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Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1cfd074 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #66809 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/66809) diff --git a/old/66809-0.txt b/old/66809-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index e9e6a13..0000000 --- a/old/66809-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1892 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Survival at Altitude for Heavy and -Very Heavy Bomber Crews, by Anonymous - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Survival at Altitude for Heavy and Very Heavy Bomber Crews - -Author: Anonymous - -Release Date: November 24, 2021 [eBook #66809] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Kenneth R. Black, Sue Clark and Roger Frank - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SURVIVAL AT ALTITUDE FOR -HEAVY AND VERY HEAVY BOMBER CREWS *** - - - - - -[Transcriber's Note: - -Typographical errors (such as "COMAT" appearing for "COMBAT" in -the title) and punctuation inconsistencies have been retained. -The goal has been to provide a historically accurate representation of -the original 1944 publication.] - - - - -RESTRICTED - -NOTES ON THE USE OF OXYGEN EQUIPMENT -IN THE B-17, B-24, & B-29 FOR COMAT CREWS - -* * * * * * * * * * * * * * - -THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE USED BY PERSONNEL RENDERING SERVICE TO THE -UNITED STATES OR ITS ALLIES - -Paragraph 5.d. of Army Regulation 380-5 relative to the handling of -"restricted" printed matter is quoted below. - - "d. Dissemination of restricted matter.--The information contained - in restricted documents and the essential characteristics of - restricted material may be given to any person known to be in the - service of the United States and to persons of undoubted loyalty and - discretion who are cooperating in Government work, but will not be - communicated to the public or to the press except by authorized - military public relations agencies." - -RESTRICTED - - - - -FOREWORD - -These notes were originally intended as a source of general reference -concerning OXYGEN EQUIPMENT AND ITS USE by members of crews of the B-17 -and B-24 heavy bomber. With the advent of the B-29 as a combat bomber, -the section on THE B-29 AT HIGH ALTITUDE (Page ) was added to supply -certain specialized information concerning this ship. Every B-29 crew -member should be familiar with the INTRODUCTION and the section on THE -DEMAND OXYGEN SYSTEM as well as this specialized information. The -subject matter is presented from a PRACTICAL point of view, based upon -actual experiences encountered on altitude missions. Detailed -information on oxygen equipment may be found in the following TECHNICAL -ORDERS. - - 03-50-1 Use of Oxygen and Oxygen Equipment. - 03-50A-5 Type A-12 Demand Oxygen Regulator (Pioneer). - 03-50A-8 Type A-12 Demand Oxygen Regulator (Airco). - 03-50B-1 Type A-10 Revised Oxygen Mask. - 03-50B-6 Type A-14 Demand Oxygen Mask. - 03-50C-3 Low Pressure Oxygen Cylinders. - 03-50D-1 Oxygen Pressure Signal Assembly. - 03-50D-2 Oxygen Flow Indicator Type A-1. - 03-50D-4 Oxygen Flow Indicator Type A-3. - 03-50D-5 Oxygen Pressure Gage Type K-1. - - - - -INDEX - - Auto-Mix 17 - Ceiling, effect of oxygen on 3 - Dangers with oxygen 50 - Demand oxygen system 7 - Demand type masks 8 - Duration of oxygen supply - B-17 38 - B-24 44 - Method of computing 40 - Emergency valve 19 - Explosive Decompression 61 - Flow indicator 32 - Hazards of oxygen-lack 1 - Leaks in oxygen lines 49 - Leaks in regulator 11 - Mask, Demand - Fitting to face 9 - Technic, at altitude 13 - Testing for leaks 10 - Mask-Regulator connection 16 - Night Vision 2 - Oxygen cylinders 37 - Oxygen deficiency at altitude 3 - Oxygen installation, Servicing of 47 - Oxygen discipline 4 - Oxygen systems - B-17 36 - B-24 43 - B-29 57 - Oxygen systems, diagrams of - B-17 38 - B-24 47A - B-29 60 - Oxygen equipment, check of 34 - Portable oxygen equipment 20 - Precautions with demand system 34 - Passing out at altitude 51 - Pressure Cabins, B-29 56 - Regulator, Demand - A-12 17 - A-13 20 - Regulator hose clip 16 - Revival of passout victim 51 - Servicing oxygen installations 47 - Signal assembly 32 - Sniff-tester 11 - Testing for mask leak 10 - The B-29 at High Altitude 53 - Walk-around bottle 20 - Walk-around bottle - Uses of 20 - Large, for engineer 25 - When to use oxygen 1 - - - - -INTRODUCTION - - As a member of a heavy bomber team, in combat you will be living and -fighting in a world where man has no business--from three to six miles -above the environment for which nature designed you. - - Successful and effective operation of combat crews at altitudes in -excess of 15,000 feet requires that EVERY crew member be familiar with -altitude problems. You must be so thoroughly familiar with your oxygen -equipment that you will use it PROPERLY without giving it a thought. The -time to acquire this experience is during operational training--not -after you have pulled several boners in combat. - - Through long hours of tiring training you have developed superior -judgment, ability to make decisions quickly, and efficiently in firing -and in other duties. Most of your training has been confined to -relatively low altitudes in a relatively "normal" environment. Now you -are going to continue this training "upstairs". To maintain the -superiority and efficiency you possess OXYGEN MUST BE USED above 10,000 -feet. Above 18,000 feet oxygen must be used to maintain consciousness -and life itself. - -WHEN SHOULD FLYERS USE OXYGEN? - - (1) When wounded, especially with injuries accompanied by - hemorrhage or shock. - - (2) Above 10,000 feet on day missions, both in training and combat. - - (3) From ground up on all night missions. - (a) To prevent night blindness. - (b) Night vision impaired early and to a marked degree at - comparatively low altitude. - -HAZARD OF OXYGEN-LACK - - (1) At 12,000 to 15,000 feet (several hours): fatigue, drowsiness, - headache. - - (2) At 15,000 to 18,000 feet (½ to 1 hour): - False sense of well being - Overconfidence - Narrowing of field of attention - Faulty reasoning - Poor judgement - Loss of self-criticism - Clumsy - Blurring and double vision - Decreased hearing - Poor memory - May pass out - - (3) Above 18,000 feet: - Symptoms come on faster - Loss of muscle control - Loss of awareness of lapse of time - Loss of judgment and self-criticism - Loss of memory and ability to think - Loss of vision and hearing - Purposeless movements, repeated over and over - Emotional outbursts--hysteria, crying, laughing, anger - Loss of consciousness eventually: - at 26,000 feet 4 to 6 minutes - at 28,000 feet 2 to 4 minutes - at 30,000 feet 1 to 2 minutes - at 38,000 feet 30 seconds or less - The above varies with different individuals. - - (4) Loss of night vision. - Night vision is reduced to one-half at 12,000 feet without - oxygen. Breathing oxygen restores it to normal. - - (5) Breathing oxygen raises your ceiling. - - ALTITUDE %OXYGEN EQUIVALENT - FEET BREATHED LEVEL (feet) - 18,000 60 ground - 26,000 85 ground - 30,000 100 ground - 33,000 100 8,000 - 38,000 100 12,000 - 44,000 100 22,000 - - - - -REASONS FOR OXYGEN DEFICIENCY AT ALTITUDE - - (1) Inadequate supply for the mission. The low pressure oxygen system - in the B-17 and B-24 is fully charged to a capacity of 450 pounds - per square inch. This supply should last 7 to 9 hours, depending - on activity of the crew members (Auto-Mix "ON"). - - (2) Oxygen supply exhausted by leaks in oxygen lines or cylinders. - - (3) Flyer getting insufficient oxygen: - - (a) Attempts to do excessively hard work. - - (b) Mask leak: Improper fit; frozen exhaust valve; holes in mask - or hose; growth of stubby beard. - - (c) Leak around gasket between mask-regulator connection. - - (d) Loose connections where supply hose connects to regulator. - - (e) Freezing of moist oxygen at extremely low temperature. - - (f) Obstruction of openings in regulator. - - (g) Hole in rubber diaphragm in regulator. - - (4) Breathing too deeply may produce a partial vacuum inside mask - causing air to leak in from bottom or sides. BREATHE NATURALLY. - - 5 Don't expect to get oxygen from an empty walk-around bottle. - If not fully charged, the bottle may last only a minute or two. - - (6) Improper use of walk-around equipment. - - - - -OXYGEN DISCIPLINE - - It is mandatory that every member of a heavy combat crew be highly -trained in oxygen discipline. It is urged that oxygen "drill" be -practiced by ALL crew members for at least 15 minutes on routine -training flights before altitude missions are ever undertaken. Practice -using and re-filling the walk-around bottle at various stations. -Practice changing masks (page 12) and become expert at using oxygen from -emergency sources (page 27). Practice reviving some crewmate who has -supposedly passed out from oxygen lack. Practice going to your escape -hatch on a walk-around bottle with parachute in place. Practice all -emergencies that may arise some day in combat and when they arise they -won't be emergencies. - - The following responsibilities will fall upon every member of a -combat crew. The airplane commander should satisfy himself that the -following points are observed or provided for: - - (1) Fitting of the crew with masks, (page 9). Periodical check of - masks and mask fit. - - (2) All crew members are familiar with hazards of oxygen-lack at - altitude. (page 1). - - (3) See that all crew members are drilled in "precautions with the - demand system." (page 19). - - (4) Be sure that ALL crew members realize the danger of mixing oil and - oxygen. (page 50). - - (5) Be able to compute oxygen duration in different systems on ship - (pages 39 & 46). - - (6) PRE-FLIGHT CHECK OF OXYGEN EQUIPMENT. - - (a) Pressure in different systems. - - (b) Be able to charge oxygen system if necessary. (page 47). - - (c) Check regulators for proper setting (auto-mix), properly - working diaphragm, hose-regulator connection, emergency - valve OFF. - - (d) Check EACH station for possible oxygen deficiency at altitude, - (page 3). - - (e) Check portable oxygen equipment, regulator diaphragm, and - oxygen supply in bottles, see that regulators are working - properly. - - (f) Check all recharger hose valves for sluggish or sticking valves - (page 20). - - (7) Know how to re-distribute crew members to stations where oxygen - is available if part of supply is lost. (pages 41 & 45). - - (8) Someone to be able to find and repair a leak in oxygen lines. - (page 49). - - (9) Frequently check condition of crew members during flight. See - that one crew member checks on a fellow crewmate when - practicable. Check every 10-15 minutes above 20,000 feet. - Co-Pilot can help in this regard. - -(10) All crew members understand principles of reviving a crew member - unconscious from oxygen lack. (page 51). - -(11) Report to crew chief and personal equipment officer _on landing_ - any and all faulty oxygen equipment. Make sure repairs to such - equipment have been made before next flight. - - - - -THE DEMAND OXYGEN SYSTEM - - The "demand" oxygen system in your ship insures a fully adequate -oxygen supply except under the most extreme conditions. It was developed -to supply you, AUTOMATICALLY, as much oxygen as you need when you need -it--at all altitudes and under all conditions. - -The DEMAND OXYGEN SYSTEM consists of the following: - - (1) Demand type mask. - - (2) Mask to regulator tubing. - - (3) Demand type regulator (A-12). - - (4) Portable recharging hose (for filling walk-around bottles - - (5) Portable equipment: - (a) A-4 Cylinder with A-13 demand regulator. - (b) D-2 cylinder with A-13 regulator. - - (6) A panel containing: - a flow indicator - an oxygen pressure gauge - - (7) Cylinders containing breathing oxygen. - - - - -DEMAND TYPE MASKS - -Styles: A-10A and A-14 - - The A-10 mask is obsolete. - - The A-10 revised mask is obsoete. - - The A-14 mask is standard issue for staging and combat areas, and -operational or replacement training schools. - - The A-10-A mask is used in training where sufficient A-14 masks -are not available. - - Both the A-10-A and the A-14 masks are suspended from the summer -and winter flying helmets. - - NOTE: It is important that AERIAL GUNNERS obtain a properly fitting -mask, fit to both summer and winter helmets at the first station -available. Because of the extreme cold to which gunners are subjected -under combat conditions, you MUST learn to remove and replace the mask -quickly and accurately WEARING HEAVY GLOVES. It is not easy to -manipulate a mask or unjam a .50 cal. gun with numb fingers in heavy -flying gloves. PRACTICE these things on every training flight with -gloves ON. - -FITTING THE MASK TO THE FACE -- There are two considerations in -obtaining a proper fit: - (1) An _AIR-TIGHT SEAL_ of mask to face. - (2) Comfort of fit without undue pressure. - - The A-10-A and A-14 masks come in three sizes. Roughly, 60% of -flyers will require the STANDARD (medium) size mask, 30% the LARGE mask, -and the remaining 10% the SMALLER sizes. General instructions concerning -fitting are. - -(1) Suspension points on both summer and winter helmets must be -determined INDIVIDUALLY on each flyer. This is a job for your squadron -personal equipment officer or the group aviation physiologist or his -trained assistant. - -(2) It is important that the mask be suspended _high_ on the face, -sealing to the boney portion of the nose and cheek bones and NOT -the soft tissues. Otherwise you'll get a leak or a "clothespin on -the nose" effect from pressure of the nose wire. - -NOTE: - - (a) Be sure the regulator hose clip or the clip on the walk-around - bottle is clipped high enough on your clothing to remove all - tension from mask hose--otherwise the mask will be pulled down - on the face and will leak outside air. - - (b) Above 25,000 feet with the temperature 20 degrees and lower, the - tissues of the face contract and the rubber mask loses its - pliability. Under these conditions, the mask tends to fall away - from the face and it becomes necessary to SHORTEN THE UPPER - SUSPENSION STRAPS. On returning to warmer altitudes, these must - be loosened again to avoid discomfort from a too tightly fitting - mask. (Applies chiefly to gunners). - -(3) Excessive beard stubble will hold the mask away from the face and -cause leak around the jaws. - -(4) See page 35 for care of mask. - -(5) TESTING FOR LEAKS -- Holding the thumb over the end of the mask tube -(rapid disconnect) and inhaling GENTLY should cause the mask to collapse -on the face. The most common place for a leak is alongside the bridge of -the nose. The actual site of leak is determined by putting finger-point -pressure beside the nose and over the cheek bones, one point at a time. -The nose wire is then re-adjusted to cause pressure at this point. Be -sure the mask is high enough on the face and on the bridge of the nose. -If the seal is still below the boney portion of the nose try the next -largest size mask. - -(6) "SNIFF-TESTER" -- An effective "sniff-tester" for detecting small -leaks can be obtained as follows: Obtain one of the commercial nasal -inhalers - Benzedrine, Vick's, Penetro (or metal tube of comparable -size). Cut off the end ordinarily inserted into the nose flush with the -barrel of the container, and remove contents. Fit barrel with an -airtight cork stopper. Straighten a paper clip or take a piece of wire -of similar gage, cut to 2½ inch length, and drive one end firmly into -lower side of cork stopper. Fashion other end of wire into a 1/4 inch -fish hook bend. Make a ball of cotton or tightly wrapped gauze, ½ inch -in diameter, and attach to bent end of wire. Soak the cotton or gauze, -in oil of peppermint or oil of cloves (obtained from squadron dentist or -flight surgeon) and fit cork stopper, carrying the "sniff-tester" -tightly into metal container. To "sniff-test", remove the stopper and -hold the cotton plug on both sides of the nose at the top of the mask -(eyes closed). Inhale gently with the mask hose blocked. A leak is -present if the contents of the "sniff-tester" is detected. Rough as this -test seems, it is very sensitive. - -NOTE: The "sniff-tester" is also effective in testing the DEMAND -REGULATOR for leaks. Put on mask. Fit snugly to face. Plug into -regulator hose. Turn Auto-Mix (Air) Lever OFF. Hold sniff-tester close -to regulator diaphragm and breathe normally several times. If the -contents of the sniff-tester" are detected, the regulator has a leak. - -TWO TYPES OF "SNIFF-TESTERS" - -(A) Cotton pledget soaked with oil of peppermint. - -(B) Benzedrine inhaler containing blotter soaked with oil of peppermint. - -[Illustration: Fig. 1] - -REMOVING MASK AT ALTITUDE -- There are many reasons why your oxygen mask -will be removed above 20,000 feet. This has been responsible for -countless "accidents" in heavy bomber crews IN advanced training and in -combat. LEARN THE PROPER TECHNIC NOW, wearing heavy gloves. You can take -your oxygen mask off at 30,000 feet and be as safe as you are on the -ground, PROVIDING YOU HOLD YOUR BREATH and don't breathe the "thin" -outside air. The following are a few of the reasons why you will remove -your mask at high altitude. DON'T REMOVE YOUR GLOVES, for freezing -occurs almost instantaneously and painlessly at temperatures of 30 below -and lower. - -(1) To wipe moisture from inside the mask at regular intervals -- for -comfort and to prevent ice formation around exhaust valve. - - NOTE: A puddle of condensed moisture lying over the flutter - valve will render it useless. You will be warned of this; when - you breathe out, the air from your mask comes out the top of the - mask, fogging your goggles. - -(2) To blow your nose. To help clear your ears on descent by holding -nose and blowing (if necessary). To vomit if you get sick. - -(3) To take nourishment and hot drinks on missions. - -(4) To change masks. - -TECHNIC -- NEVER breathe when mask is off face or is loosened from -helmet. PRACTICE THIS with a mirror: (See Fig. 2, 3 & 4) - -(1) Hold mask to face firmly with left hand. - -(2) Disengage mask clip from helmet with right hand. - -(3) Holding mask snugly in position with left hand, take 3 or 4 deep -breaths of oxygen. - -(4) Remove mask with left hand, HOLDING BREATH. The right hand is free -to service mask, to blow nose or to administer food or drink. Hold mask -in left hand. - -(5) When you have to breathe, reapply mask to face making sure it is -held snugly along sides of nose with index and middle finger of left -hand, one on each side. of nose (hold mask in palm of hand with index -and middle finger making a V, one on each side of the nose piece). - -(6) Take 4 or 5 deep breaths from the mask and repeat #4. This procedure -may be kept up indefinitely with complete safety, providing you DON'T -BREATHE OUTSIDE AIR. - -[Illustration: Fig. 2 MASK TECHNIC (1)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 3 MASK TECHNIC (2 & 3)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 4 MASK TECHNIC (4)] - - - - -MASK TO REGULATOR CONNECTION (RAPID DISCONNECT) - -IS THE RUBBER GASKET IN PLACE? Without the gasket an air-tight seal at -this joint is impossible. Dangerous oxygen-lack will result above 24,000 -feet. With a leak at this altitude serious mental and physical -inefficiency will develop, even though you may not pass out. Above -28,000 feet you will quickly become punch drunk, and the pass-out will -soon follow. - -USE THE CLIP ON THE REGULATOR TUBING--It is there to remove tension on -this connection which could (1) cause serious mask leak by pulling the -mask down on the face, or (2) cause mask tubing to become disconnected. -In combat these things would fail to attract your attention. Without -warning you are first slap-happy and then drop unconscious. - -THE RAPID DISCONNECT REQUIRES CONSTANT ATTENTION whether you are plugged -into a fixed station or into a walk-around bottle. A pull of at least 12 -pounds should be required to separate the male and female connection of -the rapid disconnect. The security of the connection can be increased by -spreading the groups at the tip of the male connection. (See diagram, -pre-flight check, page 39). - -CONNECTION OF HOSE TO REGULATOR IS NOT A SWIVEL JOINT--Above 24,000 feet -the collar must be turned up tightly to prevent a dangerous leak of air. - -Make sure that the regulator hose is wired securely to the goose neck on -the regulator. - - - - -THE DEMAND (A-12) REGULATOR - - In principle the demand regulator is a diaphragm-operated flow valve -which is opened by the user's inspiration and closes automatically when -the suction ceases. This gives you as much oxygen as you ask for. All -you do is breathe. A short breath draws a short squirt of oxygen, while -deep, rapid breathing brings forth large shots in rapid succession. - - The regulator can be set to conserve oxygen, or to give you 100% -oxygen, regardless of the altitude you are flying. This is governed by -the position of the "Auto-Mix" (AIR) lever. - - AUTO-MIX (AIR) "ON" (or NORMAL OXYGEN) is the position for routine -use. This saves oxygen. - -(1) Gives a mixture of air and oxygen: - - 10,000 feet -- approx. 30% oxygen - 18,000 feet -- approx. 65% oxygen - 26,000 feet -- approx. 85% oxygen - 30,000 feet -- approx. 100% oxygen - - Under the above conditions, so far as oxygen is concerned, you are - at ground level. - -(2) Use oxygen from ground level on night missions to prevent night - blindness. - -(3) Increased altitude increases oxygen supply AUTOMATICALLY. - -(4) Percentage of oxygen delivered keeps you at ground level efficiency. - -(5) Ships oxygen supply, charged to 450 pounds lasts 10 men from 7 to 9 -hours. (20,000 to 30,000 feet). - -AUTO-MIX (AIR) "OFF (or 100% oxygen) -- used when ordered by first -pilot, and on special occasions. - -(1) Gives 100% oxygen, on demand, regardless of altitude. - -(2) Used on special occasions: - - (a) To casualties suffering from: - 1. Loss of blood. - 2. Shock. - 3. Passing out from oxygen lack (revived). - - (b) Regulator not giving enough oxygen in "ON" position (blue - finger nails-beginning to feel pleased with yourself). - - (c) To avoid gas poisoning if you land in a gassed area without gas - masks. - - (d) To flush nitrogen gas from body fluids when going above 30,000 - feet, helping to prevent bends. - -(3) Ship's oxygen supply, charged to 450 pounds, lasts 6 hours or less. - -THE "EMERGENCY" VALVE IS DANGEROUS -- it should be used with extreme -caution. A whole system can be depleted of oxygen in an hour or less if -the "emergency" is opened only a quarter of a turn. Emergency "ON" -changes regulator into a constant flow system and wastes precious -oxygen. Use only to revive an unconscious crew member or to check line -to make sure it is clear. Always make sure that "Emergency" is TIGHTLY -TURNED OFF before ship leaves the ground. - -NOTE: - Don't be confused by the difference in appearance of demand -regulators manufactured by various companies (see Fig. 9). THEY ALL -WORK THE SAME. - - - - -PORTABLE OXYGEN EQUIPMENT - - A PORTABLE RECHARGER HOSE is available at every station in the ship. -Every crew member should know their location so well that they can be -located immediately, even on the darkest night. In addition, there is a -long recharger hose for filling the ball turret oxygen cylinder. -(B-17-F). - - When drawing oxygen through a portable recharger the refiller valve -must engage the filler nozzle TIGHTLY, otherwise oxygen leaks around the -connection and is lost. The oxygen supply of an entire system has been -wasted in this manner. - - FREEZING or STICKING of refiller valve is not uncommon at extremely -low temperatures. Always check this after refilling your walk-around. A -stuck valve will quickly deplete the entire supply of oxygen in that -system. If the valve is stuck plug in a walk-around bottle and leave it -there. - - USES OF THE WALK-AROUND BOTTLE -- (1) As an ACCESSORY REGULATOR -- -the A-13 regulator on the walk-around bottle is a demand type regulator -without the "auto-mix" feature. It gives 100% oxygen on inspiration -regardless of the altitude. By connecting the walk-around bottle FIRMLY -into the portable recharger valve, one has an extra source of oxygen at -that particular station. As long as the oxygen gauge at the station -registers oxygen pressure the user is assured a supply of pure oxygen -... his supply is coming directly from the system. Remember this when -reviving a passed out crew mate in the waist in the vicinity of the ball -turret--the long recharger hose used to charge the oxygen bottle on the -ball turret can be plugged directly into a walk-around bottle attached -to the unconscious crew member's mask. - - If other long recharger hoses can be obtained from Tech Supply they -will be extremely handy attached at the pilots station, in the bomb bay -and to the recharger outlet at the right waist gunner's station. This -would permit the engineer, who in flight is continuously filling his -walk-around bottle, considerable liberty. He could cover most of the -ship, staked out on a long recharger hose connected to his walk-around -bottle. It would also provide a readily accessible source of oxygen to -revive crew members who pick such out-of-the-way places to pass out as: -the bomb bay cat-walk, the bomb bay doors, under the flight deck, or in -some remote part of the waist. - - One or two extension portable recharger hoses shown in photograph -page 22 should be standard equipment in heavy bombers. - -[Illustration: Fig. 5 EXTENSION RECHARGER HOSE] - -(2) SOURCE OF OXYGEN FOR BAIL-OUT -- Above 20,000 feet, breathing of -oxygen is necessary to reach your particular escape hatch. After this -spot is gained you won't need oxygen ... unless you start fiddling with -the rip-cord too soon. Go to your exit on the walk-around bottle, fill -your lungs deeply five or six times from the bottle, HOLD YOUR BREATH, -and take the dive. Continue to hold your breath during the descent as -long as possible. By the time your lungs are bursting for air you'll be -from 8 to 10,000 feet nearer the ground and won't need extra oxygen. -Leave the mask on--it will protect your face. If the skies are filled -with enemy planes it may be wise to continue the free fall. By now you -can start breathing without danger of serious oxygen-lack. Any dimming -of mental acuity would be of such short duration that you'd have plenty -of time to pull the ripcord. - -PRACTICE GOING TO YOUR ESCAPE HATCH ON A WALK-AROUND BOTTLE DURING -OPERATIONAL TRAINING -- PRACTICE ON JUST HOW YOU WOULD CLEAR THE SHIP -- -GO THROUGH ALL OF THE ROUTINE EXCEPT THE BAILOUT and that might not be -time wasted, at least just once before the time comes when you might -have to! - - Above 30,000 feet you wouldn't want to open your 'chute even if you -had plenty of oxygen. You'd freeze a hand or foot or both if you did. -Under these conditions you'd free fall, holding your breath, as long as -possible. Then, after three or four breaths of "thin" air, pull the rip -cord. Your altitude should be in the vicinity of 10,000 to 12,000 feet -below that when you abandoned ship, and the degree of oxygen-lack -encountered here wouldn't be of dangerous consequence. You'll avoid -freezing, and perhaps the gunfire of enemy interceptors. - -(3) TO MOVE ABOUT THE SHIP For this the walk-around bottle is very -useful ... and very tricky! The trouble is that the thing is good only -as long as it gives oxygen. It will rarely, if ever, be fully charged so -forget that 8 to 12 minute stuff. You can't fill your bottle any fuller -than the pressure in the line you'll be drawing from. And the only time -that will be fully charged is when the ship is on the ground, freshly -charged with oxygen, ready for the take-off. When you need the -walk-around bottle, three or four hours will have passed ... and the -pressure in your filling line will be some fraction of the full charge. -As a rule you'll do well to get the bottle half charged. And you're -going to be moving about at altitude and needing 3 to 5 times as much -oxygen as if you were sitting quietly in a corner. So plan on the -walk-around supply lasting 1½ to 2 minutes ... then you won't be caught -short Refill the bottle frequently. Refill it every time you pass a -portable recharger hose ... and there's one at every station. Failure -to do this has caused more pass-outs in second and third phase training -than any other single cause ... unless you include carelessness. And -careless people don't last long in the kind of work you're specializing -in! There's a check-valve on the walk-around bottle, so you won't lose -anything if you plug into a system that reads less than the gauge on the -bottle. - -NOTE TO ENGINEERS: Because of its limited supply, the standard -walk-around bottle is next to useless for many of your jobs which must -be done in flight on a walk-around bottle. The ENGINEER NEEDS A LARGER -WALK-AROUND BOTTLE. One, having a supply 5 TIMES AS GREAT as the -standard portable cylinder, can be obtained as follows: - - Obtain a D-2 oxygen cylinder (stock No. 5500-344020 - class 03K) -from Air Corps Supply. Remove the A-13 regulator assembly from a -standard walk-around bottle. Remove the spud from one end of the D-2 -cylinder and screw the A-13 regulator in tightly. Fill to 400 p.s.i. and -leave overnight to determine if pressure is maintained or lost due to a -leak. (A drop of 25 to 50 pounds will occur in the absence of a leak due -to cooling of the oxygen which warmed up when the cylinder was charged). - -[Illustration: Fig. 6 D-2 WALK-AROUND BOTTLE] - - For leaks here or elsewhere in an oxygen system use the following -anti-sieze and sealing compound on the pipe threads: Pioneer Antisieze -No. 2., Class 96B, Stock no. 7500-050800. Never use a sealing compound -which contains oil. - - A satisfactory bag with shoulder strap for carrying the walk-around -bottle when in use can be made from heavy twill or canvas by the -parachute department. - - - - -EMERGENCY OXYGEN EQUIPMENT - - In addition to your ship's regular oxygen supply, you will take -emergency oxygen rations along on combat missions. If practical you will -also have several extra masks on board. Know where they are stored. - -(1) Both of the low pressure walk-around bottles should be kept as full -as possible-- you never know when you may need them. If full, the small -walk-around bottle is good for only a few minutes, the large for 30 to -45 minutes, depending on your activity. - -(2) High pressure equipment. - -a. A-2 bottle with bag-mask. (Fig. 7) - - In some theaters each combat crewman is issued this equipment. The - high pressure bottle is fully charged to 1800 and will last - approximately 45 minutes to one hour. It is used with the continuous - flow mask. - -[Illustration: Fig. 7 A-2 OXYGEN BOTTLE WITH BAG MASK] - - -b. Bail-out bottle. (Fig. 8) - - This small high pressure cylinder is a "last resort" source of - emergency oxygen. It contains approximately 12 minutes supply. The - old style bottle (H-1) is equipped with a pipe stem which is held - between the teeth. A newer bail-out bottle (H-2) has a bayonet - connection so it can be used with an A-14 mask with bail-out adapter - (see fig. 8). - -[Illustration: Fig. 8 BAIL OUT BOTTLES] - - - - -PRESSURE GAGE - - Your oxygen pressure gage registers from 450 pounds to zero. WATCH -YOUR PRESSURE GAGE! Except under extreme emergency, don't run the -pressure down under 50 pounds .... if you do there's danger of moisture -getting into your refiller line. Then the next time you go to high -altitude you'll have trouble with freezing in the oxygen line. - - - - -FLOW INDICATOR - - Either the bouncing ball or blinking eye will be at each station, -depending on the vintage of your ship. Only older ships will be equipped -with the bouncing ball which is no longer manufactured. These indicators -do not tell HOW MUCH oxygen you are getting ... they merely indicate -that some oxygen is flowing through the system when you take a breath. -They may be working O.K. even though your oxygen supply is inadequate. -The COLOR OF YOUR FINGER NAILS is a better guide to the amount of oxygen -you are getting, providing your hands are warm. If they become bluish -above 20,000 feet check mask and connections for leak. Naturally, you -won't remove your gloves to look at your finger nails if the temperature -is 20 or 30 degrees below zero. If no leak is found, switch the -"Auto-Mix" to the OFF position and note if things improve. INFORM YOUR -PILOT IF AUTO MIX IF LEFT "OFF" and your mission is a long one. - -[Illustration: Fig. 9] - -[Illustration: - PRE-FLIGHT CHECK - 1--MASK. fit and check washer - 2--CONNECTION. 12 lb. pull; adjust prongs to fit snugly - 3--HOSE CLAMP - 4--REGULATOR. diaphragm; knurled nut tight - auto-mix on; smooth motion; emergency off - 5--PRESSURE within 50 lbs. of initial pressure; within 25 lbs - of other gauges. -] - -IN THE AIR: - -(1) Check for leak by blockage and gently inhalation each time mask is -removed and replaced. - -(2) Check oxygen flow indicator at regular intervals. Also, CHECK COLOR -OF NAILS AT REGULAR INTERVALS -- if blue above 20,000 feet turn Auto-Mix -to "OFF" position. - -(3) Check oxygen pressure gauge frequently. - -(4) If temperature is below freezing, manipulate mask to free it of ice -at regular intervals. Wiping moisture from mask periodically will -prevent freezing of mask. - -(5) Open EMERGENCY flow only when absolutely necessary ... notify pilot. - -(6) Over 28,000 feet switch Auto-Mix to "Off" position ... turn back to -"ON" position below this altitude. - -(7) Re-fill walk-around bottle frequently when you are using it at -altitude. - -(8) Avoid unnecessary exercise above 20,000 feet ... take your time! - -(9) Observe your fellow crew member at frequent intervals above 20,000 -feet. You can recognize before he can if he's in trouble. - -ON RETURN TO FIELD - -(1) Wipe mask dry. It should be thoroughly cleansed with soap and water -(inside) after 10 to 14 hours use. Be sure that exhaust flutter valve is -kept clean. - -(2) Inspect mask for leaks or cracks in face-piece. - -(3) Change strap adjustment only to take up natural stretch slack. - -(4) Lend your mask only in extreme emergency. - -(5) Protect your mask from hot sun, moisture, and rough treatment. - -(6) Report all defective oxygen equipment to ground crew and to personal -equipment officer immediately on landing. See that it has been repaired -or replaced before another altitude mission. - - - - -OXYGEN SYSTEMS IN THE B-17 - - The Army Air Forces use the low pressure system (maximum charge 450 -pounds per square inch) in preference to the high pressure system (1800 -pounds per square inch) for these reasons: - - (1) Cylinders do not explode when hit. - - (2) Do not "rocket" from moorings when hit. - - (3) Less chance for fire or flash burns. - - A diagrammatic sketch of the FOUR different oxygen systems is shown -on page 38. EVERY crew member should thoroughly familiarize himself with -the location of each regulator and each portable recharger hose. - - The four systems, arranged two on a side, offer great advantages in -combat over a single system. It is possible to redistribute crew members -whose system has been shot out and stay in formation. Everyone must know -these alternate positions. (page 41 for B-17, page 45 for B-24). - - - - -OXYGEN CYLINDERS - -NOTE: Based on combat experiences, continuous changes are being made in -the oxygen systems and oxygen supply in heavy bombers. The following -considerations apply only to the type of ship specified. Newer models -and ships modified at staging areas may be different both in arrangement -and number of oxygen cylinders. KNOW the oxygen supply for YOUR STATION -IN YOUR SHIP. - - Two types are found in the B-17. EIGHTEEN G-1 cylinders contain the -main supply which is distributed through the four systems. All are -filled through a single recharging line. - - The G-1 cylinder has a volume of 2100 cubic inches and contains 30 -cubic feet of oxygen when charged to a pressure of 450 pounds per square -inch. In combat the cylinders are charged to 450 pounds or better (all -cylinders have been tested to withstand 700 pounds pressure). Each -cylinder is check-valved so that one of a bank of cylinders may be shot -out with loss of no oxygen from the remaining intact cylinders. Between -20,000 and 30,000 feet, one G-1 cylinder charged to 450 pounds will last -one man approximately 5 hours (Auto-Mix "on"). - -TURRETS: - - The turrets on the earlier models (B-17F) are supplied with F-l type -cylinders having a capacity of approximately 14 cubic feet when fully -charged to 450 pounds. Under these conditions a fully charged bottle -lasts one man approximately 2 hours. (Note: these bottles are recharged -from the ship's supply during flight, so it will not be possible to -fully charge them after several hours of flight on oxygen. They will be -no fuller than the pressure in the system from which they are -charged--front left system for top turret; rear left system for ball -turret). - -[Illustration: Fig. 10 OXYGEN SYSTEMS B-17G] - - B-17G models are modified so that the turrets are supplied oxygen -directly through a flexible hose -- the top turret from the front left -system -- the ball turret from the rear right system. The same changes -may be found in the ball turret of the B-24. - - - - -COMPUTING OXYGEN DURATION - - Several members of the crew must be able to calculate the duration -of the oxygen supply. The following simple procedure will permit a -fairly accurate estimate of each systems duration. The figures are based -on altitudes between 20,000 and 30,000 feet where the majority of your -combat flying will take place. - -G-1 CYLINDERS -- full charge 450 pounds -- each cylinder equals 5 man -hours. - -FORMULA: 5 (man hours) x number of intact cylinders x actual - pressure/400 divided by number of men using oxygen from - system = DURATION in hours. - -Examples: - - FRONT LEFT SYSTEM - 5 cylinders -- full charge to 450 pounds = 25 - man hours. - - 3 intact cylinders (2 shot out), pressure 200 pounds, pilot and - navigator on system. - - 5 x 3 x 200/400 x 1/2 = 3 plus hours. - - For 3 men: - - 5 x 3 x 200/400 x 1/3 = 2 plus hours. - - FRONT RIGHT SYSTEM: 4 cylinders - full charge to 450 pounds = 20 man - hours. - - Example: - - 4 cylinders, pressure 160 pounds, bombardier, co-pilot, and - engineer on system. - - 5 x 4 x l60/400 x 1/3 = 2½ plus hours - - LEFT REAR SYSTEM: 6 cylinders - full charge to 450 pounds 30 man - hours. - - Example: - - 6 cylinders, pressure 200 pounds, radio operator ball turret - gunner, left waist gunner and tail gunner on system. - - 5 x 6 x 200/400 x 1/4 = 3⅔ hours - - RIGHT REAR SYSTEM: 3 cylinders - full charge to 450 pounds 15 man - hours. - - Example: - - 3 cylinders, pressure 300 pounds, two men on system. - - 5 x 3 x 300/400 x 1/2 = 5 plus hours - - Left rear system out - RO, ARO, AE and two AG's on right rear - system. - - 5 x 3 x 300/400 x 1/5 = 2 hours. - - F-1 CYLINDER -- ball turret -- full charge to 400 pounds 2 plus hours - - 2 (man hours) x 120/400 = 0.5 plus hours (30 plus min) - - - - -ALTERNATIVE POSITIONS IN EMERGENCY (B-17G) - -Left front system out: - - Navigator on walk-around bottle plugged into Bombardier's recharger - hose. Pilot uses Engineer's regulator hose from right front system. - -Right front system out: - - Bombardier on walk-around bottle plugged into Navigator's recharger - hose. Engineer same on Pilot's recharger hose. Copilot on top turret - regulator hose (hose too short in later models). - -Left rear system out: - - RO on one regulator from across aisle. - - ARO on regulator right radio compartment. - - AE on walk-around bottle on recharger hose, right radio compartment. - - AG on waist regulator, right. - - AG on tail regulator, right. - -Right rear system out: - - RO regular position. - - ARO on bomb bay regulator. - - AE on walk-around bottle plugged to ball turret recharger hose. - - AG on waist regulator, left. - - AG on tail regulator, left. - - - - -OXYGEN SYSTEM IN THE B-24 - - Like the B-17, the B-24 is equipped with a low pressure oxygen -system. Location of the cylinders and distribution of the lines, -however, is entirely different. The oxygen system varies somewhat in -the different model ships and in individual ships. In the B-24 D -(beginning with Serial No. 42-40218) to the B-24 H, however, the system -is essentially as described below. Some of the minor variations will be -noted, including changes to the supply for the nose positions in late T -models. FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH THE OXYGEN SYSTEM IN YOUR OWN SHIP. - -OXYGEN CYLINDERS: - - There are 22 type G-1 cylinders arranged in eight systems (see -diagram on page 47B). Sixteen cylinders are banked above the bomb-bay. -The remaining six are buried in the floor of the rear fuselage -compartment. There are also two smaller (type D2) cylinders attached to -the chair of the top-turret gunner. These are not connected to the main -system but must be charged from a portable recharger line. The main -system is charged from a single filler valve located in the left side of -the bomb bay. Each G-1 cylinder, when charged to 450 pounds per square -inch, contains 30 cubic feet of oxygen, and will last one man -approximately 5 hours between 20,000 and 30,000 feet (Auto-Mix "on"). - -DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS: - - The systems differ radically from those of the B-17. In models up -through H to early J each individual draws from at least two or three -cylinders. With the exception of the nose positions there is a maximum -of two men on the same system. As shown in the diagramatic sketch (page -47B), the pilot, co-pilot, side gunners, and tail gunner each have their -own individual system of at least two G-1 bottles. - - In the G, H and early J series the three regulators in the nose are -supplied by a single system containing only three oxygen cylinders. -(diagram page 47B). This is inadequate. The later J models have a -modified system to the nose wherein the bomb bay - radio operator system -is Tee'd into the supply to the nose positions. This brings to a total of -six oxygen cylinders for the five stations. (diagram page 47A). Since -the regulators at the radio operator and bomb bay stations are not used -continuously during combat missions, this modification to the nose -positions is adequate. Further, the connections in the lines leading to -the nose are such that the nose positions are supplied individually as -well as collectively so that loss of the supply to one system does not -necessarily deplete the other systems. KNOW THE OXYGEN SYSTEM IN YOUR -SHIP. - - The bottom turret and camera tunnel regulators are supplied by the -same system containing three cylinders. - -ALTERNATIVE POSITIONS IN EMERGENCY: - - In case of loss of the entire oxygen supply of any one system, the -affected crew member may move to any other convenient regulator in the -ship with these exceptions: - - (1) The nose gunner may not move to the navigator-bombardier regulator - if the entire system is out. - - (2) The radio operator may not move to the bomb-bay regulator if the - entire system is out. - - (3) The bottom turret gunner may not move to the camera tunnel - regulator. - -This is true because every station, with these three exceptions, has its -own individual oxygen supply. The use of the walk-around bottle is the -same as that described for the B-17. (Page 20). - -DURATION OF OXYGEN SUPPLY: - - With the present system in the B-24, each man has approximately 9 -hours oxygen supply at 30,000 feet with the Auto-Mix on. However, it -occasionally becomes necessary in emergencies to calculate the residual -oxygen supply. This can be done by the simple formula given on page 24: - - 5 (man hours) x no. of intact - cylinders x actual pressure/400 - divided by no. of men using the system. - - Application of this formula is much simpler in the B-24, since -usually only one, and at the most two, men are using a single system. - -VARIATIONS: - - The exact location of the demand regulators in a ship is variable, -depending upon the model, place of installation, etc. It is extremely -important that you familiarize yourself with the location of the -regulators in your ship, so that you can move from one to the other in -darkness, in case of emergency. Many of the B-24 H models have two extra -regulators: one in the nose, and one in the tail. There is also -variation in the location of the portable recharging hose for the -top-turret bottles. This is located in the right side of the ship in -most earlier models, but in the left side in later models. -Fundamentally, however, the system in all ships commencing with No. -42-40218, is as described above. It is up to you to familiarize yourself -with any minor differences in your ship. - -[Illustration: Fig. 11 OXYGEN SYSTEM B-24J MODIFIED] - -[Illustration: Fig. 12 OXYGEN SYSTEM B-24D to H] - - - - -SERVICING THE OXYGEN INSTALLATION IN THE B-17, B-24 and B-29 - -CAUTION: Always have a reducing valve between high pressure supply -cylinders and ship's oxygen system. - -1. Attach recharger hoses to cylinders of both turrets in B-17 or B-24. - -2. Open valves on both commercial, high pressure cylinders on recharger - cart. - -3. Turn in reducing valve on recharging cart to 100 pounds in the low - pressure gage. - -4. Insert nipple of hose from recharger cart into filler valve of plane - just inside nose escape hatch (B-17) or left side of fuselage (B-24 - and B-29). - -5. Fully open valve at end of hose and wait until oxygen stops flowing. - -6. Turn up reducing valve on cart to 200 pounds and allow oxygen to - flow until it ceases. Turn up recharger valve to 300 pounds and - again wait for ship's containers and supply pressure to equalize. - Turn up recharger valve to 450 pounds and wait until oxygen flow - ceases entirely. - -7. Check pressure gauges in ship to make sure that all register in the - neighborhood of 425 pounds. - -8. Turn off hose valve and remove nipple from filler valve. - -9. Replace cover of filler valve. - -10. Disconnect filler hoses from turret tanks. - -NOTE: Purifier cartridge should be changed after discharge of every 1.6 - cylinders of oxygen. (T.O. 19-1-2) If this is not observed the - oxygen will contain moisture and freezing in oxygen system will - occur at high altitude. - - After the oxygen in the tanks has had time to cool down, pressure -should be in the neighborhood of 400 pounds. - - The same procedure must be employed even if one or more of the -systems is already fully charged since there is no way of equalizing -pressure among the different manifolds. Do not attempt to use any system -in which the pressure is less than 50 to 75 pounds per square inch. -Under these conditions the oxygen flow is very weak. More dangerous is -the possibility of moisture getting into the oxygen line through the -main recharger valve. This will result in freezing in the line or one of -the regulators on the next trip to high altitude. - - - - -LEAKS IN OXYGEN LINE - - Leaks in oxygen lines and be detected by painting oxygen tubing with -a paintbrush and solution of soap suds--soap bubbles appear at the site -of leak. - - Connection of oxygen tubing to nipples, elbows, tees, and regulators -are made air-tight by applying an anti-sieze, sealing compound to the -pipe threads (see note, page 27). DON'T use anything containing OIL. - - A good way to check entire oxygen system for a leak is to have -systems charged to 450 pounds the night before take-off. If the pressure -is less than 400 pounds the next morning a leak is present. - - NOTE: - - A 50 pound drop in pressure can be anticipated due to cooling off - of oxygen after the system is charged. - - - - -GENERAL RULES FOR SAFE HANDLING OF OXYGEN - -DON'T use oil with oxygen. - The reaction when these two substances come in contact is more -violent than igniting dynamite. Keep oil or grease away from oxygen -cylinders, cylinder valves, and other equipment. Clean hands of oil or -grease before using oxygen apparatus. - -DON'T wear greasy clothes, gloves, etc., when working with oxygen. -Oxygen will cause substances with merely a trace of oil or grease -thereon to burn with great intensity. - -DON'T use inflammable substances near oxygen. Oxygen itself will not -burn but will greatly accelerate combustion. - - - - -PASSING OUT AT ALTITUDE - - There are two ways to use oxygen equipment at altitude -- a right -and wrong. Don't be a fish out of water when you fly above 18,000 feet. -Learn how to use oxygen the right way NOW - then you won't have to -re-learn the hard way after an unpleasant experience or two. - - A few points on reviving a fellow crew member who has passed out due -to oxygen lack--an opportunity that may well be yours some day! - -(1) KEEP CALM -- Just because a man passes out from oxygen lack is no - sign that he's at death's door. TAKE YOUR TIME. Remember you're - going to need OXYGEN yourself for the job at hand. If you don't - heed this, there'll be TWO to revive instead of only one. - -(2) PLAN how you're going to revive the victim--then proceed with the - least possible exertion to yourself. - -(3) DON'T attempt to drag or carry the victim to a supply of oxygen. - If he's not near a regulator hose, take portable oxygen TO him. Take - plenty -- 3 or 5 bottles -- some for him, plenty for you. If he's - near a regulator hose you're in luck. Connect his mask and NOW use - the "Emergency." Ordinarily you'll almost blow him right back onto - his feet. - -(4) GET ASSISTANCE. Have someone keep an eye on you, and supply you - with refilled walk-around bottles if needed. - -(5) Connect the victim to a walk-around bottle. Ordinarily he'll come - to in a matter of seconds. But watch him. He'll be punch drunk and - confused as to what's going on. - -(6) After he's emptied one bottle, give him another. Then put him on a - third and assist him ON HIS OWN POWER to a regulator. Turn the - Auto-Mix "OFF" and let him breathe pure oxygen for 5 or 10 minutes. - Ordinarily he'll be able to return to his regular duties. - -(7) If the victim has been out for a number of minutes he may present - more of a problem. Breathing becomes shallow -- and the demand - system gives just what is asked of it -- a weak inspiration brings a - small squirt of oxygen. So, you'll have to help him with artificial - respiration, learn it -- your flight surgeon will show you how. - -Caution: Above 20,000 feet, get assistance to give artificial -respiration. It will be strenuous work -- a job for several men, not -one. Take turns of one to three minutes each. - - - - -THE B-29 AT HIGH ALTITUDE - -[Illustration] - - The B-29 is designed to permit you to fly at high altitude without -the usual disadvantages of extreme cold, diminished pressure, and -decreased oxygen. This is done by the use of pressurized, heated -compartments. A highly efficient oxygen system is also incorporated in -the ship for use when the cabins are unpressurized. - -[Illustration: Fig. 13] - - - - -PRESSURE CABINS - - There are three pressure compartments in your ship: Forword, Aft, -and Tail. (See Fig. 13). The forward and aft cabins are connected by a -communicating tunnel running over the bomb-bay; the tail compartment is -isolated when pressurized. - -OPERATION: The cabins are pressurized from the superchargers of the two -inboard engines. Your flight engineer controls the air-flow from these -superchargers, permitting the cabin Pressure Regulators to automatically -regulate the air pressure within the cabin. From ground level to 8,000 -ft the cabins are not pressurized. When the cabins are under pressure, -your cabin altitude will remain at 8,000 ft, while the ship is flying at -any altitude up to 30,000 ft. When your ship gets about 30,000 ft, the -cabin pressure will rise proportionately so that it reaches about 12,000 -ft when the ship is at 40,000 ft. (See Fig. 14 for this pressure -relation). Cabin temperature is controlled by thermostat. - -[Illustration: Fig. 14] - -EMERGENCY PRESSURE RELEASE. Since all emergency doors open in, cabin -pressure must be released in all emergencies. This is done by a valve -controlled by cable from: - - 1. Pilot's seat - - 2. Behind R.H. side gunner - -WHEN DO YOU NEED OXYGEN IN A B-29? - - As long as the cabin altitude is below 10,000 ft you're O.K. without -oxygen. - - YOU MUST USE OXYGEN when the CABIN ALTITUDE goes ABOVE 10,000 feet. - -This may occur: - - 1. When you are flying unpressurized. - - 2. If you fly above 35,000 feet. - - 3. Following explosive decompression (Blown blister). - - 4. In all emergencies above 10,000 feet (Your Pressure must be - released so emergency exits can be used). - - - - -OXYGEN SYSTEM - -GENERAL: - - Your oxygen system is a low pressure demand system with 14 oxygen -stations corresponding to the various crew positions. The system -utilizes the same type of equipment described for the Heavy Bombers: - - 1. A-14 Demand Mask (See Pg. 8-16). - - 2. A-12 Demand Regulator (See Pg. 17-19). - - 3. Pressure Indicator (Pg. 31). - - 4. Flow Indicator (Pg. 31). - - 5. Eighteen Type G-1 low pressure cylinders (Pg.37). - -DISTRIBUTION: - - In the earlier B-29's, the oxygen cylinders were located in the -center wing section. At present, however, the cylinders are distributed -through the aft-portion of the ship. Regardless of the location of -cylinders, distribution is essentially the same. This distribution is -highly efficient. The entire loss of the O₂ supply to several crew -positions has been practically eliminated by the following principle. - - 1. EACH OF THE FOURTEEN OXYGEN STATIONS IS SUPPLIED FROM TWO WIDELY - SEPARATED DISTRIBUTION LINES DRAWING FROM AT LEAST TWO CYLINDERS - EACH. LOSS OF ONE LINE OR ITS ASSOCIATED CYLINDERS STILL LEAVES - EACH STATION WITH AN ALTERNATE SOURCE OF OXYGEN. - - 2. The entire system is self-equalizing by use of cross feeds and - automatic check valves. If part of the system is shot out, all - functioning stations will have equal access to the remaining - supply. - - Brief study of the diagram of the oxygen supply to a typical B-29 -station (Fig. 15) will demonstrate the safety factors of this dual -source supply. - - Exact location of every oxygen cylinder and supply line may be found -in the late tech orders. - -PORTABLE EQUIPMENT - -Two types of walk-around bottles are furnished in the B-29: - - 1. SEVEN D-2 TYPE WALK-AROUNDS (See Pg. 25, 26). ONE AT EACH OF - FOLLOWING POSITIONS: PILOT, CO-PILOT, ENGINEER, NAVIGATOR, UPPER - AND RIGHT GUNNERS AND RADAR OPERATOR. - - 2. A-4 WALK-AROUND (See Pg. 24) One at each remaining station. - -SERVICING: - - See Page 47 for servicing instructions. The filler valve is located - on the left side of the fuselage. - -[Illustration: Fig. 15] - - - - -EXPLOSIVE DECOMPRESSION - - With the use of pressurized compartments there is a possibility of -explosive decompression. This is most likely to occur if a blister is -blown either due to gunfire or a defective blister. Due to the excess -capacity of the superchargers, small cabin holes will not cause -explosive decompression. If explosive decompression occurred at 30,000 -ft, the pressure altitude of the cabins would change from 8,000 ft to -30,000 ft in less than one second. What would happen in such a case? - -PHYSICAL EFFECTS: - - The human body is affected very little by explosive decompression. -IF YOU GET OXYGEN YOU WILL SUFFER NO HARMFUL EFFECT. You may feel a -little distension of the belly or a little rush of air from the lungs, -but this is generally slight and of no consequence. Your ears should -clear automatically since you are going up, not down. The only dangers -of explosive decompression are as follows: - -DANGERS: - - 1. Tunnel -- During an explosive decompression a high velocity wind - passes through the tunnel sufficiently strong to blow a man out the - exits, and cause serious injury. The newer ships will have tunnel - doors with small port hole openings; this will eliminate this - danger. In ships not equipped in this fashion, NOBODY SHOULD ENTER - THE TUNNEL WHEN THE SHIP IS PRESSURIZED. - - 2. Blister -- ALWAYS FASTEN YOUR SAFTY BELT at the blister when the - ship is pressurized. Otherwise you may be blown out of the ship - by an explosive decompression. Also be certain that your mask is - secured to your helmet, or it will be blown from the ship. - -WHAT TO DO? - - The important thing in explosive decompression is to get oxygen -rapidly. To get oxygen rapidly you MUST at all times: - - 1. Wear your helmet with the mask attached-let the mask hang from the - helmet. Otherwise you may lose your mask and helmet. - - 2. Keep the regulator hose clipped to your clothing and your mask - plugged in. - - In case of explosive decompression, adjust your mask to the face and -fasten the hook on your helmet. You will then be O.K. - -[Illustration: Fig. 16] - - - - -HIGH ALTITUDE BAIL-OUT - - If you must bail out above 20,000 feet, use the FREEFALL TECHNIQUE -described on page 23 except that you have an additional oxygen source -for bail out. Use the H-2 cylinder connected to your A-14 mask (Fig. 16) -as an oxygen supply DURING FREE FALL. Just before jumping, pull the rip -cord release on your H-2 cylinder. DO NOT OPEN YOUR CHUTE AT HIGH -ALTITUDE. - - - - ---REPRODUCED BY-- - -Reproduction Dept. - -Army Air Field - -Lincoln, Nebr. - -10-18-44 20 M - - - -[Transcriber's Notes: - 1. Original printed title - NOTES ON THE USE OF OXYGEN EQUIPMENT - IN THE B-17, B-24, & B-29 FOR COMAT CREWS - was corrected to - NOTES ON THE USE OF OXYGEN EQUIPMENT - IN THE B-17, B-24, & B-29 FOR COMBAT CREWS - 2. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Survival at Altitude for Heavy and Very Heavy Bomber Crews</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Anonymous </p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: November 24, 2021 [eBook #66809]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Kenneth R. Black, Sue Clark and Roger Frank</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SURVIVAL AT ALTITUDE FOR HEAVY AND VERY HEAVY BOMBER CREWS ***</div> - -<div class='tn'> - <div class='tac'>Transcriber's Notes</div> - <p>Typographical errors (such as "COMAT" appearing for "COMBAT" in - the title) and punctuation inconsistencies have been retained. - The goal has been to provide a historically accurate representation of - the original 1944 publication.</p> -</div> - - -<div class="section"> - <img src='images/illus-001.jpg' alt='' style='width:70%; margin-left:15%' /> -</div> - -<div class="section"> -<div class='tac mb10 fs09'>RESTRICTED</div> -<div class='tac'>NOTES ON THE USE OF OXYGEN EQUIPMENT<br /> -IN THE B-17, B-24, & B-29 FOR COMAT CREWS</div> - -<div class='ssheading'>*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *</div> - -<div class='tac fs09'>THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE USED BY PERSONNEL RENDERING -SERVICE TO THE UNITED STATES OR ITS ALLIES</div> - -<p class='ni mt10 fs09'>Paragraph 5.d. of Army Regulation 380-5 relative to the handling of -"restricted" printed matter is quoted below.</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class='fs09'>"d. Dissemination of restricted matter.--The information contained in -restricted documents and the essential characteristics of restricted -material may be given to any person known to be in the service of the -United States and to persons of undoubted loyalty and discretion who are -cooperating in Government work, but will not be communicated to the -public or to the press except by authorized military public relations -agencies."</p> -</blockquote> - -<div class='tac mt10 fs09'>RESTRICTED</div> -</div> - -<div class="section"> -<p class='ssheading'>FOREWORD</p> - -<p class='mb10'>These notes were originally intended as a source of general reference -concerning OXYGEN EQUIPMENT AND ITS USE by members of crews of the B-17 -and B-24 heavy bomber. With the advent of the B-29 as a combat bomber, -the section on THE B-29 AT HIGH ALTITUDE (Page  ) was added to supply -certain specialized information concerning this ship. Every B-29 crew -member should be familiar with the INTRODUCTION and the section on THE -DEMAND OXYGEN SYSTEM as well as this specialized information. The -subject matter is presented from a PRACTICAL point of view, based upon -actual experiences encountered on altitude missions. Detailed -information on oxygen equipment may be found in the following TECHNICAL -ORDERS.</p> - -<table id='tableA'> -<tr><td class='c1'>03-50-1</td><td>Use of Oxygen and Oxygen Equipment.</td></tr> -<tr><td class='c1'>03-50A-5</td><td>Type A-12 Demand Oxygen Regulator (Pioneer).</td></tr> -<tr><td class='c1'>03-50A-8</td><td>Type A-12 Demand Oxygen Regulator (Airco).</td></tr> -<tr><td class='c1'>03-50B-1</td><td>Type A-10 Revised Oxygen Mask.</td></tr> -<tr><td class='c1'>03-50B-6</td><td>Type A-14 Demand Oxygen Mask.</td></tr> -<tr><td class='c1'>03-50C-3</td><td>Low Pressure Oxygen Cylinders.</td></tr> -<tr><td class='c1'>03-50D-1</td><td>Oxygen Pressure Signal Assembly.</td></tr> -<tr><td class='c1'>03-50D-2</td><td>Oxygen Flow Indicator Type A-1.</td></tr> -<tr><td class='c1'>03-50D-4</td><td>Oxygen Flow Indicator Type A-3.</td></tr> -<tr><td class='c1'>03-50D-5</td><td>Oxygen Pressure Gage Type K-1.</td></tr> -</table> - -</div> - -<p class='ssheading'>INDEX</p> - -<table id='tableB'> -<tr><td>Auto-Mix</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p17'>17</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Ceiling, effect of oxygen on</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p3'>3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Dangers with oxygen</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p50'>50</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Demand oxygen system</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p7'>7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Demand type masks</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p8'>8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan='2'>Duration of oxygen supply</td></tr> -<tr><td class='in2'>B-17</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p38'>38</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='in2'>B-24</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p44'>44</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='in2'>Method of computing</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p40'>40</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Emergency valve</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p19'>19</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Explosive Decompression </td><td class='c2'><a href='#p61'>61</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Flow indicator</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p32'>32</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Hazards of oxygen-lack</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p1'>1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Leaks in oxygen lines</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p49'>49</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Leaks in regulator</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p11'>11</a></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan='2'>Mask, Demand</td></tr> -<tr><td class='in2'>Fitting to face</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p9'>9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='in2'>Technic, at altitude</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p13'>13</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='in2'>Testing for leaks</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p10'>10</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Mask-Regulator connection</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p16'>16</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Night Vision</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p2'>2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Oxygen cylinders</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p37'>37</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Oxygen deficiency at altitude</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p3'>3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Oxygen installation, Servicing of</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p47s'>47</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Oxygen discipline</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p4'>4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan='2'>Oxygen systems</td></tr> -<tr><td class='in2'>B-17</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p36'>36</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='in2'>B-24</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p43'>43</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='in2'>B-29</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p57'>57</a></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan='2'>Oxygen systems, diagrams of</td></tr> -<tr><td class='in2'>B-17</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p38d'>38</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='in2'>B-24</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p47A'>47A</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='in2'>B-29</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p60'>60</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Oxygen equipment, check of</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p34'>34</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Portable oxygen equipment</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p20'>20</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Precautions with demand system</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p34'>34</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Passing out at altitude</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p51'>51</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Pressure Cabins, B-29</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p56'>56</a></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan='2'>Regulator, Demand</td></tr> -<tr><td class='in2'>A-12</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p17a'>17</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='in2'>A-13</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p20a'>20</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Regulator hose clip</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p16'>16</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Revival of passout victim</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p51'>51</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Servicing oxygen installations</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p47s'>47</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Signal assembly</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p32'>32</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Sniff-tester</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p11'>11</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Testing for mask leak</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p10'>10</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>The B-29 at High Altitude</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p53'>53</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Walk-around bottle</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p20'>20</a></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan='2'>Walk-around bottle</td></tr> -<tr><td class='in2'>Uses of</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p20u'>20</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='in2'>Large, for engineer</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p25'>25</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>When to use oxygen</td><td class='c2'><a href='#p1'>1</a></td></tr> -</table> - -<div class='section'> -<p class='ssheading'>INTRODUCTION</p> - -<p>As a member of a heavy bomber team, in combat you will be living and -fighting in a world where man has no business--from three to six miles -above the environment for which nature designed you.</p> - -<p>Successful and effective operation of combat crews at altitudes in -excess of 15,000 feet requires that EVERY crew member be familiar with -altitude problems. You must be so thoroughly familiar with your oxygen -equipment that you will use it PROPERLY without giving it a thought. The -time to acquire this experience is during operational training not after -you have pulled several boners in combat.</p> - -<p>Through long hours of tiring training you have developed superior -judgment, ability to make decisions quickly, and efficiently in firing -and in other duties. Most of your training has been confined to -relatively low altitudes in a relatively "normal" environment. Now you -are going to continue this training "upstairs". To maintain the -superiority and efficiency you possess OXYGEN MUST BE USED above 10,000 -feet. Above 18,000 feet oxygen must be used to maintain consciousness -and life itself.</p> - -</div> - -<p class='ssheading'><a id='p1'></a>WHEN SHOULD FLYERS USE OXYGEN?</p> - -<ol> -<li>When wounded, especially with injuries accompanied by hemorrhage or shock.</li> -<li>Above 10,000 feet on day missions, both in training and combat.</li> -<li>From ground up on all night missions. -<ol> -<li class='lst-ll'>To prevent night blindness.</li> -<li class='lst-ll'>Night vision impaired early and to a marked degree at comparatively low altitude.</li> -</ol> -</li> -</ol> - -<p class='ssheading'>HAZARD OF OXYGEN-LACK</p> - -<ol> - <li>At 12,000 to 15,000 feet (several hours): fatigue, drowsiness, headache.</li> - - <li>At 15,000 to 18,000 feet (½ to 1 hour): - <ul> - <li>False sense of well being</li> - <li>Overconfidence</li> - <li>Narrowing of field of attention</li> - <li>Faulty reasoning</li> - <li>Poor judgement</li> - <li>Loss of self-criticism</li> - <li>Clumsy</li> - <li>Blurring and double vision</li> - <li>Decreased hearing</li> - <li>Poor memory</li> - <li>May pass out</li> - </ul> - </li> - - <li><a id='p2'></a>Above 18,000 feet: - <ul> - <li>Symptoms come on faster</li> - <li>Loss of muscle control</li> - <li>Loss of awareness of lapse of time</li> - <li>Loss of judgment and self-criticism</li> - <li>Loss of memory and ability to think</li> - <li>Loss of vision and hearing</li> - <li>Purposeless movements, repeated over and over</li> - <li>Emotional outbursts--hysteria, crying, laughing, anger</li> - <li>Loss of consciousness eventually: - <ul> - <li>at 26,000 feet 4 to 6 minutes</li> - <li>at 28,000 feet 2 to 4 minutes</li> - <li>at 30,000 feet 1 to 2 minutes</li> - <li>at 38,000 feet 30 seconds or less</li> - </ul></li> - <li>The above varies with different individuals.</li> - </ul> - </li> - -<li>Loss of night vision. -<p>Night vision is reduced to one-half at 12,000 feet without oxygen. -Breathing oxygen restores it to normal.</p></li> - -<li><a id='p3'></a>Breathing oxygen raises your ceiling. -<table id='tableC'> -<tr> - <td>ALTITUDE<br/>FEET</td> - <td>%OXYGEN<br/>BREATHED</td> - <td>EQUIVALENT<br/>LEVEL (feet)</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>18,000</td><td>60</td><td>ground</td></tr> -<tr><td>26,000</td><td>85</td><td>ground</td></tr> -<tr><td>30,000</td><td>100</td><td>ground</td></tr> -<tr><td>33,000</td><td>100</td><td>8,000</td></tr> -<tr><td>38,000</td><td>100</td><td>12,000</td></tr> -<tr><td>44,000</td><td>100</td><td>22,000</td></tr> -</table></li> - -</ol> - -<p class='ssheading'>REASONS FOR OXYGEN DEFICIENCY AT ALTITUDE</p> - -<ol> - - <li>Inadequate supply for the mission. The low pressure oxygen system - in the B-17 and B-24 is fully charged to a capacity of 450 pounds per - square inch. This supply should last 7 to 9 hours, depending on - activity of the crew members (Auto-Mix "ON").</li> - - <li>Oxygen supply exhausted by leaks in oxygen lines or - cylinders.</li> - - <li>Flyer getting insufficient oxygen: - <ul> - <li class='lst-ll'>Attempts to do excessively hard work.</li> - <li class='lst-ll'>Mask leak: Improper fit; frozen exhaust valve; - holes in mask or hose; growth of stubby beard.</li> - <li class='lst-ll'>Leak around gasket between mask-regulator - connection.</li> - <li class='lst-ll'><a id='p4'></a>Loose connections where supply hose - connects to regulator.</li> - <li class='lst-ll'>Freezing of moist oxygen at extremely low - temperature.</li> - <li class='lst-ll'>Obstruction of openings in regulator.</li> - <li class='lst-ll'>Hole in rubber diaphragm in regulator.</li> - </ul></li> - - <li>Breathing too deeply may produce a partial vacuum inside mask - causing air to leak in from bottom or sides. BREATHE NATURALLY.</li> - - <li>Don't expect to get oxygen from an empty walk-around bottle. If - not fully charged, the bottle may last only a minute or two.</li> - - <li>Improper use of walk-around equipment.</li> - -</ol> - -<p class='ssheading'>OXYGEN DISCIPLINE</p> - -<p>It is mandatory that every member of a heavy combat crew be highly -trained in oxygen discipline. It is urged that oxygen "drill" be -practiced by ALL crew members for at least 15 minutes on routine -training flights before altitude missions are ever undertaken. Practice -using and re-filling the walk-around bottle at various stations. -Practice changing masks (page 12) and become expert at using oxygen from -emergency sources (page 27). Practice reviving some crewmate who has -supposedly passed out from oxygen lack. Practice going to your escape -hatch on a walk-around bottle with parachute in place. Practice all -emergencies that may arise some day in combat and when they arise they -won't be emergencies.</p> - -<p><a id='p5'></a>The following responsibilities will fall upon every member of -a combat crew. The airplane commander should satisfy himself that the -following points are observed or provided for:</p> - -<ol> - - <li>Fitting of the crew with masks, (page 9). Periodical check of - masks and mask fit.</li> - - <li>All crew members are familiar with hazards of oxygen-lack at - altitude. (page 1).</li> - - <li>See that all crew members are drilled in "precautions with the - demand system." (page 19).</li> - - <li>Be sure that ALL crew members realize the danger of mixing oil and - oxygen. (page 50).</li> - - <li>Be able to compute oxygen duration in different systems on ship - (pages 39 & 46).</li> - - <li><a id='p6'></a>PRE-FLIGHT CHECK OF OXYGEN EQUIPMENT. - - <ul> - - <li class='lst-ll'>Pressure in different systems.</li> - - <li class='lst-ll'>Be able to charge oxygen system if necessary. - (page 47).</li> - - <li class='lst-ll'>Check regulators for proper setting (auto-mix), - properly working diaphragm, hose-regulator connection, emergency - valve OFF.</li> - - <li class='lst-ll'>Check EACH station for possible oxygen deficiency - at altitude, (page 3).</li> - - <li class='lst-ll'>Check portable oxygen equipment, regulator - diaphragm, and oxygen supply in bottles, see that regulators are - working properly.</li> - - <li class='lst-ll'>Check all recharger hose valves for sluggish or - sticking valves (page 20).</li> - - </ul> - </li> - - <li>Know how to re-distribute crew members to stations where oxygen is - available if part of supply is lost. (pages 41 & 45).</li> - - <li>Someone to be able to find and repair a leak in oxygen lines. - (page 49).</li> - - <li>Frequently check condition of crew members during flight. See that - one crew member checks on a fellow crewmate when practicable. Check - every 10-15 minutes above 20,000 feet. Co-Pilot can help in this - regard.</li> - - <li>All crew members understand principles of reviving a crew - member unconscious from oxygen lack. (page 51).</li> - - <li>Report to crew chief and personal equipment officer <span - class='ul'>on landing</span> any and all faulty oxygen equipment. Make - sure repairs to such equipment have been made before next flight.</li> - -</ol> - -<p class='ssheading'><a id='p7'></a>THE DEMAND OXYGEN SYSTEM</p> - -<p>The "demand" oxygen system in your ship insures a fully adequate -oxygen supply except under the most extreme conditions. It was developed -to supply you, AUTOMATICALLY, as much oxygen as you need when you need -it--at all altitudes and under all conditions.</p> - -<p>The DEMAND OXYGEN SYSTEM consists of the following:</p> - -<ol> - <li>Demand type mask.</li> - - <li>Mask to regulator tubing.</li> - - <li>Demand type regulator (A-12).</li> - - <li>Portable recharging hose (for filling walk-around bottles</li> - - <li>Portable equipment: - - <ol> - <li class='lst-ll'>A-4 Cylinder with A-13 demand regulator.</li> - <li class='lst-ll'>D-2 cylinder with A-13 regulator.</li> - </ol></li> - - <li>A panel containing: - - <ol> - <li class='lst-none'>a flow indicator</li> - <li class='lst-none'>an oxygen pressure gauge</li> - </ol></li> - <li>Cylinders containing breathing oxygen.</li> -</ol> - -<p class='ssheading'><a id='p8'></a>DEMAND TYPE MASKS</p> - -<p>Styles: A-10A and A-14</p> - -<p class='in2'>The A-10 mask is obsolete.</p> -<p class='in2'>The A-10 revised mask is obsoete.</p> - -<p class='in2'>The A-14 mask is standard issue for staging and combat -areas, and operational or replacement training schools.</p> - -<p class='in2'>The A-10-A mask is used in training where sufficient A-14 -masks are not available.</p> - -<p class='in2'>Both the A-10-A and the A-14 masks are suspended from the -summer and winter flying helmets.</p> - -<p class='in2'>NOTE: It is important that AERIAL GUNNERS obtain a -properly fitting mask, fit to both summer and winter helmets at the -first station available. Because of the extreme cold to which gunners -are subjected under combat conditions, you MUST learn to remove and -replace the mask quickly and accurately WEARING HEAVY GLOVES. It is not -easy to manipulate a mask or unjam a .50 cal. gun with numb fingers in -heavy flying gloves. PRACTICE these things on every training flight with -gloves ON.</p> - -<p><a id='p9'></a>FITTING THE MASK TO THE FACE -- There are two considerations -in obtaining a proper fit:</p> - -<ol> -<li>An <span class='ul'>AIR-TIGHT SEAL</span> of mask to face.</li> -<li>Comfort of fit without undue pressure.</li> -</ol> - -<p class='in2'>The A-10-A and A-14 masks come in three sizes. Roughly, -60% of flyers will require the STANDARD (medium) size mask, 30% the -LARGE mask, and the remaining 10% the SMALLER sizes. General -instructions concerning fitting are.</p> - -<ol> - -<li>Suspension points on both summer and winter helmets must be -determined INDIVIDUALLY on each flyer. This is a job for your squadron -personal equipment officer or the group aviation physiologist or his -trained assistant.</li> - -<li>It is important that the mask be suspended -<span class='ul'>high</span> on the face, sealing to the boney portion -of the nose and cheek bones and NOT the soft tissues. Otherwise you'll -get a leak or a "clothespin on the nose" effect from pressure of the -nose wire.<br />NOTE:<br /> - -<ol> - <li class='lst-ll'>Be sure the regulator hose clip or the clip on the - walk-around bottle is clipped high enough on your clothing to remove all - tension from mask hose--otherwise the mask will be pulled down on the - face and will leak outside air.</li> - - <li class='lst-ll'>Above 25,000 feet with the temperature 20 - degrees and lower, the tissues of the face contract and the rubber mask - loses its pliability. Under these conditions, the mask tends to fall - away from the face and it becomes necessary to SHORTEN THE UPPER - SUSPENSION STRAPS. On returning to warmer altitudes, these must be - loosened again to avoid discomfort from a too tightly fitting mask. - (Applies chiefly to gunners).</li> -</ol> -</li> - -<li>Excessive beard stubble will hold the mask away from the face and -cause leak around the jaws.</li> - -<li>See page 35 for care of mask.</li> - -<li><a id='p10'></a>TESTING FOR LEAKS -- Holding the thumb over the end of the mask tube -(rapid disconnect) and inhaling GENTLY should cause the mask to collapse -on the face. The most common place for a leak is alongside the bridge of -the nose. The actual site of leak is determined by putting finger-point -pressure beside the nose and over the cheek bones, one point at a time. -The nose wire is then re-adjusted to cause pressure at this point. Be -sure the mask is high enough on the face and on the bridge of the nose. -If the seal is still below the boney portion of the nose try the next -largest size mask.</li> - -<li><a id='p11'></a>"SNIFF-TESTER" -- An effective "sniff-tester" for detecting -small leaks can be obtained as follows: Obtain one of the commercial -nasal inhalers - Benzedrine, Vick's, Penetro (or metal tube of -comparable size). Cut off the end ordinarily inserted into the nose -flush with the barrel of the container, and remove contents. Fit barrel -with an airtight cork stopper. Straighten a paper clip or take a piece -of wire of similar gage, cut to 2½ inch length, and drive one end firmly -into lower side of cork stopper. Fashion other end of wire into a 1/4 -inch fish hook bend. Make a ball of cotton or tightly wrapped gauze, ½ -inch in diameter, and attach to bent end of wire. Soak the cotton or -gauze, in oil of peppermint or oil of cloves (obtained from squadron -dentist or flight surgeon) and fit cork stopper, carrying the -"sniff-tester" tightly into metal container. To "sniff-test", remove the -stopper and hold the cotton plug on both sides of the nose at the top of -the mask (eyes closed). Inhale gently with the mask hose blocked. A leak -is present if the contents of the "sniff-tester" is detected. Rough as -this test seems, it is very sensitive. - -<p>NOTE: The "sniff-tester" is also effective in testing the DEMAND -REGULATOR for leaks. Put on mask. Fit snugly to face. Plug into -regulator hose. Turn Auto-Mix (Air) Lever OFF. Hold sniff-tester close -to regulator diaphragm and breathe normally several times. If the -contents of the sniff-tester" are detected, the regulator has a -leak.</p></li> - -</ol> - -<p class='ssheading'>TWO TYPES OF "SNIFF-TESTERS"</p> - -<ol> - <li class='lst-ul'>Cotton pledget soaked with oil of peppermint.</li> - <li class='lst-ul'>Benzedrine inhaler containing blotter soaked with - oil of peppermint.</li> -</ol> - -<div class='imgcont'> -<img src='images/illus-002.jpg' alt='' style='width:70%; margin-left:15%' /> -<p class='tac'>Fig. 1</p> -</div> - -<p>REMOVING MASK AT ALTITUDE -- There are many reasons why your oxygen -mask will be removed above 20,000 feet. This has been responsible for -countless "accidents" in heavy bomber crews IN advanced training and in -combat. LEARN THE PROPER TECHNIC NOW, wearing heavy gloves. You can take -your oxygen mask off at 30,000 feet and be as safe as you are on the -ground, PROVIDING YOU HOLD YOUR BREATH and don't breathe the "thin" -outside air. The following are a few of the reasons why you will remove -your mask at high altitude. DON'T REMOVE YOUR GLOVES, for freezing -occurs almost instantaneously and painlessly at temperatures of 30 below -and lower.</p> - -<ol> - -<li>To wipe moisture from inside the mask at regular intervals -- for -comfort and to prevent ice formation around exhaust valve. -<div style='margin-left:1.4em;'>NOTE: A puddle of condensed moisture lying over the flutter valve -will render it useless. You will be warned of this; when you breathe -out, the air from your mask comes out the top of the mask, fogging your -goggles.</div> -</li> - -<li>To blow your nose. To help clear your ears on descent by holding -nose and blowing (if necessary). To vomit if you get sick.</li> - -<li>To take nourishment and hot drinks on missions.</li> - -<li>To change masks.</li> -</ol> - -<p><a id='p13'></a>TECHNIC -- NEVER breathe when mask is off face or is loosened from -helmet. PRACTICE THIS with a mirror: (See Fig. 2,3 & 4)</p> - -<ol> -<li>Hold mask to face firmly with left hand.</li> - -<li>Disengage mask clip from helmet with right hand.</li> - -<li>Holding mask snugly in position with left hand, take 3 or 4 deep -breaths of oxygen.</li> - -<li>Remove mask with left hand, HOLDING BREATH. The right hand is free -to service mask, to blow nose or to administer food or drink. Hold mask -in left hand.</li> - -<li>When you have to breathe, reapply mask to face making sure it is -held snugly along sides of nose with index and middle finger of left -hand, one on each side. of nose (hold mask in palm of hand with index -and middle finger making a V, one on each side of the nose piece).</li> - -<li>Take 4 or 5 deep breaths from the mask and repeat #4. - -<div>This procedure may be kept up indefinitely with complete safety, -providing you DON'T BREATHE OUTSIDE AIR.</div></li> - -</ol> - -<div class='imgcont'> -<img src='images/illus-003.jpg' alt='' style='width:70%; margin-left:15%' /> -<p class='tac'>Fig. 2<br />MASK TECHNIC (1)</p> -</div> - -<div class='imgcont'> -<img src='images/illus-004.jpg' alt='' style='width:70%; margin-left:15%' /> -<p class='tac'>Fig. 3<br />MASK TECHNIC (2 & 3)</p> -</div> - -<div class='imgcont'> -<img src='images/illus-005.jpg' alt='' style='width:70%; margin-left:15%' /> -<p class='tac'>Fig. 4<br />MASK TECHNIC (4)</p> -</div> - -<p class='ssheading'>MASK TO REGULATOR CONNECTION<br />(RAPID -DISCONNECT)</p> - -<p>IS THE RUBBER GASKET IN PLACE? Without the gasket an air-tight seal -at this joint is impossible. Dangerous oxygen-lack will result above -24,000 feet. With a leak at this altitude serious mental and physical -inefficiency will develop, even though you may not pass out. Above -28,000 feet you will quickly become punch drunk, and the pass-out will -soon follow.</p> - -<p><a id='p16'></a>USE THE CLIP ON THE REGULATOR TUBING--It is there to remove tension -on this connection which could (1) cause serious mask leak by pulling -the mask down on the face, or (2) cause mask tubing to become -disconnected. In combat these things would fail to attract your -attention. Without warning you are first slap-happy and then drop -unconscious.</p> - -<p>THE RAPID DISCONNECT REQUIRES CONSTANT ATTENTION whether you are -plugged into a fixed station or into a walk-around bottle. A pull of at -least 12 pounds should be required to separate the male and female -connection of the rapid disconnect. The security of the connection can -be increased by spreading the groups at the tip of the male connection. -(See diagram, pre-flight check, page 39).</p> - -<p>CONNECTION OP HOSE TO REGULATOR IS NOT A SWIVEL JOIN--Above 24,000 -feet the collar must be turned up tightly to prevent a dangerous leak of -air.</p> - -<p>Make sure that the regulator hose is wired securely to the goose neck -on the regulator.</p> - -<p id='p17a' class='ssheading'>THE DEMAND (A-12) REGULATOR</p> - -<p>In principle the demand regulator is a diaphragm-operated flow valve -which is opened by the user's inspiration and closes automatically when -the suction ceases. This gives you as much oxygen as you ask for. All -you do is breathe. A short breath draws a short squirt of oxygen, while -deep, rapid breathing brings forth large shots in rapid succession.</p> - -<p>The regulator can be set to conserve oxygen, or to give you 100% -oxygen, regardless of the altitude you are flying. This is governed by -the position of the "Auto-Mix" (AIR) lever.</p> - -<p><a id='p17'></a>AUTO-MIX (AIR) "ON" (or NORMAL OXYGEN) is the position for -routine use. This saves oxygen.</p> - -<ol> -<li>Gives a mixture of air and oxygen: - -<ul> - <li class='lst-none'>10,000 feet -- approx. 30% oxygen</li> - <li class='lst-none'>18,000 feet -- approx. 65% oxygen</li> - <li class='lst-none'>26,000 feet -- approx. 85% oxygen</li> - <li class='lst-none'>30,000 feet -- approx. 100% oxygen - <div>Under the above conditions, so far as oxygen is concerned, you - are at ground level.</div></li> -</ul> -</li> - -<li>Use oxygen from ground level on night missions to prevent night -blindness.</li> - -<li>Increased altitude increases oxygen supply AUTOMATICALLY.</li> - -<li>Percentage of oxygen delivered keeps you at ground level -efficiency.</li> - -<li>Ships oxygen supply, charged to 450 pounds lasts 10 men from 7 to 9 -hours. (20,000 to 30,000 feet).</li> - -</ol> - -<p>AUTO-MIX (AIR) "OFF (or 100% oxygen) -- used when ordered by first -pilot, and on special occasions.</p> - -<ol> - - <li>Gives 100% oxygen, on demand, regardless of altitude.</li> - - <li>Used on special occasions: - - <ol> - - <li class='lst-ll'>To casualties suffering from: - <ol> - <li>Loss of blood.</li> - <li>Shock.</li> - <li>Passing out from oxygen lack (revived).</li> - </ol> - </li> - - <li class='lst-ll'>Regulator not giving enough oxygen in "ON" - position (blue finger nails-beginning to feel pleased with - yourself).</li> - - <li class='lst-ll'>To avoid gas poisoning if you land in a gassed - area without gas masks.</li> - - <li class='lst-ll'>To flush nitrogen gas from body fluids when - going above 30,000 feet, helping to prevent bends.</li> - - </ol> - </li> - - <li value='4'>Ship's oxygen supply, charged to 450 pounds, lasts 6 hours or - less.</li> - -</ol> - -<p><a id='p19'></a>THE "EMERGENCY" VALVE IS DANGEROUS -- it should be used with extreme -caution. A whole system can be depleted of oxygen in an hour or less if -the "emergency" is opened only a quarter of a turn. Emergency "ON" -changes regulator into a constant flow system and wastes precious -oxygen. Use only to revive an unconscious crew member or to check line -to make sure it is clear. Always make sure that "Emergency" is TIGHTLY -TURNED OFF before ship leaves the ground. </p> - -<p>NOTE:</p> - -<p class='in2'>Don't be confused by the difference in appearance of -demand regulators manufactured by various companies (see Fig. 9). THEY -ALL WORK THE SAME.</p> - -<p id='p20' class='ssheading'>PORTABLE OXYGEN EQUIPMENT</p> - -<p>A PORTABLE RECHARGER HOSE is available at every station in the ship. -Every crew member should know their location so well that they can be -located immediately, even on the darkest night. In addition, there is a -long recharger hose for filling the ball turret oxygen cylinder. -(B-17-F).</p> - -<p>When drawing oxygen through a portable recharger the refiller valve -must engage the filler nozzle TIGHTLY, otherwise oxygen leaks around the -connection and is lost. The oxygen supply of an entire system has been -wasted in this manner.</p> - -<p>FREEZING or STICKING of refiller valve is not uncommon at extremely -low temperatures. Always check this after refilling your walk-around. A -stuck valve will quickly deplete the entire supply of oxygen in that -system. If the valve is stuck plug in a walk-around bottle and leave it -there.</p> - -<p><a id='p20u'></a>USES OF THE WALK-AROUND BOTTLE -- (1) As an ACCESSORY REGULATOR -- -the <a id='p20a'></a>A-13 regulator on the walk-around bottle is a demand type regulator -without the "auto-mix" feature. It gives 100% oxygen on inspiration -regardless of the altitude. By connecting the walk-around bottle FIRMLY -into the portable recharger valve, one has an extra source of oxygen at -that particular station. As long as the oxygen gauge at the station -registers oxygen pressure the user is assured a supply of pure oxygen -... his supply is coming directly from the system. Remember this when -reviving a passed out crew mate in the waist in the vicinity of the ball -turret--the long recharger hose used to charge the oxygen bottle on the -ball turret can be plugged directly into a walk-around bottle attached -to the unconscious crew member's mask.</p> - -<p>If other long recharger hoses can be obtained from Tech Supply they -will be extremely handy attached at the pilots station, in the bomb bay -and to the recharger outlet at the right waist gunner's station. This -would permit the engineer, who in flight is continuously filling his -walk-around bottle, considerable liberty. He could cover most of the -ship, staked out on a long recharger hose connected to his walk-around -bottle. It would also provide a readily accessible source of oxygen to -revive crew members who pick such out-of-the-way places to pass out as: -the bomb bay cat-walk, the bomb bay doors, under the flight deck, or in -some remote part of the waist.</p> - -<p>One or two extension portable recharger hoses shown in photograph -page 22 should be standard equipment in heavy bombers.</p> - -<div class='imgcont'> -<img src='images/illus-006.jpg' alt='' style='width:70%; margin-left:15%' /> -<p class='tac'>Fig. 5<br />EXTENSION RECHARGER HOSE</p> -</div> - -<p>(2) SOURCE OF OXYGEN FOR BAIL-OUT -- Above 20,000 feet, breathing of -oxygen is necessary to reach your particular escape hatch. After this -spot is gained you won't need oxygen ... unless you start fiddling with -the rip-cord too soon. Go to your exit on the walk-around bottle, fill -your lungs deeply five or six times from the bottle, HOLD YOUR BREATH, -and take the dive. Continue to hold your breath during the descent as -long as possible. By the time your lungs are bursting for air you'll be -from 8 to 10,000 feet nearer the ground and won't need extra oxygen. -Leave the mask on--it will protect your face. If the skies are filled with -enemy planes it may be wise to continue the free fall. By now you can -start breathing without danger of serious oxygen-lack. Any dimming of -mental acuity would be of such short duration that you'd have plenty of -time to pull the ripcord.</p> - -<p>PRACTICE GOING TO YOUR ESCAPE HATCH ON A WALK-AROUND BOTTLE DURING -OPERATIONAL TRAINING -- PRACTICE ON JUST HOW YOU WOULD CLEAR THE -SHIP -- GO THROUGH ALL OF THE ROUTINE EXCEPT THE BAILOUT -- and that -might not be time wasted, at least just once before the time comes -when you might have to!</p> - -<p>Above 30,000 feet you wouldn't want to open your 'chute even if you -had plenty of oxygen. You'd freeze a hand or foot or both if you did. -Under these conditions you'd free fall, holding your breath, as long as -possible. Then, after three or four breaths of "thin" air, pull the rip -cord. Your altitude should be in the vicinity of 10,000 to 12,000 feet -below that when you abandoned ship, and the degree of oxygen-lack -encountered here wouldn't be of dangerous consequence. You'll avoid -freezing, and perhaps the gunfire of enemy interceptors.</p> - -<p>(3) TO MOVE ABOUT THE SHIP For this the walk-around bottle is very -useful ... and very tricky! The trouble is that the thing is good only -as long as it gives oxygen. It will rarely, if ever, be fully charged -so forget that 8 to 12 minute stuff. You can't fill your bottle any -fuller than the pressure in the line you'll be drawing from. And the -only time that will be fully charged is when the ship is on the ground, -freshly charged with oxygen, ready for the take-off. When you need the -walk-around bottle, three or four hours will have passed ... and the -pressure in your filling line will be some fraction of the full charge. -As a rule you'll do well to get the bottle half charged. And you're -going to be moving about at altitude and needing 3 to 5 times as much -oxygen as if you were sitting quietly in a corner. So plan on the -walk-around supply lasting 1½ to 2 minutes ... then you won't be -caught short! Refill the bottle frequently. Refill it every time you -pass a portable recharger hose ... and there's one at every station. -Failure to do this has caused more pass-outs in second and third phase -training than any other single cause ... unless you include -carelessness. And careless people don't last long in the kind of work -you're specializing in! There's a check-valve on the walk-around bottle, -so you won't lose anything if you plug into a system that reads less -than the gauge on the bottle.</p> - -<p><a id='p25'></a>NOTE TO ENGINEERS: Because of its limited supply, the standard -walk-around bottle is next to useless for many of your jobs which must -be done in flight on a walk-around bottle. The ENGINEER NEEDS A LARGER -WALK-AROUND BOTTLE. One, having a supply 5 TIMES AS GREAT as the -standard portable cylinder, can be obtained as follows:</p> - -<p>Obtain a D-2 oxygen cylinder (stock No. 5500-344020 - class 03K) from -Air Corps Supply. Remove the A-13 regulator assembly from a standard -walk-around bottle. Remove the spud from one end of the D-2 cylinder and -screw the A-13 regulator in tightly. Fill to 400 p.s.i. and leave -overnight to determine if pressure is maintained or lost due to a leak. -(A drop of 25 to 50 pounds will occur in the absence of a leak due to -cooling of the oxygen which warmed up when the cylinder was -charged).</p> - -<div class='imgcont'> -<img src='images/illus-007.jpg' alt='' style='width:70%; margin-left:15%' /> -<p class='tac'>Fig. 6<br />D-2 WALK-AROUND BOTTLE</p> -</div> - -<p>For leaks here or elsewhere in an oxygen system use the following -anti-sieze and sealing compound on the pipe threads: Pioneer Antisieze -No. 2., Class 96B, Stock no. 7500-050800. Never use a sealing compound -which contains oil.</p> - -<p>A satisfactory bag with shoulder strap for carrying the walk-around -bottle when in use can be made from heavy twill or canvas by the -parachute department.</p> - -<p class='ssheading'>EMERGENCY OXYGEN EQUIPMENT</p> - -<p>In addition to your ship's regular oxygen supply, you will take -emergency oxygen rations along on combat missions. If practical you will -also have several extra masks on board. Know where they are stored.</p> - -<ol> - - <li> Both of the low pressure walk-around bottles should be kept as full - as possible-- you never know when you may need them. If full, the small - walk-around bottle is good for only a few minutes, the large for 30 to - 45 minutes, depending on your activity. - </li> - - <li>High pressure equipment. - <ol> - <li class='lst-ll'>A-2 bottle with bag-mask. (Fig. 7) - <div>In some theaters each combat crewman is issued this equipment. - The high pressure bottle is fully charged to 1800 and will last - approximately 45 minutes to one hour. It is used with the - continuous flow mask. - </div> - <div class='imgcont'> - <img src='images/illus-008.jpg' alt='' style='width:70%; margin-left:15%' /> - <p class='tac'>Fig. 7<br />A-2 OXYGEN BOTTLE WITH BAG MASK</p> - </div> - </li> - - <li class='lst-ll'>Bail-out bottle. (Fig. 8) - <div>This small high pressure cylinder is a "last resort" source of - emergency oxygen. It contains approximately 12 minutes supply. The old - style bottle (H-1) is equipped with a pipe stem which is held between - the teeth. A newer bail-out bottle (H-2) has a bayonet connection so - it can be used with an A-14 mask with bail-out adapter (see fig. 8). - </div> - <div class='imgcont'> - <img src='images/illus-009.jpg' alt='' style='width:90%; margin-left:5%' /> - <p class='tac'>Fig. 8<br />BAIL OUT BOTTLES</p> - </div> - </li> - </ol> - </li> - -</ol> - -<p class='ssheading'>PRESSURE GAGE</p> - -<p>Your oxygen pressure gage registers from 450 pounds to zero. WATCH YOUR -PRESSURE GAGE! Except under extreme emergency, don't run the pressure -down under 50 pounds .... if you do there's danger of moisture getting -into your refiller line. Then the next time you go to high altitude -you'll have trouble with freezing in the oxygen line.</p> - -<p class='ssheading'>FLOW INDICATOR</p> - -<p>Either the bouncing ball or blinking eye will be at each station, -depending on the vintage of your ship. Only older ships will be equipped -with the bouncing ball which is no longer manufactured. These indicators -do not tell HOW MUCH oxygen you are getting ... they merely indicate -that some oxygen is flowing through the system when you take a breath. -They may be working O.K. even though your oxygen supply is inadequate. -The COLOR OF YOUR FINGER NAILS is a better guide to the amount of oxygen -you are getting, providing your hands are warm. If they become bluish -above 20,000 feet check mask and connections for leak. Naturally, you -won't remove your gloves to look at your finger nails if the temperature -is 20 or 30 degrees below zero. If no leak is found, switch the -"Auto-Mix" to the OFF position and note if things improve. INFORM YOUR -PILOT IF AUTO MIX IF LEFT "OFF" and your mission is a long one.</p> - -<div class='imgcont'> -<img src='images/illus-010.jpg' alt='' style='width:90%; margin-left:5%' /> -<p class='tac'>Fig. 9</p> -</div> - -<div id='p32' class='imgcont'> -<img src='images/illus-011.jpg' alt='' style='width:70%; margin-left:15%' /> -<img src='images/illus-012.jpg' alt='' style='width:70%; margin-left:15%' /> -</div> - -<p><a id='p34'></a>IN THE AIR:</p> - -<ol> -<li>Check for leak by blockage and gently inhalation each time mask is -removed and replaced.</li> - -<li>Check oxygen flow indicator at regular intervals. Also, CHECK COLOR -OF NAILS AT REGULAR INTERVALS -- if blue above 20,000 feet turn Auto-Mix -to "OFF" position.</li> - -<li>Check oxygen pressure gauge frequently.</li> - -<li>If temperature is below freezing, manipulate mask to free it of ice -at regular intervals. Wiping moisture from mask periodically will -prevent freezing of mask.</li> - -<li>Open EMERGENCY flow only when absolutely necessary ... notify -pilot.</li> - -<li>Over 28,000 feet switch Auto-Mix to "Off" position ... turn back -to "ON" position below this altitude.</li> - -<li>Re-fill walk-around bottle frequently when you are using it at -altitude.</li> - -<li>Avoid unnecessary exercise above 20,000 feet ... take your -time!</li> - -<li>Observe your fellow crew member at frequent intervals above 20,000 -feet. You can recognize before he can if he's in trouble.</li> -</ol> - -<p>ON RETURN TO FIELD</p> - -<ol> -<li>Wipe mask dry. It should be thoroughly cleansed with soap and water -(inside) after 10 to 14 hours use. Be sure that exhaust flutter valve is -kept clean.</li> -<li>Inspect mask for leaks or cracks in face-piece.</li> - -<li>Change strap adjustment only to take up natural stretch slack.</li> - -<li>Lend your mask only in extreme emergency.</li> - -<li>Protect your mask from hot sun, moisture, and rough treatment.</li> - -<li>Report all defective oxygen equipment to ground crew and to personal -equipment officer immediately on landing. See that it has been repaired -or replaced before another altitude mission.</li> -</ol> - -<p class='ssheading'>OXYGEN SYSTEMS IN THE B-17</p> - -<p>The Army Air Forces use the low pressure system (maximum charge 450 -pounds per square inch) in preference to the high pressure system (1800 -pounds per square inch) for these reasons:</p> - -<ol> -<li>Cylinders do not explode when hit.</li> -<li>Do not "rocket" from moorings when hit.</li> -<li>Less chance for fire or flash burns.</li> -</ol> - -<p>A diagrammatic sketch of the FOUR different oxygen systems is shown -on page 38. EVERY crew member should thoroughly familiarize himself with -the location of each regulator and each portable recharger hose.</p> - -<p>The four systems, arranged two on a side, offer great advantages in -combat over a single system. It is possible to redistribute crew members -whose system has been shot out and stay in formation. Everyone must know -these alternate positions. <a id='p36'></a>(page 41 for B-17, page 45 for B-24). </p> - -<p id='p37' class='ssheading'>OXYGEN CYLINDERS</p> - -<p>NOTE: Based on combat experiences, continuous changes are being made -in the oxygen systems and oxygen supply in heavy bombers. The following -considerations apply only to the type of ship specified. Newer models -and ships modified at staging areas may be different both in arrangement -and number of oxygen cylinders. KNOW the oxygen supply for YOUR STATION -IN YOUR SHIP.</p> - -<p><a id='p38'></a>Two types are found in the B-17. EIGHTEEN G-1 -cylinders contain the main supply which is distributed through the four -systems. All are filled through a single recharging line.</p> - -<p>The G-1 cylinder has a volume of 2100 cubic inches and contains 30 -cubic feet of oxygen when charged to a pressure of 450 pounds per square -inch. In combat the cylinders are charged to 450 pounds or better (all -cylinders have been tested to withstand 700 pounds pressure). Each -cylinder is check-valved so that one of a bank of cylinders may be shot -out with loss of no oxygen from the remaining intact cylinders. Between -20,000 and 30,000 feet, one G-1 cylinder charged to 450 pounds will last -one man approximately 5 hours (Auto-Mix "on").</p> - -<p>TURRETS:</p> - -<p>The turrets on the earlier models (B-17F) are supplied with F-l type -cylinders having a capacity of approximately 14 cubic feet when fully -charged to 450 pounds. Under these conditions a fully charged bottle -lasts one man approximately 2 hours. (Note: these bottles are recharged -from the ship's supply during flight, so it will not be possible to -fully charge them after several hours of flight on oxygen. They will be -no fuller than the pressure in the system from which they are -charged--front left system for top turret; rear left system for ball -turret).</p> - -<div id='p38d' class='imgcont'> -<img src='images/illus-013.jpg' alt='' style='width:70%; margin-left:15%' /> -<p class='tac'>Fig. 10<br />OXYGEN SYSTEMS B-17G</p> -</div> - -<p>B-17G models are modified so that the turrets are supplied oxygen -directly through a flexible hose -- the top turret from the front -left system -- the ball turret from the rear right system. The same -changes may be found in the ball turret of the B-24.</p> - -<p id='p40' class='ssheading'>COMPUTING OXYGEN DURATION</p> - -<p>Several members of the crew must be able to calculate the duration of -the oxygen supply. The following simple procedure will permit a fairly -accurate estimate of each systems duration. The figures are based on -altitudes between 20,000 and 30,000 feet where the majority of your -combat flying will take place.</p> - -<p>G-1 CYLINDERS -- full charge 450 pounds -- each cylinder equals 5 man -hours.</p> - -<p>FORMULA: 5 (man hours) x number of intact cylinders x actual -pressure/400 divided by number of men using oxygen from system = -DURATION in hours.</p> - -<p>Examples:</p> - -<p>FRONT LEFT SYSTEM - 5 cylinders -- full charge to 450 pounds = 25 man hours.</p> - -<div style='margin-left:2em'> -<p>3 intact cylinders (2 shot out), pressure 200 pounds, pilot and navigator on system.</p> - -<p>5 x 3 x 200/400 x 1/2 = 3 plus hours.</p> - -<p>For 3 men:</p> - -<p>5 x 3 x 200/400 x 1/3 = 2 plus hours.</p> -</div> - -<p>FRONT RIGHT SYSTEM: 4 cylinders - full charge to 450 pounds = 20 man hours.</p> - -<p>Example:</p> - -<div style='margin-left:2em'> -<p>4 cylinders, pressure 160 pounds, bombardier, co-pilot, and engineer on system.</p> - -<p>5 x 4 x l60/400 x 1/3 = 2½ plus hours</p> -</div> - -<p>LEFT REAR SYSTEM: 6 cylinders - full charge to 450 pounds 30 man hours.</p> - -<p>Example:</p> - -<div style='margin-left:2em'> -<p>6 cylinders, pressure 200 pounds, radio operator ball turret gunner, left waist gunner and tail gunner on system.</p> - -<p>5 x 6 x 200/400 x 1/4 = 3⅔ hours</p> -</div> - -<p>RIGHT REAR SYSTEM: 3 cylinders - full charge to 450 pounds 15 man hours.</p> - -<p>Example:</p> - -<div style='margin-left:2em'> -<p>3 cylinders, pressure 300 pounds, two men on system.</p> - -<p>5 x 3 x 300/400 x 1/2 = 5 plus hours</p> - -<p>Left rear system out - RO, ARO, AE and two AG's on right rear system.</p> - -<p>5 x 3 x 300/400 x 1/5 = 2 hours.</p> -</div> - - -<p>F-1 CYLINDER -- ball turret -- full charge to 400 pounds 2 plus hours</p> - -<div style='margin-left:2em'> -<p>2 (man hours) x 120/400 = 0.5 plus hours (30 plus min)</p> -</div> - -<p class='ssheading'>ALTERNATIVE POSITIONS IN EMERGENCY<br />(B-17G)</p> - -<dl> -<dt>Left front system out:</dt> - -<dd>Navigator on walk-around bottle plugged into Bombardier's recharger hose. Pilot uses Engineer's regulator hose from right front system.</dd> - -<dt>Right front system out:</dt> - -<dd>Bombardier on walk-around bottle plugged into Navigator's recharger hose. -Engineer same on Pilot's recharger hose. Copilot on top turret regulator hose (hose too short in later models).</dd> - -<dt>Left rear system out:</dt> -<dd>RO on one regulator from across aisle.</dd> -<dd>ARO on regulator right radio compartment.</dd> -<dd>AE on walk-around bottle on recharger hose, right radio compartment.</dd> -<dd>AG on waist regulator, right.</dd> -<dd>AG on tail regulator, right.</dd> - -<dt>Right rear system out:</dt> -<dd>RO regular position.</dd> -<dd>ARO on bomb bay regulator.</dd> -<dd>AE on walk-around bottle plugged to ball turret recharger hose.</dd> -<dd>AG on waist regulator, left.</dd> -<dd>AG on tail regulator, left.</dd> -</dl> - -<p class='ssheading'><a id='p43'></a>OXYGEN SYSTEM IN THE B-24</p> - -<p>Like the B-17, the B-24 is equipped with a low pressure oxygen -system. Location of the cylinders and distribution of the lines, -however, is entirely different. The oxygen system varies somewhat in -the different model ships and in individual ships. In the B-24 D -(beginning with Serial No. 42-40218) to the B-24 H, however, the system -is essentially as described below. Some of the minor variations will be -noted, including changes to the supply for the nose positions in late T -models. FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH THE OXYGEN SYSTEM IN YOUR OWN -SHIP.</p> - -<p>OXYGEN CYLINDERS:</p> - -<p>There are 22 type G-1 cylinders arranged in eight systems (see -diagram on page 47B). Sixteen cylinders are banked above the bomb-bay. -The remaining six are buried in the floor of the rear fuselage -compartment. There are also two smaller (type D2) cylinders attached to -the chair of the top-turret gunner. These are not connected to the main -system but must be charged from a portable recharger line. The main -system is charged from a single filler valve located in the left side of -the bomb bay. Each G-1 cylinder, when charged to 450 pounds per square -inch, contains 30 cubic feet of oxygen, and will last one man -approximately 5 hours between 20,000 and 30,000 feet (Auto-Mix -"on").</p> - -<p>DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS:</p> - -<p>The systems differ radically from those of the B-17. In models up -through H to early J each individual draws from at least two or three -cylinders. With the exception of the nose positions there is a maximum -of two men on the same system. As shown in the diagramatic sketch (page -47B), the pilot, co-pilot, side gunners, and tail gunner each have their -own individual system of at least two G-1 bottles.</p> - -<p><a id='p44'></a>In the G, H and early J series the three regulators in the nose are -supplied by a single system containing only three oxygen cylinders. -(diagram page 47B). This is inadequate. The later J models have a -modified system to the nose wherein the bomb bay - radio operator system -is Tee'd into the supply to the nose positions. This brings to a total of -six oxygen cylinders for the five stations. (diagram page 47A). Since -the regulators at the radio operator and bomb bay stations are not used -continuously during combat missions, this modification to the nose -positions is adequate. Further, the connections in the lines leading to -the nose are such that the nose positions are supplied individually as -well as collectively so that loss of the supply to one system does not -necessarily deplete the other systems. KNOW THE OXYGEN SYSTEM IN YOUR -SHIP.</p> - -<p>The bottom turret and camera tunnel regulators are supplied by the -same system containing three cylinders.</p> - -<p class='ssheading'>ALTERNATIVE POSITIONS IN EMERGENCY:</p> - -<p>In case of loss of the entire oxygen supply of any one system, the -affected crew member may move to any other convenient regulator in the -ship with these exceptions:</p> - -<ol> - -<li>The nose gunner may not move to the navigator-bombardier regulator -if the entire system is out.</li> - -<li>The radio operator may not move to the bomb-bay regulator if the -entire system is out.</li> - -<li>The bottom turret gunner may not move to the camera tunnel -regulator.</li> - -</ol> - -<p>This is true because every station, with these three exceptions, has -its own individual oxygen supply. The use of the walk-around bottle is -the same as that described for the B-17. (Page 20).</p> - -<p class='ssheading'>DURATION OF OXYGEN SUPPLY:</p> - -<p>With the present system in the B-24, each man has approximately 9 -hours oxygen supply at 30,000 feet with the Auto-Mix on. However, it -occasionally becomes necessary in emergencies to calculate the residual -oxygen supply. This can be done by the simple formula given on page -24:</p> - -<p>5 (man hours) x no. of intact cylinders x actual pressure/400 -divided by no. of men using the system.</p> - -<p>Application of this formula is much simpler in the B-24, since -usually only one, and at the most two, men are using a single -system.</p> - -<p class='ssheading'>VARIATIONS:</p> - -<p>The exact location of the demand regulators in a ship is variable, -depending upon the model, place of installation, etc. It is extremely -important that you familiarize yourself with the location of the -regulators in your ship, so that you can move from one to the other in -darkness, in case of emergency. Many of the B-24 H models have two extra -regulators: one in the nose, and one in the tail. There is also -variation in the location of the portable recharging hose for the -top-turret bottles. This is located in the right side of the ship in -most earlier models, but in the left side in later models. -Fundamentally, however, the system in all ships commencing with No. -42-40218, is as described above. It is up to you to familiarize yourself -with any minor differences in your ship.</p> - -<div id='p47A' class='imgcont'> -<img src='images/illus-014.jpg' alt='' style='width:70%; margin-left:15%' /> -<p class='tac'>Fig. 11<br />OXYGEN SYSTEM B-24J MODIFIED</p> -</div> - -<div class='imgcont'> -<img src='images/illus-015.jpg' alt='' style='width:70%; margin-left:15%' /> -<p class='tac'>Fig. 12<br />OXYGEN SYSTEM B-24D to H</p> -</div> - -<p id='p47s' class='ssheading'>SERVICING THE OXYGEN INSTALLATION IN THE<br />B-17, -B-24 and B-29</p> - -<p>CAUTION: Always have a reducing valve between -high pressure supply cylinders and ship's oxygen system.</p> - -<ol> - -<li>Attach recharger hoses to cylinders of both turrets in B-17 or -B-24.</li> - -<li>Open valves on both commercial, high pressure cylinders on recharger -cart.</li> - -<li>Turn in reducing valve on recharging cart to 100 pounds in the low -pressure gage.</li> - -<li>Insert nipple of hose from recharger cart into filler valve of plane -just inside nose escape hatch (B-17) or left side of fuselage (B-24 and -B-29).</li> - -<li>Fully open valve at end of hose and wait until oxygen stops -flowing.</li> - -<li>Turn up reducing valve on cart to 200 pounds and allow oxygen to -flow until it ceases. Turn up recharger valve to 300 pounds and again -wait for ship's containers and supply pressure to equalize. Turn up -recharger valve to 450 pounds and wait until oxygen flow ceases -entirely.</li> - -<li>Check pressure gauges in ship to make sure that all register in the -neighborhood of 425 pounds.</li> - -<li>Turn off hose valve and remove nipple from filler valve.</li> -<li>Replace cover of filler valve.</li> -<li>Disconnect filler hoses from turret tanks. -<p>NOTE: Purifier cartridge should be changed after discharge of every -1.6 cylinders of oxygen. (T.O. 19-1-2) If this is not observed the -oxygen will contain moisture and freezing in oxygen system will occur at -high altitude.</p></li> -</ol> - -<p>After the oxygen in the tanks has had time to cool down, pressure -should be in the neighborhood of 400 pounds.</p> - -<p>The same procedure must be employed even if one or more of the -systems is already fully charged since there is no way of equalizing -pressure among the different manifolds. Do not attempt to use any system -in which the pressure is less than 50 to 75 pounds per square inch. -Under these conditions the oxygen flow is very weak. More dangerous is -the possibility of moisture getting into the oxygen line through the -main recharger valve. This will result in freezing in the line or one of -the regulators on the next trip to high altitude.</p> - -<p id='p49' class='ssheading'>LEAKS IN OXYGEN LINE</p> - -<p>Leaks in oxygen lines and be detected by painting oxygen tubing with -a paintbrush and solution of soap suds--soap bubbles appear at the site -of leak.</p> - -<p>Connection of oxygen tubing to nipples, elbows, tees, and regulators -are made air-tight by applying an anti-sieze, sealing compound to the -pipe threads (see note, page 27). DON'T use anything containing OIL.</p> - -<p>A good way to check entire oxygen system for a leak is to have -systems charged to 450 pounds the night before take-off. If the pressure -is less than 400 pounds the next morning a leak is present.</p> - -<p>NOTE:</p> - -<p>A 50 pound drop in pressure can be anticipated due to cooling off of -oxygen after the system is charged.</p> - -<p class='ssheading'><a id='p50'></a>GENERAL RULES FOR SAFE HANDLING OF -OXYGEN</p> - -<p>DON'T use oil with oxygen. The reaction when these two substances -come in contact is more violent than igniting dynamite. Keep oil or -grease away from oxygen cylinders, cylinder valves, and other equipment. -Clean hands of oil or grease before using oxygen apparatus.</p> - -<p>DON'T wear greasy clothes, gloves, etc., when working with oxygen. -Oxygen will cause substances with merely a trace of oil or grease -thereon to burn with great intensity.</p> - -<p>DON'T use inflammable substances near oxygen. Oxygen itself will not -burn but will greatly accelerate combustion. </p> - -<p id='p51' class='ssheading'>PASSING OUT AT ALTITUDE</p> - -<p>There are two ways to use oxygen equipment at altitude -- a right and -wrong. Don't be a fish out of water when you fly above 18,000 feet. -Learn how to use oxygen the right way NOW - then you won't have to -re-learn the hard way after an unpleasant experience or two.</p> - -<p>A few points on reviving a fellow crew member who has passed out due -to oxygen lack--an opportunity that may well be yours some day!</p> - -<ol> - -<li>KEEP CALM -- Just because a man passes out from oxygen lack is no -sign that he's at death's door. TAKE YOUR TIME. Remember you're going to -need OXYGEN yourself for the job at hand. If you don't heed this, -there'll be TWO to revive instead of only one.</li> - -<li>PLAN how you're going to revive the victim--then proceed with the -least possible exertion to yourself.</li> - -<li>DON'T attempt to drag or carry the victim to a supply of oxygen. If -he's not near a regulator hose, take portable oxygen TO him. Take plenty --- 3 or 5 bottles -- some for him, plenty for you. If he's near a -regulator hose you're in luck. Connect his mask and NOW use the -"Emergency." Ordinarily you'll almost blow him right back onto his -feet.</li> - -<li>GET ASSISTANCE. Have someone keep an eye on you, and supply you with -refilled walk-around bottles if needed.</li> - -<li>Connect the victim to a walk-around bottle. Ordinarily he'll come to -in a matter of seconds. But watch him. He'll be punch drunk and -confused as to what's going on.</li> - -<li>After he's emptied one bottle, give him another. Then put him on a -third and assist him ON HIS OWN POWER to a regulator. Turn the Auto-Mix -"OFF" and let him breathe pure oxygen for 5 or 10 minutes. Ordinarily -he'll be able to return to his regular duties.</li> - -<li>If the victim has been out for a number of minutes he may present -more of a problem. Breathing becomes shallow -- and the demand system -gives just what is asked of it -- a weak inspiration brings a small -squirt of oxygen. So, you'll have to help him with artificial -respiration, learn it -- your flight surgeon will show you how.</li> -</ol> - -<p>Caution: Above 20,000 feet, get assistance to give artificial -respiration. It will be strenuous work -- a job for several men, not -one. Take turns of one to three minutes each.</p> - -<p id='p53' class='ssheading'>THE B-29 AT HIGH ALTITUDE</p> - -<div class='imgcont'> -<img src='images/illus-016.jpg' alt='' style='width:50%; margin-left:25%' /> -</div> - -<p>The B-29 is designed to permit you to fly at high altitude without -the usual disadvantages of extreme cold, diminished pressure, and -decreased oxygen. This is done by the use of pressurized, heated -compartments. A highly efficient oxygen system is also incorporated in -the ship for use when the cabins are unpressurized.</p> - -<div class='imgcont'> -<img src='images/illus-017.jpg' alt='' style='width:70%; margin-left:15%' /> -<p class='tac'>Fig. 13</p> -</div> - -<p id='p56' class='ssheading'>PRESSURE CABINS</p> - -<p>There are three pressure compartments in your ship: Forword, Aft, and -Tail. (See Fig. 13). The forward and aft cabins are connected by a -communicating tunnel running over the bomb-bay; the tail compartment is -isolated when pressurized.</p> - -<p>OPERATION: The cabins are pressurized from the superchargers of the -two inboard engines. Your flight engineer controls the air-flow from -these superchargers, permitting the cabin Pressure Regulators to -automatically regulate the air pressure within the cabin. From -ground level to 8,000 ft the cabins are not pressurized. When the cabins -are under pressure, your cabin altitude will remain at 8,000 ft, while -the ship is flying at any altitude up to 30,000 ft. When your ship gets -about 30,000 ft, the cabin pressure will rise proportionately so that it -reaches about 12,000 ft when the ship is at 40,000 ft. (See Fig. 14 for -this pressure relation). Cabin temperature is controlled by -thermostat.</p> - -<div class='imgcont'> -<img src='images/illus-018.jpg' alt='' style='width:70%; margin-left:15%' /> -<p class='tac'>Fig. 14</p> -</div> - -<p>EMERGENCY PRESSURE RELEASE. Since all emergency doors open in, cabin -pressure must be released in all emergencies. This is done by a valve -controlled by cable from:</p> - -<ol> -<li>Pilot's seat</li> -<li>Behind R.H. side gunner</li> -</ol> - -<p><a id='p57'></a>WHEN DO YOU NEED OXYGEN IN A B-29?</p> - -<p>As long as the cabin altitude is below 10,000 ft you're O.K. without -oxygen.</p> - -<p>YOU MUST USE OXYGEN when the CABIN ALTITUDE goes ABOVE 10,000 -feet.</p> - -<p>This may occur:</p> - -<ol> -<li>When you are flying unpressurized.</li> -<li>If you fly above 35,000 feet.</li> -<li>Following explosive decompression (Blown blister).</li> -<li>In all emergencies above 10,000 feet (Your Pressure must be released -so emergency exits can be used).</li> -</ol> - -<p class='ssheading'>OXYGEN SYSTEM</p> - -<p>GENERAL:</p> - -<p>Your oxygen system is a low pressure demand system with 14 oxygen -stations corresponding to the various crew positions. The system -utilizes the same type of equipment described for the Heavy Bombers:</p> - -<ol> -<li>A-14 Demand Mask (See Pg. 8-16).</li> -<li>A-12 Demand Regulator (See Pg. 17-19).</li> -<li>Pressure Indicator (Pg. 31).</li> -<li>Flow Indicator (Pg. 31).</li> -<li>Eighteen Type G-1 low pressure cylinders (Pg.37).</li> -</ol> - -<p>DISTRIBUTION:</p> - -<p>In the earlier B-29's, the oxygen cylinders were located in the -center wing section. At present, however, the cylinders are distributed -through the aft-portion of the ship. Regardless of the location of -cylinders, distribution is essentially the same. This distribution is -highly efficient. The entire loss of the O₂ supply to several crew -positions has been practically eliminated by the following -principle.</p> - -<ol> -<li>EACH OF THE FOURTEEN OXYGEN STATIONS IS SUPPLIED FROM TWO WIDELY -SEPARATED DISTRIBUTION LINES DRAWING FROM AT LEAST TWO CYLINDERS EACH. -LOSS OF ONE LINE OR ITS ASSOCIATED CYLINDERS STILL LEAVES EACH STATION -WITH AN ALTERNATE SOURCE OF OXYGEN.</li> - -<li>The entire system is self-equalizing by use of cross feeds and -automatic check valves. If part of the system is shot out, all -functioning stations will have equal access to the remaining -supply.</li> -</ol> - -<p>Brief study of the diagram of the oxygen supply to a typical B-29 -station (Fig. 15) will demonstrate the safety factors of this dual -source supply.</p> - -<p>Exact location of every oxygen cylinder and supply line may be found -in the late tech orders.</p> - -<p>PORTABLE EQUIPMENT</p> - -<p>Two types of walk-around bottles are furnished in the B-29:</p> - -<ol> -<li>SEVEN D-2 TYPE WALK-AROUNDS (See Pg. 25, 26). ONE AT EACH OF -FOLLOWING POSITIONS: PILOT, CO-PILOT, ENGINEER, NAVIGATOR, UPPER AND -RIGHT GUNNERS AND RADAR OPERATOR.</li> -<li>A-4 WALK-AROUND (See Pg. 24) One at each remaining station.</li> -</ol> - -<p>SERVICING:</p> - -<p>See Page 47 for servicing instructions. The filler valve is located -on the left side of the fuselage.</p> - -<div id='p60' class='imgcont'> -<img src='images/illus-019.jpg' alt='' style='width:70%; margin-left:15%' /> -<p class='tac'>Fig. 15</p> -</div> - -<p id='p61' class='ssheading'>EXPLOSIVE DECOMPRESSION</p> - -<p>With the use of pressurized compartments there is a possibility of -explosive decompression. This is most likely to occur if a blister is -blown either due to gunfire or a defective blister. Due to the excess -capacity of the superchargers, small cabin holes will not cause -explosive decompression. If explosive decompression occurred at 30,000 -ft, the pressure altitude of the cabins would change from 8,000 ft to -30,000 ft in less than one second. What would happen in such a case?</p> - -<p>PHYSICAL EFFECTS:</p> - -<p>The human body is affected very little by explosive decompression. IF -YOU GET OXYGEN YOU WILL SUFFER NO HARMFUL EFFECT. You may feel a little -distension of the belly or a little rush of air from the lungs, but this -is generally slight and of no consequence. Your ears should clear -automatically since you are going up, not down. The only dangers of -explosive decompression are as follows:</p> - -<p>DANGERS:</p> - -<ol> - -<li>Tunnel -- During an explosive decompression a high velocity wind -passes through the tunnel sufficiently strong to blow a man out the -exits, and cause serious injury. The newer ships will have tunnel doors -with small port hole openings; this will eliminate this danger. In ships -not equipped in this fashion, NOBODY SHOULD ENTER THE TUNNEL WHEN THE -SHIP IS PRESSURIZED.</li> - -<li>Blister -- ALWAYS FASTEN YOUR SAFTY BELT at the blister when the ship -is pressurized. Otherwise you may be blown out of the ship by an -explosive decompression. Also be certain that your mask is secured to -your helmet, or it will be blown from the ship.</li> - -</ol> - -<p>WHAT TO DO?</p> - -<p>The important thing in explosive decompression is to get oxygen -rapidly. To get oxygen rapidly you MUST at all times:</p> - -<ol> - -<li>Wear your helmet with the mask attached-let the mask hang from the -helmet. Otherwise you may lose your mask and helmet.</li> - -<li>Keep the regulator hose clipped to your clothing and your mask -plugged in.</li> - -</ol> - -<p>In case of explosive decompression, adjust your mask to the face and -fasten the hook on your helmet. You will then be O.K.</p> - -<div class='imgcont'> -<img src='images/illus-020.jpg' alt='' style='width:70%; margin-left:15%' /> -<p class='tac'>Fig. 16</p> -</div> - - -<p class='ssheading'>HIGH ALTITUDE BAIL-OUT</p> - -<p>If you must bail out above 20,000 feet, use the FREEFALL TECHNIQUE -described on page 23 except that you have an additional oxygen source -for bail out. Use the H-2 cylinder connected to your A-14 mask (Fig. 16) -as an oxygen supply DURING FREE FALL. Just before jumping, pull the rip -cord release on your H-2 cylinder. DO NOT OPEN YOUR CHUTE AT HIGH -ALTITUDE.</p> - - -<p class='tac mt20'>--REPRODUCED BY--<br /> -Reproduction Dept.<br /> -Army Air Field Lincoln, Nebr.<br /> -10-18-44 20 M</p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SURVIVAL AT ALTITUDE FOR HEAVY AND VERY HEAVY BOMBER CREWS ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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