more equitable than yours. Of all pleas, this now is the
+least open to him. He that bids the Lacedaemonians resign Messene, how
+can he pretend, when he delivered Orchomenos and Coronea to the Thebans,
+to have acted on a conviction of justice?
+
+But, forsooth, he was compelled,--this plea remains--he made concessions
+against his will, being surrounded by Thessalian horse and Theban
+infantry. Excellent! So of his intentions they talk; he will mistrust
+the Thebans; and some carry news about, that he will fortify Elatea. All
+this he intends and will intend I dare say; but to attack the
+Lacedaemonians on behalf of Messene and Argos he does not intend; he
+actually sends mercenaries and money into the country, and is expected
+himself with a great force. The Lacedaemonians, who are enemies of
+Thebes, he overthrows; the Phocians, whom he himself before destroyed,
+will he now preserve?
+
+And who can believe this? I can not think that Philip, either if he was
+forced into his former measures, or if he were now giving up the
+Thebans, would pertinaciously oppose their enemies; his present conduct
+rather shows that he adopted those measures by choice. All things prove
+to a correct observer, that his whole plan of action is against our
+state. And this has now become to him a sort of necessity. Consider. He
+desires empire: he conceives you to be his only opponents. He has been
+for some time wronging you, as his own conscience best informs him,
+since, by retaining what belongs to you, he secures the rest of his
+dominion: had he given up Amphipolis and Potidaea, he deemed himself
+unsafe at home. He knows therefore, both that he is plotting against
+you, and that you are aware of it; and, supposing you to have
+intelligence, he thinks you must hate him; he is alarmed, expecting some
+disaster, if you get the chance, unless he hastes to prevent you.
+Therefore he is awake, and on the watch against us; he courts certain
+people, Thebans, and people in Peloponnesus of the like views, who from
+cupidity, he thinks, will be satisfied with the present, and from
+dullness of understanding will foresee none of the consequences. And yet
+men of even moderate sense might notice striking facts, which I had
+occasion to quote to the Messenians and Argives, and perhaps it is
+better they should be repeated to you.
+
+Ye, men of Messene, said I, how do ye think the Olynthians would have
+brooked to hear any thing against Philip at those times, when he
+surrendered to them Anthemus, which all former kings of Macedonia
+claimed, when he cast out the Athenian colonists and gave them Potidaea,
+taking on himself your enmity, and giving them the land to enjoy? Think
+ye they expected such treatment as they got, or would have believed it
+if they had been told? Nevertheless, said I, they, after enjoying for a
+short time the land of others, are for a long time deprived by him of
+their own, shamefully expelled, not only vanquished, but betrayed by one
+another and sold. In truth, these too close connections with despots are
+not safe for republics. The Thessalians, again, think ye, said I, when
+he ejected their tyrants, and gave back Nicaea and Magnesia, they
+expected to have the decemvirate [Footnote: Thessaly was anciently
+divided into four districts, each called a _tetras_, and this, as
+we learn from the third Philippic, was restored soon after the
+termination of the Sacred war. The object of Philip in effecting this
+arrangement was, no doubt, to weaken the influence of the great
+Thessalian families by a division of power; otherwise the Pheraean
+tyranny might have been exchanged for an oligarchy powerful enough to be
+independent of Macedonia. The decemvirate here spoken of (if the text be
+correct) was a further contrivance to forward Philip's views; whether we
+adopt Leland's opinion, that each tetrarchy was governed by a council of
+ten, or Schaefer's, that each city was placed under ten governors.
+Jacobs understands the word _decemvirate_ not to refer to any
+positive form of government, but generally to designate a
+_tyranny_, such as that which the Lacedaemonians used to introduce
+into conquered cities. So, for example, the Romans might have spoken of
+a decemvirate after the time of Appius. However this be, Philip seems to
+have contrived that the ruling body, whether in the tetrarchy or the
+decadarchy, should be his own creatures. Two of them, Eudicus and Simus,
+are particularly mentioned by Demosthenes as traitors.] which is now
+established? or that he who restored the meeting at Pylae [Footnote:
+_Pylae_, which signifies _gates_, was a name applied by the
+Greeks to divers passes, or defiles, but especially to the pass of
+_Thermopylae_, which opened through the ridges of Mount Oeta into
+the country of the Epicnemidian Locrians, and was so called from the hot
+sulphureous springs that gushed from the foot of the mountain.] would
+take away their revenues? Surely not. And yet these things have
+occurred, as all mankind may know. You behold Philip, I said, a
+dispenser of gifts and promises: pray, if you are wise, that you may
+never know him for a cheat and a deceiver. By Jupiter, I said, there are
+manifold contrivances for the guarding and defending of cities, as
+ramparts, walls, trenches, and the like: these are all made with hands,
+and require expense; but there is one common safeguard in the nature of
+prudent men, which is a good security for all, but especially for
+democracies against despots. What do I mean? Mistrust. Keep this, hold
+to this; preserve this only, and you can never be injured. What do ye
+desire? Freedom. Then see ye not that Philip's very titles are at
+variance therewith? Every king and despot is a foe to freedom, an
+antagonist to laws. Will ye not beware, I said, lest, seeking
+deliverance from war, you find a master?
+
+They heard me with a tumult of approbation; and many other speeches they
+heard from the ambassadors, both in my presence and afterward; yet none
+the more, as it appears, will they keep aloof from Philip's friendship
+and promises. And no wonder, that Messenians and certain Peloponnesians
+should act contrary to what their reason approves; but you, who
+understand yourselves, and by us orators are told, how you are plotted
+against, how you are inclosed! you, I fear, to escape present exertion,
+will come to ruin ere you are aware. So doth the moment's case and
+indulgence prevail over distant advantage.
+
+As to your measures, you will in prudence, I presume, consult hereafter
+by yourselves. I will furnish you with such an answer as it becomes the
+assembly to decide upon.
+
+[_Here the proposed answer was read_]
+
+[Footnote: Whether this was moved by the orator himself, or formally
+read as his motion by the officer of the assembly, does not appear.]
+
+It were just, men of Athens, to call the persons who brought those
+promises, on the faith whereof you concluded peace. For I should never
+have submitted to go as ambassador, and you would certainly not have
+discontinued the war, had you supposed that Philip, on obtaining peace,
+would act thus; but the statements then made were very different. Ay,
+and others you should call. Whom? The men who declared--after the peace,
+when I had returned from my second mission, that for the oaths, when,
+perceiving your delusion, I gave warning, and protested, and opposed the
+abandonment of Thermopylae and the Phocians--that I, being a
+water-drinker, [Footnote: It was Philocrates who said this. There were
+many jokes against Demosthenes as a water-drinker.] was naturally a
+churlish and morose fellow, that Philip, if he passed the straits, would
+do just as you desired, fortify Thespiae and Plataea, humble the
+Thebans, cut through the Chersonese [Footnote: This peninsula being
+exposed to incursions from Thrace, a plan was conceived of cutting
+through the isthmus from Pteleon to Leuce-Acte, to protect the Athenian
+settlements. See the Appendix to this volume, on the Thracian
+Chersonese.] at his own expense, and give you Oropus and Euboea in
+exchange for Amphipolis. All these declarations on the hustings I am
+sure you remember, though you are not famous for remembering injuries.
+And, the most disgraceful thing of all, you voted in your confidence,
+that this same peace should descend to your posterity; so completely
+were you misled. Why mention I this now, and desire these men to be
+called? By the gods, I will tell you the truth frankly and without
+reserve. Not that I may fall a-wrangling, to provoke recrimination
+before you, [Footnote: Similarly Auger: "Ce n'est pas pour m'attirer les
+invectives de mes anciens adversaires en les invectivant moi-meme."
+Jacobs otherwise: _Nicht um durch Schmahungen mir auf gleiche Weise
+Gehor bei Euch zu verschaffen_. But I do not think that [Greek:
+_emauto logon poiaeso_] can bear the sense of [Greek: _logon
+tuchoimi_], "get a hearing for myself." And the orator's object is,
+not so much to sneer at the people by hinting that they are ready to
+hear abuse, as to deter his opponents from retaliation, or weaken its
+effect, by denouncing their opposition as corrupt. Leland saw the
+meaning: "Not that, by breaking out into invectives, I may expose myself
+to the like treatment."] and afford my old adversaries a fresh pretext
+for getting more from Philip, nor for the purpose of idle garrulity. But
+I imagine that what Philip is doing will grieve you hereafter more than
+it does now. I see the thing progressing, and would that my surmises
+were false; but I doubt it is too near already. So when you are able no
+longer to disregard events, when, instead of hearing from me or others
+that these measures are against Athens, you all see it yourselves, and
+know it for certain, I expect you will be wrathful and exasperated. I
+fear then, as your embassadors have concealed the purpose for which they
+know they were corrupted, those who endeavor to repair what the others
+have lost may chance to encounter your resentment; for I see it is a
+practice with many to vent their anger, not upon the guilty, but on
+persons most in their power. While therefore the mischief is only coming
+and preparing, while we hear one another speak, I wish every man, though
+he knows it well, to be reminded, who it was [Footnote: He means
+Aeschines.] persuaded you to abandon Phocis and Thermopylae, by the
+command of which Philip commands the road to Attica and Peloponnesus,
+and has brought it to this, that your deliberation must be, not about
+claims and interests abroad, but concerning the defense of your home and
+a war in Attica, which will grieve every citizen when it comes, and
+indeed it has commenced from that day. Had you not been then deceived,
+there would be nothing to distress the state. Philip would certainly
+never have prevailed at sea and come to Attica with a fleet, nor would
+he have marched with a land-force by Phocis and Thermopylae: he must
+either have acted honorably, observing the peace and keeping quiet, or
+been immediately in a war similar to that which made him desire the
+peace. Enough has been said to awaken recollection. Grant, O ye gods, it
+be not all fully confirmed! I would have no man punished, though death
+he may deserve, to the damage and danger of the country.
+
+
+
+
+THE THIRD PHILIPPIC.
+
+  THE ARGUMENT.
+
+  This speech was delivered about three months after the last,
+  while Philip was advancing into Thrace, and threatening both
+  the Chersonese and the Propontine coast. No new event had
+  happened, which called for any special consultation; but
+  Demosthenes, alarmed by the formidable character of Philip's
+  enterprises and vast military preparations, felt the necessity
+  of rousing the Athenians to exertion. He repeats in substance
+  the arguments which he had used in the Oration on the
+  Chersonese; points out the danger to be apprehended from the
+  disunion among the Greek states, from their general apathy
+  and lack of patriotism, which he contrasts with the high and
+  noble spirit of ancient times. From the past conduct of Philip
+  he shows what is to be expected in future; explains the
+  difference between Philip's new method of warfare and that
+  adopted in the Peloponnesian war, and urges the necessity of
+  corresponding measures for defense. The peaceful professions
+  of Philip were not to be trusted; he was never more dangerous
+  than when he made overtures of peace and friendship. The most
+  powerful instruments that he employed for gaining ascendency
+  were the venal orators, who were to be found in every Grecian
+  city, and on whom it was necessary to inflict signal punishment,
+  before they had a chance of opposing foreign enemies. The advice
+  of Demosthenes now is, to dispatch reinforcements to the
+  Chersonese, to stir up the people of Greece, and even to solicit
+  the assistance of the Persian king, who had no less reason than
+  themselves to dread the ambition of Philip.
+
+  The events of the following year, when Philip attacked the
+  Propontine cities, fully justified the warning of Demosthenes.
+  And the extraordinary activity, which the Athenians displayed
+  in resisting him, shows that the exertions of the orator had
+  their due effect. Even Mitford confesses, with reference to the
+  operations of that period, that Athens found in Demosthenes an
+  able and effective minister.
+
+
+Many speeches, men of Athens, are made in almost every assembly about
+the hostilities of Philip, hostilities which ever since the treaty of
+peace he has been committing as well against you as against the rest of
+the Greeks; and all (I am sure) are ready to avow, though they forbear
+to do so, that our counsels and our measures should be directed to his
+humiliation and chastisement: nevertheless, so low have our affairs been
+brought by inattention and negligence, I fear it is a harsh truth to
+say, that if all the orators had sought to suggest, and you to pass
+resolutions for the utter ruining of the commonwealth, we could not
+methinks be worse off than we are. A variety of circumstances may have
+brought us to this state; our affairs have not declined from one or two
+causes only; but, if you rightly examine, you will find it chiefly owing
+to the orators, who study to please you rather than advise for the best.
+Some of whom, Athenians, seeking to maintain the basis of their own
+power and repute, have no forethought for the future, and therefore
+think you also ought to have none; others, accusing and calumniating
+practical statesmen, labor only to make Athens punish Athens, and in
+such occupations to engage her, that Philip may have liberty to say and
+do what he pleases. Politics of this kind are common here, but are the
+causes of your failures and embarrassment. I beg, Athenians, that you
+will not resent my plain speaking of the truth. Only consider. You hold
+liberty of speech in other matters to be the general right of all
+residents in Athens, insomuch that you allow a measure of it even to
+foreigners and slaves, and many servants may be seen among you speaking
+their thoughts more freely than citizens in some other states; and yet
+you have altogether banished it from your councils. The result has been,
+that in the assembly you give yourselves airs and are flattered at
+hearing nothing but compliments, in your measures and proceedings you
+are brought to the utmost peril. If such be your disposition now, I must
+be silent: if you will listen to good advice without flattery, I am
+ready to speak. For though our affairs are in a deplorable condition,
+though many sacrifices have been made, still, if you will choose to
+perform your duty, it is possible to repair it all. A paradox, and yet a
+truth, am I about to state. That which is the most lamentable in the
+past is best for the future. How is this? Because you performed no part
+of your duty, great or small, and therefore you fared ill: had you done
+all that became you, and your situation were the same, there would be no
+hope of amendment. Philip has indeed prevailed over your sloth and
+negligence, but not over the country: you have not been worsted; you
+have not even bestirred yourselves.
+
+If now we were all agreed that Philip is at war with Athens and
+infringing the peace, nothing would a speaker need to urge or advise but
+the safest and easiest way of resisting him. But since, at the very time
+when Philip is capturing cities and retaining divers of our dominions
+and assailing all people, there are men so unreasonable as to listen to
+repeated declarations in the assembly, that some of us are kindling war,
+one must be cautious and set this matter right: for whoever moves or
+advises a measure of defense, is in danger of being accused afterward as
+author of the war.
+
+I will first then examine and determine this point, whether it be in our
+power to deliberate on peace or war. If the country may be at peace, if
+it depends on us, (to begin with this,) I say we ought to maintain
+peace, and I call upon the affirmant to move a resolution, to take some
+measure, and not to palter with us. But if another, having arms in his
+hand and a large force around him, amuses you with the name of peace,
+while he carries on the operations of war, what is left but to defend
+yourselves? You may profess to be at peace, if you like, as he does; I
+quarrel not with that. But if any man supposes this to be a peace, which
+will enable Philip to master all else and attack you last, he is a
+madman, or he talks of a peace observed toward him by you, not toward
+you by him. This it is that Philip purchases by all his expenditure, the
+privilege of assailing you without being assailed in turn.
+
+If we really wait until he avows that he is at war with us, we are the
+simplest of mortals, for he would not declare that, though he marched
+even against Attica and Piraeus, at least if we may judge from his
+conduct to others. For example, to the Olynthians he declared, when he
+was forty furlongs from their city, that there was no alternative, but
+either they must quit Olynthus or he Macedonia; though before that time,
+whenever he was accused of such an intent, he took it ill and sent
+embassadors to justify himself. Again, he marched towards the Phocions
+as if they were allies, and there were Phocian envoys who accompanied
+his march, and many among you contended that his advance would not
+benefit the Thebans. And he came into Thessaly of late as a friend and
+ally, yet he has taken possession of Pherae: and lastly he told these
+wretched people of Oreus, [Footnote: When he established his creature
+Philistides in the government of Oreus, as mentioned in the last oration
+and at the end of this.] that he had sent his soldiers out of good-will
+to visit them, as he heard they were in trouble and dissension, and it
+was the part of allies and true friends to lend assistance on such
+occasions. People who would never have harmed him, though they might
+have adopted measures of defense, he chose to deceive rather than warn
+them of his attack; and think ye he would declare war against you before
+he began it, and that while you are willing to be deceived? Impossible.
+He would be the silliest of mankind, if, while you the injured parties
+make no complaint against him, but are accusing your own countrymen, he
+should terminate your intestine strife and jealousies, warn you to turn
+against him, and remove the pretexts of his hirelings for asserting, to
+amuse you, that he makes no war upon Athens. O heavens! would any
+rational being judge by words rather than by actions, who is at peace
+with him and who at war? Surely none. Well then; Philip immediately
+after the peace, before Diopithes was in command or the settlers in the
+Chersonese had been sent out, took Serrium and Doriscus, and expelled
+from Serrium and the Sacred Mount the troops whom your general had
+stationed there. [Footnote: This general was Chares, to whom
+Cersobleptes had intrusted the defense of those places. The Sacred Mount
+was a fortified position on the northern coast of the Hellespont. It was
+here that Miltocythes intrenched himself, when he rebelled against
+Cotys; and Philip took possession of it just before the peace with
+Athens was concluded, as being important to his operations against
+Cersobleptes. The statement of Demosthenes, that the oaths had then been
+taken, is, as Jacobs observes, incorrect; for they were sworn afterward
+in Thessaly. But the argument is substantially the same, for the peace
+had been agreed to, and the ratification was purposely delayed by
+Philip, to gain time for the completion of his designs.] What do you
+call such conduct? He had sworn the peace. Don't say--what does it
+signify? how is the state concerned?--Whether it be a trifling matter,
+or of no concernment to you, is a different question: religion and
+justice have the same obligation, be the subject of the offense great or
+small. Tell me now; when he sends mercenaries into Chersonesus, which
+the king and all the Greeks have acknowledged to be yours, when he avows
+himself an auxiliary and writes us word so, what are such proceedings?
+He says he is not at war; I can not however admit such conduct to be an
+observance of the peace; far otherwise: I say, by his attempt on Megara,
+[Footnote: Not long before this oration was delivered, Philip was
+suspected of a design to seize Megara. Demosthenes gives an account, in
+his speech on the Embassy, of a conspiracy between two Megarians,
+Ptaeodorus and Perilaus, to introduce Macedonian troops into the city.
+Phocion was sent by the Athenians to Megara, with the consent of the
+Megarian people, to protect them against foreign attack. He fortified
+the city and port, connecting them by long walls, and put them in
+security. The occupation of Megara by Philip must have been most
+perilous to Athens, especially while Euboea and Thebes were in his
+interest; he would thus have inclosed her as it were in a net.] by his
+setting up despotism in Euboea, by his present advance into Thrace, by
+his intrigues in Peloponnesus, by the whole course of operations with
+his army, he has been breaking the peace and making war upon you; unless
+indeed you will say, that those who establish batteries are not at war,
+until they apply them to the walls. But that you will not say: for
+whoever contrives and prepares the means for my conquest, is at war with
+me, before he darts or draws the bow. What, if any thing should happen,
+is the risk you run? The alienation of the Hellespont, the subjection of
+Megara and Euboea to your enemy, the siding of the Peloponnesians with
+him. Then can I allow, that one who sets such an engine at work against
+Athens is at peace with her? Quite the contrary. From the day that he
+destroyed the Phocians I date his commencement of hostilities. Defend
+yourselves instantly, and I say you will be wise: delay it, and you may
+wish in vain to do so hereafter. So much do I dissent from your other
+counselors, men of Athens, that I deem any discussion about Chersonesus
+or Byzantium out of place. Succor them--I advise that--watch that no
+harm befalls them, send all necessary supplies to your troops in that
+quarter; but let your deliberations be for the safety of all Greece, as
+being in the utmost peril. I must tell you why I am so alarmed at the
+state of our affairs: that, if my reasonings are correct, you may share
+them, and make some provision at least for yourselves, however
+disinclined to do so for others: but if, in your judgment, I talk
+nonsense and absurdity, you may treat me as crazed, and not listen to
+me, either now or in future.
+
+That Philip from a mean and humble origin has grown mighty, that the
+Greeks are jealous and quarreling among themselves, that it was far more
+wonderful for him to rise from that insignificance, than it would now
+be, after so many acquisitions, to conquer what is left; these and
+similar matters, which I might dwell upon, I pass over. But I observe
+that all people, beginning with you, have conceded to him a right, which
+in former times has been the subject of contest in every Grecian war.
+And what is this? The right of doing what he pleases, openly fleecing
+and pillaging the Greeks, one after another, attacking and enslaving
+their cities. You were at the head of the Greeks for seventy-three
+years, [Footnote: This would be from about the end of the Persian war to
+the end of the Peloponnesian, B. C. 405. Isocrates speaks of the Athenian
+sway as having lasted sixty-five or seventy years. But statements of
+this kind are hardly intended to be made with perfect accuracy. In the
+third Olynthiac, as we have seen, Demosthenes says, the Athenians had
+the leadership by _consent of the Greeks_ for forty-five years.
+This would exclude the Peloponnesian war.] the Lacedaemonians for
+twenty-nine; [Footnote: From the end of the Peloponnesian war to the
+battle of Naxos, B. C. 376.] and the Thebans had some power in these
+latter times after the battle of Leuctra. Yet neither you, my
+countrymen, nor Thebans nor Lacedaemonians, were ever licensed by the
+Greeks to act as you pleased; far otherwise. When you, or rather the
+Athenians at that time, appeared to be dealing harshly with certain
+people, all the rest, even such as had no complaint against Athens,
+thought proper to side with the injured parties in a war against her.
+So, when the Lacedaemonians became masters and succeeded to your empire,
+on their attempting to encroach and make oppressive innovations,
+[Footnote: The Spartans, whose severe military discipline rendered them
+far the best soldiers in Greece, were totally unfit to manage the
+empire, at the head of which they found themselves after the humiliation
+of Athens. Their attempt to force an oligarchy upon every dependent
+state was an unwise policy, which made them generally odious. The
+decemvirates of Lysander, and the governors ([Greek: _armostai_])
+established in various Greek cities to maintain Lacedaemonian influence,
+were regarded as instruments of tyranny. It was found that Spartan
+governors and generals, when away from home, gave loose to their vicious
+inclinations, as if to indemnify themselves for the strictness of
+domestic discipline. It became a maxim in their politics, that the end
+justified the means. The most flagrant proof was given by the seizure of
+the Cadmea at Thebes; a measure, which led to a formidable confederacy
+against Sparta, and brought her to the verge of destruction.] a general
+war was declared against them, even by such as had no cause of
+complaint. But wherefore mention other people? We ourselves and the
+Lacedaemonians, although at the outset we could not allege any natural
+injuries, thought proper to make war for the injustice that we saw done
+to our neighbors. Yet all the faults committed by the Spartans in those
+thirty years, and by our ancestors in the seventy, are less, men of
+Athens, than the wrongs which, in thirteen incomplete years that Philip
+has been uppermost, [Footnote: _I. e._ in power; but, as Smead, an
+American editor, truly observes, [Greek: _epipolyxei_] has a
+contemptuous signification, Jacobs: _oben schwimmt_. The thirteen
+years are reckoned from the time when Philip's interference in Thessaly
+began; before which he had not assumed an important character in
+southern Greece.] he has inflicted on the Greeks: nay they are scarcely
+a fraction of these, as may easily be shown in a few words. Olynthus and
+Methone and Apollonia, and thirty-two cities [Footnote: The Chalcidian
+cities.] on the borders of Thrace, I pass over; all which he has so
+cruelly destroyed, that a visitor could hardly tell if they were ever
+inhabited: and of the Phocians, so considerable a people exterminated, I
+say nothing. But what is the condition of Thessaly? Has he not taken
+away her constitutions and her cities, and established tetrarchies, to
+parcel her out, [Footnote: This statement does not disagree with the
+mention of the [Greek: _dekadarchia_] in the second Philippic.
+Supposing that Thessaly was not only divided into tetrarchics, four
+provinces or cantons, but also governed by decemvirates of Philip's
+appointment, placed in divers of her cities, then by the former
+contrivance she might be said [Greek: _donlenein kat ethnae_], by
+the latter [Greek: _kata poleis_]. It is not clear indeed whether
+several decemvirates, or one for the whole country, is to be understood.
+The singular number is equally capable of either interpretation.] not
+only by cities, but also by provinces, for subjection? Are not the
+Euboean states governed now by despots, and that in an island near to
+Thebes and Athens? Does he not expressly write in his epistles, "I am at
+peace with those who are willing to obey me?" Nor does he write so and
+not act accordingly. He is gone to the Hellespont; he marched formerly
+against Ambracia; Elis, such an important city in Peloponnesus, he
+possesses; [Footnote: That is to say; a Macedonian faction prevailed in
+Elis. The democratical party had some time before endeavored to regain
+the ascendency, by aid of the Phocian mercenaries of Phalaecus; but they
+had been defeated by the troops of Arcadia and Elis.] he plotted lately
+to get Megara: neither Hellenic nor Barbaric land contains the man's
+ambition. [Footnote: So Juvenal, Sat X. 160:
+
+  Aestuat infelix angusto limite mundi,
+  Ut Gyarae clausus scopulis parvaque Seripho.
+
+And Virgil, Aen. IX. 644:
+
+  Nee te Troja capit.]
+
+And we the Greek community, seeing and hearing this, instead of sending
+embassies to one another about it and expressing indignation, are in
+such a miserable state, so intrenched in our miserable towns, that to
+this day we can attempt nothing that interest or necessity requires; we
+can not combine, or form any association for succor and alliance; we
+look unconcernedly on the man's growing power, each resolving (methinks)
+to enjoy the interval that another is destroyed in, not caring or
+striving for the salvation of Greece: for none can be ignorant, that
+Philip, like some course or attack of fever or other disease, is coming
+even on those that yet seem very far removed. And you must be sensible,
+that whatever wrong the Greeks sustained from Lacedaemonians or from us,
+was at least inflicted by genuine people of Greece; and it might be felt
+in the same manner as if a lawful son, born to a large fortune,
+committed some fault or error in the management of it; on that ground
+one would consider him open to censure and reproach, yet it could not be
+said that he was an alien, and not heir to the property which he so
+dealt with. But if a slave or a spurious child wasted and spoiled what
+he had no interest in--Heavens! how much more heinous and hateful would
+all have pronounced it! And yet in regard to Philip and his conduct they
+feel not this, although he is not only no Greek and noway akin to
+Greeks, but not even a barbarian of a place honorable to mention; in
+fact, a vile fellow of Macedon, from which a respectable slave could not
+be purchased formerly.
+
+What is wanting to make his insolence complete? Besides his destruction
+of Grecian cities, does he not hold the Pythian games, the common
+festival of Greece, and, if he comes not himself, send his vassals to
+preside? Is he not master of Thermopylae and the passes into Greece, and
+holds he not those places by garrisons and mercenaries? Has he not
+thrust aside Thessalians, ourselves, Dorians, the whole Amphictyonic
+body, and got preaudience of the oracle, [Footnote: This privilege,
+which had belonged to the Phocians, was transferred to Philip. It was
+considered an advantage as well as an honor in ancient times; for there
+were only certain days appointed in every month, when the oracle could
+be consulted, and the order of consultation was determined by lot in
+common cases. The Delphians used to confer the right of pre-consultation
+on particular states or persons as a reward for some service or act of
+piety. Thus the Spartans received it; and Croesus, king of Lydia, for
+the magnificent presents which he sent to the temple.] to which even the
+Greeks do not all pretend? Does he not write to the Thessalians, what
+form of government to adopt? send mercenaries to Porthmus, [Footnote:
+Porthmus was the port of Eretria, on the strait, opposite Athens. The
+circumstances are stated by Demosthenes at the latter end of the speech.
+By expelling the [Greek: _daemos_] of Eretria, he means of course
+the popular party, _die Volkspartei_, as Pabst has it; but they
+would by their own partisans be called the people.] to expel the
+Eretrian commonalty; others to Oreus, to set up Philistides as ruler?
+Yet the Greeks endure to see all this; methinks they view it as they
+would a hailstorm, each praying that it may not fall on himself, none
+trying to prevent it. And not only are the outrages which he docs to
+Greece submitted to, but even the private wrongs of every people:
+nothing can go beyond this! Has he not wronged the Corinthians by
+attacking Ambracia [Footnote: Divers colonies were planted on the
+northwestern coast of Greece by the Corinthians, and also by the
+Coreyraeans, who were themselves colonists from Corinth. Among them were
+Leucas, Ambracia, Anactorium, Epidamnus, and Apollonia. Leucas afterward
+became insular, by cutting through the isthmus. Philip's meditated
+attack was in 343 B. C. after the conquest of Cassopia. Leucas, by its
+insular position, would have been convenient for a descent on
+Peloponnesus. We have seen that this design of Philip was baffled by the
+exertions of Demosthenes.] and Leucas? the Achaians, by swearing to give
+Naupactus [Footnote: Naupactus, now _Lepanto_, lay on the northern
+coast of the Corinthian gulf. At the close of the Peloponnesian war it
+came into the hands of the Achaians, from whom it was taken by
+Epaminondas, but after his death they regained it. The Aetolians got
+possession of the town some time after, perhaps by Macedonian
+assistance.] to the Aetolians? from the Thebans taken Echinus?
+[Footnote: The Echinus here mentioned was a city on the northern coast
+of the Maliac gulf in Thessaly.] Is he not marching against the
+Byzantines his allies? From us--I omit the rest--but keeps he not
+Cardia, the greatest city of the Chersonese? Still under these
+indignities we are all slack and disheartened, and look toward our
+neighbors, distrusting one another, instead of the common enemy. And how
+think ye a man, who behaves so insolently to all, how will he act, when
+he gets each separately under his control?
+
+But what has caused the mischief? There must be some cause, some good
+reason, why the Greeks were so eager for liberty then, and now are eager
+for servitude. There was something, men of Athens, something in the
+hearts of the multitude then, which there is not now, which overcame the
+wealth of Persia and maintained the freedom of Greece, and quailed not
+under any battle by land or sea; the loss whereof has ruined all, and
+thrown the affairs of Greece into confusion. What was this? Nothing
+subtle or clever: simply that whoever took money from the aspirants for
+power or the corruptors of Greece were universally detested: it was
+dreadful to be convicted of bribery; the severest punishment was
+inflicted on the guilty, and there was no intercession or pardon. The
+favorable moments for enterprise, which fortune frequently offers to the
+careless against the vigilant, to them that will do nothing against
+those that discharge all their duty, could not be bought from orators or
+generals; no more could mutual concord, nor distrust of tyrants and
+barbarians, nor any thing of the kind. But now all such principles have
+been sold as in open market, and those imported in exchange, by which
+Greece is ruined and diseased. [Footnote: [Greek: _Apolole_] in
+reference to foreign affairs; [Greek: _nenosaeken_] in regard to
+internal broils and commotions. Compare Shakspeare, Macbeth IV. 8.
+
+  O nation miserable,
+  When shalt thou see thy wholesome days again?]
+
+What are they? Envy where a man gets a bribe; laughter if he confesses
+it; mercy to the convicted; hatred of those that denounce the crime: all
+the usual attendants upon corruption. [Footnote: He glances more
+particularly at Philocrates, Demades, and Aeschines.] For as to ships
+and men and revenues and abundance of other materials, all that may be
+reckoned as constituting national strength--assuredly the Greeks of our
+day are more fully and perfectly supplied with such advantages than
+Greeks of the olden time. But they are all rendered useless,
+unavailable, unprofitable, by the agency of these traffickers.
+
+That such is the present state of things, you must see, without
+requiring my testimony: that it was different in former times, I will
+demonstrate, not by speaking my own words, but by showing an inscription
+of your ancestors, which they graved on a brazen column and deposited in
+the citadel, not for their own benefit, (they were right-minded enough
+without such records,) but for a memorial and example to instruct you,
+how seriously such conduct should be taken up. What says the inscription
+then? It says: "Let Arthmius, son of Pythonax the Zelite, [Footnote:
+Zelea is a town in Mysia. Arthmius was sent by Artaxerxes into
+Peloponnesus, to stir up a war against the Athenians, who had irritated
+him by the assistance which they lent to Egypt. Aeschines says that
+Arthmius was the [Greek: _proxenos_] of Athens, which may partly
+account for the decree passed against him.] be declared an outlaw,
+[Footnote: Of the various degrees of [Greek: _atimia_] at Athens I
+shall speak hereafter. I translate the word here, so as to meet the case
+of a foreigner, who had nothing to do with the franchises of the
+Athenians, but who by their decree was excommunicated from the benefit
+of all international law.] and an enemy of the Athenian people and their
+allies, him and his family." Then the cause is written why this was
+done: because he brought the Median gold into Peloponnesus. That is the
+inscription. By the gods! only consider and reflect among yourselves,
+what must have been the spirit, what the dignity of those Athenians who
+acted so! One Arthmius a Zelite, subject of the king, (for Zelea is in
+Asia,) because in his master's service he brought gold into
+Peloponnesus, not to Athens, they proclaimed an enemy of the Athenians
+and their allies, him and his family, and outlawed. That is, not the
+outlawry commonly spoken of: for what would a Zelite care, to be
+excluded from Athenian franchises? It means not that; but in the
+statutes of homicide it is written, in cases where a prosecution for
+murder is not allowed, but killing is sanctioned, "and let him die an
+outlaw," says the legislator: by which he means, that whoever kills such
+a person shall be unpolluted. [Footnote: That is, his act being
+justifiable homicide, he shall not be deemed (in a religious point of
+view) impure. As to the Athenian law of homicide, see my article
+_Phonos_ in the Archaeological Dictionary.] Therefore they
+considered that the preservation of all Greece was their own concern:
+(but for such opinion, they would not have cared, whether people in
+Peloponnesus were bought and corrupted:) and whomsoever they discovered
+taking bribes, they chastised and punished so severely as to record
+their names in brass. The natural result was, that Greece, was
+formidable to the Barbarian, not the Barbarian to Greece. 'Tis not so
+now: since neither in this nor in other respects are your sentiments the
+same. But what are they? You know yourselves: why am I to upbraid you
+with every thing? The Greeks in general are alike and no better than
+you. Therefore I say, our present affairs demand earnest attention and
+wholesome counsel. Shall I say what? Do you bid me, and won't you be
+angry?
+
+[_Here is read the public document which Demosthenes produces, after
+which he resumes his address_.]
+
+[Footnote: The Secretary of the Assembly stood by the side of the
+orator, and read any public documents, such as statutes, decrees, bills
+and the like, which the orator desired to refer to or to verify. It does
+not appear what the document was, which Demosthenes caused to be read
+here. If we may judge from the argument, it was some energetic
+resolution of the people, such as he would propose for an example on the
+present occasion.]
+
+There is a foolish saying of persons who wish to make us easy, that
+Philip is not yet as powerful as the Lacedaemonians were formerly, who
+ruled every where by land and sea, and had the king for their ally, and
+nothing withstood them; yet Athens resisted even that nation, and was
+not destroyed. I myself believe, that, while every thing has received
+great improvement, and the present bears no resemblance to the past,
+nothing has been so changed and improved as the practice of war. For
+anciently, as I am informed, the Lacedaemonians and all Grecian people
+would for four or five months, during the season [Footnote: The
+campaigning season, during the summer and fine time of the year. The
+Peloponnesians generally invaded Attica when the corn was ripe, burning
+and plundering all in their route. Thucydides in his history divides the
+year into two parts, summer and winter.] only, invade and ravage the
+land of their enemies with heavy-armed and national troops, and return
+home again: and their ideas were so old-fashioned, or rather national,
+they never purchased [Footnote: Compare the old lines of Ennius:
+
+  Non cauponantes bellum sed belligerantes
+  Ferro, non auro, vitam cernamus utrique.]
+
+an advantage from any; theirs was a legitimate and open warfare. But now
+you doubtless perceive, that the majority of disasters have been
+effected by treason; nothing is done in fair field or combat. You hear
+of Philip marching where he pleases, not because he commands troops of
+the line, but because he has attached to him a host of skirmishers,
+cavalry, archers, mercenaries, and the like. When with these he falls
+upon a people in civil dissension, and none (for mistrust) will march
+out to defend the country, he applies engines and besieges them. I need
+not mention, that he makes no difference between winter and summer, that
+he has no stated season of repose. You, knowing these things, reflecting
+on them, must not let the war approach your territories, nor get your
+necks broken, relying on the simplicity of the old war with the
+Lacedaemonians, but take the longest time beforehand for defensive
+measures and preparations, see that he stirs not from home, avoid any
+decisive engagement. For a war, if we choose, men of Athens, to pursue a
+right course, we have many natural advantages; such as the position of
+his kingdom, which we may extensively plunder and ravage, and a thousand
+more; but for a battle he is better trained than we are. [Footnote:
+Chaeronea proved the wisdom of this advice. Similar counsel was given by
+Pericles in the Peloponnesian war. Had the Athenians attempted to meet
+the invading army in the field, they must inevitably have been defeated
+in the early period of the war.]
+
+Nor is it enough to adopt these resolutions and oppose him by warlike
+measures: you must on calculation and on principle abhor his advocates
+here, remembering that it is impossible to overcome your enemies abroad,
+until you have chastised those who are his ministers within the city.
+Which, by Jupiter and all the gods, you can not and will not do! You
+have arrived at such a pitch of folly or madness or--I know not what to
+call it: I am tempted often to think, that some evil genius is driving
+you to ruin--for the sake of scandal or envy or jest or any other cause,
+you command hirelings to speak, (some of whom would not deny themselves
+to be hirelings,) and laugh when they abuse people. And this, bad as it
+is, is not the worst: you have allowed these persons more liberty for
+their political conduct than your faithful counselors: and see what
+evils are caused by listening to such men with indulgence. I will
+mention facts that you will all remember.
+
+In Olynthus some of the statesmen were in Philip's interest, doing every
+thing for him; some were on the honest side, aiming to preserve their
+fellow-citizens from slavery. Which party now destroyed their country?
+or which betrayed the cavalry, [Footnote: After Olynthus was besieged by
+Philip, various sallies were made from the city, some of which were
+successful. But the treachery of Lasthenes and his accomplices ruined
+all. A body of five hundred horse were led by him into an ambuscade, and
+captured by the besiegers. See Appendix I.] by whose betrayal Olynthus
+fell? The creatures of Philip; they that, while the city stood,
+slandered and calumniated the honest counselors so effectually, that the
+Olynthian people were induced to banish Apollonides.
+
+Nor is it there only, and nowhere else, that such practice has been
+ruinous. In Eretria, when, after riddance of Plutarch [Footnote: When he
+was expelled by Phocion after the battle of Tamynae, B. C. 354.] and his
+mercenaries, the people got possession of their city and of Porthmus,
+some were for bringing the government over to you, others to Philip. His
+partisans were generally, rather exclusively, attended to by the
+wretched and unfortunate Eretrians, who at length were persuaded to
+expel their faithful advisers. Philip, their ally and friend, sent
+Hipponicus and a thousand mercenaries, demolished the walls of Porthmus,
+and established three rulers, Hipparchus, Automedon, Clitarchus. Since
+that he has driven them out of the country, twice attempting their
+deliverance: once he sent the troops with Eurylochus, afterward those of
+Parmenio.
+
+What need of many words? In Oreus Philip's agents were Philistides,
+Menippus, Socrates, Thoas, and Agapaeus, who now hold the government:
+that was quite notorious: one Euphraeus, a man that formerly dwelt here
+among you, was laboring for freedom and independence. How this man was
+in other respects insulted and trampled on by the people of Oreus, were
+long to tell: but a year before the capture, discovering what
+Philistides and his accomplices were about, he laid an information
+against them for treason. A multitude then combining, having Philip for
+their paymaster, and acting under his direction, take Euphraeus off to
+prison as a disturber of the public peace. Seeing which, the people of
+Oreus, instead of assisting the one and beating the others to death,
+with them were not angry, but said his punishment was just, and rejoiced
+at it. So the conspirators, having full liberty of action, laid their
+schemes and took their measures for the surrender of the city; if any of
+the people observed it, they were silent and intimidated, remembering
+the treatment of Euphraeus; and so wretched was their condition, that on
+the approach of such a calamity none dared to utter a word, until the
+enemy drew up before the walls: then some were for defense, others for
+betrayal. Since the city was thus basely and wickedly taken, the
+traitors have held despotic rule; people who formerly rescued them, and
+were ready for any maltreatment of Euphraeus, they have either banished
+or put to death; Euphraeus killed himself, proving by deed, that he had
+resisted Philip honestly and purely for the good of his countrymen.
+
+What can be the reason--perhaps you wonder--why the Olynthians and
+Eretrians and Orites were more indulgent to Philip's advocates than to
+their own? The same which operates with you. They who advise for the
+best can not always gratify their audience, though they would; for the
+safety of the state must be attended to: their opponents by the very
+counsel which is agreeable advance Philip's interest. One party required
+contribution; the other said there was no necessity: one were for war
+and mistrust; the other for peace, until they were ensnared. And so on
+for every thing else; (not to dwell on particulars;) the one made
+speeches to please for the moment, and gave no annoyance; the other
+offered salutary counsel, that was offensive. Many rights did the people
+surrender at last, not from any such motive of indulgence or ignorance,
+but submitting in the belief that all was lost, Which, by Jupiter and
+Apollo, I fear will be your case, when on calculation you see that
+nothing can be done. I pray, men of Athens, it may never come to this!
+Better die a thousand deaths than render homage to Philip, or sacrifice
+any of your faithful counselors. A fine recompense have the people of
+Oreus got, for trusting themselves to Philip's friends and spurning
+Euphraeus! Finely are the Eretrian commons rewarded, for having driven
+away your embassadors and yielded to Clitarchus! Yes; they are slaves,
+exposed to the lash and the torture. Finally he spared the Olynthians,
+who appointed Lasthenes to command their horse, and expelled
+Apollonides! It is folly and cowardice to cherish such hopes, and, while
+you take evil counsel and shirk every duty, and even listen to those who
+plead for your enemies, to think you inhabit a city of such magnitude,
+that you can not suffer any serious misfortune. Yea, and it is
+disgraceful to exclaim on any occurrence, when it is too late, "Who
+would have expected it? However--this or that should have been done, the
+other left undone." Many things could the Olynthians mention now, which,
+if foreseen at the time would have prevented their destruction. Many
+could the Orites mention, many the Phocians, and each of the ruined
+states. But what would it avail them? As long as the vessel is safe,
+whether it be great or small, the mariner, the pilot, every man in turn
+should exert himself, and prevent its being overturned either by
+accident or design: but when the sea hath rolled over it, their efforts
+are vain. And we, likewise, O Athenians, while we are safe, with a
+magnificent city, plentiful resources, lofty reputation--what [Footnote:
+Smead remarks here on the adroitness of the orator, who, instead of
+applying the simile of the ship to the administration of the state,
+which he felt that his quick-minded hearers had already done, suddenly
+interrupts himself with a question, which would naturally occur to the
+audience.] must we do? Many of you, [Footnote: _You_, [Greek: _oi
+kathaemenoi_]. See my observations in the preface. I can not forbear
+noticing the manner in which Francis translates the following [Greek:
+_nae Di ero_]. "Let Jupiter be witness, with what integrity I shall
+declare my opinion." The original means nothing of the kind. It is rare
+that [Greek: _nae Dia_] can be translated literally with effect.
+Jacobs here has _wohlan_.] I dare say, have been longing to ask.
+Well then, I will tell you; I will move a resolution: pass it, if you
+please.
+
+First, let us prepare for our own defense; provide ourselves, I mean,
+with ships, money, and troops--for surely, though all other people
+consented to be slaves, we at least ought to struggle for freedom. When
+we have completed our own preparations and made them apparent to the
+Greeks, then let us invite the rest, and send our embassadors every
+where with the intelligence, to Peloponnesus, to Rhodes, to Chios, to
+the king, I say; (for it concerns his interests, not to let Philip make
+universal conquest;) that, if you prevail, you may have partners of your
+dangers and expenses, in case of necessity, or at all events that you
+may delay the operations. For, since the war is against an individual,
+[Footnote: Because a state is a permanent power; a single man is liable
+to a variety of accidents, and his power terminates with his life.] not
+against the collected power of a state, even this may be useful; as were
+the embassies last year to Peloponnesus, and the remonstrances with
+which I and Polyeuctus, that excellent man, and Hegesippus, and
+Clitomachus, and Lycurgus, and the other envoys went round, and arrested
+Philip's progress, so that he neither attacked Ambracia nor started for
+Peloponnesus. I say not, however, that you should invite the rest
+without adopting measures to protect yourselves: it would be folly,
+while you sacrifice your own interest, to profess a regard for that of
+strangers, or to alarm others about the future, while for the present
+you are unconcerned. I advise not this: I bid you send supplies to the
+troops in Chersonesus, and do what else they require; prepare yourselves
+and make every effort first, then summon, gather, instruct the rest of
+the Greeks. That is the duty of a state possessing a dignity such as
+yours. If you imagine that Chalcidians or Megarians will save Greece,
+while you run away from the contest, you imagine wrong. Well for any of
+those people, if they are safe themselves. This work belongs to you:
+this privilege your ancestors bequeathed to you, the prize of many
+perilous exertions. But if every one will sit seeking his pleasure, and
+studying to be idle himself, never will he find others to do his work,
+and more than this, I fear we shall be under the necessity of doing all
+that we like not at one time. Were proxies to be had, our inactivity
+would have found them long ago; but they are not.
+
+Such are the measures which I advise, which I propose: adopt them, and
+even yet, I believe, our prosperity may be re-established. If any man
+has better advice to offer, let him communicate it openly. Whatever you
+determine, I pray to all the gods for a happy result.
+
+
+
+
+THE FOURTH PHILIPPIC.
+
+  THE ARGUMENT.
+
+  The subject of this Oration is the same as the last, viz.,
+  the necessity of resistance to Philip. The time of its
+  delivery would appear to have been a little later, while
+  Philip was yet in Thrace, and before he commenced the siege
+  of the Propontine towns. No new event is alluded to, except
+  the seizure of Hermias by the satrap Mentor, the exact date
+  of which is uncertain. The orator urges here, still more
+  strongly than he had done in the third Philippic, the
+  necessity of applying to Persia for assistance. His advice
+  was followed, and a negotiation was opened with that
+  monarchy, which led to the effective relief of Perinthus.
+  There is a remarkable passage in this speech, on the
+  importance of general unanimity, which seems to imply that
+  disputes had arisen between the richer and poorer classes,
+  chiefly in regard to the application of the public revenue.
+  The view which is here taken on the subject of the Theoric
+  distributions is so different from the argument in the
+  Olynthiacs, that modern critics have generally considered
+  this Oration to be spurious. Another ground for such opinion
+  is, that it contains various passages borrowed from other
+  speeches, and not very skillfully put together. Yet the
+  genuineness seems not to have been doubted by any of the
+  ancient grammarians.
+
+
+Believing, men of Athens, that the subject of your consultation is
+serious and momentous to the state, I will endeavor to advise what I
+think important. Many have been the faults, accumulated for some time
+past, which have brought us to this wretched condition; but none is
+under the circumstances so distressing as this, men of Athens; that your
+minds are alienated from public business; you are attentive just while
+you sit listening to some news, afterward you all go away, and, so far
+from caring for what you heard, you forget it altogether.
+
+Well; of the extent of Philip's arrogance and ambition, as evinced in
+his dealings with every people, you have been informed. That it is not
+possible to restrain him in such course by speeches and harangues, no
+man can be ignorant: or, if other reasons fail to convince you, reflect
+on this. Whenever we have had to discuss our claims, on no occasion have
+we been worsted or judged in the wrong; we have still beaten and got the
+better of all in argument. But do his affairs go badly on this account,
+or ours well? By no means. For as Philip immediately proceeds, with arms
+in his hand, to put all he possesses boldly at stake, while we with our
+equities, the speakers as well as the hearers, are sitting still,
+actions (naturally enough) outstrip words, and people attend not to what
+we have argued or may argue, but to what we do, All our doings are not
+likely to protect any of our injured neighbors: I need not say more upon
+the subject. Therefore, as the states are divided into two parties, one
+that would neither hold arbitrary government nor submit to it, but live
+under free and equal laws; another desiring to govern their
+fellow-citizens, and be subject to some third power, by whose assistance
+they hope to accomplish that object; the partisans of Philip, [Footnote:
+I agree with Pabst and Auger that [Greek: _ekeinon_] signifies
+Philip. Schaefer takes it neutrally.] who desire tyranny and despotism,
+have every where prevailed, and I know not whether there is any state
+left, besides our own, with a popular constitution firmly established.
+And those, that hold the government through him, have prevailed by all
+the means efficacious in worldly affairs; principally and mainly, by
+having a person to bribe the corruptible; secondly, a point no less
+important, by having at their command, at whatever season they required,
+an army to put down their opponents. We, men of Athens, are not only in
+these respects behindhand; we can not even be awaked; like men that have
+drunk mandrake [Footnote: Used for a powerful opiate by the ancients. It
+is called Mandragora also in English. See Othello, Act III. Sc. 3.
+
+                  Not poppy, nor mandragora,
+  Nor all the drowsy sirups of the world,
+  Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep
+  Which thou ow'dst yesterday.]
+
+or some other sleeping potion; and methinks--for I judge the truth must
+be spoken--we are by reason thereof held in such disrepute and contempt,
+that, among the states in imminent danger, some dispute with us for the
+lead, some for the place of congress; others have resolved to defend
+themselves separately rather than in union with us.
+
+Why am I so particular in mentioning these things? I seek not to give
+offense; so help me all the powers of heaven! I wish, men of Athens, to
+make it clear and manifest to you all, that habitual sloth and
+indolence, the same in public matters as in private life, is not
+immediately felt on every occasion of neglect, but shows itself in the
+general result. [Footnote: Auger: "presentent a la fin un total
+effrayant."] Look at Serrium and Doriscus; which were first disregarded
+after the peace. Their names perhaps are unknown to many of you: yet
+your careless abandonment of these lost Thrace and Cersobleptes your
+ally. Again, seeing these places neglected and unsupported by you, he
+demolished Porthmus, and raised a tyrant in Euboea like a fortress
+against Attica. This being disregarded, Megara was very nearly taken.
+You were insensible, indifferent to all his aggressions; gave no
+intimation that you would not permit their continuance. He purchased
+Antrones, [Footnote: A town in Thessaly. We do not know all the details
+of Philip's proceedings in that country, but we have seen enough to
+know, first under the guise of a protector he was not far short of being
+the master of the Thessalian people. Some of these towns were actually
+in his possession, as Pherae and Pagasae. But that the Thesssalians were
+never entirely subjugated to Macedonia, and still retained a hankering
+after independence, was proved at a later period by their desertion of
+Antipater.] and not long after had got Oreus into his power. Many
+transactions I omit; Pherae, the march against Ambracia, the massacres
+at Elis, [Footnote: The Elean exiles, having engaged in their service a
+body of the Phocian mercenaries, made an incursion into Elis, but were
+repelled. A large number of prisoners were taken and put to death. This
+happened B. C. 343. The government of Elis was at that time in the hands
+of a Macedonian party.] and numberless others: for I have not entered
+upon these details, to enumerate the people whom Philip has oppressed
+and wronged, but to show you that Philip will not desist from wronging
+all people and pursuing his conquests, until an effort is made to
+prevent him.
+
+There are persons whose custom it is, before they hear any speech in the
+debate, to ask immediately--"What must we do?"--not with the intention
+of doing what they are told (or they would be the most serviceable of
+men), but in order to get rid of the speaker. Nevertheless, you should
+be advised what to do. First, O my countrymen, you must be firmly
+convinced in your minds, that Philip is at war with our state, and has
+broken the peace; that, while he is inimical and hostile to the whole of
+Athens, to the ground of Athens, and I may add, to the gods in Athens,
+(may they exterminate him!) there is nothing which he strives and plots
+against so much as our constitution, nothing in the world that he is so
+anxious about, as its destruction. And thereunto he is driven in some
+sort by necessity. Consider. He wishes for empire: he believes you to be
+his only opponents. He has been a long time injuring you, as his own
+conscience best informs him; for by means of your possessions, which he
+is able to enjoy, he secures all the rest of his kingdom: had he given
+up Amphipolis and Potidaea, he would not have deemed himself safe even
+in Macedonia. He knows therefore, both that he is plotting against you,
+and that you are aware of it; and, supposing you to have common sense,
+he judges that you detest him as you ought. Besides these important
+considerations, he is assured that, though he became master of every
+thing else, nothing can be safe for him while you are under popular
+government: should any reverse ever befall him, (and many may happen to
+a man,) all who are now under constraint will come for refuge to you.
+For you are not inclined yourselves to encroach and usurp dominion; but
+famous rather for checking the usurper or depriving him of his
+conquests, ever ready to molest the aspirants for empire, and vindicate
+the liberty of all nations. He would not like that a free spirit should
+proceed from Athens, to watch the occasions of his weakness; nor is such
+reasoning foolish or idle. First then you must assume, that he is an
+irreconcilable enemy of our constitution and democracy; secondly, you
+must be convinced, that all his operations and contrivances are designed
+for the injury of our state. None of you can be so silly as to suppose,
+that Philip covets those miseries in Thrace, (for what else can one call
+Drongilus and Cabyle and Mastira and the places which he is said now to
+occupy?) and that to get possession of them he endures hardships and
+winters and the utmost peril, but covets not the harbors of Athens, the
+docks, the galleys, the silver mines, the revenues of such value, the
+place and the glory--never may he or any other man obtain these by the
+conquest of our city!--or that he will suffer you to keep these things,
+while for the sake of the barley and millet in Thracian caverns he
+winters in the midst of horrors. [Footnote: See the note in the Oration
+on the Chersonese, page 108, where the same words nearly are repeated.]
+Impossible. The object of that and every other enterprise of Philip is,
+to become master here.
+
+So should every man be persuaded and convinced; and therefore, I say,
+should not call upon your faithful and upright counselor to move a
+resolution for war: [Footnote: He deprecates here, as elsewhere, the
+factious proceedings of certain opponents, who sought to fasten the
+responsibility of a war on the orator, by forcing him to propose a
+decree. This (argues Demosthenes) was unnecessary, as they were at war
+already.] such were the part of men seeking an enemy to fight with, not
+men forwarding the interests of the state. Only see. Suppose for the
+first breach of the treaty by Philip, or for the second or third, (for
+there is a series of breaches,) any one had made a motion for war with
+him, and Philip, just as he has now without such motion, had aided the
+Cardians, would not the mover have been sacrificed? [Footnote: Pabst,
+following Wolf, takes this in the more limited sense of being carried
+off to prison: _ins Gefangniss geworfen_. The English translators,
+who have "torn to pieces," understand the word in the same sense that I
+do, as meaning generally "destroyed, exterminated."] would not all have
+imputed Philip's aid of the Cardians to that cause? Don't then look for
+a person to vent your anger on for Philip's trespasses, to throw to
+Philip's hirelings to be torn in pieces. Do not, after yourselves voting
+for war, dispute with each other, whether you ought or ought not to have
+done so. As Philip conducts the war, so resist him: furnish those who
+are resisting him now [Footnote: Referring to Diopithes and his troops
+in the Chersonese.] with money and what else they demand; pay your
+contributions, men of Athens, provide an army, swift-sailing galleys,
+horses, transports, all the materials of war. Our present mode of
+operation is ridiculous; and by the gods I believe, that Philip could
+not wish our republic to take any other course than what ye now pursue.
+You miss your time, waste your money, look for a person to manage your
+affairs, are discontented, accuse one another. How all this comes about,
+I will explain, and how it may cease I will inform you.
+
+Nothing, O men of Athens, have you ever set on foot or contrived rightly
+in the beginning: you always follow the event, stop when you are too
+late, on any new occurrence prepare and bustle again. But that is not
+the way of proceeding. It is never possible with sudden levies to
+perform any essential service. You must establish an army, provide
+maintenance for it, and paymasters, and commissaries, so ordering it
+that the strictest care be taken of your funds; demand from those
+officers an account of the expenditure, from your general an account of
+the campaign; and leave not the general any excuse for sailing elsewhere
+or prosecuting another enterprise. If ye so act and so resolve in
+earnest, you will compel Philip to observe a just peace and remain in
+his own country, or will contend with him on equal terms; and perhaps,
+Athenians, perhaps, as you now inquire what Philip is doing, and whither
+marching, so he may be anxious to learn, whither the troops of Athens
+are bound, and where they will make their appearance.
+
+Should any man think that these are affairs of great expense and toil
+and difficulty, he thinks rightly enough: but let him consider what the
+consequences to Athens must be, if she refuse so to act, and he will
+find it is our interest to perform our duties cheerfully. Suppose you
+had some god for your surety--for certainly no mortal could guarantee a
+thing so fortunate--that, although you kept quiet and sacrificed every
+thing, Philip would not attack you at last, yet, by Jupiter and all the
+gods, it would be disgraceful, unworthy of yourselves, of the dignity of
+your state, and the deeds of your ancestors, for the sake of selfish
+indolence to abandon the rest of Greece to servitude. For my part, I
+would rather die than have advised such a course: however, if any other
+man advises it, and can prevail on you, be it so; make no defense,
+abandon all. But if no man holds such an opinion, if on the contrary we
+all foresee, that, the more we permit Philip to conquer, the more fierce
+and formidable an enemy we shall find him, what subterfuge remains? what
+excuse for delay? Or when, O Athenians, shall we be willing to act as
+becomes us? Peradventure, when there is some necessity. But what may be
+called the necessity of freemen is not only come, but past long ago; and
+that of slaves you must surely deprecate. What is the difference? To a
+freeman shame for what is occurring is the strongest necessity; I know
+of none stronger that can be mentioned: to a slave, stripes and bodily
+chastisement; abominable things! too shocking to name!
+
+To be backward, men of Athens, in performing those services to which the
+person and property of every one are liable, is wrong, very wrong, and
+yet it admits of some excuse: but refusing even to bear what is
+necessary to be heard, and fit to be considered, this calls for the
+severest censure. Your practice however is, neither to attend until the
+business actually presses, as it does now, nor to deliberate about any
+thing at leisure. When Philip is preparing, you, instead of doing the
+like and making counter-preparation, remain listless, and, if any one
+speaks a word, clamor him down: when you receive news that any place is
+lost or besieged, then you listen and prepare. But the time to have
+heard and consulted was then when you declined; the time to act and
+employ your preparations is now that you are hearing. Such being your
+habits, you are the only people who adopt this singular course: others
+deliberate usually before action, you deliberate after action. One thing
+[Footnote: He means negotiation with Persia, to obtain pecuniary
+assistance.] remains, which should have been done long ago, but even yet
+is not too late: I will mention it. Nothing in the world does Athens
+need so much, as money for approaching exigencies. Lucky events have
+occurred, and, if we rightly improve them, perhaps good service may be
+done. In the first place, those, [Footnote: The Thracians, who had
+always been regarded as benefactors of the Persian king, since they
+assisted Darius on his invasion of Scythia. Philip was making war in
+Thrace at this time, and had subjected a considerable part of the
+country.] whom the king trusts and regards as his benefactors, are at
+enmity and war with Philip. Secondly, the agent and confidant [Footnote:
+Hermias, governor of Atarneus in Mysia, who for his treasonable
+practices against Artaxerxes was seized by Mentor and sent in chains to
+Susa, where he was put to death. He was a friend of Aristotle, who was
+at his court, when he was taken prisoner. The philosopher afterward
+married his sister.] of all Philip's preparations against the king has
+been snatched off, and the king will hear all the proceedings, not from
+Athenian accusers, whom he might consider to be speaking for their own
+interests, but from the acting minister himself; the charges therefore
+will be credible, and the only remaining argument for our embassadors
+will be, one which the Persian monarch will rejoice to hear, that we
+should take common vengeance on the injurer of both, and that Philip is
+much more formidable to the king, if he attack us first; for, should we
+be left in the lurch and suffer any mishap, he will march against the
+king without fear. On all these matters then I advise that you dispatch
+an embassy to confer with the king, and put aside that nonsense which
+has so often damaged you--"the barbarian," forsooth, "the common
+enemy"--and the like. I confess, when I see a man alarmed at a prince in
+Susa and Ecbatana, and declaring him to be an enemy of Athens, him that
+formerly [Footnote: In the confederate war, when the Persian fleet
+enabled Conon to defeat the Lacedaemonians at Onidus, B. C. 394.]
+assisted in re-establishing her power, and lately made overtures
+[Footnote: Artaxerxes had applied both to Athens and Lacedaemon to aid
+him in the recovery of Egypt, which for many years had been held in a
+state of revolt. Both these states refused to assist him. He then
+applied to Thebes and Argos, each of which sent an auxiliary force.]--if
+you did not accept them, but voted refusal, the fault is not his--while
+the same man speaks a different language of one who is close at our
+doors, and growing up in the centre of Greece to be the plunderer of her
+people; I marvel, I dread this man, whoever he is, because he dreads not
+Philip.
+
+There is another thing too, the attacking of which by unjust reproach
+and improper language hurts the state, and affords an excuse to men who
+are unwilling to perform any public duty: indeed you will find that
+every failure to discharge the obligation of a citizen is attributable
+to this. I am really afraid to discuss the matter; however, I will speak
+out.
+
+I believe I can suggest, for the advantage of the state, a plea for the
+poor against the rich, and for men of property against the indigent;
+could we remove the clamor which some persons unfairly raise about the
+theatric fund, [Footnote: Boeckh, Schaefer, and others, regard it as
+conclusive against the genuineness of this Oration, that a different
+view is here taken on the subject of the Theoric fund from that which
+Demosthenes had expressed in the Olynthiacs. And certainly it is a
+strong argument. It is possible, however, that circumstances may have
+induced him to modify his opinion, or he may have thought it dangerous
+to meddle with the law of Eubulus at the present crisis, which called
+for the greatest unanimity among all classes. We may partly gather from
+this speech, that there had been some agitation among the lower classes,
+occasioned by the complaints of the wealthy against this law. Any
+agitation tending to a spirit of communism must have been extremely
+dangerous at Athens, where the people had such power of muleting the
+higher classes by their votes in the popular assembly and courts of
+justice. It might therefore be better to let the people alone with their
+theatrical treats, their fees and largesses, than to provoke retaliation
+by abridging such enjoyments. Leland observes on the subject as
+follows--"All that the orator here says in defense of the theatrical
+appointments is expressed with a caution and reserve quite opposite to
+his usual openness and freedom; and which plainly betray a consciousness
+of his being inconsistent with his former sentiments. How far he may be
+excused by the supposed necessity of yielding to the violent
+prepossessions of the people, and giving up a favorite point, I can not
+pretend to determine. But it is certainly not very honorable to
+Demosthenes, to suppose with Ulpian, that his former opposition was
+merely personal, and that the death of Eubulus now put an end to it."]
+and the fear that it can not stand without some signal mischief. No
+greater help to our affairs could we introduce; [Footnote: Viz., than
+the removal of this clamor and alarm about the theatric fund.] none that
+would more strengthen the whole community. Look at it thus. I will
+commence on behalf of those who are considered the needy class. There
+was a time with us, not long ago, when only a hundred and thirty talents
+came into the state; [Footnote: This must be understood (according to
+Boeckh) of the tribute only, which came in from the allies. The total
+revenue of Athens must have greatly exceeded this.] and among the
+persons qualified to command ships or pay property-tax, there was not
+one who claimed exemption from his duty because no surplus existed:
+[Footnote: There was as much ground for legal exemption then as there is
+now; and yet it was never claimed. Why should the rich seek to be
+relieved from their burdens because of an abundance of revenue? That
+abundance is for the general benefit of the state, not for theirs in
+particular. Such appears to be the argument, perhaps not quite
+satisfactory; but such it is. Pabst, apparently reading [Greek: _aph
+heautou_], has: _der nicht aus eigenem Antrieb seine Schuldigkeit
+zu thun bereit war, weil kein Gelduberschuss vorhanden war_.] galleys
+sailed, money was forthcoming, every thing needful was done. Since that
+time fortune happily has increased the revenue, and four hundred talents
+come in instead of one, without loss to any men of property, but with
+gain to them; for all the wealthy come for their share of the fund, and
+they are welcome to it. [Footnote: _I. e._ the Theoric fund, in
+which every member of the commonwealth had a right to share.] Why then
+do we reproach one another on this account, and make it an excuse for
+declining our duties, unless we grudge the relief given by fortune to
+the poor? I would be sorry to blame them myself, and I think it not
+right. In private families I never see a young man behaving so to his
+elders, so unfeeling or so unreasonable, as to refuse to do any thing
+himself, unless all the rest will do what he does. Such a person would
+certainly be amenable to the laws against undutiful conduct: [Footnote:
+Pabst: _die Gesetze wegen ungebuhrlicher Behandlung der Eltern_.
+[Greek: _Kakosis_], "maltreatment", was a technical term in the
+Attic law, denoting a failure of duty on the part of husbands, children,
+or guardians, toward their wives, parents, or wards, for which they were
+liable to be tried and punished in a suit called [Greek: _kakoseos
+dikae_]. The jurisdiction over this offense belonged to the Archon,
+who was the protector of all family rights.] for I ween there is a
+tribute assigned to parents both by nature and by law, which ought to be
+cheerfully offered and amply paid. Accordingly, as each individual among
+us hath a parent, so should we regard the whole people as parents of the
+state, and, so far from depriving them of what the state bestows, we
+ought, in the absence of such bounty, to find other means to keep them
+from destitution. If the rich will adopt this principle, I think they
+will act both justly and wisely; for to deprive any class of a necessary
+provision, is to unite them in disaffection to the commonwealth.
+
+To the poor I would recommend, that they remove the cause, which makes
+men of property discontented with the present system, and excites their
+just complaints. I shall take the same course on behalf of the wealthy
+as I did just now, and not hesitate to speak the truth. There can not, I
+believe, be found a wretch so hard-hearted--I will not say among
+Athenians, but among any other people--who would be sorry to see poor
+men, men without the necessaries of life, receiving these bounties.
+Where then is the pinch [Footnote: The expression "Where is the rub?"
+would be still nearer to the original, and the expression reminds one of
+the line in Hamlet:
+
+  To sleep! perchance to dream! ay, there's the rub.
+
+Reiske says the simile is taken from the collision of chariots in the
+race; but this is confining it too much. His vernacular explanation is:
+_woran stosst es sich? wo ist der Haken?_ Pabst has: _woran
+stosst sich die Sache, und was erzeugt den Verdruss?_] of the matter?
+where the difficulty? When they see certain persons transferring the
+usage established for the public revenue to private property, and the
+orator becoming immediately powerful with you, yea, (so far as privilege
+can make him,) immortal, and your secret vote contradicting your public
+clamor. [Footnote: Having admonished the higher classes to pay their
+property-tax and perform their public services cheerfully, and without
+seeking to be relieved at the expense of the public revenue, he proceeds
+to remind the lower classes of their duty. He warns them, that, while
+they receive a benefit from the funds of the state, they must not
+endeavor to increase those funds unduly by an invasion of the rights of
+property. His language is not open, but would easily be understood by
+his audience. The Athenians ought not to promote lawsuits to increase
+court-fees; not to encourage prosecutions against wealthy citizens, in
+order to obtain fines and confiscations. He insinuates that there was
+too much cause for complaint already. [Greek: _Ton legonta_] is,
+not as Schaefer contends, the rich man pleading his cause before the
+people, but, as Wolf explains it, the popular orator or informer, who
+speedily rose to favor and influence, of which it was not easy to
+deprive him. His opponent, speaking in a just cause, might be applauded
+at the time, but the votes showed what was the real bias of the people.
+In courts of justice at Athens the voting was usually by a secret
+ballot; (see my article _Psephus_ in the Archaeological
+Dictionary;) and there being a large number of jurors, it would be
+difficult to discover by whose votes the verdict was obtained. It is
+impossible to read the frequent appeals made by Athenian speakers to the
+passions and prejudices of the jury, without seeing that there was some
+ground for the insinuations of the orator in this passage.] Hence arises
+mistrust, hence indignation. We ought, O ye men of Athens, to have a
+just communion of political rights; the opulent holding themselves
+secure in their fortunes, and without fear of losing them, yet in time
+of danger imparting their substance freely for the defense of their
+country; while the rest consider the public revenue as public, and
+receive their share, but look on private property as belonging to the
+individual owner. Thus it is that a small commonwealth becomes great,
+and a great one is preserved. To speak generally then, such are the
+obligations of each class; to insure their performance according to law,
+some regulation should be made.
+
+The causes of our present troubles and embarrassment are many and of
+ancient date: if you are willing to hear, I will declare them. You have
+quitted, O Athenians, the position in which your ancestors left you; you
+have been persuaded by these politicians, that to stand foremost of the
+Greeks, to keep a permanent force and redress injured nations, is all
+vanity and idle expense; you imagine that to live in quiet, to perform
+no duty, to abandon one thing after another and let strangers seize on
+all, brings with it marvelous welfare and abundant security. By such
+means a stranger has advanced to the post which you ought to have
+occupied, has become prosperous and great, and made large conquest;
+naturally enough. A prize there was, noble, great, and glorious, one for
+which the mightiest states were contending all along; but as the
+Lacedaemonians were humbled, the Thebans had their hands full through
+the Phocian war, and we took no regard, he carried it off without
+competition. The result has been, to others terror, to him a vast
+alliance and extended power; while difficulties so many and so
+distressing surround the Greeks, that even advice is not easy to be
+found.
+
+Yet, perilous as I conceive the present crisis to be for all, no people
+are in such danger as you, men of Athens; not only because Philip's
+designs are especially aimed at you, but because of all people you are
+the most remiss. If, seeing the abundance of commodities and cheapness
+in your market, you are beguiled into a belief that the state is in no
+danger, your judgment is neither becoming nor correct. A market or a
+fair one may, from such appearances, judge to be well or ill supplied:
+but for a state, which every aspirant for the empire of Greece has
+deemed to be alone capable of opposing him, and defending the liberty of
+all--for such a state! verily her marketable commodities are not the
+test of prosperity, but this--whether she can depend on the good-will of
+her allies; whether she is puissant in arms. On behalf of such a state
+these are the things to be considered; and in these respects your
+condition is wretched and deplorable. You will understand it by a simple
+reflection. When have the affairs of Greece been in the greatest
+confusion? No other time could any man point out but the present. In
+former times Greece was divided into two parties, that of the
+Lacedaemonians and ours: some of the Greeks were subject to us, some to
+them. The Persian, on his own account, was mistrusted equally by all,
+but he used to make friends of the vanquished parties, and retain their
+confidence, until he put them on an equality with the other side; after
+which those that he succored would hate him as much as his original
+enemies. Now however the king is on friendly terms with all the Greeks,
+though least friendly with us, unless we put matters right. Now too
+there are protectors [Footnote: This is said with some irony: many
+states offer to come forward as protectors, but only on condition of
+taking the lead: they will not join the common cause on fair terms. Many
+of the translations miss the sense here. Leland understands it rightly:
+"there are several cities which affect the character of guardians and
+protectors." Auger confounds this sentence with the next: "il s' eleve
+de tous cotes plusieurs puissances qui aspirent toutes a la primaute."]
+springing up in every quarter, and all claim the precedency, though some
+indeed have abandoned the cause, or envy and distrust each other--more
+shame for them--and every state is isolated, Argives, Thebans,
+Lacedaemonians, Corinthians, Arcadians, and ourselves. But, divided as
+Greece is among so many parties and so many leaderships, if I must speak
+the truth freely, there is no state whose offices and halls of council
+appear more deserted by Grecian politics than ours. And no wonder; when
+neither friendship, nor confidence, nor fear leads any to negotiate with
+us.
+
+This, ye men of Athens, has come not from any single cause, (or you
+might easily mend it,) but from a great variety and long series of
+errors. I will not stop to recount them, but will mention one, to which
+all may be referred, beseeching you not to be offended, if I boldly
+speak the truth.
+
+Your interests are sold on every favorable opportunity: you partake of
+the idleness and ease, under the charm whereof you resent not your
+wrongs; while other persons get the reward. [Footnote: Schaefer rightly
+explains [Greek: _timas_] to mean the price received for treason.
+But most of the translators, following Wolf, understand it to mean the
+honors won by Philip. [Greek: _Tois adikousin_] is rendered by
+Auger, Leland, and Francis, "the traitors." I think it rather refers to,
+or at least includes, the enemies who profited by the treason, and made
+conquests from Athens: of course meaning Philip in particular.] Into all
+these cases I could not enter now: but when any question about Philip
+arises, some one starts up directly and says--"We must have no trifling,
+no proposal of war"--and then goes on to say--"What a blessing it is to
+be at peace! what a grievance to maintain a large army!"--and
+again--"Certain persons wish to plunder the treasury"--and other
+arguments they urge, no doubt, in the full conviction of their truth.
+[Footnote: There is no difficulty in this, if we understand it to be
+ironical; and no need of any amendment.] But surely there is no need of
+persuading you to observe peace, you that sit here persuaded already. It
+is Philip (who is making war) that needs persuasion: prevail on him, and
+all is ready on your part. We should consider as grievous, not what we
+expend for our deliverance, but what we shall suffer in case of refusal.
+Plunder of the treasury should be prevented by devising a plan for its
+safe custody, not by abandoning our interests. Yet this very thing makes
+me indignant, that some of you are pained at the thought of your
+treasury being robbed, though it depends on yourselves to guard it and
+to punish the criminal, but are not pained to see Philip plundering
+Greece, plundering as he does one people after another, to forward his
+designs upon you.
+
+How comes it, ye men of Athens, that of this flagrant aggressor, this
+capturer of cities, no one has ever declared that he commits hostility
+or injustice, while those who counsel against submission and sacrifice
+are charged as the authors of war? The reason is, that people wish to
+cast upon your faithful counselors the blame of any untoward events in
+the war; for war must necessarily be attended with many misfortunes.
+They believe that, if you resist Philip with one heart and mind, you
+will prevail against him, and they can be hirelings no longer; but that
+if on the first outcry [Footnote: Leland: "the first unhappy accident."
+Francis gives the right meaning, but with too many words; "the first
+tumults occasioned by any unfortunate success." Spillau: "the first
+alarm."] you arraign certain persons and bring them to trial, they by
+accusing such persons will gain a double advantage, repute among the
+Athenians and recompense from Philip; and that you will punish your
+friendly advisers for a cause for which you ought to punish the
+traitors. Such are the hopes, such the contrivance of these charges,
+"that certain persons wish to kindle a war." I am sure, however, that,
+without any Athenian moving a declaration of war, Philip has taken many
+of our possessions, and has recently sent succor to Cardia. If we choose
+to assume that he is not making war against us, he would be the simplest
+of mankind to convince us of our mistake: for when the sufferers
+disclaim the injury, what should the offenders do? But when he marches
+to attack us, what shall we say then? He will assure us that he is not
+making war, as he assured the Orites, when his troops were in their
+country, as he assured the Pheraeans before he assaulted their walls,
+and the Olynthians in the first instance, until he was in their
+territories with his army. Shall we then say, that persons who bid us
+defend ourselves kindle a war? If so, we must be slaves; for nothing
+else remains.
+
+But remember: you have more at stake than some other people. Philip
+desires not to subjugate your city, but to destroy it utterly. He is
+convinced, you will not submit to be slaves; if you were inclined, you
+would not know how, having been accustomed to command: you will be able,
+should occasion offer, to give him more trouble than any people in the
+world. For this reason he will show us no mercy, if he get us into his
+power: and therefore you must make up your minds, that the struggle will
+be one for life and death. These persons, who have openly sold
+themselves to Philip, you must execrate, you must beat their brains out:
+for it is impossible, I say impossible, to vanquish your foreign
+enemies, until you have punished your enemies within the city: these are
+the stumbling-blocks that must cripple your efforts against the
+foreigner.
+
+From what cause, do ye think, Philip insults you now; (for his conduct,
+in my judgment, amounts to nothing less;) and while he deceives other
+people by doing them services--this at least is something--you he
+threatens already? For example, the Thessalians by many benefits he
+seduced into their present servitude: no man can tell how he cheated the
+poor Olynthians, giving them first Potidaea and many other places: now
+he is luring the Thebans, having delivered up Boeotia to them, and freed
+them from a tedious and harassing war. Of these people, who each got a
+certain advantage, some have suffered what is notorious to all, others
+have yet to suffer what may befall them. As to yourselves; the amount of
+your losses I do not mention: but in the very making of the peace how
+have you been deceived! how plundered! Lost you not the Phocians,
+Thermopylae, country toward Thrace, Doriscus, Serrium, Cersobleptes
+himself? Holds he not Cardia now, and avows it? Why then does he behave
+thus to other people, and in a different way to you? Because our city is
+the only one where liberty is allowed to speak for the enemy, where a
+man taking a bribe may safely address the people, though they have been
+deprived of their possessions. It was not safe at Olynthus to advocate
+Philip's cause, without the Olynthian people sharing the benefit by
+possession of Potidaea. It was not safe to advocate Philip's cause in
+Thessaly, without the people of Thessaly sharing the benefit, by
+Philip's expelling their tyrants and restoring the Pylaean Synod. It was
+not safe at Thebes, until he restored Boeotia to them, and destroyed the
+Phocians. But at Athens, though Philip has taken from you Amphipolis and
+the Cardian territory, and is even turning Euboea into a hostile post,
+and advancing to attack Byzantium, it is safe to speak on Philip's
+behalf. Yea, among these men, some have risen rapidly from poverty to
+wealth, from meanness and obscurity to repute and honor, while you, on
+the contrary, have fallen from honor to obscurity, from wealth to
+indigence. For the riches of a state I consider to be allies,
+confidence, good-will; of all which you are destitute. And by your
+neglecting these things and suffering your interests thus to be swept
+away, Philip has grown prosperous and mighty, formidable to all the
+Greeks and barbarians, while you are forlorn and abject, in the
+abundance of your market magnificent, but in your national defenses
+ridiculous. [Footnote: The whole of the foregoing passage is taken, with
+some little variation, from the speech on the Chersonese. It certainly
+would seem strange, if this Oration had been forged by any grammarian,
+that he should have borrowed thus by wholesale from Demosthenes. There
+is perhaps less difficulty in the supposition that Demosthenes repeated
+his own words.]
+
+Some of our orators, I observe, take not the same thought for you as for
+themselves. They say that you should keep quiet, though you are injured;
+but they can not themselves keep quiet among you, though no one injures
+them. Come, raillery apart, suppose you were thus questioned,
+Aristodemus, [Footnote: This man was a tragic actor, and charged by
+Demosthenes with being a partisan of Philip. He was the first person who
+proposed peace with Macedonia, shortly before the embassy of ten. See
+the Argument to the Oration on the Peace.]--"Tell me, as you know
+perfectly well, what every one else knows, that the life of private men
+is secure and free from trouble and danger, while that of statesmen is
+exposed to scandal [Footnote: I have taken [Greek: _philaition_] in
+the passive sense, as it is explained by Reiske and Schaefer, though it
+scarcely suits the character of the word. Compare Shakspeare, Henry V.
+Act IV. Sc. 1.
+
+  O hard condition, twin-born with greatness,
+  Subjected to the breath of every fool!
+  What infinite heart's ease must kings neglect
+  That private men enjoy!]
+
+and misfortune, full of trials and hardships every day, how comes it
+that you prefer, not the quiet and easy life, but the one surrounded
+with peril?"--what should you say? If we admitted the truth of what
+would be your best possible answer, namely, that all you do is for honor
+and renown, I wonder what puts it into your head, that you ought from
+such motives to exert yourself and undergo toil and danger, while you
+advise the state to give up exertion and remain idle. You can not surely
+allege, that Aristodemus ought to be of importance at Athens, and Athens
+to be of no account among the Greeks. Nor again do I see, that for the
+commonwealth it is safe to mind her own affairs only, and hazardous for
+you, not to be a superlative busy-body. [Footnote: All the translators
+have mistaken [Greek: _ton allon pleon_], which is simply "more
+than others," as Wolf explains it.] On the contrary, to you I see the
+utmost peril from your meddling and over-meddling, to the commonwealth
+peril from her inactivity. But I suppose, you inherit a reputation from
+your father and grandfather, which it were disgraceful in your own
+person to extinguish, whereas the ancestry of the state was ignoble and
+mean. This again is not so. Your father was a thief, [Footnote: This
+seems to shock Leland, who spoils the pungency of the expression, by
+rendering it: "Your father was like you, and therefore base and
+infamous." Auger remarks: "L'invective de Demosthene est fort eloquente,
+mais bien violente. L'amour de la patrie, contre laquelle sans doute
+agissait Aristodeme, peut seul en excuser la vivacite."] if he resembled
+you, whereas by the ancestors of the commonwealth, as all men know, the
+Greeks have twice been rescued from the brink of destruction. Truly the
+behaviour of some persons, in private and in public, is neither
+equitable nor constitutional. How is it equitable, that certain of these
+men, returned from prison, should not know themselves, while the state,
+that once protected all Greece and held the foremost place, is sunk in
+ignominy and humiliation?
+
+Much could I add on many points, but I will forbear. It is not, I
+believe, to lack of words that our distresses have been owing either now
+or heretofore. The mischief is when you, after listening to sound
+arguments, and all agreeing in their justice, sit to hear with equal
+favor those who try to defeat and pervert them; not that you are
+ignorant of the men; (you are certain at the first glance, who speak for
+hire and are Philip's political agents, and who speak sincerely for your
+good;) your object is to find fault with these, turn the thing into
+laughter and raillery, and escape the performance of your duty.
+
+Such is the truth, spoken with perfect freedom, purely from good-will
+and for the best: not a speech fraught with flattery and mischief and
+deceit, to earn money for the speaker, and to put the commonwealth into
+the hands of our enemies. I say, you must either desist from these
+practices, or blame none but yourselves for the wretched condition of
+your affairs.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Olynthiacs and the Phillippics of
+Demosthenes, by Demosthenes
+Translated with notes by Charles Rann Kennedy
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE OLYNTHIACS AND THE PHILLIPPICS ***
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+This file should be named 6878.txt or 6878.zip
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