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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..638a56f --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #68502 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/68502) diff --git a/old/68502-0.txt b/old/68502-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 1f5de09..0000000 --- a/old/68502-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1880 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of A note on the position and extent of -the great temple enclosure of Tenochtitlan,, by Alfred P. Maudslay - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: A note on the position and extent of the great temple enclosure - of Tenochtitlan, - and the position, structure and orientation of the Teocolli of - Huitzilopochtli. - -Author: Alfred P. Maudslay - -Release Date: July 11, 2022 [eBook #68502] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from - images generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NOTE ON THE POSITION AND -EXTENT OF THE GREAT TEMPLE ENCLOSURE OF TENOCHTITLAN, *** - - - - - - A NOTE - ON THE POSITION AND EXTENT - OF THE - GREAT TEMPLE ENCLOSURE OF TENOCHTITLAN, - AND THE POSITION, STRUCTURE AND ORIENTATION - OF THE - TEOCOLLI OF HUITZILOPOCHTLI. - - - BY - - ALFRED P. MAUDSLAY. - - - LONDON: - PRINTED BY TAYLOR & FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, E.C. - 1912. - - - - - A NOTE - ON THE POSITION AND EXTENT - OF THE - GREAT TEMPLE ENCLOSURE OF TENOCHTITLAN - AND THE POSITION, STRUCTURE, AND ORIENTATION - OF THE - TEOCALLI OF HUITZILOPOCHTLI. - BY - ALFRED P. MAUDSLAY. - - -Extracts from the works of the earliest authorities referring to the -Great Temple Enclosure of Tenochtitlan and its surroundings are printed -at the end of this note, and the following particulars concerning the -authors will enable the reader to form some judgment of the comparative -value of their evidence. - -THE ANONYMOUS CONQUEROR.—The identity of this writer is unknown. That he -was a companion of Cortés during the Conquest is undoubted. His account -is confined to the dress, arms, customs, buildings, &c. of the Mexicans. -The original document has never been found, and what we now possess was -recovered from an Italian translation. - -MOTOLINIA.—Fray Toribio de Benavento, a Franciscan monk, known best by -his assumed name of Motolinia, left Spain in January 1524 and arrived in -the City of Mexico in the month of June of the same year. From that date -until his death in August 1569 he lived an active missionary life among -the Indians in many parts of Mexico and Guatemala. - -He was in fullest sympathy with the Indians, and used his utmost efforts -to defend them from the oppression of their conquerors. - -Motolinia appears in the books of the Cabildo in June 1525 as “Fray -Toribio, guardian del Monesterio de Sor. San Francisco”; so he probably -resided in the City at that date, and must have been familiar with what -remained of the ancient City. - -SAHAGUN, Fr. Bernadino de, was born at Sahagun in Northern Spain about -the last year of the 15th Century. He was educated at the University of -Salamanca, and became a monk of the Order of Saint Francis, and went to -Mexico in 1529. He remained in that country, until his death in 1590, as -a missionary and teacher. - -No one devoted so much time and study to the language and culture of the -Mexicans as did Padre Sahagun throughout his long life. His writings, -both in Spanish, Nahua, and Latin, were numerous and of the greatest -value. Some of them have been published and are well known, but it is -with the keenest interest and with the anticipation of enlightenment on -many obscure questions that all engaged in the study of ancient America -look forward to the publication of a complete edition of his great work, -‘Historia de las Cosas de Nueva España,’ with facsimiles of all the -original coloured illustrations under the able editorship of Don -Francisco del Paso y Troncoso. Señor Troncoso’s qualifications for the -task are too well known to all Americanists to need any comment, but all -those interested in the subject will join in hearty congratulations to -the most distinguished of Nahua scholars and rejoice to hear that his -long and laborious task is almost completed and that a great part of the -work has already gone to press. - -TORQUEMADA, Fr. Juan de.—Little is known about the life of Torquemada -beyond the bare facts that he came to Mexico as a child, became a -Franciscan monk in 1583 when he was eighteen or twenty years old, and -that he died in the year 1624. He probably finished the ‘Monarquia -Indiana’ in 1612, and it was published in Seville in 1615. Torquemada -knew Padre Sahagun personally and had access to his manuscripts. - -DURAN, Fr. Diego.—Very little is known about Padre Duran. He was -probably a half-caste, born in Mexico about 1538. He became a monk of -the Order of St. Dominic about 1578 and died in 1588. - -His work entitled ‘Historia de las Indias de Nueva Espana y Islas de -Tierra Firme’ exists in MS. in the National Library in Madrid. The MS. -is illustrated by a number of illuminated drawings which Don José -Ramíres, who published the text in Mexico in 1867, reproduced as a -separate atlas without colour. Señor Ramíres expresses the opinion that -the work “is a history essentially Mexican, with a Spanish physiognomy. -Padre Duran took as the foundation and plan of his work an ancient -historical summary which had evidently been originally written by a -Mexican Indian.” - -TEZOZOMOC, Don Hernando Alvaro.—Hardly anything is known about -Tezozomoc. He is believed to have been of Royal Mexican descent, and he -wrote the ‘Cronica Mexicana’ at the end of the 16th Century, probably -about 1598. - -IXTLILXOCHITL.—A fragment of a Codex, known as the ‘Codice Goupil,’ is -published in the ‘Catalogo Boban,’ ii. 35, containing a picture of the -great Teocalli with a description written in Spanish. The handwriting is -said by Leon y Gama to be that of Ixtlilxochitl. - -Don Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl was born in 1568 and was descended -from the royal families of Texcoco and Tenochtitlan. He was educated in -the College of Sta. Cruz and was the author of the history of the -Chichamecs. He died in 1648 or 1649. - -The ‘Codice Goupil’ was probably a translation into Spanish of an -earlier Aztec text. - -The picture of the great Teocalli is given on Plate D. - - * * * * * - -The positions of the Palace of Montezuma, the Palace of Tlillancalqui, -the Cuicacalli or Dance House, and the old Palace of Montezuma have been -defined by various writers and are now generally accepted. - -The principal difficulty arises in defining the area of the Temple -Enclosure and the position and orientation of the Teocalli of -Huitzilopochtli. - - - THE TEMPLE ENCLOSURE. - -The Temple Enclosure was surrounded by a high masonry wall (Anon., -Torq., Moto.) known as the Coatenamitl or Serpent Wall, which some say -was embattled (Torq. quoting Sahagun, Moto.). There were four principal -openings (Anon., Torq., Moto., Duran) facing the principal streets or -causeways (Torq., Moto., Duran). (Tezozomoc alone says there were only -three openings—east, west and south—and three only are shown on -Sahagun’s plan.) “It was about 200 _brazas_ square” (Sahagun), _i. e._ -about 1013 English feet square. However, Sahagun’s plan (Plate C) shows -an oblong. - -As the four openings faced the principal streets or causeways, the -prolongation of the line of the causeways of Tacuba and Iztapalapa must -have intersected within the Temple Enclosure. This intersection -coincides with junction of the modern streets of Escalerillas, Relox, -Sta. Teresa, and Seminario (see Plate A). - -We have now to consider the boundaries of the Temple Enclosure, and this -can best be done by establishing the positions of the Temple of -Tezcatlipoca and the Palace of Axayacatl. - - -=The Temple of Tezcatlipoca.= (Tracing A_{2}.) - -(DURAN, ch. lxxxiii.) - -“This Temple was built on the site (afterwards) occupied by the -Archbishop’s Palace, and if anyone who enters it will take careful -notice he will see that it is all built on a terrace without any lower -windows, but the ground floor (primer suelo) all solid.” - -This building is also mentioned in the 2nd Dialogue of Cervantes -Salazar[1], where, in reply to a question, Zuazo says:—“It is the -Archbishop’s Palace, and you must admire that first story (primer piso) -adorned with iron railings which, standing at such a height above the -ground, rests until reaching the windows on a firm and solid -foundation.” To this Alfaro replies:—“It could not be demolished by -Mines.” - -The Arzobispado, which still occupies the same site in the street of -that name, must therefore have been originally built on the solid -foundation formed by the base of the Teocalli of Tezcatlipoca. - - -=The Palace of Axayacatl.= (Tracing A_{2}.) - - (‘Descripción de las dos Piedras, etc.,’ 1790, by Don ANTONIO DE LEON - Y GAMA. Bustamante, Edition ii. p. 35.) - -“In these houses of the family property of the family called Mota[2], in -the street of the Indio Triste.... These houses were built in the 16th -century on a part of the site occupied by the great Palace of the King -Axayacatl, where the Spaniards were lodged when first they entered -Mexico, which was contiguous (estaba inmediato) with the wall that -enclosed the great Temple.” - -Don Carlos M. de Bustamante adds in a footnote to this -passage:—“Fronting these same buildings, behind the convent of Santa -Teresa la Antigua, an image of Our Lady of Guadalupe was worshipped, -which was placed in that position to perpetuate the memory that here -mass was first celebrated in Mexico, in the block (cuadra) where stood -the gate of the quarters of the Spaniards.... This fact was often -related to me by my deceased friend, Don Francisco Sedano, one of the -best antiquarians Mexico has known.” - - (GARCÍA ICAZBALCETA, note to 2nd Dialogue of Cervantes Salazar, p. - 185.) - -“The Palace of Axayacatl, which served as a lodging or quarters for the -Spaniards, stood in the Calle de Sta. Teresa and the 2a Calle del Indio -Triste.” - -So far as I can ascertain, no eye-witness or early historian describes -the position of the Palace of Axayacatl, but tradition and a consensus -of later writers place it outside the Temple Enclosure to the north of -the Calle de Sta. Teresa and to the west of the 2a Calle del Indio -Triste. No northern boundary is given. - -Taking the point A in the line of the Calle de Tacuba as the -hypothetical site of the middle of the entrance in the Eastern wall of -the Temple Enclosure and drawing a line A-B to the Eastern end of the C. -de Arzobispado, we get a distance of about 450 feet; extend this line in -a northerly direction for 450 feet to the point C, and the line B-C may -be taken as the Eastern limit of the Temple Enclosure. - -The Northern and Southern entrance to the Enclosure must have been at D -and E, that is in the line of the Calle de Iztapalapa. - -Extending the line B-E twice its own length in a westerly direction -brings us to the South end of the Empedradillo at the point F. - -Completing the Enclosure we find the Western entrance at G in the line -of the Calle de Tacuba and the north-west corner at H. - -This delimitation of the Temple Enclosure gives a parallelogram -measuring roughly 900′ × 1050′, not at all too large to hold the -buildings it is said to have contained, and not far from Sahagun’s -_doscientos brazas en cuadro_ (1012′ × 1012′). - -It divides the Enclosure longitudinally into two equal halves, which is -on the side of probability. - -It leaves two-thirds of the Enclosure to the West and one-third to the -East of the line of the Calle de Iztapalapa[3]. - -It includes the site of the Temple of Tezcatlipoca. - -It agrees with the generally accepted position of the Palace of -Axayacatl and of the Aviary. - -It includes the site of the Teocalli, the base of which was discovered -at No. 8, 1^{ra} Calle de Relox y Cordobanes. - -It will now be seen how closely this agrees with the description given -by Don Lucas Alaman, one of the best modern authorities on the -topography of the City. - - (Disertaciones, by Don LUCAS ALAMAN, 1844. Octava Disertacion, vol. - ii. p. 246.) - -“We must now fix the site occupied by the famous Temple of -Huichilopochtli[4]. As I have stated above, on the Southern side it -formed the continuation of the line from the side walk (acera) of the -Arzobispado towards the Alcaiceria touching the front of the present -Cathedral. On the West it ran fronting the old Palace of Montezuma, with -the street now called the Calle del Empedradillo (and formerly called -the Plazuela del Marques del Valle) between them, but on the East and -North it extended far beyond the square formed by the Cathedral and -Seminario, and in the first of these directions reached the Calle -Cerrada de Sta. Teresa, and followed the direction of this last until it -met that of the Ensenanza now the Calle Cordobanes and the Montealegre.” - - - THE GREAT TEOCALLI OF HUITZILOPOCHTLI. - -The general description of the ancient City by eye-witnesses does not -enable us to locate the position of the great Teocalli with exactness, -but further information can be gained by examining the allotment of -Solares or City lots to the Conquerors who took up their residence in -Mexico and to religious establishments; these allotments can in some -instances be traced through the recorded Acts of the Municipality. - - (7th Disertacion, p. 140. Don LUCAS ALAMAN.) (Tracing A_{1}.) - -“From the indisputable testimony of the Acts of the Municipality and -much other corroborative evidence one can see that the site of the -original foundation (the Monastery) of San Francisco was in the Calle de -Sta. Teresa on the side walk which faces South. - -“At the meeting of the Municipality of 2nd May, 1525, there was granted -to Alonzo de Ávila a portion of the Solar between his house and _the -Monastery of San Francisco in this City_. This house of Alonzo de Ávila -stood in the Calle de Relox at the corner of the Calle de Sta. Teresa -(where now stands the druggist’s shop of Cervantes and Co.), and this is -certain as it is the same house which was ordered to be demolished and -[the site] sown with salt, as a mark of infamy, when the sons of Alonzo -de Ávila were condemned to death for complicity in the conspiracy -attributed to D. Martin Cortés. By the decree of the 1st June, 1574, -addressed to the Viceroy, Don Martin Enríquez, he was permitted to found -schools on this same site, with a command that the pillar and -inscription relating to the Ávilas which was within the same plot, -should be placed outside ‘in a place where it could be more open and -exposed.’ As the schools were not built on this site, the University -sold it on a quit rent (which it still enjoys) to the Convent of Sta. -Isabel, to which the two houses Nos. 1 and 2 of the 1st Calle de Relox -belong, which are the said druggist’s shop and the house adjoining it, -which occupy the site where the house of Alonzo de Ávila stood. - -“In addition to this, by the titles of a house in the Calle de -Montealegre belonging to the convent of San Jeronimo which the Padre -Pichardo examined, it is certain that Bernadino de Albornoz, doubtless -the son of the Accountant Rodrigo de Albornoz, was the owner of the -houses which followed the house of Alonzo de Ávila in the Calle de Sta. -Teresa; and by the act of the Cabildo of the 31st Jan., 1529, it results -that this house of Albornoz was built on the land where stood the old -San Francisco, which the Municipality considered itself authorised to -dispose of as waste land.” - - (DURAN, vol. ii. ch. lxxx.) - -“The Idol Huitzilopochtli which we are describing ... had its site in -the houses of Alonzo de Ávila, which is now a rubbish heap.” - - (ALAMAN, Octava Disertacion, p. 246.) - -“One can cite what is recorded in the books of the Acts of the -Municipality in the Session of 22nd February, 1527, on which day, on the -petition of Gil González de Benavides, the said Señores (the Licenciate -Marcos de Aguilar, who at that time ruled it, and the members who were -present at the meeting) granted him one solar [city lot] situated in -this city bordering on the solar and houses of his brother Alonzo de -Ávila, which is (en la tercia parte donde estaba el Huichilobos) in the -third portion where Huichilobos[5] stood. It was shown in the 7th -Dissertation that these houses of Alonzo de Ávila were the two first in -the Ira Calle de Relox, turning the corner of the Calle de Sta. Teresa, -and consequently that the solar that was given to Gil González de -Benavides was the next one in the Calle de Relox, for the next house in -the Calle de Sta. Teresa was that of the Accountant Albornoz. This -opinion agrees with that of Padre Pichardo, who made such a lengthy -study of the subject, and who was able to examine the ancient titles of -many properties.” - - In a note to the 2nd Dialogue of Cervantes Salazar, Don J. GARCIA - ICAZBALCETA discusses the position of the original Cathedral and - quotes a decree of the Cabildo, dated 8th Feb., 1527, allotting - certain sites as follows:— - -“The said Señores [here follow the names of those present] declare that -inasmuch as in time past when the Factor and Veedor were called -Governors of New Spain they allotted certain Solares within this City, -_which Solares are facing Huichilobos_ (son frontero del Huichilobos), -which Solares (because the Lord Governor on his arrival together with -the Municipality reclaimed them, and allotted them to no one for -distribution) are vacant and are [suitable] for building and enclosure; -and inasmuch as the aforesaid is prejudicial to the ennoblement of this -city, and because their occupation would add to its dignity, they make a -grant of the said space of Solares, allotting in the first place ten -Solares for the church and churchyard, and for outbuildings in the -following manner:—Firstly they say that they constitute as a plaza (in -addition to the plaza in front of the new houses of the Lord Governor), -the site and space which is unoccupied in front of the corridors of the -other houses of the Governor where they are used to tilt with reeds, to -remain the same size that it is at present. - -“At the petition of Cristóbal Flores, Alcalde, the said Señores grant to -him in this situation the Solar which is at the corner, fronting the -houses of Hernando Alonzo Herrero and the high roads, which (Solar) they -state it is their pleasure to grant to him. - -“To Alonzo de Villanueva another Solar contiguous to that of the said -Cristóbal Flores, in front of the Solar of the Padre Luis Méndez, the -high road between them, etc.” - -(Here follow the other grants.) - - * * * * * - -“Then the said Señores ... assign as a street for the exit and service -of the said Solares ... a space of 14 feet, which street must pass -between the Solar of Alonzo de Villanueva and that of Luis de la Torre -and pass through to the site of the Church, on one side being the Solar -of Juan de la Torre, and on the other the Solar of Gonzalo de Alvarado.” - -In the same note Icazbalceta discusses the measurements of the Solares, -which appear to have varied between 141 × 141 Spanish feet (= 130 ¾′ × -130¾′ English) and 150 × 150 Spanish feet (= 139′ × 139′ English), which -latter measurement was established by an Act of the Cabildo in Feb. -1537. He also printed with the note a plan of what he considered to be -the position of the Solares dealt with in this Act of Cabildo. This plan -is incorporated in Tracing A_{1}. - -Plate C is a copy of a plan of the Temple Enclosure found with a Sahagun -MS., preserved in the Library of the Royal Palace at Madrid and -published by Dr. E. Seler in his pamphlet entitled ‘Die Ausgrabungen am -Orte des Haupttempels in Mexico’ (1904). - -We know from Cortés’s own account, confirmed by Gomara, that the Great -Teocalli was so close to the quarters of the Spaniards that the Mexicans -were able to discharge missiles from the Teocalli into the Spanish -quarters, and according to Sahagun’s account the Mexicans hauled two -stout beams to the top of the Teocalli in order to hurl them against the -Palace of Axayacatl so as to force an entrance. It was on this account -Cortés made such a determined attack on the Teocalli and cleared it of -the enemy. - -We also know from the Acts of the Cabildo that the group of Solares -beginning with that of Cristóbal Flores (Nos. 1–9) are described as -“frontero del Huichilobos,” _i. e._ opposite (the Teocalli of) -Huichilobos, and we also learn that the Solar of Alonzo de Avila was “en -la tercia parte donde estaba el Huichilobos,” _i. e._ in the third part -or portion where (the Teocalli of) Huichilobos stood. Alaman confesses -that he cannot understand this last expression, but I venture to suggest -that as the Temple Enclosure was divided unevenly by the line of the -Calle de Iztapalapa, two-thirds lying to the West of that line and -one-third to the East of it, the expression implies that the Teocalli -was situated in the Eastern third of the Enclosure. This would bring it -sufficiently near to the Palace of Axayacatl for the Mexicans to have -been able to discharge missiles into the quarters of the Spaniards. It -would also occupy the site of the Solar de Alonzo de Avila, and might be -considered to face the Solar of Cristóbal Flores and his neighbours, and -we should naturally expect to find it in line with the Calle de Tacuba. -Sahagun’s plan is not marked with the points of the compass, but if we -should give it the same orientation as Tracing A_{2}, the Great Teocalli -falls fairly into its place. - -Measurements of the Great Teocalli. - -There were two values to the Braza or Fathom in old Spanish measures, -one was the equivalent of 65·749 English inches, and the other and more -ancient was the equivalent of 66·768 English inches. In computing the -following measurements I have used the latter scale:— - - Spanish. English. - 1 foot = 11·128 inches. - 3 feet = 1 vara = 33·384 „ = 2·782 feet. - 2 varas = 1 Braza = 66·768 „ = 5·564 „ - -The Pace is reckoned as equal to 2·5 English feet and the Ell mentioned -by Tezozomoc as the Flemish Ell = 27·97 English inches or 2·33 English -feet. - -There is a general agreement that the Teocalli was a solid quadrangular -edifice in the form of a truncated step pyramid. - -The dimensions of the Ground plan are given as follows:— - - Spanish Measure. English feet. - - ANONIMO 150 × 120 paces = 375 × 300 - - TORQUEMADA 360 × 360 feet = 333·84 × - 333·84 - - GOMARA 50 × 50 Brazas = 278·2 × 278·2 - - TEZOZOMOC 125 Ells (one side) = 291·248 - - BERNAL DÍAZ = six large Solares measuring 150 × 150 = 341 × 341 - feet each, which would give a square of about - - IXLILXOCHITL 80 Brazas = 445[6] - - Motolinea says the Teocalli at Tenayoca measured 40 × =222·56 × - 40 Brazas 222·56 - -The measurements are rather vague. The Anonymous Conqueror’s -measurements may refer to the Teocalli at Tlatelolco and the length may -have included the Apetlac or forecourt. Torquemada may be suspected of -exaggeration. Tezozomoc was not an eye-witness and Bernal Díaz’s -estimate of six large Solares is only an approximation. - -In Tracing A_{2} I have taken 300 × 300 English feet as the measurement -of the base of the Teocalli. - - -Orientation of the Great Teocalli. - - SAHAGUN Facing the West. - - TORQUEMADA Its back to the East, “_which is the practice the large - Temples ought to follow_.” - - MOTOLINEA The ascent and steps are on the West side. - - TEZOZOMOC The principal face looked South. - - IXTLILXOCHITL Facing the West. - -I think the evidence of Sahagun, Torquemada, Motolinia, and -Ixtlilxochitl must be accepted as outweighing that of Tezozomoc, who -also says that the pyramidal foundation was ascended by steps on three -sides, a statement that is not supported by any other authority and -which received no confirmation from the description of the attack on the -Teocalli as given by Cortés and Bernal Díaz. - - -THE STAIRWAY. - - SAHAGUN says “it was ascended by steps very narrow and straight.” - ANONIMO (Tlaltelolco ?)—120–130 steps on one side only. - IXTLILXOCHITL—160 steps. - BERNAL DÍAZ (Tlaltelolco ?)—114 steps. - CORTÉS—over 100 steps. - TORQUEMADA—113 steps on the West side only. - MOTOLINIA—over 100 steps on the West side. - DURAN—120 steps on the West side. - -Torquemada says that the steps were each one foot high, and Duran -describes the difficulty of raising the image and litter of the God from -the ground to the platform on the top of the Teocalli owing to the -steepness of the steps and the narrowness of the tread. - - -=The sides and back of the Teocalli= were in the form of great steps. - - CORTÉS says that there were 3 or 4 ledges or passages one pace wide. - BERNAL DÍAZ—5 recesses (concavidades). - -Both the pictures show four ledges. - -The Anonymous Conqueror gives the width of the ledges as two paces. - -The height of the wall between each ledge is given as follows:— - - CORTÉS—the height of three men = say 16′. - ANONIMO—the height of two men = say 10′ 8″. - MOTOLINIA—1½ to 2 Brazas = say 11′. - -The size of the platform on the top of the Teocalli cannot be decided -from the written records. Torquemada says that there was ample room for -the Priests of the Idols to carry out their functions unimpeded and -thoroughly, yet in an earlier paragraph he appears to limit the width to -a little more than seventy feet. Possibly this measurement of seventy -feet is meant to apply to a forecourt of the two sanctuaries. - -Motolinia gives the measurement of the base of the Teocalli at Tenayoca -as 222½′ × 222½′ (English), and the summit platform as about 192′ × 192′ -(English). Applying the same proportion to a Teocalli measuring 300′ × -300′ at the base, the summit platform would measure about 259′ × 259′. - -Duran says “in front of the two chambers where these Gods -(Huitzilopochtli and Tlaloc) stood there was a Patio forty feet square -cemented over and very smooth, in the middle of which and fronting the -two chambers was a somewhat sharp pointed green stone about waist high, -of such a height that when a man was thrown on his back on the top of it -his body would bend back over it. On this stone they sacrificed men in -the way we shall see in another place.” - -Ixtlilxochitl gives a similar description but, says the sacrificial -stone was on one side towards (hacia) the doorway of the larger chamber -of Huitzilopochtli. - - -=The Oratories of Huitzilopochtli= and =Thaloc=. - -Motolinia, Torquemada, Ixtlilxochitl, and Gomara agree in placing the -two oratories or shrines on the extreme eastern edge of the platform, so -that there was only just room for a man to pass round them on the east -side. The two oratories were separate one from the other, each being -enclosed within its own walls with a doorway towards the west. The -oratory of Huitzilopochtli was the larger of the two and stood to the -south. The oratory of Tlaloc stood to the north. No measurements are -given of the area covered by these two oratories, but there is no -suggestion that they were large buildings[7] except in height. The roof -and probably the upper stages were made of wood (Torquemada), and we -know that they were burnt during the siege. - -HEIGHT:— - - ANONIMO—“Ten or twelve men’s bodies.” - TORQUEMADA—“Each in three stories, each story of great height.” - MOTOLINIA—“The Great Temples had three stories above the altars, all - terraced and of considerable height.” - -Ixtlilxochitl gives the height of the great Teocalli as over -twenty-seven brazas (150′). If this means the height from the ground to -the top of the Oratory of Huitzilopochtli it would very nearly agree -with the height given on the hypothetical section on Plate B. - -In the description of the map of the city published in 1524 [see -‘Conquest of New Spain,’ vol. iii. (Hakluyt Society)] I called attention -to the “full human face probably representing the Sun” between the -Oratories of the Teocalli of Huitzilopochtli. The map is, I believe, in -error in placing the Teocalli on the west side of the Temple Enclosure, -but that the full human face is intended to represent the sun is -confirmed by the following passage from Motolinia[8]:— - - “Tlacaxipenalistli.—This festival takes place when the sun stood in - the middle of Huichilobos, _which was at the Equinox_, and because - it was a little out of the straight[9] Montezuma wished to pull it - down and set it right.” - -[Illustration] - -The map of 1524 was probably drawn from a description given by one of -the Conquistadores, and if we turn to the pages of Gomara, an author who -was never in Mexico and who wrote only from hearsay, it is easy to see -how such a mistake in orientation arose. - - GOMARA, Historia General de las Indias—Conquista de Mejico. (El Templo - de Mejico.) - -“This temple occupies a square, from corner to corner the length of a -crossbow shot. The stone wall has four gateways corresponding to the -four principal streets.... In the middle of this space is an edifice of -earth and massive stone four square like the court, and of the breadth -of fifty fathoms from corner to corner. On the west side there are no -terraces but 113 or 114 steps leading up to the top. _All the people of -the city[10] look and pray towards the sunrise_ and on this account they -build their large temples in this manner.... In addition to this tower -with its chapels placed on the top of the pyramid, there were forty or -more other towers great and small on other smaller Teocallis standing in -the same enclosure (circuito) as this great one, and although they were -of the same form, _they did not look to the east_ but to other parts of -the heaven, to differentiate them from the Great Temple. Some were -larger than others, and each one (dedicated) to a different god.” - -The confusion of thought between a temple that faced the east and a -temple where the worshippers faced the east is evident. - -There can be little doubt that the steps of the Great Teocalli were on -the west side, that the Oratories of Huitzilopochtli and Taloc were on -the east side of the summit platform, and that their doorways faced the -west. _The priest and worshippers faced the east to watch the sunrise at -the equinox in the narrow space between the two oratories_, and because -the alignment was not quite correct Montezuma wished to pull down the -oratories and rebuild them. - -Following from this, it appears to me that Duran was probably not far -from correct in placing the great green sacrificial stone “fronting the -_two_ chambers,” but that Ixtlilxochitl was still more accurate in -placing it towards (hacia) the doorway of the sanctuary of -Huitzilopochtli. The heart of the human victim would be torn out and -held up to the rising sun from the spot where the priest stood to -observe the sunrise. - -It will at once be urged against this solution of the difficulties -attending the orientation of the Great Teocalli that the plan and -tracings locate the Teocalli eight degrees from the east and west line, -and that, therefore, my explanation fails. To this I can only reply that -I plotted the measurements, taking the east and west line of the Calle -de Tacuba from the modern map as a datum, and this may vary slightly -from the ancient line of the street. Then I have observed in Maya -temples that sometimes the shrines stand slightly askew from the base: -this is clearly noticeable at Chichén Itzá. If the error of 8° were -divided between the lines of the Temple enclosure, the base of the -Teocalli, and the sides of the oratories, the difference would not -easily be perceptible. - -Moreover, we cannot now ascertain the exact spot from which the -observation was made nor the distance between the two sanctuaries. If, -as Ixtlilxochitl states, it was towards the doorway of the sanctuary of -Huitzilopochtli and not between the two sanctuaries as is stated by -Duran, then the error would be reduced. - - - RECENT EXCAVATIONS. - -We have now to consider the position of the Great Teocalli in relation -to the excavations made in the Calle de las Escallerillas when pipes -were being laid for the drainage of the city in the year 1900. These -excavations were watched on behalf of the Government by Señor Don -Leopoldo Batres, Inspector General of Archæological Monuments, who -published an account of his researches in 1902, with a plan showing the -position and depth below the surface at which objects of archæological -interest were discovered. Unfortunately Señor Batres was already fully -convinced that the Great Teocalli faced the south and occupied more or -less the position of the present Cathedral. - -At a spot marked _a_, in Tracing A_{2}, 38 metres from the east end of -the Escalerillas, Señor Batres discovered a stairway of four masonry -steps which he states measured each 29 cm. in the rise and 22 cm. in the -tread, but unfortunately beyond this statement he gives no information -whatever regarding them. However, I presume that the steps followed the -same direction as a stairway of nine steps which he had previously -described and which will be alluded to immediately. _These three steps I -have taken to be the central stairway leading to the forecourt or -apetlac of the Great Teocalli._ - -Señor Batres had already noted a stairway of nine steps, marked _b_ in -Tracing A_{2}, each measuring 22 cm. in rise and 26 cm. in tread. This -stairway was 2 metres wide and faced the west. The stairway was -apparently joined at one or both sides to a sloping wall[11]. Embedded -in the débris which covered these steps was found an idol of green stone -measuring 75 cms. in height and 61 cms. in diameter. The idol is now -preserved in the National Museum. - -I take the foot of this stairway of nine steps to have been in line with -the great stairway of the Teocalli, and it may have been part of the -great stairway itself; however, a stairway only two metres wide is not -likely to be the beginning of what must have been the principal approach -to the Teocalli, and I can only suggest that it may have been a stairway -leading to a niche which held the idol of green stone and that the great -stairways passed on either side of it. An idol in a somewhat similar -position can be seen on the Hieroglyphic Stairway at Copan. - - THE ANONYMOUS CONQUEROR. A Description written by a Companion of - Hernando Cortés. - - XIV. _What these Towers are like._ - -They build a square tower one hundred and fifty paces, or rather more, -in length, and one hundred and fifteen or one hundred in breadth. The -foundation of this building is solid; when it reaches the height of two -men, a passage is left two paces wide on three sides, and on one of the -long sides steps are made until the height of two more men is reached, -and the edifice is throughout solidly built of masonry. Here, again, on -three sides they leave the passage two paces wide, and on the other side -they build the steps, and in this way it rises to such a height that the -steps total one hundred and twenty or one hundred and thirty. - -There is a fair-sized plaza on the top and from the middle [of it] arise -two other towers which reach the height of ten or twelve men’s bodies -and these have windows above. Within these tall towers stand the Idols -in regular order and well adorned, and the whole house highly decorated. -No one but their high priest was allowed to enter where the principal -God was kept, and this god had distinct names in different provinces; -for in the great city of Mexico he was called Horchilobos -(Huitzilopochtli), and in another city named Chuennila (Cholula) he was -called Quecadquaal (Quetzalcoatl), and so on in the others. - -Whenever they celebrated the festivals of their Idols, they sacrificed -many men and women, boys and girls; and when they suffered some -privation, such as drought or excess of rain, or found themselves hard -pressed by their enemies, or suffered any other calamity, then they made -these sacrifices in the following manner.... - - XXI. _About their Temples and Mosques._ - -They have in this great city very great mosques or temples in which they -worship and offer sacrifices to their Idols; but the Chief Mosque was a -marvellous thing to behold, it was as large as a city. It was surrounded -by a high masonry wall and had four principal doorways. - - FRAY TORIBIO BENAVENTE or MOTOLINIA, Historia de los Indios de Nueva - España, Treatise No. I. Ch. XII. - -There have never been seen or heard of before such temples as those of -this land of Anahuac or New Spain, neither for size and design nor for -anything else; and as they rise to a great height they must needs have -strong foundations; and there was an endless number of such temples and -altars in this country, about which a note is here made so that those -who may come to this country from now onwards may know about them, for -the memory of them all has already almost perished. - -These temples are called Teocallis, and throughout the land we find that -in the principal part of the town a great rectangular court is -constructed; in the large towns they measured from corner to corner the -length of a crossbow shot, in the lesser towns the courts are smaller. - -This courtyard they surround with a wall and many of the walls are -embattled; their gateways dominate the principal streets and roads, for -they are all made to converge towards the court; and so as to give -greater honour to their temples they lay out the roads very straight -with rope line for a distance of one or two leagues, and it is a thing -worth seeing from the top of the principal temple, how straight all the -roads come from all the lesser towns and suburbs and converge towards -the Court of the Teocallis. - -In the most conspicuous place in this court would stand a great -rectangular block (cepa). So as to write this description I measured one -in a moderate-sized town named Tenanyocan [Tenayoca] and found that it -measured forty fathoms from corner to corner all built up with a solid -wall, on the outside the wall was of stone, and the inside was filled up -with stone only or with clay and adobe; others were built of earth well -tamped. - -As the structure rose it contracted towards the centre and at the height -of a fathom and a half or two fathoms there were some ledges going -inwards, for they did not build it in a straight line, and the thick -foundation was always worked towards the centre so as to give it -strength and as the wall rose it got narrower; so that when it got to -the top of the Teocalli it had narrowed and contracted itself seven or -eight fathoms on each side, both by the ledges and the wall leaving the -foundation [mound] on the top thirty-four or thirty-five fathoms. - -_On the west side were the steps and ascent_, and above on the top they -constructed two great altars, placing them towards the east side, so -that there was no more space left behind them than was sufficient to -enable one to walk round them. One altar was to the right and the other -to the left. Each one stood by itself with its own walls and hood-like -roof. In the great Teocallis there were two altars, in the others only -one, and each one of these altars[12] had upper stories; the great ones -had three stories above the altars, all terraced and of considerable -height, and the building (cepa) itself was very lofty, so that it could -be seen from afar off. - -One could walk round each of these chapels and each had its separate -walls. In front of these altars a large space was left where they made -their sacrifices, and the building (cepa) itself had the height of a -great tower, without [counting] the stories that covered the altars. - -According to what some people who saw it have told me, the Teocalli of -Mexico had more than a hundred steps; I have seen them myself and have -counted them more than once, but I do not remember [the number]. The -Teocalli of Texcoco had five or six steps more than that of Mexico. If -one were to ascend to the top of the chapel of San Francisco in Mexico, -which has an arched roof and is of considerable height, and look over -Mexico, the temple of the devil would have a great advantage in height, -and it was a wonderful sight to view from it the whole of Mexico and the -towns in the neighbourhood. - -In similar courts in the principal towns there were twelve or fifteen -other Teocallis of considerable size, some larger than others, but far -from as large as the principal Teocalli. - -Some of them had their fronts and steps towards others[13], others to -the East, again others to the South, but none of them had more than one -altar with its chapel, and each one had its halls and apartments where -the Tlamacazques or Ministers dwelt, who were numerous, and those who -were employed to bring water and firewood, for in front of each altar -there were braziers which burnt all night long, and in the halls also -there were fires. All these Teocallis were very white, burnished and -clean, and in some of them [the temple enclosures] were small gardens -with trees and flowers. - -There was in almost all these large courts another temple, which, after -its square foundation had been raised and the altar built, was enclosed -with a high circular wall and covered with its dome. This was [the -temple] of the God of the Air, who was said to have his principal seat -in Cholula, and in all this province there were many of them. - -This God of the Air they called in their language Quetzalcoatl, and they -said that he was the son of that God of the great statue and a native of -Tollan [Tula], and thence he had gone out to instruct certain provinces -whence he disappeared, and they still hoped that he would return. When -the ships of the Marqués del Valle, Don Hernando Cortés (who conquered -this New Spain), appeared, when they saw them approaching from afar off -under sail, they said that at last their God was coming, and on account -of the tall white sails they said that he was bringing Teocallis across -the sea. However, when they [the Spaniards] afterwards disembarked, they -said it was not their God, but that they were many Gods. - -The Devil was not contented with the Teocallis already described, but in -every town and in each suburb, at a quarter of a league apart, they had -other small courts where there were three or four small Teocallis, in -some of them more, and in others only one, and on every rock or hillock -one or two, and along the roads and among the maize fields there were -many other small ones, and all of them were covered with plaster and -white, so that they showed up and bulked large, and in the thickly -peopled country it appeared as though it was all full of houses, -especially of the Courts of the Devil, which were wonderful to behold, -and there was much to be seen when one entered into them, and the most -important, above all others, were those of Texcoco and Mexico. - - SAHAGUN, FR. BERNADINO DE (Bustmamante Edition), p. 194. Report of the - Mexicans about their God Vitzilopuchtli. [Huitzilopochtli, - Huichilobos.] - -The Mexicans celebrate three festivals to Vitzilopuchtli every year, the -first of them in the month named Panquetzaliztli. During this festival -[dedicated] to him and others, named Tlacavepancuexcotzin, they ascend -to the top of the Cue, and they make life-size images out of tzoalli: -when these are completed, all the youths of Telpuchcalli carry them on -their hands to the top of the Cue. They make a statue of Vitzilopuchtli -in the district [barrio] named Itepeioc[A]. The statue of -Tlacavepancuexcotzin was made in that of Vitznaoao[14]. They first -prepare the dough and afterwards pass all the night in making the -statues of it. - -After making the images of the dough, they worshipped them as soon as it -was dawn and made offerings to them during the greater part of the day, -and towards evening they began ceremonies and dances with which they -carried them to the Cue, and at sunset they ascended to the top of it. - -After the images were placed in position, they all came down again at -once, except the guardians [named] Yiopuch. - -As soon as dawn came the God named Paynal, who was the Vicar of -Vitzilopuchtli, came down from the lofty Cu, and one of the priests, -clad in the rich vestments of Quetzalcoatl, carried this God -(Vitzilopuchtli) in his hands, as in a procession, and the image of -Paynal (which was carved in wood and, as has already been stated, was -richly adorned) was also brought down. - -In this latter festival there went in front of [the image] a -mace-bearer, who carried on his shoulder a sceptre in the shape of a -huge snake, covered all over with a mosaic of turquoise. - -When the Chieftain arrived with the image at a place named Teutlachco, -which is the game of Ball [that is at the Tlachtli court], which is -inside the Temple courtyard, they killed two slaves in front of him, who -were the images [representatives] of the Gods named Amapantzitzin, and -many other captives. There the procession started and went direct to -Tlaltelulco. - -Many Chieftains and people came out to receive it, and they burned -incense to them [the images] and decapitated many quails before them. - -Thence they went directly to a place named Popotla, which is near to -Tacuba, where now the church of S. Esteban stands, and they gave it -another reception like that mentioned above. They carried in front of -the procession all the way a banner made of paper like a fly-whisk, all -full of holes, and in the holes bunches of feathers, in the same way as -a cross is carried in front of a procession. Thence they came direct to -the Cu of Vitzilopuchtli, and with the banner they performed another -ceremony as above stated in this festival. - - - Account of the Buildings of the Great Temple of Mexico. - -The court of this Temple was very large, almost two hundred fathoms -square; it was all paved, and had within it many buildings and towers. -Some of these were more lofty than others, and each one of them was -dedicated to a God. - -The principal tower of all was in the middle and was higher than -the others, and was dedicated to the God Vitzilopuchtli -Tlacavepancuexcotzin. - -This tower was divided in the upper part, so that it looked like two, -and had two chapels or altars on the top, each one covered by its dome -(chapitel) and each one of them had on the summit its particular badges -or devices. In the principal one of them was the statue of -Vitzilopuchtli, also called Ilhuicatlxoxouhqui, and in the other the -image of the God Tlaloc. Before each one of these was a round stone like -a chopping-block, which they call Texcatl, where they killed those whom -they sacrificed in honour of that God, and from the stone towards the -ground below was a pool of blood from those killed on it; and so it was -on all the other towers; _these faced the West_, and one ascended by -very narrow straight steps to all these towers. - -(Sahagun mentions seventy-eight edifices in connection with the Great -Temple, but it is almost certain that these were not all within the -Temple enclosure.) - - SAHAGUN, Hist. de la Conquista, Book 12, Ch. XXII. - -They [the Mexicans] ascended a Cu, the one that was nearest to the royal -houses [_i. e._ of Axayacatl], and they carried up there two stout beams -so as to hurl them from that place on to the royal houses and beat them -down so as to force an entry. When the Spaniards observed this they -promptly ascended the Cu in regular formation, carrying their muskets -and crossbows, and they began the ascent very slowly, and shot with -their crossbows and muskets at those above them, a musketeer -accompanying each file and then a soldier with sword and shield, and -then a halberdier: in this order they continued to ascend the Cu, and -those above hurled the timbers down the steps, but they did no damage to -the Spaniards, who reached the summit of the Cu and began to wound and -kill those who were stationed on the top, and many of them flung -themselves down from the Cu: finally, all those [Mexicans] who had -ascended the Cu perished. - - HERNANDO CORTÉS, 2nd Letter. (The attack on the Great Teocalli.) - -We fought from morning until noon, when we returned with the utmost -sadness to our fortress. On account of this they [the enemy] gained such -courage that they came almost up to the doors, and they took possession -of the great Mosque[15], and about five hundred Indians, who appeared to -me to be persons of distinction, ascended the principal and most lofty -tower, and took up there a great store of bread and water and other -things to eat, and nearly all of them had very long lances with flint -heads, broader than ours and no less sharp. - -From that position they did much damage to the people in the fort, for -it was very close to it. The Spaniards attacked this said tower two or -three times and endeavoured to ascend it, but it was very lofty, and the -ascent was steep, for it had more than one hundred steps, and as those -on the top were well supplied with stones and other arms, and were -protected because we were unable to occupy the other terraces, every -time the Spaniards began the ascent they were rolled back again and many -were wounded. When those of the enemy who held other positions saw this, -they were so greatly encouraged they came after us up to the fort -without any fear. - -Then I (seeing that if they could continue to hold the tower, in -addition to the great damage they could do us from it, that it would -encourage them to attack us) set out from the fort, although maimed in -my left hand by a wound that was given me on the first day, and lashing -the shield to my arm, I went to the tower accompanied by some Spaniards -and had the base of it surrounded, for this was easily done, although -those surrounding it had no easy time, for on all sides they were -fighting with the enemy who came in great numbers to the assistance of -their comrades. I then began to ascend the stairway of the said tower -with some Spaniards supporting me, and although the enemy resisted our -ascent very stubbornly, so much so that they flung down three or four -Spaniards, with the aid of God and his Glorious Mother (for whose -habitation that tower had been chosen and her image placed in it), we -ascended the said tower and reaching the summit we fought them so -resolutely that they were forced to jump down to some terraces about a -pace in width which ran round the tower. Of these the said tower had -three or four, thrice a man’s height from one [terrace] to the other. - -Some fell down the whole distance [to the ground], and in addition to -the hurt they received from the fall, the Spaniards below who surrounded -the tower put them to death. Those who remained on the terraces fought -thence very stoutly, and it took us more than three hours to kill them -all, so that all died and none escaped ... and I set fire to the tower -and to the others which there were in the Mosque. - - JUAN DE TORQUEMADA, Monarchia Indiana, Vol. II. Book 8, Ch. XI. p. - 144. [Giving a description of the Great Temple.] - -This Temple was rebuilt and added to a second time; and was so large and -of such great extent, that it was more than a crossbow-shot square. - -It was all enclosed in masonry of well squared stone. - -There were in the square four gateways which opened to the four -principal streets, three of them by which the city was approached along -the causeways from the land, [the fourth] on the east in the direction -of the lake whence the City was entered by water. - -In the middle of this enormous square was the Temple which was like a -quadrangular tower (as we have already stated) built of masonry, large -and massive. - -This Temple (not counting the square within which it was built) measured -three hundred and sixty feet from corner to corner, and was pyramidal in -form and make, for the higher one ascended the narrower became the -edifice, the contractions being made at intervals so as to embellish it. - -On the top, where there was a pavement and small plaza rather more than -seventy feet wide, two very large altars had been built, one apart from -the other, set almost at the edge or border of the tower on the east -side, so that there was only just sufficient ground and space for a man -to walk [on the east side] without danger of falling down from the -building. - -These altars were five palms in height with their walls inlaid with -stone, all painted with figures according to the whim and taste of him -who ordered the painting to be done. Above the altars were the chapels -roofed with very well dressed and carved wood. - -Each of these chapels had three stories one above the other, and each -story or stage was of great height, so that each one of them [of the -chapels] if set on the ground (not on that tower, but on the ground -level whence the edifice sprang) would have made a very lofty and -sumptuous building, and for this reason the whole fabric of the Temple -was so lofty that its height compelled admiration. To behold, from the -summit of this temple, the city and its surroundings, with the lakes and -all the towns and cities that were built in it and on its banks, was a -matter of great pleasure and contentment. - -On the West side this building had no stages [contractions], but steps -by which one ascended to the level of the chapels, and the said steps -had a rise of one foot or more. The steps, or stairs, of this famous -temple numbered one hundred and thirteen, and all were of very well -dressed stone. - -From the last step at the summit of this Temple to the Altars and -entrance to the Chapels was a considerable space of ground, so that the -priests and ministers of the Idols could carry out their functions -unimpeded and thoroughly. - -On each of the two altars stood an Idol of great bulk, each one -representing the greatest God they possessed, which was Huitzilupuchtli -or by his other name Mexitli. - -Near and around this Great Temple there were more than forty lesser -ones, each one of them dedicated and erected to a God, and its tower and -shape narrowed up to the floor on which the Chapel and altar began to -arise, and it was not as large as the Great Temple, nor did it approach -it by far in size, and all these lesser Temples and towers were -associated with the Great Temple and tower which there was in this City. - -The difference between the Great Temple and the lesser ones was not in -the form and structure, for all were the same, but they differed in site -and position [orientation], for the Great Temple had its back to the -East, which is the practice the large temples ought to follow, as we -have noticed that the ancients assert, and their steps and entrance to -the West (as we are accustomed to place many of our Christian Churches), -so that they paid reverence in the direction of the sun as it rose, the -smaller temples looked in the other direction towards the East and to -other parts of the heaven [that is to] the North and South. - - * * * * * - -In order that my readers may not think that I speak heedlessly, and -without a limit to my figures, I wish to quote here the words of Padre -Fray Bernadino de Sahagun, a friar of my Order and one of those who -joined very early in the discovery of this New Spain in the year -twenty-nine [1529], who saw this and the other temples.... He says these -words:—“This Temple was enclosed on all sides by stone walls half as -high again as a man, all embattled and whitened. The ground of this -Temple was all paved, with very smooth flag stones (not dressed but -natural) as smooth and slippery as ice. There was much to be seen in the -buildings of this Temple; I made a picture of it in this City of Mexico, -and they took it to Spain for me, as a thing well worth beholding, and I -could not regain possession of it, nor paint it again, and although in -the painting it looks so fine, it was in reality much more so, and the -building was more beautiful. The principal shrine or chapel which it -possessed was dedicated to the God Huitzilupuchtli, and to another God -his companion named Tlacahuepancuezcotzin, and to another, of less -importance than the two, called Paynalton....” - -And he adds more, saying “the square was of such great circumference -that it included and contained within its area all the ground where the -Cathedral, the houses of the Marques del Valle[A], the Royal houses[16] -and the houses of the Archbishop have now been built, and a great part -of what is now the market place,” which seems incredible, so great is -the said area and space of ground. - -I remember to have seen, thirty-five years ago, a part of these -buildings in the Plaza, on the side of the Cathedral, which looked to me -like hills of stone and earth, which were being used up in the -foundations of God’s house and Cathedral which is being built now with -great splendour. - - PADRE FRAY DIEGO DURAN, Historia de los Indias de Nueva Espana, Vol. - II. Ch. LXXX. p. 82. - -Having heard what has been said about the decoration of the Idol, let us -hear what there is notable about the beauty of the Temples. I do not -wish to begin by relating the accounts given me by the Indians, but that -obtained by a monk who was among the first of the Conquerors who entered -the country, named Fray Francisco de Aguilar, a very venerable person -and one of great authority in the order of our Glorious Father Santo -Domingo, and from other conquerors of strict veracity and authority who -assured me that on the day when they entered the City of Mexico and -beheld the height and beauty of the Temples they believed them to be -turreted fortresses for the defence and ornament of the City, or that -they were palaces and royal houses with many towers and galleries, such -was their beauty and height which could be seen from afar off. - -It should be known that of the eight or nine temples which there were in -the City all stood close to one another within a great enclosure, inside -of which enclosure each one adjoined the other, but each had its own -steps and separate patio[17], as well as living rooms and sleeping -places for the Ministers of the temples, all of which occupied -considerable amount of space and ground. It was indeed a most beautiful -sight, for some were more lofty than the others, and some more -ornamental than others, some with an entrance to the East others to the -West, others to the North and others to the South, all plastered and -sculptured, and turreted with various kinds of battlements, painted with -animals and figures and fortified with huge and wide buttresses of -stone, and it beautified the city so greatly and gave it such an -appearance of splendour that one could do nothing but stare at it. - -However, as regards the Temple, especially [dedicated to] the Idol -[Huitzilopochtli] with which we are dealing, as it was that of the -principal God, it was the most sumptuous magnificent of them all. - -It had a very large wall round its special court, all built of great -stones carved to look like snakes, one holding on to the other, and -anyone who wishes to see these stones, let him go to the principal -Church of Mexico and there he will see them used as pedestals and bases -of the pillars. These stones which are now used there as pedestals -formed the wall of the Temple of Huitzilopochtli, and they called this -wall Coatepantli, which means wall of snakes. There was on the top of -the halls or oratories where the Idol stood a very elegant breastwork -covered with small black stones like jet, arranged with much order and -regularity, all the groundwork being of white and red plaster, which -shone wonderfully [when looked at] from below—on the top of this -breastwork were some very ornamental merlons carved in the shape of -shells. - -At the end of the abutments, which arose like steps a fathom high, there -were two seated Indians, in stone, with two torch-holders in their -hands, from which torch-holders emerged things like the arms of a cross, -ending in rich green and yellow feathers and long borders of the same. - -Inside this [the] court there were many chambers and lodgings for the -monks and nuns, as well as others on the summit for the priests and -ministers who performed the service of the Idol. - -This Court was so large that on the occasion of a festival eight or ten -thousand men assembled in it; and to show that this is not impossible, I -wish to relate an event that is true, related by one who with his own -hands killed many Indians within it.... - -This Court had four doors or entrances, one towards the East, another -towards the West, another towards the South, and one on the North side. -From these commenced four Causeways, one towards Tlacopan, which we now -call the street of Tacuba, another towards Guadelupe, another towards -Coyoacan, and the other led to the lake and the landing place of the -canoes. - -The four principal Temples also have their portals towards the said four -directions, and the four Gods which stand in them also have their fronts -turned in the same directions. - - * * * * * - -Opposite the principal gateway of this Temple of Huitzilopochtli there -were thirty long steps thirty fathoms long; a street separated them from -the wall of the patio[18]. On the top of them [the steps] was a terrace, -30 feet wide and as long as the steps, which was all coated with -plaster, and the steps very well made. - -Lengthwise along the middle of this broad and long platform was a very -well made palisade as high as a tall tree, all planted in a straight -line, so that the poles were a fathom apart. These thick poles were all -pierced with small holes, and these holes were so close together that -there was not half a yard between them, and these holes were continued -to the top of the thick and high poles. From pole to pole through the -holes came some slender cross-bars on which many human skulls were -strung through the forehead. Each cross-bar held thirty heads, and these -rows of skulls reached to the top of the timbers and were full from end -to end ... all were skulls of the persons who had been sacrificed. - - * * * * * - -After describing a procession in which the God was carried to -Chapultapec and thence to Coyoacan, the author continues:— - -When they arrived at the foot of the steps of the Temple they placed the -litter [on which the image of the God was carried] there, and promptly -taking some thick ropes they tied them to the handles of the litter, -and, with great circumspection and reverence, some making efforts from -above and others helping from below, they raised the litter with the -Idol to the top of the Temple, with much sounding of trumpets and -flutes, and clamour of conch-shells and drums; they raised it up in this -manner because the steps of the Temple were very steep and narrow [in -the tread] and the stairway was long and they could not ascend with it -on their shoulders without falling, and so they took that means to raise -it up. - - HERNANDO ALVARADO TEZOZOMOC, Cronica Mexicana, Ch. XXX, p. 319, - writing of the Temple of Huitzilipochtli, says:— - -It could be ascended on three sides and would have as many steps as -there are days in the year, for at that time the year consisted of -eighteen months, and each month contained twenty days, which amounts to -three hundred and sixty days, five days less than our Catholic religion -counts. Others count thirteen months to the year. At all events the -steps were arranged on three sides of the ascent. - -The principal ascent faced the south, the second the east, and the third -the west, and on the north side were three walls like a chamber open to -the south. It had a great court and Mexican plaza all surrounded by a -stone wall, massive and strong, [of which] the foundations were more -than a fathom and the height [of the wall] was that of four men’s -stature. It had three gateways, two of them small, one facing the east -and the other the west; the gateway in the middle was larger, and that -one faced the south, and in that direction was the great market place -and Tianguiz[19], so that it stood in front of the great palace of -Montezuma and the Great Cu. The height of it [the Great Cu or Temple] -was so great that, from below, persons [on its summit], however tall -they might be, appeared to be of the size of children eight years old or -less. - - IXTLILXOCHITL (‘Codice Goupil’). - -The Temple and principal Cu of this City, indeed of all New Spain, was -built in the middle of the city, four square and massive as a mound -(terrapleno) of stone and clay, merely and only the surface [built] of -masonry. Each side was eighty fathoms long (445 Eng. ft.) and the height -was over twenty-seven fathoms (150 Eng. ft.). On the side by which it -was ascended were one hundred and sixty steps which faced the west. The -edifice was of such a shape that from its foundation it diminished in -size and became narrower as it rose in the shape of a pyramid, and at -certain distances as it rose it had landing places like benches all -around it. In the middle of the steps from the ground and foundation -there rose a wall up to the summit and top of the steps, which was like -a division that went between the two ascents as far as the patio which -was on the top, where there were two great chambers, one larger than the -other—the larger one to the south, and there stood the Idol -Huitzilopochtli; the other, which was smaller, was to the north and -contained the Idol Tlaloc, which (Idol) and Huitzilopochtli and the -chambers looked to the west. These chambers were built at the eastern -edge and border of the said patio, and thus in front of them the patio -extended to the north and south with a [floor of] cement three palms and -more in thickness, highly polished, and so capacious that it would hold -five hundred men, and at one side of it towards the door of the larger -chamber of Huitzilopochtli was a stone rising a yard in height, of the -shape and design of an arched coffer, which was called Techcatl -(Texcatl) where the Indians were sacrificed. Each of these chambers had -upper stories, which were reached from within, the one from the other by -movable wooden ladders, and were full of stores of every sort of arms, -especially macanas, shields, bows, arrows, lances, slings and pebbles, -and every sort of clothing and bows for war. The face and front of the -larger chamber was ornamented with stone in the shape and form of -death’s heads whitened with lime, which were placed all over the front, -and above, for merlons, there were carved stones in the shape of great -shells, which and the other with the rest of the Cu is painted on the -following page. * * * * [see Plate D]. - - - - - PLATE A. - Part of the City of Mexico from a modern Map. - - TRACING A_{1}. - After J. García Icazbalceta. - - TRACING A_{2}. - Suggested site of the Great Teocalli and enclosure. - - PLATE B. - Suggested plan and section of the Great Teocalli. - - PLATE C. - Plan by Padre Sahagun, after Dr. E. Seler. - - PLATE D. - View of the Great Teocalli, after Ixtlilxochitl (‘Codice Goupil’). - - PLATE E. - View of the Great Teocalli and enclosure, from ‘The Chronicle of - Mexico,’ 1576. (Manuscript in British Museum, No. 31219. Additional.) - - - - - PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, - RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. - -[Illustration: - - Tracing A_{1} - - - AFTER J. GARCÍA ICAZBALCETA -] - - - - - PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, - RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. - -[Illustration: - - Tracing A_{2} - - - PART OF THE CITY OF MEXICO FROM A MODERN MAP - - SUGGESTED SITE OF THE GREAT TEOCALLI AND ENCLOSURE -] - - - - - PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, - RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. - -[Illustration: - - Plate A. - - - PART OF THE CITY OF MEXICO FROM A MODERN MAP -] - -[Illustration: - - Plate B. -] - -[Illustration: - - Plate C. - - - PLAN BY PADRE SAHAGUN AFTER D^{R.} E. SELER - - a = _Great Teocalli_ - b = _Eagle Vase_ - c = _Priest’s House_ - d = _Outer Altar_ - e = _Eagle Warrior’s House_ - f = _Tlachtli Court_ - g = _Skull Scaffold_ - h = _Yopic Teocalli_ - i = _Wheel Stone_ - k = _Collaiacan Teocalli_ - l = _5 Lizard (date)_ - m = _5 House „_ - n = _Dancing Places_ - o = _Snake Wall_ - p = _Temple Entrances_ -] - -[Illustration: - - Plate D. - - - THE GREAT TEOCALLI. - - Codice Goupil—IXLILXOCHITL. -] - -[Illustration: - - Plate E. - - - THE GREAT TEOCALLI, - FROM THE CHRONICLE OF MEXICO, 1576. - - MANUSCRIPT,—BRITISH MUSEUM, NO. 31219. ADDITIONAL. -] - ------ - -Footnote 1: - - ‘Mexico en 1554. Tres Dialogos Latinos que Francisco Cervantes Salazar - escribio y imprimio en Mexico en dicho año.’ A reprint with Spanish - translation and notes by Joaquim García Icazbalceta. Mexico, 1875. - -Footnote 2: - - Dr. Seler states that the house of Mota still retains its name. - -Footnote 3: - - See paragraphs on pp. 7 & 8. - -Footnote 4: - - _I. e._ the Enclosure of the Great Temple. - -Footnote 5: - - A note by Don Lucas Alaman says: “I do not know what was the origin of - this division of the Temple into three parts, which this expression - appears to indicate.” - -Footnote 6: - - This would agree fairly well with Tracing A_{2}, if the Apetlac or - forecourt were included. - -Footnote 7: - - Bernal Díaz speaks of them as Torrezillas. - -Footnote 8: - - Memoriales de Fray Toribio de Motolinia. Manuscrito de la coleccion - del Señor Don Jonquin García Icazbalceta, publicalo por primera vez su - hijo Luis García Pimentel. Paris: A. Donnamette, 30 Rue de Saints - Pères, 1903. This is probably the original manuscript from which the - ‘Historia de los Indios de Nueva Hispaña’ was taken. - -Footnote 9: - - Un poco tuerto. - -Footnote 10: - - Todo el Pueblo. - -Footnote 11: - - “Donde parecia terminar la escalinata se descubrió un muro en talud - siguiendo la misma dirección de la escalera.” - -Footnote 12: - - This must refer not to the altars themselves but the temples - containing the altars. - -Footnote 13: - - Or towards the rear. - -Footnote 14: - - Sahagun specifies 78 edifices in connection with the great Temple, - among these are “No. 72, named Itepeioc, a house where the Chieftains - make the image of Vitzilopuchtli out of dough [masa],” and “No. 73, - the building named Vitznoacealpulli, which is the house where they - make the image of the other God, the companion of Vitzilopuchtli, - named Tlacavepancuexcozin.” It thus appears that the two “barrios” or - districts mentioned were sections of the Temple enclosure. - -Footnote 15: - - Cortés evidently uses the term Mosque (Mesquita) for the whole group - of Temples within the Enclosure. - -Footnote 16: - - This is evidently an exaggeration, the houses of the Marques del Valle - and the Mexican royal houses were not included in the area of the - Temple Enclosure. - -Footnote 17: - - The apetlac? - -Footnote 18: - - The apetlac? - -Footnote 19: - - Tianguiz is the Mexican word for Market. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES - - - 1. P. 20, changed “five hundred Italians” to “five hundred Indians”. - 2. Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in - spelling. - 3. Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as printed. - 4. Re-indexed footnotes using numbers and collected together at the end - of the last chapter. - 5. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. - 6. Enclosed bold font in =equals=. - 7. Denoted superscripts by a caret before a single superscript - character or a series of superscripted characters enclosed in - curly braces, e.g. M^r. or M^{ister}. - 8. Denoted subscripts by an underscore before a series of subscripted - characters enclosed in curly braces, e.g. H_{2}O. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NOTE ON THE POSITION AND -EXTENT OF THE GREAT TEMPLE ENCLOSURE OF TENOCHTITLAN, *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. 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Maudslay</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: A note on the position and extent of the great temple enclosure of Tenochtitlan,</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>and the position, structure and orientation of the Teocolli of Huitzilopochtli.</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Alfred P. Maudslay</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: July 11, 2022 [eBook #68502]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NOTE ON THE POSITION AND EXTENT OF THE GREAT TEMPLE ENCLOSURE OF TENOCHTITLAN, ***</div> - -<div class='tnotes covernote'> - -<p class='c000'><strong>Transcriber’s Note:</strong></p> - -<p class='c000'>The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p> - -</div> - -<div class='titlepage'> - -<div> - <h1 class='c001'><span class='xlarge'>A NOTE</span><br /> <span class='small'>ON THE POSITION AND EXTENT</span><br /> <span class='xsmall'>OF THE</span><br /> GREAT TEMPLE ENCLOSURE OF TENOCHTITLAN,<br /> <span class='small'>AND THE POSITION, STRUCTURE AND ORIENTATION</span><br /> <span class='xsmall'>OF THE</span><br /> TEOCOLLI OF HUITZILOPOCHTLI.</h1> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div>BY</div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>ALFRED P. MAUDSLAY.</span></div> - <div class='c002'>LONDON:</div> - <div>PRINTED BY TAYLOR & FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, E.C.</div> - <div>1912.</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_1'>1</span> - <h2 class='c004'>A NOTE<br /> <span class='large'>ON THE POSITION AND EXTENT</span><br /> <span class='small'>OF THE</span><br /> GREAT TEMPLE ENCLOSURE OF TENOCHTITLAN<br /> <span class='large'>AND THE POSITION, STRUCTURE, AND ORIENTATION</span><br /> <span class='small'>OF THE</span><br /> TEOCALLI OF HUITZILOPOCHTLI.<br /> <span class='small'>BY</span><br /> <span class='large'>ALFRED P. MAUDSLAY.</span></h2> -</div> - -<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c005'>Extracts from the works of the earliest authorities referring to the Great -Temple Enclosure of Tenochtitlan and its surroundings are printed at the end -of this note, and the following particulars concerning the authors will enable the -reader to form some judgment of the comparative value of their evidence.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='sc'>The Anonymous Conqueror.</span>—The identity of this writer is unknown. That he was -a companion of Cortés during the Conquest is undoubted. His account is confined to -the dress, arms, customs, buildings, &c. of the Mexicans. The original document has -never been found, and what we now possess was recovered from an Italian translation.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='sc'>Motolinia.</span>—Fray Toribio de Benavento, a Franciscan monk, known best by his -assumed name of Motolinia, left Spain in January 1524 and arrived in the City of -Mexico in the month of June of the same year. From that date until his death in -August 1569 he lived an active missionary life among the Indians in many parts of -Mexico and Guatemala.</p> - -<p class='c006'>He was in fullest sympathy with the Indians, and used his utmost efforts to defend -them from the oppression of their conquerors.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Motolinia appears in the books of the Cabildo in June 1525 as “<span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Fray Toribio, -guardian del Monesterio de Sor. San Francisco</span>”; so he probably resided in the City -at that date, and must have been familiar with what remained of the ancient City.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_2'>2</span><span class='sc'>Sahagun</span>, Fr. Bernadino de, was born at Sahagun in Northern Spain about the last -year of the 15th Century. He was educated at the University of Salamanca, and -became a monk of the Order of Saint Francis, and went to Mexico in 1529. -He remained in that country, until his death in 1590, as a missionary and teacher.</p> - -<p class='c006'>No one devoted so much time and study to the language and culture of the -Mexicans as did Padre Sahagun throughout his long life. His writings, both in -Spanish, Nahua, and Latin, were numerous and of the greatest value. Some of them -have been published and are well known, but it is with the keenest interest and with -the anticipation of enlightenment on many obscure questions that all engaged in the -study of ancient America look forward to the publication of a complete edition of his -great work, ‘Historia de las Cosas de Nueva España,’ with facsimiles of all the -original coloured illustrations under the able editorship of Don Francisco del Paso y -Troncoso. Señor Troncoso’s qualifications for the task are too well known to all -Americanists to need any comment, but all those interested in the subject will join in -hearty congratulations to the most distinguished of Nahua scholars and rejoice to hear -that his long and laborious task is almost completed and that a great part of the work -has already gone to press.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='sc'>Torquemada</span>, Fr. Juan de.—Little is known about the life of Torquemada beyond -the bare facts that he came to Mexico as a child, became a Franciscan monk in 1583 -when he was eighteen or twenty years old, and that he died in the year 1624. He -probably finished the ‘<span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monarquia Indiana</span>’ in 1612, and it was published in Seville -in 1615. Torquemada knew Padre Sahagun personally and had access to his -manuscripts.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='sc'>Duran</span>, Fr. Diego.—Very little is known about Padre Duran. He was probably -a half-caste, born in Mexico about 1538. He became a monk of the Order of -St. Dominic about 1578 and died in 1588.</p> - -<p class='c006'>His work entitled ‘<span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Historia de las Indias de Nueva Espana y Islas de Tierra -Firme</span>’ exists in MS. in the National Library in Madrid. The MS. is illustrated by -a number of illuminated drawings which Don José Ramíres, who published the text -in Mexico in 1867, reproduced as a separate atlas without colour. Señor Ramíres -expresses the opinion that the work “is a history essentially Mexican, with a Spanish -physiognomy. Padre Duran took as the foundation and plan of his work an ancient -historical summary which had evidently been originally written by a Mexican -Indian.”</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='sc'>Tezozomoc</span>, Don Hernando Alvaro.—Hardly anything is known about Tezozomoc. -He is believed to have been of Royal Mexican descent, and he wrote the ‘Cronica -Mexicana’ at the end of the 16th Century, probably about 1598.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span><span class='sc'>Ixtlilxochitl.</span>—A fragment of a Codex, known as the ‘Codice Goupil,’ is published -in the ‘Catalogo Boban,’ ii. 35, containing a picture of the great Teocalli with a -description written in Spanish. The handwriting is said by Leon y Gama to be that -of Ixtlilxochitl.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Don Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl was born in 1568 and was descended from the -royal families of Texcoco and Tenochtitlan. He was educated in the College of -Sta. Cruz and was the author of the history of the Chichamecs. He died in 1648 -or 1649.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The ‘Codice Goupil’ was probably a translation into Spanish of an earlier Aztec text.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The picture of the great Teocalli is given on Plate D.</p> - -<hr class='c007' /> - -<p class='c006'>The positions of the Palace of Montezuma, the Palace of Tlillancalqui, the -Cuicacalli or Dance House, and the old Palace of Montezuma have been defined by -various writers and are now generally accepted.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The principal difficulty arises in defining the area of the Temple Enclosure and the -position and orientation of the Teocalli of Huitzilopochtli.</p> - -<h3 class='c008'>THE TEMPLE ENCLOSURE.</h3> - -<p class='c009'>The Temple Enclosure was surrounded by a high masonry wall (Anon., Torq., Moto.) -known as the Coatenamitl or Serpent Wall, which some say was embattled (Torq. -quoting Sahagun, Moto.). There were four principal openings (Anon., Torq., Moto., -Duran) facing the principal streets or causeways (Torq., Moto., Duran). (Tezozomoc -alone says there were only three openings—east, west and south—and three only are -shown on Sahagun’s plan.) “It was about 200 <i><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">brazas</span></i> square” (Sahagun), <i>i. e.</i> about -1013 English feet square. However, Sahagun’s plan (Plate C) shows an oblong.</p> - -<p class='c006'>As the four openings faced the principal streets or causeways, the prolongation of -the line of the causeways of Tacuba and Iztapalapa must have intersected within the -Temple Enclosure. This intersection coincides with junction of the modern streets of -Escalerillas, Relox, Sta. Teresa, and Seminario (see Plate A).</p> - -<p class='c006'>We have now to consider the boundaries of the Temple Enclosure, and this can -best be done by establishing the positions of the Temple of Tezcatlipoca and the -Palace of Axayacatl.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_4'>4</span> - <h4 class='c010'><strong>The Temple of Tezcatlipoca.</strong> (Tracing A<sub>2</sub>.)</h4> -</div> - -<p class='c009'>(<span class='sc'>Duran</span>, ch. lxxxiii.)</p> - -<p class='c006'>“This Temple was built on the site (afterwards) occupied by the Archbishop’s -Palace, and if anyone who enters it will take careful notice he will see that it is all -built on a terrace without any lower windows, but the ground floor (primer suelo) -all solid.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>This building is also mentioned in the 2nd Dialogue of Cervantes Salazar<a id='r1'></a><a href='#f1' class='c011'><sup>[1]</sup></a>, where, -in reply to a question, Zuazo says:—“It is the Archbishop’s Palace, and you must -admire that first story (primer piso) adorned with iron railings which, standing at -such a height above the ground, rests until reaching the windows on a firm and -solid foundation.” To this Alfaro replies:—“It could not be demolished by -Mines.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>The Arzobispado, which still occupies the same site in the street of that name, -must therefore have been originally built on the solid foundation formed by the base -of the Teocalli of Tezcatlipoca.</p> - -<h4 class='c010'><strong>The Palace of Axayacatl.</strong> (Tracing A<sub>2</sub>.)</h4> - -<p class='c012'>(‘Descripción de las dos Piedras, etc.,’ 1790, by Don <span class='sc'>Antonio de Leon y Gama</span>. -Bustamante, Edition ii. p. 35.)</p> - -<p class='c006'>“In these houses of the family property of the family called Mota<a id='r2'></a><a href='#f2' class='c011'><sup>[2]</sup></a>, in the street -of the Indio Triste.... These houses were built in the 16th century on a part of -the site occupied by the great Palace of the King Axayacatl, where the Spaniards -were lodged when first they entered Mexico, which was contiguous (estaba -inmediato) with the wall that enclosed the great Temple.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Don Carlos M. de Bustamante adds in a footnote to this passage:—“Fronting these -same buildings, behind the convent of Santa Teresa la Antigua, an image of -Our Lady of Guadalupe was worshipped, which was placed in that position to -perpetuate the memory that here mass was first celebrated in Mexico, in the block -(cuadra) where stood the gate of the quarters of the Spaniards.... This fact was -often related to me by my deceased friend, Don Francisco Sedano, one of the best -antiquarians Mexico has known.”</p> - -<p class='c013'>(<span class='sc'>García Icazbalceta</span>, note to 2nd Dialogue of Cervantes Salazar, p. 185.)</p> - -<p class='c006'>“The Palace of Axayacatl, which served as a lodging or quarters for the Spaniards, -stood in the Calle de Sta. Teresa and the 2a Calle del Indio Triste.”</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span>So far as I can ascertain, no eye-witness or early historian describes the position of -the Palace of Axayacatl, but tradition and a consensus of later writers place it outside -the Temple Enclosure to the north of the Calle de Sta. Teresa and to the west of the -2a Calle del Indio Triste. No northern boundary is given.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Taking the point A in the line of the Calle de Tacuba as the hypothetical site of -the middle of the entrance in the Eastern wall of the Temple Enclosure and drawing -a line A-B to the Eastern end of the C. de Arzobispado, we get a distance of about -450 feet; extend this line in a northerly direction for 450 feet to the point C, and the -line B-C may be taken as the Eastern limit of the Temple Enclosure.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The Northern and Southern entrance to the Enclosure must have been at D and E, -that is in the line of the Calle de Iztapalapa.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Extending the line B-E twice its own length in a westerly direction brings us to -the South end of the Empedradillo at the point F.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Completing the Enclosure we find the Western entrance at G in the line of the -Calle de Tacuba and the north-west corner at H.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This delimitation of the Temple Enclosure gives a parallelogram measuring roughly -900′ × 1050′, not at all too large to hold the buildings it is said to have contained, and -not far from Sahagun’s <i><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">doscientos brazas en cuadro</span></i> (1012′ × 1012′).</p> - -<p class='c006'>It divides the Enclosure longitudinally into two equal halves, which is on the side -of probability.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It leaves two-thirds of the Enclosure to the West and one-third to the East of the -line of the Calle de Iztapalapa<a id='r3'></a><a href='#f3' class='c011'><sup>[3]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It includes the site of the Temple of Tezcatlipoca.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It agrees with the generally accepted position of the Palace of Axayacatl and of the -Aviary.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It includes the site of the Teocalli, the base of which was discovered at No. 8, -1<sup>ra</sup> Calle de Relox y Cordobanes.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It will now be seen how closely this agrees with the description given by Don Lucas -Alaman, one of the best modern authorities on the topography of the City.</p> - -<p class='c013'>(Disertaciones, by Don <span class='sc'>Lucas Alaman</span>, 1844. Octava Disertacion, vol. ii. p. 246.)</p> - -<p class='c006'>“We must now fix the site occupied by the famous Temple of Huichilopochtli<a id='r4'></a><a href='#f4' class='c011'><sup>[4]</sup></a>. -As I have stated above, on the Southern side it formed the continuation of the line -from the side walk (acera) of the Arzobispado towards the Alcaiceria touching the -front of the present Cathedral. On the West it ran fronting the old Palace of -Montezuma, with the street now called the Calle del Empedradillo (and formerly -called the Plazuela del Marques del Valle) between them, but on the East and North -it extended far beyond the square formed by the Cathedral and Seminario, and in the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>first of these directions reached the Calle Cerrada de Sta. Teresa, and followed the -direction of this last until it met that of the Ensenanza now the Calle Cordobanes -and the Montealegre.”</p> - -<h3 class='c008'>THE GREAT TEOCALLI OF HUITZILOPOCHTLI.</h3> - -<p class='c009'>The general description of the ancient City by eye-witnesses does not enable us to -locate the position of the great Teocalli with exactness, but further information can -be gained by examining the allotment of Solares or City lots to the Conquerors who -took up their residence in Mexico and to religious establishments; these allotments -can in some instances be traced through the recorded Acts of the Municipality.</p> - -<p class='c013'>(7th Disertacion, p. 140. Don <span class='sc'>Lucas Alaman</span>.) (Tracing A<sub>1</sub>.)</p> - -<p class='c006'>“From the indisputable testimony of the Acts of the Municipality and much other -corroborative evidence one can see that the site of the original foundation (the -Monastery) of San Francisco was in the Calle de Sta. Teresa on the side walk which -faces South.</p> - -<p class='c006'>“At the meeting of the Municipality of 2nd May, 1525, there was granted to -Alonzo de Ávila a portion of the Solar between his house and <i>the Monastery of San -Francisco in this City</i>. This house of Alonzo de Ávila stood in the Calle de Relox -at the corner of the Calle de Sta. Teresa (where now stands the druggist’s shop of -Cervantes and Co.), and this is certain as it is the same house which was ordered to -be demolished and [the site] sown with salt, as a mark of infamy, when the sons of -Alonzo de Ávila were condemned to death for complicity in the conspiracy attributed -to D. Martin Cortés. By the decree of the 1st June, 1574, addressed to the Viceroy, -Don Martin Enríquez, he was permitted to found schools on this same site, with a -command that the pillar and inscription relating to the Ávilas which was within the -same plot, should be placed outside ‘in a place where it could be more open and -exposed.’ As the schools were not built on this site, the University sold it on a quit -rent (which it still enjoys) to the Convent of Sta. Isabel, to which the two houses -Nos. 1 and 2 of the 1st Calle de Relox belong, which are the said druggist’s shop -and the house adjoining it, which occupy the site where the house of Alonzo de Ávila -stood.</p> - -<p class='c006'>“In addition to this, by the titles of a house in the Calle de Montealegre belonging -to the convent of San Jeronimo which the Padre Pichardo examined, it is certain -that Bernadino de Albornoz, doubtless the son of the Accountant Rodrigo de Albornoz, -was the owner of the houses which followed the house of Alonzo de Ávila in the -Calle de Sta. Teresa; and by the act of the Cabildo of the 31st Jan., 1529, it results -that this house of Albornoz was built on the land where stood the old San Francisco, -which the Municipality considered itself authorised to dispose of as waste land.”</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>(<span class='sc'>Duran</span>, vol. ii. ch. lxxx.)</p> - -<p class='c006'>“The Idol Huitzilopochtli which we are describing ... had its site in the houses -of Alonzo de Ávila, which is now a rubbish heap.”</p> - -<p class='c013'>(<span class='sc'>Alaman</span>, Octava Disertacion, p. 246.)</p> - -<p class='c006'>“One can cite what is recorded in the books of the Acts of the Municipality in the -Session of 22nd February, 1527, on which day, on the petition of Gil González de -Benavides, the said Señores (the Licenciate Marcos de Aguilar, who at that time ruled -it, and the members who were present at the meeting) granted him one solar [city -lot] situated in this city bordering on the solar and houses of his brother Alonzo de -Ávila, which is (<span lang="es" xml:lang="es">en la tercia parte donde estaba el Huichilobos</span>) in the third portion -where Huichilobos<a id='r5'></a><a href='#f5' class='c011'><sup>[5]</sup></a> stood. It was shown in the 7th Dissertation that these houses -of Alonzo de Ávila were the two first in the Ira Calle de Relox, turning the corner -of the Calle de Sta. Teresa, and consequently that the solar that was given to Gil -González de Benavides was the next one in the Calle de Relox, for the next house -in the Calle de Sta. Teresa was that of the Accountant Albornoz. This opinion -agrees with that of Padre Pichardo, who made such a lengthy study of the subject, -and who was able to examine the ancient titles of many properties.”</p> - -<p class='c013'>In a note to the 2nd Dialogue of Cervantes Salazar, Don <span class='sc'>J. Garcia Icazbalceta</span> -discusses the position of the original Cathedral and quotes a decree of the -Cabildo, dated 8th Feb., 1527, allotting certain sites as follows:—</p> - -<p class='c006'>“The said Señores [here follow the names of those present] declare that inasmuch -as in time past when the Factor and Veedor were called Governors of New Spain -they allotted certain Solares within this City, <i>which Solares are facing Huichilobos</i> -(son frontero del Huichilobos), which Solares (because the Lord Governor on his -arrival together with the Municipality reclaimed them, and allotted them to no one -for distribution) are vacant and are [suitable] for building and enclosure; and -inasmuch as the aforesaid is prejudicial to the ennoblement of this city, and because -their occupation would add to its dignity, they make a grant of the said space of -Solares, allotting in the first place ten Solares for the church and churchyard, and -for outbuildings in the following manner:—Firstly they say that they constitute as a -plaza (in addition to the plaza in front of the new houses of the Lord Governor), the -site and space which is unoccupied in front of the corridors of the other houses of -the Governor where they are used to tilt with reeds, to remain the same size that it -is at present.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>“At the petition of Cristóbal Flores, Alcalde, the said Señores grant to him in this -situation the Solar which is at the corner, fronting the houses of Hernando Alonzo -Herrero and the high roads, which (Solar) they state it is their pleasure to grant -to him.</p> - -<p class='c006'>“To Alonzo de Villanueva another Solar contiguous to that of the said Cristóbal -Flores, in front of the Solar of the Padre Luis Méndez, the high road between -them, etc.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>(Here follow the other grants.)</p> - -<hr class='c007' /> - -<p class='c006'>“Then the said Señores ... assign as a street for the exit and service of the said -Solares ... a space of 14 feet, which street must pass between the Solar of Alonzo -de Villanueva and that of Luis de la Torre and pass through to the site of the -Church, on one side being the Solar of Juan de la Torre, and on the other the Solar -of Gonzalo de Alvarado.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the same note Icazbalceta discusses the measurements of the Solares, which -appear to have varied between 141 × 141 Spanish feet (= 130 ¾′ × 130¾′ English) and -150 × 150 Spanish feet (= 139′ × 139′ English), which latter measurement was -established by an Act of the Cabildo in Feb. 1537. He also printed with the note a -plan of what he considered to be the position of the Solares dealt with in this Act of -Cabildo. This plan is incorporated in Tracing A<sub>1</sub>.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Plate C is a copy of a plan of the Temple Enclosure found with a Sahagun MS., -preserved in the Library of the Royal Palace at Madrid and published by Dr. E. Seler -in his pamphlet entitled ‘<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Die Ausgrabungen am Orte des Haupttempels in Mexico</span>’ -(1904).</p> - -<p class='c006'>We know from Cortés’s own account, confirmed by Gomara, that the Great Teocalli -was so close to the quarters of the Spaniards that the Mexicans were able to discharge -missiles from the Teocalli into the Spanish quarters, and according to Sahagun’s -account the Mexicans hauled two stout beams to the top of the Teocalli in order to -hurl them against the Palace of Axayacatl so as to force an entrance. It was on this -account Cortés made such a determined attack on the Teocalli and cleared it of the -enemy.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We also know from the Acts of the Cabildo that the group of Solares beginning -with that of Cristóbal Flores (Nos. 1–9) are described as “frontero del Huichilobos,” -<i>i. e.</i> opposite (the Teocalli of) Huichilobos, and we also learn that the Solar of Alonzo -de Avila was “en la tercia parte donde estaba el Huichilobos,” <i>i. e.</i> in the third part -or portion where (the Teocalli of) Huichilobos stood. Alaman confesses that he -cannot understand this last expression, but I venture to suggest that as the Temple -Enclosure was divided unevenly by the line of the Calle de Iztapalapa, two-thirds -lying to the West of that line and one-third to the East of it, the expression implies -<span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>that the Teocalli was situated in the Eastern third of the Enclosure. This would -bring it sufficiently near to the Palace of Axayacatl for the Mexicans to have been able -to discharge missiles into the quarters of the Spaniards. It would also occupy the site -of the Solar de Alonzo de Avila, and might be considered to face the Solar of Cristóbal -Flores and his neighbours, and we should naturally expect to find it in line with the -Calle de Tacuba. Sahagun’s plan is not marked with the points of the compass, but -if we should give it the same orientation as Tracing A<sub>2</sub>, the Great Teocalli falls fairly -into its place.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Measurements of the Great Teocalli.</p> - -<p class='c006'>There were two values to the Braza or Fathom in old Spanish measures, one was -the equivalent of 65·749 English inches, and the other and more ancient was the -equivalent of 66·768 English inches. In computing the following measurements I -have used the latter scale:—</p> - -<table class='table0'> - <tr> - <th class='c014'></th> - <th class='c015'>Spanish.</th> - <th class='c015'>English.</th> - <th class='c016'> </th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c014'> </td> - <td class='c014'>1 foot</td> - <td class='c014'>= 11·128 inches.</td> - <td class='c016'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c014'>3 feet =</td> - <td class='c014'>1 vara</td> - <td class='c014'>= 33·384 „</td> - <td class='c016'>= 2·782 feet.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c014'>2 varas =</td> - <td class='c014'>1 Braza</td> - <td class='c014'>= 66·768 „</td> - <td class='c016'>= 5·564 „</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c006'>The Pace is reckoned as equal to 2·5 English feet and the Ell mentioned by -Tezozomoc as the Flemish Ell = 27·97 English inches or 2·33 English feet.</p> - -<p class='c006'>There is a general agreement that the Teocalli was a solid quadrangular edifice in -the form of a truncated step pyramid.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The dimensions of the Ground plan are given as follows:—</p> - -<table class='table0'> - <tr> - <th class='c015'>Spanish Measure.</th> - <th class='c017'>English feet.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c014'><span class='sc'>Anonimo</span> 150 × 120 paces</td> - <td class='c016'>= 375 × 300</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c014'><span class='sc'>Torquemada</span> 360 × 360 feet</td> - <td class='c016'>= 333·84 × 333·84</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c014'><span class='sc'>Gomara</span> 50 × 50 Brazas</td> - <td class='c016'>= 278·2 × 278·2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c014'><span class='sc'>Tezozomoc</span> 125 Ells (one side)</td> - <td class='c016'>= 291·248</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c014'><span class='sc'>Bernal Díaz</span> = six large Solares measuring 150 × 150 feet each, which would give a square of about</td> - <td class='c016'>= 341 × 341</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c014'><span class='sc'>Ixlilxochitl</span> 80 Brazas</td> - <td class='c016'>= 445<a id='r6'></a><a href='#f6' class='c011'><sup>[6]</sup></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c014'>Motolinea says the Teocalli at Tenayoca measured 40 × 40 Brazas</td> - <td class='c016'>=222·56 × 222·56</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c006'>The measurements are rather vague. The Anonymous Conqueror’s measurements -may refer to the Teocalli at Tlatelolco and the length may have included the Apetlac -or forecourt. Torquemada may be suspected of exaggeration. Tezozomoc was not -an eye-witness and Bernal Díaz’s estimate of six large Solares is only an approximation.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In Tracing A<sub>2</sub> I have taken 300 × 300 English feet as the measurement of the base -of the Teocalli.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span> - <h4 class='c010'>Orientation of the Great Teocalli.</h4> -</div> - -<table class='table1'> - <tr> - <td class='c014'><span class='sc'>Sahagun</span></td> - <td class='c016'>Facing the West.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c014'><span class='sc'>Torquemada</span></td> - <td class='c016'>Its back to the East, “<i>which is the practice the large Temples ought to follow</i>.”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c014'><span class='sc'>Motolinea</span></td> - <td class='c016'>The ascent and steps are on the West side.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c014'><span class='sc'>Tezozomoc</span></td> - <td class='c016'>The principal face looked South.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c014'><span class='sc'>Ixtlilxochitl</span></td> - <td class='c016'>Facing the West.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c006'>I think the evidence of Sahagun, Torquemada, Motolinia, and Ixtlilxochitl must -be accepted as outweighing that of Tezozomoc, who also says that the pyramidal -foundation was ascended by steps on three sides, a statement that is not supported by -any other authority and which received no confirmation from the description of the -attack on the Teocalli as given by Cortés and Bernal Díaz.</p> - -<h4 class='c010'><span class='sc'>The Stairway.</span></h4> - -<div class='lg-container-l c003'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Sahagun</span> says “it was ascended by steps very narrow and straight.”</div> - <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Anonimo</span> (Tlaltelolco ?)—120–130 steps on one side only.</div> - <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Ixtlilxochitl</span>—160 steps.</div> - <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Bernal Díaz</span> (Tlaltelolco ?)—114 steps.</div> - <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Cortés</span>—over 100 steps.</div> - <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Torquemada</span>—113 steps on the West side only.</div> - <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Motolinia</span>—over 100 steps on the West side.</div> - <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Duran</span>—120 steps on the West side.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>Torquemada says that the steps were each one foot high, and Duran describes the -difficulty of raising the image and litter of the God from the ground to the platform -on the top of the Teocalli owing to the steepness of the steps and the narrowness of -the tread.</p> - -<h4 class='c010'><strong>The sides and back of the Teocalli</strong> were in the form of great steps.</h4> - -<div class='lg-container-l c003'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Cortés</span> says that there were 3 or 4 ledges or passages one pace wide.</div> - <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Bernal Díaz</span>—5 recesses (concavidades).</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>Both the pictures show four ledges.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The Anonymous Conqueror gives the width of the ledges as two paces.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The height of the wall between each ledge is given as follows:—</p> - -<table class='table0'> - <tr> - <td class='c014'><span class='sc'>Cortés</span>—the height of three men</td> - <td class='c018'>= say 16′.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c014'><span class='sc'>Anonimo</span>—the height of two men</td> - <td class='c018'>= say 10′ 8″.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c014'><span class='sc'>Motolinia</span>—1½ to 2 Brazas</td> - <td class='c018'>= say 11′.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>The size of the platform on the top of the Teocalli cannot be decided from the -written records. Torquemada says that there was ample room for the Priests of the -Idols to carry out their functions unimpeded and thoroughly, yet in an earlier -paragraph he appears to limit the width to a little more than seventy feet. Possibly -this measurement of seventy feet is meant to apply to a forecourt of the two -sanctuaries.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Motolinia gives the measurement of the base of the Teocalli at Tenayoca as -222½′ × 222½′ (English), and the summit platform as about 192′ × 192′ (English). -Applying the same proportion to a Teocalli measuring 300′ × 300′ at the base, the -summit platform would measure about 259′ × 259′.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Duran says “in front of the two chambers where these Gods (Huitzilopochtli and -Tlaloc) stood there was a Patio forty feet square cemented over and very smooth, in -the middle of which and fronting the two chambers was a somewhat sharp pointed -green stone about waist high, of such a height that when a man was thrown on his -back on the top of it his body would bend back over it. On this stone they sacrificed -men in the way we shall see in another place.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Ixtlilxochitl gives a similar description but, says the sacrificial stone was on one side -towards (hacia) the doorway of the larger chamber of Huitzilopochtli.</p> - -<h4 class='c010'><strong>The Oratories of Huitzilopochtli</strong> and <strong>Thaloc</strong>.</h4> - -<p class='c009'>Motolinia, Torquemada, Ixtlilxochitl, and Gomara agree in placing the two oratories -or shrines on the extreme eastern edge of the platform, so that there was only just -room for a man to pass round them on the east side. The two oratories were separate -one from the other, each being enclosed within its own walls with a doorway towards -the west. The oratory of Huitzilopochtli was the larger of the two and stood to the -south. The oratory of Tlaloc stood to the north. No measurements are given of the -area covered by these two oratories, but there is no suggestion that they were large -buildings<a id='r7'></a><a href='#f7' class='c011'><sup>[7]</sup></a> except in height. The roof and probably the upper stages were made of -wood (Torquemada), and we know that they were burnt during the siege.</p> - -<p class='c019'><span class='sc'>Height</span>:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-l'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Anonimo</span>—“Ten or twelve men’s bodies.”</div> - <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Torquemada</span>—“Each in three stories, each story of great height.”</div> - <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Motolinia</span>—“The Great Temples had three stories above the altars, all terraced and of considerable height.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>Ixtlilxochitl gives the height of the great Teocalli as over twenty-seven brazas (150′). -If this means the height from the ground to the top of the Oratory of Huitzilopochtli -it would very nearly agree with the height given on the hypothetical section on -Plate B.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>In the description of the map of the city published in 1524 [see ‘Conquest of New -Spain,’ vol. iii. (Hakluyt Society)] I called attention to the “full human face -probably representing the Sun” between the Oratories of the Teocalli of Huitzilopochtli. -The map is, I believe, in error in placing the Teocalli on the west side of the -Temple Enclosure, but that the full human face is intended to represent the sun -is confirmed by the following passage from Motolinia<a id='r8'></a><a href='#f8' class='c011'><sup>[8]</sup></a>:—</p> - -<p class='c020'>“Tlacaxipenalistli.—This festival takes place when the sun stood in the middle -of Huichilobos, <i>which was at the Equinox</i>, and because it was a little out of the -straight<a id='r9'></a><a href='#f9' class='c011'><sup>[9]</sup></a> Montezuma wished to pull it down and set it right.”</p> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/i_012.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>The map of 1524 was probably drawn from a description given by one of the -Conquistadores, and if we turn to the pages of Gomara, an author who was never in -Mexico and who wrote only from hearsay, it is easy to see how such a mistake in -orientation arose.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><span class='sc'>Gomara</span>, Historia General de las Indias—Conquista de Mejico. (El Templo de -Mejico.)</span></p> - -<p class='c006'>“This temple occupies a square, from corner to corner the length of a crossbow -shot. The stone wall has four gateways corresponding to the four principal -streets.... In the middle of this space is an edifice of earth and massive -stone four square like the court, and of the breadth of fifty fathoms from corner -to corner. On the west side there are no terraces but 113 or 114 steps leading -<span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>up to the top. <i>All the people of the city<a id='r10'></a><a href='#f10' class='c011'><sup>[10]</sup></a> look and pray towards the sunrise</i> and -on this account they build their large temples in this manner.... In -addition to this tower with its chapels placed on the top of the pyramid, there -were forty or more other towers great and small on other smaller Teocallis -standing in the same enclosure (circuito) as this great one, and although they -were of the same form, <i>they did not look to the east</i> but to other parts of the -heaven, to differentiate them from the Great Temple. Some were larger than -others, and each one (dedicated) to a different god.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>The confusion of thought between a temple that faced the east and a temple where -the worshippers faced the east is evident.</p> - -<p class='c006'>There can be little doubt that the steps of the Great Teocalli were on the west side, -that the Oratories of Huitzilopochtli and Taloc were on the east side of the summit -platform, and that their doorways faced the west. <i>The priest and worshippers faced -the east to watch the sunrise at the equinox in the narrow space between the two -oratories</i>, and because the alignment was not quite correct Montezuma wished to pull -down the oratories and rebuild them.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Following from this, it appears to me that Duran was probably not far from correct -in placing the great green sacrificial stone “fronting the <i>two</i> chambers,” but that -Ixtlilxochitl was still more accurate in placing it towards (hacia) the doorway of the -sanctuary of Huitzilopochtli. The heart of the human victim would be torn out and -held up to the rising sun from the spot where the priest stood to observe the sunrise.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It will at once be urged against this solution of the difficulties attending the -orientation of the Great Teocalli that the plan and tracings locate the Teocalli eight -degrees from the east and west line, and that, therefore, my explanation fails. To this -I can only reply that I plotted the measurements, taking the east and west line of the -Calle de Tacuba from the modern map as a datum, and this may vary slightly from -the ancient line of the street. Then I have observed in Maya temples that sometimes -the shrines stand slightly askew from the base: this is clearly noticeable at Chichén -Itzá. If the error of 8° were divided between the lines of the Temple enclosure, the -base of the Teocalli, and the sides of the oratories, the difference would not easily be -perceptible.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Moreover, we cannot now ascertain the exact spot from which the observation was -made nor the distance between the two sanctuaries. If, as Ixtlilxochitl states, it was -towards the doorway of the sanctuary of Huitzilopochtli and not between the two -sanctuaries as is stated by Duran, then the error would be reduced.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span> - <h4 class='c021'><span class='sc'>Recent Excavations.</span></h4> -</div> - -<p class='c009'>We have now to consider the position of the Great Teocalli in relation to the -excavations made in the Calle de las Escallerillas when pipes were being laid for the -drainage of the city in the year 1900. These excavations were watched on behalf of -the Government by Señor Don Leopoldo Batres, Inspector General of Archæological -Monuments, who published an account of his researches in 1902, with a plan showing -the position and depth below the surface at which objects of archæological interest -were discovered. Unfortunately Señor Batres was already fully convinced that the -Great Teocalli faced the south and occupied more or less the position of the present -Cathedral.</p> - -<p class='c006'>At a spot marked <i>a</i>, in Tracing A<sub>2</sub>, 38 metres from the east end of the Escalerillas, -Señor Batres discovered a stairway of four masonry steps which he states measured -each 29 cm. in the rise and 22 cm. in the tread, but unfortunately beyond this statement -he gives no information whatever regarding them. However, I presume that -the steps followed the same direction as a stairway of nine steps which he had -previously described and which will be alluded to immediately. <i>These three steps I -have taken to be the central stairway leading to the forecourt or apetlac of the Great -Teocalli.</i></p> - -<p class='c006'>Señor Batres had already noted a stairway of nine steps, marked <i>b</i> in Tracing A<sub>2</sub>, each -measuring 22 cm. in rise and 26 cm. in tread. This stairway was 2 metres wide and -faced the west. The stairway was apparently joined at one or both sides to a sloping -wall<a id='r11'></a><a href='#f11' class='c011'><sup>[11]</sup></a>. Embedded in the débris which covered these steps was found an idol of green -stone measuring 75 cms. in height and 61 cms. in diameter. The idol is now -preserved in the National Museum.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I take the foot of this stairway of nine steps to have been in line with the great -stairway of the Teocalli, and it may have been part of the great stairway itself; -however, a stairway only two metres wide is not likely to be the beginning of what -must have been the principal approach to the Teocalli, and I can only suggest that it -may have been a stairway leading to a niche which held the idol of green stone and -that the great stairways passed on either side of it. An idol in a somewhat similar -position can be seen on the Hieroglyphic Stairway at Copan.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span><span class='sc'>The Anonymous Conqueror.</span> A Description written by a Companion of -Hernando Cortés.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-l'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>XIV. <i>What these Towers are like.</i></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>They build a square tower one hundred and fifty paces, or rather more, in length, -and one hundred and fifteen or one hundred in breadth. The foundation of this -building is solid; when it reaches the height of two men, a passage is left two paces -wide on three sides, and on one of the long sides steps are made until the height of -two more men is reached, and the edifice is throughout solidly built of masonry. Here, -again, on three sides they leave the passage two paces wide, and on the other side they -build the steps, and in this way it rises to such a height that the steps total one -hundred and twenty or one hundred and thirty.</p> - -<p class='c006'>There is a fair-sized plaza on the top and from the middle [of it] arise two other -towers which reach the height of ten or twelve men’s bodies and these have windows -above. Within these tall towers stand the Idols in regular order and well adorned, -and the whole house highly decorated. No one but their high priest was allowed to -enter where the principal God was kept, and this god had distinct names in different -provinces; for in the great city of Mexico he was called Horchilobos (Huitzilopochtli), -and in another city named Chuennila (Cholula) he was called Quecadquaal (Quetzalcoatl), -and so on in the others.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Whenever they celebrated the festivals of their Idols, they sacrificed many men and -women, boys and girls; and when they suffered some privation, such as drought or -excess of rain, or found themselves hard pressed by their enemies, or suffered any -other calamity, then they made these sacrifices in the following manner....</p> - -<div class='lg-container-l'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>XXI. <i>About their Temples and Mosques.</i></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>They have in this great city very great mosques or temples in which they worship -and offer sacrifices to their Idols; but the Chief Mosque was a marvellous thing to -behold, it was as large as a city. It was surrounded by a high masonry wall and had -four principal doorways.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Fray Toribio Benavente</span> or <span class='sc'>Motolinia</span>, Historia de los Indios de Nueva España, -Treatise No. I. Ch. XII.</p> - -<p class='c006'>There have never been seen or heard of before such temples as those of this land of -Anahuac or New Spain, neither for size and design nor for anything else; and as they -rise to a great height they must needs have strong foundations; and there was an -<span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>endless number of such temples and altars in this country, about which a note is here -made so that those who may come to this country from now onwards may know about -them, for the memory of them all has already almost perished.</p> - -<p class='c006'>These temples are called Teocallis, and throughout the land we find that in the -principal part of the town a great rectangular court is constructed; in the large towns -they measured from corner to corner the length of a crossbow shot, in the lesser towns -the courts are smaller.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This courtyard they surround with a wall and many of the walls are embattled; -their gateways dominate the principal streets and roads, for they are all made to converge -towards the court; and so as to give greater honour to their temples they lay -out the roads very straight with rope line for a distance of one or two leagues, and it -is a thing worth seeing from the top of the principal temple, how straight all the roads -come from all the lesser towns and suburbs and converge towards the Court of the -Teocallis.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the most conspicuous place in this court would stand a great rectangular block -(cepa). So as to write this description I measured one in a moderate-sized town named -Tenanyocan [Tenayoca] and found that it measured forty fathoms from corner to -corner all built up with a solid wall, on the outside the wall was of stone, and the -inside was filled up with stone only or with clay and adobe; others were built of -earth well tamped.</p> - -<p class='c006'>As the structure rose it contracted towards the centre and at the height of a fathom -and a half or two fathoms there were some ledges going inwards, for they did not build -it in a straight line, and the thick foundation was always worked towards the centre so -as to give it strength and as the wall rose it got narrower; so that when it got to the -top of the Teocalli it had narrowed and contracted itself seven or eight fathoms on -each side, both by the ledges and the wall leaving the foundation [mound] on the top -thirty-four or thirty-five fathoms.</p> - -<p class='c006'><i>On the west side were the steps and ascent</i>, and above on the top they constructed two -great altars, placing them towards the east side, so that there was no more space left -behind them than was sufficient to enable one to walk round them. One altar was to -the right and the other to the left. Each one stood by itself with its own walls and -hood-like roof. In the great Teocallis there were two altars, in the others only one, -and each one of these altars<a id='r12'></a><a href='#f12' class='c011'><sup>[12]</sup></a> had upper stories; the great ones had three stories above -the altars, all terraced and of considerable height, and the building (cepa) itself was -very lofty, so that it could be seen from afar off.</p> - -<p class='c006'>One could walk round each of these chapels and each had its separate walls. In -front of these altars a large space was left where they made their sacrifices, and the -building (cepa) itself had the height of a great tower, without [counting] the stories -that covered the altars.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span>According to what some people who saw it have told me, the Teocalli of Mexico -had more than a hundred steps; I have seen them myself and have counted them more -than once, but I do not remember [the number]. The Teocalli of Texcoco had five -or six steps more than that of Mexico. If one were to ascend to the top of the chapel -of San Francisco in Mexico, which has an arched roof and is of considerable height, -and look over Mexico, the temple of the devil would have a great advantage in height, -and it was a wonderful sight to view from it the whole of Mexico and the towns in the -neighbourhood.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In similar courts in the principal towns there were twelve or fifteen other Teocallis -of considerable size, some larger than others, but far from as large as the principal -Teocalli.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Some of them had their fronts and steps towards others<a id='r13'></a><a href='#f13' class='c011'><sup>[13]</sup></a>, others to the East, again -others to the South, but none of them had more than one altar with its chapel, and -each one had its halls and apartments where the Tlamacazques or Ministers dwelt, who -were numerous, and those who were employed to bring water and firewood, for in -front of each altar there were braziers which burnt all night long, and in the halls also -there were fires. All these Teocallis were very white, burnished and clean, and in -some of them [the temple enclosures] were small gardens with trees and flowers.</p> - -<p class='c006'>There was in almost all these large courts another temple, which, after its square -foundation had been raised and the altar built, was enclosed with a high circular wall -and covered with its dome. This was [the temple] of the God of the Air, who was -said to have his principal seat in Cholula, and in all this province there were many of -them.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This God of the Air they called in their language Quetzalcoatl, and they said that -he was the son of that God of the great statue and a native of Tollan [Tula], and -thence he had gone out to instruct certain provinces whence he disappeared, and they -still hoped that he would return. When the ships of the Marqués del Valle, Don -Hernando Cortés (who conquered this New Spain), appeared, when they saw them -approaching from afar off under sail, they said that at last their God was coming, and -on account of the tall white sails they said that he was bringing Teocallis across the sea. -However, when they [the Spaniards] afterwards disembarked, they said it was not their -God, but that they were many Gods.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The Devil was not contented with the Teocallis already described, but in every town -and in each suburb, at a quarter of a league apart, they had other small courts where -there were three or four small Teocallis, in some of them more, and in others only one, -and on every rock or hillock one or two, and along the roads and among the maize -fields there were many other small ones, and all of them were covered with plaster and -white, so that they showed up and bulked large, and in the thickly peopled country it -<span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>appeared as though it was all full of houses, especially of the Courts of the Devil, -which were wonderful to behold, and there was much to be seen when one entered -into them, and the most important, above all others, were those of Texcoco and -Mexico.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Sahagun, Fr. Bernadino de</span> (Bustmamante Edition), p. 194. Report of the -Mexicans about their God Vitzilopuchtli. [Huitzilopochtli, Huichilobos.]</p> - -<p class='c006'>The Mexicans celebrate three festivals to Vitzilopuchtli every year, the first of them -in the month named Panquetzaliztli. During this festival [dedicated] to him and -others, named Tlacavepancuexcotzin, they ascend to the top of the Cue, and they make -life-size images out of tzoalli: when these are completed, all the youths of Telpuchcalli -carry them on their hands to the top of the Cue. They make a statue of Vitzilopuchtli -in the district [barrio] named Itepeioc[A]. The statue of Tlacavepancuexcotzin was made -in that of Vitznaoao<a id='r14'></a><a href='#f14' class='c011'><sup>[14]</sup></a>. They first prepare the dough and afterwards pass all the -night in making the statues of it.</p> - -<p class='c006'>After making the images of the dough, they worshipped them as soon as it was -dawn and made offerings to them during the greater part of the day, and towards -evening they began ceremonies and dances with which they carried them to the Cue, -and at sunset they ascended to the top of it.</p> - -<p class='c006'>After the images were placed in position, they all came down again at once, except -the guardians [named] Yiopuch.</p> - -<p class='c006'>As soon as dawn came the God named Paynal, who was the Vicar of Vitzilopuchtli, -came down from the lofty Cu, and one of the priests, clad in the rich vestments of -Quetzalcoatl, carried this God (Vitzilopuchtli) in his hands, as in a procession, and -the image of Paynal (which was carved in wood and, as has already been stated, was -richly adorned) was also brought down.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In this latter festival there went in front of [the image] a mace-bearer, who carried -on his shoulder a sceptre in the shape of a huge snake, covered all over with a mosaic -of turquoise.</p> - -<p class='c006'>When the Chieftain arrived with the image at a place named Teutlachco, which is -the game of Ball [that is at the Tlachtli court], which is inside the Temple courtyard, -they killed two slaves in front of him, who were the images [representatives] of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>Gods named Amapantzitzin, and many other captives. There the procession started -and went direct to Tlaltelulco.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Many Chieftains and people came out to receive it, and they burned incense to -them [the images] and decapitated many quails before them.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Thence they went directly to a place named Popotla, which is near to Tacuba, -where now the church of S. Esteban stands, and they gave it another reception like -that mentioned above. They carried in front of the procession all the way a banner -made of paper like a fly-whisk, all full of holes, and in the holes bunches of feathers, -in the same way as a cross is carried in front of a procession. Thence they came -direct to the Cu of Vitzilopuchtli, and with the banner they performed another -ceremony as above stated in this festival.</p> - -<h4 class='c021'>Account of the Buildings of the Great Temple of Mexico.</h4> - -<p class='c009'>The court of this Temple was very large, almost two hundred fathoms square; it -was all paved, and had within it many buildings and towers. Some of these were -more lofty than others, and each one of them was dedicated to a God.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The principal tower of all was in the middle and was higher than the others, and -was dedicated to the God Vitzilopuchtli Tlacavepancuexcotzin.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This tower was divided in the upper part, so that it looked like two, and had two -chapels or altars on the top, each one covered by its dome (chapitel) and each one of -them had on the summit its particular badges or devices. In the principal one -of them was the statue of Vitzilopuchtli, also called Ilhuicatlxoxouhqui, and in the -other the image of the God Tlaloc. Before each one of these was a round stone like -a chopping-block, which they call Texcatl, where they killed those whom they sacrificed -in honour of that God, and from the stone towards the ground below was a pool of -blood from those killed on it; and so it was on all the other towers; <i>these faced the -West</i>, and one ascended by very narrow straight steps to all these towers.</p> - -<p class='c006'>(Sahagun mentions seventy-eight edifices in connection with the Great Temple, but -it is almost certain that these were not all within the Temple enclosure.)</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Sahagun</span>, Hist. de la Conquista, Book 12, Ch. XXII.</p> - -<p class='c006'>They [the Mexicans] ascended a Cu, the one that was nearest to the royal houses -[<i>i. e.</i> of Axayacatl], and they carried up there two stout beams so as to hurl them from -that place on to the royal houses and beat them down so as to force an entry. When -the Spaniards observed this they promptly ascended the Cu in regular formation, -carrying their muskets and crossbows, and they began the ascent very slowly, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>shot with their crossbows and muskets at those above them, a musketeer accompanying -each file and then a soldier with sword and shield, and then a halberdier: -in this order they continued to ascend the Cu, and those above hurled the timbers -down the steps, but they did no damage to the Spaniards, who reached the summit of -the Cu and began to wound and kill those who were stationed on the top, and many -of them flung themselves down from the Cu: finally, all those [Mexicans] who had -ascended the Cu perished.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Hernando Cortés</span>, 2nd Letter. (The attack on the Great Teocalli.)</p> - -<p class='c006'>We fought from morning until noon, when we returned with the utmost sadness -to our fortress. On account of this they [the enemy] gained such courage that they -came almost up to the doors, and they took possession of the great Mosque<a id='r15'></a><a href='#f15' class='c011'><sup>[15]</sup></a>, and -about five hundred Indians<a id='t20'></a>, who appeared to me to be persons of distinction, ascended -the principal and most lofty tower, and took up there a great store of bread and water -and other things to eat, and nearly all of them had very long lances with flint heads, -broader than ours and no less sharp.</p> - -<p class='c006'>From that position they did much damage to the people in the fort, for it was very -close to it. The Spaniards attacked this said tower two or three times and endeavoured -to ascend it, but it was very lofty, and the ascent was steep, for it had more than one -hundred steps, and as those on the top were well supplied with stones and other arms, -and were protected because we were unable to occupy the other terraces, every time -the Spaniards began the ascent they were rolled back again and many were wounded. -When those of the enemy who held other positions saw this, they were so greatly -encouraged they came after us up to the fort without any fear.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Then I (seeing that if they could continue to hold the tower, in addition to the -great damage they could do us from it, that it would encourage them to attack us) set -out from the fort, although maimed in my left hand by a wound that was given me on -the first day, and lashing the shield to my arm, I went to the tower accompanied by -some Spaniards and had the base of it surrounded, for this was easily done, although -those surrounding it had no easy time, for on all sides they were fighting with the -enemy who came in great numbers to the assistance of their comrades. I then -began to ascend the stairway of the said tower with some Spaniards supporting me, -and although the enemy resisted our ascent very stubbornly, so much so that they -flung down three or four Spaniards, with the aid of God and his Glorious Mother -(for whose habitation that tower had been chosen and her image placed in it), we -ascended the said tower and reaching the summit we fought them so resolutely that -<span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>they were forced to jump down to some terraces about a pace in width which ran -round the tower. Of these the said tower had three or four, thrice a man’s height -from one [terrace] to the other.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Some fell down the whole distance [to the ground], and in addition to the hurt they -received from the fall, the Spaniards below who surrounded the tower put them to -death. Those who remained on the terraces fought thence very stoutly, and it took -us more than three hours to kill them all, so that all died and none escaped ... -and I set fire to the tower and to the others which there were in the Mosque.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Juan de Torquemada</span>, Monarchia Indiana, Vol. II. Book 8, Ch. XI. p. 144. -[Giving a description of the Great Temple.]</p> - -<p class='c006'>This Temple was rebuilt and added to a second time; and was so large and of such -great extent, that it was more than a crossbow-shot square.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It was all enclosed in masonry of well squared stone.</p> - -<p class='c006'>There were in the square four gateways which opened to the four principal streets, -three of them by which the city was approached along the causeways from the land, -[the fourth] on the east in the direction of the lake whence the City was entered by -water.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the middle of this enormous square was the Temple which was like a quadrangular -tower (as we have already stated) built of masonry, large and massive.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This Temple (not counting the square within which it was built) measured three -hundred and sixty feet from corner to corner, and was pyramidal in form and make, -for the higher one ascended the narrower became the edifice, the contractions being -made at intervals so as to embellish it.</p> - -<p class='c006'>On the top, where there was a pavement and small plaza rather more than seventy -feet wide, two very large altars had been built, one apart from the other, set almost -at the edge or border of the tower on the east side, so that there was only just sufficient -ground and space for a man to walk [on the east side] without danger of falling down -from the building.</p> - -<p class='c006'>These altars were five palms in height with their walls inlaid with stone, all painted -with figures according to the whim and taste of him who ordered the painting to be -done. Above the altars were the chapels roofed with very well dressed and carved -wood.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Each of these chapels had three stories one above the other, and each story or stage -was of great height, so that each one of them [of the chapels] if set on the ground -(not on that tower, but on the ground level whence the edifice sprang) would have -made a very lofty and sumptuous building, and for this reason the whole fabric of the -Temple was so lofty that its height compelled admiration. To behold, from the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>summit of this temple, the city and its surroundings, with the lakes and all the towns -and cities that were built in it and on its banks, was a matter of great pleasure and -contentment.</p> - -<p class='c006'>On the West side this building had no stages [contractions], but steps by which one -ascended to the level of the chapels, and the said steps had a rise of one foot or more. -The steps, or stairs, of this famous temple numbered one hundred and thirteen, and all -were of very well dressed stone.</p> - -<p class='c006'>From the last step at the summit of this Temple to the Altars and entrance to the -Chapels was a considerable space of ground, so that the priests and ministers of the -Idols could carry out their functions unimpeded and thoroughly.</p> - -<p class='c006'>On each of the two altars stood an Idol of great bulk, each one representing the -greatest God they possessed, which was Huitzilupuchtli or by his other name Mexitli.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Near and around this Great Temple there were more than forty lesser ones, each -one of them dedicated and erected to a God, and its tower and shape narrowed up to -the floor on which the Chapel and altar began to arise, and it was not as large as the -Great Temple, nor did it approach it by far in size, and all these lesser Temples and -towers were associated with the Great Temple and tower which there was in this City.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The difference between the Great Temple and the lesser ones was not in the form -and structure, for all were the same, but they differed in site and position [orientation], -for the Great Temple had its back to the East, which is the practice the large temples -ought to follow, as we have noticed that the ancients assert, and their steps and -entrance to the West (as we are accustomed to place many of our Christian Churches), -so that they paid reverence in the direction of the sun as it rose, the smaller temples -looked in the other direction towards the East and to other parts of the heaven [that -is to] the North and South.</p> - -<hr class='c007' /> - -<p class='c006'>In order that my readers may not think that I speak heedlessly, and without a limit -to my figures, I wish to quote here the words of Padre Fray Bernadino de Sahagun, a -friar of my Order and one of those who joined very early in the discovery of this New -Spain in the year twenty-nine [1529], who saw this and the other temples.... He -says these words:—“This Temple was enclosed on all sides by stone walls half as high -again as a man, all embattled and whitened. The ground of this Temple was all -paved, with very smooth flag stones (not dressed but natural) as smooth and slippery -as ice. There was much to be seen in the buildings of this Temple; I made a picture -of it in this City of Mexico, and they took it to Spain for me, as a thing well worth -beholding, and I could not regain possession of it, nor paint it again, and although in -the painting it looks so fine, it was in reality much more so, and the building was more -beautiful. The principal shrine or chapel which it possessed was dedicated to the -God Huitzilupuchtli, and to another God his companion named Tlacahuepancuezcotzin, -and to another, of less importance than the two, called Paynalton....”</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>And he adds more, saying “the square was of such great circumference that it -included and contained within its area all the ground where the Cathedral, the houses -of the Marques del Valle[A], the Royal houses<a id='r16'></a><a href='#f16' class='c011'><sup>[16]</sup></a> and the houses of the Archbishop have -now been built, and a great part of what is now the market place,” which seems -incredible, so great is the said area and space of ground.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I remember to have seen, thirty-five years ago, a part of these buildings in the Plaza, -on the side of the Cathedral, which looked to me like hills of stone and earth, which -were being used up in the foundations of God’s house and Cathedral which is being -built now with great splendour.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><span class='sc'>Padre Fray Diego Duran</span>, Historia de los Indias de Nueva Espana, Vol. II. -Ch. LXXX. p. 82.</span></p> - -<p class='c006'>Having heard what has been said about the decoration of the Idol, let us hear what -there is notable about the beauty of the Temples. I do not wish to begin by relating -the accounts given me by the Indians, but that obtained by a monk who was among -the first of the Conquerors who entered the country, named Fray Francisco de Aguilar, -a very venerable person and one of great authority in the order of our Glorious Father -Santo Domingo, and from other conquerors of strict veracity and authority who assured -me that on the day when they entered the City of Mexico and beheld the height and -beauty of the Temples they believed them to be turreted fortresses for the defence -and ornament of the City, or that they were palaces and royal houses with many -towers and galleries, such was their beauty and height which could be seen from -afar off.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It should be known that of the eight or nine temples which there were in the City -all stood close to one another within a great enclosure, inside of which enclosure each -one adjoined the other, but each had its own steps and separate patio<a id='r17'></a><a href='#f17' class='c011'><sup>[17]</sup></a>, as well as -living rooms and sleeping places for the Ministers of the temples, all of which occupied -considerable amount of space and ground. It was indeed a most beautiful sight, for -some were more lofty than the others, and some more ornamental than others, some -with an entrance to the East others to the West, others to the North and others to the -South, all plastered and sculptured, and turreted with various kinds of battlements, -painted with animals and figures and fortified with huge and wide buttresses of stone, -and it beautified the city so greatly and gave it such an appearance of splendour that -one could do nothing but stare at it.</p> - -<p class='c006'>However, as regards the Temple, especially [dedicated to] the Idol [Huitzilopochtli] -with which we are dealing, as it was that of the principal God, it was the most -sumptuous magnificent of them all.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>It had a very large wall round its special court, all built of great stones carved to -look like snakes, one holding on to the other, and anyone who wishes to see these -stones, let him go to the principal Church of Mexico and there he will see them used -as pedestals and bases of the pillars. These stones which are now used there as -pedestals formed the wall of the Temple of Huitzilopochtli, and they called this wall -Coatepantli, which means wall of snakes. There was on the top of the halls or -oratories where the Idol stood a very elegant breastwork covered with small black -stones like jet, arranged with much order and regularity, all the groundwork being -of white and red plaster, which shone wonderfully [when looked at] from below—on -the top of this breastwork were some very ornamental merlons carved in the shape -of shells.</p> - -<p class='c006'>At the end of the abutments, which arose like steps a fathom high, there were two -seated Indians, in stone, with two torch-holders in their hands, from which torch-holders -emerged things like the arms of a cross, ending in rich green and yellow -feathers and long borders of the same.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Inside this [the] court there were many chambers and lodgings for the monks and -nuns, as well as others on the summit for the priests and ministers who performed -the service of the Idol.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This Court was so large that on the occasion of a festival eight or ten thousand men -assembled in it; and to show that this is not impossible, I wish to relate an event -that is true, related by one who with his own hands killed many Indians within it....</p> - -<p class='c006'>This Court had four doors or entrances, one towards the East, another towards the -West, another towards the South, and one on the North side. From these commenced -four Causeways, one towards Tlacopan, which we now call the street of Tacuba, -another towards Guadelupe, another towards Coyoacan, and the other led to the lake -and the landing place of the canoes.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The four principal Temples also have their portals towards the said four directions, -and the four Gods which stand in them also have their fronts turned in the same -directions.</p> - -<hr class='c007' /> - -<p class='c006'>Opposite the principal gateway of this Temple of Huitzilopochtli there were thirty -long steps thirty fathoms long; a street separated them from the wall of the patio<a id='r18'></a><a href='#f18' class='c011'><sup>[18]</sup></a>. -On the top of them [the steps] was a terrace, 30 feet wide and as long as the steps, -which was all coated with plaster, and the steps very well made.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Lengthwise along the middle of this broad and long platform was a very well made -palisade as high as a tall tree, all planted in a straight line, so that the poles were a -fathom apart. These thick poles were all pierced with small holes, and these holes -<span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>were so close together that there was not half a yard between them, and these -holes were continued to the top of the thick and high poles. From pole to pole -through the holes came some slender cross-bars on which many human skulls were -strung through the forehead. Each cross-bar held thirty heads, and these rows of -skulls reached to the top of the timbers and were full from end to end ... all -were skulls of the persons who had been sacrificed.</p> - -<hr class='c007' /> - -<p class='c006'>After describing a procession in which the God was carried to Chapultapec and -thence to Coyoacan, the author continues:—</p> - -<p class='c006'>When they arrived at the foot of the steps of the Temple they placed the litter -[on which the image of the God was carried] there, and promptly taking some thick -ropes they tied them to the handles of the litter, and, with great circumspection and -reverence, some making efforts from above and others helping from below, they raised -the litter with the Idol to the top of the Temple, with much sounding of trumpets -and flutes, and clamour of conch-shells and drums; they raised it up in this manner -because the steps of the Temple were very steep and narrow [in the tread] and the -stairway was long and they could not ascend with it on their shoulders without -falling, and so they took that means to raise it up.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Hernando Alvarado Tezozomoc</span>, Cronica Mexicana, Ch. XXX, p. 319, writing of -the Temple of Huitzilipochtli, says:—</p> - -<p class='c006'>It could be ascended on three sides and would have as many steps as there are -days in the year, for at that time the year consisted of eighteen months, and each -month contained twenty days, which amounts to three hundred and sixty days, five -days less than our Catholic religion counts. Others count thirteen months to the year. -At all events the steps were arranged on three sides of the ascent.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The principal ascent faced the south, the second the east, and the third the west, -and on the north side were three walls like a chamber open to the south. It had a -great court and Mexican plaza all surrounded by a stone wall, massive and strong, -[of which] the foundations were more than a fathom and the height [of the wall] was -that of four men’s stature. It had three gateways, two of them small, one facing the -east and the other the west; the gateway in the middle was larger, and that one faced -the south, and in that direction was the great market place and Tianguiz<a id='r19'></a><a href='#f19' class='c011'><sup>[19]</sup></a>, so that it -stood in front of the great palace of Montezuma and the Great Cu. The height of it -[the Great Cu or Temple] was so great that, from below, persons [on its summit], -however tall they might be, appeared to be of the size of children eight years old -or less.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span><span class='sc'>Ixtlilxochitl</span> (‘Codice Goupil’).</p> - -<p class='c006'>The Temple and principal Cu of this City, indeed of all New Spain, was built in -the middle of the city, four square and massive as a mound (terrapleno) of stone and -clay, merely and only the surface [built] of masonry. Each side was eighty fathoms -long (445 Eng. ft.) and the height was over twenty-seven fathoms (150 Eng. ft.). On -the side by which it was ascended were one hundred and sixty steps which faced the -west. The edifice was of such a shape that from its foundation it diminished in size -and became narrower as it rose in the shape of a pyramid, and at certain distances as it -rose it had landing places like benches all around it. In the middle of the steps from -the ground and foundation there rose a wall up to the summit and top of the steps, -which was like a division that went between the two ascents as far as the patio which -was on the top, where there were two great chambers, one larger than the other—the -larger one to the south, and there stood the Idol Huitzilopochtli; the other, which -was smaller, was to the north and contained the Idol Tlaloc, which (Idol) and -Huitzilopochtli and the chambers looked to the west. These chambers were built at -the eastern edge and border of the said patio, and thus in front of them the patio -extended to the north and south with a [floor of] cement three palms and more in -thickness, highly polished, and so capacious that it would hold five hundred men, -and at one side of it towards the door of the larger chamber of Huitzilopochtli was a -stone rising a yard in height, of the shape and design of an arched coffer, which was -called Techcatl (Texcatl) where the Indians were sacrificed. Each of these chambers -had upper stories, which were reached from within, the one from the other by -movable wooden ladders, and were full of stores of every sort of arms, especially -macanas, shields, bows, arrows, lances, slings and pebbles, and every sort of clothing -and bows for war. The face and front of the larger chamber was ornamented with -stone in the shape and form of death’s heads whitened with lime, which were placed -all over the front, and above, for merlons, there were carved stones in the shape of -great shells, which and the other with the rest of the Cu is painted on the following -page. * * * * [see Plate D].</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c022'> - <div>PLATE A.</div> - <div>Part of the City of Mexico from a modern Map.</div> - <div class='c003'>TRACING A<sub>1</sub>.</div> - <div>After J. García Icazbalceta.</div> - <div class='c003'>TRACING A<sub>2</sub>.</div> - <div>Suggested site of the Great Teocalli and enclosure.</div> - <div class='c003'>PLATE B.</div> - <div>Suggested plan and section of the Great Teocalli.</div> - <div class='c003'>PLATE C.</div> - <div>Plan by Padre Sahagun, after Dr. E. Seler.</div> - <div class='c003'>PLATE D.</div> - <div>View of the Great Teocalli, after Ixtlilxochitl (‘Codice Goupil’).</div> - <div class='c003'>PLATE E.</div> - <div>View of the Great Teocalli and enclosure, from ‘The Chronicle of Mexico,’ 1576. (Manuscript in British Museum, No. 31219. Additional.)</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c022'> - <div>PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,</div> - <div>RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/i_a1.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic002'> -<p>Tracing A<sub>1</sub><br /><br /><br /><span class='sc'>after J. GARCÍA ICAZBALCETA</span></p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c022'> - <div>PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,</div> - <div>RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/i_a2.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic003'> -<p><span class='right'>Tracing A<sub>2</sub></span><br /><br /><br /><span class='sc'>PART of the CITY of MEXICO from a MODERN MAP</span><br /><br /><span class='sc'>SUGGESTED SITE of the GREAT TEOCALLI and ENCLOSURE</span></p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c022'> - <div>PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,</div> - <div>RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/i_a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic003'> -<p><span class='right'>Plate A.</span><br /><br /><br /><span class='sc'>PART of the CITY of MEXICO from a MODERN MAP</span></p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/i_b.jpg' alt='SUGGESTED PLAN AND SECTION OF THE GREAT TEOCALLI. _a = 4 Steps_ _b = 9 Steps_ _c = 100 Steps_' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic004'> -<p><span class='right'>Plate B.</span></p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/i_c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic004'> -<p><span class='right'>Plate C.</span><br /><br /><br /><span class='center'><span class='sc'>PLAN by PADRE SAHAGUN after D<sup>R.</sup> E. SELER</span></span><br /><br />a = <i>Great Teocalli</i><br />b = <i>Eagle Vase</i><br />c = <i>Priest’s House</i><br />d = <i>Outer Altar</i><br />e = <i>Eagle Warrior’s House</i><br />f = <i>Tlachtli Court</i><br />g = <i>Skull Scaffold</i><br />h = <i>Yopic Teocalli</i><br />i = <i>Wheel Stone</i><br />k = <i>Collaiacan Teocalli</i><br />l = <i>5 Lizard (date)</i><br />m = <i>5 House „</i><br />n = <i>Dancing Places</i><br />o = <i>Snake Wall</i><br />p = <i>Temple Entrances</i></p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/i_d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic003'> -<p><span class='right'>Plate D.</span><br /><br /><br />THE GREAT TEOCALLI.<br /><br />Codice Goupil—IXLILXOCHITL.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/i_e.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic003'> -<p><span class='right'>Plate E.</span><br /><br /><br />THE GREAT TEOCALLI,<br /><span class='sc'>from The Chronicle of Mexico, 1576</span>.<br /><br /><span class='sc'>Manuscript,—British Museum, No. 31219. Additional.</span></p> -</div> -</div> - -<hr class='c023' /> -<div class='footnote' id='f1'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. ‘<span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Mexico en 1554. Tres Dialogos Latinos que Francisco Cervantes Salazar escribio y imprimio en -Mexico en dicho año.</span>’ A reprint with Spanish translation and notes by Joaquim García Icazbalceta. -Mexico, 1875.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f2'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r2'>2</a>. Dr. Seler states that the house of Mota still retains its name.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f3'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r3'>3</a>. See paragraphs on pp. <a href='#Page_7'>7</a> & <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f4'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r4'>4</a>. <i>I. e.</i> the Enclosure of the Great Temple.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f5'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r5'>5</a>. A note by Don Lucas Alaman says: “I do not know what was the origin of this division of the Temple -into three parts, which this expression appears to indicate.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f6'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r6'>6</a>. This would agree fairly well with Tracing A<sub>2</sub>, if the Apetlac or forecourt were included.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f7'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r7'>7</a>. Bernal Díaz speaks of them as Torrezillas.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f8'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r8'>8</a>. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Memoriales de Fray Toribio de Motolinia. Manuscrito de la coleccion del Señor Don Jonquin García -Icazbalceta, publicalo por primera vez su hijo Luis García Pimentel. Paris: A. Donnamette, 30 Rue de -Saints Pères, 1903.</span> This is probably the original manuscript from which the ‘<span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Historia de los Indios de -Nueva Hispaña</span>’ was taken.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f9'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r9'>9</a>. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Un poco tuerto.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f10'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r10'>10</a>. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Todo el Pueblo.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f11'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r11'>11</a>. “<span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Donde parecia terminar la escalinata se descubrió un muro en talud siguiendo la misma dirección de -la escalera.</span>”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f12'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r12'>12</a>. This must refer not to the altars themselves but the temples containing the altars.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f13'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r13'>13</a>. Or towards the rear.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f14'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r14'>14</a>. Sahagun specifies 78 edifices in connection with the great Temple, among these are “No. 72, named -Itepeioc, a house where the Chieftains make the image of Vitzilopuchtli out of dough [masa],” and “No. 73, -the building named Vitznoacealpulli, which is the house where they make the image of the other God, the -companion of Vitzilopuchtli, named Tlacavepancuexcozin.” It thus appears that the two “barrios” or -districts mentioned were sections of the Temple enclosure.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f15'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r15'>15</a>. Cortés evidently uses the term Mosque (Mesquita) for the whole group of Temples within the -Enclosure.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f16'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r16'>16</a>. This is evidently an exaggeration, the houses of the Marques del Valle and the Mexican royal houses -were not included in the area of the Temple Enclosure.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f17'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r17'>17</a>. The apetlac?</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f18'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r18'>18</a>. The apetlac?</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f19'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r19'>19</a>. Tianguiz is the Mexican word for Market.</p> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c003' /> -</div> -<div class='tnotes x-ebookmaker'> - -<div class='chapter ph2'> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c022'> - <div>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - - <ol class='ol_1 c002'> - <li>P. <a href='#t20'>20</a>, changed “five hundred Italians” to “five hundred Indians”. - - </li> - <li>Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in spelling. - - </li> - <li>Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as printed. - - </li> - <li>Re-indexed footnotes using numbers and collected together at the end of the last - chapter. - </li> - </ol> - -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NOTE ON THE POSITION AND EXTENT OF THE GREAT TEMPLE ENCLOSURE OF TENOCHTITLAN, ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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