NormalizeHEADmain

14 files changed, 17 insertions, 2468 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7b82bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+*.txt text eol=lf
+*.htm text eol=lf
+*.html text eol=lf
+*.md text eol=lf
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..17608bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #66047 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/66047)
diff --git a/old/66047-0.txt b/old/66047-0.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 37be8f7..0000000
--- a/old/66047-0.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1028 +0,0 @@
-The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Continent of the Future:, by William
-Coppinger
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: The Continent of the Future:
-       Africa and Its Wonderful Development--Exploration, Gold Mining,
-       Trade, Missions and Elevation
-
-Author: William Coppinger
-
-Release Date: August 11, 2021 [eBook #66047]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-Produced by: hekula03, Donald Cummings and the Online Distributed
-             Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
-             produced from images generously made available by the Library
-             of Congress)
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CONTINENT OF THE FUTURE: ***
-
-
-
-
-                     The Continent of the Future.
-
-
-                             HAMPTON, VA.:
-                     _Normal School Steam Press._
-                                 1881.
-
-
-
-
-                     THE CONTINENT OF THE FUTURE.
-
-          AFRICA AND ITS WONDERFUL DEVELOPMENT――EXPLORATION,
-              GOLD MINING, TRADE, MISSIONS AND ELEVATION.
-
-
-The tide of modern civilization and religious development is sweeping
-round the globe. With the rapid advance of India, the unparalleled
-strides of Japan, and the steady progress of China to the new era,
-Africa is about to reveal its long-kept secrets and its possibilities
-of contributing to the elevation of its inhabitants and the welfare of
-the world. Commerce, capital, science, philanthropy, and religion have
-joined hands to penetrate the mysterious land and cast light on its
-gloomiest portions. Africa is very nearly everywhere regarded as the
-continent of the future.
-
-GOVERNMENTAL.――France seems about to absorb Tunis and Tripoli, and to
-unite Algeria to her Senegal possessions. The Chambers have voted eight
-millions of francs ($1,600,000) for two railroads: (1) from Algiers
-to Timbuctoo, across the Sahara, and (2) from Saint Louis, Senegal,
-to Bamaka and Sego. Two millions of francs ($400,000) have also been
-appropriated for the construction of a telegraph line from Dakar to
-Saint Vincent, to place Senegal in telegraphic connection with Europe.
-A loan is proposed of forty-five millions of francs ($9,000,000) for
-the formation of three hundred villages and the introduction of two
-hundred thousand colonists into Algeria. This expanding colony is just
-fifty years old. In 1830, the total exports and imports did not amount
-to two million francs, ($400,000.) They have now reached three hundred
-and sixty-five million francs, ($63,100,000.)
-
-M. Soleillet and M. Doponchel give the result of their long and
-thorough reconnoissance as highly favorable to the project of crossing
-the Sahara by steam, and they describe the desert as far more fertile
-than is commonly believed. The latter says: “What is being so
-successfully accomplished by England in India, by the United States in
-North America, and by Russia in Central Asia, that should we try to
-do in emulation of their example――seek a continent whereon to extend
-our beneficent influence, and find, by the employment of our idle
-capital, at once a new market for the products of our industries and
-manufactures, and a vast centre of agricultural production, able to
-supply us, at small cost, with the raw materials not indigenous to our
-soil, which we now only obtain with difficulty from foreign sources.”
-
-The expedition under Gallieni is stated to have reached Saint Louis
-from Timbuctoo, having completed a survey for a railroad between those
-points, which is pronounced to be entirely feasible. He met with a
-friendly reception, and formed treaties with numerous tribes, whereby
-France is granted a right of way, and may establish ambassadorial or
-military representatives at the proposed principal stations. M. Matheis
-has been commissioned by the French Government to explore the country
-from the bend of the Niger to Lake Tchad. M. L. Vassian, an attache of
-the French Department for Foreign Affairs, is to reside for a time at
-Khartoum, to study the nature of the commercial relations to be formed
-with Soudan.
-
-At a conference at Paris in relation to the territories between Sierra
-Leone and the Gambia, it is understood that the decision reached
-was that the French are to retain the Mellacouri and the English
-the Scarcies. The newly appointed Governor of Sierra Leone, Arthur
-Elibank Havelock, Esq., was one of the representatives of the British
-Government at the conference.
-
-Portugal is actively caring for her extensive African domain. The
-Governor-General of Angola has been directed to organize a system of
-colonization in that province, by selecting a region best adapted for
-its salubrity, fertility of soil, abundance of water, and facility of
-communication, and to prepare accommodations for one hundred colonists
-and their families, an emigration having begun from Madeira. Lorenzo
-Marquez, the port of Delagoa Bay, has been ceded to Great Britain. It
-is the best harbor on the south-eastern coast, while its geographical
-relation to Natal, Zululand and the Transvaal makes its possession
-of importance to England. The latter guarantees to Portugal the
-exclusive right to the territory between the Ambriz and Congo rivers.
-The concession made by the Portuguese Government to the Andrada Land
-Company, extending from the Shire to the Kafrio, at Nyampanga Island,
-about seven hundred miles, is in course of examination by a party
-of French mining engineers. The Commercial Association of Lisbon is
-raising funds by subscription to be offered to the Government to
-co-operate with it in the foundation of civilizing stations in the
-Portuguese African colonies.
-
-Spain is meditating a protectorate of Morocco. Messrs. Bolliglia,
-Mamoli and Pastori, of the “Italian Society for Promoting Commercial
-Exploration in Africa,” have left Tripoli to examine the elevated plain
-of Barka and to found trading posts at Bengasi, Derna and Tebreck,
-and afterwards others on the oasis bordering the road to Uadai and
-Bornu. The Italian Government has contributed generously to outfit
-the expedition. The same Society has dispatched M. Demeitri and M.
-Michieli from Khartoum for the Red Sea, with a caravan of seven
-hundred camels laden with various kinds of merchandise for trade.
-The Egyptian Government has sent the learned Rohlfs to the King of
-Abyssinia to arrange mutual relations on a friendly basis. The Sultan
-of Zanzibar has engaged the intrepid Thomson to conduct a geographical
-investigation of the Rovouma.
-
-THE SLAVE TRADE.――It is estimated that fifty thousand natives are
-annually conveyed to the Turkish and Egyptian ports of the Red Sea,
-where they are disposed of to dealers. The Sultan of Zanzibar has
-dispatched an armed force of five hundred men, commanded by an officer
-detailed from the British Army, in the direction of Lake Tanganyika,
-and the British Government is to establish consuls at Suakin and
-Khartoum, with authority to travel in Egypt and on the Red Sea, “to
-heal the open sore of the world.” The French Government is to make
-earnest efforts and to co-operate with England in all measures having
-in view the same humane object. The Khedive has appointed Comte Della
-Salla to the special office of repressing the slave traffic in lower
-Egypt. It is to be regretted that at the Berlin Congress in 1878, which
-afforded an excellent opportunity for concerting a treaty on slavery
-between the Powers of Europe, this good result was rendered impossible
-by the action of the English representatives.
-
-EXPLORATIONS.――In the exploration of Africa the Germans keep the
-lead, of which almost nothing is known until they appear after an
-absence of a few years, with a fund of knowledge that is astonishing.
-Witness, for instance, the apparition of Lenz from a journey from
-Morocco to Timbuctoo, and thence to Medina and St. Louis. This famous
-traveler reports passing through towns of from ten to thirty thousand
-inhabitants, and of having made discoveries which explode the theory of
-converting the Sahara into an ocean. He states that the most depressed
-portion of El Juff, the body of the desert, is some five hundred feet
-above the level of the sea, and that there exist in several oases
-points which promise to be of great utility for the proposed Sahara
-railway.
-
-Dr. Pogge is penetrating the country inland from St. Paul de Loando,
-the German Government having asked for him the protection of the
-Portuguese Government in its African jurisdiction. Dr. Holub, who
-has made interesting researches on the Zambesi, intends to cross the
-continent from south to north. Starting from the Cape of Good Hope he
-is to strike the Zambesi, thence the watershed district between that
-river and the Congo, and on to Egypt through Darfur.
-
-Dr. Stocker is exploring Lake Toana. M. Piaggia is traversing Soudan,
-south of Khartoum, between the Blue and White Nile, M. Lombard,
-corresponding secretary of the Normandy Society of Geography, has
-entered on a scientific mission to Abyssinia. M. J. Chouver, a
-Hollander of fortune and experience as a traveler, has reached the
-Galla country on his way to the Cape of Good Hope. Capt. Ferreira,
-Governor of Benguela, and several officers of the army, have offered
-their services to the Geographical Society of Lisbon for a Portuguese
-expedition across Africa, starting from the West Coast. M. Antusa is
-organizing a commercial station at Zomba, where he is to be joined by
-workmen whom the Portuguese Government has promised to furnish to erect
-buildings. The learned Dr. Schweinfurth has returned from a visit to
-the Island of Socotra, off the coast of Aden, and affirms that it is
-very fertile, with a splendid and varied vegetation. One-fourth of its
-plants are peculiar to the locality.
-
-M. Moustier, who in 1879, with M. Zweifel, discovered the source of the
-Niger, is again to start from Freetown on a trading venture and to fix
-the exact geographical position of “the rise of the mysterious river.”
-Lieut. Dumbleton and Surgeon Browning, R. A., are in charge of an
-expedition to penetrate, by the Gambia, into the valley of the Niger to
-Timbuctoo. Dr. Gouldsbury lately led an exploring party from the river
-Gambia, via Timbo and Port Lokko, to Sierra Leone, the outlay for which
-from the colonial treasury was £2,400, ($12,000.)
-
-THE CONGO.――The illustrious Stanley has reached his second station
-on the Congo, Isangila, about 30 miles above Vivi, which point was
-gained only after faithful but weary toil, and against every kind of
-difficulty. He was obliged to throw bridges across the streams, open,
-hatchet in hand, a route across dense forests, blow up rocks; leading
-the way with a group of pioneers, and after advancing a little, to make
-a halt, pitch a camp, then go back to bring by instalments the rest
-of the convoy, till all were united. Count de Brazza has ascended the
-Ogowe to its headwaters, reaching thereby the sources of several of
-the affluents of the Congo. Descending one of these, the Alima, partly
-along the shore and partly by boats, he struck the Congo below Stanley
-Pool, and coming down the river he met Stanley. It is suggested that a
-more practicable route to the interior than that by the lower Congo may
-be opened by the Ogowe and the streams which rise near its source. The
-Count is again to descend the Alima, this time in a transportable steam
-launch, and then to make a thorough examination of the valley of the
-Congo――the area of which is estimated to be four times that of France.
-
-TELEGRAPHIC.――Telegraphic communication has been established between
-Elmina and Cape Coast. The Portuguese Commissioner of Public Works
-has constructed in Angola a telegraphic line from St. Paul de Loando
-to Dondo and Calcullo. Preparations are making for its extension. The
-French Government proposes to connect Tunis with Corsica by cable.
-A third cable has been laid from Marseilles to Algiers. A second
-telegraphic line is in operation between Algeria and Tunis.
-
-GOLD MINES.――Six companies are working on the Gold Coast with
-encouraging prospects. Improved machinery has been shipped by the
-African Company, and its mine is reported to be one of extraordinary
-richness. The success of the Gold Coast Company places it in the
-highest rank of gold mine enterprise. At meetings of the Effuenta
-Company (July 7 and 21) resolutions were adopted to create an
-additional two thousand shares of £5 each, ($25,) to be distributed
-among the existing shareholders proportional to their present holding.
-The number of shares applied for was more than double the amount to
-be issued. The Akankoo Gold Coast Company――a new organization――has
-acquired territory on the borders of the river Ancobra, and the
-celebrated Cameron has been engaged to open up the property. The
-British authorities have placed a civil commandant with a police force
-at Tacquah. Much of the delay experienced in the production of the
-precious metal is attributed in some cases to error of management,
-perhaps unavoidable, and in all to the many difficulties encountered in
-an almost unknown region, with the additional disadvantages of a very
-unhealthy climate for Europeans.
-
-FINANCIAL.――A prospectus has appeared for the establishment of “The
-Bank of West Africa,” capital £500,000, ($2,500,000,) in fifty thousand
-shares of £10 each, ($50.) The chief office is to be in London, with
-branches at Sierra Leone and Lagos. The shares of the Standard Bank of
-South Africa, £25, ($125,) paid, are quoted at 57, and the dividends
-paid for the last two years have been sixteen per cent. Postal money
-order offices have been opened between Sierra Leone and the Gambia, at
-the rate of three shillings (75 cents) per £10, ($50.)
-
-COMMERCIAL.――Africa contains resources upon which large portions of
-the enlightened world will in no very remote future be dependent, and
-it possesses the very highest capacity for the consumption of many
-of the productions of civilization. One of the marked developments
-is the numerous orders for utensils and simple machinery of various
-kinds, to be worked by hand or with light power, and for mechanical
-tools and agricultural implements. The business is already extensive
-and is likely to be of immense magnitude. Dr. Holub describes Prince
-Sechele, chief of the Bechuanas, as living in a grand abode, which
-he had erected in European style, at a cost of $15,000. Khartoum is
-making astonishing progress. Magnificent stores have been built within
-the last three years, and everything in modern civilization can now be
-had there. The Northwest Company is extending commerce at Cape Juby.
-The security afforded since the “annexation” by England of Lagos has
-powerfully helped it to become the “Liverpool of Africa.” The declared
-value of its exports in 1878 was £577,346, ($2,886,730.) The number,
-tonnage, &c., of steam vessels which entered Lagos in the same year is
-thus given:
-
-    Nationality.   Steamers.  Tonnage.    Crews.
-
-    British           144     141,590     5,746
-    German             72       4,251     1,177
-                      ―――     ―――――――     ―――――
-         Totals       216     145,841     6,293
-
-“The Lagos Warehouse and Commission Company,” capital £50,000,
-($250,000) in £5 ($25) shares, has been formed, for the purpose of
-founding a wholesale warehouse at Lagos, and, when desirable, at other
-important points on the West Coast. Thus a native merchant will be
-put in possession of two thirds of the net value of his consignment
-immediately the Company is in possession of his produce, and he will be
-enabled to have all his produce realized in the home market.
-
-STEAMERS.――Twenty-five years ago it took a passenger from the United
-States one hundred and thirty days to reach Corisco; now a trip via
-Liverpool of about a month, in a palace compared with the pent-up
-quarters of a sailing ship, and tables furnish with luxuries instead
-of ringing the changes of salt beef and hard bread from day to day.
-Twenty-eight steamships afford weekly communication between Liverpool
-and the West Coast. The vessels of “the African Steamship Company” are
-named as follows: Africa, Akassa, Ambriz, Benin, Biafra, Ethiopia,
-Landana, Mayumba, Nubia, Opobo, Whydah and Winnebah, and those of “the
-British and African Steam Navigation Company” bear the following names:
-Benguela, Bonny, Cameroon, Congo, Corisco, Dodo, Forcades, Formoso,
-Gaboon, Kinsembo, Loando, Lualaba, Ramos, Roquelle, Senegal and Volta.
-“The West African Steam Navigation Company” also employ a number of
-steamships in the West African trade. Messrs. Rubattino & Co. announce
-their intention to put on several steamers between Genoa and Bengasi.
-Not a steamer from the United States to Africa!
-
-[Illustration: MAP OF AFRICAN EXPLORATIONS DOWN TO AUGUST, 1877.]
-
-A company has been formed in New York for “the establishment of a line
-of steamships for passengers, mail and freight, between New York,
-Madeira, St. Thomas and Teneriffe, Cape de Verde, the Western Islands,
-the Canary Islands, and the ports of the West Coast of Africa.” The
-capital stock is $100,000; and may be increased to $4,000,000; shares
-$100. Such a line would open cheap and rapid communication between the
-Liberian Republic and our own, furnishing facilities for the thousands
-of people of color who desire to obtain an expansive field for their
-energies, and bringing to our market the valuable staples of its
-productive soil. In relation to this important project an experienced
-missionary writes: “Often, during these twenty years, I have been
-surprised at the apparent indifference of American capitalists and
-ship owners to the share that they might have obtained in the profits
-of the African trade, other than slaves. I have seen two English lines
-of steamers (the South and the West, having their termini respectively
-at the Cape of Good Hope and the mouth of the Niger) develop by rich
-opposition to five, and the termini of three of them extended from the
-Niger down to the Congo-Livingstone, and literally every nation of
-Europe engaged in their profits, while America has scarcely a showing.”
-A subsidy or liberal legislation by Congress is counted upon before
-additional steps in this enterprise are taken. And among other public
-action tending to success is the creation and appointment of consuls
-at the Gold Coast, Lagos and Bonny; and vice-consuls at smaller points
-between Monrovia and the Niger, to be under the supervision of the
-Minister Resident to Liberia.
-
-RAILROAD SURVEY.――While the United States flagship Ticonderoga,
-Commodore Shufeldt, was on the West African coast, two of her officers,
-Lieut. Drake and Master Vreeland, assisted by eleven men from the ship
-and twenty-seven natives furnished by the Liberian Government, made
-a survey of the St. Paul’s river, and ran a line of levels along its
-northern bank and some distance inland, to determine the feasibility of
-constructing a railroad to connect Monrovia with the Soudan Valley, via
-Boporo. This reconnoissance proved that the engineering difficulties
-would be comparatively trifling. There is no doubt that Monrovia
-would be the most available point for the starting of such a road, as
-it would pass through an entirely virgin country and penetrate to a
-salubrious region, whose resources for trade, known to be prodigious,
-are as yet untouched. Such a connection with the interior, with the
-various appliances of civilization which must follow it, would be one
-of the most effective agencies for promoting a vigorous colonization
-of the immigrants, who would at once reach a healthy and fertile
-district, and it would prove a great practical power in the advancement
-of missionary work, and immediately become an important auxiliary in
-developing and controlling an immense and valuable commerce.
-
-This reconnoissance was the first made in that quarter, and it has done
-much toward bringing the interior tribes into commercial and friendly
-relations with the Liberians. Other surveys were conducted by the same
-bold and public-spirited officers, including that of the Sugaree and
-Marfa rivers. The presence of the Ticonderoga and Commodore Shufeldt
-will long be pleasantly remembered, and good continue to result. This
-accomplished officer, in a letter dated April 6, 1881, remarks: “In
-view of the many failures which have been recorded in every age of the
-world, Liberia may be regarded as a success. * * * This, the first
-effort of the African race to establish a free government upon its own
-soil, merits and should receive the sympathy and encouragement of every
-man, woman and child in America.”
-
-LIBERIA COFFEE.――The species of coffee which is indigenous to Liberia
-promises to have an important influence on the industry of those
-countries in which the coffee blight has almost extinguished the
-Arabian coffee plant. In Dominica, W. I., the Liberia coffee, from
-seedlings planted in 1874, has proved impervious to the ravages of
-the blight, and its productiveness is a matter of astonishment. The
-stranger is described as “much larger than that of Arabia, being,
-indeed, in its native state a small tree, its leaves much larger; the
-berries are twice the size of the ordinary coffee bean, and the flavor
-is excellent.” The Liberia coffee seed has been introduced into Ceylon,
-and Liberian coffee from that isle commands a much higher price than
-the Ceylon, (Arabian) coffee. The bark Elverton took from Liberia
-to Rio de Janeiro some one hundred thousand coffee plants and fifty
-thousand pounds of coffee seed, and returning to Monrovia, readily
-obtained a similar cargo for the same parties in Brazil. A German
-trading firm is extending the coffee culture a short distance inland,
-near the Gaboon, with scions procured in Liberia. The Republic is in
-its infancy with regard to the cultivation of the far-famed berry. The
-crop last year is said to have reached a half million of pounds.
-
-MOHAMMEDANISM.――Enthusiastic propagandists of Islam, without commission
-or compensation of any kind, but trusting wholly to that hospitality
-which is the pride of the Oriental, pass from village to village
-reading the Koran and giving instructions to wondering groups of
-natives. Whole tribes are stated to be converted to the Mohammedan
-faith. The eminent scholar and writer, Rev. Dr. Blyden,[*] says:
-“Africans are continually going to and fro between the Atlantic Ocean
-and the Red Sea. I have met in Liberia and in its eastern frontiers,
-Mohammedan Negroes born in Mecca, the holy city of Arabia, who thought
-they were telling of nothing extraordinary when they were detailing
-the incidents of their journey, and of the journey of their friends,
-from the banks of the Niger――from the neighborhood of Sierra Leone
-and Liberia――across the continent to Egypt, Arabia and Jerusalem. I
-saw in Cairo and Jerusalem, some years ago, West Africans who had
-come on business and on religious pilgrimage from their distant homes
-in Senegambia.” The promoters of Christianity are using these native
-travelers and missionaries of the false prophet. Copies of the Holy
-Scriptures in Arabic, printed at Beyrout, are sent to Egypt and for
-circulation in the Delta and along the valley of the Nile, and to
-Liberia, whence they are distributed among the inhabitants of vast
-outstretching realms whose vernacular is the Arabic.
-
- [*] Liberal use has been made of the writings of this gifted Negro,
-     and of the pages of the Missionary Herald, of Boston, Foreign
-     Missionary, of New York, African Times, of London, and L’Afrique,
-     of Geneva.
-
-POPULATION.――The population of Africa, exclusive of its Islands, is
-estimated by Dr. Behm, in Peterman’s “Mittheilungen,” at 201,787,000.
-Of these the number of Protestant communicants in the various colonial
-and mission churches was reported in 1880 as 122,700; the number
-composing the communities connected with these churches 506,966; the
-number of Jews, 350,000; of Coptic, Abyssinian and similar Christians,
-4,535,000; of Mohammedans, 51,170,000; of heathen, 145,225,000.
-
-To carry the gospel to these millions, sixty four societies are at
-work. In South Africa and the colonies and Sierra Leone and Liberia
-there are connected with colonial churches 468 ministers, evangelists
-and teachers, of whom 54 are natives. The other white missionaries and
-teachers on the continent, are reported as 662, with 1095 natives,
-making 1757 mission workers proper, and 2,255 ministers, missionaries
-and teachers of all kinds, engaged in religious labors.
-
-[Illustration: MAP OF EXPLORATIONS SINCE AUGUST, 1877.]
-
-The population of Liberia, including Medina, may be 1,400,000.
-The largest proportion of the natives are Mohammedans, perhaps
-1,000,000. There are 26 Baptist churches, reporting 24 ministers and
-1,928 communicants. The Protestant Episcopal Church of the United
-States reports one bishop and 31 others, missionaries, teachers and
-assistants, 361 communicants, 597 Sunday-school scholars and 415 in
-day and boarding-schools. The report of the Methodist Episcopal Church
-of the United States, gives 25 ministers, 10 assistants, 4 native
-preachers and 47 local preachers and teachers, 2,200 members, 1,831
-Sabbath-school scholars and 300 day scholars. The American Presbyterian
-Church (North) reports 9 missionaries and assistants, 270 communicants,
-and 65 pupils in schools. Total 104 ministers, assistants and teachers
-reported, 4,759 communicants, 2,428 Sabbath-school scholars and 780 day
-pupils.
-
-It is a suggestive truth that a few only of the “104 ministers,
-assistants and teachers” laboring in Liberia were sent by missionary
-societies, but that nearly all of them were sent or are the children
-of men sent by the American Colonization Society as emigrants, and
-established there with means of subsistence. This single fact teaches
-that in proportion as the emigrants from this country are multiplied,
-the Christian laborers are also multiplied.
-
-MISSIONS.――The six European missions commenced in Central Africa
-since the death of Dr. Livingstone have been constantly reinforced
-and strengthened, viz.: The Presbyterian stations on Lake Nyassa; the
-Church Missionary Society efforts on Lake Victoria Nyanza; the London
-Missionary Society operations on Lake Tanganyika; the French Bassuto
-extension to the Barotse Valley, and the Baptist Mission and the
-Livingstone Inland Mission, both on the Congo. The two latter named
-are pushing inland from the coast; the first on the southern and the
-other on the northern side of the river. The Baptists are nearing the
-accomplishment of their first leading design, viz.; the establishment
-of a station at Stanley Pool, to be used as a base of operations
-beyond. A gentleman has given the £4,000 ($20,000) necessary to procure
-a steel boat to be named the “Plymouth,” to be used upon the Congo.
-The Livingstone Inland Mission (undenominational, begun in 1878,) has
-founded five stations and passed some two hundred of the three hundred
-miles to overcome the cataracts, where the river stretches out in
-navigable waters for about one thousand miles. Here it is intended to
-locate an industrial mission station, and to make the work ultimately
-self-supporting and self-extending.
-
-An offer of £4,000 ($20,000) has been made by James Stevenson, Esq.,
-of Glasgow, for the construction of a road between Lakes Nyassa
-and Tanganyika. The gift is based on the condition that the London
-Missionary Society and the Livingstonia Mission open and maintain
-stations at Mambe and Maliwanda, on the line of the proposed road, and
-that the Central African Trading Company undertake to keep up regular
-communication between Lakes Tanganyika and Quilimane. The distance
-between the lakes is about two hundred and twenty miles. The London
-Missionary Society has resolved to assume the conditions as far as it
-is concerned, and the Livingstonia Mission of the Scotch Free Church
-has sent a force to begin the station at Maliwanda.
-
-Christendom knows not any other such mission as the Niger mission
-of the Church Missionary Society, begun in 1867, to evangelize that
-portion of the continent by native Africans, headed by a native
-African, Bishop Crowther. Large and increasing Christian congregations
-exist at Bonny and Brass, and assemblies of varying sizes at Onitsha,
-Asumare and Lokoja. Sixteen hundred worshippers attended religious
-services at Bonny last Christmas. Kings and chieftains are erecting
-churches for themselves and their subjects. A cathedral is to be built
-at Bonny at a cost of £2,000, ($10,000.)
-
-The appointment of a Secretary by the American Board of Commissioners
-for Foreign Missions to superintend its operations in Africa,
-indicates an earnest purpose with respect to that land. Three pioneer
-missionaries have been cordially received by the King of Bailunda, and
-others are on their way to found a station at Bihe, which lies behind
-Benguela, some 250 miles from the Atlantic Ocean, an elevated region,
-inhabited by large and compact tribes.
-
-The American Missionary Association has sent two commissioners to
-select a site for a station near the headwaters of the Nile, in
-aid of which Robert Arthington, Esq., of Leeds, has contributed
-£3,000, ($15,000,) and English Christians have given a like sum. Two
-missionaries are under appointment to occupy this field. The American
-Baptist Missionary Union is considering the Soudan as a theatre of
-labor, stimulated by an offer from Mr. Arthington of £7,000 ($35,000)
-toward a mission on an extensive scale in that populous district. No
-man in this age has done so much to stimulate missionary enterprise
-as Mr. Arthington. The Southern Presbyterian Board of Missions is
-contemplating the opening of a station at Kabenda, preparatory to an
-advance on the centre of the Kingdom of Loango.
-
-AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY.――This association is quietly prosecuting
-its work of boundless scope and thrilling issues. An impartial observer
-of its progress in the United States, and who has personally seen its
-fruit on the coast of Africa, lately declares: “This was the first and
-remains the _only_ Society ever organized for the explicit purpose
-of giving the Negro perfect freedom, of promoting his education for
-his own good, of making him independent, of giving him a country he
-can call his own, and of elevating his race to the standard of a
-Christian nation. * * * * * Liberia’s flag is now honored by all
-Christian nations, and none more deserves honor, for the cause over
-which it floats is the grandest and holiest which ever gave birth to a
-nation――the redemption of a whole race of mankind from heathenism and
-slavery.”
-
-The number of persons provided passage to and homes in Liberia by the
-Society in 1880 exceeded that in any one year since 1872. One of its
-recent proteges, Rev. James O. Hayes, a graduate of Shaw University,
-writes: “I have met many of the prominent citizens and others, all of
-whom have extended to me the warm hand of fellowship and welcome. Hon.
-Beverly P. Yates, who has resided in this Republic fifty-two years,
-remarked to me that he would prefer Liberia to America, even if he were
-made President of the United States. I have two brothers and their
-families, with numerous friends residing at Brewerville, and they are
-prospering finely. The conviction is strengthened by all I see that
-persons who improve the advantages afforded immigrants here could not
-be induced to exchange countries.” The Society looks hopefully for that
-increase in gifts which the broadening work imperatively demands.
-
-CLIMATE.――Africa continues to be guarded by her malarious seaboard
-and poisonous fevers, and alien travelers, explorers, miners and
-missionaries still there find early graves. Statistics show the
-difference in the effects of the climate upon the white, the mulatto
-and the black man. In the recent Ashantee campaign, out of the heavy
-death list of forty-two English officers only six died of wounds.
-Four scientific explorers are known to have fallen in the last few
-months, including the hardy Popelin, the leader of the second Belgian
-expedition. Each of the three first stations of the Livingstone Inland
-Mission has been consecrated by the call of one of its founders to
-higher spheres and grander activities. The Presbytery of West Africa
-has had during the past twenty-five years eleven members. Four were
-pure Negroes, the others mulattoes and quadroons. Of the mixed men
-six are dead, all comparatively young. Of the Negroes two are dead,
-both over sixty. Of the two who survive, one is nearly seventy and the
-other is fifty years of age. The Niger mission of the Church Missionary
-Society is manned wholly by native Africans, among whom the deaths in
-twenty-three years have been but eight, and that in a section which is
-mostly swampy and under water several months in the year. The Negro is
-the man of God’s right hand in Africa.
-
-[Illustration: MAP OF PROTESTANT MISSION STATIONS IN AFRICA.]
-
-WORKMEN.――A convention of colored delegates from twelve Southern
-States, held at Montgomery, Ala., organized the Baptist Foreign Mission
-Convention, the object of which “is to give the gospel to the people of
-Africa.” Three ministers have expressed their readiness to enter upon
-labors in “fatherland.” The African Civil and Evangelical Association
-has for its purpose “the sending and supporting of missionaries and
-school teachers in Western and interior Africa, a duty we owe as
-descendants of that continent to our kinsmen there.” The Presbyterian
-Synod of the Atlantic, composed largely of Freedmen, has inaugurated
-a movement looking to missionary efforts in the country of their
-ancestors.
-
-There is a bright and cheering history of African enlightenment to be
-written. The six millions of reserve force now drilling in America
-for the final victory are to be called out. They are now on the move.
-Thousands have already developed many of the proper qualifications for
-the work, and are waiting the means to go forward. And this mighty
-country has peculiar facilities for the introduction and extension of
-civilization. Europe has no population available. Entering on the West
-Coast, the people and Government of the United States may stretch a
-chain of settlements of her own citizens through the whole length of
-Soudan, from the Niger to the Nile――from the Atlantic to the Indian
-Ocean.
-
-COLONIES.――A protracted experience convinces us that it may be laid
-down as a principle demonstrated by numerous examples, that if
-Western and Central Africa is ever to advance in civilization; if its
-inhabitants are ever to become not Europeanized, but intelligent,
-competent and productive Africans; if they are ever to be brought into
-commercial relations mutually beneficial with Europe and America, it
-must be by establishing and fostering such colonies as Liberia. If
-it is the desire of Christians to abolish polygamy, to put a stop to
-domestic slavery, to encompass and vivify the people by civilizing
-influences, to elevate their thought, ennoble their action, and
-regenerate the continent, these things must be done by planting
-colonies of Christian and civilized Negroes along that coast and in the
-interior.
-
-    “Worthy the Lamb, for he was slain for us!
-       The dwellers in the vales and on the rocks
-     Shout to each other, and the mountain tops
-       From distant mountains catch the flying joy:
-     Till, nation after nation taught the strain,
-       Earth rolls the rapturous hosanna round.”
-
-
-
-
-[_Editorial from_ THE SUN, _of Baltimore, October 25, 1881_.]
-
-
-THE CONTINENT OF THE FUTURE.――The Supplement of “The Sun” to-day
-contains an article by Mr. William Coppinger, Secretary of the American
-Colonization Society, upon Africa, its condition from various points of
-view, its trade, mines, agricultural products and increased closeness
-of relation with the civilized world, which cannot fail to prove of
-interest to all persons concerned in the future of the mysterious “dark
-continent.” Americans can hardly conceive the importance attached by
-Europeans at present to the matters with which Mr. Coppinger so fully
-and entertainingly deals. The continental powers of Europe, perceiving
-the immense advantage possessed by England in having her Indian
-Empire and her colonies as outlets for her manufactures and excess of
-population, are seeking to imitate her example by founding claims to
-such territories yet unoccupied by Europeans as are unable to protect
-themselves from aggression backed by Krupp guns. After the pickings
-of Russia, England and France, there is little of Asia, besides,
-perhaps, the Corean peninsula, left to appropriate. The jealousy of
-the United States has deterred the nations of the Eastern hemisphere
-from attempts, like that of Maximilian in Mexico, to found claims upon
-territories in either North or South America. Africa remains, and is at
-their doors. Having an area of 9,858,000 square miles, and an estimated
-population, mostly barbarous, of about 201,787,000 souls, it offers,
-despite its unfavorable climate, great advantages to the European
-people who shall first appropriate its fertile interior, its trade
-in mineral and agricultural products, and open these up to European
-commerce by means of lines of steamboat and railway communications.
-Africa will perhaps at no distant day become to Europe what North and
-South America have been for the last two hundred years, the recipient
-of their overflow of population and their chief producer of food. Its
-capabilities are untried, but we know they are enormous. Explorers
-within recent years have traversed the continent in every direction,
-and have brought back reports generally favorable. The Sahara is shown
-to be by no means the barren waste it has been represented, and the
-Soudan has had its vast capabilities exploited. Behind the explorer
-comes the military post and European civilization. As was shown in
-“The Sun” some time ago, France has since 1854 been extending her
-acquisitions from St. Louis, on the West Coast, along the Senegal and
-Gambia rivers, eastwardly into the Soudan, until she now possesses
-a large area of country, and exerts a predominant influence over a
-territory comparable, it is said, in extent with that of England in
-India. It is to consolidate and strengthen her acquisitions that she
-proposes to add Tunis to Algeria, and it would be doing scant justice
-to her policy to suppose that the seizure of Tunis is a detached and
-insignificant incident. Mr. Coppinger narrates in detail the measures
-being taken to confirm her position in Africa, as against her various
-European competitors. A notable fact in connection with the Islamic
-movement, of which so much is said, is the large hold the Mohammedan
-religion already has in Africa. There are 51,170,000 of this faith
-to 145,225,000 heathen, 350,000 Jews and 4,535,000 Coptic and other
-Christians. Even in Liberia, out of a total population estimated by
-Mr. Coppinger at 1,400,000, fully 1,000,000 are Mohammedans, and of an
-aggressive character.
-
-
-
-
- Transcriber’s Notes:
-
- ――Text in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_).
-
- ――Punctuation and spelling inaccuracies were silently corrected.
-
- ――Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved.
-
-*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CONTINENT OF THE FUTURE: ***
-
-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
-be renamed.
-
-Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
-law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
-so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the
-United States without permission and without paying copyright
-royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
-of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
-concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
-and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
-the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
-of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
-copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
-easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
-of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
-Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may
-do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
-by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
-license, especially commercial redistribution.
-
-START: FULL LICENSE
-
-THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
-
-To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
-Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
-www.gutenberg.org/license.
-
-Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-
-1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
-destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
-possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
-Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
-by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
-person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
-1.E.8.
-
-1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
-paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
-agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
-
-1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
-Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
-of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
-works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
-States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
-United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
-claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
-displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
-all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
-that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
-free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
-works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
-Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
-comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
-same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
-you share it without charge with others.
-
-1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
-in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
-check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
-agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
-distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
-other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
-representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
-country other than the United States.
-
-1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
-
-1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
-immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
-prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
-on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
-phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
-performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
-
-  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
-  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
-  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
-  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
-  United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
-  you are located before using this eBook.
-
-1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
-derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
-contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
-copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
-the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
-redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
-either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
-obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
-additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
-will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
-posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
-beginning of this work.
-
-1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
-
-1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm License.
-
-1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
-any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
-to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
-other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
-version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website
-(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
-to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
-of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
-Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
-full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
-
-1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-provided that:
-
-* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
-  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
-  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
-  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
-  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
-  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
-  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
-  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
-  Literary Archive Foundation."
-
-* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
-  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
-  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
-  works.
-
-* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
-  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
-  receipt of the work.
-
-* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
-
-1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
-are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
-from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
-the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
-forth in Section 3 below.
-
-1.F.
-
-1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
-Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
-contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
-or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
-intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
-other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
-cannot be read by your equipment.
-
-1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
-of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.
-
-1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
-with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
-with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
-lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
-or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
-opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
-the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
-without further opportunities to fix the problem.
-
-1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
-OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
-
-1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
-damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
-violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
-agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
-limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
-unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
-remaining provisions.
-
-1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
-accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
-production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
-including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
-the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
-or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
-additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
-Defect you cause.
-
-Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
-computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
-exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
-from people in all walks of life.
-
-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
-generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
-Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
-www.gutenberg.org
-
-Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation
-
-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
-U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
-
-The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
-Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
-to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website
-and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
-
-Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without
-widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.
-
-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
-DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
-state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.
-
-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
-
-Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
-donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-
-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
-freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
-distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
-volunteer support.
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
-the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
-necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
-edition.
-
-Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
-facility: www.gutenberg.org
-
-This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/old/66047-0.zip b/old/66047-0.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index b078dca..0000000
--- a/old/66047-0.zip
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66047-h.zip b/old/66047-h.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index 5c0de24..0000000
--- a/old/66047-h.zip
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66047-h/66047-h.htm b/old/66047-h/66047-h.htm
deleted file mode 100644
index 38447a1..0000000
--- a/old/66047-h/66047-h.htm
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1440 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
-    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-  <head>
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" />
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
-
-    <title>
-      The Continent of the Future, by William Coppinger—A Project Gutenberg eBook
-    </title>
-
-    <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" />
-
-    <style type="text/css">
-
-/* DACSoft styles */
-
-body {
-    margin-left: 10%;
-    margin-right: 10%;
-}
-
-/* General headers */
-h1 {
-    font-weight: bold;
-    text-align: center; /* all headings centered */
-    page-break-before: always;
-    clear: both;
-}
-
-/* Chapter headers */
-h2 {
-    text-align: center;
-    font-weight: bold;
-    margin: .75em 0;
-}
-
-div.chapter {
-    page-break-before: always;
-}
-
-h2.nobreak {
-    page-break-before: avoid;
-}
-
-/* Indented paragraph */
-p {
-    margin-top: .51em;
-    margin-bottom: .49em;
-    text-align: justify;
-    text-indent: 1em;
-}
-
-/* Unindented paragraph */
-.noi {text-indent: 0em;}
-
-/* Centered unindented paragraph */
-.noic {
-    text-indent: 0em;
-    text-align: center;
-}
-
-/* Non-standard paragraph margins */
-.p2 {margin-top: 2em;}
-.p6 {margin-top: 6em;}
-
-/* Horizontal rules */
-hr {
-    width: 33%;
-    margin-top: 2em;
-    margin-bottom: 2em;
-    margin-left: 33.5%;
-    margin-right: 33.5%;
-    clear: both;
-}
-
-hr.chap {
-    width: 65%;
-    margin-left: 17.5%;
-    margin-right: 17.5%;
-}
-
-hr.r30 {
-    width: 30%;
-    margin-left: 35%;
-    margin-right: 35%;
-    margin-top: 2em;
-    margin-bottom: 2em;
-}
-
-/* Tables */
-table {
-    margin-left: auto;
-    margin-right: auto;
-}
-
-/* Table cell alignments */
-.tdl      {text-align: left;}
-.tdr      {text-align: right;}
-.tdc      {text-align: center;}
-
-th {
-    font-weight: normal;
-}
-
-/* Physical book page and line numbers */
-.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */
-    /*  visibility: hidden;  */
-    position: absolute;
-    right: 3%;
-/*    left: 92%;  */
-    font-size: x-small;
-    font-style: normal;
-    font-weight: normal;
-    font-variant: normal;
-    text-align: right;
-    color: gray;
-} /* page numbers */
-
-/* Text appearance */
-.smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
-
-/* Small fonts and lowercase small-caps */
-.smfont {
-    font-size: .8em;
-}
-
-/* Illustration caption */
-.caption  {
-    font-size: .75em;
-    font-weight: bold;
-}
-
-/* Images */
-img {
-    max-width: 100%; /* no image to be wider than screen or containing div */
-    height:auto;     /* keep height in proportion to width */
-}
-
-.figcenter   {
-    margin: auto;
-    text-align: center;
-    page-break-inside: avoid;
-    max-width: 90%; /* div no wider than screen, even when screen is narrow */
-}
-
-/* Footnotes and sidenotes */
-.footnote         {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;}
-
-.footnote .label  {
-    position: absolute;
-    right: 84%;
-    text-align: right;
-    text-decoration: none;
-}
-
-.fnanchor {
-    vertical-align: super;
-    font-size: .65em;
-    text-decoration: none;
-    white-space: nowrap;
-}
-
-/* Poetry */
-.poetry {
-    display: block;
-    text-align: left;
-    margin-left: 10%;
-    margin-right: 10%;
-}
-
-.poetry .stanza {margin: 1em auto;}
-
-.poetry .verse {
-    padding-left: 3em;
-    text-indent: -3em;
-}
-
-/* Poetry indents */
-.poetry .indent0 {padding-left: 3em;}
-.poetry .indent1 {padding-left: 3.5em;}
-.poetry .indent3 {padding-left: 4.5em;}
-
-/* Transcriber's notes */
-.tnote {
-    background-color: #E6E6FA;
-    margin-left: 10%;
-    margin-right: 10%;
-    padding: .5em;
-}
-
-.tntitle {
-    font-size: 1.25em;
-    font-weight: bold;
-    text-align: center;
-    clear: both;
-}
-
-/* Title page borders and content. */
-.subtitle {
-    font-size: 1.25em;
-    text-align: center;
-    clear: both;
-}
-
-    </style>
-  </head>
-<body>
-
-<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Continent of the Future:, by William Coppinger</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
-at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
-are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
-country where you are located before using this eBook.
-</div>
-
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Continent of the Future:</p>
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0;'>Africa and Its Wonderful Development--Exploration, Gold Mining, Trade, Missions and Elevation</p>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: William Coppinger</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: August 11, 2021 [eBook #66047]</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: hekula03, Donald Cummings and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by the Library of Congress)</div>
-
-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CONTINENT OF THE FUTURE: ***</div>
-
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="cover">
-  <img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="cover" title="cover" />
-</div>
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<h1><big>T</big><small>he </small><big>C</big><small>ontinent of the </small><big>F</big><small>uture.</small></h1>
-
-
-<p class="p6 noic">HAMPTON, VA.:<br />
-<i>Normal School Steam Press.</i><br />
-1881.</p>
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[1]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTINENT">THE CONTINENT OF THE FUTURE.</h2>
-</div>
-
-<p class="noi subtitle">AFRICA AND ITS WONDERFUL DEVELOPMENT—EXPLORATION,
-GOLD MINING, TRADE, MISSIONS AND ELEVATION.</p>
-
-<hr class="r30" />
-
-<p>The tide of modern civilization and religious development
-is sweeping round the globe. With the rapid advance of India,
-the unparalleled strides of Japan, and the steady progress of China to
-the new era, Africa is about to reveal its long-kept secrets and its possibilities
-of contributing to the elevation of its inhabitants and the
-welfare of the world. Commerce, capital, science, philanthropy, and
-religion have joined hands to penetrate the mysterious land and cast
-light on its gloomiest portions. Africa is very nearly everywhere regarded
-as the continent of the future.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Governmental.</span>—France seems about to absorb Tunis and Tripoli,
-and to unite Algeria to her Senegal possessions. The Chambers
-have voted eight millions of francs ($1,600,000) for two railroads: (1)
-from Algiers to Timbuctoo, across the Sahara, and (2) from Saint Louis,
-Senegal, to Bamaka and Sego. Two millions of francs ($400,000) have
-also been appropriated for the construction of a telegraph line from
-Dakar to Saint Vincent, to place Senegal in telegraphic connection
-with Europe. A loan is proposed of forty-five millions of francs ($9,000,000)
-for the formation of three hundred villages and the introduction
-of two hundred thousand colonists into Algeria. This expanding
-colony is just fifty years old. In 1830, the total exports and imports
-did not amount to two million francs, ($400,000.) They have
-now reached three hundred and sixty-five million francs, ($63,100,000.)</p>
-
-<p>M. Soleillet and M. Doponchel give the result of their long and
-thorough reconnoissance as highly favorable to the project of crossing
-the Sahara by steam, and they describe the desert as far more fertile
-than is commonly believed. The latter says: “What is being so
-successfully accomplished by England in India, by the United States
-in North America, and by Russia in Central Asia, that should we try
-to do in emulation of their example—seek a continent whereon to
-extend our beneficent influence, and find, by the employment of our<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[2]</span>
-idle capital, at once a new market for the products of our industries
-and manufactures, and a vast centre of agricultural production, able
-to supply us, at small cost, with the raw materials not indigenous to
-our soil, which we now only obtain with difficulty from foreign sources.”</p>
-
-<p>The expedition under Gallieni is stated to have reached Saint
-Louis from Timbuctoo, having completed a survey for a railroad between
-those points, which is pronounced to be entirely feasible. He
-met with a friendly reception, and formed treaties with numerous
-tribes, whereby France is granted a right of way, and may establish
-ambassadorial or military representatives at the proposed principal
-stations. M. Matheis has been commissioned by the French Government
-to explore the country from the bend of the Niger to Lake
-Tchad. M. L. Vassian, an attache of the French Department for Foreign
-Affairs, is to reside for a time at Khartoum, to study the nature of
-the commercial relations to be formed with Soudan.</p>
-
-<p>At a conference at Paris in relation to the territories between Sierra
-Leone and the Gambia, it is understood that the decision reached
-was that the French are to retain the Mellacouri and the English the
-Scarcies. The newly appointed Governor of Sierra Leone, Arthur Elibank
-Havelock, Esq., was one of the representatives of the British
-Government at the conference.</p>
-
-<p>Portugal is actively caring for her extensive African domain.
-The Governor-General of Angola has been directed to organize a system
-of colonization in that province, by selecting a region best adapted
-for its salubrity, fertility of soil, abundance of water, and facility
-of communication, and to prepare accommodations for one hundred
-colonists and their families, an emigration having begun from
-Madeira. Lorenzo Marquez, the port of Delagoa Bay, has been ceded
-to Great Britain. It is the best harbor on the south-eastern coast,
-while its geographical relation to Natal, Zululand and the
-Transvaal makes its possession of importance to England.
-The latter guarantees to Portugal the exclusive right to the
-territory between the Ambriz and Congo rivers. The concession made
-by the Portuguese Government to the Andrada Land Company, extending
-from the Shire to the Kafrio, at Nyampanga Island, about
-seven hundred miles, is in course of examination by a party of French
-mining engineers. The Commercial Association of Lisbon is raising
-funds by subscription to be offered to the Government to co-operate
-with it in the foundation of civilizing stations in the Portuguese African
-colonies.</p>
-
-<p>Spain is meditating a protectorate of Morocco. Messrs. Bolliglia,
-Mamoli and Pastori, of the “Italian Society for Promoting Commercial<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[3]</span>
-Exploration in Africa,” have left Tripoli to examine the elevated
-plain of Barka and to found trading posts at Bengasi, Derna and Tebreck,
-and afterwards others on the oasis bordering the road to Uadai
-and Bornu. The Italian Government has contributed generously to
-outfit the expedition. The same Society has dispatched M. Demeitri
-and M. Michieli from Khartoum for the Red Sea, with a caravan
-of seven hundred camels laden with various kinds of merchandise
-for trade. The Egyptian Government has sent the learned Rohlfs to
-the King of Abyssinia to arrange mutual relations on a friendly basis.
-The Sultan of Zanzibar has engaged the intrepid Thomson to conduct
-a geographical investigation of the Rovouma.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">The Slave Trade.</span>—It is estimated that fifty thousand natives
-are annually conveyed to the Turkish and Egyptian ports of the Red
-Sea, where they are disposed of to dealers. The Sultan of Zanzibar
-has dispatched an armed force of five hundred men, commanded by
-an officer detailed from the British Army, in the direction of Lake
-Tanganyika, and the British Government is to establish consuls at
-Suakin and Khartoum, with authority to travel in Egypt and on the Red
-Sea, “to heal the open sore of the world.” The French Government is
-to make earnest efforts and to co-operate with England in all measures
-having in view the same humane object. The Khedive has appointed
-Comte Della Salla to the special office of repressing the
-slave traffic in lower Egypt. It is to be regretted that at the Berlin
-Congress in 1878, which afforded an excellent opportunity for concerting
-a treaty on slavery between the Powers of Europe, this good
-result was rendered impossible by the action of the English representatives.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Explorations.</span>—In the exploration of Africa the Germans keep
-the lead, of which almost nothing is known until they appear after
-an absence of a few years, with a fund of knowledge that is astonishing.
-Witness, for instance, the apparition of Lenz from a journey
-from Morocco to Timbuctoo, and thence to Medina and St. Louis.
-This famous traveler reports passing through towns of from ten to
-thirty thousand inhabitants, and of having made discoveries which
-explode the theory of converting the Sahara into an ocean. He states
-that the most depressed portion of El Juff, the body of the desert, is
-some five hundred feet above the level of the sea, and that there
-exist in several oases points which promise to be of great utility for
-the proposed Sahara railway.</p>
-
-<p>Dr. Pogge is penetrating the country inland from St. Paul de Loando,
-the German Government having asked for him the protection
-of the Portuguese Government in its African jurisdiction. Dr. Holub,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[4]</span>
-who has made interesting researches on the Zambesi, intends to cross
-the continent from south to north. Starting from the Cape of Good
-Hope he is to strike the Zambesi, thence the watershed district between
-that river and the Congo, and on to Egypt through Darfur.</p>
-
-<p>Dr. Stocker is exploring Lake Toana. M. Piaggia is traversing Soudan,
-south of Khartoum, between the Blue and White Nile, M. Lombard,
-corresponding secretary of the Normandy Society of Geography,
-has entered on a scientific mission to Abyssinia. M. J. Chouver,
-a Hollander of fortune and experience as a traveler, has reached the
-Galla country on his way to the Cape of Good Hope. Capt. Ferreira,
-Governor of Benguela, and several officers of the army, have offered
-their services to the Geographical Society of Lisbon for a Portuguese
-expedition across Africa, starting from the West Coast. M. Antusa
-is organizing a commercial station at Zomba, where he is to be joined
-by workmen whom the Portuguese Government has promised to furnish
-to erect buildings. The learned Dr. Schweinfurth has returned
-from a visit to the Island of Socotra, off the coast of Aden, and affirms
-that it is very fertile, with a splendid and varied vegetation. One-fourth
-of its plants are peculiar to the locality.</p>
-
-<p>M. Moustier, who in 1879, with M. Zweifel, discovered the source
-of the Niger, is again to start from Freetown on a trading venture and
-to fix the exact geographical position of “the rise of the mysterious river.”
-Lieut. Dumbleton and Surgeon Browning, R. A., are in charge of
-an expedition to penetrate, by the Gambia, into the valley of the
-Niger to Timbuctoo. Dr. Gouldsbury lately led an exploring
-party from the river Gambia, via Timbo and Port Lokko, to Sierra
-Leone, the outlay for which from the colonial treasury was
-£2,400, ($12,000.)</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">The Congo.</span>—The illustrious Stanley has reached his second
-station on the Congo, Isangila, about 30 miles above Vivi, which point
-was gained only after faithful but weary toil, and against every kind
-of difficulty. He was obliged to throw bridges across the streams,
-open, hatchet in hand, a route across dense forests, blow up rocks;
-leading the way with a group of pioneers, and after advancing a
-little, to make a halt, pitch a camp, then go back to bring by instalments
-the rest of the convoy, till all were united. Count de Brazza
-has ascended the Ogowe to its headwaters, reaching thereby
-the sources of several of the affluents of the Congo. Descending
-one of these, the Alima, partly along the shore and partly by
-boats, he struck the Congo below Stanley Pool, and coming down
-the river he met Stanley. It is suggested that a more practicable
-route to the interior than that by the lower Congo may be opened by<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[5]</span>
-the Ogowe and the streams which rise near its source. The Count is
-again to descend the Alima, this time in a transportable steam launch,
-and then to make a thorough examination of the valley of the Congo—the
-area of which is estimated to be four times that of France.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Telegraphic.</span>—Telegraphic communication has been established
-between Elmina and Cape Coast. The Portuguese Commissioner of
-Public Works has constructed in Angola a telegraphic line from St.
-Paul de Loando to Dondo and Calcullo. Preparations are making
-for its extension. The French Government proposes to connect Tunis
-with Corsica by cable. A third cable has been laid from Marseilles to
-Algiers. A second telegraphic line is in operation between Algeria
-and Tunis.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Gold Mines.</span>—Six companies are working on the Gold Coast
-with encouraging prospects. Improved machinery has been shipped
-by the African Company, and its mine is reported to be one of extraordinary
-richness. The success of the Gold Coast Company places it
-in the highest rank of gold mine enterprise. At meetings of the Effuenta
-Company (July 7 and 21) resolutions were adopted to create an
-additional two thousand shares of £5 each, ($25,) to be distributed
-among the existing shareholders proportional to their present holding.
-The number of shares applied for was more than double the
-amount to be issued. The Akankoo Gold Coast Company—a new
-organization—has acquired territory on the borders of the river Ancobra,
-and the celebrated Cameron has been engaged to open up the
-property. The British authorities have placed a civil commandant
-with a police force at Tacquah. Much of the delay experienced in
-the production of the precious metal is attributed in some cases to error
-of management, perhaps unavoidable, and in all to the many difficulties
-encountered in an almost unknown region, with the additional
-disadvantages of a very unhealthy climate for Europeans.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Financial.</span>—A prospectus has appeared for the establishment of
-“The Bank of West Africa,” capital £500,000, ($2,500,000,) in fifty
-thousand shares of £10 each, ($50.) The chief office is to be in London,
-with branches at Sierra Leone and Lagos. The shares of the
-Standard Bank of South Africa, £25, ($125,) paid, are quoted at 57,
-and the dividends paid for the last two years have been sixteen per
-cent. Postal money order offices have been opened between Sierra
-Leone and the Gambia, at the rate of three shillings (75 cents) per
-£10, ($50.)</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Commercial.</span>—Africa contains resources upon which large portions
-of the enlightened world will in no very remote future be dependent,
-and it possesses the very highest capacity for the consumption<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[6]</span>
-of many of the productions of civilization. One of the marked
-developments is the numerous orders for utensils and simple machinery
-of various kinds, to be worked by hand or with light power, and
-for mechanical tools and agricultural implements. The business is
-already extensive and is likely to be of immense magnitude. Dr. Holub
-describes Prince Sechele, chief of the Bechuanas, as living in a
-grand abode, which he had erected in European style, at a cost of $15,000.
-Khartoum is making astonishing progress. Magnificent stores
-have been built within the last three years, and everything in modern
-civilization can now be had there. The Northwest Company is extending
-commerce at Cape Juby. The security afforded since
-the “annexation” by England of Lagos has powerfully helped
-it to become the “Liverpool of Africa.” The declared value of its exports
-in 1878 was £577,346, ($2,886,730.) The number, tonnage, &amp;c.,
-of steam vessels which entered Lagos in the same year is thus given:</p>
-
-<table border="0" cellpadding="5" summary="Vessels">
-<col style="width: 35%;" />
-<col style="width: 20%;" />
-<col style="width: 25%;" />
-<col style="width: 20%;" />
-<tr>
-<th class="tdl">Nationality.</th>
-<th class="tdr">Steamers.</th>
-<th class="tdr">Tonnage.</th>
-<th class="tdr">Crews.</th>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">British</td>
-<td class="tdr">144</td>
-<td class="tdr">141,590</td>
-<td class="tdr">5,746</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">German</td>
-<td class="tdr">72</td>
-<td class="tdr">4,251</td>
-<td class="tdr">1,177</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl"> </td>
-<td class="tdr">――</td>
-<td class="tdr">――――</td>
-<td class="tdr">―――</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdc">Totals</td>
-<td class="tdr">216</td>
-<td class="tdr">145,841</td>
-<td class="tdr">6,293</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>“The Lagos Warehouse and Commission Company,” capital £50,000,
-($250,000) in £5 ($25) shares, has been formed, for the purpose of
-founding a wholesale warehouse at Lagos, and, when desirable, at other
-important points on the West Coast. Thus a native merchant will
-be put in possession of two thirds of the net value of his consignment
-immediately the Company is in possession of his produce, and he will
-be enabled to have all his produce realized in the home market.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Steamers.</span>—Twenty-five years ago it took a passenger from the
-United States one hundred and thirty days to reach Corisco; now a
-trip via Liverpool of about a month, in a palace compared with the
-pent-up quarters of a sailing ship, and tables furnish with luxuries instead
-of ringing the changes of salt beef and hard bread from day to
-day. Twenty-eight steamships afford weekly communication between
-Liverpool and the West Coast. The vessels of “the African Steamship
-Company” are named as follows: Africa, Akassa, Ambriz, Benin,
-Biafra, Ethiopia, Landana, Mayumba, Nubia, Opobo, Whydah and
-Winnebah, and those of “the British and African Steam Navigation
-Company” bear the following names: Benguela, Bonny, Cameroon,
-Congo, Corisco, Dodo, Forcades, Formoso, Gaboon, Kinsembo, Loando,
-Lualaba, Ramos, Roquelle, Senegal and Volta. “The West African
-Steam Navigation Company” also employ a number of steamships
-in the West African trade. Messrs. Rubattino &amp; Co. announce
-their intention to put on several steamers between Genoa and Bengasi.
-Not a steamer from the United States to Africa!</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[7]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="i_p007">
-  <img src="images/i_p007.jpg" alt="" title="" />
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p class="noic">MAP OF AFRICAN EXPLORATIONS DOWN TO AUGUST, 1877.</p>
-    <div class="noic x-ebookmaker-drop">
-      [<a id="i_p007_lrg" href="images/i_p007_lrg.jpg" rel="nofollow">click
-        here for high resolution map</a>]
-    </div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[8]</span></p>
-
-<p>A company has been formed in New York for “the establishment
-of a line of steamships for passengers, mail and freight, between New
-York, Madeira, St. Thomas and Teneriffe, Cape de Verde, the Western
-Islands, the Canary Islands, and the ports of the West Coast of
-Africa.” The capital stock is $100,000; and may be increased to $4,000,000;
-shares $100. Such a line would open cheap and rapid communication
-between the Liberian Republic and our own, furnishing
-facilities for the thousands of people of color who desire to obtain an
-expansive field for their energies, and bringing to our market the valuable
-staples of its productive soil. In relation to this important project
-an experienced missionary writes: “Often, during these twenty
-years, I have been surprised at the apparent indifference of American
-capitalists and ship owners to the share that they might have obtained
-in the profits of the African trade, other than slaves. I have
-seen two English lines of steamers (the South and the West, having
-their termini respectively at the Cape of Good Hope and the mouth
-of the Niger) develop by rich opposition to five, and the termini of
-three of them extended from the Niger down to the Congo-Livingstone,
-and literally every nation of Europe engaged in their profits,
-while America has scarcely a showing.” A subsidy or liberal legislation
-by Congress is counted upon before additional steps in this enterprise
-are taken. And among other public action tending to success is the
-creation and appointment of consuls at the Gold Coast, Lagos and
-Bonny; and vice-consuls at smaller points between Monrovia and the
-Niger, to be under the supervision of the Minister Resident to Liberia.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Railroad Survey.</span>—While the United States flagship Ticonderoga,
-Commodore Shufeldt, was on the West African coast, two of her
-officers, Lieut. Drake and Master Vreeland, assisted by eleven men
-from the ship and twenty-seven natives furnished by the Liberian
-Government, made a survey of the St. Paul’s river, and ran a line of
-levels along its northern bank and some distance inland, to determine
-the feasibility of constructing a railroad to connect Monrovia with
-the Soudan Valley, via Boporo. This reconnoissance proved that the
-engineering difficulties would be comparatively trifling. There is no
-doubt that Monrovia would be the most available point for the
-starting of such a road, as it would pass through an entirely virgin
-country and penetrate to a salubrious region, whose resources for
-trade, known to be prodigious, are as yet untouched. Such a connection
-with the interior, with the various appliances of civilization<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[9]</span>
-which must follow it, would be one of the most effective agencies for
-promoting a vigorous colonization of the immigrants, who would at
-once reach a healthy and fertile district, and it would prove a great
-practical power in the advancement of missionary work, and immediately
-become an important auxiliary in developing and controlling an
-immense and valuable commerce.</p>
-
-<p>This reconnoissance was the first made in that quarter, and it has
-done much toward bringing the interior tribes into commercial and
-friendly relations with the Liberians. Other surveys were conducted
-by the same bold and public-spirited officers, including that of the
-Sugaree and Marfa rivers. The presence of the Ticonderoga and
-Commodore Shufeldt will long be pleasantly remembered, and good
-continue to result. This accomplished officer, in a letter dated April
-6, 1881, remarks: “In view of the many failures which have been recorded
-in every age of the world, Liberia may be regarded as a success.
-* * * This, the first effort of the African race to establish a
-free government upon its own soil, merits and should receive the
-sympathy and encouragement of every man, woman and child in
-America.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Liberia Coffee.</span>—The species of coffee which is indigenous to
-Liberia promises to have an important influence on the industry of
-those countries in which the coffee blight has almost extinguished the
-Arabian coffee plant. In Dominica, W. I., the Liberia coffee, from
-seedlings planted in 1874, has proved impervious to the ravages of the
-blight, and its productiveness is a matter of astonishment. The
-stranger is described as “much larger than that of Arabia, being, indeed,
-in its native state a small tree, its leaves much larger; the berries
-are twice the size of the ordinary coffee bean, and the
-flavor is excellent.” The Liberia coffee seed has been introduced
-into Ceylon, and Liberian coffee from that isle commands a much
-higher price than the Ceylon, (Arabian) coffee. The bark
-Elverton took from Liberia to Rio de Janeiro some one hundred
-thousand coffee plants and fifty thousand pounds of coffee seed,
-and returning to Monrovia, readily obtained a similar cargo for the
-same parties in Brazil. A German trading firm is extending the
-coffee culture a short distance inland, near the Gaboon, with scions
-procured in Liberia. The Republic is in its infancy with regard to the
-cultivation of the far-famed berry. The crop last year is said to have
-reached a half million of pounds.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Mohammedanism.</span>—Enthusiastic propagandists of Islam, without
-commission or compensation of any kind, but trusting wholly to that
-hospitality which is the pride of the Oriental, pass from village to village<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[10]</span>
-reading the Koran and giving instructions to wondering groups
-of natives. Whole tribes are stated to be converted to the Mohammedan
-faith. The eminent scholar and writer, Rev. Dr. Blyden,<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[*]</a> says:
-“Africans are continually going to and fro between the Atlantic Ocean
-and the Red Sea. I have met in Liberia and in its eastern frontiers, Mohammedan
-Negroes born in Mecca, the holy city of Arabia, who thought
-they were telling of nothing extraordinary when they were detailing the
-incidents of their journey, and of the journey of their friends, from the
-banks of the Niger—from the neighborhood of Sierra Leone and Liberia—across
-the continent to Egypt, Arabia and Jerusalem. I saw in Cairo
-and Jerusalem, some years ago, West Africans who had come on business
-and on religious pilgrimage from their distant homes in Senegambia.”
-The promoters of Christianity are using these native travelers
-and missionaries of the false prophet. Copies of the Holy Scriptures
-in Arabic, printed at Beyrout, are sent to Egypt and for circulation
-in the Delta and along the valley of the Nile, and to Liberia, whence
-they are distributed among the inhabitants of vast outstretching
-realms whose vernacular is the Arabic.</p>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noi"><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[*]</a> Liberal use has been made of the writings of this gifted Negro, and of the pages of
-the Missionary Herald, of Boston, Foreign Missionary, of New York, African Times, of
-London, and L’Afrique, of Geneva.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Population.</span>—The population of Africa, exclusive of its Islands,
-is estimated by Dr. Behm, in Peterman’s “Mittheilungen,” at 201,787,000.
-Of these the number of Protestant communicants in the various
-colonial and mission churches was reported in 1880 as 122,700; the
-number composing the communities connected with these churches
-506,966; the number of Jews, 350,000; of Coptic, Abyssinian and similar
-Christians, 4,535,000; of Mohammedans, 51,170,000; of heathen,
-145,225,000.</p>
-
-<p>To carry the gospel to these millions, sixty four societies are at
-work. In South Africa and the colonies and Sierra Leone and Liberia
-there are connected with colonial churches 468 ministers, evangelists
-and teachers, of whom 54 are natives. The other white missionaries
-and teachers on the continent, are reported as 662, with 1095
-natives, making 1757 mission workers proper, and 2,255 ministers,
-missionaries and teachers of all kinds, engaged in religious labors.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[11]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="i_p011">
-  <img src="images/i_p011.jpg" alt="" title="" />
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p class="noic">MAP OF EXPLORATIONS SINCE AUGUST, 1877.</p>
-    <div class="noic x-ebookmaker-drop">
-      [<a id="i_p011_lrg" href="images/i_p011_lrg.jpg" rel="nofollow">click
-        here for high resolution map</a>]
-    </div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[12]</span></p>
-
-<p>The population of Liberia, including Medina, may be 1,400,000.
-The largest proportion of the natives are Mohammedans, perhaps
-1,000,000. There are 26 Baptist churches, reporting 24 ministers and
-1,928 communicants. The Protestant Episcopal Church of the United
-States reports one bishop and 31 others, missionaries, teachers and
-assistants, 361 communicants, 597 Sunday-school scholars and 415 in
-day and boarding-schools. The report of the Methodist Episcopal
-Church of the United States, gives 25 ministers, 10 assistants, 4 native
-preachers and 47 local preachers and teachers, 2,200 members, 1,831
-Sabbath-school scholars and 300 day scholars. The American Presbyterian
-Church (North) reports 9 missionaries and assistants, 270 communicants,
-and 65 pupils in schools. Total 104 ministers, assistants and
-teachers reported, 4,759 communicants, 2,428 Sabbath-school scholars
-and 780 day pupils.</p>
-
-<p>It is a suggestive truth that a few only of the “104 ministers, assistants
-and teachers” laboring in Liberia were sent by missionary societies,
-but that nearly all of them were sent or are the children of men sent
-by the American Colonization Society as emigrants, and established
-there with means of subsistence. This single fact teaches that in proportion
-as the emigrants from this country are multiplied, the Christian
-laborers are also multiplied.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Missions.</span>—The six European missions commenced in Central
-Africa since the death of Dr. Livingstone have been constantly reinforced
-and strengthened, viz.: The Presbyterian stations on Lake
-Nyassa; the Church Missionary Society efforts on Lake Victoria Nyanza;
-the London Missionary Society operations on Lake Tanganyika;
-the French Bassuto extension to the Barotse Valley, and the Baptist
-Mission and the Livingstone Inland Mission, both on the Congo. The
-two latter named are pushing inland from the coast; the first on the
-southern and the other on the northern side of the river. The Baptists
-are nearing the accomplishment of their first leading design, viz.;
-the establishment of a station at Stanley Pool, to be used as a base of
-operations beyond. A gentleman has given the £4,000 ($20,000)
-necessary to procure a steel boat to be named the “Plymouth,” to be
-used upon the Congo. The Livingstone Inland Mission (undenominational,
-begun in 1878,) has founded five stations and passed some
-two hundred of the three hundred miles to overcome the cataracts,
-where the river stretches out in navigable waters for about one thousand
-miles. Here it is intended to locate an industrial mission station,
-and to make the work ultimately self-supporting and self-extending.</p>
-
-<p>An offer of £4,000 ($20,000) has been made by James Stevenson,
-Esq., of Glasgow, for the construction of a road between Lakes Nyassa
-and Tanganyika. The gift is based on the condition that the
-London Missionary Society and the Livingstonia Mission open and
-maintain stations at Mambe and Maliwanda, on the line of the proposed
-road, and that the Central African Trading Company undertake
-to keep up regular communication between Lakes Tanganyika<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[13]</span>
-and Quilimane. The distance between the lakes is about two hundred
-and twenty miles. The London Missionary Society has resolved
-to assume the conditions as far as it is concerned, and the Livingstonia
-Mission of the Scotch Free Church has sent a force to begin
-the station at Maliwanda.</p>
-
-<p>Christendom knows not any other such mission as the Niger mission
-of the Church Missionary Society, begun in 1867, to evangelize that
-portion of the continent by native Africans, headed by a native African,
-Bishop Crowther. Large and increasing Christian congregations
-exist at Bonny and Brass, and assemblies of varying sizes at Onitsha,
-Asumare and Lokoja. Sixteen hundred worshippers attended religious
-services at Bonny last Christmas. Kings and chieftains are
-erecting churches for themselves and their subjects. A cathedral is
-to be built at Bonny at a cost of £2,000, ($10,000.)</p>
-
-<p>The appointment of a Secretary by the American Board of Commissioners
-for Foreign Missions to superintend its operations in Africa,
-indicates an earnest purpose with respect to that land. Three pioneer
-missionaries have been cordially received by the King of Bailunda,
-and others are on their way to found a station at Bihe, which
-lies behind Benguela, some 250 miles from the Atlantic Ocean, an elevated
-region, inhabited by large and compact tribes.</p>
-
-<p>The American Missionary Association has sent two commissioners
-to select a site for a station near the headwaters of the Nile, in aid
-of which Robert Arthington, Esq., of Leeds, has contributed £3,000,
-($15,000,) and English Christians have given a like sum. Two missionaries
-are under appointment to occupy this field. The American
-Baptist Missionary Union is considering the Soudan as a theatre
-of labor, stimulated by an offer from Mr. Arthington of £7,000
-($35,000) toward a mission on an extensive scale in that populous district.
-No man in this age has done so much to stimulate missionary
-enterprise as Mr. Arthington. The Southern Presbyterian Board of
-Missions is contemplating the opening of a station at Kabenda, preparatory
-to an advance on the centre of the Kingdom of Loango.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">American Colonization Society.</span>—This association is quietly
-prosecuting its work of boundless scope and thrilling issues. An impartial
-observer of its progress in the United States, and who has personally
-seen its fruit on the coast of Africa, lately declares: “This was the
-first and remains the <em>only</em> Society ever organized for the explicit purpose
-of giving the Negro perfect freedom, of promoting his education
-for his own good, of making him independent, of giving him a country
-he can call his own, and of elevating his race to the standard of a
-Christian nation. * * * * * Liberia’s flag is now honored by all<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[14]</span>
-Christian nations, and none more deserves honor, for the cause over
-which it floats is the grandest and holiest which ever gave birth to a
-nation—the redemption of a whole race of mankind from heathenism
-and slavery.”</p>
-
-<p>The number of persons provided passage to and homes in Liberia
-by the Society in 1880 exceeded that in any one year since 1872. One
-of its recent proteges, Rev. James O. Hayes, a graduate of Shaw University,
-writes: “I have met many of the prominent citizens and
-others, all of whom have extended to me the warm hand of fellowship
-and welcome. Hon. Beverly P. Yates, who has resided in this Republic
-fifty-two years, remarked to me that he would prefer Liberia to
-America, even if he were made President of the United States. I have
-two brothers and their families, with numerous friends residing at
-Brewerville, and they are prospering finely. The conviction is
-strengthened by all I see that persons who improve the advantages
-afforded immigrants here could not be induced to exchange countries.”
-The Society looks hopefully for that increase in gifts which
-the broadening work imperatively demands.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Climate.</span>—Africa continues to be guarded by her malarious seaboard
-and poisonous fevers, and alien travelers, explorers, miners and
-missionaries still there find early graves. Statistics show the difference
-in the effects of the climate upon the white, the mulatto and the
-black man. In the recent Ashantee campaign, out of the heavy death
-list of forty-two English officers only six died of wounds. Four
-scientific explorers are known to have fallen in the last few months,
-including the hardy Popelin, the leader of the second Belgian expedition.
-Each of the three first stations of the Livingstone Inland
-Mission has been consecrated by the call of one of its founders to
-higher spheres and grander activities. The Presbytery of West Africa
-has had during the past twenty-five years eleven members. Four were
-pure Negroes, the others mulattoes and quadroons. Of the mixed
-men six are dead, all comparatively young. Of the Negroes two are
-dead, both over sixty. Of the two who survive, one is nearly seventy
-and the other is fifty years of age. The Niger mission of the Church
-Missionary Society is manned wholly by native Africans, among whom
-the deaths in twenty-three years have been but eight, and that in a
-section which is mostly swampy and under water several months in
-the year. The Negro is the man of God’s right hand in Africa.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[15]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="i_p015">
-  <img src="images/i_p015.jpg" alt="" title="" />
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p class="noic">MAP OF PROTESTANT MISSION STATIONS IN AFRICA.</p>
-    <div class="noic x-ebookmaker-drop">
-      [<a id="i_p015_lrg" href="images/i_p015_lrg.jpg" rel="nofollow">click
-        here for high resolution map</a>]
-    </div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[16]</span></p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Workmen.</span>—A convention of colored delegates from twelve Southern
-States, held at Montgomery, Ala., organized the Baptist Foreign
-Mission Convention, the object of which “is to give the gospel to
-the people of Africa.” Three ministers have expressed their readiness
-to enter upon labors in “fatherland.” The African Civil and
-Evangelical Association has for its purpose “the sending and supporting
-of missionaries and school teachers in Western and interior
-Africa, a duty we owe as descendants of that continent to our kinsmen
-there.” The Presbyterian Synod of the Atlantic, composed
-largely of Freedmen, has inaugurated a movement looking to missionary
-efforts in the country of their ancestors.</p>
-
-<p>There is a bright and cheering history of African enlightenment
-to be written. The six millions of reserve force now drilling in
-America for the final victory are to be called out. They are now
-on the move. Thousands have already developed many of the proper
-qualifications for the work, and are waiting the means to go forward.
-And this mighty country has peculiar facilities for the introduction
-and extension of civilization. Europe has no population
-available. Entering on the West Coast, the people and Government
-of the United States may stretch a chain of settlements of her own
-citizens through the whole length of Soudan, from the Niger to the
-Nile—from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Colonies.</span>—A protracted experience convinces us that it may be
-laid down as a principle demonstrated by numerous examples, that
-if Western and Central Africa is ever to advance in civilization; if
-its inhabitants are ever to become not Europeanized, but intelligent,
-competent and productive Africans; if they are ever to be brought
-into commercial relations mutually beneficial with Europe and America,
-it must be by establishing and fostering such colonies as Liberia.
-If it is the desire of Christians to abolish polygamy, to put a stop to
-domestic slavery, to encompass and vivify the people by civilizing influences,
-to elevate their thought, ennoble their action, and regenerate
-the continent, these things must be done by planting colonies of
-Christian and civilized Negroes along that coast and in the interior.</p>
-
-<div class="poetry">
-  <div class="stanza">
-    <div class="verse indent0">“Worthy the Lamb, for he was slain for us!</div>
-    <div class="verse indent3">The dwellers in the vales and on the rocks</div>
-    <div class="verse indent1">Shout to each other, and the mountain tops</div>
-    <div class="verse indent3">From distant mountains catch the flying joy:</div>
-    <div class="verse indent1">Till, nation after nation taught the strain,</div>
-    <div class="verse indent3">Earth rolls the rapturous hosanna round.”</div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[17]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="Editorial">[<i>Editorial from</i> <span class="smcap">The Sun</span>, <i>of Baltimore, October 25, 1881</i>.]</h2>
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">The Continent of the Future.</span>—The Supplement of “The
-Sun” to-day contains an article by Mr. William Coppinger, Secretary
-of the American Colonization Society, upon Africa, its condition
-from various points of view, its trade, mines, agricultural products
-and increased closeness of relation with the civilized world, which
-cannot fail to prove of interest to all persons concerned in the future
-of the mysterious “dark continent.” Americans can hardly conceive
-the importance attached by Europeans at present to the matters
-with which Mr. Coppinger so fully and entertainingly deals. The continental
-powers of Europe, perceiving the immense advantage possessed
-by England in having her Indian Empire and her colonies as
-outlets for her manufactures and excess of population, are seeking to
-imitate her example by founding claims to such territories yet unoccupied
-by Europeans as are unable to protect themselves from aggression
-backed by Krupp guns. After the pickings of Russia, England
-and France, there is little of Asia, besides, perhaps, the Corean peninsula,
-left to appropriate. The jealousy of the United States has deterred
-the nations of the Eastern hemisphere from attempts, like that
-of Maximilian in Mexico, to found claims upon territories in either
-North or South America. Africa remains, and is at their doors.
-Having an area of 9,858,000 square miles, and an estimated population,
-mostly barbarous, of about 201,787,000 souls, it offers, despite
-its unfavorable climate, great advantages to the European people
-who shall first appropriate its fertile interior, its trade in mineral
-and agricultural products, and open these up to European commerce
-by means of lines of steamboat and railway communications. Africa
-will perhaps at no distant day become to Europe what North and
-South America have been for the last two hundred years, the recipient
-of their overflow of population and their chief producer of
-food. Its capabilities are untried, but we know they are enormous.
-Explorers within recent years have traversed the continent in every
-direction, and have brought back reports generally favorable. The
-Sahara is shown to be by no means the barren waste it has been
-represented, and the Soudan has had its vast capabilities exploited.
-Behind the explorer comes the military post and European civilization.
-As was shown in “The Sun” some time ago, France has
-since 1854 been extending her acquisitions from St. Louis, on the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[18]</span>
-West Coast, along the Senegal and Gambia rivers, eastwardly into
-the Soudan, until she now possesses a large area of country, and
-exerts a predominant influence over a territory comparable, it is said,
-in extent with that of England in India. It is to consolidate and
-strengthen her acquisitions that she proposes to add Tunis to Algeria,
-and it would be doing scant justice to her policy to suppose
-that the seizure of Tunis is a detached and insignificant incident.
-Mr. Coppinger narrates in detail the measures being taken to confirm
-her position in Africa, as against her various European competitors.
-A notable fact in connection with the Islamic movement,
-of which so much is said, is the large hold the Mohammedan religion
-already has in Africa. There are 51,170,000 of this faith to
-145,225,000 heathen, 350,000 Jews and 4,535,000 Coptic and other
-Christians. Even in Liberia, out of a total population estimated by
-Mr. Coppinger at 1,400,000, fully 1,000,000 are Mohammedans, and
-of an aggressive character.</p>
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="tnote">
-<p class="noi tntitle">Transcriber’s Notes:</p>
-
-<p class="smfont">Punctuation and spelling inaccuracies were silently corrected.</p>
-
-<p class="smfont">Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CONTINENT OF THE FUTURE: ***</div>
-<div style='text-align:left'>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Updated editions will replace the previous one&#8212;the old editions will
-be renamed.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
-law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
-so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
-States without permission and without paying copyright
-royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
-of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG&#8482;
-concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
-and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
-the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
-of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
-copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
-easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
-of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
-Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may
-do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
-by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
-license, especially commercial redistribution.
-</div>
-
-<div style='margin:0.83em 0; font-size:1.1em; text-align:center'>START: FULL LICENSE<br />
-<span style='font-size:smaller'>THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE<br />
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK</span>
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-To protect the Project Gutenberg&#8482; mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase &#8220;Project
-Gutenberg&#8221;), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; License available with this file or online at
-www.gutenberg.org/license.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
-Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
-destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works in your
-possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
-by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person
-or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.B. &#8220;Project Gutenberg&#8221; is a registered trademark. It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
-paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works if you follow the terms of this
-agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (&#8220;the
-Foundation&#8221; or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
-of Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works. Nearly all the individual
-works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
-States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
-United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
-claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
-displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
-all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
-that you will support the Project Gutenberg&#8482; mission of promoting
-free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; name associated with the work. You can easily
-comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
-same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg&#8482; License when
-you share it without charge with others.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
-in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
-check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
-agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
-distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
-other Project Gutenberg&#8482; work. The Foundation makes no
-representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
-country other than the United States.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
-immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg&#8482; License must appear
-prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg&#8482; work (any work
-on which the phrase &#8220;Project Gutenberg&#8221; appears, or with which the
-phrase &#8220;Project Gutenberg&#8221; is associated) is accessed, displayed,
-performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
-</div>
-
-<blockquote>
-  <div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-    This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-    other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-    whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-    of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
-    at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
-    are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws
-    of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
-  </div>
-</blockquote>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work is
-derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
-contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
-copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
-the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
-redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase &#8220;Project
-Gutenberg&#8221; associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
-either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
-obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
-additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
-will be linked to the Project Gutenberg&#8482; License for all works
-posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
-beginning of this work.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg&#8482;.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; License.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
-any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
-to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg&#8482; work in a format
-other than &#8220;Plain Vanilla ASCII&#8221; or other format used in the official
-version posted on the official Project Gutenberg&#8482; website
-(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
-to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
-of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original &#8220;Plain
-Vanilla ASCII&#8221; or other form. Any alternate format must include the
-full Project Gutenberg&#8482; License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg&#8482; works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works
-provided that:
-</div>
-
-<div style='margin-left:0.7em;'>
-    <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'>
-        &bull; You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-        the use of Project Gutenberg&#8482; works calculated using the method
-        you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
-        to the owner of the Project Gutenberg&#8482; trademark, but he has
-        agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
-        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
-        within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
-        legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
-        payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
-        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
-        Section 4, &#8220;Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
-        Literary Archive Foundation.&#8221;
-    </div>
-
-    <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'>
-        &bull; You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-        you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-        does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-        License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
-        copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
-        all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-        works.
-    </div>
-
-    <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'>
-        &bull; You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
-        any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-        electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
-        receipt of the work.
-    </div>
-
-    <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'>
-        &bull; You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-        distribution of Project Gutenberg&#8482; works.
-    </div>
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work or group of works on different terms than
-are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
-from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
-the Project Gutenberg&#8482; trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
-forth in Section 3 below.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
-contain &#8220;Defects,&#8221; such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
-or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
-intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
-other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
-cannot be read by your equipment.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the &#8220;Right
-of Replacement or Refund&#8221; described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
-with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
-with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
-lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
-or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
-opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
-the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
-without further opportunities to fix the problem.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you &#8216;AS-IS&#8217;, WITH NO
-OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
-damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
-violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
-agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
-limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
-unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
-remaining provisions.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works in
-accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
-production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
-including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
-the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
-or any Project Gutenberg&#8482; work, (b) alteration, modification, or
-additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg&#8482; work, and (c) any
-Defect you cause.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
-Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
-computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
-exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
-from people in all walks of life.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg&#8482;&#8217;s
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg&#8482; collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg&#8482; and future
-generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
-Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
-Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service. The Foundation&#8217;s EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
-U.S. federal laws and your state&#8217;s laws.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-The Foundation&#8217;s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
-Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
-to date contact information can be found at the Foundation&#8217;s website
-and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
-Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
-public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
-DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state
-visit <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/donate/">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a>.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
-donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
-Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; concept of a library of electronic works that could be
-freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
-distributed Project Gutenberg&#8482; eBooks with only a loose network of
-volunteer support.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
-the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
-necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
-edition.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
-facility: <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-This website includes information about Project Gutenberg&#8482;,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/old/66047-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/66047-h/images/cover.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 97a6c77..0000000
--- a/old/66047-h/images/cover.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66047-h/images/i_p007.jpg b/old/66047-h/images/i_p007.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 6f0cfbc..0000000
--- a/old/66047-h/images/i_p007.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66047-h/images/i_p007_lrg.jpg b/old/66047-h/images/i_p007_lrg.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e5bd92..0000000
--- a/old/66047-h/images/i_p007_lrg.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66047-h/images/i_p011.jpg b/old/66047-h/images/i_p011.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index aa2d80a..0000000
--- a/old/66047-h/images/i_p011.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66047-h/images/i_p011_lrg.jpg b/old/66047-h/images/i_p011_lrg.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 3f13e3d..0000000
--- a/old/66047-h/images/i_p011_lrg.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66047-h/images/i_p015.jpg b/old/66047-h/images/i_p015.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c449ac1..0000000
--- a/old/66047-h/images/i_p015.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66047-h/images/i_p015_lrg.jpg b/old/66047-h/images/i_p015_lrg.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1087bc5..0000000
--- a/old/66047-h/images/i_p015_lrg.jpg
+++ /dev/null