diff options
| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-01-22 05:19:40 -0800 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-01-22 05:19:40 -0800 |
| commit | 5dde28e4f803a4168531a56032d32048e46c846c (patch) | |
| tree | a2da24f91eecb078f6647236b24098c5e907d4c3 | |
| parent | 260ba3f305f593d285da462bcfab5a508f3ae99b (diff) | |
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/67359-0.txt | 1061 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/67359-0.zip | bin | 14481 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/67359-h.zip | bin | 424396 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/67359-h/67359-h.htm | 1681 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/67359-h/images/cover.jpg | bin | 122993 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/67359-h/images/image004.jpg | bin | 38146 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/67359-h/images/image008.jpg | bin | 57323 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/67359-h/images/image009a.jpg | bin | 46962 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/67359-h/images/image009b.jpg | bin | 63543 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/67359-h/images/titlepage.jpg | bin | 100522 -> 0 bytes |
13 files changed, 17 insertions, 2742 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8f875b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #67359 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/67359) diff --git a/old/67359-0.txt b/old/67359-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index f391de5..0000000 --- a/old/67359-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1061 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Comparison of Woods for Butter Boxes, -by G. D. Turnbow - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Comparison of Woods for Butter Boxes - -Author: G. D. Turnbow - -Release Date: February 8, 2022 [eBook #67359] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Charlene Taylor, Chris Jordan and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was - produced from images from the Home Economics Archive: - Research, Tradition and History, Albert R. Mann Library, - Cornell University) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMPARISON OF WOODS FOR -BUTTER BOXES *** - - - - - - =UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS= - - COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE - AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION - BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA - - COMPARISON OF WOODS FOR BUTTER BOXES - - _By_ G. D. TURNBOW - -[Illustration: Proper method of packing cartoned butter in 60-pound boxes] - - BULLETIN No. 369 - August, 1923 - - UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS - BERKELEY - 1923 - - - - - COMPARISON OF WOODS FOR BUTTER BOXES - - BY - - G. D. TURNBOW - - -Butter boxes used in shipping and storing butter in California, are -usually made of spruce which is largely shipped in from other states -particularly from Washington and Oregon. - -With the recent war, however, there came an acute shortage of spruce -on the Pacific Coast with a corresponding increase in price. The -commercial manufacturers did some work in an attempt to find a -substitute for spruce, but the trade did not readily accept a change. -There was a demand from both the lumber and the butter interests for -investigation to find a suitable substitute for spruce. - -The production of spruce is somewhat limited in California, but there -is an abundance of white fir and a limited amount of cottonwood -available. However, the creamerymen have not used white fir and -cottonwood to any extent for butter containers, on account of the -belief that these materials would impart a wood flavor to the butter. - -Inasmuch as nearly all of the butter made in this State is shipped or -stored in wooden containers, the use of white fir or cottonwood, would -mean first, a material saving to the butter manufacturers in marketing -expense, and second, an opportunity for the lumber interests to use a -large amount of raw material already available in California, which -heretofore had been of little commercial value or use. - - -BUTTER ABSORBS ODOR - -The volatile fats in butter have the property of absorbing odors, -which often results in an undesirable flavor. Great care then must be -exercised in keeping butter from coming in contact with materials that -will impart a foreign flavor. Butter need be exposed to foreign odors -only a short length of time before the flavor is permanently affected. - -Experiments[A] were conducted, therefore, to determine whether white -fir or cottonwood would impart a flavor to the butter and also to -determine the possibility of storing butter in cubes and marketing it -in 60-pound cases when these woods were used. - -[A] This experiment was suggested by Mr. M. B. Pratt, Deputy State -Forester. Through his coöperation, all box material was furnished by -the Swayne Lumber Company of Oroville and the Capitol Box Factory of -Sacramento. - - -CUBE BUTTER IN COLD STORAGE - -The butter for cold storage was packed in white fir, cottonwood, and -spruce containers holding ten pounds each. Both seasoned and unseasoned -woods were used in each of the three methods of packing. - -[Illustration: Fig. 1.—Butter packed in cubes paraffined and parchment -lined.] - -The first set packed with butter were plain unseasoned boxes of each -of the woods. The second set had the inner surface paraffined before -packing. The method of paraffining was to invert the box over a steam -jet and steam thoroughly. This served a double purpose in that it -opened the pores of the wood and allowed the paraffin to penetrate, and -the heated surface of the wood kept the paraffin in a liquid condition -so that it could be put on in a thinner coat than if the paraffin had -been applied to a cold surface. After the boxes had been allowed to -drain, the inside was then painted with paraffin at 240° F. This method -gave a complete covering to the wood, a result which is not always -obtained by some of the commercial paraffin atomizers. The third set -was paraffined as above and, in addition, lined with good parchment -paper so that no butter could come in contact with either wood or -paraffin (fig. 1). Twenty-three 10-pound boxes were packed in the three -ways. - -They were filled with the butter from one churning which scored 92½ -after being chilled for 24 hours at 50° F. and were shipped immediately -after the first scoring to a cold storage plant in San Francisco and -stored at a temperature of 12° F. The butter was scored monthly for six -months. The summary of the scoring is given in table 1. - - -TABLE 1 - -Influence of Various Woods on Cube Butter in Storage[B] - -[B] This scoring was done by T. J. Harris, San Francisco Dairy Produce -Exchange, S. L. Denning, Oakland, and G. D. Turnbow, College of -Agriculture, University of California. - -========================================================================= - Average score - No. Kind of butter in - of of How First Lowest Average of same kind - sample wood treated score score all scores of box -------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 1 White Fir Unseasoned 92.5 89 90.857 - No Paraffin - No Parchment - 2 Cottonwood Unseasoned 92.5 86 89.214 - No Paraffin - No Parchment - 3 Spruce Unseasoned 92.5 88 90.785 - No Paraffin - No Parchment - 4 Spruce Seasoned 92.5 89 90.642 - Paraffin - No Parchment - 6 White Fir Seasoned 92.5 90 90.857 - Paraffin - No Parchment - 7 Cottonwood Seasoned 92.5 87 89.571 - Paraffin - No Parchment -------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 5 Cottonwood Unseasoned 92.5 88 89.857 - Paraffin - No Parchment - 8 Spruce Unseasoned 92.5 90 90.928 - Paraffin - No Parchment - 9 White Fir Unseasoned 92.5 89 90.571 - Paraffin - No Parchment -------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 10 Cottonwood Unseasoned 92.5 91.0 91.714 - Paraffin - Parchment - 11 Cottonwood Unseasoned 92.5 89.0 90.571 91.142 - Paraffin - Parchment - 18 Cottonwood Unseasoned 92.5 89.0 91.142 - Paraffin - Parchment -------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 12 Spruce Unseasoned 92.5 90.5 91.5 - Paraffin - Parchment - 13 Spruce Unseasoned 92.5 91.0 91.571 91.333 - Paraffin - Parchment - 14 Spruce Unseasoned 92.5 90.0 90.928 - Paraffin - Parchment -------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 15 White Fir Unseasoned 92.5 89.0 90.928 - Paraffin - Parchment - 16 White Fir Unseasoned 92.5 90.0 91.285 91.107 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 17 White Fir Seasoned 92.5 89.0 90.857 91.142 - Paraffin - Parchment - 20 White Fir Seasoned 92.5 90.5 91.428 - Paraffin - Parchment -------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 19 Cottonwood Seasoned 92.5 90.5 91.571 - Paraffin - Parchment -------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 21 Spruce Seasoned 92.5 90.0 91.214 - Paraffin - Parchment - 22 Spruce Seasoned 92.5 90.0 91.571 91.523 - Paraffin - Parchment - 23 Spruce Seasoned 92.5 91.0 91.785 - Paraffin - Parchment -------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -SIXTY-POUND BOXES PACKED FOR MARKET The butter for market was cut into -two-pound squares, wrapped and packed in 60-pound containers, made of -white fir, cottonwood and spruce (figs. 2, 3 and 4). The butter was -stored in a cold room, the temperature of which ranged from 48° to 50° -F. It was held in storage twenty-eight days, which is within two days -of the maximum time butter may be held and still sold as fresh butter. -Butter held over thirty days must be labeled “storage butter.” The -butter was scored four times during the storage period. The butter used -was all from the same churning which scored 93 after being chilled for -twenty-four hours at 50° F. - -Table 2 gives a summary of the scores showing the effect upon butter in -containers with varying treatments. When paraffined, the inside of the -boxes was painted with the paraffin at 240° F. - - -TABLE 2 - -Influence of Various Woods on Butter Packed in 60-Lb. Boxes[C] - -[C] Butter scored by J. C. Marquardt and G. D. Turnbow of the College -of Agriculture, University of California. - -========================================================================= - Average -No. of Highest Lowest of all -sample Kind of wood How treated score score scores -------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 1 White Fir Unseasoned, Not Paraffined 93 93 93 - Parchment Wrapped, Cartons - Box Lined with Wrapping Paper - 3 Cottonwood Unseasoned, Not Paraffined 93 93 93 - Parchment Wrapped, Cartons - Box Lined with Wrapping Paper - 7 Spruce Unseasoned, Not Paraffined 93 93 93 - Parchment Wrapped, Cartons - Box Lined with Wrapping Paper -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -1-a White Fir Unseasoned, Not Paraffined — — — - Parchment Wrapped, No Cartons - Box Lined with Parchment -3-a Cottonwood Unseasoned, Not Paraffined 93 93 93 - Parchment Wrapped, No Cartons - Box Lined with Parchment -7-a Spruce Unseasoned, Not Paraffined 93 93 93 - Parchment Wrapped, No Cartons - Box Lined with Parchment -------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 2 White Fir Seasoned, Not Paraffined 93 93 93 - Parchment Wrapped, Cartons - Box Lined with Wrapping Paper - 9 Cottonwood Seasoned, Not Paraffined 93 93 93 - Parchment Wrapped, Cartons - Box Lined with Wrapping Paper - 8 Spruce Seasoned, Not Paraffined 93 93 93 - Parchment Wrapped, Cartons - Box Lined with Wrapping Paper -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -2-a White Fir Seasoned, Not Paraffined 93 93 93 - Parchment Wrapped, No Cartons - Box Lined with Parchment -9-a Cottonwood Seasoned, Not Paraffined 93 90 91.175 - Parchment Wrapped, No Cartons - Box Lined with Parchment -8-a Spruce Seasoned, Not Paraffined 93 93 93 - Parchment Wrapped, No Cartons - Box Lined with Parchment -------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 4 Cottonwood Seasoned, Paraffined 93 93 93 - Parchment Wrapped, Cartons - Box Lined with Wrapping Paper - 5 White Fir Seasoned, Box Paraffined 93 93 93 - Parchment Wrapped, Cartons - Box Lined with Wrapping Paper - 6 Spruce Seasoned, Paraffined 93 93 93 - Parchment Wrapped, Cartons - Box Lined with Wrapping Paper -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -4-a Cottonwood Seasoned, Paraffined 93 93 93 - Parchment Wrapped, No Cartons - Box Lined with Parchment -5-a White Fir Seasoned, Paraffined 93 92.75 92.562 - Parchment Wrapped, No Cartons - Box Lined with Parchment -6-a Spruce Seasoned, Paraffined 93 93 93 - Parchment Wrapped, No Cartons - Box Lined with Parchment - - -NAILING OF BOXES - -Five-penny cement-coated nails were used in making the boxes. -Practically no splitting was caused by the nails in unseasoned white -fir, spruce, or cottonwood. There was very little splitting in seasoned -cottonwood. The nails, however, caused a slight splitting in the -seasoned spruce and quite a noticeable splitting in the white fir, but -not enough in either to cause an appreciable loss. - -[Illustration: Fig. 2.—Typical 60-pound white fir boxes showing general -run of this wood.] - - -CONCLUSIONS - - -Cube Butter in Cold Storage - -_Boxes paraffined and parchment lined._—White fir and cottonwood can -be used in place of spruce for storing butter in cubes, when properly -seasoned, paraffined, and parchment lined. - -Cottonwood is equal to spruce as a butter container. Butter stored in -cottonwood boxes for six months had an average score of 0.048 of a -point above spruce treated in the same manner. - -[Illustration: Fig. 3.—Method of lining 60-pound boxes with paper.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 4.—Parchment wrapped butter in parchment lined -box.] - -White fir may be used very successfully. It scored during the six -months’ storage only an average of 0.381 of a point below spruce. - -In the final scoring, after six months’ storage, none of the cubes -packed in seasoned, paraffined and parchment lined containers received -a cut directly due to wood flavor. - -Green or unseasoned white fir, cottonwood or spruce, may impart a -slight wood flavor to the butter when packed in cubes, even though they -are paraffined and parchment lined. The butter stored in unseasoned -cubes scored an average of 0.218 of a point below the butter stored in -seasoned boxes with the same treatment. While the average difference -was very small, in some cases there was a decided wood flavor which was -pronounced enough to affect materially the flavor of the butter. - -_Boxes paraffined but not parchment lined._—Unseasoned boxes of white -fir, cottonwood and spruce, paraffined but not parchment lined are not -entirely satisfactory for storing butter. The butter so stored was -criticized in practically all cases for wood flavor. Butter stored -in white fir boxes scored 0.358 of a point lower than that in spruce -boxes, while butter in cottonwood boxes scored 1.071 lower than that -in spruce. Storing butter in cubes without parchment lining or in -cubes carelessly lined with parchment will cause objectionable flavors -regardless of the wood. - -_Boxes neither paraffined nor parchment lined._—Butter allowed to come -in direct contact with any of the three untreated woods will always -take up wood flavor. The injury to the flavor is about equal from all -three woods. - - -Sixty-Pound Boxes Packed for Market - -White fir is as good as spruce for 60-pound boxes when seasoned and -parchment lined, the butter being wrapped in parchment only. Cottonwood -is not quite as satisfactory as either spruce or white fir, there being -some criticism on the flavor of the butter. - -Butter can be shipped in seasoned white fir or cottonwood boxes, lined -with ordinary wrapping paper, if the butter is parchment wrapped and -cartoned. There is no advantage in using parchment paper to line the -box. - -Since there was practically no trouble experienced in the unparaffined -boxes, there is no advantage in paraffining the inside of the box. - -Since the completion of the investigational work, approximately 40,000 -white fir boxes have been used with entire satisfaction for shipping -butter at the University Farm. - - - - -STATION PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION - - -BULLETINS - - No. - - 253. Irrigation and Soil Conditions in the Sierra Nevada Foothills, - California. - - 261. Melaxuma of the Walnut, “Juglans regia.” - - 262. Citrus Diseases of Florida and Cuba Compared with those of - California. - - 263. Size Grades for Ripe Olives. - - 268. Growing and Grafting Olive Seedlings. - - 270. A Comparison of Annual Cropping, Biennial Cropping, and Green - Manures on the Yield of Wheat. - - 273. Preliminary Report on Kearney Vineyard Experimental Drain. - - 275. The Cultivation of Belladonna in California. - - 276. The Pomegranate. - - 277. Sudan Grass. - - 278. Grain Sorghums. - - 279. Irrigation of Rice in California. - - 280. Irrigation of Alfalfa in the Sacramento Valley. - - 283. The Olive Insects of California. - - 285. The Milk Goat in California. - - 286. Commercial Fertilizers. - - 287. Vinegar from Waste Fruits. - - 294. Bean Culture in California. - - 298. Seedless Raisin Grapes. - - 304. A Study of the Effects of Freezes on Citrus in California. - - 308. I. Fumigation with Liquid Hydrocyanic Acid. II. Physical and - Chemical Properties of Liquid Hydrocyanic Acid. - - 312. Mariout Barley. - - 317. Selections of Stocks in Citrus Propagation. - - 319. Caprifigs and Caprification. - - 321. Commercial Production of Grape Syrup. - - 324. Storage of Perishable Fruit at Freezing Temperatures. - - 325. Rice Irrigation Measurements and Experiments in Sacramento - Valley, 1914-1919. - - 328. Prune Growing in California. - - 331. Phylloxera-Resistant Stocks. - - 334. Preliminary Volume Tables for Second-Growth Redwoods. - - 335. Cocoanut Meal as a Feed for Dairy Cows and Other Livestock. - - 336. The Preparation of Nicotine Dust as an Insecticide. - - 337. Some Factors of Dehydrater Efficiency. - - 339. The Relative Cost of Making Logs from Small and Large Timber. - - 341. Studies on Irrigation of Citrus Groves. - - 343. Cheese Pests and Their Control. - - 344. Cold Storage as an Aid to the Marketing of Plums. - - 347. The Control of Red Spiders in Deciduous Orchards. - - 348. Pruning Young Olive Trees. - - 349. A Study of Sidedraft and Tractor Hitches. - - 350. Agriculture in Cut-over Redwood Lands. - - 351. California State Dairy Cow Competition. - - 352. Further Experiments in Plum Pollination. - - 353. Bovine Infectious Abortion. - - 354. Results of Rice Experiments in 1922. - - 355. The Peach Twig Borer. - - 357. A Self-mixing Dusting Machine for Applying Dry Insecticides and - Fungicides. - - 358. Black Measles, Water Berries, and Related Vine Troubles. - - 359. Fruit Beverage Investigations. - - 360. Gum Diseases of Citrus Trees in California. - - 361. Preliminary Volume Tables for Second Growth Redwood. - - 362. Dust and the Tractor Engine. - - 363. The Pruning of Citrus Trees in California. - - 364. Fungicidal Dusts for the Control of Bunt. - - 365. Avocado Culture in California. - - -CIRCULARS - - No. - - 70. Observations on the Status of Corn Growing in California. - - 82. The Common Ground Squirrel of California. - - 87. Alfalfa. - - 111. The Use of Lime and Gypsum on California Soils. - - 113. Correspondence Courses in Agriculture. - - 117. The Selection and Cost of a Small Pumping Plant. - - 127. House Fumigation. - - 136. _Melilotus indica_ as a Green-Manure Crop for California. - - 144. Oidium or Powdery Mildew of the Vine. - - 151. Feeding and Management of Hogs. - - 152. Some Observations on the Bulk Handling of Grain in California. - - 153. Announcement of the California State Dairy Cow Competition, - 1916-18. - - 154. Irrigation Practice in Growing Small Fruit in California. - - 155. Bovine Tuberculosis. - - 157. Control of the Pear Scab. - - 159. Agriculture in the Imperial Valley. - - 160. Lettuce Growing in California. - - 161. Potatoes in California. - - 164. Small Fruit Culture in California. - - 165. Fundamentals of Sugar Beet Culture under California Conditions. - - 166. The County Farm Bureau. - - 167. Feeding Stuffs of Minor Importance. - - 170. Fertilizing California Soils for the 1918 Crop. - - 172. Wheat Culture. - - 173. The Construction of the Wood-Hoop Silo. - - 174. Farm Drainage Methods. - - 175. Progress Report on the Marketing and Distribution of Milk. - - 178. The Packing of Apples in California. - - 179. Factors of Importance in Producing Milk of Low Bacterial Count. - - 182. Extending the Area of Irrigated Wheat in California for 1918. - - 184. A Flock of Sheep on the Farm. - - 188. Lambing Sheds. - - 190. Agriculture Clubs in California. - - 193. A Study of Farm Labor in California. - - 198. Syrup from Sweet Sorghum. - - 199. Onion Growing in California. - - 201. Helpful Hints to Hog Raisers. - - 202. County Organizations for Rural Fire Control. - - 203. Peat as a Manure Substitute. - - 205. Blackleg. - - 206. Jack Cheese. - - 208. Summary of the Annual Reports of the Farm Advisors of California. - - 209. The Function of the Farm Bureau. - - 210. Suggestions to the Settler in California. - - 212. Salvaging Rain-Damaged Prunes. - - 214. Seed Treatment for the Prevention of Cereal Smuts. - - 215. Feeding Dairy Cows in California. - - 217. Methods for Marketing Vegetables in California. - - 218. Advanced Registry Testing of Dairy Cows. - - 219. The Present Status of Alkali. - - 224. Control of the Brown Apricot Scale and the Italian Pear Scale on - Deciduous Fruit Trees. - - 228. Vineyard Irrigation in Arid Climates. - - 230. Testing Milk, Cream, and Skim Milk for Butterfat. - - 232. Harvesting and Handling California Cherries for Eastern Shipment. - - 233. Artificial Incubation. - - 234. Winter Injury to Young Walnut Trees during 1921-22. - - 235. Soil Analysis and Soil and Plant Interrelations. - - 236. The Common Hawks and Owls of California from the Standpoint of - the Rancher. - - 237. Directions for the Tanning and Dressing of Furs. - - 238. The Apricot in California. - - 239. Harvesting and Handling Apricots and Plums for Eastern Shipment. - - 240. Harvesting and Handling Pears for Eastern Shipment. - - 241. Harvesting and Handling Peaches for Eastern Shipment. - - 242. Poultry Feeding. - - 244. Central Wire Bracing for Fruit Trees. - - 245. Vine Pruning Systems. - - 247. Colonization and Rural Development. - - 248. Some Common Errors in Vine Pruning and Their Remedies. - - 249. Replacing Missing Vines. - - 250. Measurement of Irrigation Water on the Farm. - - 251. Recommendations Concerning the Common Diseases and Parasites of - Poultry in California. - - 252. Supports for Vines. - - 253. Vineyard Plans. - - 254. The Use of Artificial Light to Increase Winter Egg Production. - - 255. Leguminous Plants as Organic Fertilizer in California - Agriculture. - - 256. The Control of Wild Morning Glory. - - 257. The Small-Seeded Horse Bean. - - 258. Thinning Deciduous Fruits. - - 259. Pear By-products. - - 260. A Selected List of References Relating to Irrigation in - California. - - 261. Sewing Grain Sacks. - - 263. Tomato Production in California. - - - - -Transcriber’s notes: - -In the text version, italics are represented by _underscores_, and bold -text by =equals= symbols. - -The bulletins and circulars sections have been expanded from 2 columns -in small font to a single column to allow them to be more easily read. - -The single occurrence of paraffine has been changed to paraffin for -consistency with general use in the text. - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMPARISON OF WOODS FOR BUTTER -BOXES *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation -of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project -Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may -do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected -by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark -license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country other than the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where - you are located before using this eBook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that: - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of -the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set -forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, -Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up -to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website -and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without -widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/old/67359-0.zip b/old/67359-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index dbbb2ad..0000000 --- a/old/67359-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/67359-h.zip b/old/67359-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index d37375e..0000000 --- a/old/67359-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/67359-h/67359-h.htm b/old/67359-h/67359-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 7a8b4d6..0000000 --- a/old/67359-h/67359-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1681 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - Comparison of Woods for Butter Boxes, by G. D. Turnbow - </title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - - h1,h2,h3,h4{ - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; -} - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em; -} - - -.faux { - font-size: 0.1em; - visibility: hidden; -} - -.ph1 {font-size: 200%; font-weight: bold; margin: 2em auto; text-align: center;text-indent: 0;} -.ph2 {font-size: 150%; font-weight: bold; margin: 2em auto; text-align: center;text-indent: 0;} - -.f150 {font-size: 150%;} -.f120 {font-size: 120%;} -.f90 {font-size: 90%;} -.f75 {font-size: 75%;} - -hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 33.5%; - margin-right: 33.5%; - clear: both; -} - -hr.short {width: 20%; margin-left: 40%; margin-right: 40%;} -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} -@media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} } - -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} -h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} - -table { -/* border-style: double none solid; */ - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; -} -table.autotable { border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 75%;} - -.tdl {text-align: left; padding-right:10px;} -.tdc {text-align: center;} -.vm {vertical-align: middle} -.vt {vertical-align: top} -.vb {vertical-align: bottom} - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; -} /* page numbers */ - -.pagenumtbl { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: larger; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; -} /* page numbers */ - -.bb {border-bottom: 1px solid;} - -.bt2 {border-top: double;} - -.center {text-align: center;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - -.u {text-decoration: underline;} - -.caption {font-weight: bold;} - -/* Images */ - -img { - max-width: 100%; - height: auto; -} -img.w100 {width: 100%;} - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; - page-break-inside: avoid; - max-width: 100%; -} - -/* Footnotes */ -.footnotes {border: 1px dashed;} - -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} - -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: - none; -} - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - -/* Illustration classes */ -.illowp81 {width: 81%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp81 {width: 100%;} -.illowp84 {width: 84%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp84 {width: 100%;} - - </style> - </head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Comparison of Woods for Butter Boxes, by G. D. Turnbow</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Comparison of Woods for Butter Boxes</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: G. D. Turnbow</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: February 8, 2022 [eBook #67359]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Charlene Taylor, Chris Jordan and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images from the Home Economics Archive: Research, Tradition and History, Albert R. Mann Library, Cornell University)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMPARISON OF WOODS FOR BUTTER BOXES ***</div> - -<h1 class="faux"> COMPARISON OF WOODS FOR BUTTER BOXES By G. D. TURNBOW</h1> - - -<p class="center"><span class="f120 u"><b>UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS</b></span></p> - -<p class="center"><span class="f150">COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE</span><br /> - <span class="f180">AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION</span><br /> - <span class="f150">BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA</span></p> -<hr class="short" /> - -<p class="ph1"> COMPARISON OF WOODS FOR BUTTER BOXES</p> - -<p class="center"> <i>By</i> G. D. TURNBOW</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp81" id="titlepage" style="max-width: 37.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/titlepage.jpg" - alt="Proper method of packing cartoned butter in 60-pound boxes" /> - <div class="caption">Proper method of packing cartoned butter in 60-pound boxes</div> -</div> - -<hr class="short" /> - -<p class="center"><span class="f120"><b>BULLETIN No. 369</b></span><br /> -<span class="smcap">August, 1923</span></p> - -<hr class="short" /> - -<p class="center f90"> UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS<br /> - BERKELEY<br /> - 1923</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="COMPARISON_OF_WOODS_FOR_BUTTER_BOXES">COMPARISON OF WOODS FOR BUTTER BOXES</h2> - -<p class="center smcap">by<br /> - -G. D. TURNBOW</p> - - -<hr class="short" /> - -<p>Butter boxes used in shipping and storing butter in California, -are usually made of spruce which is largely shipped in from other -states particularly from Washington and Oregon.</p> - -<p>With the recent war, however, there came an acute shortage of -spruce on the Pacific Coast with a corresponding increase in price. -The commercial manufacturers did some work in an attempt to find -a substitute for spruce, but the trade did not readily accept a change. -There was a demand from both the lumber and the butter interests -for investigation to find a suitable substitute for spruce.</p> - -<p>The production of spruce is somewhat limited in California, but -there is an abundance of white fir and a limited amount of cottonwood -available. However, the creamerymen have not used white fir and -cottonwood to any extent for butter containers, on account of the -belief that these materials would impart a wood flavor to the butter.</p> - -<p>Inasmuch as nearly all of the butter made in this State is shipped -or stored in wooden containers, the use of white fir or cottonwood, -would mean first, a material saving to the butter manufacturers in -marketing expense, and second, an opportunity for the lumber interests -to use a large amount of raw material already available in -California, which heretofore had been of little commercial value -or use.</p> - - -<h3>BUTTER ABSORBS ODOR</h3> - -<p>The volatile fats in butter have the property of absorbing odors, -which often results in an undesirable flavor. Great care then must -be exercised in keeping butter from coming in contact with materials -that will impart a foreign flavor. Butter need be exposed to foreign -odors only a short length of time before the flavor is permanently -affected.</p> - - -<p>Experiments<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> - were conducted, therefore, to determine whether -white fir or cottonwood would impart a flavor to the butter and also -to determine the possibility of storing butter in cubes and marketing -it in 60-pound cases when these woods were used.</p> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p> - - -<h3>CUBE BUTTER IN COLD STORAGE</h3> - -<p>The butter for cold storage was packed in white fir, cottonwood, -and spruce containers holding ten pounds each. Both seasoned and -unseasoned woods were used in each of the three methods of packing.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp81" id="image004" style="max-width: 37.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/image004.jpg" - alt="Fig. 1.—Butter packed in cubes paraffined and parchment lined." /> - <div class="caption">Fig. 1.—Butter packed in cubes paraffined and parchment lined.</div> -</div> - -<p>The first set packed with butter were plain unseasoned boxes of -each of the woods. The second set had the inner surface paraffined -before packing. The method of paraffining was to invert the box -over a steam jet and steam thoroughly. This served a double purpose -in that it opened the pores of the wood and allowed the paraffin -to penetrate, and the heated surface of the wood kept the paraffin in -a liquid condition so that it could be put on in a thinner coat than -if the paraffin had been applied to a cold surface. After the boxes had -been allowed to drain, the inside was then painted with paraffin at -240° F. This method gave a complete covering to the wood, a result -which is not always obtained by some of the commercial paraffin -atomizers. The third set was paraffined as above and, in addition, -lined with good parchment paper so that no butter could come in -contact with either wood or paraffin (fig. 1). Twenty-three 10-pound -boxes were packed in the three ways.</p> - -<p>They were filled with the butter from one churning which scored -92½ after being chilled for 24 hours at 50° F. and were shipped -immediately after the first scoring to a cold storage plant in San -Francisco and stored at a temperature of 12° F. The butter was -scored monthly for six months. The summary of the scoring is given -in <a href="#table1">table 1</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="autotable f75" summary="Influence of Various Woods on Cube Butter in Storage"> - -<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="7"> -<span class="f150"><a name="table1" id="table1"></a>TABLE 1<br /> -<span class="smcap">Influence of Various Woods on Cube Butter in Storage</span></span> -<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> -</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="tdc vb bt2 bb">No. of<br /> sample</td> -<td class="tdc vb bt2 bb">Kind<br /> of wood </td> -<td class="tdc vb bt2 bb">How treated </td> -<td class="tdc vb bt2 bb">First <br /> score</td> -<td class="tdc vb bt2 bb">Lowest<br /> score</td> -<td class="tdc vb bt2 bb">Average of<br /> all scores</td> -<td class="tdc vb bt2 bb">Average score of <br />butter in same<br /> kind of box</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt">1</td> -<td class="tdl vt">White Fir</td> -<td class="tdl vt ">Unseasoned<br/>No Paraffin<br />No Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt">92.5</td><td class="tdc vt">89</td><td class="tdc vt">90.857</td><td> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt">2</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Cottonwood </td> -<td class="tdl vt">Unseasoned<br />No Paraffin<br />No Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt">92.5</td><td class="tdc vt">86</td><td class="tdc vt">89.214</td><td> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt">3</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Spruce</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Unseasoned<br />No Paraffin<br />No Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt">92.5</td><td class="tdc vt">88</td><td class="tdc vt">90.785</td><td> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt">4</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Spruce</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Seasoned<br />Paraffin<br />No Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt">92.5</td><td class="tdc vt">89</td><td class="tdc vt">90.642</td><td> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt"> 6</td> -<td class="tdl vt">White Fir</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Seasoned<br />Paraffin<br />No Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt">92.5</td><td class="tdc vt">90</td><td class="tdc vt">90.857</td><td> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt bb"> 7</td> -<td class="tdl vt bb">Cottonwood</td> -<td class="tdl vt bb">Seasoned<br />Paraffin<br />No Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt bb">92.5</td><td class="tdc vt bb">87</td><td class="tdc vt bb">89.571</td><td class="bb"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt">5</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Cottonwood</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Unseasoned<br />Paraffin<br />No Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt">92.5</td><td class="tdc vt">88</td><td class="tdc vt">89.857</td><td> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt">8</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Spruce</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Unseasoned<br />Paraffin<br />No Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt">92.5</td><td class="tdc vt">90</td><td class="tdc vt">90.928</td><td> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt bb">9</td> -<td class="tdl vt bb">White Fir</td> -<td class="tdl vt bb">Unseasoned<br />Paraffin<br />No Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt bb">92.5</td><td class="tdc vt bb">89</td><td class="tdc vt bb">90.571</td><td class="bb"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt">10</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Cottonwood</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Unseasoned<br />Paraffin<br />Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt">92.5</td><td class="tdc vt">91.0</td><td class="tdc vt">91.714</td><td> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt">11</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Cottonwood </td> -<td class="tdl vt">Unseasoned<br />Paraffin<br />Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt">92.5</td><td class="tdc vt">89.0</td><td class="tdc vt">90.571</td> - <td class="tdc vt">91.142</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt bb">18</td> -<td class="tdl vt bb">Cottonwood</td> -<td class="tdl vt bb">Unseasoned<br />Paraffin<br />Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt bb">92.5</td><td class="tdc vt bb">89.0</td><td class="tdc vt bb">91.142</td><td class="bb"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt">12</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Spruce</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Unseasoned<br />Paraffin<br />Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt">92.5</td><td class="tdc vt">90.5</td><td class="tdc vt">91.5</td><td> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt">13</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Spruce</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Unseasoned<br />Paraffin<br />Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt">92.5</td><td class="tdc vt">91.0</td><td class="tdc vt">91.571</td> - <td class="tdc vt">91.333</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt bb">14</td> -<td class="tdl vt bb">Spruce</td> -<td class="tdl vt bb">Unseasoned<br />Paraffin<br />Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt bb">92.5</td><td class="tdc vt bb">90.0</td> - <td class="tdc vt bb">90.928</td><td class="bb"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt">15 - <span class="pagenum f180"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span></td> -<td class="tdl vt">White Fir</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Unseasoned<br />Paraffin<br />Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt">92.5</td><td class="tdc vt"> 89.0</td> - <td class="tdc vt">90.928</td><td class="tdc vm bb" rowspan="2">91.107</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt bb">16</td> -<td class="tdl vt bb">White Fir</td> -<td class="tdl vt bb">Unseasoned</td> -<td class="tdc vt bb">92.5</td><td class="tdc vt bb">90.0</td> - <td class="tdc vt bb">91.285</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt">17</td> -<td class="tdl vt">White Fir</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Seasoned<br />Paraffin <br />Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt">92.5</td><td class="tdc vt">89.0</td><td class="tdc vt">90.857</td> - <td class="tdc vm bb" rowspan="2">91.142</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt bb">20</td> -<td class="tdl vt bb">White Fir</td> -<td class="tdl vt bb">Seasoned<br />Paraffin<br />Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt bb">92.5</td><td class="tdc vt bb">90.5</td><td class="tdc vt bb">91.428</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt bb">19</td> -<td class="tdl vt bb">Cottonwood</td> -<td class="tdl vt bb">Seasoned<br />Paraffin<br />Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt bb">92.5</td><td class="tdc vt bb">90.5</td><td class="tdc vt bb">91.571</td><td class="bb"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt"> 21</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Spruce</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Seasoned<br />Paraffin<br />Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt">92.5</td><td class="tdc vt">90.0</td><td class="tdc vt">91.214</td><td> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt">22</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Spruce</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Seasoned<br />Paraffin<br />Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt">92.5</td><td class="tdc vt">90.0</td><td class="tdc vt">91.571</td> -<td class="tdc vt">91.523</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt bb"> 23</td> -<td class="tdl vt bb">Spruce</td> -<td class="tdl vt bb">Seasoned<br />Paraffin <br />Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt bb">92.5</td><td class="tdc vt bb">91.0</td><td class="tdc vt bb">91.785</td><td class="bb"> </td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> - - -<h3>SIXTY-POUND BOXES PACKED FOR MARKET</h3> - -<p>The butter for market was cut into two-pound squares, wrapped -and packed in 60-pound containers, made of white fir, cottonwood and -spruce (figs. 2, 3 and 4). The butter was stored in a cold room, the -temperature of which ranged from 48° to 50° F. It was held in -storage twenty-eight days, which is within two days of the maximum -time butter may be held and still sold as fresh butter. Butter held -over thirty days must be labeled “storage butter.” The butter was -scored four times during the storage period. The butter used was all -from the same churning which scored 93 after being chilled for -twenty-four hours at 50° F.</p> - -<p><a href="#table2">Table 2</a> gives a summary of the scores showing the effect upon -butter in containers with varying treatments. When paraffined, the -inside of the boxes was painted with the paraffin at 240° F.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span></p> -<div class="center"> -<table class="autotable f75" summary="Influence of Various Woods on Butter Packed in 60-Lb. Boxes"> - -<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="6"> -<span class="f150"><a name="table2" id="table2"></a>TABLE 2<br /> -<span class="smcap">Influence of Various Woods on Butter Packed in 60-Lb. Boxes</span></span> -<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> -</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="tdc vb bt2 bb">No. of<br /> sample</td> -<td class="tdc vb bt2 bb">Kind<br /> of wood </td> -<td class="tdc vb bt2 bb">How treated </td> -<td class="tdc vb bt2 bb">Highest<br /> score</td> -<td class="tdc vb bt2 bb">Lowest<br /> score</td> -<td class="tdc vb bt2 bb">Average of<br /> all scores</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt">1</td> -<td class="tdl vt">White Fir</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Unseasoned, Not Paraffined<br />Parchment Wrapped, Cartons<br /> -Box Lined with Wrapping Paper</td> -<td class="tdc vt">93</td><td class="tdc vt">93</td><td class="tdc vt">93</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt">3</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Cottonwood</td> -<td class="tdl vt"> Unseasoned, Not Paraffined<br />Parchment Wrapped, Cartons<br /> -Box Lined with Wrapping Paper</td> -<td class="tdc vt">93</td><td class="tdc vt">93</td><td class="tdc vt">93</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt bb">7</td> -<td class="tdl vt bb">Spruce</td> -<td class="tdl vt bb">Unseasoned, Not Paraffined<br />Parchment Wrapped, Cartons<br /> -Box Lined with Wrapping Paper</td> -<td class="tdc vt bb">93</td><td class="tdc vt bb">93</td><td class="tdc vt bb">93</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt">1-a</td> -<td class="tdl vt">White Fir</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Unseasoned, Not Paraffined <br />Parchment Wrapped, No Cartons<br /> -Box Lined with Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt">—</td><td class="tdc vt">—</td><td class="tdc vt">—</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt">3-a</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Cottonwood </td> -<td class="tdl vt"> Unseasoned, Not Paraffined<br />Parchment Wrapped, No Cartons<br /> -Box Lined with Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt">93</td><td class="tdc vt">93</td><td class="tdc vt">93</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt bb">7-a </td> -<td class="tdl vt bb">Spruce</td> -<td class="tdl vt bb"> Unseasoned, Not Paraffined<br />Parchment Wrapped, No Cartons<br /> -Box Lined with Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt bb">93</td><td class="tdc vt bb">93</td><td class="tdc vt bb">93</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt">2</td> -<td class="tdl vt">White Fir</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Seasoned, Not Paraffined<br />Parchment Wrapped, Cartons<br /> -Box Lined with Wrapping Paper</td> -<td class="tdc vt">93</td><td class="tdc vt">93</td><td class="tdc vt">93</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt">9</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Cottonwood</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Seasoned, Not Paraffined<br />Parchment Wrapped, Cartons<br /> -Box Lined with Wrapping Paper</td> -<td class="tdc vt">93</td><td class="tdc vt">93</td><td class="tdc vt">93</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt bb">8</td> -<td class="tdl vt bb">Spruce</td> -<td class="tdl vt bb">Seasoned, Not Paraffined<br />Parchment Wrapped, Cartons<br /> - Box Lined with Wrapping Paper</td> -<td class="tdc vt bb">93</td><td class="tdc vt bb">93</td><td class="tdc vt bb">93</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt">2-a</td> -<td class="tdl vt">White Fir</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Seasoned, Not Paraffined<br />Parchment Wrapped, No Cartons<br /> -Box Lined with Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt">93</td><td class="tdc vt">93</td><td class="tdc vt">93</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt">9-a</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Cottonwood </td> -<td class="tdl vt">Seasoned, Not Paraffined<br />Parchment Wrapped, No Cartons<br /> -Box Lined with Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt">93</td><td class="tdc vt"> 90</td><td class="tdc vt">91.175</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt bb">8-a</td> -<td class="tdl vt bb">Spruce</td> -<td class="tdl vt bb">Seasoned, Not Paraffined<br />Parchment Wrapped, No Cartons<br /> -Box Lined with Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt bb">93</td><td class="tdc vt bb">93</td><td class="tdc vt bb">93</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt">4</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Cottonwood</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Seasoned, Paraffined<br />Parchment Wrapped, Cartons<br /> - Box Lined with Wrapping Paper</td> -<td class="tdc vt">93</td><td class="tdc vt">93</td><td class="tdc vt">93</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt">5</td> -<td class="tdl vt">White Fir</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Seasoned, Box Paraffined<br />Parchment Wrapped, Cartons<br /> -Box Lined with Wrapping Paper</td> -<td class="tdc vt">93</td><td class="tdc vt">93</td><td class="tdc vt">93</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt bb">6</td> -<td class="tdl vt bb">Spruce</td> -<td class="tdl vt bb">Seasoned, Paraffined<br />Parchment Wrapped, Cartons<br /> -Box Lined with Wrapping Paper</td> -<td class="tdc vt bb">93</td><td class="tdc vt bb">93</td><td class="tdc vt bb">93</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt">4-a</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Cottonwood</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Seasoned, Paraffined<br />Parchment Wrapped, No Cartons<br /> -Box Lined with Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt">93</td><td class="tdc vt">93</td><td class="tdc vt">93</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt">5-a</td> -<td class="tdl vt">White Fir</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Seasoned, Paraffined<br />Parchment Wrapped, No Cartons<br /> -Box Lined with Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt">93</td><td class="tdc vt">92.75</td><td class="tdc vt">92.562</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc vt bb">6-a</td> -<td class="tdl vt bb">Spruce</td> -<td class="tdl vt bb">Seasoned, Paraffined<br />Parchment Wrapped, No Cartons<br /> -Box Lined with Parchment</td> -<td class="tdc vt bb">93</td><td class="tdc vt bb">93</td><td class="tdc vt bb">93</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span></p> -<h3>NAILING OF BOXES</h3> - -<p>Five-penny cement-coated nails were used in making the boxes. -Practically no splitting was caused by the nails in unseasoned white -fir, spruce, or cottonwood. There was very little splitting in seasoned -cottonwood. The nails, however, caused a slight splitting in the -seasoned spruce and quite a noticeable splitting in the white fir, but -not enough in either to cause an appreciable loss.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp81" id="image008" style="max-width: 37.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/image008.jpg" alt="Fig. 2.—Typical 60-pound white fir boxes showing general run of this wood." /> - <div class="caption">Fig. 2.—Typical 60-pound white fir boxes showing general run of this wood.</div> -</div> - -<h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> - - -<h4>Cube Butter in Cold Storage</h4> - -<p><i>Boxes paraffined and parchment lined.</i>—White fir and cottonwood -can be used in place of spruce for storing butter in cubes, when -properly seasoned, paraffined, and parchment lined.</p> - -<p>Cottonwood is equal to spruce as a butter container. Butter stored -in cottonwood boxes for six months had an average score of 0.048 of -a point above spruce treated in the same manner.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp84" id="image009a" style="max-width: 37.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/image009a.jpg" - alt="Fig. 3.—Method of lining 60-pound boxes with paper." /> - <div class="caption">Fig. 3.—Method of lining 60-pound boxes with paper.</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp84" id="image009b" style="max-width: 37.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/image009b.jpg" - alt="Fig. 4.—Parchment wrapped butter in parchment lined box." /> - <div class="caption">Fig. 4.—Parchment wrapped butter in parchment lined box.</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p> - -<p>White fir may be used very successfully. It scored during the -six months’ storage only an average of 0.381 of a point below spruce.</p> - -<p>In the final scoring, after six months’ storage, none of the cubes -packed in seasoned, paraffined and parchment lined containers received -a cut directly due to wood flavor.</p> - -<p>Green or unseasoned white fir, cottonwood or spruce, may impart -a slight wood flavor to the butter when packed in cubes, even though -they are paraffined and parchment lined. The butter stored in -unseasoned cubes scored an average of 0.218 of a point below the -butter stored in seasoned boxes with the same treatment. While the -average difference was very small, in some cases there was a decided -wood flavor which was pronounced enough to affect materially the -flavor of the butter.</p> - -<p><i>Boxes paraffined but not parchment lined.</i>—Unseasoned boxes of -white fir, cottonwood and spruce, paraffined but not parchment lined -are not entirely satisfactory for storing butter. The butter so stored -was criticized in practically all cases for wood flavor. Butter stored -in white fir boxes scored 0.358 of a point lower than that in spruce -boxes, while butter in cottonwood boxes scored 1.071 lower than that in -spruce. Storing butter in cubes without parchment lining or in cubes -carelessly lined with parchment will cause objectionable flavors -regardless of the wood.</p> - -<p><i>Boxes neither paraffined nor parchment lined.</i>—Butter allowed to -come in direct contact with any of the three untreated woods will -always take up wood flavor. The injury to the flavor is about equal -from all three woods.</p> - - -<h4>Sixty-Pound Boxes Packed for Market</h4> - -<p>White fir is as good as spruce for 60-pound boxes when seasoned -and parchment lined, the butter being wrapped in parchment only. -Cottonwood is not quite as satisfactory as either spruce or white fir, -there being some criticism on the flavor of the butter.</p> - -<p>Butter can be shipped in seasoned white fir or cottonwood boxes, -lined with ordinary wrapping paper, if the butter is parchment -wrapped and cartoned. There is no advantage in using parchment -paper to line the box.</p> - -<p>Since there was practically no trouble experienced in the unparaffined -boxes, there is no advantage in paraffining the inside of the box.</p> - -<p>Since the completion of the investigational work, approximately -40,000 white fir boxes have been used with entire satisfaction for -shipping butter at the University Farm.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="STATION_PUBLICATIONS_AVAILABLE_FOR_FREE_DISTRIBUTION">STATION PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION</h2> -</div> - - -<h3>BULLETINS</h3> - -<table class="autotable f90" summary="Bulletins"> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">No.</td><td class="tdl vt"> </td></tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">253.</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Irrigation and Soil Conditions in the Sierra Nevada Foothills, California.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">261.</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Melaxuma of the Walnut, “Juglans regia.”</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">262.</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Citrus Diseases of Florida and Cuba Compared with those of California.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">263.</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Size Grades for Ripe Olives.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">268.</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Growing and Grafting Olive Seedlings.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">270.</td> -<td class="tdl vt">A Comparison of Annual Cropping, Biennial Cropping, and Green Manures on the Yield of Wheat.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">273.</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Preliminary Report on Kearney Vineyard Experimental Drain.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">275.</td> -<td class="tdl vt">The Cultivation of Belladonna in California.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">276.</td> -<td class="tdl vt">The Pomegranate.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">277.</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Sudan Grass.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">278.</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Grain Sorghums.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">279.</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Irrigation of Rice in California.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">280.</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Irrigation of Alfalfa in the Sacramento Valley.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">283.</td> -<td class="tdl vt">The Olive Insects of California.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">285.</td> -<td class="tdl vt">The Milk Goat in California.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">286.</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Commercial Fertilizers.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">287.</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Vinegar from Waste Fruits.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">294.</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Bean Culture in California.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">298.</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Seedless Raisin Grapes.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">304.</td> -<td class="tdl vt">A Study of the Effects of Freezes on Citrus in California.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">308.</td> -<td class="tdl vt">I. Fumigation with Liquid Hydrocyanic Acid. II. Physical and Chemical Properties of Liquid Hydrocyanic Acid.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">312.</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Mariout Barley.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">317.</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Selections of Stocks in Citrus Propagation.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">319.</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Caprifigs and Caprification.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">321.</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Commercial Production of Grape Syrup.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">324.</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Storage of Perishable Fruit at Freezing Temperatures.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">325.</td> -<td class="tdl vt">Rice Irrigation Measurements and Experiments in Sacramento Valley, 1914-1919.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">328.</td><td class="tdl vt">Prune Growing in California.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">331. </td><td class="tdl vt">Phylloxera-Resistant Stocks.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">334. </td><td class="tdl vt">Preliminary Volume Tables for Second-Growth Redwoods.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">335. </td><td class="tdl vt">Cocoanut Meal as a Feed for Dairy Cows and Other Livestock.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">336.</td><td class="tdl vt"> The Preparation of Nicotine Dust as an Insecticide.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">337. </td><td class="tdl vt">Some Factors of Dehydrater Efficiency.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">339.</td><td class="tdl vt"> The Relative Cost of Making Logs from Small and Large Timber.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">341. </td><td class="tdl vt">Studies on Irrigation of Citrus Groves.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">343. </td><td class="tdl vt">Cheese Pests and Their Control.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">344. </td><td class="tdl vt">Cold Storage as an Aid to the Marketing of Plums.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">347. </td><td class="tdl vt">The Control of Red Spiders in Deciduous Orchards.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">348.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Pruning Young Olive Trees.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">349.</td><td class="tdl vt"> A Study of Sidedraft and Tractor Hitches.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">350.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Agriculture in Cut-over Redwood Lands.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">351.</td><td class="tdl vt"> California State Dairy Cow Competition.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">352.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Further Experiments in Plum Pollination.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">353.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Bovine Infectious Abortion.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">354. </td><td class="tdl vt">Results of Rice Experiments in 1922.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">355. </td><td class="tdl vt">The Peach Twig Borer.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">357. </td><td class="tdl vt">A Self-mixing Dusting Machine for Applying Dry Insecticides and Fungicides.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">358. </td><td class="tdl vt">Black Measles, Water Berries, and Related Vine Troubles.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">359. </td><td class="tdl vt">Fruit Beverage Investigations.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">360. </td><td class="tdl vt">Gum Diseases of Citrus Trees in California.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">361. </td><td class="tdl vt">Preliminary Volume Tables for Second Growth Redwood.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">362. </td><td class="tdl vt">Dust and the Tractor Engine.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">363. </td><td class="tdl vt">The Pruning of Citrus Trees in California.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">364. </td><td class="tdl vt">Fungicidal Dusts for the Control of Bunt.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">365.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Avocado Culture in California.</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<h3>CIRCULARS</h3> - -<table class="autotable f90" summary="Circulars"> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">No.</td><td class="tdl vt"> </td></tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">70. </td><td class="tdl vt">Observations on the Status of Corn Growing in California.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">82.</td><td class="tdl vt"> The Common Ground Squirrel of California.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">87. </td><td class="tdl vt">Alfalfa.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">111.</td><td class="tdl vt"> The Use of Lime and Gypsum on California Soils.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">113.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Correspondence Courses in Agriculture.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">117.</td><td class="tdl vt"> The Selection and Cost of a Small Pumping Plant.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">127.</td><td class="tdl vt"> House Fumigation.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">136.</td><td class="tdl vt"> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melilotus indica</i> as a Green-Manure Crop for California.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">144.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Oidium or Powdery Mildew of the Vine.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">151.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Feeding and Management of Hogs.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">152.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Some Observations on the Bulk Handling of Grain in California.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">153.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Announcement of the California State Dairy Cow Competition, 1916-18.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">154.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Irrigation Practice in Growing Small Fruit in California.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">155.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Bovine Tuberculosis.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">157. </td><td class="tdl vt">Control of the Pear Scab.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">159.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Agriculture in the Imperial Valley.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">160. </td><td class="tdl vt">Lettuce Growing in California.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">161.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Potatoes in California.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">164.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Small Fruit Culture in California.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">165. </td><td class="tdl vt">Fundamentals of Sugar Beet Culture under California Conditions.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">166.</td><td class="tdl vt"> The County Farm Bureau.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">167.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Feeding Stuffs of Minor Importance.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">170.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Fertilizing California Soils for the 1918 Crop.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">172.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Wheat Culture.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">173.</td><td class="tdl vt"> The Construction of the Wood-Hoop Silo.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">174.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Farm Drainage Methods.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">175.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Progress Report on the Marketing and Distribution of Milk.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">178. </td><td class="tdl vt">The Packing of Apples in California.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">179.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Factors of Importance in Producing Milk of Low Bacterial Count.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">182.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Extending the Area of Irrigated Wheat in California for 1918.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">184.</td><td class="tdl vt"> A Flock of Sheep on the Farm.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">188. </td><td class="tdl vt">Lambing Sheds.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">190.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Agriculture Clubs in California.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">193.</td><td class="tdl vt"> A Study of Farm Labor in California. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">198.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Syrup from Sweet Sorghum.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">199. </td><td class="tdl vt">Onion Growing in California.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">201. </td><td class="tdl vt">Helpful Hints to Hog Raisers.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">202. </td><td class="tdl vt">County Organizations for Rural Fire Control.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">203.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Peat as a Manure Substitute.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">205.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Blackleg.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">206.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Jack Cheese.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">208. </td><td class="tdl vt">Summary of the Annual Reports of the Farm Advisors of California.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">209.</td><td class="tdl vt"> The Function of the Farm Bureau.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">210.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Suggestions to the Settler in California.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">212. </td><td class="tdl vt">Salvaging Rain-Damaged Prunes.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">214.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Seed Treatment for the Prevention of Cereal Smuts.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">215.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Feeding Dairy Cows in California.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">217.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Methods for Marketing Vegetables in California.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">218. </td><td class="tdl vt">Advanced Registry Testing of Dairy Cows.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">219.</td><td class="tdl vt"> The Present Status of Alkali.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">224. </td><td class="tdl vt">Control of the Brown Apricot Scale and the Italian Pear Scale on Deciduous Fruit Trees.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">228. </td><td class="tdl vt">Vineyard Irrigation in Arid Climates.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">230. </td><td class="tdl vt">Testing Milk, Cream, and Skim Milk for Butterfat.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">232.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Harvesting and Handling California Cherries for Eastern Shipment.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">233. </td><td class="tdl vt">Artificial Incubation.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">234. </td><td class="tdl vt">Winter Injury to Young Walnut Trees during 1921-22.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">235. </td><td class="tdl vt">Soil Analysis and Soil and Plant Interrelations.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">236. </td><td class="tdl vt">The Common Hawks and Owls of California from the Standpoint of the Rancher.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">237.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Directions for the Tanning and Dressing of Furs.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">238.</td><td class="tdl vt"> The Apricot in California.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">239. </td><td class="tdl vt">Harvesting and Handling Apricots and Plums for Eastern Shipment.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">240.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Harvesting and Handling Pears for Eastern Shipment.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">241.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Harvesting and Handling Peaches for Eastern Shipment.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">242. </td><td class="tdl vt">Poultry Feeding.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">244.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Central Wire Bracing for Fruit Trees.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">245.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Vine Pruning Systems.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">247. </td><td class="tdl vt">Colonization and Rural Development.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">248.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Some Common Errors in Vine Pruning and Their Remedies.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">249.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Replacing Missing Vines.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">250.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Measurement of Irrigation Water on the Farm.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">251.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Recommendations Concerning the Common Diseases and Parasites of Poultry in California.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">252.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Supports for Vines.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">253.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Vineyard Plans.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">254. </td><td class="tdl vt">The Use of Artificial Light to Increase Winter Egg Production.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">255.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Leguminous Plants as Organic Fertilizer in California Agriculture.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">256.</td><td class="tdl vt"> The Control of Wild Morning Glory.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">257.</td><td class="tdl vt"> The Small-Seeded Horse Bean.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">258. </td><td class="tdl vt">Thinning Deciduous Fruits.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">259.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Pear By-products.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">260.</td><td class="tdl vt"> A Selected List of References Relating to Irrigation in California.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">261.</td><td class="tdl vt"> Sewing Grain Sacks.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl vt">263. </td><td class="tdl vt">Tomato Production in California.</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<div class="footnotes"> - -<div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a> -<a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> This experiment was suggested by Mr. M. B. Pratt, Deputy State Forester. -Through his coöperation, all box material was furnished by the Swayne Lumber -Company of Oroville and the Capitol Box Factory of Sacramento.</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> -This scoring was done by T. J. Harris, San Francisco Dairy -Produce Exchange, S. L. Denning, Oakland, and G. D. Turnbow, College of -Agriculture, University of California.</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> - Butter scored by J. C. Marquardt and G. D. Turnbow of the College of Agriculture, University of -California.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class="transnote"> -<p class="ph2">Transcriber’s notes:</p> - -<p>In the text version, italics are represented by _underscores_, and -bold text by =equals= symbols.</p> - -<p>The bulletins and circulars sections have been expanded from 2 columns in small font to a single -column to allow them to be more easily read.</p> - -<p>The single occurrence of paraffine has been changed to paraffin for consistency with -general use in the text.</p> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMPARISON OF WOODS FOR BUTTER BOXES ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation -of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project -Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may -do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected -by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark -license, especially commercial redistribution. -</div> - -<div style='margin:0.83em 0; font-size:1.1em; text-align:center'>START: FULL LICENSE<br /> -<span style='font-size:smaller'>THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE<br /> -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK</span> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project -Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person -or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the -Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when -you share it without charge with others. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country other than the United States. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work -on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the -phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: -</div> - -<blockquote> - <div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most - other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions - whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms - of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online - at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you - are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws - of the country where you are located before using this eBook. - </div> -</blockquote> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project -Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg™ License. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format -other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain -Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -provided that: -</div> - -<div style='margin-left:0.7em;'> - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation.” - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ - works. - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. - </div> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of -the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set -forth in Section 3 below. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right -of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, -Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up -to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website -and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread -public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state -visit <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/donate/">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a>. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. -</div> - -</div> -</body> -</html> diff --git a/old/67359-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/67359-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index d3d16b9..0000000 --- a/old/67359-h/images/cover.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/67359-h/images/image004.jpg b/old/67359-h/images/image004.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index e95124e..0000000 --- a/old/67359-h/images/image004.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/67359-h/images/image008.jpg b/old/67359-h/images/image008.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 30ce90a..0000000 --- a/old/67359-h/images/image008.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/67359-h/images/image009a.jpg b/old/67359-h/images/image009a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 3fbcdd1..0000000 --- a/old/67359-h/images/image009a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/67359-h/images/image009b.jpg b/old/67359-h/images/image009b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 3988984..0000000 --- a/old/67359-h/images/image009b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/67359-h/images/titlepage.jpg b/old/67359-h/images/titlepage.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 1e40595..0000000 --- a/old/67359-h/images/titlepage.jpg +++ /dev/null |
