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diff --git a/old/66595-0.txt b/old/66595-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 18e9e73..0000000 --- a/old/66595-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5593 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Monumentum Ancyranum, by Emperor Augustus - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Monumentum Ancyranum - The Deeds of Augustus - -Author: Emperor Augustus - William Fairley - -Release Date: October 22, 2021 [eBook #66595] -[Most recently updated: July 16, 2022] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Turgut Dincer, Stephen Rowland, Brian Wilcox and the Online - Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This - book was produced from images made available by the HathiTrust - Digital Library.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MONUMENTUM ANCYRANUM *** - -Transcriber’s Notes:— - -Italic text has been marked _thus_. - -Bold text has been marked =thus=. - -The original accentuation, spelling, punctuation and hyphenation has -been retained, except for apparent printer’s errors. - -A list of contents has been added. - -Further notes are given at the end of the book. - - - - - CONTENTS - Preface - Introduction - Latin Inscriptions - Greek Inscriptions - English Descriptions - Supplement - Chronological Table - Bibliography - Notes - - - - Vol. V. No. 1. - - - Translations and Reprints - - FROM THE - - =Original Sources of European History= - - - MONUMENTUM ANCYRANUM - - THE DEEDS OF AUGUSTUS - - - EDITED BY WILLIAM FAIRLEY, PH.D. - - - PUBLISHED BY - - The Department of History of the University of Pennsylvania. - - - Philadelphia, Pa., 1898. - - ENGLISH AGENCY: P. S. KING & SON, 12-14 King Street, London, S. W. - - - - - Copyright, 1898, - WILLIAM FAIRLEY. - - - PHILADELPHIA - ANVIL PRINTING COMPANY - 1898 - - - - -PREFACE - - -The method employed in this edition of the _Monumentum Ancyranum_ -is suggested by the purpose for which it is intended. That purpose -is primarily to adapt it as one of the series of _Translations and -Reprints from the Original Sources of European History_, published -by the Department of History of the University of Pennsylvania. -The English version is the core of the work. At the same time the -opportunity has been seized to present the original texts in such form -as to be of real philological service. That there is room for such -an edition of the _Monumentum Ancyranum_ there can be no doubt. -The critical edition published by Mommsen in 1883, _Res Gestæ Divi -Augusti_, must long remain for scholars the sufficient hand-book for -the study of the greatest of inscriptions. But that edition, with its -Latin notes, is not adapted for ordinary school or college use, or for -historical study by those who do not readily use Latin. And although -Roman histories constantly refer to this great source for the life and -times of Augustus, there has been no accessible English translation. It -is true that the English translation of Duruy’s _History of Rome_ -contains a version of the _Monumentum_, but it is not in full -accord with the latest text as set forth by Mommsen, and is hidden away -in the ponderous volumes of that expensive work. - -Aside from Mommsen’s edition of 1883, the only recent edition is a -French one of 1886 by C. Peltier. But this is simply a condensation of -Mommsen. While the present edition depends very largely on Mommsen’s -work, it is more than a condensation. Not only is the English version -given, but all the known studies of the text published since 1883, -and in criticism of Mommsen, have been collated. The emendations thus -suggested have been placed as footnotes to the Latin and Greek texts. -Moreover, the notes have been carefully revised. For the most part they -are much reduced in compass, but in many cases they are added to; and -a large number of typographical errors in Mommsen’s edition have been -corrected. Most of these errors were reproduced in the French edition -above mentioned. In a work with such a multitude of references it is -too much to hope that all errors have been avoided, and the editor will -be greatly indebted if users of the book will report them to him. - - W. FAIRLEY. - -_University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa._ - - - - -INTRODUCTION - - -I. HISTORY OF THE INSCRIPTION. - -Suetonius in his _Life of Augustus_ tells us that that Emperor had -placed in charge of the Vestal virgins his will and three other sealed -documents; and the four papers were produced and read in the senate -immediately after his death. One of these additional documents gave -directions as to his funeral; another gave a concise account of the -state of the empire; the third contained a list of “his achievements -which he desired should be inscribed on brazen tablets and placed -before his mausoleum.” These tablets perished in the decline of Rome. -Centuries passed; men had ceased to ask about them, and there was no -idea that they would ever be brought to light. Nor were the original -tablets ever found. But in 1555 Buysbecche, a Dutch scholar, was sent -on an embassy from the Emperor Ferdinand II. to the Sultan Soliman -at Amasia in Asia Minor; and a letter of his, published among others -at Frankfort in 1595, tells the story of the discovery of a copy of -this epitaph of Augustus. He writes: “On our nineteenth day from -Constantinople we reached Ancyra. Here we found a most beautiful -inscription, and a copy of those tablets on which Augustus had placed -the story of his achievements.” From this situation of the copy comes -the common title, _Monumentum Ancyranum_. Buysbecche made some -attempt to copy the Latin inscription, but his work was very hasty and -incomplete. What he had discovered was of extreme importance, and his -report stimulated such interest that European scholars never rested -till as complete a copy as possible was finally made in our own time. -The temple on whose walls the inscription was found was one dedicated -to Augustus and Rome, as was a common custom during the lifetime of -that Emperor. It was a hexastyle of white marble, with joints of such -exquisite workmanship that even in this century it was difficult to -trace some of them. This temple had served as a Christian church till -the fifteenth century, and from that time has been part of a Turkish -mosque, some sections of its enclosure being used as a cemetery. The -great inscription was cut on the two side walls of the pronaos, or -vestibule. It was in six pages, three on the left as one entered, and -three on the right. Each page contained from forty-two to fifty-four -lines, and each line an average of sixty letters. The pages cover six -courses of the masonry in height, about 2.70 metres, and the length of -the inscription on each wall is about 4 metres. On one of the outer -walls of the temple was a Greek translation of the Latin. This measures -1.38 metres in height by 21 metres in length. Several Turkish houses -had been built against the wall containing this Greek version, and -this made the reading of it, and still more the copying, an extremely -difficult task. The priceless value of the Greek version lies in the -fact that it supplements in many cases the breaks in the Latin. For -it is needless to say that an inscription so old and so exposed has -suffered much from time and violence. Various travelers have described -the temple and its treasure: Tournefort in his _Voyage du Levant_, -Lyons, 1717; Kinneir, _Journey Through Asia Minor_, 1818; Texier, -_Description de l’Asie mineure_, Paris, 1839; William Hamilton, -_Researches in Asia Minor_, London, 1842; and most completely, -Guillaume, Perrot and Delbet, in their _Exploration archéologique de -la Galatie, etc., in 1861_, Paris, 1872. - -Numerous attempts were made at transcribing the inscription, and a -number of editions were published. Buysbecche’s fragments found several -editors in the century of their discovery. About a hundred years after -him Daniel Cosson, a merchant from Leyden, who had lived many years at -Smyrna, dying there in 1689, caused an attempt to be made to secure a -copy, and with somewhat better results. His copy was edited at Leyden -in 1695. In 1701 Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, under direction of -Louis XIV, visited Ancyra, and attempted to secure a facsimile of the -text. In 1705 Paul Lucas, also sent by Louis XIV, spent twenty days -in copying the Latin, and his work was the last of its kind till the -present century. While these early copies are far from being as perfect -as more recent ones, they have this value: that in a number of cases -they show parts of the inscription which progressive disintegration has -now rendered illegible. - -The Greek text, owing to the buildings reared against it, was much -harder to transcribe. In 1745 Richard Pococke published a few -fragments, and in 1832 Hamilton copied pages 10, 11, 12 and 13 of the -nineteen into which the Greek is divided. - -Within recent years all has been done that can possibly be done to -secure perfect copies of both Greek and Latin. In 1859 the Royal -Academy of Berlin commissioned a scholar named Mordtmann to secure a -_papier maché_ cast of the Latin, and to transcribe the Greek. He -failed in both attempts, and declared that the casts would ruin the -original. - -Napoleon III. commissioned George Perrot and Edmund Guillaume to -explore Asia Minor. In their work above mentioned they give a facsimile -copy of the whole of the Latin, and of as much of the Greek as they -could get at. Their plates were the basis of an edition of the text by -Mommsen in 1865, and another by Bergk in 1873, and of the text given in -the _Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum_. - -But Mommsen and the Berlin Academy were not satisfied. Carl Humann had -distinguished himself by his researches at Pergamos, and to him they -committed the task of securing casts of the whole of both texts. The -story of his achievement is extremely interesting. Difficulty after -difficulty was met and surmounted. And finally he succeeded in his -plan. With materials dug near-by he made plaster casts. The owners of -the Turkish houses he succeeded in inducing to allow their walls to be -so far torn away as to permit him to get at the entire Greek text. And -finally twenty great cases containing the whole series of casts were -sent away on pack mules to the coast and thence to Berlin. The Royal -Academy now counts these casts among its chief treasures. This was -in 1882. In 1883 Mommsen published his great critical edition of the -text, on which this edition is based. His work is almost final on the -subject, but especially in the matter of conjectural fillings of the -_lacunæ_ is subject to revision. But an inspection of the text -as given in this volume will show that we have the words of Augustus -almost in their entirety. - -At Apollonia, on the borders of Phrygia and Pisidia, has been found -another ruined temple, with remnants of the Greek version of this -inscription. At Apollonia the inscription originally covered seven -pages. Of these there are still legible the upper portions of pages -two, three, four and five. The correspondence between the text at -Ancyra and that at Apollonia is almost exact, and where there is a -divergence, it has been indicated. - - -II. CHARACTER AND PURPOSE OF THE INSCRIPTION. - -German scholars have waged a fierce warfare over the question of the -literary character of the _Res Gestæ_, as Mommsen commonly calls -it. He himself refrains from assigning it decidedly to any class of -composition. Is it epitaph, or a “statement of account,” or “political -statement”? Otto Hirschfeld contends strongly it is not an epitaph -because it contains no dates of birth or death, and is in the first -person. Wölfflin calls it a statement of account. Geppert sides with -Hirschfeld. Bormann, Schmidt and Nissen all hold it to be an epitaph. -And this appears to be the final agreement. The latest word is the -discussion by Bormann, in 1895, in which he still maintains the epitaph -view. For these discussions, cf. the bibliography at the end of this -volume. - -Of course it is an epitaph of unique character. It has certain striking -peculiarities, and specially of omission. There is no mention of -domestic affairs. The wife of the Emperor is unnamed. Although in -enumerating his honors and offices it was necessary to date events by -the names of consuls, yet aside from this he mentions no person outside -the imperial household, not even such favorites as Mæcenas and Agrippa. -His foes, Brutus, Cassius and Antony, are several times alluded to, -but never named. The same is true of Lepidus and Sextus Pompeius. -Unfortunate events are not noticed. His omission of the disaster to -the Roman arms under Varus has been severely criticised as an attempt -to deceive; but if the inscription is really an epitaph one cannot -wonder at such silence. The omission of the dates of birth and death -has been variously explained. Some have thought that he meant his heirs -to fill in any such gaps after his death, and to recast the whole into -the third person. Or, it has been suggested that it was the desire of -Augustus to be counted a divinity, and that therefore he wished to pose -as one “without beginning of years, or end of days.” It certainly would -be incongruous to record the death of a god. With regard to his general -purpose Mommsen says: “No one would look for the arcana of empire in -such a document, but for such things as an _imperator_ of mind -shrewd rather than lofty, and who skillfully bore the character of a -great man while he himself was not great, wished the whole people, and -especially the rabble, to believe about him.” Two purposes are manifest -throughout the document. One is to pose as a saviour of the state from -its foes, and not at all as a seeker after personal aggrandizement; -another is to represent his whole authority as having been exercised -under constitutional forms. These two ideas appear again and again. - - -III. DIVISIONS OF THE TEXT. - -The text may be roughly divided into three sections. Chapters one -to fourteen give the various offices held by Augustus, and the -honors bestowed upon him; chapters fifteen to twenty-four recount -his expenditures for the good of the state and the people; and the -remaining chapters, twenty-five to thirty-five, give the statement -of his various achievements in war, and his works of a more peaceful -character. This classification will not hold rigorously, but is true in -the main. - -The division into chapters or paragraphs is marked in the Latin text -by making the first line of each chapter project a little to the left -of the remaining lines. Each such paragraph is relatively complete. -And the use of such a topical method marks a new manner of composition -quite different from the old annalistic style of Roman historiography. - - -IV. THE GREEK VERSION. - -George Kaibel has made a special study of the Greek version, and is led -to the opinion that it was made by a Roman rather than by a Greek. It -is a grammar and dictionary rendering, rather than the idiomatic work -of one quite at home in the use of Greek. This conclusion is based -upon linguistic grounds. A further question remains as to where this -translation was made, whether at Rome or in the provinces. The fact of -the identity of the two copies at Apollonia and at Ancyra would seem to -indicate a common Roman source. - - -V. THE SUPPLEMENT. - -This is poorly written both in the Latin and in the Greek; and it is -also a very imperfect summary of the document, summing up only what -was spent upon games, donations and buildings. The fact that it is in -the third person also proves that it is not the work of Augustus. The -reckoning by denarii rather than by sesterces points to a Greek origin, -and the mention of favors shown by Augustus to provincial towns (cf. c. -4 and notes) would indicate one outside of Rome. - - -VI. TRUSTWORTHINESS OF THE INSCRIPTION. - -The corroborations of the inscription by other inscriptions, coins and -later historians, as well as by allusions in contemporary literature, -form an interesting study. And the trustworthiness of the record -becomes more manifest the more one compares its statements with those -of other writers. Only one point has been found where Augustus makes -what might be challenged as a perversion of fact. (Cf. c. 2, note 16.) - - -VII. MASONS’ BLUNDERS. - -A number of apparent errors in the text are to be attributed in all -probability to the stone-cutters at Ancyra. Such are the superfluous -_et_ of Latin ii, 2; _aede_ for _aedem_, iv, 22; -_quinquens_ for _quinquiens_, iv, 31; _ducenti_ for -_ducentos_, iv, 45; _provicias_ for _provincias_, v, 11; -_Tigrane_ for _Tigranem_, v, 31. εὔξησα for ἠύξησα, Gr. iv, -8; Ῥωμάοις for Ῥωμαίοις, vii, 6; ὑπατον for ὑπάτων, vii, 15; ἄνδρας -μυριάδων for ἀνδρῶν μυριάδας, viii, 8; omission of τρὶς before χειλίας, -ix, 13; ἐπεσκευσα for ἐπεσκευάσα, x, 18; omission of ναὸν before -ἀγοράν, xi, 10; επεύξησα for ἐπηύξησα, xiv, 4; omission of Ἀρτάξου, xv, -3; μείσζονος for μείζονος, xv, 15; προκατηλειμένας for κατειλημένας, -xv, 17; ἐπειταδε for ἐπίταδε, xvi, 11; βασιλεες for βασιλεῖς, xvi, 22; -βασιλεις for βασιλεὺς, xvii, 4; ἐπείκειαν for ἐπιείκειαν, xviii, 5; -ἀγορᾷ Σεβαστῇ for ἀγορὰ Σεβαστή, xix, 1. - - -VIII. SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS. - -The Latin and Greek texts are printed in such a way as to give the -best idea practicable of their actual condition. Roman numerals denote -the pages of the inscription, and the Arabic figures the lines. These -numerals and the chapter headings are no part of the inscription. The -projection of the first line of each chapter in the Latin is the only -method of marking the divisions in the original. - -Parts of the Greek and Latin text included within brackets, [], are -conjectural restorations of the portions of the inscription which have -perished. The Greek generally is a guide to the Latin and _vice -versa_, for the instances are rare where both versions have been -lost. The textual notes show that not all scholars have reckoned the -same number of missing letters. These variations are quite allowable, -for it is impossible to say that just so many letters are missing in -any given case, owing to the various sizes of different letters, and -varying degrees of closeness of writing. - -Where dots (...) occur, it signifies that Mommsen reckons as many -letters unrestored as there are dots. - -The sign § indicates a mark in the original resembling a figure 7, or a -very open 3. - -The same sign in brackets [§] indicates an unfilled interval in the -stone. - -The apices over vowels in the Latin indicate similar marks in the -original in the case of a, e, o and u, and in the case of i a -prolongation of that letter above the line. - -Where certain letters of the Latin text are italicized it indicates -that while they do not appear in the plaster casts, yet they were -traced by Alfred Domaszewski (a fellow-worker with Humann) on the stone -itself, by means of certain discolorations from paint, or gilding, or -weather, which marked the bottom of the incisions of the letters in -several cases where the surface of the stone had been worn away. - -In the textual notes, B. stands for Bormann, G. for Geppert, S. for J. -Schmidt, Sk. for Seeck, W. for Wölfflin, Apoll. for the inscription at -Apollonia, and Anc. for that at Ancyra. - -The abbreviations of the names of authors and their works in the -historical notes are indicated in the bibliography at the close of the -book. - - - - -MONUMENTUM ANCYRANUM. - - - Rérum gestárum díví Augusti, quibus orbem terra[rum] imperio populi - Rom. subiécit, § et inpensarum, quas in rem publicam populumque - Ro[ma]num fecit, incísarum in duabus aheneís pílís, quae su[n]t Romae - positae, exemplar sub[i]ectum. - - - I. c. 1. - - 1 Annós undéviginti natus exercitum priváto consilio et privatá - impensá - - 2 comparávi, [§] per quem rem publicam [do]minatione factionis - oppressam - - 3 in libertátem vindicá[vi. Ob quae sen]atus decretis honor[ifi]cis - in - - 4 ordinem suum m[e adlegit C. Pansa A. Hirti]o consulibu[s, - c]on[sula]— - - 5 rem locum s[imul dans sententiae ferendae, et im]perium mihi dedit - [§]. - - 6 Rés publica n[e quid detrimenti caperet, me] pro praetore simul cum - - 7 consulibus pro[videre iussit. Populus] autem eódem anno mé - - 8 consulem, cum [cos. uterque bello ceci]disset, et trium virum reí - publi- - - 9 cae constituend[ae creavit]. - - -c. 2. - - 10 Qui parentem meum [interfecer]un[t, eó]s in exilium expulí - iudiciís legi- - - 11 timís ultus eórum [fa]cin[us, e]t posteá bellum inferentis reí - publicae - - 12 víci b[is a]cie. - - -c. 3. - - 13 [B]ella terra et mari c[ivilia exter]naque tóto in orbe terrarum - s[uscepi] - - 14 victorque omnibus [superstitib]us cívibus pepercí. § Exte[rnas] - - 15 gentés, quibus túto [ignosci pot]ui[t, co]nserváre quam excídere - m[alui]. - - 16 Míllia civium Róma[norum adacta] sacrámento meo fuerunt circiter - [quingen]- - - 17 ta. § Ex quibus dedú[xi in coloni]ás aut remísi in municipia sua - stipen[dis emeri]- - - 18 tis millia aliquant[um plura qu]am trecenta et iís omnibus agrós a - [me emptos] - - 19 aut pecuniam pró p[raediis a] me dedí. § Naves cépi sescen[tas - praeter] - - 20 eás, si quae minóre[s quam trir]emes fuerunt. § - -c. 4. - - 21 [Bis] ováns triumpha[vi, tris egi c]urulis triumphós et appellá[tus - sum viciens - - 22 se]mel imperátor. [Cum deinde plú]ris triumphos mihi se[natus - decrevisset, - - 23 eis su]persedi [§]. I[tem saepe laur]us deposuí, § in Capi[tolio - votis, quae] - - 24 quóque bello nuncu[paveram, solu]tís. § Ob res á [me aut per - legatos] - - 25 meós auspicís meis terra m[ariqu]e pr[o]spere gestás qu[inquagiens - et quin]- - - 26 quiens decrevit senátus supp[lica]ndum esse dís immo[rtalibus. - Dies autem - - 27 pe]r quós ex senátús consulto [s]upplicátum est, fuere DC[CCLXXXX. - In triumphis - - 28 meis] ducti sunt ante currum m[e]um regés aut r[eg]um lib[eri - novem. Consul - - 29 fuer]am terdeciens, c[u]m [scribeb]a[m] haec, [et agebam - se]p[timum et trigensimum annum - - 30 tribu]niciae potestatis. - - -c. 5. - - 31 [Dictatura]m et apsent[i et praesenti mihi datam . . . . . . . a - populo et senatu - - 32 M. Marce]llo e[t] L. Ar[runtio consulibus non accepi. Non recusavi - in summa - - 33 frumenti p]enuri[a c]uratio[ne]m an[nonae, qu]am ita - ad[ministravi, ut . . . . . - - 34 paucis diebu]s metu et per[i]c[lo quo erat populu]m univ[ersum - meis impen- - - 35 sis liberarem]. § Con[sulatum tum dat]um annuum e[t perpetuum non - - 36 accepi. - - -c. 6. - - 37 Consulibus M. Vinucio et Q. Lucretio et postea P.] et Cn. - L[entulis et tertium - - 38 Paullo Fabio Maximo et Q. Tuberone senatu populoq]u[e Romano - consen- - - 39 tientibus]. . . . . . . . . . . - - 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 42 . . . . . . . . . . . . - - -c. 7. - - 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 44 . . . . . [Princeps senatus fui usque ad e eum - diem, quo scrips]eram [haec, - - 45 per annos quadraginta. Pontifex maximus, augur, quindecimviru]m - sacris [faciundis, - - 46 septemvirum epulonum, frater arvalis, sodalis Titius, fetiali]s - fui. - - - II. c. 8. - - 1 Patriciórum numerum auxí consul quintum iussú populi et senátús. - § Sena- - - 2 tum ter légi. et In consulátú sexto cénsum populi conlegá M. - Agrippá égí. § - - 3 Lústrum post annum alterum et quadragensimum féc[i]. § Quó lústro - cívi- - - 4 um Románórum censa sunt capita quadragiens centum millia et sexa- - - 5 g[i]nta tria millia. [§] [Iteru]m consulari cum imperio lústrum - - 6 [s]ólus féci C. Censorin[o et C.] Asinio cos. § Quó lústro censa - sunt - - 7 cívium Romanóru[m capita] quadragiens centum millia et ducen- - - 8 ta triginta tria m[illia. Tertiu]m consulári cum imperio lústrum - - 9 conlegá Tib. Cae[sare filio feci] § Sex. Pompeio et Sex. Appuleio - cos. - - 10 Quó lústro ce[nsa sunt civium Ro]mánórum capitum quadragiens - - 11 centum mill[ia et nongenta tr]iginta et septem millia. § - - 12 Legibus noví[s latis complura e]xempla maiorum exolescentia - - 13 iam ex nost[ro usu reduxi et ipse] multárum rér[um exem]pla imi- - - 14 tanda pos[teris tradidi. - - -c. 9. - - 15 Vota pro valetudine mea suscipi per cons]ulés et sacerdotes - qu[into] - - 16 qu[oque anno senatus decrevit. Ex iis] votís s[ae]pe fecerunt vívo - - 17 _me_ [ludos aliquotiens sacerdotu]m quattuor amplissima collé- - - 18 [gia, aliquotiens consules. Privat]im etiam et múnicipatim - úniver_si_ - - 19 [cives sacrificaverunt sempe]r apud omnia pulvínária pró vale- - - 20 [tudine mea. - - -c. 10. - - 21 Nomen meum senatus consulto inc]lusum est in saliáre carmen et - sacrosan- - - 22 [ctus ut essem ....... et ut q]uoa[d] víverem, tribúnicia potestás - mihi - - 23 [esset, lege sanctum est. Pontif]ex maximus ne fierem in víví - [c]onle- - - 24 [gae locum, populo id sace]rdotium deferente mihi, quod pater - meu[s - - 25 habuit, recusavi. Cepi id] sacerdotium aliquod post annós eó mor- - - 26 [tuo qui civilis motus o]ccasione occupaverat [§], cuncta ex - Italia - - 27 [ad comitia mea .... tanta mu]ltitudine, quanta Romae nun[q]uam - - 28 [antea fuisse fertur, coeunte] P. Sulpicio C. Valgio consulibu[s] - §. - - -c. 11. - - 29 [Aram Fortunae reduci iuxta? ae]dés Honoris et Virtutis ad portam - - 30 [Capenam pro reditu meo se]nátus consacravit, in qua ponti- - - 31 [fices et virgines Vestales anni]versárium sacrificium facere - - 32 [iussit die, quo consulibus Q. Luc]retio et [M. Vinuci]o in urbem - ex - - 33 [Syria redi, et diem Augustali]a ex [c]o[gnomine nost]ro - appellavit. - - -c. 12. - - 34 [Senatus consulto eodem tempor]e pars [praetorum et tri]bunorum - - 35 [plebi cum consule Q. Lucret]io et princi[pi]bus [viris ob]viam - mihi - - 36 mis[s]a e[st in Campan]ia[m, qui] honos [ad hoc tempus] nemini - prae- - - 37 ter [m]e es[t decretus. Cu]m ex H[ispa]niá Gal[liaque, rebus in - his p]rovincís prosp[e]- - - 38 re [gest]i[s], R[omam redi] Ti. Ne[r]one P. Qui[ntilio consulibu]s - [§], áram - - 39 [Pácis A]u[g]ust[ae senatus pro] redi[t]ú meó co[nsacrari censuit] - ad cam- - - 40 [pum Martium, in qua ma]gistratús et sac[erdotes et virgines] - V[est]á[les - - 41 anniversarium sacrific]ium facer[e iussit. - - -c. 13. - - 42 Ianum] Quirin[um, quem cl]aussum ess[e maiores nostri voluer]unt, - - 43 [cum p]er totum i[mperium po]puli Roma[ni terra marique es]set - parta vic- - - 44 [torii]s pax, cum pr[ius, quam] náscerer, [a condita] u[rb]e bis - omnino clausum - - 45 [f]uisse prodátur m[emori]ae, ter me princi[pe senat]us claudendum - esse censui[t. - - -c. 14. - - 46 Fil]ios meos, quós iuv[enes mi]hi eripuit for[tuna], Gaium et - Lucium Caesares - - -III. - - 1 honoris mei caussá senatus populusque Romanus annum quíntum et - deci- - - 2 mum agentís consulés designávit, ut [e]um magistrátum inírent - post quín- - - 3 quennium. Et ex eó die, quó deducti [s]unt in forum, ut - interessent consiliis - - 4 publicis decrevit sena[t]us. § Equites [a]utem Románi universi - principem - - 5 iuventútis utrumque eórum parm[is] et hastís argenteís donátum ap- - - 6 pelláverunt. § - - -c. 15. - - 7 Plebei Románae viritim HS trecenos numeravi ex testámento patris - - 8 meí, § et nomine meo HS quadringenos ex bellórum manibiís consul - - 9 quintum dedí, iterum autem in consulátú decimo ex [p]atrimonio - - 10 meo HS quadringenos congiári viritim pernumer[a]ví, § et consul - - 11 undecimum duodecim frúmentátiónes frúmento pr[i]vatim coémpto - - 12 emensus sum, [§] et tribuniciá potestáte duodecimum quadringenós - - 13 nummós tertium viritim dedí. Quae mea congiaria p[e]rvenerunt - - 14 ad [homi]num millia nunquam minus quinquáginta et ducenta. § - - 15 Tribu[nic]iae potestátis duodevicensimum consul XII trecentís et - - 16 vigint[i] millibus plebís urbánae sexagenós denariós viritim dedí. - § - - 17 In colon[i]s militum meórum consul quintum ex manibiís viritim - - 18 millia nummum singula dedi; acceperunt id triumphale congiárium - - 19 in colo[n]ís hominum circiter centum et viginti millia. § Consul - ter- - - 20 tium dec[i]mum sexagenós denáriós plebeí, quae tum frúmentum - publicum - - 21 accipieba[t] dedi; ea millia hominum paullo plúra quam ducenta - fuerunt. - - -c. 16. - - - 22 Pecuniam [pro] agrís, quós in consulátú meó quárto et posteá - consulibus - - 23 M. Cr[asso e]t Cn. Lentulo augure adsignávi militibus, solví - múnicipís. Ea - - 24 [s]u[mma sest]ertium circiter sexsiens milliens fuit, quam [p]ró - Italicís - - 25 praed[is] numeravi, § et ci[r]citer bis mill[ie]ns et sescentiens, - quod pro agrís - - 26 próvin[c]ialibus solví. § Id primus et [s]olus omnium, qui - [d]edúxerunt - - 27 colonias militum in Italiá aut in provincís, ad memor[i]am aetátis - - 28 meae feci. Et postea Ti. Nerone et Cn. Pisone consulibus, [§] - item[q]ue C. Antistio - - 29 et D. Laelio cos., et C. Calvisio et L. Pasieno consulibus, et L. - Le[ntulo et] M. Messalla - - 30 consulibus, § et L. Cánínio [§] et Q. Fabricio co[s.] milit[ibus, - qu]ós eme- - - 31 riteis stipendís in sua municipi[a remis]i, praem[ia n]umerato - - 32 persolví [§] quam in rem seste[rtium] q[uater m]illien[s - li]b[ente]r - - 33 impendi. - - -c. 17. - - 34 Quater [pe]cuniá meá iuví aerárium, ita ut sestertium míllien[s] et - - 35 quing[en]t[ien]s ad eos quí praerant aerário detulerim. Et M. - Lep[i]do - - 36 et L. Ar[r]unt[i]o cos. i[n] aerarium militare, quod ex consilio - m[eo] - - 37 co[nstitut]um est, ex [q]uo praemia darentur militibus, qui vicena - - 38 [aut plu]ra sti[pendi]a emeruissent, [§] HS milliens et - septing[e]nti- - - 39 [ens ex pa]t[rim]onio [m]eo detuli. § - - -c. 18. - - 40 Inde ab eo anno, q]uo Cn. et P. Lentuli c[ons]ules fuerunt, cum - d[e]ficerent - - 41 [vecti]g[alia, tum] centum millibus h[omi]num tu[m pl]uribus - i[nl]ato fru- - - 42 [mento vel ad n]umma[rió]s t[ributus ex agro] et pat[rimonio] - m[e]o - - 43 [opem tuli]. - - - IV. c. 19. - - 1 Cúriam et continens eí Chalcidicum, templumque Apollinis in - - 2 Palatio cum porticibus, aedem dívi Iulí, Lupercal, porticum ad - cir- - - 3 cum Fláminium, quam sum appellári passus ex nómine eíus qui pri- - - 4 órem eódem in solo fecerat Octaviam, pulvinar ad circum maximum, - - 5 aedés in Capitolio Iovis feretri et Iovis tonantis, [§] aedem - Quiriní, § - - 6 aedés Minervae § et Iúnonis reginae § et Iovis Libertatis in - Aventíno, § - - 7 aedem Larum in summá sacrá viá, § aedem deum Penátium in Velia, § - - 8 aedem Iuventátis, § aedem Mátris Magnae in Palátio fécí. § - - -c. 20. - - 9 Capitolium et Pompeium theatrum utrumque opus impensá grandí reféci - - 10 sine ullá inscriptione nominis meí. § Rívos aquarum complúribus - locís - - 11 vetustáte labentés refécí, [§] et aquam quae Márcia appellátur - duplicavi - - 12 fonte novo in rivum eius inmisso. § Forum Iúlium et basilicam, - - 13 quae fuit inter aedem Castoris et aedem Saturni, [§] coepta - profligata- - - 14 que opera á patre meó perféci § et eandem basilicam consumptam in- - - 15 cendio ampliáto eius solo sub titulo nominis filiórum m[eorum i]n- - - 16 choavi [§] et, si vivus nón perfecissem, perfici ab heredib[us - iussi]. - - 17 Duo et octoginta templa deum in urbe consul sext[um ex decreto] - - 18 senatus reféci, nullo praetermisso quod e[o] temp[ore refici - debebat]. - - 19 Con[s]ul septimum viam Flaminiam a[b urbe] Ari[minum feci et - pontes] - - 20 omnes praeter Mulvium et Minucium. - - -c. 21. - - 21 In privato solo Mártis Ultoris templum [f]orumque Augustum [ex - mani]- - - 22 biís fecí. § Theatrum ad aede Apollinis in solo magná ex parte á - p[r]i[v]atis - - 23 empto féci, quod sub nomine M. Marcell[i] generi mei esset. § - Don[a e]x - - 24 manibiís in Capitolio et in aede dívi Iú[l]í et in aede Apollinis - et in ae- - - 25 de Vestae et in templo Martis Ultoris consacrávi, § quae mihi - consti- - - 26 terunt HS circiter milliens. § Aurí coronárí pondo triginta et - quin- - - 27 que millia múnicipiís et colonís Italiae conferentibus ad - triumphó[s] - - 28 meós quintum consul remisi, et posteá, quotienscumque imperátor - a[ppe]l- - - 29 látus sum, aurum coronárium nón accepi decernentibus municipií[s] - - 30 et coloni[s] aequ[e] beni[g]ne adque antea decreverant. - - -c. 22. - - 31 _T_[e]_r mu_nus gladiátorium dedí meo nomine et - quinquens filiórum me[o]- - - 32 rum aut n[e]pótum nomine; quibus muneribus depugnaverunt homi- - - 33 nu[m] ci[rc]iter decem millia. [§] Bis [at]hletarum undique - accitorum - - 34 spec[ta]c[lum po]pulo pra[ebui meo] nómine et tertium nepo[tis] - mei no- - - 35 mine. § L[u]dos feci m[eo no]m[ine] quater [§], aliorum autem - m[agist]rá- - - 36 tu[um] vicem ter et vicie[ns] [§]. [Pr]o conlegio XV virorum - magis[ter con- - - 37 l]e[gi]í colleg[a] M. Ag_ri_ppa [§] lud[os s]aecl[are]s C. - Furnio C. [S]ilano cos. [feci. - - 38 C]on[sul XIII] ludos Mar[tia]les pr[imus feci], qu[os] p[ost i]d - tempus deincep[s] - - 39 ins[equen]ti[bus ann]is ......... [fecerunt co]n[su]les. [§] - [Ven]ati[o]n[es] best[ia]- - - 40 rum Africanárum meo nómine aut filio[ru]m meórum et nepotum in - ci[r]- - - 41 co aut [i]n foro aut in amphitheatris popul[o d]edi sexiens et - viciens, quibus - - 42 confecta sunt bestiarum circiter tria m[ill]ia et quingentae. - - -c. 23. - - 43 Navalis proelí spectaclum populo de[di tr]ans Tiberim, in quo loco - - 44 nunc nemus est Caesarum, cavato [solo] in longitudinem mille - - 45 et octingentós pedés, [§] in látitudine[m mille] e[t] ducentí. In - quo tri- - - 46 ginta rostrátae náves trirémes a[ut birem]és, [§] plures autem - - 47 minóres inter se conflixérunt. Q[uibus in] classibus pugnave- - - 48 runt praeter rémigés millia ho[minum tr]ia circiter. § - - -c. 24. - - 49 In templís omnium civitátium pr[ovinci]ae Asiae victor orna- - - 50 menta reposui, quae spoliátis tem[plis is] cum quó bellum gesseram - - 51 privátim possederat §. Statuae [mea]e pedestrés et equestres et in - - 52 quadrigeis argenteae steterunt in urbe XXC circiter, quas ipse - - 53 sustuli [§] exque eá pecuniá dona aurea in áede Apol[li]nis meó - nomi- - - 54 ne et illórum, qui mihi statuárum honórem habuerunt, posui. § - - - V. c. 25. - - 1 Mare pacávi á praedonibus. Eó belló servórum, qui fugerant á - dominis - - 2 suis et arma contrá rem publicam céperant, triginta fere millia - capta § - - 3 dominis ad supplicium sumendum tradidi. § Iuravit in mea verba - tóta - - 4 Italia sponte suá et me be[lli], quó víci ad Actium, ducem - depoposcit. § Iura- - - 5 verunt in eadem ver[ba provi]nciae Galliae Hispaniae Africa - Sicilia Sar- - - 6 dinia. § Qui sub [signis meis tum] militaverint, fuerunt senátórés - plúres - - 7 quam DCC, in ií[s qui vel antea vel pos]teá consules facti sunt ad - eum diem - - 8 quó scripta su[nt haec, LXXXIII, sacerdo]tés ci[rc]iter CLXX. § - - -c. 26. - - 9 Omnium próv[inciarum populi Romani], quibus finitimae fuerunt - - 10 gentés quae n[on parerent imperio nos]tro, fines auxi. Gallias et - Hispa- - - 11 niás próviciá[s et Germaniam qua inclu]dit óceanus a Gádibus ad - ósti- - - 12 um Albis flúm[inis pacavi. Alpes a re]gióne eá quae proxima est - Ha- - - 13 driánó marí, [ad Tuscum pacari fec]i nullí gentí bello per - iniúriam - - 14 inláto. § Cla[ssis mea per Oceanum] ab óstio Rhéni ad sólis - orientis re- - - 15 gionem usque ad fi[nes Cimbroru]m navigavit, [§] quó neque terra - neque - - 16 mari quisquam Romanus ante id tempus adít, § Cimbrique et Charydes - - 17 et Semnones et eiusdem tractús alií Germánórum popu[l]i per - legátós amici- - - 18 tiam meam et populi Románi petierunt. § Meo iussú et auspicio - ducti sunt - - 19 [duo] exercitús eódem fere tempore in Aethiopiam et in Ar[a]biam, - quae appel- - - 20 [latur] eudaemón, [maxim]aeque hos[t]ium gentís utr[iu]sque - cop[iae] - - 21 caesae sunt in acie et [c]om[plur]a oppida capta. In Aethiopi_a_m - usque a_d_ o_p_pi- - - 22 dum Nabata pervent[um] est, cuí proxima est Meroé. In Arabiam - usque - - 23 ín fínés Sabaeorum pro[cess]it exerc[it]us ad oppidum Mariba. § - - -c. 27. - - 24 Aegyptum imperio populi [Ro]mani adieci. § Armeniam maiorem inter- - - 25 fecto rége eius Artaxe § c[u]m possem facere provinciam, málui - maiórum - - 26 nostrórum exemplo regn[u]m id Tigrani regis Artavasdis filio, - nepoti au- - - 27 tem Tigránis regis, per T[i. Ne]ronem trad[er]e, qui tum mihi - priv[ig]nus erat. - - 28 Et eandem gentem posteá d[esc]íscentem et rebellantem d_o_mit[a]m - per Gai_u_m - - 29 filium meum regi Ario[barz]ani regis Medorum Artaba[zi] filio - _rege_n- - - 30 dam tradidi [§] et post e[ius] mortem filio eius Artavasdi. [§] - Quo [inte]rfecto [Tigra]- - - 31 ne, qui erat ex régió genere Armeniorum oriundus, in id re[gnum] - mísí. § Pro- - - 32 vincias omnís, quae trans Hadrianum mare vergun[t a]d Orien[te]m, - Cyre- - - 33 násque, iam ex parte magná regibus eas possidentibus, e[t] _ante_a - Siciliam - - 34 et Sardiniam occu_pat_ás bello servili reciperávi. § - - -c. 28. - - 35 Colonias in Áfri_ca Sicilia_ [M]acedoniá utráque Hispániá - Achai[a] As_i_a S[y]_ri_a - - 36 Galliá Narb_onensi Pi_[si]_dia_ militum dedúxi §. Italia - autem XXVIII [colo]ni- - - 37 ás, quae vívo _me celeberrimae_ et frequentissimae fuerunt, - me[is auspicis] - - 38 deductas h_abet_. - - -c. 29. - - 39 Signa mílitaria _complur_[a per] aliós d[u]_c_és ámi[ssa] - devicti[s hostibu]s re[cipe]ravi - - 40 ex His_pania et_ [Gallia et a Dalm]ateis. § Parthos trium - exercitum Roman[o]- - - 41 rum _spolia et signa re_[ddere] mihi supplicesque amicitiam - populí Romaní - - 42 petere _coegi_. § _Ea autem si_[gn]a in penetrálí, quod - e[s]t ín templo Martis Ultoris, - - 43 reposui. - - -c. 30. - - 44 Pannonio_rum gentes_, _qua_[s a]nte me principem populi - Romaní exercitus nun- - - 45 quam ad[i]_t_, _devictas per Ti._ [Ne]ronem, qui tum - erat privignus et legátus meus, - - 46 ímperio po_puli Roma_ni _s_[ubie]ci, protulique finés - Illyrici _ad_ r[ip]am flúminis - - 47 Dan[u]i. Citr[a] quod [D]ac[or]u[m tr]an[s]gressus exercitus meis - a[u]sp[icis vict]us profliga- - - 48 tusque [est, et postea tran]s Dan[u]vium ductus ex[ercitus me]u[s] - Da[cor]um - - 49 gentes im[peria populi Romani perferre coegit.] - - -c. 31. - - 50 Ad me ex In[dia regum legationes saepe missae sunt, nunquam antea - visae] - - 51 apud qu[em]q[uam] R[omanorum du]cem. § Nostram am[icitiam - petierunt] - - 52 per legat[os] B[a]starn[ae Scythae]que et Sarmatarum q[ui sunt - citra flu]men - - 53 Tanaim [et] ultrá reg[es, Alba]norumque réx et Hibér[orum et - Medorum.] - - -c. 32. - - 54 Ad mé supplices confug[erunt] regés Parthorum Tírida[tes et - postea] Phrát[es] - - VI. - - 1 regis Phrati[s filius]; [§] Medorum [Artavasdes; Adiabenorum - A]rtaxa- - - 2 res §; Britann[o]rum Dumnobellau[nus] _et Tim_......; - [Sugambrorum] - - 3 Maelo; § Mar[c]omanórum Sueboru[m .....rus]. [Ad me] rex - _Part_horum - - 4 Phrates Orod[i]s filius filiós suós nepot[esque omnes misit] _in - Ital_iam, non - - 5 bello superátú[s], sed amicitiam nostram per [liberorum] suorum - pignora - - 6 petens. § Plúrimaeque aliae gentes exper[tae sunt p. R.] - _fide_m me prin- - - 7 cipe, quibus anteá cum populo Roman[o nullum extitera]t legationum - - 8 et amícitiae [c]ommercium. § - - -c. 33. - - 9 Á me gentés Parthórum et Médóru[m per legatos] principes eárum gen- - - 10 tium régés pet[i]tós accéperunt Par[thi Vononem regis Phr]átis - fílium, - - 11 régis Oródis nepótem; § Médí Ar[iobarzanem] regis Artavazdis fi- - - 12 lium, regis Ariobarzanis nep[otem]. - - -c. 34. - - 13 Ín consulátú sexto et septimo, b[ella ubi civil]ia exstinxeram - - 14 per consénsum úniversórum [potitus rerum omn]ium, rem publicam - - 15 ex meá potestáte [§] in senát[us populique Romani a]rbitrium - transtulí. - - 16 Quó pro merito meó senatu[s consulto Aug. appe]llátus sum et - laureís - - 17 postés aedium meárum v[estiti publice coronaq]ue civíca super - - 18 iánuam meam fíxa est [§] [clupeusque aureu]s in [c]úriá Iúliá - posi- - - 19 tus, quem mihi senatum [populumque Romanu]m dare virtutis cle- - - 20 [mentia]e iustitia[e pietatis causa testatum] est pe[r e]ius - clúpei - - 21 [inscription]em. § Post id tem[pus praestiti omnibus dignitate - potes- - - 22 t]atis au[tem n]ihilo ampliu[s habui quam qui fuerunt m]ihi quo- - - 23 que in ma[gis]tra[t]u conlegae. - - -c. 35. - - 24 Tertium dec[i]mum consulátu[m cum gerebam, senatus et equ]ester - ordo - - 25 populusq[ue] Románus úniversus [appellavit me patrem p]atriae - idque - - 26 in vestibu[lo a]edium meárum inscriben[dum esse et in curia e]t in - foró Aug. - - 27 sub quadrig[i]s, quae mihi [ex] s. c. pos[itae sunt, decrevit. Cum - scri]psi haec, - - 28 annum agebam septuagensu[mum sextum]. - - -c. 1. - - 29 Summá pecún[i]ae, quam ded[it in aerarium vel plebei Romanae vel - di]mis- - - 30 sis militibus: denarium se[xi]e[ns milliens]. - - -c. 2. - - 31 Opera fecit nova § aedem Martis, [Iovis tonantis et feretri, - Apollinis], - - 32 díví Iúli, § Quirini, § Minervae, [Iunonis reginae, Iovis - Libertatis], - - 33 Larum, deum Penátium, [§] Iuv[entatis, Matris deum, Lupercal, - pulvina]r - - 34 ad circum, [§] cúriam cum ch[alcidico, forum Augustum, basilica]m - - 35 Iuliam, theatrum Marcelli, [§] [p]or[ticus .........., nemus trans - T]iberím - - 36 Caesarum. § - - -c. 3. - - 37 Refécit Capito[lium sacra]sque ae_d_es [nu]m[ero octoginta] - duas, thea[t]rum Pom- - - 38 peí, aqu[arum rivos, vi]am Flamin[iam]. - - -c. 4. - - 39 Ímpensa p....... [in spect]acul[a scaenica et munera] gladiatorum - at- - - 40 [que athletas et venationes et naum]ach[iam] et donata pe[c]unia a - (?) - - 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . [ter]rae motu § incendioque consum- - - 42 pt[is] a[ut viritim] a[micis senat]oribusque, quórum census - explévit, - - 43 in[n]umera[bili]s. § - - - I, 3. ob quae, W. quas ob res; S. and B. propter quae. - - I, 5. ferendae, W. dicendae; simul ..... ferendae, B. sententiae - dicendae mihi dans; after dedit B. erases [§]. - - I, 7. jussit, B. jubens. - - I, 14. superstitibus, Sk. following Hirschfield, veniam - petentibus. - - I, 18. aliquantum, B. and W. aliquanto; a me emptos, B. following - Bergk, adsignavi. - - I, 19. praediis a me, B. and W. praemiis militiae (me in stone - might be iae.) - - I, 22. deinde, B. autem. - - I, 23. decrevisset, S. decerneret; item saepe, S. itaque modo; - item saepe laurus, B. laurumque potius. - - I, 29. agebam, B. following Bergk, eram, and omits annum. - - I, 31. datam......... a populo et senatu, W. nomine populi et - senatus oblatam; S. a populo et senatu ultro delatam; et - senatu, S. senatuque Romano. - - I, 33, 34. ut......... paucis diebus, W. uti intra paucos dies; - B. ut paucissimis diebus. - - I, 34. quo erat, W. and S. praesenti. - - I, 34, 35. meis impensis, W. privata impensa; S. meis sumptibus. - - II, 9. S. inserts meo after filio. - - II, 12. complura, B. et multa. - - II, 13. reduxi, B. sanxi; S. revocavi. - - II, 15. suscipi, B. suscipere, - - II, 16. iis, S. quibus. - - II, 17. me ludos aliquotiens, W. mihi ludos interdum; aliquotiens, - B. votivos modo. - - II, 18. aliquotiens, W. interdum; aliquotiens consules, B. modo - consules ejus anni. - - II, 19. sacrificaverunt, B. sacrificia; W. supplicaverunt; semper, - B. concorditer; W. unanimiter. - - II, 20. B. adds fecerunt. - - II, 22. sacrosanctus ut essem ........ W. sacrosancta ut esset - persona mea, or sacrosancta potestate ut essem. - - II, 25. habuit, B. habuerat; cepi id, B. quod. - - II, 26. qui civilis motus, B, suscepi qui id tumultus. - - II, 27. ad comitia mea ......... B. propter mea comitia, or - comitiorum caussa; Sk. inserts coeunte before ad. - - II, 28. fertur, Sk. memoriae proditur; omits coeunte. - - II, 29. reduci, B. reducis. - - II, 32. B. inserts eo before die. - - II, 33. redi, B. redieram. - - II, 36. S. inserts ante after honos. - - II, 42. S. inserts tum after quem. - - III, 17. In, W. et. - - III, 40. W. Jam before inde. - - III, 41. vectigalia, Sk. publicani. - - III, 41-43. inlato......... tuli, S. multo frumentarias et - nummarias tessaras ex aere et patrimonio meo dedi. - - III, 42. vel......... agro, W. atque nummariis tesseris divisis; - tributus, Sk. titulos. - - III, 43. opem tuli, Sk. and W. subveni. - - IV, 19. W. omits feci; inserts in ea after pontes. - - V, 7. qui vel antea vel, S. consulares, et qui. - - V, 11. et Germaniam qua includit, W. item Germaniam qua claudit. - - V, 13. pacem feci. W. pacificavi. - - V, 37. meis auspiciis, W. mea auctoritate. - - V, 49. imperia, W. imperium; perferre, W. accipere; - S. sustinere. - - VI, 7. extiterat, S. fuerat. - - VI, 13. bella ubi, S. postquam bella; ubi, G. cum. - - VI, 16. Aug. S. Augustus. - - VI, 17. vestiti, W. velati sunt; S. inserts sunt after vestiti. - - VI, 22. quam, G. iis. - - - - - Μεθηρμηνευμέναι ὑπεγράφησαν πράξεις τε καὶ δωρεαὶ Σεβαστοῦ θεοῦ, ἃς - ἀπέλιπεν ἐπὶ Ῥώμης ἐνκεχαραγμένας χαλκαῖς στήλαις δυσί. - - - I. c. 1. - - 1 Ἐτῶν δεκαε[ν]νέα ὢν τὸ στράτευμα ἐμῇ γνώμῃ καὶ - - 2 ἐμοῖς ἀν[αλ]ώμασιν ἡτοί[μασα], δι’ οὗ τὰ κοινὰ πρά- - - 3 γματα [ἐκ τῆ]ς τ[ῶ]ν συνο[μοσα]μένων δουλήας - - 4 [ἠλευ]θέ[ρωσα. Ἐφ’ ο]ἷς ἡ σύνκλητος ἐπαινέσασά - - 5 [με ψηφίσμασι] προσκατέλεξε τῇ βουλῇ Γαΐῳ Πά[νσ]α - - 6 [Αὔλῳ Ἱρτίῳ ὑ]π[ά]το[ι]ς, ἐν τῇ τάξει τῶν ὑπατ[ικῶ]ν - - 7 [ἅμα τ]ὸ σ[υμβου]λεύειν δοῦσα, ῥάβδου[ς] τ’ ἐμοὶ ἔδωκεν. - - 8 [Περ]ὶ τὰ δημόσια πράγματα μή τι βλαβῇ, ἐμοὶ με- - - 9 [τὰ τῶν ὑπά]των προνοεῖν ἐπέτρεψεν ἀντὶ στρατηγο[ῦ.] - - 10 [..... Ὁ δὲ] δ[ῆ]μος τῷ αὐτῷ ἐνιαυτῷ, ἀμφοτέρων - - 11 [τῶν ὑπάτων π]ολέμῳ πεπτω[κ]ό[τ]ων, ἐμὲ ὕπα- - - 12 [τον ἀπέδειξ]εν καὶ τὴν τῶν τριῶν ἀνδρῶν ἔχον- - - 13 [τα ἀρχὴν ἐπὶ] τῇ καταστάσει τῶν δ[η]μοσίων πρα- - - 14 [γμάτων] ε[ἵλ]ατ[ο. - - -c. 2. - - 15 Τοὺς τὸν πατέρα τὸν ἐμὸν φονεύ]σ[αν]τ[α]ς ἐξώρισα κρί- - - 16 [σεσιν ἐνδί]κοις τειμω[ρ]ησάμε[ν]ος αὐτῶν τὸ - - 17 [ἀσέβημα κ]αὶ [με]τὰ ταῦτα αὐτοὺς πόλεμον ἐ- - - 18 [πιφέροντας τῇ πα]τ[ρ]ίδι δὶς ἐνείκησα παρατάξει. - -c. 3. - - 19 [Πολέμους καὶ κατὰ γῆν] καὶ κατὰ θάλασσαν ἐμφυ- - - 20 [λίους καὶ ἐξωτικοὺς] ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ οἰκουμένῃ πολ- - - 21 [λοὺς ἀνεδεξάμην, νεικ]ήσας τε πάντων ἐφεισάμην - - 22 [τῶν περιόντων πολειτῶν. τ]ὰ ἔθνη, οἷς ἀσφαλὲς ἦν συν- - - 23 [γνώμην ἔχειν, ἔσωσα μ]ᾶλ[λον] ἢ ἐξέκοψα. § Μυριάδες - - II. - - 1 Ῥωμαίων στρατ[εύ]σ[ασ]αι ὑπ[ὸ τὸ]ν ὅρκον τὸν ἐμὸν - - 2 ἐγένοντ[ο] ἐνγὺς π[εντήκ]ο[ντ]α· [ἐ]ξ ὧν κατή[γ]αγον εἰς - - 3 τὰ[ς] ἀπο[ι]κίας ἢ ἀ[πέπεμψα εἰς τὰς] ἰδία[ς πόλεις] ἐκ- - - 4 [λυομένους.] . . . . . . . . - - 5 . . . . . . . . . . . - - 6 . . . . . . . . . . . - - 7 . . . . . . . . . . . - - 8 . . . . . . . . . . . - -c. 4. - - 9 Δὶς ἐ[πὶ κέλητος ἐθριάμβευσα], τρὶς [ἐ]φ’ ἅρματος. Εἰκο- - - 10 σά[κις καὶ ἅπαξ προσηγορεύθην αὐτο]κράτωρ. Τῆς - - 11 [συνκλήτου] . . . . ψηφισσ . . . - - 12 . . . . . . . . ων τὴν [δάφνην] - - 13 . . . . . . . . . . . - - 14 . . . . . . . . . . . - - 15 . . . . . . [Διὰ τὰ πράγ]μ[ατα, ἃ] - - 16 [αὐτὸς ἢ διὰ τῶν πρεσβευτῶν ἐμῶν] κατώρθω- - - 17 σα, π[εντ]ηκοντάκις [καὶ] πεντά[κις ἐψ]ηφίσατο ἡ - - 18 σύ[νκλητ]ος θεοῖς δεῖ[ν] θύεσθαι. [Ἡμ]έραι οὖν αὗ- - - 19 [τα]ι ἐ[κ συ]ν[κλήτου] δ[ό]γματ[ο]ς ἐγένοντο ὀκτα[κ]όσιαι ἐνενή- - - 20 [κοντα]. Ἐν [τ]οῖς ἐμοῖς [θριάμ]βοις [πρὸ το]ῦ ἐμοῦ ἅρ- - - 21 μ[ατος βασι]λεῖς ἢ [βασιλέων παῖ]δες [παρήχθ]ησαν - - 22 ἐννέα. § [Ὑπάτ]ε[υ]ον τρὶς καὶ δέκ[ατο]ν, ὅτε τ[αῦ]τα ἔγραφον, - - 23 καὶ ἤμη[ν τρια]κ[οστὸ]ν καὶ ἕβδομ[ον δημαρχ]ικῆς - - III. - - 1 ἐξουσίας - -c. 5. - - 2 Αὐτεξούσιόν μοι ἀρχὴν καὶ ἀπόντι καὶ παρόντι - - 3 διδομένην [ὑ]πό τε τοῦ δήμου καὶ τῆς συνκλήτου - - 4 Μ[άρκ]ῳ [Μ]αρκέλλῳ καὶ Λευκίῳ Ἀρρουντίῳ ὑπάτοις - - 5 ο[ὐκ ἐδ]εξάμην. § Οὐ παρητησάμην ἐν τῇ μεγίστῃ - - 6 [τοῦ] σ[είτ]ου σπάνει τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν τῆς ἀγορᾶς, ἣν οὕ- - - 7 [τως ἐπετήδευ]σα, ὥστ’ ἐν ὀλίγαις ἡμέρα[ις το]ῦ παρόντος - - 8 φόβου καὶ κι[νδ]ύνου ταῖς ἐμαῖς δαπάναις τὸν δῆμον - - 9 ἐλευθερῶσα[ι]. Ὑπατείαν τέ μοι τότε δι[δ]ομένην καὶ - - 10 ἐ[ν]ιαύσιον κα[ὶ δ]ι[ὰ] βίου οὐκ ἐδεξάμην. - - -c. 6. - - 11 Ὑπάτοις Μάρκῳ Οὐινουκίῳ καὶ Κοίντῳ Λ[ουκρ]ητ[ίῳ] - - 12 καὶ μετὰ τα[ῦ]τα Ποπλίῳ καὶ Ναίῳ Λέντλοις καὶ - - 13 τρίτον Παύλλῳ Φαβίῳ Μαξίμῳ καὶ Κοίν[τῳ] Του- - - 14 βέρωι § τῆς [τε σ]υνκλήτου καὶ τοῦ δήμου τοῦ - - 15 Ῥωμαίων ὁμολογ[ο]ύντων, ἵν[α ἐπιμε]λητὴς - - 16 τῶν τε νόμων καὶ τῶν τρόπων ἐ[πὶ τῇ με]γίστῃ - - 17 [ἐξ]ουσ[ίᾳ μ]ό[νο]ς χειροτονηθῷ §, ἀρχὴν οὐδε- - - 18 μ[ία]ν πα[ρὰ τὰ πά]τρ[ια] ἔ[θ]η διδομένην ἀνεδε- - - 19 ξάμην· § ἃ δὲ τότε δι’ ἐμοῦ ἡ σύνκλητος οἰ- - - 20 κονομεῖσθαι ἐβούλετο, τῆς δημαρχικῆς ἐξο[υ]- - - 21 σίας ὢν ἐτέλε[σα. Κ]αὶ ταύτης αὐτῆς τῆς ἀρχῆς - - 22 συνάρχοντα [αὐτ]ὸς ἀπὸ τῆς συνκλήτου π[εν]- - - 23 τάκις αἰτήσας [ἔλ]αβον. - - - IV. c. 7. - - 1 Τριῶν ἀνδρῶν ἐγενόμην δημοσίων πραγμάτων - - 2 κατορθωτὴς συνεχέσιν ἔτεσιν δέκα. § Πρῶτον - - 3 ἀξιώματος τόπον ἔσχον τῆς συνκλήτου ἄχρι - - 4 ταύτης τῆς ἡμέρας, ἧς ταῦτα ἔγραφον, ἐπὶ ἔτη τεσ- - - 5 σαράκοντα. § Ἀρχιερεύς, § αὔγουρ, § τῶν δεκαπέντε ἀν- - - 6 δρῶν τῶν ἱεροποιῶν, § τῶν ἑπτὰ ἀνδρῶν ἱεροποι- - - 7 ῶν, § ἀ[δε]λφὸς ἀρουᾶλις, § ἑταῖρος Τίτιος, § φητιᾶλις. - - -c. 8. - - 8 Τῶν [πατ]ρικίων τὸν ἀριθμὸν εὔξησα πέμπτον - - 9 ὕπατ[ος ἐπιτ]αγῇ τοῦ τε δήμου καὶ τῆς συνκλὴ- - - 10 του. § [Τὴν σύ]νκλητον τρὶς ἐπέλεξα. § Ἕκτον ὕπα- - - 11 τος τὴν ἀπ[ο]τείμησιν τοῦ δήμου συνάρχον- - - 12 [τ]α ἔχων Μᾶρκον Ἀγρίππαν ἔλαβον, ἧτις ἀπο- - - 13 [τείμη]σις μετὰ [δύο καὶ] τεσσαρακοστὸν ἐνιαυ- - - 14 τὸν [σ]υνε[κ]λείσθη. Ἐν ᾗ ἀποτειμήσει Ῥωμαίων - - 15 ἐτει[μήσ]α[ντο] κεφαλαὶ τετρακό[σιαι ἑ]ξήκον- - - 16 τα μυ[ριάδες καὶ τρισχίλιαι. Δεύτερον ὑ]πατι- - - 17 κῇ ἐξ[ουσίᾳ μόνος Γαΐῳ Κηνσωρίνῳ καὶ] - - 18 Γαίῳ [Ἀσινίῳ ὑπάτοις τὴν ἀποτείμησιν ἔλαβον·] - - 19 ἐν [ᾗ] ἀπ[οτειμήσει ἐτειμήσαντο Ῥωμαί]- - - 20 ων τετ[ρακόσιαι εἴκοσι τρεῖς μυριάδες καὶ τ]ρι[σ]- - - 21 χίλιοι. Κ[αὶ τρίτον ὑπατικῇ ἐξουσίᾳ τὰς ἀποτειμή]- - - 22 σε[ι]ς ἔλα[βο]ν, [ἔχω]ν [συνάρχοντα Τιβέριον] - - 23 Καίσαρα τὸν υἱόν μο[υ Σέξτῳ Πομπηίῳ καὶ] - - V. - - 1 Σέξτῳ Ἀππουληίῳ ὑπάτοις· ἐν ᾗ ἀποτειμήσει - - 2 ἐτειμήσαντο Ῥωμαίων τετρακόσιαι ἐνενήκοντα - - 3 τρεῖς μυριάδες καὶ ἑπτακισχείλιοι. § Εἰσαγαγὼν και- - - 4 νοὺς νόμους πολλὰ ἤδη τῶν ἀρχαίων ἐθῶν κα- - - 5 ταλυόμενα διωρθωσάμην καὶ αὐτὸς πολλῶν - - 6 πραγμάτων μείμημα ἐμαυτὸν τοῖς μετέπει- - - 7 τα παρέδωκα. - - -c. 9. - - 8 Εὐχὰς ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς σωτηρίας ἀναλαμβάνειν - - 9 διὰ τῶν ὑπάτων καὶ ἱερέων καθ’ ἑκάστην πεν- - - 10 τετηρίδα ἐψηφίσατο ἡ σύνκλητος. ἐκ τού- - - 11 των τῶν εὐχῶν πλειστάκις ἐγένοντο θέαι, - - 12 τοτὲ μὲν ἐκ τῆς συναρχίας τῶν τεσσάρων ἱερέ- - - 13 ων, τοτὲ δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ὑπάτων. Καὶ κατ’ ἰδίαν δὲ καὶ - - 14 κατὰ πόλεις σύνπαντες οἱ πολεῖται ὁμοθυμα- - - 15 δ[ὸν] συνεχῶς ἔθυσαν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς σω[τ]ηρίας. - - -c. 10. - - 16 Τὸ ὄν[ομ]ά μου συνκλήτου δόγματι ἐνπεριελή- - - 17 φθη εἰ[ς τοὺ]ς σαλίων ὕμνους. καὶ ἵνα ἱερὸς ᾦ - - 18 διὰ [βίο]υ [τ]ε τὴν δημαρχικὴν ἔχῳ ἐξουσίαν, - - 19 νό[μῳ ἐκ]υρώθη. § Ἀρχιερωσύνην, ἣν ὁ πατήρ - - 20 [μ]ου [ἐσχ]ήκει τοῦ δήμου μοι καταφέροντος - - 21 εἰς τὸν τοῦ ζῶντος τόπον, οὐ προσεδεξά- - - 22 μ[η]ν. § [ἣ]ν ἀρχιερατείαν μετά τινας ἐνιαυτοὺς - - VI. - - 1 ἀποθανόντος τοῦ προκατειληφότος αὐ- - - 2 τὴν ἐν πολειτικαῖς ταραχαῖς, ἀνείληφα, εἰς - - 3 τὰ ἐμὰ ἀρχαιρέσια ἐξ ὅλης τῆς Ἰταλίας τοσού- - - 4 του πλήθους συνεληλυθότος, ὅσον οὐδεὶς - - 5 ἔνπροσθεν ἱστόρησεν ἐπὶ Ῥώμης γεγονέναι Πο- - - 6 πλίῳ Σουλπικίῳ καὶ Γαίῳ Οὐαλγίῳ ὑπάτοις. - - -c. 11. - - 7 Βωμὸν Τύχης σωτηρίου ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐπανόδου - - 8 πρὸς τῇ Καπήνῃ πύλῃ ἡ σύνκλητος ἀφιέρωσεν· - - 9 πρὸς ᾧ τοὺς ἱερεῖς καὶ τὰς ἱερείας, ἐνιαύσιον θυ- - - 10 σίαν ποιεῖν ἐκέλευσεν ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ, - - 11 ἐν ᾗ ὑπάτοις Κοίντῳ Λουκρητίῳ καὶ Μάρκῳ - - 12 Οὐινουκίῳ ἐκ Συρίας εἰς Ῥώμην ἐπανεληλύ- - - 13 θει[ν], τήν τε ἡμέραν ἐκ τῆς ἡμετέρας ἐπωνυ- - - 14 μίας προσηγόρευσεν Αὐγουστάλια. - - -c. 12. - - 15 Δόγματι σ[υ]νκλήτου οἱ τὰς μεγίστας ἀρχὰς ἄρ- - - 16 ξαντε[ς σ]ὺν μέρει στρατηγῶν καὶ δημάρχων - - 17 μετὰ ὑπ[ά]του Κοίντου Λουκρητίου ἐπέμφθη- - - 18 σάν μοι ὑπαντήσοντες μέχρι Καμπανίας, ἥτις - - 19 τειμὴ μέχρι τούτου οὐδὲ ἑνὶ εἰ μὴ ἐμοὶ ἐψηφίσ- - - 20 θη. § Ὅτε ἐξ Ἱσπανίας καὶ Γαλατίας, τῶν ἐν ταύ- - - 21 ταις ταῖς ἐπαρχείαις πραγμάτων κατὰ τὰς εὐ- - - 22 χὰς τελεσθέντων, εἰς Ῥώμην ἐπανῆλθον § - - 23 Τιβερίῳ [Νέ]ρωνι καὶ Ποπλίῳ Κοιντιλίῳ ὑπάτοις, - - VII. - - 1 βωμὸν Ε[ἰρ]ήνης Σεβαστῆς ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐπανό- - - 2 δου ἀφιερωθῆναι ἐψηφίσατο ἡ σύνκλητος ἐν πε- - - 3 δίῳ Ἄρεως, πρὸς ᾧ τούς τε ἐν ταῖς ἀρχαῖς καὶ τοὺς - - 4 ἱερεῖς τάς τε ἱερείας ἐνιαυσίους θυσίας ἐκέλευσε ποιεῖν. - - -c. 13. - - 5 Πύλην Ἐνυάλιον, ἣν κεκλῖσθαι οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν ἠθέ- - - 6 λησαν εἰρηνευομένης τῆς ὑπὸ Ῥωμάοις πάσης γῆς τε - - 7 καὶ θαλάσσης, πρὸ μὲν ἐμοῦ, ἐξ οὗ ἡ πόλις ἐκτίσθη, - - 8 τῷ παντὶ αἰῶνι δὶς μόνον κεκλεῖσθαι ὁμολογεῖ- - - 9 ται, ἐπὶ δὲ ἐμοῦ ἡγεμόνος τρὶς ἡ σύνκλητος ἐψη- - - 10 φίσατο κλεισθῆναι. - - -c. 14. - - 11 Ὑιούς μου Γάιον καὶ Λεύκιον Καίσ[α]ρας, οὓς νεανίας ἀ- - - 12 νήρπασεν ἡ τύχη, εἰς τὴν ἐμὴν τειμ[ὴ]ν ἥ τ[ε] σύνκλη- - - 13 τος καὶ ὁ δῆμος τῶν Ῥωμαίων πεντεκαιδεκαέτεις - - 14 ὄντας ὑπάτους ἀπέδειξεν, ἵνα μετὰ πέντε ἔτη - - 15 εἰς τὴν ὑπάτον ἀρχὴν εἰσέλθωσιν· καὶ ἀφ’ ἧς ἂν - - 16 ἡμέ[ρα]ς [εἰς τὴν ἀ]γορὰν [κατ]αχθ[ῶ]σιν, ἵνα [με]τέχω- - - 17 σιν, τῆς συ[ν]κλήτου ἐψηφίσατο. § ἱππεῖς δὲ Ῥω- - - 18 μαίων σύν[π]αντες ἡγεμόνα νεότητος ἑκάτε- - - 19 ρον αὐτῶν [πρ]οσηγόρευσαν, ἀσπίσιν ἀργυρέαις - - 20 καὶ δόρασιν [ἐτ]είμησαν. - - -c. 15. - - 21 Δήμῳ Ῥωμα[ίω]ν κατ’ ἄνδρα ἑβδομήκοντα π[έντ]ε - - 22 δηνάρια ἑκάστῳ ἠρίθμησα κατὰ δια- - - 23 θήκην τοῦ πατρός μου, καὶ τῷ ἐμῷ ὀνόματι - - 24 ἐκ λαφύρων [π]ο[λέ]μου ἀνὰ ἑκατὸν δηνάρια - - VIII. - - 1 πέμπτον ὕπατος ἔδωκα, § πάλιν τε δέ[κατο]ν - - 2 ὑπατεύων ἐκ τ[ῆ]ς ἐμῆς ὑπάρξεως ἀνὰ δηνά- - - 3 ρια ἑκατὸν ἠρίθ[μ]ησα, [§] καὶ ἑνδέκατον ὕπατος - - 4 δώδεκα σειτομετρήσεις ἐκ τοῦ ἐμοῦ βίου ἀπε- - - 5 μέτρησα, [§] καὶ δημαρχικῆς ἐξουσίας τὸ δωδέ- - - 6 κατον ἑκατὸν δηνάρια κατ’ ἄνδρα ἔδωκα· αἵτ[ι]- - - 7 νες ἐμαὶ ἐπιδόσεις οὐδέποτε ἧσσον ἦλθ[ο]ν ε[ἰ]ς - - 8 ἄνδρας μυριάδων εἴκοσι πέντε. δημα[ρ]χικῆς ἐ- - - 9 ξουσίας ὀκτωκαιδέκατον, ὕπατ[ος] δ[ωδέκατον] - - 10 τριάκοντα τρισ[ὶ] μυριάσιν ὄχλου πολειτικ[οῦ ἑ]ξή- - - 11 [κοντα δηνάρια κατ’ ἄνδρα ἔδωκα, κα]ὶ ἀποίκοις στρα- - - 12 τιωτῶν ἐμῶν πέμπτον ὕπατος ἐ[κ] λαφύρων κατὰ - - 13 ἄνδρα ἀνὰ διακόσια πεντήκοντα δηνάρια ἔδ[ωκα·] - - 14 ἔλαβον ταύτην τὴν δωρεὰν ἐν ταῖς ἀποικίαις ἀν- - - 15 θρώπων μυριάδες πλ[εῖ]ον δώδε[κα. ὕ]πατος τ[ρι]σ- - - 16 καιδέκατον ἀνὰ ἑξήκοντα δηνάρια τῷ σειτομετ[ρου]- - - 17 μένῳ δήμῳ ἔδω[κα· οὗτο]ς ἀρ[ι]θμ[ὸς πλείων εἴκο- - - 18 σ]ι [μυ]ριάδων ὑπῆρχ[ε]ν. - - -c. 16. - - 19 Χρήματα ἐν ὑπατείᾳ τετάρτῃ ἐμῇ κα[ὶ] μετὰ ταῦτα ὑ- - - 20 πάτοις Μάρκῳ Κράσσῳ καὶ Ναίῳ Λέντλῳ αὔγου- - - 21 ρι ταῖς πόλεσιν ἠρίθμησα ὑπὲρ ἀργῶν, οὓς ἐμέρισα - - 22 τοῖς στρατ[ιώ]ταις. Κεφαλαίου ἐγένοντο ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ - - 23 μὲν μύριαι π[εντακι]σ[χ]ε[ίλιαι μυ]ριάδες, [τῶ]ν [δὲ ἐ]παρ- - - 24 χειτικῶν ἀγρῶν [μ]υ[ριάδες ἑξακισχίλ]ιαι πεν[τακό]σ[ιαι]. - - IX. - - 1 Τοῦτο πρῶτος καὶ μόνος ἁπάντων ἐπόησα τῶν - - 2 [κατα]γαγόντων ἀποικίας στρατιωτῶν ἐν Ἰτα- - - 3 λίᾳ ἢ ἐν ἐπαρχείαις μέχρι τῆς ἐμῆς ἡλικίας. § καὶ - - 4 μετέπειτα Τιβερίῳ Νέρωνι καὶ Ναίῳ Πείσωνι ὑπά- - - 5 τοις καὶ πάλιν Γαίῳ Ἀνθεστίῳ καὶ Δέκμῳ Λαι- - - 6 λίῳ ὑπάτοις καὶ Γαίῳ Καλουισίῳ καὶ Λευκίῳ - - 7 Πασσιήνῳ [ὑ]πάτο[ι]ς [καὶ Λ]ευκίῳ Λέντλῳ καὶ Μάρ- - - 8 κῳ Μεσσάλ[ᾳ] ὑπάτοις κ[α]ὶ [Λ]ευκίῳ Κανιν[ί]ῳ καὶ - - 9 [Κ]οίντῳ Φα[β]ρικίῳ ὑπάτοις στρατιώταις ἀπολυ- - - 10 ομένοις, οὓς κατήγαγον εἰς τὰς ἰδίας πόλ[εις], φιλαν- - - 11 θρώπου ὀνόματι ἔδωκα μ[υρ]ιάδας ἐγγὺς [μυρία]ς. - - -c. 17. - - 12 Τετρά[κ]ις χρήμ[α]σιν ἐμοῖς [ἀν]έλαβον τὸ αἰράριον, [εἰς] ὃ - - 13 [κ]ατήνενκα [χ]ειλίας [ἑπτ]ακοσίας πεντήκοντα - - 14 μυριάδας. κ[αὶ] Μ[ά]ρκῳ [Λεπίδῳ] καὶ Λευκίῳ Ἀρρουν- - - 15 τίῳ ὑ[πάτοις ε]ἰς τ[ὸ] στ[ρ]α[τιωτ]ικὸν αἰράριον, ὃ τῇ - - 16 [ἐμῇ] γ[ν]ώ[μῃ] κατέστη, ἵνα [ἐ]ξ αὐτοῦ αἱ δωρ[ε]αὶ εἰσ- - - 17 [έπειτα τοῖς ἐ]μοῖς σ[τρατι]ώταις δίδωνται, ο[ἳ εἴκο- - - 18 σι]ν ἐνιαυτο[ὺ]ς ἢ πλείονας ἐστρατεύσαντο, μ[υ]ρι- - - 19 άδα[ς] τετρά[κ]ις χειλίας διακοσίας πεντήκοντα - - 20 [ἐκ τῆς ἐ]μ[ῆς] ὑπάρξεως κατήνενκα. - -c. 18. - - 21 [Ἀπ’ ἐκ]είνου τ[ο]ῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ, ἐ[φ’] οὗ Ναῖος καὶ Πόπλιος - - 22 [Λ]έντλοι ὕπατοι ἐγένοντο, ὅτε ὑπέλειπον αἱ δη- - - 23 [μό]σιαι πρόσοδοι, ἄλλοτε μὲν δέκα μυριάσιν, ἄλ- - - 24 [λοτε] δὲ πλείοσιν σειτικὰς καὶ ἀργυρικὰς συντάξεις - - X. - - 1 ἐκ τῆς ἐμῆς ὑπάρξεως ἔδωκα. - - -c. 19. - - 2 Βουλευτήρ[ιο]ν καὶ τὸ πλησίον αὐτῷ χαλκιδικόν, - - 3 ναόν τε Ἀπόλλωνος ἐν Παλατίῳ σὺν στοαῖς, - - 4 ναὸν θεοῦ [Ἰ]ουλίου, Πανὸς ἱερόν, στοὰν πρὸς ἱπ- - - 5 ποδρόμῳ τῷ προσαγορευομένῳ Φλαμινίῳ, ἣν - - 6 εἴασα προσαγορεύεσθαι ἐξ ὀνόματος ἐκείνου Ὀκτα- - - 7 ουίαν, ὃ[ς] πρῶτος αὐτὴν ἀνέστησεν, ναὸν πρὸς τῷ - - 8 μεγάλῳ ἱπποδρόμῳ, [§] ναοὺς ἐν Καπιτωλίῳ - - 9 Διὸς τροπαιοφόρου καὶ Διὸς βροντησίου, ναὸν - - 10 Κυρείν[ο]υ, [§] ναοὺς Ἀθηνᾶς καὶ Ἥρας βασιλίδος καὶ - - 11 Διὸς Ἐλευθερίου ἐν Ἀουεντίνῳ, ἡρώων πρὸς τῇ - - 12 ἱερᾷ ὁδῷ, θεῶν κατοικιδίων ἐν Οὐελίᾳ, ναὸν Νεό- - - 13 τητο[ς, να]ὸν μητρὸς θεῶν ἐν Παλατίῳ ἐπόησα. - - -c. 20. - - 14 Καπιτώλ[ιο]ν καὶ τὸ Πομπηίου θέατρον ἑκάτερον - - 15 τὸ ἔργον ἀναλώμασιν μεγίστοις ἐπεσκεύασα ἄ- - - 16 νευ ἐπιγραφῆς τοῦ ἐμοῦ ὀνόματος. § Ἀγωγοὺς ὑ- - - 17 δάτω[ν ἐν πλεί]στοις τόποις τῇ παλαιότητι ὀλισ- - - 18 θάνον[τας ἐπ]εσκευσα καὶ ὕδωρ τὸ καλούμενον - - 19 Μάρ[κιον ἐδί]πλωσα πηγὴν νέαν εἰς τὸ ῥεῖθρον - - 20 [αὐτοῦ ἐποχετεύσ]ας. [§] Ἀγορὰν Ἰουλίαν καὶ βασι- - - 21 [λικὴν τὴν μεταξὺ τ]οῦ τε ναοῦ τῶν Διοσκό- - - 22 [ρων καὶ Κρόνου κατα]βεβλημένα ἔργα ὑπὸ τοῦ - - 23 [πατρὸς ἐτελείωσα κα]ὶ τὴν αὐτὴν βασιλικὴν - - 24 [καυθεῖσαν ἐπὶ αὐξηθέντι] ἐδάφει αὐτῆς ἐξ ἐπι- - - XI. - - 1 γραφῆς ὀνόματος τῶν ἐμῶν υἱῶν ὑπ[ηρξάμη]ν - - 2 καὶ εἰ μὴ αὐτὸς τετελειώκ[ο]ι[μι, τ]ελε[ι]ω[θῆναι ὑπὸ] - - 3 τῶν ἐμῶν κληρονόμων ἐπέταξα. § Δ[ύ]ο [καὶ ὀγδο-] - - 4 ήκοντα ναοὺς ἐν τῇ πόλ[ει ἕκτ]ον ὕπ[ατος δόγμα]- - - 5 τι συνκ[λ]ήτου ἐπεσκεύασ[α] ο[ὐ]δένα π[ε]ριλ[ιπών, ὃς] - - 6 ἐκείνῳ τῷ χρόνῳ ἐπισκευῆς ἐδεῖτο. § [Ὕ]πα[τος ἕ]- - - 7 βδ[ο]μον ὁδὸν Φ[λαμινίαν ἀπὸ] Ῥώμης [Ἀρίμινον] - - 8 γ[εφ]ύρας τε τὰς ἐν αὐτῇ πάσας ἔξω δυεῖν τῶν μὴ - - 9 ἐπ[ι]δεομένων ἐ[π]ισκευῆς ἐπόησα. - - -c. 21. - - 10 Ἐν ἰδιωτικῷ ἐδάφει Ἄρεως Ἀμύντορος ἀγοράν τε Σε- - - 11 βαστὴν ἐκ λαφύρων ἐπόησα. [§] Θέατρον πρὸς τῷ - - 12 Ἀπόλλωνος ναῷ ἐπὶ ἐδάφους ἐκ πλείστου μέρους ἀγο- - - 13 ρασθέντος ἀνήγειρα [§] ἐπὶ ὀνόματος Μαρκέλλου - - 14 τοῦ γαμβροῦ μου. Ἀναθέματα ἐκ λαφύρων ἐν Καπι- - - 15 τωλίῳ καὶ ναῷ Ἰουλίῳ καὶ ναῷ Ἀπόλλωνος - - 16 καὶ Ἑστίας καὶ Ἄ[ρεω]ς ἀφιέρωσα, ἃ ἐμοὶ κατέστη - - 17 ἐνγὺς μυριάδω[ν δι]σχε[ι]λίων πεντακ[οσίων.] - - 18 Εἰς χρυσοῦν στέφανον λειτρῶν τρισ[μυρίων] - - 19 πεντακισχειλίων καταφερούσαις τα[ῖς ἐν Ἰ]ταλί- - - 20 ᾳ πολειτείαις καὶ ἀποικίαις συνεχώρη[σ]α τὸ [πέμ]- - - 21 πτον ὑπατεύων, καὶ ὕστερον ὁσάκις [αὐτ]οκράτωρ - - 22 προσηγορεύθην, τὰς εἰς τὸν στέφανο[ν ἐ]παγγε- - - 23 λίας οὐκ ἔλαβον ψηφιζομένων τῶν π[ολειτει]ῶν - - 24 καὶ ἀποικιῶν μετὰ τῆς αὐτῆς προθ[υμίας, κα]θ- - - XII. - - 1 ά[περ ἐψηφίσαντο π]ρό[τερον]. - -c. 22. - - 2 [Τρὶς μονο]μαχ[ίαν ἔδω]κα τῷ ἐμῷ ὀνόματι καὶ - - 3 [πεντάκις τῶν υἱῶν μου ἢ υἱ]ωνῶν. ἐν αἷς μονο- - - 4 [μαχίαις ἐμαχέσαντο ἐ]ν[γὺς μύ]ρι[ο]ι. Δὶς ἀθλητῶ[ν] παν- - - 5 τ[αχόθεν] με[ταπεμφθέντων γυμνικο]ῦ ἀγῶνος θέαν - - 6 [τῷ δήμῳ π]αρέσχον τ[ῷ ἐ]μῷ ὀνόματι καὶ τρίτ[ον] - - 7 τ[οῦ υἱωνοῦ μου. Θέας ἐπόη]σα δι’ ἐμοῦ τετράκ[ις,] - - 8 διὰ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων ἀρχῶν ἐν μέρει τρὶς καὶ εἰκοσάκις. § - - 9 Ὑπὲρ τῶν δεκαπέντε [ἀνδρ]ῶν, ἔχων συνάρχοντα - - 10 Μᾶρκον Ἀγρίππ[αν, τὰς θ]έας [δ]ιὰ ἑκατὸν ἐτῶν γεινο- - - 11 μένας ὀν[ομαζομένα]ς σ[αι]κλάρεις ἐπόησα Γαίῳ - - 12 Φουρνίῳ κ[αὶ] Γαίῳ Σε[ι]λανῷ ὑπάτοις. [§] Ὕπατος τρισ- - - 13 καιδέκατον [θέας Ἄρεως πρ]ῶτος ἐπόησα, ἃς μετ’ ἐ- - - 14 κεῖνο[ν χ]ρόνον ἑξῆς [τοῖς μ]ετέπειτα ἐνιαυτοῖς - - 15 δ . . μοι ἐπόησαν οἱ ὕπα- . . . . - - 16 [τοι] . . ν . . . . ης θηρίων ε - - 17 . . . . . . . . . . . - - 18 . . . . . . . . . . . - - 19 . . . . . . . . . . . - - 20 . . . . . . . . . . . - - -c. 23. - - 21 Ν[αυμαχίας θέαν τῷ δήμῳ ἔδω]κα πέ[ρ]αν τοῦ Τι- - - 22 [βέριδος, ἐν ᾧ τόπῳ ἐστὶ νῦ]ν ἄλσος Καισά[ρω]ν, - - 23 ἐκκεχω[κὼς τὸ ἔδαφος] ε[ἰ]ς μῆκ[ο]ς χειλίων ὀκτακο- - - 24 σίων ποδ[ῶν, εἰς π]λάτ[ο]ς χιλίων διακο[σ]ίων. ἐν ᾗ - - XIII. - - 1 τριάκο[ν]τα ναῦς ἔμβολα ἔχουσαι τριήρεις ἢ δί- - - 2 κροτ[οι, αἱ] δὲ ἥσσονες πλείους ἐναυμάχησαν. § - - 3 Ἐν τ[ούτῳ] τῷ στόλῳ ἠγωνίσαντο ἔξω τῶν ἐρετῶν - - 4 πρόσπ[ο]υ ἄνδρες τρ[ι]σχ[ε]ί[λ]ιοι. - -c. 24. - - 5 [Ἐν ναοῖ]ς π[ασ]ῶν πόλεω[ν] τῆς [Ἀ]σί[α]ς νεικήσας τὰ ἀναθέ- - - 6 [ματα ἀπ]οκατέστησα, [ἃ εἶχεν] ἰ[δίᾳ] ἱεροσυλήσας ὁ - - 7 ὑπ’ [ἐμοῦ] δ[ι]αγωνισθεὶς πολέ[μιος]. Ἀνδρίαντες πε- - - 8 ζοὶ καὶ ἔφιπποί μου καὶ ἐφ’ ἅρμασιν ἀργυροῖ εἱστήκει- - - 9 σαν ἐν τῇ πόλει ἐνγὺς ὀγδοήκοντα, οὓς αὐτὸς ἦρα, - - 10 ἐκ τούτου τε τοῦ χρήματος ἀναθέματα χρυσᾶ ἐν - - 11 τῷ ναῷ τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος τῷ τε ἐμῷ ὀνόματι καὶ - - 12 ἐκεῖνων, οἵτινές με [τ]ούτοις τοῖς ἀνδριᾶσιν ἐτείμη- - - 13 σαν, ἀνέθηκα. - - -c. 25. - - 14 Θάλασσα[ν] πειρατευομένην ὑπὸ ἀποστατῶν δού- - - 15 λων [εἰρήν]ευσα. ἐξ ὧν τρεῖς που μυριάδας τοῖς - - 16 δε[σπόται]ς εἰς κόλασιν παρέδωκα. § Ὤμοσεν - - 17 [εἰς τοὺς ἐμοὺ]ς λόγους ἅπασα ἡ Ἰταλία ἑκοῦσα κἀ- - - 18 [μὲ πολέμου,] ᾧ ἐπ’ Ἀκτίῳ ἐνε[ί]κησα, ἡγεμόνα ἐξη- - - 19 [τήσατο, ὤ]μοσαν εἰς τοὺς [αὐτοὺ]ς λόγους ἐπα[ρ]- - - 20 χε[ῖαι Γαλα]τία Ἱσπανία Λιβύη Σι[κελία Σαρ]δώ. Οἱ ὑπ’ ἐ- - - 21 μ[αῖς σημέαις τό]τε στρατευ[σάμενοι ἦσαν συνκλητι-] - - 22 [κοὶ πλείους ἑπτ]α[κοσί]ων· [ἐ]ν [αὐτοῖς οἳ ἢ πρότερον ἢ] - - 23 [μετέπειτα] ἐγ[ένον]το [ὕπ]α[τοι εἰς ἐκ]ε[ί]ν[ην τὴν ἡ]μέ- - - 24 [ραν, ἐν ᾗ ταῦτα γέγραπτα]ι, ὀ[γδοήκο]ντα τρε[ῖ]ς, ἱερ[εῖ]ς - - XIV. - - 1 πρόσπου ἑκατὸν ἑβδομή[κ]οντα. - - -c. 26. - - 2 Πασῶν ἐπαρχειῶν δήμο[υ Ῥω]μαίων, αἷς ὅμορα - - 3 ἦν ἔθνη τὰ μὴ ὑποτασσ[όμ]ενα τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ ἡ- - - 4 γεμονία, τοὺς ὅρους ἐπεύξ[ησ]α. [§] Γαλατίας καὶ Ἱσ- - - 5 πανίας, ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ Γερμανίαν καθὼς Ὠκεα- - - 6 νὸς περικλείει ἀπ[ὸ] Γαδε[ίρ]ων μέχρι στόματος - - 7 Ἄλβιος ποταμο[ῦ ἐν] εἰρήνη κατέστησα. Ἄλπης ἀπὸ - - 8 κλίματος τοῦ πλησίον Εἰονίου κόλπου μέχρι Τυρ- - - 9 ρηνικῆς θαλάσσης εἰρηνεύεσθαι πεπόηκα, [§] οὐδενὶ - - 10 ἔθνει ἀδίκως ἐπενεχθέντος πολέμου. [§] Στόλος - - 11 ἐμὸς διὰ Ὠκεανοῦ ἀπὸ στόματος Ῥήνου ὡς πρὸς - - 12 ἀνατολὰς μέχρι ἔθνους Κίμβρων διέπλευσεν, οὗ οὔ- - - 13 τε κατὰ γῆν οὔτε κατὰ θάλασσαν Ῥωμαίων τις πρὸ - - 14 τούτου τοῦ χρόνου προσῆλθεν· καὶ Κίμβροι καὶ Χάλυ- - - 15 βες καὶ Σέμνονες ἄλλα τε πολλὰ ἔθνη Γερμανῶν - - 16 διὰ πρεσβειῶν τὴν ἐμὴν φιλίαν καὶ τὴν δήμου Ῥω- - - 17 μαίων ἠτήσαντο. Ἐμῇ ἐπιταγῇ καὶ οἰωνοῖς αἰσί- - - 18 οις δύο στρατεύματα, ἐπέβη Αἰθιοπίᾳ καὶ Ἀραβίᾳ - - 19 τῇ εὐδαίμονι καλωυμένῃ μεγάλας τε τῶν πο- - - 20 λεμίων δυνάμεις κατέκοψεν ἐν παρατάξει καὶ - - 21 πλείστας πόλεις δοριαλώτους ἔλαβεν καὶ προ- - - 22 έβη ἐν Αἰθιοπίᾳ μέχρι πόλεως Ναβάτης, ἥτις - - 23 ἐστὶν ἔνγιστα Μερόη, ἐν Ἀραβίᾳ δὲ μέχρι πόλε- - - 24 ως Μαρίβας. - - - XV. c. 27. - - 1 Αἴγυπτον δήμου Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμονίᾳ προσέθηκα. - - 2 Ἀρμενίαν τὴν μ[εί]ζονα ἀναιρεθέντος τοῦ βασιλέ- - - 3 ως δυνάμενος ἐπαρχείαν ποῆσαι μᾶλλον ἐβου- - - 4 λήθην κατὰ τὰ πάτρια ἡμῶν ἔθη βασιλείαν Τιγρά- - - 5 νῃ Ἀρταουάσδου υἱῷ, υἱωνῷ δὲ Τιγράνου βασι- - - 6 λέως δ[ο]ῦν[α]ι διὰ Τιβερίου Νέρωνος, ὃς τότ’ ἐμοῦ - - 7 πρόγονος ἦν· καὶ τὸ αὐτὸ ἔθνος ἀφιστάμενον καὶ - - 8 ἀναπολεμοῦν δαμασθὲν ὑπὸ Γαΐου τοῦ υἱοῦ - - 9 μου βασιλεῖ Ἀριοβαρζάνει, βασιλέως Μήδων Ἀρτα- - - 10 βάζου υἱῷ παρέδωκα καὶ μετὰ τὸν ἐκείνου θάνα- - - 11 τον τῷ υἱῷ αὐτοῦ Ἀρταουάσδη· οὗ ἀναιρεθέντος - - 12 Τιγράνην, ὃς ἦν ἐκ γένους Ἀρμενίου βασιλικοῦ, εἰς - - 13 τὴν βασιλείαν ἔπεμψα. § Ἐπαρχείας ἁπάσας, ὅσαι - - 14 πέραν τοῦ Εἰονίου κόλπου διατείνουσι πρὸς ἀνα- - - 15 τολὰς, καὶ Κυρήνην ἐκ μείσζονος μέρους ὑπὸ βασι- - - 16 λέων κατεσχημένας καὶ ἔμπροσθεν Σικελίαν καὶ Σαρ- - - 17 δῲ προκατειλημένας πολέμῳ δουλικῷ ἀνέλαβον. - - -c. 28. - - 18 Ἀποικίας ἐν Λιβύῃ Σικελίᾳ Μακεδονίᾳ ἐν ἑκατέ- - - 19 ρα τε Ἱσπανίᾳ Ἀχαίᾳ Ἀσίᾳ Συρίᾳ Γαλατίᾳ τῇ πε- - - 20 ρὶ Νάρβωνα Πισιδίᾳ στρατιωτῶν κατήγαγον. § Ἰτα- - - 21 λία δὲ εἴκοσι ὀκτὼ ἀποικίας ἔχει ὑπ’ ἐμοῦ καταχθεί- - - 22 σας, αἳ ἐμοῦ περιόντος πληθύουσαι ἐτύνχανον. - - -c. 29. - - 23 Σημέας στρατιωτικὰς [πλείους ὑ]πὸ ἄλλων ἡγεμό- - - 24 νων ἀποβεβλημένας [νικῶν τοὺ]ς πολεμίους - - XVI. - - 1 ἀπέλαβον § ἐξ Ἱσπανίας καὶ Γαλατίας καὶ παρὰ - - 2 Δαλματῶν· Πάρθους τριῶν στρατευμάτων Ῥωμαί- - - 3 ων σκῦλα καὶ σημέας ἀποδοῦναι ἐμοὶ ἱκέτας τε φι- - - 4 λίαν δήμου Ῥωμαίων ἀξιῶσαι ἠνάγκασα. [§] ταύτας - - 5 δὲ τὰς σημέας ἐν τῷ Ἄρεως τοῦ Ἀμύντορος ναοῦ ἀ- - - 6 δύτῳ ἀπεθέμην. - - -c. 30. - - 7 Παννονίων ἔθνη, οἷς πρὸ ἐμοῦ ἡγεμόνος στράτευ- - - 8 μα Ῥωμαίων οὐκ ἤνγισεν, ἡσσηθέντα ὑπὸ Τιβερίου - - 9 Νέρωνος, ὃς τότ’ ἐμοῦ ἦν πρόγονος καὶ πρεσβευτής, - - 10 ἡγεμονίᾳ δῆμου Ῥωμαίων ὑπέταξα [§] τά τε Ἰλλυρι- - - 11 κοῦ ὅρια μέχρι Ἴστρου ποταμοῦ προήγαγον· οὗ ἐπει- - - 12 ταδε Δάκων διαβᾶσα πολλὴ δύναμις ἐμοῖς αἰσίοις οἰω- - - 13 νοῖς κατεκόπη. Καὶ ὕστερον μεταχθὲν τὸ ἐμὸν στρά- - - 14 τευμα πέραν Ἴστρου τὰ Δάκων ἔθνη προστάλματα - - 15 δήμου Ῥωμαίων ὑπομένειν ἠνάγκασεν. - - -c. 31. - - 16 Πρὸς ἐμὲ ἐξ Ἰνδίας βασιλέων πρεσβεῖαι πολλάκις ἀπε- - - 17 στάλησαν, οὐδέποτε πρὸ τούτου χρόνου ὀφθεῖσαι παρὰ - - 18 Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμόνι. § Τὴν ἡμετέραν φιλίαν ἠξίωσαν - - 19 διὰ πρέσβεων § Βαστάρναι καὶ Σκύθαι καὶ Σαρμα- - - 20 τῶν οἱ ἐπιτάδε ὄντες τοῦ Τανάιδος ποταμοῦ καὶ - - 21 οἱ πέραν δὲ βασιλεῖς, καὶ Ἀλβανῶν δὲ καὶ Ἰβήρων - - 22 καὶ Μήδων βασιλεες. - - -c. 32. - - 23 Πρὸς ἐμὲ ἱκέται κατέφυγον βασιλεῖς Πάρθων μὲν - - 24 Τειριδάτης καὶ μετέπειτα Φραάτης βασιλέως § - - XVII. - - 1 Φράτου [υἱός, Μ]ήδ[ων] δὲ Ἀρταο[υάσδ]ης, Ἀδιαβ[η]- - - 2 νῶν [Ἀ]ρτα[ξάρης, Βριτα]ννῶν Δομνοελλαῦνος - - 3 καὶ Τ[ιμ........, Σο]υ[γ]άμβρων [Μ]αίλων, Μαρκο- - - 4 μάνων [Σουήβων] ........ρος. § [Πρὸ]ς ἐμὲ βασιλεις - - 5 Πάρθων Φρα[άτης Ὠρώδο]υ υἱὸ[ς ὑ]ιοὺς [αὐτοῦ] υἱω- - - 6 νούς τε πάντας ἔπεμψεν εἰς Ἰταλίαν, οὐ πολέμῳ - - 7 λειφθείς, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἡμ[ε]τέραν φιλίαν ἀξιῶν ἐπὶ τέ- - - 8 κνων ἐνεχύροις, πλεῖστά τε ἄλλα ἔθνη πεῖραν ἔλ[α]- - - 9 βεν δήμου Ῥωμαίων πίστεως ἐπ’ ἐμοῦ ἡγεμόνος, - - 10 οἷς τὸ πρὶν οὐδεμία ἦν πρὸς δῆμον Ῥωμαίων π[ρε]σ- - - 11 βειῶν καὶ φιλίας κοινωνία. - - -c. 33. - - 12 Παρ’ ἐμοῦ ἔθνη Πάρθων καὶ Μήδων διὰ πρέσβεων τῶν - - 13 παρ’ αὐτοῖς πρώτων βασιλεῖς αἰτησάμενοι ἔλαβ[ον] - - 14 Πάρθοι Οὐονώνην βασιλέως Φράτου ὑ[ι]όν, βασιλ[έω]ς - - 15 Ὠρώδου υἱωνόν· Μῆδοι Ἀριοβαρζάνην βα[σ]ιλέως - - 16 Ἀρταβάζου υἱόν, βασιλέως Ἀριοβαρζάν[ου υἱω]νόν. - - -c. 34. - - 17 Ἐν ὑπατείᾳ ἕκτῃ καὶ ἑβδόμῃ μετὰ τὸ τοὺς ἐνφυ- - - 18 λίους ζβέσαι με πολέμους [κ]ατὰ τὰς εὐχὰς τῶν ἐ- - - 19 μῶν πολε[ι]τῶν ἐνκρατὴς γενόμενος πάντων τῶν - - 20 πραγμάτων, ἐκ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐξουσίας εἰς τὴν τῆς συν- - - 21 κλήτου καὶ τοῦ δήμου τῶν Ῥωμαίων μετήνεγκα - - 22 κυριήαν. ἐξ ἧς αἰτίας δόγματι συνκλήτου Σεβαστὸς - - 23 προσ[ηγορε]ύθην καὶ δάφναις δημοσίᾳ τὰ πρόπυ- - - 24 λ[ά μου ἐστέφθ]η, ὅ τε δρύινος στέφανος ὁ διδόμενος - - XVIII. - - 1 ἐπὶ σωτηρία τῶν πολειτῶν ὑπερά[ν]ω τοῦ πυλῶ- - - 2 νος τῆς ἐμῆς οἰκίας ἀνετέθη, § ὅπ[λ]ον τε χρυ- - - 3 σοῦν ἐν τῷ βο[υ]λευτηρίῳ ἀνατεθ[ὲ]ν ὑπό τε τῆς - - 4 συνκλήτου καὶ τοῦ δήμου τῶν Ῥω[μα]ίων - - 5 διὰ τῆς ἐπιγραφῆς ἀρετὴν καὶ ἐπείκειαν κα[ὶ δ]ικαιοσύνην - - 6 καὶ εὐσέβειαν ἐμοὶ μαρτυρεῖ. § Ἀξιώμ[α]τι [§] πάντων - - 7 διήνεγκα, [§] ἐξουσίας δὲ οὐδέν τι πλεῖον ἔσχον - - 8 τῶν συναρξάντων μοι. - - -c. 35. - - 9 Τρισκαιδεκάτην ὑπατείαν ἄγοντός μου ἥ τε σύν- - - 10 κλητος καὶ τὸ ἱππικὸν τάγμα ὅ τε σύνπας δῆμος τῶν - - 11 Ῥωμαίων προσηγόρευσέ με πατέρα πατρίδος καὶ τοῦτο - - 12 ἐπὶ τοῦ προπύλου τῆς οἰκίας μου καὶ ἐν τῷ βουλευτη- - - 13 ρίῳ καὶ ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ τῇ Σεβαστῇ ὑπὸ τῷ ἅρματι, ὅ μοι - - 14 δόγματι συνκλήτου ἀνετέθη, ἐπιγραφῆναι ἐψηφίσα- - - 15 το. [§] Ὅτε ἔγραφον ταῦτα, ἤγον ἔτος ἑβδομηκοστὸν - - 16 ἕκτον. § - - * * * * * - - 17 Συνκεφαλαίωσις [§] ἠριθμημένου χρήματος εἰς τὸ αἰρά- - - 18 ριον ἢ εἰς τὸν δῆμον τὸν Ῥω[μαί]ων ἢ εἰς τοὺς ἀπολε- - - 19 λυμένους στρατιώτας [§]: ἓξ μυριάδες μυριάδων. § - - 20 Ἔργα καινὰ ἐγένετο ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ ναοὶ μὲν Ἄρεως, Διὸς - - 21 βροντησίου καὶ τροπαιοφόρου, Πανός, Ἀπόλλω- - - 22 νος, [§] θεοῦ Ἰουλίου, Κυρείνου, [§] Ἀ[θη]νᾶς, [§] Ἥρας βασιλί- - - 23 δος, [§] Διὸς Ἐλευθερίου, [§] ἡρώ[ων, θεῶν π]ατρίων, [§], Νε- - - 24 ότητος, [§] Μητρὸς θεῶν, [§] β[ουλευτήριον] σὺν χαλκι- - - XIX. - - 1 δικῷ, [§] ἀγορᾷ Σεβαστῇ [§], θέατρον Μαρκέλλου, [§] β[α]σι- - - 2 λικὴ Ἰουλία, [§] ἄλσος Καισάρων, [§] στοαὶ ἐ[ν] Παλατ[ί]ῳ, - - 3 στοὰ ἐν ἱπποδρόμῳ Φλαμινίῳ. § Ἐπεσκευάσθ[η τὸ Κα]- - - 4 πιτώλιον, [§] ναοὶ ὀγδοήκοντα δύο, [§] θέ[ατ]ρον Π[ομ]- - - 5 πηίου, [§] ὁδὸς Φλαμινία, [§] ἀγωγοὶ ὑδάτων. [Δαπ]άναι δὲ - - 6 εἰς θέας καὶ μονομάχους καὶ ἀθλητὰς καὶ ναυμα- - - 7 χίαν καὶ θηρομαχίαν δωρεαί [τε] ἀποικίαις πόλεσιν - - 8 ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ, πόλεσιν ἐν ἐπαρχείαις [§] σεισμῷ κα[ὶ] ἐνπυ- - - 9 ρισμοῖς πεπονηκυίαις ἢ κατ’ ἄνδρα φίλοις καὶ συν- - - 10 κλητικοῖς, ὧν τὰς τειμήσεις προσεξεπλήρωσεν: ἄ- - - 11 πειρον πλῆθος. - - - l, 7. ἅμα B. μοι or ἐμοὶ. - - II, 16. Before ἐμῶν W. inserts τῶν. - - III, 14. Last word Apoll., τοῦ, Auc. τῶν. - - VIII, 17. οὗτος, W. σύνπας; ἀριθμὸς, S. ἀριθμῷ or ἀριθμὸν. - - X, 22. S. inserts τοῦ before Κρόνου. - - X, 23. S. inserts μου after πατρὸς. - - X, 24. καυθεῖσαν ἐπὶ, S. καταφλεχθεῖσαν ἐν. - - XII, 1. ἐψηφίσαντο, S. καὶ ἐψήφιστο. - - XIII, 22. οἳ ἢ πρότερον ἢ, S. ὑπατικοὶ καὶ οἳ. - - - - -Below is a copy of the deeds of the divine Augustus, by which he -subjected the whole world to the dominion of the Roman people, and -of the amounts which he expended upon the commonwealth and the Roman -people, as engraved upon two brazen columns which are set up at Rome.[1] - - -c. 1. - -In my twentieth year,[2] acting upon my own judgment[3] and at my -own expense,[4] I raised an army[5] by means of which I restored to -liberty the commonwealth which had been oppressed by the tyranny of -a faction.[6] On account of this the senate by laudatory decrees -admitted me to its order,[7] in the consulship of Gaius Pansa and Aulus -Hirtius, and at the same time gave me consular rank in the expression -of opinion,[8] and gave me the _imperium_.[9] It also voted that -I as propraetor,[10] together with the consuls, should see to it that -the commonwealth suffered no harm.[11] In the same year, moreover, when -both consuls had perished in war, the people made me consul,[12] and -triumvir for organizing the commonwealth.[13] - - -c. 2. - -Those who killed my father[14] I drove into exile by lawful -judgments,[15] avenging their crime, and afterwards, when they waged -war against the commonwealth, I twice defeated them in battle.[16] - - -c. 3. - -I undertook civil and foreign wars by land and sea throughout the whole -world, and as victor I showed mercy to all surviving citizens.[17] -Foreign peoples, who could be pardoned with safety, I preferred to -preserve rather than to destroy. About five hundred thousand Roman -citizens took the military oath of allegiance to me.[18] Of these I -have settled in colonies or sent back to their _municipia_,[19] -upon the expiration of their terms of service,[20] somewhat over three -hundred thousand, and to all these I have given lands purchased by -me, or money for farms,[21] out of my own means. I have captured six -hundred ships, besides those which were smaller than triremes.[22] - - -c. 4. - -Twice I have triumphed in the ovation,[23] and three times in the -curule triumph,[24] and I have been twenty-one times saluted as -imperator.[25] - -After that, when the senate decreed me many triumphs,[26] I declined -them. Likewise I often deposited the laurels in the Capitol[27] in -fulfilment of vows which I had also made in battle. On account of -enterprises brought to a successful issue on land and sea by me, or -by my lieutenants under my auspices, the senate fifty-five times -decreed that there should be a thanksgiving to the immortal gods.[28] -The number of days, moreover, on which thanksgiving was rendered -in accordance with the decree of the senate was eight hundred and -ninety.[29] In my triumphs there have been led before my chariot nine -kings, or children of kings.[30] When I wrote these words I had been -thirteen times consul, and was in the thirty-seventh year of the -tribunitial power.[31] - - -c. 5. - -The dictatorship which was offered to me by the people and the senate, -both when I was absent and when I was present, in the consulship of -Marcus Marcellus and Lucius Arruntius, I did not accept.[32] At a time -of the greatest dearth of grain I did not refuse the charge of the food -supply, which I so administered that in a few days, at my own expense, -I freed the whole people from the anxiety and danger in which they then -were.[33] The annual and perpetual consulship offered to me at that -time I did not accept.[34] - - -c. 6. - -During the consulship of Marcus Vinucius and Quintus Lucretius, and -afterwards in that of Publius and Cnaeus Lentulus, and a third time in -that of Paullus Fabius Maximus and Quintus Tubero, by the consent of -the senate and the Roman people I was voted the sole charge of the laws -and of morals, with the fullest power;[35] but I accepted the proffer -of no office which was contrary to the customs of the country.[36] The -measures of which the senate at that time wished me to take charge, I -accomplished in virtue of my possession of the tribunitial power.[37] -In this office I five times associated with myself a colleague, with -the consent of the senate.[38] - - -c. 7. - -For ten years in succession I was one of the triumvirs for organizing -the commonwealth.[39] Up to that day on which I write these words -I have been _princeps_ of the senate through forty years.[40] -I have been _pontifex maximus_,[41] augur,[42] a member of the -quindecemviral college of the sacred rites,[43] of the septemviral -college of the banquets,[44] an Arval Brother,[45] a member of the -Titian sodality,[46] and a fetial.[47] - - -c. 8. - -In my fifth consulship, by order of the people and the senate, I -increased the number of the patricians.[48] Three times I have revised -the list of the senate.[49] In my sixth consulship, with Marcus Agrippa -as colleague, I made a census of the people. I performed the lustration -after forty-one years. In this lustration the number of Roman citizens -was four million and sixty-three thousand.[50] Again assuming the -consular power in the consulship of Gaius Censorinus and Gaius Asinius, -I alone performed the lustration. At this census the number of Roman -citizens was four million, two hundred and thirty thousand.[51] A third -time, assuming the consular power in the consulship of Sextus Pompeius -and Sextus Appuleius, with Tiberius Cæsar as colleague, I performed the -lustration. At this lustration the number of Roman citizens was four -million, nine hundred and thirty-seven thousand.[52] By new legislation -I have restored many customs of our ancestors which had now begun to -fall into disuse, and I have myself also committed to posterity many -examples worthy of imitation.[53] - - -c. 9. - -The senate decreed that every fifth year vows for my good health should -be performed by the consuls and the priests. In accordance with these -vows games have been often celebrated during my lifetime, sometimes -by the four chief colleges, sometimes by the consuls.[54] In private, -also, and as municipalities, the whole body of citizens have constantly -sacrificed at every shrine for my good health.[55] - - -c. 10. - -By a decree of the senate my name has been included in the Salian -hymn,[56] and it has been enacted by law that I should be sacrosanct, -and that as long as I live I should be invested with the tribunitial -power.[57] I refused to be made _pontifex maximus_ in the place of -a colleague still living, when the people tendered me that priesthood -which my father held. I accepted that office after several years, when -he was dead who had seized it during a time of civil disturbance; -and at the comitia for my election, during the consulship of Publius -Sulpicius and Gaius Valgius, so great a multitude assembled as, it is -said, had never before been in Rome.[58] - - -c. 11. - -Close to the temples of Honor and Virtue, near the Capena gate, the -senate consecrated in honor of my return an altar to Fortune the -Restorer, and upon this altar it ordered that the _pontifices_ and -the Vestal virgins should offer sacrifice yearly on the anniversary of -the day on which I returned into the city from Syria, in the consulship -of Quintus Lucretius and Marcus Vinucius, and it called the day the -Augustalia, from our cognomen.[59] - - -c. 12. - -By a decree of the senate at the same time a part of the prætors and -tribunes of the people with the consul Quintus Lucretius and leading -citizens were sent into Campania to meet me, an honor which up to this -time has been decreed to no one but me.[60] When I returned from Spain -and Gaul after successfully arranging the affairs of those provinces, -in the consulship of Tiberius Nero and Publius Quintilius, the senate -voted that in honor of my return an altar of the Augustan Peace should -be consecrated in the Campus Martius, and upon this altar it ordered -the magistrates and priests and vestal virgins to offer sacrifices on -each anniversary.[61] - - -c. 13. - -Janus Quirinus, which it was the purpose of our fathers to close when -there was peace won by victory[62] throughout the whole empire of -the Roman people on land and sea, and which, before I was born, from -the foundation of the city, was reported to have been closed twice -in all,[63] the senate three times ordered to be closed while I was -_princeps_.[64] - - -c. 14. - -My sons, the Cæsars Gaius and Lucius, whom fortune snatched from me in -their youth,[65] the senate and Roman people, in order to do me honor, -designated as consuls in the fifteenth year of each, with the intention -that they should enter upon that magistracy after five years.[66] And -the senate decreed that from the day in which they were introduced into -the forum they should share in the public counsels.[67] Moreover the -whole body of the Roman knights gave them the title, _principes_ -of the youth, and gave to each a silver buckler and spear.[68] - - -c. 15. - -To each man of the Roman _plebs_ I paid three hundred sesterces -in accordance with the last will of my father;[69] and in my own name, -when consul for the fifth time, I gave four hundred sesterces from -the spoils of the wars;[70] again, moreover, in my tenth consulship I -gave from my own estate four hundred sesterces to each man by way of -_congiarium_;[71] and in my eleventh consulship I twelve times -made distributions of food, buying grain at my own expense;[72] and -in the twelfth year of my tribunitial power I three times gave four -hundred sesterces to each man.[73] These my donations have never -been made to less than two hundred and fifty thousand men.[74] In my -twelfth consulship and the eighteenth year of my tribunitial power I -gave to three hundred and twenty thousand of the city _plebs_ -sixty _denarii_ apiece.[75] In the colonies of my soldiers, when -consul for the fifth time, I gave to each man a thousand sesterces from -the spoils; about a hundred and twenty thousand men in the colonies -received that triumphal donation.[76] When consul for the thirteenth -time I gave sixty _denarii_ to the _plebs_ who were at that -time receiving public grain; these men were a little more than two -hundred thousand in number.[77][78] - - -c. 16. - -For the lands which in my fourth consulship, and afterwards in the -consulship of Marcus Crassus and Cnæus Lentulus, the augur, I assigned -to soldiers, I paid money to the _municipia_. The sum which I paid -for Italian farms was about six hundred million sesterces, and that for -lands in the provinces was about two hundred and sixty millions.[79] -Of all those who have established colonies of soldiers in Italy or -in the provinces I am the first and only one within the memory of my -age, to do this. And afterward in the consulship of Tiberius Nero and -Cnæus Piso, and also in that of Gaius Antistius and Decimus Lælius, -and in that of Gaius Calvisius and Lucius Pasienus, and in that of -Lucius Lentulus and Marcus Messala, and in that of Lucius Caninius and -Quintus Fabricius, I gave gratuities in money to the soldiers whom I -sent back to their _municipia_ at the expiration of their terms -of service, and for this purpose I freely spent four hundred million -sesterces.[80] - - -c. 17. - -Four times I have aided the public treasury from my own means, to such -extent that I have furnished to those in charge of the treasury one -hundred and fifty million sesterces.[81] And in the consulship of -Marcus Lepidus and Lucius Arruntius I paid into the military treasury -which was established by my advice that from it gratuities might be -given to soldiers who had served a term of twenty or more years, one -hundred and seventy million sesterces from my own estate.[82] - - -c. 18. - -Beginning with that year in which Cnæus and Publius Lentulus were -consuls, when the imposts failed, I furnished aid sometimes to a -hundred thousand men, and sometimes to more, by supplying grain or -money for the tribute from my own land and property.[83] - - -c. 19. - -I constructed[84] the Curia,[85] and the Chalcidicum adjacent -thereto,[86] the temple of Apollo on the Palatine, with its -porticoes,[87] the temple of the divine Julius,[88] the Lupercal,[89] -the portico to the Circus of Flaminius, which I allowed to bear the -name, Portico Octavia, from his name who constructed the earlier one -in the same place;[90] the Pulvinar at the Circus Maximus,[91] the -temples of Jupiter the Vanquisher[92] and Jupiter the Thunderer, on the -Capitol,[93] the temple of Quirinus,[94] the temples of Minerva and -Juno Regina and of Jupiter Libertas, on the Aventine,[95] the temple of -the Lares on the highest point of the Via Sacra,[96] the temple of the -divine Penates on the Velian hill,[97] the temple of Youth,[98] and the -temple of the Great Mother on the Palatine.[99] - - -c. 20. - -The Capitol and the Pompeian theatre have been restored by me at -enormous expense for each work, without any inscription of my name.[100] -Aqueducts which were crumbling in many places by reason of age I have -restored, and I have doubled the water which bears the name Marcian -by turning a new spring into its course.[101] The Forum Julium and -the basilica which was between the temple of Castor and the temple -of Saturn, works begun and almost completed by my father, I have -finished; and when that same basilica was consumed by fire, I began -its reconstruction on an enlarged site, inscribing it with the names -of my sons; and if I do not live to complete it, I have given orders -that it be completed by my heirs.[102] In accordance with a decree of -the senate, while consul for the sixth time, I have restored eighty-two -temples of the gods, passing over none which was at that time in need -of repair.[103] In my seventh consulship I constructed the Flaminian -way from the city to Ariminum, and all the bridges except the Mulvian -and Minucian.[104] - - -c. 21. - -Upon private ground I have built with the spoils of war the temple -of Mars the Avenger, and the Augustan Forum.[105] Beside the temple -of Apollo, I built upon ground, bought for the most part at my own -expense, a theatre, to bear the name of Marcellus, my son-in-law.[106] -From the spoils of war I have consecrated gifts in the Capitol, and -in the temple of the divine Julius, and in the temple of Apollo, and -in the temple of Vesta, and in the temple of Mars the Avenger; these -gifts have cost me about a hundred million sesterces.[107] In my fifth -consulship I remitted to the _municipia_ and Italian colonies the -thirty-five thousand pounds given me as coronary gold on the occasion -of my triumphs, and thereafter, as often as I was proclaimed imperator, -I did not accept the coronary gold which the _municipia_ and -colonies voted to me as kindly as before.[108] - - -c. 22. - -Three times in my own name, and five times in that of my sons or -grandsons, I have given gladiatorial exhibitions; in these exhibitions -about ten thousand men have fought.[109] Twice in my own name, -and three times in that of my grandson, I have offered the people -the spectacle of athletes gathered from all quarters.[110] I have -celebrated games four times in my own name, and twenty-three times -in the turns of other magistrates.[111] In behalf of the college of -quindecemvirs, I, as master of the college, with my colleague Agrippa, -celebrated the Secular Games in the consulship of Gaius Furnius and -Gaius Silanus.[112] When consul for the thirteenth time, I first -celebrated the Martial games, which since that time the consuls have -given in successive years.[113] Twenty-six times in my own name, -or in that of my sons and grandsons, I have given hunts of African -wild beasts in the circus, the forum, the amphitheatres, and about -thirty-five hundred beasts have been killed.[114] - - -c. 23. - -I gave the people the spectacle of a naval battle beyond the Tiber, -where now is the grove of the Cæsars.[115] For this purpose an -excavation was made eighteen hundred feet long and twelve hundred -wide. In this contest thirty beaked ships, triremes or biremes, were -engaged, besides more of smaller size. About three thousand men fought -in these vessels in addition to the rowers. - - -c. 24. - -In the temples of all the cities of the province of Asia, I, as victor, -replaced the ornaments of which he with whom I was at war had taken -private possession when he despoiled the temples.[116] Silver statues -of me, on foot, on horseback and in quadrigas, which stood in the city -to the number of about eighty, I removed, and out of their money value, -I placed golden gifts in the temple of Apollo in my own name, and in -the names of those who had offered me the honor of the statues.[117] - - -c. 25. - -I have freed the sea from pirates. In that war with the slaves I -delivered to their masters for punishment about thirty thousand -slaves who had fled from their masters and taken up arms against the -state.[118] The whole of Italy voluntarily took the oath of allegiance -to me, and demanded me as leader in that war in which I conquered at -Actium. The provinces of Gaul, Spain, Africa, Sicily and Sardinia swore -the same allegiance to me.[119] There were more than seven hundred -senators who at that time fought under my standards, and among these, -up to the day on which these words are written, eighty-three have -either before or since been made consuls, and about one hundred and -seventy have been made priests.[120] - - -c. 26. - -I have extended the boundaries of all the provinces of the Roman people -which were bordered by nations not yet subjected to our sway.[121] I -have reduced to a state of peace the Gallic and Spanish provinces, and -Germany, the lands enclosed by the ocean from Gades to the mouth of -the Elbe.[122] The Alps from the region nearest the Adriatic as far as -the Tuscan Sea I have brought into a state of peace, without waging an -unjust war upon any people.[123] My fleet has navigated the ocean from -the mouth of the Rhine as far as the boundaries of the Cimbri, where -before that time no Roman had ever penetrated by land or sea;[124] and -the Cimbri and Charydes and Semnones and other German peoples of that -section, by means of legates, sought my friendship and that of the -Roman people.[125] By my command and under my auspices two armies at -almost the same time have been led into Ethiopia and into Arabia, which -is called “the Happy,” and very many of the enemy of both peoples have -fallen in battle, and many towns have been captured. Into Ethiopia the -advance was as far as Nabata, which is next to Meroe.[126] In Arabia -the army penetrated as far as the confines of the Sabaei, to the town -Mariba.[127] - - -c. 27. - -I have added Egypt to the empire of the Roman people.[128] Of greater -Armenia, when its king Artaxes was killed I could have made a -province, but I preferred, after the example of our fathers, to deliver -that kingdom to Tigranes, the son of king Artavasdes, and grandson of -king Tigranes; and this I did through Tiberius Nero, who was then my -son-in-law.[129] And afterwards, when the same people became turbulent -and rebellious, they were subdued by Gaius, my son, and I gave the -sovereignty over them to king Ariobarzanes, the son of Artabazes, king -of the Medes, and after his death to his son Artavasdes. When he was -killed I sent into that kingdom Tigranes, who was sprung from the royal -house of the Armenians.[130] I recovered all the provinces across the -Adriatic Sea, which extend toward the east, and Cyrenaica, at that time -for the most part in the possession of kings, together with Sicily and -Sardinia, which had been engaged in a servile war.[131] - - -c. 28. - -I have established colonies of soldiers[132] in Africa, Sicily, -Macedonia, the two Spains, Achaia, Asia, Syria, Gallia Narbonensis and -Pisidia.[133] Italy also has twenty-eight colonies established under -my auspices, which within my lifetime have become very famous and -populous.[134] - - -c. 29. - -I have recovered from Spain and Gaul, and from the Dalmatians, after -conquering the enemy, many military standards which had been lost by -other leaders.[135] I have compelled the Parthians to give up to me -the spoils and standards of three Roman armies, and as suppliants to -seek the friendship of the Roman people. Those standards, moreover, -I have deposited in the sanctuary which is in the temple of Mars the -Avenger.[136] - - -c. 30. - -The Pannonian peoples, whom before I became _princeps_, no army -of the Roman people had ever attacked, were defeated by Tiberius Nero, -at that time my son-in-law and legate; and I brought them under -subjection to the empire of the Roman people,[137] and extended the -boundaries of Illyricum to the bank of the river Danube.[138] When an -army of the Dacians crossed this river, it was defeated and destroyed, -and afterwards my army, led across the Danube, compelled the Dacian -people to submit to the sway of the Roman people.[139] - - -c. 31. - -Embassies have been many times sent to me from the kings of India, a -thing never before seen in the case of any ruler of the Romans.[140] -Our friendship has been sought by means of ambassadors by the Bastarnae -and the Scythians, and by the kings of the Sarmatae, who are on either -side of the Tanais, and by the kings of the Albani, the Hiberi, and the -Medes.[141] - - -c. 32. - -To me have betaken themselves as suppliants the kings of the -Parthians, Tiridates, and later, Phraates, the son of king -Phraates;[142] of the Medes, Artavasdes;[143] of the Adiabeni, -Artaxares;[144] of the Britons, Dumnobellaunus and Tim_____;[145] -of the Sicambri, Maelo;[146] and of the Marcomanian Suevi, -__________rus.[147] Phraates, king of the Parthians, son of Orodes, -sent all his children and grandchildren into Italy to me, not because -he had been conquered in war, but rather seeking our friendship -by means of his children as pledges.[148] Since I have been -_princeps_ very many other races have made proof of the good -faith of the Roman people, who never before had had any interchange of -embassies and friendship with the Roman people. - - -c. 33. - -From me the peoples of the Parthians and of the Medes have received -the kings they asked for through ambassadors, the chief men of those -peoples: the Parthians, Vonones, the son of king Phraates, and -grandson of king Orodes;[149] the Medes, Ariobarzanes, the son of king -Artavasdes, and grandson of king Ariobarzanes.[150] - - -c. 34. - -In my sixth and seventh consulships, when I had put an end to the -civil wars, after having obtained complete control of affairs by -universal consent, I transferred the commonwealth from my own dominion -to the authority of the senate and Roman people.[151] In return for -this favor on my part I received by decree of the senate the title -Augustus,[152] the door-posts of my house were publicly decked with -laurels, a civic crown was fixed above my door,[153] and in the Julian -Curia was placed a golden shield, which, by its inscription, bore -witness that it was given to me by the senate and Roman people on -account of my valor, clemency, justice and piety.[154] After that time -I excelled all others in dignity, but of power I held no more than -those also held who were my colleagues in any magistracy.[155] - - -c. 35. - -While I was consul for the thirteenth time the senate and the -equestrian order and the entire Roman people gave me the title of -father of the fatherland, and decreed that it should be inscribed upon -the vestibule of my house and in the Curia, and in the Augustan Forum -beneath the quadriga which had been, by decree of the senate, set up -in my honor.[156] When I wrote these words I was in my seventy-sixth -year.[157] - - - - -SUPPLEMENT. - - -c. 1. - -The sum of the money which he gave in to the treasury or to the Roman -people, or to discharged soldiers, was six hundred million denarii.[158] - - -c. 2. - -He constructed new works as follows: the temples of Mars, of Jupiter -the Thunderer and the Vanquisher, of Apollo, of the divine Julius, -of Quirinus, of Minerva, of Juno Regina, of Jupiter Libertas, of the -Lares, of the divine Penates, of Youth, and of the Mother of the -gods, the Lupercal, the Pulvinar in the Circus, the Curia with the -Chalcidicum, the Augustan Forum, the Basilica Julia, the Theatre of -Marcellus, the Portico on the Palatine, the Portico in the Flaminian -Circus, the grove of the Cæsars beyond the Tiber.[159] - - -c. 3. - -He restored the Capitol, and sacred structures to the number of -eighty-two, the Theatre of Pompey, the aqueducts, the Flaminian -Way.[160] - - -c. 4. - -His expenses for theatrical representations, for gladiatorial and -athletic exhibitions, for chases and the naval combat,[161] also for -gifts in money to the colonies and cities of Italy,[162] to provincial -cities suffering from earthquake or conflagrations,[163] and to -individual friends and to senators, whose property he raised to the -standard,[164] were innumerable. - - - - -CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. - -(_Roman numerals refer to chapters._) - - - A. U. C. - - 706. Made _pontifex_, VI. - - 710. Raises army at his own cost, I; gives to each citizen 300 - sesterces, according to will of Julius Cæsar, XV. - - 711. Enters senate, receives consular rank, and the _imperium_, - becomes _propraetor_, _imperator_, consul, I; triumvir, I - and VII; exiles murderers of Julius Cæsar, II. - - 712. War of Philippi, II; builds the curia, XIX, app. II. - - 714. _Imperator_ second and third times; ovation, IV. - - 716. Recovers Sardinia, XXVII. - - 718. The Sicilian war, III and XIX; fourth time _imperator_, IV; - punishes revolted slaves, XXV; recovers Sicily, XXVII; ovation, IV; - receives tribunitial power, X, cf. VI; builds temple of Apollo on the - Palatine, XIX, app. II. - - 721. Fifth time _imperator_? IV; recovers standards from - Dalmatians, XXIX. - - 722. Becomes leader against Antony, XXV. - - 723. Victory of Actium; clemency as victor, III; sixth time - _imperator_, IV. - - 724. Fourth consulship; veterans colonized, XVI; provinces east of - the Adriatic, and Cyrenae recovered; Egypt annexed, XXVII; Artavasdes - the Mede and Tiridates the Parthian flee to Augustus, XXXII; - ornaments replaced in temples of Asia, XXIV. - - 725. Fifth consulship, VIII, XV, XXI; seventh time _imperator_; - triple triumph, IV; declines coronary gold, XXI; gives to 120,000 - colonized soldiers 1,000 sesterces apiece; gives the people 400 - sesterces each, XV; gives gladiatorial show, XXII; consecrates gifts - in various temples, XXI; closes temple of Janus, XIII; name placed in - Salian hymn, X; increases number of patricians, VIII. - - 726. Sixth consulship, VIII, XX, XXXIV. Takes census; revises list - of senators, VIII; made _princeps senatus_, VII; restores city - temples, XX, app. III; gives money to the treasury, XVII; gives - gladiatorial and athletic shows, XXII; games vowed and celebrated for - health of Augustus, IX; restores the commonwealth to the senate and - people, XXXIV. - - 727. Seventh consulship, XX, XXXIV. Continuation of transfer of - power to senate and people; is called Augustus; door-posts decked - with laurel; civic crown and golden shield accorded, XXXIV; repairs - Flaminian Way, XX, app. III; melts down silver statues for offerings, - XXIV. - - 729. Eighth time _imperator_; refuses triumph, IV; closes temple - of Janus the second time, XIII; Arabian expedition, XXVI. - - 730. Tenth consulship; gives the people 400 sesterces each. - - 731. Eleventh consulship; twelve times supplies food for citizens, - XV, cf. V; Ethiopian expedition, XXVI. - - 732. Consulship of Marcus Marcellus and Lucius Arruntius; refuses - annual and perpetual consulship; also the dictatorship; accepts - the administration of grain supply, V; dedicates temple of Jupiter - Tonans, XIX. - - 733. Refuses consulship? V. - - 734. Receives embassy from India, XXXI; ninth time _imperator_? - refuses a triumph, IV; recovers standards from Parthia, XXIX; gives - Armenia Major to Tigranes, XXVII. - - 735. Quintus Lucretius and Marcus Vinucius consuls; altar of Fortuna - Redux consecrated; Augustalia established, XI; deputation of leading - men meet Augustus in Campania, XII; declines the custody of laws and - morals, VI. - - 736. Cnaeus and Publius Lentulus consuls, VI, XVIII; remits tribute, - XVIII; again declines custody of laws and morals; associates Agrippa - in tribunitial power, VI. - - 737. Gaius Furnius and Gaius Silanus consuls; secular games, XXII. - - 738. Augustus supplies money to the treasury, XVII; gives - gladiatorial show, XXII; dedicates temple of Quirinus, XIX, app. II. - - 739. Tenth time _imperator_, IV. - - 740. Marcus Crassus and Cnaeus Lentulus consuls; pays provincials for - lands taken for veterans. - - 741. Tiberius Nero and Publius Quintilius consuls, XII; deposits - laurel in the Capitol, IV; altar of the Augustan Peace dedicated, - XII; again associates Agrippa in tribunitial power, VI. - - 742. Gaius Sulpicius and Gaius Valgius consuls, X; twelfth year of - tribunitial power, XV; eleventh time _imperator_, IV; made - _pontifex maximus_, X; gives gladiatorial show, XXII; gives the - people 400 sesterces each, XV. - - 743. Paullus Fabius Maximus and Quintus Tubero consuls, VI; twelfth - time _imperator_, IV; for the third time refuses the custody of - laws and morals, VI; dedicates theater of Marcellus, XXI, app. II. - - 745. Thirteenth time _imperator_; deposits the laurel in temple - of Jupiter Feretrius, IV; Tiberius Nero subdues the Pannonians, XXX. - - 746. Gaius Censorinus and Gaius Asinius consuls; second census taken; - list of senate revised, VIII; children of Phraates sent to Rome; - Maelo, King of the Sicambri, surrenders himself, XXXII; fourteenth - time _imperator_; refuses a triumph, IV. - - 747. Tiberius Nero and Cnaeus Piso consuls; veterans discharged, with - gratuities, XVI; Alpine peoples added to the empire, XXVI; gives - gladiatorial show, XXII. - - 748. Gaius Antistius and Decimus Laelius consuls; veterans - discharged, with gratuities, XVI; associates Tiberius in tribunitial - power, VI. - - 749. Eighteenth year of tribunitial power; twelfth consulship; gives - sixty denarii each to 320,000 citizens; Gaius Cæsar consul designate, - made prince of the youth, received into senate, XIV; aqueducts - repaired, XX, app. III. - - 750. Gaius Calvisius and Lucius Passienus consuls; veterans - discharged, with gratuities, XVI. - - 751. Lucius Lentulus and Marcus Messala consuls; veterans discharged, - with gratuities, XVI. - - 752. Thirteenth consulship, XV, XXII, XXXV; Lucius Caninius and - Quintus Fabricius consuls; veterans discharged, with gratuities, - XVI; gives the citizens sixty denarii each, XV; Lucius Cæsar - consul designate, prince of the youth, and admitted to senate, - XIV; dedicates temple of Mars Ultor, XXI, app. II; martial games - instituted, XXII; naval contest exhibited, XXIII; title _pater - patriae_ conferred, XXXV. - - 755. Lucius Cæsar dies, XIV, cf. XX; fifteenth time _imperator_, - IV; Armenia subdued by Gaius Cæsar and given to Ariobarzanes, XXVII. - - 757. Gaius Cæsar dies, XIV, cf. XX; again associates Tiberius in - tribunitial power, VI. - - 758. Fleet penetrates to limits of the Cimbri; the Cimbri, Charudes - and Semnones send ambassadors, XXVI; King Vonones given to the - Parthians, XXXIII. - - 759. Marcus Lepidus and Lucius Arruntius consuls, XVII; seventeenth - time _imperator_, IV; Dacians subdued, XXX; gives gladiatorial - show, XXII; military treasury established, XVII. - - 762. Nineteenth time _imperator_, IV. - - 766. Associates Tiberius the third time in tribunitial power, VI. - - 767. Sextus Pompeius and Sextus Appuleius consuls, VIII; - thirty-seventh year of tribunitial power, IV; seventy-sixth year of - Augustus, XXXV; third census taken; list of senate revised, VIII. - - - - -BIBLIOGRAPHY. - -Abbreviations as used in the Notes are put in parentheses. - - -I. EDITIONS. - - =Mommsen, Theodor: Res Gestæ Divi Augusti ex Monumentis Ancyrano et - Apolloniensi.= pp. LXXXXVII, 223. With eleven photogravure plates. - Berlin, 1883. (_R. G._) - -This work is so exhaustive and so full that it puts all preceding -editions and discussions out of date. Hence this bibliography -enumerates only such editions and discussions as have appeared since -1883. - - =C. Peltier and R. Cagnat: Res Gestæ Divi Augusti, d’après la - dernière recension de Th. Mommsen.= Paris, 1886. - - -II. DISCUSSIONS OF THE MONUMENTUM. - - =Bormann, Ernest: Bemerkungen zum Schriftliche Nachlasse des - Kaisers Augustus.= Marburg, 1884. Universitäts Einladung. pp. 1-46. - - =Bormann, Ernest: Verhandlungen der dreiundvierzigsten Versammlung - Deutschen Philologen in Köln=, 1895. pp. 180-191. Leipzig, 1896. - - =Geppert, Paul: Zum Monumentum Ancyranum. Gymnasiums Programm.= - pp. 1-18. Berlin, 1887. - - =Hirschfeld, Otto: Wiener Studien=, 1885. pp. 170-174. - - =Mommsen, Theodor: Historische Zeitschrift, Neue Folge=, XXI. - pp. 385-397 - - =Nissen, H.: Rheinisches Museum=, XLI. 1886. pp. 481-499. - - =Plew, J.: Quellenuntersuchungen zur Geschichte des Kaisers - Hadrian, nebst einem Anhang über das Monumentum Ancyranum.= - Strassburg, 1890. pp. 98-121. - - =Schiller, H.: Bursians Jahresbericht=, XLIV, 85-86. - - =Schmidt, Johannes: Philologus=, XLIV, 1885. pp. 442-470; XLV, - 1886. pp. 393-410; XLVI, 1887. pp. 70-86. - - =Seeck, Otto: Wochenschrift für Klassische Philologie=, 19 Nov., - 1884. Col. 1473-1481. - - =v. Wilamowitz, Ulrich: Hermes=, XXI, 1886. pp. 623-627. - - =Wölfflin, E.: Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-philologischen - und historischen Klasse der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu - München=, 1886. pp. 253-282. - - -III. WORKS OF REFERENCE MOST FREQUENTLY CITED. - - =Gardthausen, V.: Augustus und seine Zeit.= 1er Th., 1er Bd., - pp. VIII, 484; 2er Th., 1er Hlb., pp. 276. Leipzig, 1891. 1er Th., - 2er Bd., pp. 485-1032; 2er Th., 2er Hlb., pp. 277-649. 1896. - - Not yet completed; the standard work on the subject. Second part - contains the references. (_Aug._) - - =Marquardt, Joachim: Römische Staatsverwaltung.= - - =Mommsen, Theodor: Römische Geschichte.= (_Röm. Gesch._) - - =Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum.= (=C. I. L.=) - - -IV. CLASSICAL AUTHORS CITED. - - =Ammianus Marcellinus (Amm.)=: _Rerum Gestarum Libri_. - - =Appianus (Appian)=: _Bella Civilia (B. C.)_; _Illyrica - (Illyr.)_. - - =Cæsar, Gaius Julius (Cæs.)=: _De Bello Gallico (B. G.)_; - _De Bello Civili (B. C.)_. - - =Cassiodorus (Cass.)=: _Chronicon (Chron.)_. - - =Cicero, Marcus Tullius (Cic.)=: _Epistolae, ad Atticum (ad - Att.)_; _pro Sextio (pro Sext.)_; _Philippica ( Phil.)_. - - =Dio Cassius Cocceianus (Dio)=: _Historia Romana_. - - =Dionysius=: _Archæologia Romana_. - - =Eusebius=: _Chronicon (Chron.)_. - - =Eutropius=: _Breviarium Historiæ Romanæ_. - - =Festus, Sextus Pompeius=: _De Verborum Significatione_. - - =Florus, Lucius Annæus (Flor.)=: _Epitome Rerum Romanarum_. - - =Frontinus, Sextus Julius (Front.)=: _De Aquæductibus Urbis - Romæ Libri II (De Aq.)_. - - =Gellius, Aulus (Gell.)=: _Commentarii Noctium Atticarum_. - - =Horatius Flaccus, Quintus (Hor.)=: _Carmina (Carm.)_; - _Satiræ (Sat.)_; _Carmen Sæculare (Carm. Sæc.)_; - _Epistolæ (Ep.)_; _Epodon (Epod.)_. - - =Hyginus, Gromaticus=: _De Limitum Constructione (De Lim.)_. - - =Jordanes=: _De Getarum Origine et Rebus Gestis_. - - =Josephus Flavius (Jos.)=: _Jewish Wars (Wars)_; _Jewish - Antiquities (Ant.)_. - - =Justinus (Justin)=: _Historiarum Philippicarum Libri XLIV_. - - =Juvenal, Decimus Junius (Juv.)=: _Satiræ (Sat.)_. - - =Livius, Titus (Livy)=: _Annales_; _Epitomæ (Ep.)_. - - =Macrobius, Ambrosius Aurelius Theodosius (Mac.)=: - _Saturnaliorum Conviviorum Libri VII (Sat.)_. - - =Nepos, Cornelius (Nep.)=: _De Viris Illustribus_. - - =Orosius, Paulus (Oros.)=: _Historiarum adversus Paganos (adv. - Pag.)_. - - =Ovidius Naso, Publius (Ovid)=: _Metamorphoses (Met.)_; - _Fasti_; _Tristia (Tr.)_; _Ars Amatoria (Ars Am.)_. - - =Plinius Secundus, Gaius (Pliny)=: _Historia Naturalis (Hist. - Nat.)_ - - =Plutarchus (Plut.)=: _Vita Antonii (Ant.)_; _Vita Bruti - (Brut.)_; _Moralia. De Fortuna Romanorum (De Fort. Rom.)_. - - =Propertius, Sextus Aurelius (Prop.)=: _Elegiæ_. - - =Ptolemæus, Claudius (Ptol.)=: _Geographia_. - - =Seneca, Lucius Annæus (Sen.)=: _De Clementia ad Neronem - Cæsarem Libri II (De Clem.)_. - - =Strabo=: _Geographia_. - - =Suetonius, Tranquillus Gaius (Suet.)=: _Vita Duodecim - Cæsarum_; _Julii (Jul.)_; _Augusti (Aug.)_; _Tiberii - (Tib.)_; _Claudii (Claud.)_. - - =Tacitus, Gaius Cornelius (Tac.)=: _Historiæ (Hist.)_; - _Annales (Ann.)_; _Germania (Ger.)_; _Agricola (Agr.)_. - - =Valerius Maximus (Val.)=: _De Factis Dictisque Memorabilibus - Libri IX_. - - =Varro, Marcus Terentius=: _De Lingua Latina_. - - =Velleius Paterculus, Gaius (Vell.)=: _Historiæ Romanæ Libri - II_. - - =Vergilius Maro, Publius (Ver.)=: _Æneid (Æn.)_; - _Georgica, (Georg.)_. - - =Victor, Sextus Aurelius (Vict.)=: _Historia Romana_. - - =Zonaras, Joannes=: _Annales_. - - - - -NOTES: - - -[1] This title at Ancyra extends over the first three pages of the -Latin, that is over so much of the inscription as is on the left wall -of the pronaos; the Greek title extends over seventeen of the nineteen -pages of the Greek version. - -In its present form, the title cannot be the same as that over the -original at Rome. All from “as engraved” is certainly an addition, -probably made by the Galatian legate who ordered the magistrates of -Ancyra to have the inscription placed on the temple of Augustus. -The last two words in the Latin (placed first in the English), were -probably inserted only by a blunder at Ancyra. “A copy subjoined,” -doubtless stood in the legate’s letter, just as we might write “see -enclosure.” But what of the remainder of the inscription, “Of the deeds -... Roman people”? It is hardly conceivable that this was the title -of the inscription at Rome, because it embraces only two of the three -parts into which the subject-matter falls. It covers the achievements -and the expenditures of Augustus; in reverse order, however, from that -of the document itself; and it omits any allusion to the subject-matter -of the first fourteen chapters, which have to do with the offices and -honors conferred upon Augustus. - -It is impossible to say what was the superscription at Rome. Possibly -there was none. The name of Augustus, most likely, was conspicuous -somewhere in connection with the front of the mausoleum, and this -inscription may very well have been devoid of title. - -[2] Augustus was nineteen years old on Sept. 23, 710. - -[3] Cicero (_Ad Att._ XVI, 8, 1,) on Nov. 1, 710, writes: “I have -letters from Octavian; great things are doing; he has led over to his -views the veterans of Casilinum and Calatia.” Cf. Vell. II, 61. Dio -XLVI, 29. - -[4] Cf. Cic. (_Phil._ III, 2, 3), “The young Cæsar, without our -(the senate’s) advice or consent, raised an army and poured forth his -patrimony.” - -[5] Gardthausen, _Aug._ 1er Th. 2er Bd. p. 524, thinks that this -beginning the Res Gestae with the raising of an army, is an admission -of the military foundation of the principate. - -[6] Such a statement is part of Augustus’ scheme to pose as a restorer -of the old order. He makes Brutus, Cassius, Pompey and Antony public -enemies. - -[7] Cicero says (_Phil._ V, 17, 46), that on Jan. 1, 711, “the -senate voted that Gaius Cæsar, son of Gaius, pontiff, should be a -senator, and hold praetorian rank in speaking.” Dio (XLVI, 29), says -that on Jan. 2 or 3, “Cæsar was made senator as a quaestor.” - -[8] Livy (_Ep._ CXVIII), “he received the consular ornaments.” -App. (_B. C._ III, 51) adds that he was given consular rank in -speaking. Cf. Mommsen, _Röm. St._, I, pp. 442, 443. - -[9] Cf. Cic. (_Phil._ ii, 8, 20), “The senate gave Gaius Cæsar the -fasces.” Cf. Tac. _Ann._ I, 10; Livy, _Ep._ CXVIII. - -[10] App. _B. C._ III, 51. Vell. II, 61. - -[11] The formula by which in emergencies, extraordinary powers were -given to the ordinary magistrates. This measure had since 216 B. C., -entirely superseded the old custom of appointing a dictator. (Cf. note -[32]) Chap. V. The present formula, however, had been employed long -before the disuse of the dictatorship. Cf. Livy III, 4; VI, 19. This -extraordinary commission was not restricted to the consuls. Cf. Cæs. -_B. C._ I, 5. - -[12] Hirtius was killed April 16, 711, and Pansa died of wounds -received on the 15th, in the fighting against Antonius. Cæsar -Octavianus and Q. Pedius were elected consuls Aug. 19, 711. Dio -LVI, 30; C. I. L. I, p. 400 = x, 8375; Tac. _Ann._ I, 9; Suet. -_Aug._ 100. Vell. (II, 65), says the election was on Sept. 22. But -Macrobius, (_Sat._ I, 35, 25), assigns the fact that he was made -consul in the month Sextilis, as one of the reasons why the name of -that month was changed to August. - -[13] C. I. L. I, p. 466 and App. _B. C._ IV, 7, fix the formal -ratification of the triumvirate by the people, as having been proposed -by the tribune Publius Titius and carried in a public assembly on Nov. -27, 711. - -[14] An instance of Augustus’ avoiding the names of his enemies; here, -particularly, Brutus and Cassius. - -[15] The _Lex Pedia_, Sept., 711, named from Augustus’ colleague -in the consulship, constituted an extraordinary tribunal for this class -of offenders: the penalty was interdiction from fire and water, -_i. e._, outlawry. Livy, _Ep._ CXX; Vell. II, 69; App. III, 95; -Suet. _Aug._ 10; Dio XLVI, 49. - -[16] The only instance in the Res Gestae of a palpable distortion of -fact. The battles at Philippi, in November, 712, are referred to. For -the date see Gardthausen, _Aug._ 2er Th. 1er Halbband, p. 80. In -the first fight, Suetonius says (_Aug._ 13), that Cæsar hardly -escaped, ill and naked, from his camp to the wing of Antony’s army. -He was ill, and had to be carried in a litter, according to Plutarch, -_Brut._ p. 41. In _Antony_, 22, Plutarch says: “In the first -battle, Cæsar was completely routed by Brutus, his camp taken, he -himself very narrowly escaping by flight.” The decisive defeat of the -Republicans was twenty days later. - -[17] The text here is conjectural. Mommsen is almost alone in -holding to “surviving,” Zumpt, in his edition of 1869, had read -“suppliant” (_supplicibus_), Bergk, in 1873, “asking pardon” -(_deprecantibus_). Hirschfeld, the same sense, (_veniam -petentibus_). Seeck insists on the latter reading, in spite of -Mommsen’s arguments for his own choice. Augustus did not spare all -surviving citizens either after Philippi or Actium, cf. Dio LI, 2: -After Actium “of the senators and knights, and other leading men, who -in any way had helped Antony, he fined some, many he killed, some he -spared.” For his conduct after Philippi, cf. Suet. _Aug._ 13. But -a coin of 727 (Eckhel VI, 88, Cohen I, p. 66, No. 30), has CÆSAR COS -VII CIVIBUS SERVATEIS, “Cæsar for the seventh time consul, the citizens -having been preserved.” It commemorates the civic crown given to -Augustus, cf. c. XXXIV. There are other coins with OB CIVES SERVATOS, -“On account of the preservation of the citizens.” - -[18] This fact is one of the few which the latest text, based on -Humann’s work, alone establishes. Merivale’s comment on the relation -of Augustus to the army is noteworthy: “Their hero (Julius Cæsar) -discarded the defence of the legions, and a few months witnessed his -assassination. Augustus learned circumspection from the failure of his -predecessor’s enterprise. He organized a military establishment of -which he made himself the permanent head; to him every legionary swore -personal fidelity; every officer depended upon his direct appointment.” -(C. XXXII.) - -[19] C. 15 states the number colonized at 120,000. The 200,000 over -and above the 300,000 here named, are accounted for in the twenty-five -legions, 150,000 men in service at his death, leaving only 50,000 as -the number who died in service or were dishonorably discharged during -the long rule of Augustus. For a study of the strength and disposition -of the Roman army at the death of Augustus, cf. Mommsen’s R. G., pp. -67-76. - -[20] The term of service in 741, was twelve years for praetorian -soldiers and sixteen for legionaries, raised in 758 to sixteen and -twenty years respectively. Cf. c. 17, N. 2. - -[21] The reading of Wölfflin and others (see textual note) would give -instead of “lands purchased by me,” “I have assigned lands,” and -instead of “money for farms, out of my own means” “money for reward -of service.” Bormann, _Schr. Nachl._ p. 18-20, does not think -that Augustus meant to state that he paid these charges from private -sources, but believes that such a statement would be irrelevant in this -section, if true, and an anticipation of cc. 15 and 16. - -[22] Sextus Pompeius lost thirty ships at Mylae, and at Naulochus, out -of three hundred which he had, eighteen were sunk and the rest, with -the exception of seventeen, burned or captured. Cf. App. _B. C._ -V, 108, 118, 121. Plut. _Ant._ 68, says that Augustus took 300 -ships at Actium. These captures give, in round numbers, 600 vessels. - -[23] The ovation was the lesser triumph. The general entered the city -clad as an ordinary magistrate, and on foot, or as here, (see the -Greek), on horseback, decked with myrtle. Suet. _Aug._ 22, says, -these ovations were after Philippi, and the Sicilian war; the former in -714, the latter, Nov. 13, 718. Cf. Dio XLVIII, 31, XLIX, 15; C. I. L. -1, p. 461. - -[24] In the curule triumph, for important victories, the general was -vested in purple, and rode in a four-horse chariot, preceded by the -fasces. These three triumphs were celebrated on the 13th, 14th and 15th -of August, 725, for the Dalmatian successes, the victory of Actium and -the capture of Alexandria. Cf. C. I. L. I, p. 328 and 478. Prop. II, -1, 31, ff, gives an eye-witness’ account of the second day. Cf. Livy, -_Ep._ CXXXIII; Suet. _Aug._ 22; Verg. _Aen._ VIII; 714, -Dio LI, 21. - -[25] The acclamation as _imperator_, on account of success in -war, must be carefully distinguished from the title used as a prefix -to the name and as a mark of perpetual authority. The title imperator -was regularly and permanently assumed at the beginning of each reign, -after that of Augustus. To him it was formally assigned by the senate, -in Jan., 725. C. I. L., V, 1873: _Senatus populusque Romanus imp. -Cæsari, divi. Juli. f. cos. quinct. cos. design. sext. imp. sept. -republica conservata._ The term thus had a double usage and meaning -in such cases. - -It soon came about that only the _princeps_ could assume the -special designation for military successes, no matter whether won by -him in person or not. Tacitus says, _Ann._ III, 74: “Tiberius -allowed Blaesus to be saluted as imperator by the legions. Augustus -conceded the title to some, but Tiberius’ allowing it to Blaesus was -the last instance.” For a discussion of _Imperator_ as permanent -title, see Gardthausen, p. 527, and Merivale, _History of the -Romans_, c. XXXI. - -Most of the acclamations of Augustus as imperator can be traced. No -Greek inscription records them. A list follows. In the later instances -Tiberius was associated. - -I. April 15 (?) 711. After battles about Mutina. C. I. L. X, 8375 and -Dio XLVI, 38. - -II. Not traced. - -III. Before 717. Cohen, _Vipsan._ 3, gives a coin with the words -_imp. divi Juli f. ter. III Vir v. p. c. M. Agrippa cos. desig._ -Agrippa entered his consulship Jan. 1, 717. - -IV. Probably connected with the Sicilian victory and ovation of 718. - -V. 720 or 721. Probably connected with Dalmatian victories of one of -those years. Cf. C. I. L. V, 526. - -VI. From Sept. 2, 723, to 725. On account of Actium. Cf. Oros. VI, 19, -14. C. I. L. X, 3826. _Imp. Cæsari divi f. imp. vi, cos. iii_ -(723). C. I. L. X, 4830, _imp. Cæsari divi f. cos. v_ (725) -_imp. vi_. - -VII. From 725 to 729. C. I. L. VI, 873: _senatus populusque Romanus -imp. Cæsari divi Juli f. cos. quinct._ (725) _cos. desig. sex. -imp. sept. republica conservata_. On account of Thracian and Dacian -victory of M. Licinius Crassus. Dio LI, 25, says: “Sacrifices and -festivals were decreed to Cæsar and to Crassus. He did not, however, as -some say, take the name imperator. Cæsar alone assumed that.” - -VIII. From 729 to 734. Two inscriptions at Nismes (Donat. 96, 6) read: -_imp. Cæsari divi f. Augusto cos. nonum_ (729) _designato -decimum, imp. octavum_. Dio LIII, 26, says it was for a Celtic -victory of Marcus Vinicius. - -IX. From 734 to 739 (?) Coins have the inscription _Augustus Cæsar -div. f. Armen. capt. imp. viii_. These commemorate the Armenian -expedition of Tiberius in 734. Possibly Augustus took the title on -account of the return of the captured standards from Parthia, which he -accounted a greater triumph than many a victory in open warfare. - -X. 739 (?) to 742. C. I. L. V, 8088 and others: _Augustus imp. x, -tribunicia potestate xi_. The latter falls in the years 742, 743. -Probably referable to successes in Rhætian war of 739. - -XI. 742. Coins (Cohen, n. 147-150) give: _imp. xi_. The causes -were the successes of Tiberius in Pannonia in 742. Dio LIV, 31. - -XII. 743 to 744. C. I. L., III, 3117: _imp. xii tr. pot. xiii_ and -VI, 701, 702: _pontifex maximus, imp. xii cos. xi trib. pot. xiv_. -Referable to Germanic victory of Drusus. Dio LIV, 33. - -XIII. Tiberius Imp. 745. Suet., _Tib._ 9, says that Tiberius -received the oration for Pannonian and Dalmatian victories. Cf. Val. 5, -5, 3. Dio LV, 2. - -XIV. Tiberius Imp. II. 746-755. Dio LV, 6, refers this acclamation -to the Germanic victories of 746. Many coins, milestones and other -inscriptions of the period indicated mention this fourteenth -acclamation. Cf. C. I. L., II, 3827; 4931; V, 7243; 7817; VI, 1244. - -XV. 755. For the Armenian victory of C. Cæsar. Dio Cass. LV, 11. C. I. -L. X, 3827; _pont. max., cos. iii (xiii) imp. xv, tr. p. xxv, p. p._ - -XVI. Untraced. - -XVII. Tiberius Imp. III. 759. Dio LV, 28, referring to the German -expedition of Tiberius in 759, says, “Nothing great was accomplished. -Yet both Augustus and Tiberius received the acclamation as imperators.” -Cf. C. I. L. V. 6416. - -XVIII. Tiberius Imp. IV. Probably for successes in Illyricum. - -XIX. Tiberius Imp. V, 762. Dio LVI, 17, refers to the Dalmatian war. A -coin of 763-4 (Cohen n. 27) gives: _Ti. Cæsar August. f. imperat. v. -pontifex, tribun. potestate xii_. - -XX. Tiberius Imp. VI. 765. The cause is not clear, probably for slight -successes of Tiberius and Germanicus against the Germans in 763, 764. -Dio LVI, 25. A Spanish milestone, C. I. L. II, 4868, gives the data. - -XXI. Tiberius Imp. VII. Tac. _Ann._ I, 9, says Augustus was -twenty-one times Imperator. A coin of Lyons (Cohen n. 35-38) has: -_Ti. Cæsar Augusti f. imperator VII_. This dates from the lifetime -of Augustus. Tiberius did not receive a further acclamation. - - -[26] ᵃ After his own victory over the Cantabri, that of Varro over the -Salassi and that of M. Vinicius over the Germans, in 729. Cf. Florus, -IV, 12, 53. - -ᵇ After the restoration of the standards by the Parthians in 734. Cf. -Borghesi II, 100 ff. - -ᶜ After the victories of Tiberius in Germany in 746. Dio LV, 6. - -ᵈ After the victories of Tiberius in Pannonia? Dio LVI, 17. - -[27] A part of the ordinary ceremonial of the triumph. Cf. Mommsen, -_Röm. St._ I, p. 61, 95, Marquardt, _Staatsverwaltung_, II, -p. 582. - -[28] For a thanksgiving after the expedition of Tiberius into Armenia -cf. Dio LIV, 9. Cf. also Cic. _Phil._ XIV, 11, 29. For two other -instances, cf. Mommsen, _R. G._, appendix, pp. 161-178. - -[29] Not an incredible number. Thanksgivings were offered in Julius -Cæsar’s time of fifteen, twenty, forty and fifty days. Cf. Drumann III, -609, No. 84. Fifty days were decreed for the victories of Hirtius, -Pansa and Octavian in 711. - -[30] The only names traceable are those of Alexander and Cleopatra, the -children of Cleopatra and Alexander brother of Jamblichus, King of the -Emesenes. Cf. Dio LI, 2, 21. Prop. 2, 1, 33, tells of “Kings with their -necks surrounded with golden chains,” in the triumph of Aug. 14, 725. - -[31] The emperors assumed the consulship only irregularly and for -short periods. Their taking of the “tribunitial power” was not through -a regular election to the tribuneship, as was the case with the -consulship, for Augustus as a patrician was ineligible; but it was the -assumption of a power equal to that of the tribunes. This made the -emperors sacrosanct, gave them the initiative and the veto, and well -subserved the fiction of their being the representatives and champions -of the people. For discussions of this power cf. Merivale, _Hist. of -Rom._ C. XXXI; Mommsen, _Röm. St._ II, p. 759, 771-777, 833-845. - -Succeeding emperors, down to 268 A. D., dated their accession from -the day of assuming the tribunitial power. The wording is peculiar in -this sentence. May it not have been that Augustus expected his heir -or executors to fill in the exact dates at the time of his death, as -suggested in the introduction? - -[32] Dio, LIV, 1, writes: “In the following year (732) the Tiber -again overflowed; statues in the Pantheon were struck by lightning, -so that the spear was knocked out of the hand of Augustus. Pestilence -was so violent in all Italy that year that there was no one to till -the fields; and I think the same was the case in foreign lands. The -Romans thought that this plague and famine had come upon them, because -they had not made Augustus consul that year; they wished to name him -dictator, and with great show of violence compelled the senate, shut -up in the curia, to decree this; threatening to burn them unless they -did it. So the senate approached Augustus with the twenty-four fasces -(insignia of dictatorship, the consul having only twelve), and begged -him to accept the dictatorship and the administration of the food -supply. He did indeed undertake the latter charge, and ordered that -duumvirs, who had held the praetorship five years before, should be -yearly appointed to have charge of the distribution of grain, but would -by no means accept the dictatorship. When neither by words nor prayers -he could move the people, he tore his garments. For he justly wished to -avoid the jealousy and hatred of that name, since moreover, he already -held a dignity and power superior to that of the dictatorship.” Vell. -II, 89, 5, says: “The dictatorship which the people persistently thrust -upon him, he as constantly repelled.” - -The dictatorship had fallen into disuse after 552, and was revived, -irregularly, by Sulla in 672. Cæsar made it the basis of his power, -being made perpetual dictator shortly before his death. After that -event, on motion of Antony, the office was abolished. - -[33] In Chap. 15, Augustus states that in 731 he twelve times -distributed grain at his own expense. This assumption of the grain -administration in 732 was not strictly a charity. The extract from -Dio under Note 69, gives some of the details. It is probable that from -this time the tribute in kind was turned into the _fiscus_, or -imperial treasury, instead of into the _ærarium_, or treasury of -the senate, as heretofore. This new task of the imperial government -involved not merely the gratuitous distribution of grain to the -ordinary Roman citizens (after 752 even to senators and knights), but -also the providing of a sufficient supply of grain for all purchasers -at a minimum price, often below the market value. It appears that grain -tickets “tessaræ frumentariæ” were distributed to the citizens entitled -to free grain, and then, to assist the vast multitude of strangers, -freedmen, and _attachés_ of the great houses, money tickets, -“tessaræ nummariæ” were given out. Cf. Mommsen, _Röm. St._, II, -992. - -[34] Vell. II, 89; Suet. _Aug._ 26; Dio, LIV, 10. Dio’s statement -that Augustus in 735 accepted the consular power (differing from the -consulship as the tribunitial power from the tribuneship. Cf. Note -31, Chap. 4.) for life, cannot be correct in face of the other two -authorities cited, who corroborate Augustus here. Chapter 8 tells of -two special assumptions of the consular power for the taking of the -second and third census. - -[35] Before the restoration of the text of this inscription, in this -case depending entirely upon the remains at Apollonia, it used to be -taught that Augustus accepted the formal superintendence of laws and -morals. And there seemed to be good ground for such belief. Horace, -c., 740 in _Carm. IV_, 5, v. 22, says, “Morality and law have -subdued foul wrong;” and in _Ep._, II, 1, v. 1, “Since thou hast -protected Italy with arms, adorned her with morality, and improved her -with laws.” Ovid wrote, _Tristia_, II, 233: “The city wearies -thee with the care of laws and morals, which thou desirest should be -like thy own.” Suet. _Aug._ 27, says: “He accepted the control of -laws and morals for life, as he had the tribunitial power; and in the -exercise of this control, altho’ without the honor of the censorship, -he yet thrice took the census of the people, the first and third times -with a colleague, the second time alone.” Dio, LIV, 10, 30, says that -in 735 and 742 Augustus accepted this office for periods of five years. -But the inscription shows that Suetonius and Dio were wrong, and that a -natural but incorrect inference had been drawn from the poets. - -This power was offered to Augustus three times; in 735, 736 and 743, -and as often refused. Why was it offered, and why refused? Cf. Dio, -LIV, 10; Vell. II, 91, 92; Suet. _Aug._ 19. While Augustus was in -Asia in 735 M. Egnatius Rufus, who is painted as a sort of Catiline, -tried to obtain the consulship, and even to supplant Augustus, and -stirred up sedition in the attempt. This so alarmed the senate and -people that they offered Augustus the plenary power of legislation and -coercion. The repetition of the offer in 736 was from a similar cause. -The reason for that of 743 is unknown. The power thus offered was -analogous to the decemvirate, or the Sullan dictatorship. Cf. Mommsen, -_Röm._, St., II, 686. - -[36] This sentence answers the second question asked in the above Note. -It was part of Augustus’ policy to seem to keep wholly within the lines -of the constitution. Hence his refusal to accept any extraordinary -office. Yet his tribunitial power was new and extraordinary. Tacitus’ -comment is caustic, _Ann._, III, 56: “That specious title (the -tribunitial power) importing nothing less than sovereign power, was -invented by Augustus at a time when the name of king or dictator -was not only unconstitutional but universally detested. And yet a -new name was wanted to overtop the magistrates and the forms of the -constitution.” - -[37] Dio, LIV, 16, names three laws promulgated by Augustus in 736: one -took cognizance of bribery by candidates for office; a second dealt -with extravagance; and a third was for the encouragement of matrimony. - -[38] ᵃ in 736 Agrippa was associated with Augustus for five years. Cf. -Dio, LIV, 12; Vell. II, 90; Tac. _Ann._ III, 56. - -ᵇ in 741 Agrippa again for five years. Cf. Dio, LIV, 12, 28. - -ᶜ in 748 Tiberius for five years. Cf. Dio, LV, 9; Vell. II, 99; Suet. -_Tib._ 9, 10, 11. - -ᵈ in 757 Tiberius for ten years. Cf. Dio, LV, 13; Vell. II, 103; Tac. -_Ann._, I, 3, 10. - -ᵉ in 766 Tiberius for an indefinite time. Cf. -Dio, LVI, 28. - -[39] Suet. _Aug._ 27: “He administered the triumvirate for -organizing the commonwealth through ten years.” Cf. C. I. L. I, p. 461 -and p. 466. The first triumvirate lasted from Nov. 27, 711, to Dec. 31, -716; the second from Jan. 1, 717, to Dec. 31, 721. But cf. c. 34, N. 1. - -[40] Cf. Dio, LIII, 1. This title had been conferred upon the senior -senator who had served as censor. Its only privilege was the right -of speaking first in debate. The honor had fallen into abeyance with -the death of Catulus in 694. It is readily seen how the revival of -such a title and of the right to express his views before any other -senator, gave Augustus a quasi-constitutional initiative in the senate. -Gradually the title dropped its second part, and “prince” began to have -something of its modern significance. Cf. Tacitus, _Ann._ III, 53, -for Tiberius’ view of its meaning. - -Augustus’ notation of time here, “through forty years,” is similar to -the “thirty-seventh year of the tribunitial power” in Chap. IV, or “the -seventy-sixth year” of Chap. 36. - -[41] He was made _pontifex_ in 706 by Julius Cæsar. Cf. Cic. -_Phil._ V, 17, 46; Vell. II, 59. For his taking the office of -_pontifex maximus_ cf. c. 10, N. 3. - -[42] The date of Augustus’ assumption of the augurate is discussed by -Drumann, IV, 250. Coins are the chief witnesses, and their testimony is -confused. The date probably was 713 or 714. - -[43] A coin of Augustus (Cohen, _Jul._ 60; _Aug._ 88) has -_imp. Cæsar divi f. III vir iter. r. p. c. cos. iter. et tert -desig._, which fixes the time as between 717 and 720; it has also -the tripod, the symbol of the quindecemvirate. - -[44] We can say only that Augustus received this dignity before -738; for there is a coin of that year showing the _simpulum_, -the _lituus_ and the tripod, the symbols respectively of the -three foregoing offices, and the _patera_, or bowl, that of the -septemviral office. The four colleges thus associated are the chief -ones. Cf. Chap. 9. - -[45] The name of Augustus is twice found in the _Acta Fratrum -Arvalium_, once in May, 767, in recording a vote, and in Dec., 767, -in the record of the nomination of his successor. - -[46] Tacitus says the Titian Sodality was instituted by Titus Tatius -for keeping up the Sabine ritual. Cf. _Ann._ I, 54. The record -here is all that is known of Augustus’ connection with it. - -[47] The fetials had charge of the formalities in declaring war and -peace. Dio L, 4, says that Augustus went through the old-fashioned -ceremonies in declaring war against Cleopatra. - -These three colleges had fallen into abeyance in the time of Cicero. -Augustus undoubtedly revived them. Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 31. Such -restoration, and religious conservatism in general, as even in the case -of Domitian, marks the policy of the emperors for two hundred years, -and was one of their favorite methods of posing simply as restorers of -the good old times. - -[48] In 725. The Saenian law, passed by the people in 724, authorized -this proceeding, and the senate’s decree followed. Hence the order, -“people and senate.” Cf. Tac. _Ann._ XI, 25; Dio, LII, 42. An -earlier creation of patricians is assigned by Dio to the year 721. -But he is probably mistaken, as Tacitus, in the passage just noted, -says that Claudius was obliged to create more patricians, “because the -number had declined even after being recruited by the dictator Cæsar -under the Cassian law, and by Augustus the _princeps_ under the -Saenian law.” Such a creation was not a right of the principate. Cæsar -and Augustus did it by special authorization of people and senate. -Claudius did it in virtue of his censorship, and this status continued -till Domitian absorbed the censorship in the principate, and assumed -the right as a permanent one. - -[49] During most of the republican history the senate numbered, -ideally, three hundred. In Cicero’s time it had over four hundred -members. Julius Cæsar raised it to about nine hundred. Suet. -_Aug._, 35, says: “By two separate scrutinies he (Augustus) -reduced to their former number and splendor the senate, which had been -swamped by a disorderly crowd; for they were now more than a thousand, -and some of them very mean persons, who, after Cæsar’s death, had been -chosen by dint of interest and bribery, so that they had the name of -Orcini among the people.” They were also called Charonites, because -they owed their elevation to the last will of Cæsar, who had gone into -Orcus to Charon. Dio, XL, 48, 63, tells of freedmen in the senate and, -XLIII, 22, of a private soldier; Gell., XV, 4, of a muleteer, cf. -Juvenal, _Sat._ VII, 199. - -Dio, LII, 42, cf. LIII, 1, tells of the first scrutiny, in 725-6. A -hint from Augustus was enough to cause the withdrawal first of sixty, -then of one hundred and forty senators. He also tells, LIV, 13, 14, -of a further revision in 736, by which the number was brought down to -six hundred. He assigns a third sifting to 743 (LIV, 35), and a fourth -to 757 (LV, 13). Mommsen, however, is inclined to connect the three -revisions of Augustus with the censuses of 726, 746 and 767, and to -regard those of 736 and 757 as extraordinary, and therefore not named -by Augustus, in his desire to appear entirely within constitutional -lines. Cf. Mommsen, _R. G._, p. 35. - -[50] Suetonius evidently depends on this inscription when he says, -_Aug._ 27: “Three times he took the census of the Roman people, -the first and third times with a colleague, the second time alone.” -This first census was in 725-6. Cf. Dio, LII, 42; LIII, 1; C. I. L. -IX, 422, _imp. Cæsar VI, M. Agrippa II cos.; idem censoria potestate -lustrum fecerunt_. - -The lustrum was strictly the expiatory offering made at the close -of the census. The census had not been taken for forty-one years. -The number of Roman citizens of military age in 684 had been given -as but 450,000. This census of 726 reported 4,063,000. Probably the -vast apparent increase rose from the fact of the earlier enumeration -counting only such as presented themselves before the censors in the -city, while at the later time the citizens throughout the empire were -counted. Clinton, _Fasti Hellenici_, III, 461, estimates a total -free citizenship of more than 17,000,000. The total population of the -empire at this time, including citizens, allies, slaves and freedmen, -has been estimated at 85,000,000. Cf. Merivale, _Rom._ cc. XXX, -XXXIX. - -The Greek of the inscription here reads erroneously 4,603,000. - -[51] In 746. The result, 4,233,000, shows a gain of 170,000. - -[52] In 767. Just before the death of Augustus. Result, 4,937,000; gain -since 746, 704,000. - -[53] Suetonius, _Aug._ 34, relates his endeavors to compel -matrimony. In Chap. 89, Suetonius writes: “In reading Greek or Latin -authors he paid particular attention to precepts and examples which -might be useful in public or private life. These he used to extract -verbatim, and give to his domestics, or send to the commanders of the -armies, the governors of the provinces, or the magistrates of the city, -when any of them seemed to stand in need of admonition. He likewise -read whole books to the senate, and frequently made them known to the -people by his edicts; such as the orations of Quintus Metellus ‘For -the Encouragement of Marriage,’ and those of Rutilius ‘On the Style -of Building;’ to show the people that he was not the first who had -promoted those objects, but that the ancients likewise had thought them -worthy of their attention.” Cf. Livy, _Ep._ LIX; Gell., I, 6. - -[54] These games were first held in 726, and every fourth year -thereafter. The expression “every fifth year” counts the year of the -games as the fifth of the old series and also the first of the new. -The consuls, or rather the consul Agrippa, Augustus not holding games -in his own honor, celebrated the games of 726, the pontifices those of -730, the augurs those of 734, the quindecemvirs those of 738, and the -septemvirs those of 742. Cf. c. 7, N. 6. These games are mentioned by -Dio, LIII, 1, 2; LIV, 19; Pliny, _Hist. Nat._ VII, 48, 158; Suet. -_Aug._ 44. They came to a close with the life of Augustus. We do -not hear of them in connection with any subsequent emperor. Vows for -his good health had a special fitness, for according to Suetonius, -_Aug._ LXXXI, he was almost an invalid. “During his whole course -of life he suffered at times dangerous fits of sickness. He was subject -to fits of sickness at stated times every year, for about his birthday -he was commonly indisposed. In the beginning of spring he was attacked -with an inflammation of the midriff; and when the wind was southerly, -with a cold in his head. By all these complaints his constitution was -so shattered that he could not readily bear heat or cold.” - -[55] Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 59 and 98; Hor. _Carm._ IV, 5, 33; Dio, -LI, 19. - -[56] Dio writes of the year 725, LI, 20: “When letters were brought -about Parthian affairs it was decreed that he should be named in the -hymns exactly as were the gods.” Tiridates, a Parthian pretender, -sought the aid of Augustus. Cf. Chap. 32, and Dio, LI, 18. Augustus -balanced Tiridates against Phraates, the legitimate monarch, who sent -an embassy, and gave his son to Rome as a hostage. - -[57] In 718, when Lepidus had been overthrown, the tribunitial -power had been given to Octavian, as formerly to Julius, for life. -Inviolability of person was one of the privileges of the tribunate. -Cf. Oros. VI, 18, 34; Dio, XLIX, 15; LI, 18; LIII, 32. These two later -statements relating to the years 724 and 731, Mommsen thinks have to -do, the former with the extension of the tribunitial power beyond the -city, and the latter to the making it annual, as well as perpetual, so -that the years of the principate could be reckoned by it. Cf. Chap. -4, note 31. Cf. also App. _B. C._ V, 132, and for a discussion of -the tribunitial power as an expression of the principate, cf. Mommsen, -_Röm. St._ II, 833, ff. - -Wölfflin, cf. textual note, suggests, to fill the gap confessedly left -by Mommsen’s emendation, a reading which would be translated “that my -person should be sacrosanct.” - -[58] Augustus here characteristically avoids the name of Lepidus. -The latter “in the confusion and tumult had seized the supreme -pontificate,” cf. Livy, _Ep._ CXVII, “by craft,” cf. Velleius II, -63; “Antony transferred the election of the pontifex maximus from -the people to the priests again, and through them initiated Lepidus, -almost entirely neglecting the customs of the fathers.” Cf. Dio, XLIV, -53. Lepidus dying in 741, cf. Dio, LIV, 27, Augustus entered upon the -office Mar. 6, 742. Cf. C. I. L., I. p. 387. It was unlawful to deprive -a living man of this office, cf. App., _B. C._, V, 131. - -[59] October 12, 735. In C. I. L. I. p. 404, is found an inscription -of that date: _Feriae ex senatus consulto, quod eo die imp. Cæsar -Augustus ex transmarinis provincis urbem intravit araq(ue) Fortunae -reduci constituta._ There are also gold and silver coins (Eckhel VI, -100; Cohen, _Aug._ nos. 102-108) with the inscription, _Fortunae -reduci, Cæsari Augusto senatus populusque Romanus_, Dio, LIV, 10, -tells that Augustus after having arranged matters in Sicily, Greece, -Asia and Syria, returned to Rome, and that many honors were decreed -to him, but that he would accept none of them, “but that an altar -should be consecrated to Fortune the Restorer, that the day should be -accounted a feast day, and that it should be called the Augustalia.” - -The location near the Porta Capena was chosen, because it was through -that gate Augustus would enter the city, coming by the Appian Way from -Brundisium. The altar was dedicated on Dec. 15, C. I. L. X, 8375. Cf. -Dio, LI, 19; App. _B. C._ II, 106. - -[60] Dio, LIV, 10, relates that in this year there were great tumults -in connection with the consular comitia, and no election was possible. -In consequence of this the senate sent messengers to Augustus urging -him to deal with the trouble. Q. Lucretius, one of the delegates, was -named consul by Augustus on the spot where they met. It is Mommsen’s -idea (_R. G._, p. 48) that the story of Dio, and the statement of -Augustus relate to the same event, and that Augustus was not willing -to admit that so late in his reign, such disturbances could be, and -that he therefore conveys the impression that what was really an appeal -for aid was rather an embassy of honor. This Mommsen thinks quite in -keeping with the general character and method of Augustus. Bormann, on -the other hand (_Schr. Nach._, p. 29), sees no conflict in the two -accounts. He believes that Dio narrates truthfully enough an earlier -deputation sent to Augustus, possibly at Athens, some time before -his return, and that Lucretius was named consul there by Augustus. -Then, some time later, the deputation of honor, as recorded in the -inscription, was sent into Campania. - -[61] That this annual sacrifice was instituted July 4, 741, appears -from C. I. L., I, 395. _Feriae ex. s. c. quod eo die ara Pacis Augustae -in campo Martio constituta est Nerone et Varo cos._ Cf. Fasti of -Præneste, Jan. 30, C. I. L., I, 313, for day of the actual dedication; -also Ovid, _Fasti_ I, 709; Dio, LIV, 25. - -This altar was probably on the Flaminian Way by which Augustus returned -from Gaul. - -[62] The exact conditions necessary for the closing of the temple, -viz., “peace won by victories” were first made known in 1882 by this -perfected text of the _Res Gestæ_. - -[63] Cf. Livy, I, 19; Varro, V, 165. The temple of Janus (or as the -Romans called it, Janus, without the word temple,) (cf. Latin text and -Livy, l. c., and Horace, Carm, IV, 15, 9,) had been closed first under -Numa and again after the first Punic War. - -[64] Augustus first closed it in 725, after Actium. Cf. Livy, l. c.; -Dio, LI, 20; Vell., II, 38; Victor, _De Viris Ill._, LXXIX, 6; -Plut. _De Fort. Rom._, 9; Oros., VI, 20, 8. C. I. L. I, p. 384, -supplies the day, January 11. In 728 it was opened again, on account of -the war with the Cantabri. Cf. Dio, LIII, 26, Plutarch, l. c. A second -time it was closed in 729, cf. Dio, l. c.; Oros., VI, 21, 1. The time -of its next opening cannot be determined; but in all probability it was -reopened that very year, on account of the Arabian campaign. Dio, LIV, -36, records that in 744 the Senate decreed that it should be closed, -but that a Dacian rebellion interfered. But Dio must be mistaken, for -Drusus was then in the midst of his German campaign. But after the -campaigns of Drusus and Tiberius in Germany, closed in 746, up to 753, -when Gaius Cæsar started for Armenia, the temple might well have been -closed. Parts of Dio are lost here, which may have mentioned such -closing. The birth of Jesus Christ, 749, falls in this period of peace. -Cf. Milton’s _Nativity Hymn_. When it was opened for the third -time cannot be said. Tacitus says it was opened when Augustus was an -old man. But it can hardly have remained shut after the opening of the -Armenian war in 753. Augustus was then sixty-two years old. That age -may possibly suit the expression of Tacitus. Horace _Ep._, II, 1, -255, and _Carm._, IV, 15, 9, mentions the closing of the temple. -Suetonius, _Aug._ 22, says: “Janus Quirinus, which had been shut -twice only, from the era of the building of the city to his own time, -he closed thrice in a much shorter period, having established universal -peace both by sea and land.” This is almost a literal transcript of the -_Res Gestæ_. - -[65] Gaius and Lucius, the sons of Agrippa and Julia, the daughter of -Augustus, were born, the one in 734 (Dio, LIV, 8), the other in 737 -(Dio, LIV, 18) and were adopted by their grandfather immediately after -the birth of the latter. Dio, LIV, 18, says: “Lucius and his brother -Gaius, Augustus at once adopted and made heirs of the empire, without -waiting till they grew to manhood, in order that he might be the more -secure against conspiracies.” The will of Augustus (Suet. _Tib._ -23), speaks much as this chapter does of the death of the two Cæsars: -“Since harsh fortune has snatched from me my sons, Gaius and Lucius, -let Tiberius Cæsar be heir to two-thirds of my estate.” Suetonius, -_Aug._ 26, says that Augustus took his twelfth and thirteenth -consulships, for the purpose of introducing these two boys into the -forum. - -[66] Dio, LV, 9, under the year 748 writes that these lads were wild -and insolent and that the younger, then eleven years old, actually -proposed to the people to make Gaius consul. Augustus appeared very -angry at this, saying it would be a public calamity for the consulship -to be borne by one of less age than that at which he himself had -assumed it, viz., twenty. Gaius was, however, designated consul in 749, -and Lucius in 752. Cf. Tac. _Ann._ I, 3; a coin of Rome has on -one side: _Cæsar Augustus, divi. f., pater patriæ_; on the other: -_C. L. Cæsares, Augusti f., cos. desig., princ. juvent._ (Eckhel -VI, 171). This must have been struck between Feb. 5, 752, when Augustus -received the title _pater patriæ_, and January 1, 754, when Gaius -entered upon his actual consulship. Cf. C. I. L. III, n. 323, and VI, -900. - -Lucius died, Aug. 20, 755, and so did not reach the consulship to which -he had been elected. Gaius died in 757. Cf. Dio, LV, II; C. I. L. I. p. -472. - -[67] Cf. Dio, LV, 9; C. I. L. I, p. 286 and 565. - -[68] Dio, LV, 12, says: “The bodies of Lucius and Gaius were carried -to Rome by military tribunes, and the chief men of each city; and the -golden (sic) shields and spears, which they had received from the -knights when they assumed the _toga virilis_, were suspended in -the curia.” - -The title of _princeps juventutis_ is somewhat difficult to -explain. The fact is attested by Zonaras, X, 35, and by an inscription -found near Viterbo (cf. Mommsen _R. G._, p. 53), which reads: -_C. Cæsari Aug. f.d.n. pontif. cos. design. principi juventut_, -“To Caius Cæsar, son of Augustus, nephew of the divine (Julius) -pontifex, consul designate, prince of the youth.” Mommsen sums up his -investigation of this (Cf. _R. G._ p. 54, ff.): the knights were -divided into _turmæ_, or troops, each officered by _seviri_, -three _decurions_ and three _optios_ or adjutants. Gaius -and Lucius were _decurions_ of the first _turma_, and their -title, “princes of the youth,” was a special one, and always thereafter -reserved for members of the imperial family. The title does not appear -to have been official, or formally bestowed, but was given by common -consent of the knights. - -[69] Cf. Suet. _Cæs._ LXXXIII: “He (Cæsar) bequeathed to the Roman -people his gardens near the Tiber, and three hundred sesterces to each -man.” Dio, XLIV, 35, is peculiar, saying: “Cæsar left to the people his -gardens on the Tiber, and to each man one hundred and twenty sesterces, -as Augustus himself says, or as others say, three hundred sesterces -apiece.” May it be that Dio has reversed the facts here, and that it -was “others” who reported the smaller sum and Augustus the larger? -Augustus is substantiated, or followed, by Plut.; _Ant._, XVI, -_Brut._, XX; App. _B. C._, II, 143. - -Three hundred sesterces equals about fifteen dollars. The date of -this disbursement is 710: its amount, supposing the minimum number of -receivers, 250,000, comes to $3,750,000. - -[70] The second (and the seventh, cf. Note 76) donations belong to the -year 725 and were connected with the triple triumph. Dio mentions the -two together, LI, 21. Four hundred sesterces is about twenty dollars. - -[71] The third donation was in 730, on the return of Augustus after -subduing the Cantabri. Dio, LIII, 28, says: “Augustus gave the people -a hundred denarii (four hundred sesterces) apiece, but forbade the -distribution until his act should receive the sanction of the senate.” -It would seem to have been unlawful to give money to the people without -the consent of the senate. Probably this was a measure of precaution -against demagogues. - -The term _congiarium_, which is transferred rather than translated, -means a gift, primarily of food or drink, and is derived from -_congius_, a measure holding about three quarts, which was perhaps -originally brought to be filled with grain or oil, or the like. - -[72] Cf. c. 5 and Note 33. The date was 731. - -[73] The fifth distribution was in 742. We learn from Dio, LIV, 29, -that in that year Agrippa died, leaving to the Roman people his gardens -and bath, and that Augustus, as his executor, not only turned over -these properties, but made a donation besides, as if it had been so -willed by Agrippa. Cf. C. I. L., I. p. 472. - -[74] As c. 8 furnishes a basis for estimating the total population of -the empire, so here we have a guide to the number of people in the -city. Merivale, _History of the Romans_, c. XL, gives 700,000 as -the limit; Bunsen, 1,300,000; Gibbon, c. XXXI, 1,200,000. - -[75] Sixty denarii is about twelve dollars. This donation of 749, and -the last one mentioned in this chapter, of 752, have been connected -with the introduction in those years of Gaius and Lucius Cæsar, into -the forum. Cf. c. 14. The amounts are the same in the two cases, and -they vary from the sum given at other times. - -[76] Up to this point the donations have been enumerated in order of -time. But here, between the largesses to citizens in 749 and 752 is -introduced one given to veterans in 725. Why this break in the order? -Mommsen, _R. G._ p. 2 and 59, thinks that a first draft of this -inscription was prepared about 750. In this draft Augustus first -mentioned all his gifts to the city people; and at the end placed the -one gift to the soldiers. Then, when in 767, the document was brought -down to date, this later gift to the people was placed last, instead -of being interpolated after the civil donation of 749 and before the -military one of 725. But his reasoning has not convinced other scholars. - -[77] Cf. Dio, LV, 10. - -[78] Augustus omits any mention of his bounty to discharged soldiers. -Cf. Dio, XLVI, 46; XLIX, 14; LV, 6; Appian, V, 129. The total of the -donations in this list is 619,800,000 sesterces = about $30,990,000. - -[79] Cf. c. 3; Dio, LI, 3, 4; Suet. _Aug._ 17. The last writer -says that there was a mutiny at Brundisium in a detachment sent there -immediately after Actium, and that they demanded reward and discharge. -Augustus was forced to come from Samos to settle the trouble. This was -in 724. There were 120,000 veterans to be provided for. Cf. c. 15. -600,000,000 sesterces was the compensation for the lands given to these -men, an average of 5000 sesterces ($250) for each holding. But not -all Italian proprietors were reimbursed. The Italians who had favored -Antony were simply dispossessed. To some other Italians were given -lands at Dyracchium and Philippi. His expenditure for land in Italy was -$30,000,000. As to colonies outside of Italy, Dio, LIV, 23, tells of -many settlements in Gallia (Narbonensis) and Iberia in 739. Eusebius -notes colonies at Berytus in Syria, and Patræ in Achaia, as founded in -739. Cf. _Chron._ ad. a. Abr. 2001; C. I. L. III, p. 95. - -[80] The dates are 747, 748, 750, 751 and 752. The amount is -$20,000,000. It was in 741 (Dio, LIV, 25) that Augustus determined upon -a gift in money as a substitute for the assignments of land customary -up to that time. Why such payments began only in 747 is a matter of -conjecture; also why they ceased after 752. Probably because the years -742-746 were occupied with the German and Pannonian wars of Tiberius -and Drusus, and either there were no discharges, or else no money to -spare from the expenses of war. Again in 753 troubles began in the East. - -[81] Only two of these occasions can be traced. Dio, LIII, 2, mentions -one. He says that in 726, when it was determined to exhibit games in -honor of Actium, Augustus replenished the empty treasury for that -purpose. And there is a coin of c. 738 with the inscription: _Senatus -populusque Romanus imperatori Cæsari quod viæ munitæ sunt ex ea pecunia -quam is ad ærarium detulit._ Eckhel VI, 105. - -Up to 726 the treasury was in charge of the quæstors. Thence to 731 two -exprætors, after that year two prætors presided over it, up to the time -of Claudius. Cf. Tac. _Ann._ XIII, 29; Dio, LIII, 2 and 32; Suet. -_Aug._ 36. The sum mentioned here is $7,500,000. In the Greek τρίς -has evidently been omitted before χειλίας. - -[82] This was in 759. In 741 (Dio, LIV, 25) Augustus had fixed the -term of service at twelve years for the prætorians and sixteen for -the legionaries. The gift to the former upon discharge was also -larger. In 758 the terms of service were lengthened to sixteen and -twenty years. Cf. Dio, LV, 23. In LV, 25, Dio writes of this year 759: -“Augustus contributed, in his own name and in that of Tiberius, money -for that treasury which is called the military.” The sum so given was -$8,500,000. Tributary states and kings also assisted. But income could -not keep pace with expenses. The old tax of a twentieth on bequests, -except when the heir was a very near relative, or very poor, was -revived, much to the discontent of the Roman people. Cf. Dio, LV, 25. Other -taxes were devised, such as that of one _per cent_ on sales. Cf. -Tac. _Ann._ I, 78. On sales of slaves two _per cent_ was -exacted. Cf. Dio, LV, 31. - -A glance at the military establishment of Augustus may help to some -idea of its vast expense. Mommsen discusses the matter in detail (_R. -G._ pp. 68-76). Augustus seems to have left at his death a standing -army of twenty-five legions. Each legion approximated seven thousand -men, giving a total of 175,000 soldiers. His legions were numbered from -one to twenty-two. The number twenty-five is accounted for as follows: -the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth had been exterminated -under the leadership of Varus. But there were three legions, one in -Africa, one in Syria and one in Cyrenaica, bearing the title third, -and the fourth, fifth, sixth and tenth were each double. After Actium, -Augustus disbanded the legions numbered above twelve (cf. his colonies -of veterans at this time, numbering 120,000 men, c. XV). But by reason -of the repetitions above alluded to, the legions bearing the numbers -up to twelve, really amounted to eighteen. These duplications may have -risen from the absorption into Augustus' army of legions bearing the -same numbers from the forces of Lepidus and later from those of Antony. -In 759, eight new legions, the thirteenth to the twentieth, seem to -have been enrolled, in view of the German and Pannonian wars. This made -twenty six. Three were lost with Varus, and their numbers, seventeen, -eighteen and nineteen, seem never to have been restored to the list. -To offset this loss in a measure, two new legions, the twenty-first -and twenty-second were levied. Thus the twenty-five remaining at the -death of Augustus are accounted for. Such an establishment was -enormously and increasingly expensive. Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, VII, -45. - -[83] This form of benefaction began in 736. It is a little remarkable -that Augustus should not mention the exact years of its continuance, -its amount, or the beneficiaries, while he does name the minimum number -of men who received aid from time to time. Perhaps he did not go into -details because these gifts concerned the provincials and would be of -slight interest to the city people for whose reading the inscription -was intended. In 742, “when Asia was in need of aid on account of -earthquakes, he paid the year’s tribute of the province out of his own -means.” Dio, LIV, 30. - -His supplying grain as well as money rose from the fact that taxes -were imposed both in kind and in money. Cf. Tac. _Ann._ IV, 6; -_Agr._ XIX and XXXI; C. I. Gr. 4957, 47. These passages all speak -of taxes both in money and in produce. As to the method of levy, -Hyginus is interesting (_De Lim._ p. 205). “The tax on agriculture -is arranged in many ways. In some provinces the harvest is chargeable -with a certain proportion, here a fifth, there a seventh, elsewhere a -cash payment, and for this purpose certain values are determined for -the fields by an estimation of the soil; as in Pannonia there is arable -of the first class, of the second, meadows, mast-bearing woods, common -woods, pastures: upon all these the tax is laid by the single acre, -according to the fertility of the soil.” This was in the time of Trajan. - -[84] The structures detailed here and in cc. 20 and 21, fall into three -classes. First, those of c. 19, being either new buildings in place of -ruined ones, or else entirely new ones, both classes on soil already -consecrated; second, those of c. 20, being repairs of public works; -third, public works upon soil given by himself, as noted in the first -part of c. 21. - -Augustus does not mention structures which he erected in the name of -others, as the portico of Octavia, (different from the one below, Note -90), the portico of Livia, cf. Dio, XLIX, 43 and LIV, 23. He also omits -the temple of Concord dedicated by Tiberius in 763 (C. I. L. I. p. -384), though he paid for it. - -The order of the works is chronological for the most part. - -[85] This was the Curia Julia, begun in 712. Cf. Dio XLVII, 19; XLIV, -5; XLV, 17. It was dedicated in 725 after Actium. Cf. Dio LI, 22. Here -the senate met. Its location was near the forum. - -[86] A shrine of Minerva Chalcidica. - -[87] Begun after the Sicilian victories in 718. Cf. Dio XLIX, 15; Vell. -II, 81, dedicated Oct. 9, 726. Cf. Dio, LIII, 1; C. I. L. I, p. 403. -Suet. _Aug._ 29, says: “He reared a temple of Apollo in that part -of his estate on the Palatine which the haruspices declared was desired -by the god because it had been struck by lightning; he attached to it a -portico and a Greek and Latin library.” - -[88] An altar was placed at once on the spot in the forum where the -body of Julius Cæsar was cremated. In 712 the senate decreed that a -temple should be built there. - -[89] Dionysius (I, 32), observes that the ancient condition of this -place (originally a grotto near the Palatine, sacred to Pan) had -been so changed as to be hardly recognizable. This was by reason of -the changes made in his time, which nearly coincided with that of -Augustus. Cf. C. I. L. VI, 912, 6, 9, and 841. Its precise location is -undetermined. - -[90] Festus, _De Verb. Sig._ L. 13, writes: “There were two -Octavian porticoes, the one built near the theatre of Marcellus by -Octavia, the sister of Augustus, the other close to the theatre of -Pompey, built by Cn. Octavius, son of Cnæus, who was curule aedile, -prætor, consul (589) decemvir for the sacred rites, and celebrated -a naval triumph for a victory over King Perseus. It was the latter -which, after its destruction by fire, Cæsar Augustus rebuilt.” Its -reconstruction was in 721. Cf. Dio, XLIX, 43, who, however, confounds -this Octavian portico with the other built some years after in the name -of Augustus’ sister, Octavia. - -[91] The Pulvinar was the place of honor from which the imperial family -witnessed the games. Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 45; _Claud._ 4. This -restoration followed the burning of the Circus Maximus in 723. Cf. Dio, -L, 10. - -[92] A temple attributed to Romulus, in ruins in the time of Augustus, -till restored by him on the suggestion of Atticus. Cf. Nepos, -_Atticus_, 20; Livy, IV, 20. The temple was probably restored in -723. - -[93] Suetonius, _Aug._ 29, writes: “He dedicated the temple to -Jupiter the Thunderer, in acknowledgment of his escape from a great -danger in his Cantabrian expedition; when, as he was traveling by -night, his litter was struck by lightning, which killed the slave who -carried the torch before him.” This expedition was in 728-729, and the -temple was dedicated Sept. 1, 732. Cf. Dio, LIV, 4; C. I. L. I, 400. - -[94] This was dedicated in 738, on the Quirinal. Cf. Dio, LIV, 19. - -[95] These three temples have more than an accidental collocation. -Just as the Tarpeian mount and the Quirinal hill had their triple -divinities, so had the Aventine. Cf. Varro (_De Lin._) V, 158. The -temple of Juno is ascribed to the time of Camillus, and is said to have -been built for the Veientines. The date of the other two is unknown, as -is that of this restoration by Augustus. - -[96] Also of unknown origin, location and restoration, other than as -mentioned here. - -[97] Dionysius, I, 68, describes the old temple, not the restoration by -Augustus of which we have only this statement. - -[98] The original temple was dedicated in 563, in the Circus Maximus. -Cf. Livy, XXXVI, 36. Burned in 738. Cf. Dio, LIV, 19. - -[99] The original temple was burned in 756. Cf. Val. Max. I, 8, 11; -Dio, LV, 12; Suet. _Aug._ 57. - -[100] The Capitol means the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. - -[101] Frontinus, _De Aq._ c. 125, speaks of a decree of the Senate -in the year 743 “concerning the putting in order of the streams, -conduits and arches of the Julian, Marcian, Appian, Tepulan and Aniene -waters, which Augustus has promised the Senate that he will repair at -his own expense.” Aqueducts were repaired in 749-750. Cf. C. I. L. -VI, 1244. C. I. L. VI, 1249, gives _Iul. Tep. Mar.; imp. Cæsar divi -f. Augustus ex s. c.; XXV; ped. CCXL_. C. I. L. VI, 1243, records -the repairs of the Marcian aqueduct. Frontinus, _op. cit._, 12, -gives some details of the doubled supply of this source, and says the -new spring had to be conducted eight hundred feet to join the older -fountain. - -[102] Julius Cæsar dedicated this forum Sept. 24 or 25, 708. Cf. Dio, -XLIII, 22; App. _B. C._, III, 28; C. I. L. I, p. 402 and 397. -Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, XXXV, 12, 156, mentions its completion by -Augustus. - -Augustus uses the word _profligata_ here for “unfinished,” a use -which was common enough but not elegant, and is severely criticised by -Gellius, XV, 5. The word really means wretched rather than unfinished. -That Augustus was not a purist this inscription testifies, and -Suetonius also tells us, _Aug._, 87 and 88, how peculiar he was in -diction and orthography. - -The basilica which was unfinished at the death of Augustus he refrains -from naming while it was not yet dedicated. But we know from Suetonius, -_Aug._ 29, and Dio, LVI, 27, that it was built in honor of his -grandchildren, Gaius and Lucius. - -[103] There is abundant testimony to this architectural activity. Cf. -Suet. _Aug._ 29 and 30; Dio, LIII, 2; LVI, 40; Livy IV, 20; Ovid, -_Fasti_, II, 59; Hor. _Carm._, III, 6. Nor was this the zeal -of a mere archæologist and architect. The emperor was anxious for a -revival of religious observance, as a conservative force in his new -organization of the state. - -[104] It is remarkable that Augustus should say he “_constructed_” -the Flaminian Way, etc., for it was made nearly two hundred years -before this date, 727. Moreover, the whole chapter is given up to -an account of reconstructions, and of course it is meant that he -_repaired_ the road and the bridges in question. The Latin -verb is wanting and is restored from the Greek, ἐπόησα, which is -unmistakable,—“I made.” Mommsen does not comment on the incorrectness -of this statement, but Wölfflin regards the Greek verb as a blunder -of the stone-cutter at Ancyra, and thinks there was no verb at all at -the end of this chapter, but that the mason by mistake took the last -word of the preceding chapter which is ἐπόησα. A substitution of ἐπόησα -for the proper verb seems more likely, as it seems improbable that the -sentence would end without a verb. - -These repairs are attested by an inscription on an arch at Ariminum, -thus restored by Bormann: Cf. C. I. L. XI, 365. - - SENATUS POPULUS_Q ue romanus_ - _imp. cæsari divi f. augusto imp. sept._ - COS. SEPT. DESIGNAT. OCTAVOM _Via flamin_ IA _et reliquei_S - CELEBERRIMEIS ITALIÆ VIEIS CONSILIO _et sumptib_ US _eius mu_NITEIS. - -Cf. also Suet. _Aug._ 30; Dio, LIII, 22. Other roads of Italy were -repaired by those who obtained triumphs; of which more were celebrated -from 726 to 728 than at any other epoch. - -[105] Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 29. Its construction was vowed in 712 and -it was dedicated in 752. Cf. C. I. L. I, p. 393, May 12. In c. 35, -Augustus mentions the quadriga dedicated to him in this forum. - -[106] This theatre was begun by Julius Cæsar. Augustus completed it -in honor of Marcellus, who died in 731. It was dedicated May 4, 743. -Cf. Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, VIII, 17, 65. Dio, LIV, 36, assigns its -dedication to 741. - -[107] Suetonius, _Aug._, 30, says that on one occasion Augustus -deposited in the _cella_ of Jupiter Capitolinus sixteen thousand -pounds of gold (= $3,200,000) and gems and pearls of the value of fifty -million sesterces (= $2,500,000). But such statements are fabulous, in -view of Augustus’ own statement that the total of his gifts of this -kind was only one hundred million sesterces (= $5,000,000). - -[108] In earlier times it had been customary for cities affected by a -victory to give crowns of gold to the triumphing _imperator_. This -grew into an abuse and was forbidden by law, unless the gift preceded -the decree for the triumph. Later, the value of the crown was commuted -for cash, and it came to be a frequent means of extortion on the part -of provincial governors. To L. Antonius crowns of gold were given by -each of the thirty-five Roman tribes in 713. Cf. Dio, XLVIII, 4. The -amount named here, thirty-five thousand pounds of gold, would appear to -have been from the thirty-five tribes. On the general subject, _aurum -coronarium_, cf. Marquardt, _Staatsverwaltung_, II, p. 285. - -[109] The sons of Augustus were Gaius, adopted in 737, died in 757; -Lucius, adopted at the same time, died in 755; Agrippa Postumus, -adopted in 757, exiled in 760. These were the sons of Agrippa and -Julia. On the death of Gaius in 757, Augustus adopted Tiberius. With -him Germanicus, nephew and adopted son of Tiberius, and Drusus, -Tiberius’ own son, became the legal grandchildren of Augustus. None of -these could celebrate games in his own name after adoption, as they had -no property rights, but were absolutely dependent on the head of their -house, according to the _patria potestas_ of the Roman law. See -this very plainly set forth in Suetonius, _Tib._ 15: “After his -(Tiberius’) adoption he never again acted as master of a family, nor -exercised in the smallest degree the rights which he had lost by it. -For he neither disposed of anything in the way of gift, nor manumitted -a slave; nor so much as received an estate left him by will, or any -legacy, without reckoning it as a part of his _peculium_, or -property held under his father.” Tiberius was forty-six years old when -he was adopted. - -Seven of these exhibitions can be traced. 1. In 725, on the dedication -of the temple of the Divine Julius. Dio, LI, 22. 2. In 726, in honor -of the victory of Actium. Dio, LIII, 1. 3. In 738, in accordance with -a decree of the senate. This was in the name of Tiberius and Drusus. -Dio, LIV, 19. 4. In 742, at the Quinquatria held March 19-23, in honor -of Minerva. This was in the name of Gaius and Lucius. Dio, LIV, 28, 29. -5. In 747; funeral games in honor of Agrippa. Dio, LV, 8. 6. In 752, -at the dedication of the temple of Mars. Vell. II, 100. 7. In 759, in -honor of Drusus, in the name of his sons Germanicus and Claudius. Dio, -LV, 27; Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, II, 26, 96; VIII, 2, 4. Possibly the -eighth occasion may be found in Suetonius, _Aug._, 43. - -[110] Cf. Dio, LIII, 1; Suet. _Aug._, 43. Wooden seats were -erected in the Campus Martius for gymnastic contests in 726. Whether -Germanicus or Drusus is the grandson mentioned here is unknown. - -[111] These were the lesser games of the circus and theatres, given -ordinarily by magistrates holding the lower offices, which Augustus -never filled. He took upon himself the care and expense where the -proper magistrates were absent or too poor. Cf. Dio, XLV, 6; C. I. L., -I, p. 397. - -[112] The charge of the Secular Games, celebrated supposedly once in -a century, though in reality oftener, fell to the quindecemvirs. Cf. -Eckhel, VI. 102, for a coin with _imp. Cæsar Augustus lud. saec. XV -S. F._ This was in 737. Cf. also C. I. L., I, p. 442. The college -evidently gave the presidency to Augustus and Agrippa, since it was -very convenient that these two members of the sacred body also held the -tribunitial power, and so the games came into the charge of the two -greatest men of the state in a perfectly natural way. Cf. C. I. L., IX, -p. 29, No. 262, for confirmation of Agrippa’s membership in the college -of quindecemvirs. - -[113] These games were celebrated on August 1. Dio, LX, 5, and LVI, 46, -tells of their being annual, and in charge of the consuls after the -death of Augustus. They began in 752. This passage is one of the few -where both the Latin and Greek are incapable of restoration. - -[114] Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 43. Some of these occasions were: in 743 in -connection with the dedication of the theatre of Marcellus. Cf. Dio, -LIV, 26. Here six hundred beasts were killed, and the tiger was shown -for the first time. Cf. Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, VIII, 17, 65. In 752, -two hundred and sixty lions and thirty-six crocodiles were killed. Cf. -Dio, LV, 10. In 765, in the games given by Germanicus, two hundred -lions were killed. Cf. Dio, LVI, 27. - -Augustus says “amphitheatres,” though there was but one such structure. -He may have regarded it as being two theatres joined at their straight -side and facing each other. - -[115] Velleius II, 100, writes: “The divine Augustus in the year when -he was consul with Gallus Caninius (752) sated the minds and the eyes -of the Roman people at the dedication of the temple of Mars with the -most magnificent gladiatorial shows and naval battles.” Dio, LV, 10, -says that traces of the excavation could be seen in his time (c. 200 A. -D.), and that the fight represented a battle of Athenians and Persians, -in which the former were victorious. Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 43; Ovid, -_Ars Am._ I, 171. - -Claudius gave a similar exhibition on the Fucine Lake, but with a -hundred triremes and quadriremes, and a force of nineteen thousand -men, “as once Augustus did in a pond by the Tiber, but with lighter -vessels and a smaller force.” Cf. Tac. _Ann._ XII, 56; Suet. -_Claud._, 21; Dio, LX, 33. - -[116] Another instance of avoidance of the name of an enemy while -distinctly referring to him. Antony had stripped various temples at -Samos, Ephesus, Pergamos, and Rhœteum, all in the province of Asia, -and had given the spoils to Cleopatra. Dio, LI, 17, says that great -numbers of such things were found in her palace when Alexandria was -captured. Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, XXXIV, 8, 58, says: “He (Myro) made -an Apollo, which was taken away by the triumvir Antony, but restored -to the Ephesians by the divine Augustus.” Strabo, XIII, 1, 30, writes -of Rhœteum: “Cæsar Augustus gave back to the Rhœtians the shrine and -statue of Ajax which Antony had taken away and given to Egypt. He did -the like for other cities. For Antony took away the finest votive -offerings from the most famous shrines for the gratification of the -Egyptian woman, but Augustus restored them.” Ib. XIV, 1, 14, writes of -the temple of Hera, at Samos: “Antony took away three colossal sitting -statues on one base, but Augustus Cæsar restored two of them, Athene -and Heracles, to the same base; the Zeus, however, he placed upon the -Capitol.” - -[117] Suetonius, _Aug._, 52, says these gifts took the form of -tripods. Cf. Dio, LIII, 22; LII, 35; LIV, 35. - -[118] The allusion is to Sextus Pompeius, whose fleets, manned largely -by slaves, cut off the grain ships on their way to Rome. Again Augustus -avoids the name of an opponent. Cf. Vell., II, 73, who thinks it -remarkable that a son of the great Pompey, who had freed the sea from -pirates, should himself defile it with piratical crimes. Florus, IV, 8, -reflects the same sentiment. App. _B. C._, V, 77, 80, says that -captured pirates under torture confessed that Sextus Pompeius was the -instigator of their crimes. When the peace of Misenum was made, Sextus -Pompeius stipulated for the freedom of the slaves who had fought under -him. It was after the overthrow of Pompey, in 718, that the slaves were -returned. Dio, XLIX, 12, adds that slaves whose masters did not claim -them were returned to their several cities, there to be crucified. Cf. -App. _B. C._, V, 131; Oros. VI, 18. - -[119] This was in 722, just before the breaking out of hostilities -between Antony and Octavian. Cf. Dio, L, 6; Suet., _Aug._ 17. - -[120] Cf. c. 8, Note 49. There were a thousand senators at this time. -Augustus, in his statement, probably means that seven hundred of the -thousand then in the senate were on his side, not merely seven hundred -who then or later were senators. - -The number of consulars, eighty-three, is quite consistent with the -facts, as is shown in a careful analysis of the _Fasti Consulares_ -for the period by Mommsen. _R. G._, p. 100. - -The priests referred to were probably members of the four great -colleges and the Arval brotherhood. Cf. c. 7, notes 40-45. - -[121] This statement is borne out by what we otherwise know. Taking -the provinces in order we find: First, the German frontier is pushed -forward from the Rhine to the Elbe. Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 21. Second, -in Illyricum and Macedonia he had erected the new provinces of Pannonia -and Moesia. Third, in Asia Minor he did not extend the older limits of -Bithynia, but out of the kingdom of Amyntas, he made the new province -of Galatia and later added Paphlagonia to it. Fourth, in Africa, -Augustus rather narrowed than extended the empire by his partition with -Juba in 729. But a number of Roman proconsuls won laurels there. - -[122] Here the record is of commotions quelled within the recognized -limits of the empire. In Spain there was the Cantabrian war from 727 to -735. In Gaul, G. Carrinas had subdued the Morini, and triumphed, July -14, 726; and M. Messala had suppressed the Aquitani, triumphing Sept. -25, 727. Cf. Suet. _Aug._, 20, 21. - -The German campaigns extending at intervals over the years from 742 -to the very end of Augustus’ reign it is needless to detail. This -reference to the pacification of Germany has been the subject of -much dispute. Mommsen in two places (_R. G._, p. VI, and 48), -uses the word “crafty” (_callidus_) of Augustus, referring to -his alleged glozing over of unsatisfactory events. Hirschfeld goes -further, and in connection with the present passage accuses Augustus -(_Wiener Studien_, V, 117) of a “masterly concealment and -whitewashing (übertünchung) of all that could hurt his reputation.” -This charge is made because Augustus omits all mention of the disaster -under Varus. Against this charge Johannes Schmidt defends Augustus, -(_Philologus_, XLV, p. 394, ff.). The contest between Schmidt and -Hirschfeld is based really upon opposing views of the purpose of the -_Res Gestae_. Schmidt believed it to be an epitaph. In this there -would be no place for anything save the fortunate events of a life. -If _nil de mortuis nisi bonum_ be wise, Augustus might well have -adapted the adage to his own case and said, _nil de me morituro nisi -bonum_. But Hirschfeld insists that the _Res Gestae_ constitute -not an epitaph, but “an account of his administration,” and therefore -contends that the omission of the German disaster was not in good -faith. To this, Schmidt answers that Augustus had nothing to gain by -such concealment—indeed that concealment of so notorious a disaster -would be absurd. And in the text itself he finds a recognition of the -real state of affairs, inasmuch as Augustus expressly distinguishes -Germany from the provinces, Gallic and Spanish, and while claiming -it for Rome, does not assert that it belongs to her as do organized -provinces. Schmidt also says that _pacavi_, “I pacified” does -not necessarily imply that Germany continued in a state of peace. It -may well enough cover the fact that there was temporary success. But -this is hair-splitting. The character of the _Res Gestae_ must -be always had in mind. Cf. Introduction. Its deliverances were _ad -populum_ and they constituted an epitaph. - -[123] Suetonius, _Aug._ 21, says: “He waged war upon no people without -just and necessary causes.” The present Torbia near Monaco, derives its -name from a _Tropæa Augusti_, “Trophy of Augustus,” some fragments of -which still exist. - -The inscription has been preserved by Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, III, 20, -136: _imp. Cæsari divi f. Augusto pontifice maxumo imp. XIIII tribunic. -potestate XVII s. p. q. R. quod ejus ductu auspiciisque gentes Alpinæ -omnes quæ a mari supero ad inferum pertinebant sub imperium p. R. -sunt redactæ_—“the Roman senate and people to Cæsar ... Augustus ... -because under his leadership and auspices all the Alpine nations, from -the upper to the lower sea have been brought into subjection to the -Roman empire.” Then follows an enumeration of forty-six peoples. Pliny -adds, “the Cottian states were not annexed because they had not been -hostile;” and an arch at Segusio was placed in honor of Augustus, and -on it are the names of fourteen states, six being repetitions from the -Torbia monument. Cf. C. I. L. V, 7817 and 7231. - -The campaigns here referred to are: First, of Varro Murena against the -Salassi in 729. Cf. Strabo, IV, 6, 7, p. 205; Dio, LIII, 25; Livy, -_Epit._, CXXXV; Cass. _ad. ann._ 729; Suet. _Aug._ -21. Second, of Publius Silius against the Vennones and Camunni in -738. Cf. Dio, LIV, 20. Third, of Tiberius and Drusus against the Ræti -and Vindelici in 739. Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 21. Fourth, against the -Ligurians of the Maritime Alps in 740. Cf. Dio, LIV, 24. Finally these -regions were formed into the province of Rætia in 747-748. - -[124] This naval expedition was connected with the German campaign of -Tiberius in 758. Cf. Vell. II, 106; Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, II, 67, -167. - -[125] Strabo, VII, 2, 1, describes an embassy of the Cimbri asking for -“peace and amnesty.” They dwelt in the end of Jutland. Cf. Ptolemy, -II, 10. Below them were the Charudes, whom the mason at Ancyra makes -Charydes, and the Greek translator, thinking of the fable, transforms -into Chalybes, living just south of the Cimbri. Cf. Ptolemy, ii, 11, -12. The Semnones were between the Elbe and the Oder. - -[126] When the Egyptian garrisons were weakened on account of the -Arabian expedition, Queen Candace took advantage of it and captured -a number of towns in Upper Egypt. These the præfect, C. Petronius, -re-took, and inflicted severe punishment upon the Æthiopians. This took -place 730-732. Cf. Strabo, XVII, I, 54; Dio, LIV, 5; Pliny, _Hist. -Nat._, VI, 29, 181, 182. - -In 1896 Capt. Lyons, R. E., found, at Philæ, an inscription in Latin, -Greek and hieroglyphics, of which Prof. Mahaffy gives this translation: -“Gaius Cornelius, son of Cnaeus Gallus, a Roman knight, appointed -first prefect, after the kings were conquered by Cæsar, son of Divus, -of Alexandria and Egypt—who conquered the revolt of the Thebaid in -fifteen days, having won two pitched battles, together with the capture -of the leaders of his opponents, having taken five cities, some by -assault, some by siege, viz., Boresis, Coptos, Ceramice, Diospolis -the Great, Ombos (?); having slain the leaders of these revolts, and -having brought his army beyond the cataract of the Nile to a point -whither neither the Roman people nor the Kings of Egypt had yet carried -their standards, a military district impassable before his day; having -subdued, to the common terror of all the kings, all the Thebaid, which -was not subject to the kings, and having received the ambassadors of -the Ethiopians at Philæ, and guest-friendship from their king (and -received their king under his protection) and having appointed him -tyrant of the 30-_schoeni_ district of Lower Ethiopia—makes this -thank-offering to the Dii Patrii, and to the Nile, who aided him in his -deeds.” _London Athenæum_, March 14, 1896, and _Sitzungsberichte -d. kgl. Pr. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin_, 1896, I, pp. 469-480. - -[127] The Arabian campaign, under C. Aelius Gallus was probably in -729-730. Cf. Dio, LIII, 29; Hor. _Carm._ I, 29, 35; Strabo, XVI, -4, 22, 24. Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, VI, 28, 159, 160, - -[128] Egypt was made an integral part of the empire after Actium -and the death of Cleopatra, in 724. Its connection with the empire -was peculiar. W. T. Arnold, _Roman Provincial Administration_, -p. 113, says: “The government of Egypt was in many points wholly -exceptional. Julius Cæsar had deliberately abstained from making -it a province of the country (cf. Suet., _Jul._ 35); and when -Augustus added it to the empire he subjected it to an altogether -exceptional treatment. The country was his private property, or rather -the Emperor’s private property; it passed as a matter of course, that -is, from emperor to emperor. Augustus appointed a præfect to represent -him in the province, just as in earlier times the urban prætors had -sent prefects to represent them in the municipalities of Italy. This -præfect was of equestrian, and not of the highest equestrian rank (Tac. -_Ann._, XII, 60; II, 59; _Hist._ I. 11); no senators were -admitted into the province; and the greatest jealousy was shown of the -smallest interference with it. The reasons for the special jealousy -of Egypt shown by Augustus and his successors were partly the great -defensibility of the country (in case of insurrection—ED.), partly -its immense importance as the granary of Rome. 'It was an accepted -principle with our fathers,’ says Pliny, 'that our city could not -possibly be fed and maintained without the resources of Egypt.’” For -a fuller treatment cf. Marquardt, _Röm. Staatsverwaltung_, I, -282-298. - -[129] Armenia Major had been raised to greatness by Tigranes I -(658-699) who had been a formidable ally of Mithridates. Pompey finally -subdued him, 688. Henceforth Armenia was in a subject condition. -Tigranes was succeeded by his son Artavasdes. In 718, when Antony -attacked the Parthians, this king sided with him against Phraates of -Parthia, and another Artavasdes, king of Media. Cf. Dio, XLIX, 25. - -But presently the two Artavasdes changed relations, the king of Armenia -passing to the Parthian side and he of Media joining Antony. Cf. Plut., -_Ant._, 52; Dio, XLIX, 33, 44. Antony captured Artavasdes of Armenia -and gave him over to Cleopatra, who killed him in 721. His kingdom -was assigned to Antony’s son Alexander to whom was betrothed Jotape -daughter of Artavasdes of Media. The Armenians made Artaxes, son of -the late Artavasdes, their king. When Octavian overcame Antony he did -not befriend all the Oriental enemies of the latter, but for purposes -of his own set up a rival to Phraates of Parthia in Tiridates. Cf. c. -32. And, angered at the Armenians, who had dealt harshly with certain -Romans in that kingdom, he held as hostages the brothers of king -Artaxes, and set Artavasdes of Media over Armenia Minor as a check upon -Artaxes. Cf. Dio, LI, 16; LIV, 9. In 734 Augustus went to the East to -arrange affairs there. A campaign against Artaxes was planned, but he -was assassinated. Cf. Dio, LIV, 9; Tac., _Ann._, II, 3; Vell., II, 94, -122; Suet. _Aug._, 21; Jos., _Ant._, XV, 4, 3; Eckhel, VI, 98. At this -point the action of Augustus, recorded here in the _Res Gestæ_, takes -place. Augustus follows the example of Pompey, who, in dealing with -Armenia in 688 had contented himself with making the Armenian king -accept his royalty as a gift from Rome. Cf. Cic. _pro Sext._ 27. The -affair was conducted by Tiberius, not yet adopted. Cf. Suet. _Tib._, -9; Vell., II, 122. Henceforth Armenia was regarded as part of the -empire, though its native sovereigns were continued. Cf. Vell., II, 94, -122: “Armenia restored to the control of the Roman people;” “Armenia -retaken.” “The Medes likewise were subjected.” Cf. c. 33. - -[130] The reign of Tigranes was brief. The Parthians winning some -success against Rome, stirred up Armenia. Cf. Tac. _Ann._, II, -3; Vell., II, 100. They favored the children of Tigranes, Tigranes -III and Erato. A Roman faction set up his younger brother Artavasdes. -Cf. Tacitus l. c. The suppression of the disorder was enjoined upon -Tiberius. But at this juncture, 748, he went into retirement at Rhodes. -Cf. Dio, LV, 9. Artavasdes died and the young Tigranes courted the -aid of Rome, but was soon killed, probably by Parthian means, and his -sister Erato abdicated. Cf. fragments of Dio, cited by Mommsen, _R. -G._, p. 113, and Dio, LV, 10. Tacitus confirms the delivery of -Armenia to Ariobarzanes by Gaius. Cf. _Ann._, II, 3; and Dio, LV, -10. The Parthian faction did not accept him, and it was in a contest -over him that Gaius received a wound, of which he died, Feb. 21, 757. -Cf. C. I. L. I, p. 472. For the succession of Artavasdes, cf. Dio, -LV, 10. The Tigranes IV, next mentioned “of the royal house of the -Armenians” was a grandson of Herod the Great, of Judea, on the one -side, and of Archelaus, King of Cappadocia, and probably an Armenian -princess on the other. Cf. Tac. _Ann._ VI, 40; XIV, 26; Jos., -_Ant._ XVIII, 5, 4; _Wars_, I, 28, 1. - -[131] For Sicily and Sardinia, cf. c. 25 and notes. - -By the treaty of Brundisium, Antony had received Macedonia, Achaia, -Asia, Pontus, Bithynia, Cilicia, Cyprus, Syria, Crete, Cyrenaica. The -five last named he had given over to foreign kings. As to Asia and -Bithynia, Dio, XLIX, 41 and Plut. _Ant._ 54, are in conflict. -But the _Res Gestæ_ tends to confirm the latter. Lycaonia and -Pamphylia were taken from the province of Cilicia and given to -Amyntas, King of Galatia. Cf. Dio, XLIX, 32. He extended Egypt again -by restoring to it Cyprus. Cf. Dio, XLIX, 32, 41; Plut. l. c.; Strabo, -XIV, 6, 6: he granted to Cleopatra and Cæsarion, her son by Julius -Cæsar, the coast land of Syria, Tyre and Sidon excepted, cf. Jos. -_Ant._ XV, 4, 1; _Wars_, I, 18, 5; also Coele-Syria, cf. Jos. -_Ant._ XV, 3, 8; Plut. l. c.; Ituraea, Judaea and Arabia Nabataea, -cf. Dio, XLIX, 32; Jos. _Ant._ XV, 4, 1; 5, 3; _Wars_, I, 18, -5; 20, 3; parts of Cilicia, cf. Strabo, XIV, 5, 3; 5, 6: and perhaps -Crete also, cf. Dio, XLIX, 32: and Cyrenaica, cf. Plut. l. c. To his -younger son Ptolemy Philadelphus he gave Syria, and part of Cilicia, -cf. Dio, XLIX, 41; Plut. l. c.: for the elder, Alexander he planned a -kingdom made up of Armenia, Media and Parthia, cf. Livy, _Epit._ -CXXXI; Plutarch, l. c. These alienations of Roman territory were made -the occasion of Octavian’s attack upon Antony. Cf. Dio, L, 1; Plut. l. -c. - -[132] Mommsen believes that Augustus founded only military colonies. -Zumpt thinks otherwise. Cf. _Comment Epig._, I, 362. - -[133] Known colonies of Augustus are: In Africa, Carthage, cf. C. I. L. -VIII, p. 133; Dio, LII, 43; App. _Pun._ CXXXVI. In Sicily, Panhormus, -Thermes, Tyndaris, cf. Dio, LIV, 7; Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, III, 8, 88; -89; 90. Marquardt, _Röm. Staatsverwaltung_ I, 246, names seven colonies -of Augustus in Sicily. In Macedonia, Dyrrachium, Philippi, cf. Dio, -LI, 4. Cassandrea, cf. Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, IV, 10. In Hither Spain, -Cæsaraugusta, cf. coin in Eckhel I, 37, which also gives the numbers -of the legions whose veterans were colonized here: _leg. IV_, _leg. -VI_, _leg. X_. Marquardt _op. cit._, I, 256, names six colonies of -Augustus here. In Farther Spain, Emerita, cf. Eckhel I, 12, and 19, -_leg. V_, _X_; Marquardt, _op. cit._, I, 257. In Achaia, Patrae, cf. -C. I. L. III, p. 95, _leg. X_, _XII_. In Asia, Alexandrea of the -Troad, cf. Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, V, 30. In Syria, Berytus, cf. Eckhel -III, 356, _leg. V_, _VIII_; Heliopolis, cf. Eckhel, III, 334. In -Gallia Narbonensis, Reii and Aquae Sextiae, cf. Herzog, _Gall. Narb. -inscr._ n. 113, 356. In Pisidia, Antioch, cf. Eckhel III, 18; Cremna, -cf. Eckhel III, 20; Olbasa, cf. Eckhel, III, 20; Parlais, cf. Ramsay, -_Bull. de Corr. Hell._, VII, p. 318. - -No colonies are assigned to Sardinia, the three Gauls and two -Germanies, Raetia, Noricum, Bithynia, Pontus, Galatia, Galatian Pontus, -Paphlagonia, part of Phrygia, Lycaonia, Isauria, Cilicia, Cyprus, -Crete, Egypt, Cyrenaica. As for parts of the empire under subject -kings, such as Thrace, Cappadocia, Mauretania, no account is taken of -them, though there were certainly colonies in Mauretania, at Cartenna -and Tupusuctu. Cf. Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, V, 2, 20; C. I. L., VIII, -8857. - -[134] Cf. an article by Mommsen, _Hermes_, XVIII, 161 ff. on the -“Colonies of Italy from Sulla to Vespasian.” - -When Augustus wrote, Italy was separated from Illyricum by the river -Arsia. Yet Illyricum was not counted by him as a province. It had -colonies at Emona, Iader, Salona, and possibly at Epidaurus and Narona. -Cf. C. I. L., III, pp. 489, 374, 304, 287, 291. Mommsen thinks this -omission was intended by Augustus; that he had been able to satisfy -some of his veterans, to whom Italian farms had been promised, with -lands over the Italian border in Illyricum, and because he could not -call it a province, nor yet a part of Italy, he eludes the difficulty -by omitting the Illyrian colonies. - -The names of the twenty-eight Italian colonies are somewhat difficult -to establish. Several perplexing questions rise in the attempt. What -of the colonies founded by Antony and Octavian as triumvirs? Were they -Antoniæ Juliæ, or some Juliæ and others Antoniæ? If the former were -true and they dropped the name Antoniæ, the result would be far more -than twenty-eight Julian and Augustan colonies. The second probability -is more likely, and that the colonies Antoniæ simply dropped their name -after Actium. - -A third difficulty rises in the case of the enlargement of old -colonies and their resettlement, as, _e. g._, of Minturnæ. -Cf. Hyginus, _De Lim._, p. 177. Mommsen gives a list which -nearly meets the statement of Augustus. 1. Ariminum, _Augusta_; -2. Ateste; 3. _Augusta_ Prætoria; 4. _Julia Augusta_ -Taurinorum; 5. Beneventum, _Julia Augusta_; 6. Bononia; 7. -Brixia, _Augusta_; 8. Capua, _Julia Augusta_; 9. Castrum -novum Etruriæ, _Julia_; 10. Concordia, _Julia_; 11. Cumæ -(?) _Julia_; 12. Dertona, _Julia_; 13. Fanum Fortunæ, -_Julia_; 14. Falerio; 15. Hispellum, _Julia_; 16. Lucus -Feroniæ, _Julia_; 17. Minturnæ; 18. Nola, _Augusta_; 19. -Parentium, _Julia_; 20. Parma, _Julia Augusta_; 21. Pisae, -_Julia_; 22. Pisaurum, _Julia_; 23. Pola, _Julia_; -24. Sæna (?), _Julia_; 25. Sora, _Julia_; 26. Suessa, -_Julia_; 27. Sutrium, _Julia_; 28. Tuder, _Julia_; -29, Venafrum, _Julia Augusta_. Cf. Marquardt, _Röm. -Staatsverwaltung_, I, 118-132. - -[135] Of standards recovered in Spain and Gaul we have no further -knowledge. It may be that in the Cantabrian war of 728, 729, some such -thing took place. - -Appian, _Illyr._ XII, XXV, XXVIII, narrates the capture of -standards by the Dalmatians from Gabinius in 706, and their restoration -to Augustus in 721. These were then placed in the Octavian portico; and -probably later transferred to the temple of Mars. - -[136] The standards had been lost by Crassus and Antony. Cf. Justin, -XLII, 5, 11; Livy, _Epit._, CXLI; Suetonius, _Aug._ 21; -Vell., II, 91; Vergil, _Æn._ VII, 606; Horace, _Carm._, I, -12, 56; III, 5, 4; Dio, LIII, 33; LIV, 8; Cass. _Chron._ ad. 734; -Oros., VI, 21; Florus IV, 12; Eutropius, VII, 9. One detachment of -Antonius’ army, under L. Decidius Saxa, was exterminated in 714, and -another in 718 under Oppius Statianus. Cf. Livy, _Ep._ CXXI; Dio, -XLVIII, 24. - -Tiberius received the standards from the Parthians in 734. Cf. Dio, -LIV, 8, etc.; Suet. _Tib._ 9. Eckhel, VI, 95, shows a coin with -a Parthian on bended knee presenting a standard to Augustus. Cf. also -Horace, _Epis._, I, 12, 27; Oros., VI, 21, 29; and c. 32 of the -inscription. - -There were two temples of Mars Ultor, a smaller one on the Capitoline, -and a larger in the forum, dedicated in 752. The standards were removed -to the larger temple. Cf. Dio, LV, 10; Horace, _Carm._, IV, 5, 16; -_Epis._, I, 18, 56; Propertius, III, 10, 3; Ovid, _Trist._ -II, 295; _Fasti_, V, 549; VI, 459. - -[137] Augustus himself had fought the Pannonians in 719, 720. Cf. Dio, -XLIX, 36-38. The campaigns of Tiberius were from 742 to 745. Cf. Vell. -II, 96; Dio, LIV, 31, 34; LV, 2; Suet. _Tib._, 9. - -[138] This statement varies somewhat from Dio, L, 24, who says Augustus -reached the Danube in 720, and from Suetonius, _Tib._ 16, who -assigns the complete subjection of the district to 759. - -[139] The Dacians had become organized and strong in the latter years -of the Roman republic. Cf. Justin. XXXII, 3; Jordanis, _Get._, XI, -67; Strabo, XVI, 2, 39; VII, 3, 5; 11; Suet. _Aug._, 44. Julius Cæsar -was about to proceed against them when he died. Cf. Suet. _Jul._, 44; -_Aug._, 8; App. _B. C._, II, 110; III, 25, 37; _Illyr._, 13; Vell., II. -59; Livy, _Epit._, CXVII. In 719 Augustus began his Illyrican campaign -by occupying Segesta on the Save, whence he threatened the Dacians -and Bastarnæ. Cf. App. _Illyr._, 22, 23. Antony is responsible for -the statement that Augustus sought to secure the goodwill of Cotiso, -king of the Getæ (Dacians), by giving him his daughter and by himself -marrying a daughter of Cotiso. Cf. Suetonius, _Aug._, 63. Cotiso -refused the alliance and joined the party of Antony. Cf. Dio, L, 6; LI, -22. Antony’s story as to the proposed marriages is hardly credible, -and may have been invented by him to offset his own alliance with -Cleopatra. During the struggle between Antony and Octavian, an invasion -of the Dacians was the constant dread of Italy. Cf. Vergil, _Georg._, -II, 497; Hor. _Sat._, II, 6, 53; _Carm._, III, 6, 13. When Antony was -overthrown M. Crassus undertook the suppression of the Dacians, and -triumphed, July 4, 727. Cf. Dio, LI, 23; Tab. Triumph. But Dacian -incursions were still frequent. Dio records one in 738, cf. LIV, 20; -and one in 744, cf. LIV, 36. Probably it was in this latter incursion -that the defeat here alluded to was met by them. Finally an army was -sent against them under Lentulus, in 759. Cf. Dio, LV, 30; Strabo, VII, -12 and 13; Suet. _Aug._, 21; Florus, IV, 12, 19, 20; Tac. _Ann._, IV, -44. - -[140] Cf. Suet. _Aug._, 21; Flor. IV, 12, 62; _Oros._, VI, -21, 19, says that deputies of Indians and Scythians came to Augustus -at Tarracona in 728 or 729; Dio, LIV, 9, that deputies from India came -to him at Samos in 734. Strabo gives the name of the Indian king as -Porus. Cf. XV., 1, 4 and 73. Cf. also Ver. _Georg._, II, 170; -_Aen._, VI, 794; VIII, 705; Hor. _Carm._, I, 12, 56; _Carm. -Saec._, 55, 56; _Carm._, IV, 14, 41. - -[141] For a general statement, cf. Suetonius, _Aug._ 21. For the -Scythians, cf. Note 140 , above. For the Bastarnæ, cf. Livy, _Ep._ -CXXXIV; Dio, LI, 23, 24. For the Sarmatæ, cf. Flor. l. c.; Strabo, -II, 5, 30; Tac. _Ann._, VI, 33; Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, II, -108, 246; VI, 7, 19; VI, 5, 16; VI, 13, 40. Vergil refers to them as -Gelones. Cf. _Aen._, VIII, 725. Cf. also Hor. _Carm._, II, 9; -III, 8, 23. For the Albani and Iberi, cf. Dio, XLIX, 24. For the Medes, -cf. c. 27 and notes. - -[142] For Phraates and Tiridates, cf. Justin, XLII, 5; Dio, LI, 18. -Tiridates had supplanted Phraates and in turn was driven out by him. He -then, in 724, came to Augustus for aid. But the latter was anxious to -regain the lost standards from Parthia, and simply played off Tiridates -against Phraates by setting him over Syria. Dio, in the passage cited, -makes mention of a son of Phraates who was captured by Tiridates and -given up to Augustus. This was possibly the Phraates here mentioned, -though there are difficulties in the way of this explanation. For -Augustus implies the voluntary coming of a reigning king, not the -delivery of an abducted prince. We know that in 731 Tiridates was in -Rome asking that Parthia be assigned to him, and that at the same time -Phraates sent an embassy begging the restitution of his son. Cf. Dio, -LIII, 33. Augustus laid the matter before the senate, and by their -advice restored the prince in exchange for the standards, but did not -yield to the plea of Tiridates. - -[143] Cf. c. 27. - -[144] A people east of the Tigris, and west of Media Atropatane. -Nothing is known of Artaxares. For the Adiabeni and their kingdom, cf. -Strabo, XVI, 1, 19; Tac. _Ann._, XII, 13; Josephus, _Ant._, -XX, 2, 1. - -[145] Augustus several times was on the point of invading Britain. Cf. -Dio, XLIX, 38, for 720; LIII, 22, 25, for 727, 728. The poets have many -prophecies of victories in Britain. Cf. Ver. _Georg._, I, 30, -written in 724; III, 25; Hor. _Epode_, VII, 7; _Carm._, I. -35, 29, of the year 727, 728; _Carm._, III, 5; I, 21, 15; III, 4, -33; IV, 14, 48. But nothing came of these plans. Cf. Strabo, IV, 5, 3, -for embassies from Britain. Coins of Dumnobellaunus have been found. -Cf. J. Evans, _Coins of the Ancient Britons_ (London, 1864), p. -198, and the following plate 4, Nos. 6-12. - -[146] The great defeat of Lollius in 738 was by the Sicambri, joined -with the Usipites and Tencteri. Cf. Dio, LIV, 20; Vell., II, 97; Suet., -_Aug._, 23. There was a temporary peace. Cf. Horace, _Carm._, -IV, 2. 36; 14, 51. They rebelled in 742, and were put down, first by -Drusus and later by Tiberius. Cf. Dio, LIV, 32, 33, 36. In 746 they -were completely subjugated and removed into Gaul. Cf. Dio, LV, 6; Vell. -II, 97; Suet., _Aug._, 21; _Tib._, 9; Tac. _Ann._, II, -26; XII, 39; Strabo, VII, 1, 3. Probably the coming of Maelo was during -this surrender of 746. - -[147] The Marcomani were a branch of the Suevi. Cf. Tac., _Germ._, -XXXVIII; _Ann._, II, 44, 62. - -[148] The four sons were Seraspedes, Rhodaspedes, Vonones and -Phraates, with the wives of two of them and four children. Cf. Strabo, -XVI, 1, 28; VI, 4, 2; Justin, XLII, 5, 11; Vell., II, 94; Tac., -_Ann._, II, 1; Oros., VI, 21, 29; Suet., _Aug._ 21, 43; Jos., -_Antiq._, XVIII, 2, 4. They were sent to be out of harm’s way -during troubles in Parthia, according to all but Josephus, who says -they were removed so as not to hinder the succession of Phraataces, an -illegitimate son. When Phraates died, Phraataces in vain asked Augustus -for the return of the princes. This was c. 750. Cf. Dio, fragments, -Ursin. 39. The two elder princes died in Rome. Cf. C. I. L., VI, 7799. -Vonones was sent back by Augustus. Cf. c. 33, Note 149; Phraates was -returned by Tiberius in 788. Cf. Tac., _Ann._, VI, 31; Dio, LVIII, -16. Probably the princes were sent to Augustus in 744. Cf. Mommsen, -_R. G._, p. 141. - -[149] The comment of Mommsen here seems too severe. He says: “The -writer magnifies his splendors beyond what is exact: for the Parthians -and Medes asked Augustus, not so much to appoint kings for them, as -to restore to them those to whom the kingdom had fallen by hereditary -right.” Such a criticism seems to overlook the force of the word -_petitos_, as applied to _reges_: they got the kings they “asked for.” - -Phraataces was reigning in 754. Cf. Dio, LV, 10; Vell. II, 101. He was -succeeded by Orodes for a short time. Then came the choice of Vonones. -Cf. Jos. _Ant._ XVIII, 2, 4; Tac. _Ann._ II, 1. Josephus -gives no date. Tacitus implies 770. Augustus, however, returned -Vonones, and the date must be much earlier, probably c. 760. A Parthian -embassy was in Rome between 757 and 759. Cf. Suet. _Tib._, 16. -Coins also show the name of Vonones in 761. Cf. Gardner, _Parthian -Coinage_, p. 46. His reign was very brief. Cf. Tacitus and Josephus, -ll. cc. - -[150] Cf. c. 27. - -[151] This chapter is possibly the most weighty in the whole -inscription, inasmuch as it sets forth the view of his policy which -Augustus wished the world to hold. How far his statements in the -opening and closing sentences represent his own actual notions of his -relations to the sovereign power in Rome is a matter of debate. For a -full discussion Mommsen, _Röm. St._ II, p. 723, ff., may be read, -and Gardthausen, _Aug._ Iᵉʳ Th. IIᵉʳ Bd., pp. 485-540 and IIᵉʳ -Th., pp. 277-299. - -The question is: Did Augustus in any real sense restore the republic, -or did he conceive of himself as monarch, but find it politic to -suppress all outward marks of royalty? Was his chief concern to -maintain the peace and prosperity of the Roman people, with as little -alteration as possible of the old constitutional forms, or was his -object the building up of power for his own sake? This is confessedly -one of the riddles of history. The best that can be done is to study -his actions, estimating their worth and tendency, and leaving the -motives of the great statesman where he hid them,—locked in his own -bosom. - -Undoubtedly, all through the _Res Gestæ_, as is pointed out in -the introduction, and as has been noticed from time to time in these -notes, one of his great aims is to represent himself as a conservative, -moving within constitutional limits. Coins of the period emphasize the -view set forth in the opening sentence of this chapter with regard to -the restoration of the republic. Cf. Eckhel, VI, 83: _imp. Cæsar -divi f. cos. VI, libertatis p. R. vindex_; “The imperator, Cæsar, -son of the divine (Cæsar) consul for the sixth time, (726) restorer of -the freedom of the Roman people.” Cf. C. I. L. VI, 1527: “the whole -world pacified, the republic restored.” Also, C. I. L. I, p. 384; the -date referred to is Jan. 13, 727: “The senate decreed that an oaken -crown should be fixed above the door of the imperator, Cæsar Augustus, -because he restored the Roman republic.” Contemporary Roman writers -simply echo the views of Augustus. Cf. Ovid, _Fasti_, I, 589, -for Jan. 13, 727, Velleius, II, 89, says: “When the civil wars were -finished in the twentieth year, (724) and the foreign wars brought to -a close, peace was brought back, power restored to the laws, authority -to the tribunals, majesty to the senate, the _imperium_ of the -magistrates reduced to its old time form, the original and ancient -form of the state restored.” Cf. Livy, _Epit._, CXXXIV. The -Greek Strabo, also a contemporary, writes, XVII, 3, 25: “The country -committed to him the headship of her sovereignty, and made him lord of -peace and war for life.” Later writers, even the Romans, are equally -free in their judgments. Dio, LII, I, says: “From this time (725) the -affairs of Rome began to be in the control of one man (μοναρχεῖσθαι).” -Cf. Suet. _Aug._, 28; Tac. _Ann._, III, 28. Dio’s account of -the conference in which Agrippa advises a real abdication by Augustus, -and Mæcenas urges a bold assumption of supreme power (LII, 1-40) is -regarded as fictitious. - -The facts in the case are these: In 711 the Titian law gave the -triumvirs a five years’ lease of power. In 716 this was renewed not -by formal legislation, but “by universal consent.” Cf. App., _B. C._ V, 95. This triumviral power Augustus wielded till his sixth -consulship, 726, though there was a pretence of its cessation in 721. -Cf. c. 7, N, 1, and Mommsen, _Röm. St._, II, 698. In this and the -following years he divested himself gradually of one extraordinary -power after another. He could not at once fall back to the position -of an ordinary magistrate. The armies, the laws, the provinces, the -revenues had all been in his control. These he must gradually restore -Cf. Dio, LII, 13; LIII, 4, 9, 10. In 726 he began his return to older -customs by alternating with Agrippa, his colleague, in the consulship, -in having the fasces borne before him by the lictors for a month. Cf. -Dio, LIII, 1. The restoration of the censorship was part of the same -programme. Dio, LIII, 2, says that by an edict he declared all the -revolutionary and extraordinary acts of the triumviral period should -cease to be effective with the expiration of his sixth consulship -(726). The inscription of Jan. 13, 727, above alluded to, C. I. L. I, -p. 384, marks that date as that on which the business of restoring the -provinces was finally given over to the senate. - -From this time on the senate divided the control of the provinces -with him. Augustus took the troublesome provinces and the frontier -ones, leaving to the senate the older and more peaceable. Over these -provinces he received a proconsular imperium for ten years, which was -renewed at the expiration of that term. In c. 7 he says that he found -the tribunitial power a sufficient basis for all the measures which -he wished to put through. Now the proconsulship and tribuneship were -both ordinary and constitutional offices. Augustus’ occupancy of each -affords an illustration of the way in which he held ordinary offices in -an extraordinary way. For by the old customs a proconsul must exercise -his _imperium_ in his province, and never at Rome. Augustus could -not be in ten provinces at once, and must be at Rome most of the time. -Hence a violation of the constitution was necessary. The tribuneship, -instituted for the protection of plebeians could be held only by a -plebeian. But Augustus was a patrician. For this reason he did not -take the tribuneship in the ordinary way, nor by the ordinary title, -but designated himself as _tribunicia potestate_, “of tribunitial -authority.” - -The title _princeps_, “prince” is never used by Augustus as an -official designation in laws and inscriptions, but indicates simply his -primacy of rank and is so used throughout the _Res Gestæ_. Cf. cc. -13, 30, 32. - -[152] Cf. C. I. L. 1, p. 384; X. 8375; Livy, _Ep._, 134; Cass. ad. -an. 727; Oros. VI, 20, 8; Vell. II, 91; Suet. _Aug._ 7; Dio, LIII, -16. - -[153] Cf. coins in Eckhel, VI, 88; Cohen, _Aug._ nos. 43-48, 50, -207-212, 301, 341, 356, 385, 426, 476-8, 482. All these show either -the crown or the laurels and many of them have both. With the crown is -generally _ob civis servatos_, “for preserving the citizens.” The -civic crown being the reward of any soldier who saved a citizen’s life, -Augustus was pre-eminently deemed worthy of it, because he had saved so -many by putting an end to the civil wars, and by his clemency. Cf. Dio, -LIII, 16; Suet. _Claud._ 17; Sen. _De Clem._ I, 26, 5; Ovid, -_Tr._ III, 1, 39, 41, 47; _Fasti_ IV, 953; III, 137; Val. -Max. II, 8, 7; Juv. VI, 52, 79; X, 65; XII, 91; Tac. _Ann._ XV, 71. - -[154] No ancient writer mentions this shield, but a number of coins and -inscriptions portray it. Cf. C. I. L. IX, 5811, wherein two Victories -carry a shield inscribed: “The senate and Roman people have given -to Augustus a shield on account of his valor, clemency, justice and -piety;” the very words of the _Res Gestæ_. For coins, cf. Eckhel, -VI, 95, 103, 121; Cohen, _Aug._ nos. 50-53, 213-216, 253, 264-267, -283, 286-297, 332. The Victory, which is frequently associated with the -shield, probably indicates that the latter was placed by Augustus near -the altar of Victory erected by him in the Curia Julia. - -[155] Cf. Note 151. - -[156] This title was given Feb. 5, 752. Cf. C. I. L. I, p. 386; II, -No. 2107. As in the case of the title, prince of the youth, conferred -upon Gaius and Lucius, and of the continuance of his supreme power by -universal consent (cf. cc. 14 and 34), the appellation, father of the -fatherland, was given by general acclamation, leaving to the senate -only the formal ratification of the popular will. Suet. _Aug._ 58, -expressly states this. Cf. also Ovid, _Fasti_, II, 128. - -The Augustan Forum was dedicated this same year, 752. Cf. c. 21, Note. -In all probability the quadriga had been in existence some time before -this, inasmuch as it appears on a coin of uncertain date with the -inscription: “the senate and Roman people to Cæsar Augustus, parent and -presever.” If the quadriga had been made at the time this inscription -was ordered, the coin would surely have borne the formal title, “father -of the fatherland,” not the designation, “parent.” Cf. Eckhel, VI, 113. - -[157] The seventy-sixth year of Augustus began Sept. 23, 766. Chapter -8 mentions his third census, which was completed one hundred days -before his death, hence May 11, 767. The _Res Gestæ_ must have -been written, then, in the interval between this date and his start for -Campania, on his last journey, as we know he left this document in the -hands of the Vestal Virgins. Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 97. - -SUPPLEMENT. - -For a discussion of this supplement, see the Introduction. - -[158] Equivalent to 2,400,000,000 sesterces, about $120,000,000. This -does not exactly correspond with the sum of the items mentioned in the -_Res Gestæ_. These sum up 2,199,800,000 sesterces. - -[159] A mere summary of c. 19, with a bit from c. 20, the only -principle of arrangement being to put temples first, and the rest -haphazard. The difference in the Greek and Latin is curious. No attempt -is made to reproduce _pulvinar_ in Greek, although in c. 19 it had -been rendered ναόν. - -[160] A summary of c. 20. - -[161] A summary of cc. 22, 23. - -[162] For aid given to Naples, cf. Dio, LV, 10; to Venafrum, in -Campania, C. I. L. X, 4842. - -[163] For aid to Paphos, cf. Dio, LIV, 23; to a number of towns in -Asia, Dio, LIV, 30; to Laodicea and Tralles, Strabo, XII, 8, 18; to -Thyatira and Chios, Suet. _Tib._ 8. - -[164] Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 41. The estate necessary to qualify a -senator he raised from 800,000 sesterces to 1,200,000, and where -senators were worthy, though poor, he made up their fortunes to that -sum. Cf. Dio, LI, 17; LII, 19; LIII, 2; LIV, 17; LV, 13; LVI, 41. - - -Transcriber’s Notes:— - - The printer is thought to be Anvil Printing Company - (see front matter). - - In Footnote 58, Cf. Dio, XLIT is taken as a typo for - Cf. Dio, XLIV. - - On Page 28 the number of Roman citizens is given as four million, - two hundred and thirty thousand. In the associated footnote this - is given as 4,233,000. - - Typographical errors in the Greek (All corrected). - Page 10 πρυκατηλειμένας changed to read προκατηλειμένας - Page 13 ψηψίσμασι changed to read ψηφίσμασι - Page 23 τόν changed to read τὸν - Page 25 οίας changed to read σίας - Page 33 ῷ changed to read ᾦ - Page 37 θαλὰσσης changed to read θαλάσσης - Page 43 ἑξὴκοντα changed to read ἑξήκοντα - Page 45 οὕς changed to read οὓς - Page 51 ἐπιγαφῆς changed to read ἐπιγραφῆς - Page 53 Ἂ[ρεω]ς changed to read Ἄ[ρεω]ς - Page 55 ᾷ changed to read ᾳ - Page 57 Ὑρὲρ changed to read Ὑπὲρ - Page 57 Γαίῷ changed to read Γαίῳ - Page 57 Ιαύῳ changed to read Γαίῳ - Page 57 Σε[ι]λανῳ changed to read Σε[ι]λανῷ - Page 59 τρ[ί]σχ[ε]ί[λ]ιοι changed to read τρ[ι]σχ[ε]ί[λ]ιοι - Page 61 ῷ changed to read ᾧ - Page 61 Αιβύη changed to read Λιβύη - Page 61 τοῦς changed to read τοὺς - Page 61 οὅ changed to read οἳ - Page 67 μείοζονος changed to read μείσζονος - Page 69 ρᾴ changed to read ρα - Page 69 αἵ changed to read αἳ - Page 69 ἔμοῦ changed to read ἐμοῦ - Page 73 ποτομοῦ changed to read ποταμοῦ - Page 77 ἐθνη changed to read ἔθνη - Page 85 εν changed to read ἐν - - Typographical errors in the Latin (All corrected). - Page 39 turmœ changed to read turmæ and optious changed to read optios - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MONUMENTUM ANCYRANUM *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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