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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..659d871 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #65908 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65908) diff --git a/old/65908-0.txt b/old/65908-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 8949264..0000000 --- a/old/65908-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2305 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Illuminated illustrations of Froissart, by -Jean Froissart - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Illuminated illustrations of Froissart - Selected from the ms. in the British museum. - -Author: Jean Froissart - -Compiler: Henry Noel Humphreys - -Release Date: July 24, 2021 [eBook #65908] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Turgut Dincer, Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was - produced from images made available by the HathiTrust Digital - Library.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ILLUMINATED ILLUSTRATIONS OF -FROISSART *** - - - - -ADVERTISEMENT. - -ILLUMINATED ILLUSTRATIONS TO FROISSART. - - -The present Volume completes the selection of Pictures made from the two -volumes of the MS. in the British Museum. As these volumes, however, -consist only of the Fourth Book of Froissart, none of the Illustrations -have reference to any of the first three Books of the history. It has -been determined, therefore, at the earnest solicitation of very many of -the Subscribers to the present series, to publish a selection from the -first, second and third Books, contained in the celebrated MS. in the -Bibliothèque Royale at Paris, to correspond in extent and price with -that now completed. - -By this arrangement, the entire Chronicles will be illustrated; and as -the drawings in the Paris MS. are, in many respects, very superior to -those in the two volumes at the Museum, it is hoped that the publication -of the additional twelve Numbers will give general satisfaction. - -The first Number from the Paris MS. will be published on the first of -January, price 3_s._ 6_d._ - -_December 1st, 1843._ - - - - -ILLUMINATED -ILLUSTRATIONS OF FROISSART. - - - - -[Illustration: - -ILLUMINATIONS -FROM THE - -MS. - -FROISSART - -IN THE -BRITISH MUSEUM -] - - - - -ILLUMINATED - -ILLUSTRATIONS OF FROISSART. - -SELECTED FROM - -The MS. - -IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. - - -BY H. N. HUMPHREYS, ESQ. - - -LONDON: -WILLIAM SMITH, 113, FLEET STREET. - -MDCCCXLIV. - - -LONDON: -BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS - - - - -ADVERTISEMENT. - - -The idea of publishing these illuminations was suggested by the great -success which has attended the reprint of the Chronicles of Monstrelet -and Froissart; the extensive sale of which books bears strong testimony -to the searching spirit of inquiry now abroad. We are no longer content -to read our early history through the filtered medium of a compilation, -but seek it in the vivid pages of the chroniclers, who drew from the -life, and sketched off in simple and quaint, but earnest language, the -stirring panorama of their times. But the pleasure of reading such an -historian as Froissart, in an ordinary printed book, is small when -compared with that of reading him in one of the curious manuscripts of -his own time. - -To unclose the gilded clasps of one of those ponderous velvet-bound -volumes, to turn over the crisp vellum, and read the story of those -exciting times traced in quaint Gothic characters by careful clerks; but -above all to admire the curious and elaborate borderings of the -illuminated pages, and dwell on the miniature pictures, wrought with the -greatest care and beauty by the most skilful contemporary limners, to -embody more tangibly the narration of the author, is indeed a -pleasure;--yet one which but few can enjoy. To afford that enjoyment to -the many, and place before them some of the most interesting of these -rare illuminations, is the object of the present publication. - -The British Museum contains a magnificent MS. of Froissart, profusely -illuminated with such miniature pictures. This MS. came into the Museum -with the Harleian Collection, but how it found its way into that -collection is unknown; we possess, however, only two of the volumes, the -other two being in the Bibliothèque Royale of Paris. The work appears to -be one of Flemish art, probably executed by some Flemish artist resident -in Paris, as the public buildings in Paris are very correctly -delineated, whilst those of other places are frequently altogether -imaginary. It seems likely that the work was executed for Philip De -Commines the historian, as it was evidently produced in his time, and as -the arms of De Commines frequently occur in the ornamental borderings in -the way it was usual to introduce those of the person for whom such a -book was illuminated. The MS. is supposed to have been written between -the years 1460 and 1480, very shortly after the time of Froissart; so -that, though it is true that artists of that time painted all costumes -from those of their own day, yet, as the fashions did not change so -rapidly then as now, we may fairly imagine that we see the heroes and -worthies of Froissart paraded before us in the very dresses which they -wore; their glittering and complicated plate armour, their embroidered -surcoats, emblazoned banners, and all the gorgeous paraphernalia of -chivalry. - -In these pictures we see them at their tournaments, exhibiting their -well-trained horsemanship, their strength and skill in arms,--in their -wars we see them in the more earnest exercise of their reckless valour; -we see their vast engines of warfare which preceded cannon; and the -first rude cannon of wood hooped with iron--we see also their frail -ships, in which, without fear, the daring spirits of those times trusted -themselves recklessly to the treacherous ocean. We see the burghers in -their towns, and the lords in their castles; we see them in the intimacy -of their domestic life and habits; we see the very patterns of the -hangings of their rooms, and every minute incident of their household -arrangements, their banquets and their festivals, represented by an -artist of no mean skill; and when we consider that these illuminations -were executed before Raphael was born, we cannot (with all their faults -of perspective) but be astonished at their beauty and life-like -accuracy, and frequently at the fine arrangement of drapery, and -beautiful distribution of colour. - -The present illuminations, copied from the precious MS. above alluded -to, will be made as near fac-similes as possible, without any attempt at -correction, or alteration in the drawing, so as to show the true spirit -of the Gothic artist, and exhibit the state of art at the period. They -are also the same size as the originals; yet so arranged, by -occasionally sacrificing a little margin, that our subscribers may bind -them up with the recent edition of Froissart (now the only one in -print), and so possess a book nearly as interesting as the original MS. -itself. - -The ornamental letters given on the title-page, as well as the border in -which are the arms of De Commines, are taken from the MS. referred to. - - - - -LIST OF PLATES, - -WITH - -REFERENCES TO SMITH’S EDITION OF “FROISSART,” IN TWO VOLUMES. - - -PLATE VOL.PAGE - -I. THE CORONATION OF POPE BONIFACE IX. II. 426 - -II. MARRIAGE OF KING LOUIS OF SICILY TO THE DAUGHTER OF -KING PEDRO OF ARRAGON II. 406 - -III. PROCLAMATION OF THE TRUCE BETWEEN RICHARD II. OF ENGLAND AND -CHARLES VI. OF FRANCE II. 395 - -IV. EXPEDITION OF THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH TO THE COAST OF AFRICA, AT -THE REQUEST OF THE GENOESE II. 466 - -V. THE RAISING OF THE SIEGE OF THE STRONG TOWN OF AFRICA II. 482 - -VI. TOURNAMENT AT ST. INGLEVERE, NEAR CALAIS II. 434 - -VII. ATTACK ON SIR OLIVER DE CLISSON II. 521 - -VIII. MEETING OF CHARLES VI. AND DUKE OF BRITTANY AT TOURS II. 507 - -IX. SURRENDER AND RE-TAKING OF THE CASTLE OF VENTADOUR II. 314 - -X. THE GREAT ASSAULT UPON THE TOWN OF AFRICA II. 472 - -XI. JOURNEY OF CHARLES VI. AND THE DUKE OF TOURAINE FROM MONTPELIER -TO PARIS II. 424 - -XII. SIR PETER DE CRAON RECEIVED BY THE DUKE OF BRITTANY II. 527 - -XIII. THE SUDDEN DEATH OF COUNT GASTON DE FOIX II. 493 - -XIV. THE KING OF HUNGARY IN COUNCIL WITH HIS LORDS AND -THOSE OF FRANCE II. 602 - -XV. THE DUKES OF BURGUNDY AND BERRI IN COUNCIL II. 536 - -XVI. THE EMPEROR OF GERMANY AND THE KING OF FRANCE IN COUNCIL II. 659 - -XVII. SIR JOHN FROISSART PRESENTING HIS BOOK TO RICHARD II. 577 - -XVIII. INTERVIEW OF RICHARD WITH THE DUKE OF GLOUCESTER AT THE CASTLE -OF PLESHY II. 644 - -XIX. THE RANSOM PAID TO BAJAZET FOR THE COUNT DE NEVERS, ETC. II. 648 - -XX. THE ARREST OF THE DUKE OF GLOUCESTER II. 644 - -XXI. RICHARD SETTING OUT ON HIS EXPEDITION TO IRELAND II. 567 - -XXII. THE VISION OF ROBERT L’ERMITE II. 584 - -XXIII. THE LIBERATION OF THE LORD DE LA RIVIERE II. 588 - -XXIV. CORONATION OF HENRY IV. II. 698 - -XXV. MEETING OF THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY WITH THE EARL OF DERBY -AT PARIS II. 684 - -XXVI. WILLIAM OF HAINAULT SETTING OUT ON HIS -EXPEDITION AGAINST FRIESLAND II. 612 - -XXVII. LANDING OF THE LADY DE COUCY AT BOULOGNE II. 701 - -XXVIII. DEATH OF POPE CLEMENT OF AVIGNON II. 564 - -XXIX. THE KING OF FRANCE RECEIVING THE INTELLIGENCE OF THE DEFEAT IN -TURKEY II. 628 - -XXX. THE DUKE OF GLOUCESTER AND SIR JOHN LACKINGAY II. 636 - -XXXI. DEATH OF ANNE OF BOHEMIA II. 566 - -XXXII. DEATH OF EVAN DE FOIX II. 551 - -XXXIII. DUCHESS OF ORLEANS QUITTING PARIS II. 633 - -XXXIV. RECONCILIATION OF SIR OLIVER DE CLISSON AND -THE DUKE OF BRITTANY II. 589 - -XXXV. JEHAN DE VARENNES PREACHING II. 565 - -XXXVI. THE FUNERAL OF RICHARD II. 708 - -[Illustration: The Coronation of Pope Boniface at Rome after the death -of Urban VIᵗʰ.] - - - - -PLATE I. - -THE CORONATION OF POPE BONIFACE IX. - - -Pope Clement of Avignon, on hearing of the death of Urban VI. of Rome, -assembled a conclave of Cardinals of his party, and strong hopes were -entertained that the schism in the Church would be put an end to; -nevertheless the Cardinals at Rome immediately elected Perrin de -Tomacelli, Cardinal of Naples, who was crowned with great solemnity in -October 1389, and took the name and title of Boniface IX., Clement -continuing to act as Pope at Avignon. The composition of this -illumination is arranged with great simplicity; the faces are of -appropriate character and expression, and from their great variety and -carefully varied features, it appears probable that some of them may be -actual portraits of the individuals represented. It is coloured with -exceeding richness; the flow and disposition of some of the drapery is -almost equal to Albert Durer; and the linear perspective is pretty -nearly correct. - -[Illustration: The Marriage of King Louis son of the Duke of Anjou to -the Daughter of King Peter of Arragon.] - - - - -PLATE II. - -THE MARRIAGE OF KING LOUIS OF SICILY, SON OF THE DUKE OF ANJOU, TO THE -DAUGHTER OF KING PEDRO OF ARRAGON. - - -This is one of the most carefully executed pictures in the volume; and -the arrangement of the figures at the sides, combined with the -impressive and characteristic simplicity of the central group, could -scarcely be surpassed by modern artists; indeed, in symmetrical -arrangement, they appear to be borrowing ideas from these illuminations -of the middle ages, as may be perceived in some recent modern pictures. -The account of this marriage is omitted in some of the MSS. of -Froissart. - -[Illustration: Proclamation of the renewal of the truce between the -Kings of France and England, after the King of France’s recovery.] - - - - -PLATE III. - -THE PROCLAMATION OF THE TRUCE BETWEEN RICHARD II. OF ENGLAND AND CHARLES -VI. OF FRANCE. - - -This truce (long delayed on account of the temporary insanity and -sickness of the French king) between Richard II. of England and Charles -VI. of France, was agreed should last from Michaelmas to St. John -Baptist’s day, 1392, and one year longer. The drawing evidently -represents a French town, as the provincial towns of France, even -earlier than that period, had lofty houses of stone, many of which -endure perfect to the present day, whilst in England the common houses -of the towns of the same period were mostly built of timber and plaster, -and were of very rude construction. This plate is also interesting on -account of exhibiting so accurately the dress and general appearance of -French citizens of the fourteenth century. - -[Illustration: The expedition of the French and English to the coast of -Africa, at the request of the Genoese.] - - - - -PLATE IV. - -THE EXPEDITION OF THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH TO THE COAST OF AFRICA, AT THE -REQUEST OF THE GENOESE. - - -The Genoese, whose trade and coasts had been much annoyed by the -piratical excursions of African corsairs, determined to attack them in -their stronghold, a town called Africa, about seventy miles from Tunis, -subsequently destroyed by Andrea Doria. In order to give effect to the -expedition, the Genoese invited knights of reputation from France, -England, and other countries, to take charge of it; furnishing them with -vessels and provisions, and several thousand Genoese crossbowmen and -infantry free of cost. The proposition being readily embraced by many -French and English knights of rank, the command was assumed by the Duke -de Bourbon, the uncle of the King of France, and they sailed from Genoa -on St. John Baptist’s Day, 1390; and Froissart says, “It was a beautiful -sight to view this fleet, with the emblazoned banners of the different -lords fluttering in the wind, and to hear the minstrels and other -musicians sounding their pipes, clarions, and trumpets, whose sounds -were re-echoed back by the sea.” They re-assembled at the island of -Commino, after having been dispersed in a great storm; and the weather -being fine, the sea calm, and the coast of Africa not far distant, many -advanced in rowing-boats. Froissart continues. “It was a pleasure to see -the rowers force their way through the smooth surface of the sea, which -seemed to delight in bearing these Christians to the shores of the -infidels;” and, “it was a fine sight to view their various banners and -pennons fluttering with gentle gales, and glittering in the sun.” This -appears to be the moment depicted by the illuminator. The personage in -the rowing-boat in the foreground appears to be the Duke de Bourbon. In -the large vessel are several French knights, with probably the Count -d’Eu in the centre; and in the vessel partly seen on the left is Henry -de Beaufort (a natural son of the Duke of Lancaster), who was in this -expedition attended by many knights and squires of rank. Although the -perspective in this picture is rather barbarous, and its composition -fearfully inartificial, it has much interest if not merit of detail: it -displays the manner of exposing the emblazoned shields of the knights on -the sides of their vessels, and many other particulars interesting to -the antiquary, and the artist has displayed considerable discrimination -between the regular and more refined features of the knights and -gentlemen so comfortably placed within the vessels, and the ignoble -expression of the poor rowers, so barbarously exposed in an open -framework outside the boat of the Duke de Bourbon. - -[Illustration: The raising of the Siege of the strong Town of Africa, -and the return of the European Knights.] - - - - -PLATE V. - -THE RAISING OF THE SIEGE OF THE STRONG TOWN OF AFRICA, AND THE RETURN OF -THE EUROPEAN KNIGHTS. - - -The siege of Africa having failed, as it was thought partly in -consequence of the pride and obstinacy of the Duke de Bourbon, and the -army having fruitlessly remained sixty days before the place, suffering -much loss, as well by the heat of the weather as in an attempt to take -the town by storm, it was determined that they should re-imbark, and -return to Europe, which they did. - -In the picture, the Duke de Bourbon, in gilt armour, is seen following -his standard-bearer into a boat; in the middle distance is the camp, -about to be broken up; and farther off is seen the town, of course a -mere imagination of the Flemish artist, for it represents all the -characteristics of a Flemish town of the period. It is, however, -beautifully pencilled, and reminds one of backgrounds of Flemish -pictures of the best period. - -[Illustration: Tournament held at Sᵗ. Inglevere near Calais where three -French Knights defend the lists for thirty days against all comers from -England, and elsewhere.] - - - - -PLATE VI. - -TOURNAMENT HELD AT ST. INGLEVERE, NEAR CALAIS, WHEN THREE FRENCH KNIGHTS -DEFENDED THE LISTS FOR THIRTY DAYS, AGAINST ALL COMERS FROM ENGLAND AND -ELSEWHERE. - - -Sir John Holland, half brother to king Richard the Second, and many -English knights, went over to Calais to accept the challenge of the -French knights at this tournament. Three rich vermilion-coloured tents -were pitched near to the lists, and in front of which were suspended two -targets, for peace or war, emblazoned with the arms of each lord. It was -ordered that such as were desirous of performing any deed of arms, -should send to or have touched one or both of these targets according to -their pleasure, and they would be tilted with according to their -request. The following is Froissart’s account of one of the encounters, -each of which he describes minutely. - -“Sir Henry Beaumont” (an Englishman) “then came forward, and sent to -have the target of Sir Boucicaut” (one of the French knights) “touched, -who was instantly ready to reply to the call, having not dismounted from -the tilts with Lord Clifford. The Lord Beaumont did not manage his lance -well, and hit Boucicaut on the side, but Sir Boucicaut struck him so -full in the middle of his shield, that it drove him to the ground, and -continued his course. Lord Beaumont was raised up by his attendant and -remounted. The Lord de Saimpi” (another of the French knights) “then -presented himself, and they tilted two courses very handsomely, without -hurt to either.” - -The king of France was present in disguise at this tournament, and -returned each evening after the tilting to an inn at Marquise; the -English returned each evening to Calais; while the three French knights -and their attendants were lodged at the convent of St. Inglevere. - -This illumination shows extremely well the disposition of the lists, &c. -&c., and the bearing of the knights in running a course. - -[Illustration: The attack on Sir Oliver de Clisson by the followers of -Sir Peter de Craon.] - - - - -PLATE VII. - -THE ATTACK ON SIR OLIVER DE CLISSON, BY THE FOLLOWERS OF SIR PETER DE -CRAON. - - -Sir Peter de Craon having been disgraced by King Charles VI. and his -brother the Duke of Touraine, and banished the court of France, imagined -Sir Oliver de Clisson to be the remote cause of his disfavour. To -revenge himself, therefore, he caused many men-at-arms to conceal -themselves in his hôtel at Paris; and having been privately informed of -all the movements of Sir Oliver, who supped with the King on the day of -the feast of the Holy Sacrament, and remained the last of the party, he -attacked him on his way home with his men, and would have cruelly -murdered him, but for a lucky accident that saved his life. Having -received a severe blow on the back of his head that struck him senseless -from his horse, he fell against the door of a baker, who was already up -to attend to his bread, and hearing the noise, had slightly opened the -door, which the weight of Sir Oliver now threw completely back, and he -fell into the shop. The horsemen, thinking they had done their work -effectually, now rode off, and thus Sir Oliver escaped, though -desperately wounded. The King was much affected on hearing of the -attempted murder of Sir Oliver, who was High Constable of France, and -went immediately in his night-dress and slippers to visit him, for it -was very near the hôtel St. Pol, and the King was not yet in bed when -news of the event reached him. Sir Peter, though pursued immediately, -escaped into Spain, and eventually he was again received into favour, -and Sir Oliver fell into disgrace. - -The artist has represented the hôtel St. Pol in the distance, adorned -with niches and bronze statues, which, if not a true representation of -the building, is interesting, as showing that such decorations were not -unusual in the exterior architecture of houses of consequence at that -period. - -[Illustration: The meeting of Charles VIᵗʰ of France and the Duke of -Brittany at Tours] - - - - -PLATE VIII. - -THE MEETING OF CHARLES VI. OF FRANCE, AND THE DUKE OF BRITTANY AT TOURS. - - -Misunderstandings having long existed between the King (Charles VI.) of -France and the Duke of Brittany, and being much increased by the -protection afforded by the Duke to Sir Peter de Craon, many feared that -other powerful Lords might follow his rebellious example, and the -supremacy of the Crown, by degrees, be lost. It was, therefore, -determined to invite the Duke to a conference with the King at Tours, -which, after some difficulty, was effected; and though much bitterness -was shown on both sides during the discussion, all disputes were -eventually adjusted, and a general good understanding secured, by the -proposal of a marriage between the son of the Duke of Brittany and a -daughter of the King of France; and also between a son of the Lord of -Blois and a daughter of the Duke of Brittany. - -This illumination is among the best in the volume; the colours are -vivid, and the gold enrichments managed with good effect; the moment -represented is, doubtless, the first meeting of the Duke and the King, -the former kneeling, (having removed his coronet), in token of homage. -The two personages on the right are the Dukes of Burgundy and Berri, the -King’s uncles. The introduction of the Pages of the Duke of Brittany in -the foreground is managed with good effect; and the design of the -apartment, with its tapestries, &c. is very interesting, as exhibiting a -system of colouring, in which the ceiling is the darkest feature, and -the floor the lightest: a principle just resuscitated with great effect -by some of our leading architects. - -[Illustration: The retaking and surrender of the strong Castle of -Ventadour.] - - - - -PLATE IX. - -THE SURRENDER AND RE-TAKING OF THE STRONG CASTLE OF VENTADOUR[1]. - - -This subject is interesting, as showing pretty accurately the -arrangement of the interior works of a fortified castle of the -fourteenth century, and the manner of taking possession of such a place -by an armed force. - -The circumstances connected with the taking of this fortress by the -troops of the Duke de Berri, are briefly as follows. - -The wars between the French and English, which devastated a large -portion of France during part of the fourteenth century, were aggravated -in their ruinous effects upon the people by the Free Companies, a sort -of land privateers who, under pretext of belonging to one or other -party, pillaged small towns, captured castles when insufficiently -defended, and, in short, preyed recklessly upon the defenceless; being, -in fact, bands of robbers. - -Geoffrey Tête-noire, one of these Free Companions, by the treachery of a -servant, gained possession of the castle of Ventadour, in Auvergne, -belonging to the Count de Montpensier, which, from its strong position -among the mountains, was deemed at that time impregnable by force; -indeed, it appears that it was so, for Geoffrey Tête-noire held it till -his death, defeating every attempt to gain it by force, and refusing -every offer to buy it with money; he considered it as his own -inheritance, levying contributions on all the surrounding country, which -enabled him to live in great state and plenty. He commenced his -passports and treaties of composition with “Geoffrey Tête-noire, duke of -Ventadour, count of Limousin, sovereign lord and commander of all the -captains in Auvergne, Rouergue, and Limousin.” - -The nephews of Geoffrey, Alleyne and Peter Roux, succeeded their uncle -in possession of the castle; but the Duke de Berri, who had purchased it -of the Montpensier family, determined to obtain possession, and put an -end to the dominion of these freebooters. After many fruitless attempts, -by force and negociation, Sir William le Boutellier, with Sir John -Bonne-lance, and others, formed a close siege, surrounding the castle -with block-houses, &c. &c. But all attempts might have been vain but for -the over-cunning of the nephews, who, offering to surrender the place -for ten thousand francs, if the two knights would bring the money into -the court-yard of the castle, had concealed a body of armed men in a -tower near the entrance-gate, to seize them when they should be off -their guard. - -The knights brought the money, but, having suspicions, had concealed a -body of horse, during the night, within a short distance of the -entrance, and soon perceiving that treachery was intended, they, as -Froissart says, “made a signe to him who bore the horn to sound for -their ambuscade;” these, putting spurs to their horses, galloped into -the castle, the gate being open, and the nephews were instantly arrested -in the king’s name. - -The tower above-mentioned was found filled with armed men, who confessed -the purport of their concealment there. The intended treachery of -Alleyne and Peter was thus proved beyond doubt, and they were eventually -tried, and publicly executed. The castle had been in the possession of -Geoffry and his nephews above 15 years, and was regained about 1390. - -The moment selected by the Illuminator appears to be that, when, after -the arrest of Alleyne and his brother, the tower near the gate was -opened, and the men-at-arms came from their ambush confessing the -intended treachery of the brothers, and begging for mercy, as is -minutely related by Froissart. A standard-bearer is seen planting the -standard of the Duke de Berri over the gate-tower, and calling by sound -of horn the besieging troops, who are seen entering in an orderly manner -in the foreground. It may, perhaps, represent the calling of Sir -William’s ambuscade of cavalry, but the former view accords best with -the arrangement of the picture, and I have no doubt but that was the -intention of the artist. - -[Illustration: The attack on the Town of Africa.] - - - - -PLATE X. - -THE GREAT ASSAULT UPON THE TOWN OF AFRICA. - - -During the sixty-one days that the siege lasted, many were the -skirmishes and encounters before the town and at the barriers; but the -principal assault occurred in consequence of a challenge having been -sent by ten Saracens to meet ten Christians in combat, between the town -and the camp. Ten knights, among whom was Sir John Russel, an -Englishman, having accepted the challenge, went forth to the ground of -combat, and the army was drawn up in battle-array to witness the -encounter, but the Saracens never came, and the commander thinking it a -pity that the day should pass without a little fighting, as they were -all prepared, ordered a general assault upon the town. They took the -outer wall by storm, but it was little advantage to them, as the enemy -retired behind the inner line. The loss sustained by the Christian -troops was very great, for numbers fell victims to the heat alone on -that day, whilst many were killed in the combat; the Saracens sustaining -but slight loss. - -After the raising of the siege, the Saracens of Africa, Tunis, Morocco, -Granada, and other places, formed an alliance for the purpose of making -themselves masters of the Mediterranean, and revenging this siege of -Africa. They succeeded so well in annoying the trade of the Venetians, -Genoese, &c., that merchandise from the east and south was scarcely to -be had for any money; and Froissart winds up the chapter by telling us, -that “all sorts of spicery became enormously dear.” - -In this illumination, the cannon of the period, made of timber, hooped -with iron, are very accurately depicted, as well as the arms and -accoutrements of the cross-bowmen: but the view of the town is evidently -imaginary, the artist having, probably, seen none but Flemish or French -towns, from his impressions of which he seems to have designed his view -of Africa. - -[Illustration: The Journey of Charles VIᵗʰ of France and his brother the -Duke of Touraine from Montpellier to Paris.] - - - - -PLATE XI. - -THE JOURNEY OF CHARLES VI. OF FRANCE, AND HIS BROTHER THE DUKE OF -TOURAINE, FROM MONTPELLIER TO PARIS. - - -In the year 1389, the King, being then about 21 years of age, visited -Toulouse, and many places in the south of France, accompanied by his -brother the Duke of Touraine, and a great retinue. He remained three -days at Montpellier, for, says Froissart, “the town and the ladies -afforded him much pleasure.” However, he was impatient to return to -Paris, and the following dialogue with his brother is quaintly -narrated:-- - -“‘Fair brother, I wish we were at Paris, and our attendants where they -now are, for I have a great desire to see the Queen, as I suppose you -must have to see my sister-in-law.’ ‘My Lord,’ replied the Duke, ‘we -shall never get there by wishing it, the distance is too great.’ ‘That -is true,’ answered the King, ‘but I think, if I pleased, I could very -soon be there.’ ‘Then it must be by dint of hard riding,’ said the Duke -of Touraine. ‘I also could do that, but it would be through means of my -horse.’ ‘Come,’ said the King, ‘who will be first, you or I?--let us -wager on this.’ ‘With all my heart,’ answered the Duke, who would at all -times exert himself to get money.” - -Our Chronicler goes on to relate, that they quitted Montpellier at the -same hour early the next morning, the King attended only by the Lord de -Garencières, and the Duke by the Lord de Viefville. All four being young -and active, they rode night and day, having themselves occasionally -carried forward in carts when they wanted repose. - -The King performed the journey in four days and a half; the Duke -accomplished it in four days and one third; but it appears that the King -would have won but for taking an unreasonable nap of eight hours at -Troyes, in Champagne. It is evident that they must have made -considerable exertions, as the distance is above 570 miles. Froissart -tells us, that “the ladies of the court made great joke of the -adventure;” and also adds, “you must know, that the Duke of Touraine -insisted on the wager being paid in ready money.” The amount was five -hundred francs. - -This illumination is very neatly executed, particularly the distant -landscape: the houses, seen over the wall, show that, whatever changes -have taken place in monumental architecture, the houses of the people, -or peasantry, have undergone little change in the simple principles of -their construction since the fourteenth century. - -[Illustration] - - - - -PLATE XII. - -SIR PETER DE CRAON RECEIVED BY THE DUKE OF BRITTANY. - - -Froissart relates that “he was in Paris at the time of the daring attack -made by Sir Peter de Craon on the Constable de Clisson, and was very -anxious to ascertain the true cause of the original disgrace of de -Craon, which eventually led to that desperate attempt at revenge.” From -Froissart’s information, it appears that de Clisson was in no way -connected with Sir Peter’s disgrace. It seems that Sir Peter being -handsome, accomplished, and rich, and of nearly the same age as the -youthful Duke of Touraine, became a great favourite at Court, the Duke -making him his constant companion, and causing him to dress in clothes -of the same colour and device as his own, carrying him with him wherever -he went, and intrusting him with his most secret thoughts. Froissart -proceeds:--“The Duke, at that time young and amorous, much amused -himself with the company of ladies and damsels, and, as I heard, was -much attached to a young frisky lady of Paris[2].” This intrigue, which -it appears was a very innocent flirtation, became known to his Duchess, -who cautioned the young lady, one of noble family, never again to hold -converse with the Duke as she valued her life. The Duke was soon aware -that he had been betrayed, and eventually persuaded his Duchess to -confess to him that it was from Sir Peter de Craon that she had obtained -her information; and Froissart declares, that “if it was so, Sir Peter -behaved most shamefully.” - -The King, at the request of the Duke of Touraine, his brother, dismissed -Sir Peter from the Court, who, finding himself disgraced, took refuge -with his friend and relative the Duke of Brittany, by whom he was well -received. - -The illumination represents the moment of his reception by the Duke of -Brittany. The figures of Sir Peter and his attendant are very well -executed, but some of the others are carelessly finished, appearing as -though sketched out by the master, but finished by inferior hands. Most -of the miniature pictures in the magnificent volumes from which these -are taken, are placed, like the present, at the commencement of the -chapters, and the pages so ornamented are additionally enriched with an -elaborate border, occupying the outside margin. The pages are written in -double columns, and the present Plate is a fac-simile of the outside -column of page 238 of the Vol. containing this portion of the -Chronicles. The volume is about eighteen inches high by twelve broad. -The words at the top of the Plate are the conclusion of a chapter, -relating to a truce between England and France, and are--“ne jamais la -paix tant que je vive ne me accorderay”--words spoken by the Duke of -Gloucester, uncle of Richard II., who declares, he will never, while he -lives, consent to make peace by the surrender of Calais. The head of the -chapter, written like all the others in red ink, is:--“De Messire Pierre -de Craon, et comment il enchey en l’indignation du roy de France et duc -de Thouraine son frere et comme’t il fut recoeilles du duc de -Bretagne[3].”--Chapp’re XXV. - -The chapter commencing with a richly-ornamented capital, begins:--“En ce -temporal dont je parolle estoit trop gran[4].” - -[Illustration: The sudden death of Count Gaston de Foix.] - - - - -PLATE XIII. - -THE SUDDEN DEATH OF COUNT GASTON DE FOIX. - - -The Count having passed the morning in the forest of Sauveterre, on the -road to Pampeluna, in Navarre, in hunting, during greater part of which -he had much exerted himself in hunting a bear, repaired in the afternoon -to dinner at the inn of Riou, on his way to his town of Orthés. Having -called for water to wash, his two squires, Raymonet de Lasne and -Raymonet de Copane, advanced, Emaudon d’Espaign took the silver basin, -and another knight, called Sir Thibaut, the napkin. The Count rose from -his seat and stretched out his hands to wash; “but,” says Froissart, “no -sooner had his fingers, which were handsome and long, touched the cold -water, than he changed colour, from an oppression at his heart, -exclaiming, ‘I am a dead man; Lord God have mercy on me!’” He never -spoke afterwards; and the two squires who had brought the basin, drank -the water, that they might not be suspected of having poisoned it. -Gaston de Foix was born 1331, and died 1391. - -This illumination is coarsely executed in many respects, doing but -little justice to the fine person of the great Count, who was considered -one of the handsomest men of his time. It is, however, very interesting, -as detailing accurately many interior domestic arrangements, which will -be found not greatly differing from old country inns still remaining in -remote parts of England, but more frequently in France and Germany. - -[Illustration: The King of Hungary in council with his own Lords and -those of France, before crossing the Danube towards Turkey.] - - - - -PLATE XIV. - -THE KING OF HUNGARY IN COUNCIL WITH HIS LORDS AND THOSE OF FRANCE. - - -The Sultan Bajazet[5] appears to have indulged an imaginary scheme of -universal empire, purposing to leave to each country its own laws and -governors, and reserving to himself only his authority as their lord -paramount. With this view, in 1396, he threatened the kingdom of Hungary -with invasion, in his way to Rome, which he projected to make the seat -of his liberal and universal empire; how liberal, may be inferred from -his threat, “that his horse should eat his oats on the altar of St. -Peter’s.” Sigismond, king of Hungary, applied to Charles VI. of France -for assistance, and many knights of France and other countries, with a -considerable force, went to Buda under the command of John of Burgundy, -then twenty-two years of age, and son of the duke Philip, to attack -Bajazet, with the ultimate project of regaining the Holy Land. Soon -after the arrival of the French force, there being no sign of the -threatened approach of Bajazet, the king of Hungary held a council, in -which were present the principal lords of France and the most -influential Hungarian nobles[6]; when it was determined to cross the -Danube, and march at once into Turkey. This is the council represented -in the present illumination. The figures in bronze armour appear to be -Hungarians; the other three on the opposite side are doubtless John of -Burgundy, Count of Nevers; the Lord de Couci; and Philip of Artois, -Count d’Eu. The water in the distance is, no doubt, intended for the -Danube, and not the sea, which it better represents. The whole picture -is, however, very carefully executed, and the group outside the tent -extremely spirited and natural. A subsequent illumination upon the same -subject will illustrate the fate of the expedition. - -[Illustration: The Dukes of Burgundy & Berri sitting in Council as -Regents during the illness of Charles VIᵗʰ of France.] - - - - -PLATE XV. - -THE DUKES OF BURGUNDY AND BERRI--IN COUNCIL. - - -In the year 1393, Charles VI. was seized with a frenzy, or madness, -during his expedition against the Duke of Brittany; and the Dukes of -Burgundy and Berri, the King’s uncles, were, in a council[7] of the -principal barons and prelates of the kingdom, appointed regents of the -realm during the King’s illness. The illuminator has represented them as -sitting in council; the figures in front appear to be members of the -commonalty of Paris, who already began to assume an important position -in the government; the figure on the left, enveloped in a blue mantle, -is evidently intended for a fat and comfortable citizen; a lawyer and a -prelate seem to be discussing some very knotty point with many words and -gestures, but the two Dukes--the stern men of the sword--take the matter -very quietly, and will evidently settle the question according to their -own good caprice and interest. The artist has, on this occasion, been -very correct in his heraldry: above the Duke of Burgundy is suspended a -shield, bearing the ancient and modern arms of Burgundy, quarterly; -ancient Burgundy, one and three, bends of or and azure within a bordure -gules; modern Burgundy, two and four, azure sémé of fleur-de-lis or, -within a bordure compony gules and argent. The arms of Berri were, as -depicted, azure, three fleur-de-lis or, within a bordure engrailed -gules, as borne by the last unfortunate Duke de Berri, assassinated at -the door of the French opera in 1821. - -[Illustration: te eglise de romme chaprelxbn que scauces comment le roy -d’allemaigue le roy de france et les seigneurs de lempire et tous leurs -consaule furent en la cite de paris et eurent la entreuz pluiseus -consaulx et secrets] - - - - -PLATE XVI. - -THE EMPEROR OF GERMANY AND THE KING OF FRANCE SITTING IN COUNCIL UPON -THE STATE OF THE CHURCH OF ROME. - - -The Emperor of Germany (Wenceslaus of Luxembourg) visited France, at the -solicitation of Charles VI., for the purpose of consulting upon the best -mode of terminating the schism of the Romish church, and of putting an -end to the rivalry of the two popes of Avignon and Rome, by bringing -about the abdication of one of them. It seems needless to add, that the -negociations which followed, with such a view of the case, utterly -failed. - -The illumination represents the Emperor and King sitting in council; -probably in the Cathedral of Rheims, where the principal consultations -were held. - -As a view of the interior of a cathedral, it is particularly interesting -at the present time--the repairs and restoration of the Temple Church -having called much attention to the polychromic effects produced by the -architects of the middle ages, as it exhibits clearly the general and -profuse adoption of positive colours and gilding to heighten -architectural splendour. The vaulted ceiling of the nave is painted rich -full brown, the groining being gilt; the ceiling of the choir is painted -deep blue, equally enriched with gilding. This simple colouring of the -illuminator exhibits the general effect of polychromic architecture as -well as if he had elaborated the intricate devices by which the effects -were more generally varied and enriched, and is a sufficient proof, if -any sceptics yet remain to require it, that the architects of the middle -ages, as well as their ancient Grecian predecessors, considered _colour_ -just as essential as _form_ in a grand architectural whole. - -The tapestry hung round the lower part of the walls, to the height of -ten or twelve feet, is a part of the finish of our cathedral decorations -which has, as yet, found no restorer. But it forms an essential feature -in their general effect, as planned by their architects; and, ever since -it was torn down by our puritanical ancestors, those noble churches -have assumed that cold and stony nakedness of aspect which was never -intended by their great creators, and which destroys the air of well -tended grandeur and richness they were intended to produce; giving, -instead, an appearance of desolation and neglect. - -It is quite apparent that the author of this miniature picture painted -from what he saw, and that he was greatly impressed by the leading -features of the monumental architecture of his day; for it will be -observed that he has cut short the transept, reckless of proportion or -perspective, for the express purpose of bringing into his picture the -circular windows, with their elaborate tracery, one of the most splendid -features of that phase of Gothic art. - -[Illustration: Sir John Froissart presenting his book of Love Poems to -Richard the second] - - - - -PLATE XVII. - -SIR JOHN FROISSART PRESENTING HIS BOOK TO RICHARD II. - - -Froissart, who originally came to England in the suite of Philippa of -Hainault, queen of Edward III., returned, after an absence of -twenty-seven years, in 1395, and was well received by Richard II., in -recollection of his services and attachment to the Black Prince, his -father, and to King Edward and Queen Philippa, his grandfather and -grandmother.[8] Froissart relates, with an affecting and very pleasing -_naïveté_, his renewal of old friendships after so long an absence, but -is more particularly minute in his description of the interview with the -King, when he presented his book of love poems, the romance of Meliador. -He says, that “he (the king) opened it, and looked into it with much -pleasure;” and continues, “he ought to have been pleased, for it was -handsomely written and illuminated, and bound in crimson velvet, with -ten silver gilt studs, and roses of the same in the middle, with two -large clasps of silver gilt, richly worked with roses in the centre. The -King asked me what the book treated of? I replied, ‘Of love!’ He was -pleased with the answer, and dipped into several places, reading parts -aloud, for he read and spoke French perfectly well, and then gave it to -one of his knights, called Sir Richard Credon, to carry to his oratory,” -&c. &c. - -This illumination forms the frontispiece to Chapter 54. - -[Illustration: Interview of king Richard the second with his uncle the -Duke of Gloucester at his Castle of Pleshy] - - - - -PLATE XVIII. - -INTERVIEW OF RICHARD II. WITH THE DUKE OF GLOUCESTER, AT THE CASTLE OF -PLESHY. - - -The King had at this time great suspicion that his uncle, the Duke of -Gloucester, was plotting his deposition, which, whether true or false, -enabled persons about the King to exasperate him greatly against his -uncle, who determined to arrest him at once. This he feared to do -openly, on account of the Duke’s popularity, and effected his purpose in -the following manner:--Under pretence of deer-hunting, he went to a -palace he had at Havering-at-the-Bower, in Essex: it is about twenty -miles from London, and as many from Pleshy, where the Duke of Gloucester -generally resided. The King set out from Havering one afternoon without -many attendants, and arrived at Pleshy about five o’clock. He came so -suddenly to the castle[9] that no one knew of it, until the porter cried -out, “Here is the King!” The Duke, who was very temperate, and never sat -long at his meals, had already supped, and immediately went out to greet -the King; who, under pretence of a meeting with the citizens on the next -morning, at which his presence would be advantageous, induced his uncle -to accompany him unattended. The mode of the arrest is exhibited in -another illumination, which will appear in our next number. - -This illumination is a good example of the custom of taking out a -portion of the wall, in order to exhibit an interior and exterior view -at the same time. The grooms and attendants waiting in the castle-yard -are full of character and spirit, and the interior of the apartment, -exhibited to us by the bold excision of the illuminator, portrays very -accurately the furniture and fittings of the time, and affords valuable -hints to artists treating events of this period. - -[Illustration: The payment of the ransom for the Count de Nevers and his -fellow prisoners.] - - - - -PLATE XIX. - -THE RANSOM PAID TO BAJAZET FOR THE COUNT DE NEVERS, &c. - - -As related in the description of Plate XIV., the Hungarians, with the -body of French, German, and English volunteers, invaded Turkey, and, -after many successes of no serious consequence or advantage, laid siege -to the city of Nicopolis. But Bajazet had in the mean time not been idle -or afraid to attack them, as they supposed, but had been diligently -occupied in raising a great army, and was now secretly advancing upon -them, ordering a small body of eight thousand men to move forward in -advance, as if they were the whole army; but, whenever they met the -enemy, to fall back to the main body, which was then to extend as much -as possible, enclosing the Christians, and crushing them by numbers. - -On the Monday preceding Michaelmas-day, in the year 1396, the small body -was perceived by the scouts of the French and Hungarians. The French -lords received the information as they sat at dinner, and, somewhat -heated with wine, hastened at once to the attack. The King of Hungary -sent his marshal, Steulemschalle, to countermand an immediate attack, as -he had received information which caused him to suspect the truth, and -that the Turks wore in much greater numbers than appeared. But the -impetuous Frenchmen were not to be restrained. They rushed upon the -enemy with this small band of volunteers, in all not exceeding 700, it -is said, and, after performing prodigies of valour, were all either cut -to pieces or taken prisoners. The Hungarian army, seeing the French -enclosed on all sides and destroyed, were seized with panic, and fled; -great numbers being slain by the Turks in pursuit: in short, the rout -was most complete, and the King and the Grand Master of Rhodes barely -escaped. - -Among the few survivors, now prisoners to Bajazet, were the Count de -Nevers, the Counts d’Eu and de la Marche, the Lord Henri de Bar, the -Lord de Coucy, and Sir Guy de la Tremouille; these had been set aside -by Bajazet, on account of the richness of their dresses, as apparently -men of note, who would pay large ransoms; all the other prisoners were -put to death in their presence, being brought forth in their shirts and -cut to pieces without mercy: “upwards of three hundred gentlemen of -different nations,” says Froissart, “were thus pitilessly murdered.” The -Lord Boucicaut, Marshal of France, was led forth naked like the others, -but spared on the intercession of the Count de Nevers, who threw himself -at the feet of the Sultan, and succeeded in that instance in softening -his anger, which was great in consequence of the severe loss he had -sustained in the battle, full thirty of his own men having fallen for -every Christian. The Count de Nevers and his remaining companions were -eventually ransomed, but the Lord de Couci and the Count d’Eu both sunk -under their misfortunes and died in Turkey, and the Lord Henry de Bar -died on his journey back; so that few indeed returned from this -disastrous campaign. - -The illumination represents the payment of the ransom, and is -remarkable, as well as some others relating to the same portion of the -history, for the care with which the illuminator has adhered to the -general features of Turkish costume in the dresses of the persons who -are receiving and registering the money; this is the more singular, as -in the apartment and other accessories there is no attempt at an Eastern -character; but at that time, it may be supposed, that the turban and -flowing robe were as much conventional and traditional appendages of a -Turk, as the meagre legs, sharp features, and lace ruffles were of a -Frenchman in the time of Hogarth. - -[Illustration: The arrest of the Duke of Gloucester.] - - - - -PLATE XX. - -THE ARREST OF THE DUKE OF GLOUCESTER. - - -Richard II. having, as related in the description of Plate XVIII., -decoyed his Uncle from his castle of Pleshy, under pretence of wishing -his presence at a conference with the citizens, proceeds, conversing -with him, towards London, when, on arriving at Stratford, at the top of -a lane leading to the Thames, where an ambuscade had been prepared, he -suddenly galloped forward, leaving the Duke behind, who was instantly -surrounded by a body of men, under the command of the Earl Marshal, who -said, “I arrest you in the King’s name!” The Duke, panic-struck on -seeing himself thus betrayed, called loudly after the King, who, without -turning his head, made off towards London, followed by his attendants. A -boat was waiting in the river, and the Duke having been forced on board -was carried over to Calais. Finding that he was closely imprisoned in -the castle of Calais, he questioned the Earl Marshal as to the -intentions of the King and the cause of his arrest. The Earl merely -informed him that he must remain in banishment for a time; but the Duke -suspected the worst, and requested a priest who had said mass before -him, to confess him. His fears were not groundless; for Froissart -relates, that, “on the point of sitting down to dinner, when the tables -were laid and he was about to wash his hands, four men rushed out from -an adjoining chamber, and, throwing a towel round his neck, strangled -him.” This is not exactly the fact; as, by the subsequent confession of -one of the murderers, it was known that he was smothered with pillows. -It was given forth that the Duke of Gloucester had died in his bed at -the castle of Calais, and the treacherous Earl Marshal, his near -relative, put on mourning, as did all the knights and squires in Calais. -Froissart tells us, that some believed and others disbelieved this -story; but it is clear that it was generally disbelieved; for, among -other acts of treachery, it no doubt led to his deposition, and, there -is every reason to suspect, to a similar end. - -In the Illumination there is a happy attempt at expression, though not -of the most elevated kind; it is, however, highly characteristic, -particularly the features of the Duke calling anxiously to the King, -whose supercilious nonchalance, as he coolly rides off, is very happily -portrayed. The back ground, however, does not very felicitously -represent the sort of country where an ambuscade or surprise could be -executed with very good effect, and looks exceedingly like the suburbs -of a Dutch or Flemish village of the present day. - -[Illustration: Richard IIⁿᵈ setting out upon his invasion of Ireland.] - - - - -PLATE XXI. - -RICHARD II. SETTING OUT ON HIS EXPEDITION TO IRELAND. - - -A truce having been finally agreed upon between England and France, it -was determined in the English Council, in the year 1394, that the -opportunity should not be lost of making an attempt to completely subdue -the Irish, which the King’s grandfather, Edward III., with all his -military energy had not been able to effect, partly in consequence of -the numerous wars in other quarters, in which he was engaged at the same -time. Richard II. carried over an army of 4,000 men-at-arms and 30,000 -archers, such a force as had never been seen in Ireland; and, with the -assistance of his Uncles, who accompanied him, and the Earl of Ormond, -who held large estates in that part of the country under English -dominion, succeeded in subduing four kings or chiefs, who acknowledged -his supremacy, and came to reside at Dublin. But it appears by -Froissart’s description that they were little more than savages. It -seems, however, that our chronicler shared the common prejudices that -existed then, and, unfortunately, exist still against poor Ireland; for -he says, among other things, in treating of their mode of warfare, that -“they have pointed knives, with broad blades, sharp on both sides, with -which they kill their enemies; but they never consider them as dead -until they have out their throats like sheep, and opened them and taken -out their hearts, which they carry off with them; and some say, who are -well acquainted with their manners, that they devour them as delicious -morsels.”[10] - -The Illumination is peculiarly spirited, both in execution and -arrangement, and the costumes are made out with sufficient accuracy to -render them highly valuable as authorities. The picture represents the -King at the head of his army, just issuing, apparently, from one of the -ancient gates of London. - -[Illustration: The vision of Robert l’Ermite.] - - - - -PLATE XXII. - -THE VISION OF ROBERT L’ERMITE. - - -Robert Mennot, a squire of the country of Caux, in Normandy, a man whom -Froissart describes as “of religious and holy life,” caused, about this -time, much discussion upon the subject of a vision which he declared he -had seen during a storm at sea, on his return from Syria. He described -the vision as like a figure as bright as crystal, which said, “Robert, -thou shalt escape from this peril, as well as thy companions for thy -sake, for God has favourably heard thy prayers: he orders thee by me to -return to France as speedily as thou canst, and instantly on thy arrival -to wait on the king, and relate what has befallen thee. Thou wilt tell -him to listen to peace with his adversary the King of England, for their -wars have lasted too long. Do thou interfere boldly when conferences -shall be holden to treat of peace between King Charles and King Richard, -for thou shalt be heard; and all those who shall in any way oppose or -prevent peace from taking effect, shall dearly pay for their wickedness -_in their lifetime_.” - -He had several interviews upon the subject of his vision with the King -of France and his Council, and was present at a conference to treat of -peace, where he spoke eloquently in its favour; but the Duke of -Gloucester and some others were sceptical, and declared the whole a -cheat. Nevertheless, his influence was considerable; and, by order of -the King of France, he passed over to England, where he was well -received by the Court of Richard II. He had many private interviews with -the King, and his uncles the Dukes of York, Lancaster, and Gloucester; -but the latter still continued incredulous. Robert the Hermit returned -to France, laden with presents, after a month’s sojourn at the English -Court. - -The vision is exhibited in the illumination after the true conventional -style of Catholic legends. The ship and figures in the foreground, with -the deeply serpentine waves, forcibly call to mind old engravings in -some of our early printed Bibles, which point to the source of such -illustrations in the Catholic missals and illuminated Bibles, from -which, with slight alteration, they were frequently copied. - -The border is taken from another part of the volume, the one attached to -the present subject being very similar to one already given. In the -present border the arms of _De Commines_ occur again, and, in this -instance, on “a field of France,” as though under the protection of that -power. - -[Illustration: The liberation of the Lord de la Riviere.] - - - - -PLATE XXIII. - -THE LORD DE LA RIVIERE. - - -One of the first acts of the regency of the Dukes of Burgundy and Berri -was the imprisonment of nearly all the King’s late ministers and -advisers, against whom many heavy charges were brought, but few proved. -Sir Oliver de Clisson had the good fortune to receive timely -information, and effect his escape. But the Lord de la Riviere and Sir -John le Mercier were seized and thrown into prison, and all their -estates confiscated. Their subsequent pardon is thus related by -Froissart[11]:-- - -“The Lord de la Riviere and Sir John le Mercier, after having been -carried from prison to prison, and to different castles, were at last -given up to the provost of the Châtelet, and in daily expectation of -being put to death, through the hatred of the Dukes of Berry and -Burgundy and their advisers. They had been in this melancholy state for -more than two years, without the King being able to assist them. He, -however, would not consent to their execution; and the Dukes of Berry -and Burgundy perceived that the Duke of Orleans strongly befriended -them. The Duchess of Berry was incessant in her entreaties with her lord -in their favour, more particularly for the Lord de la Riviere; but they -could not condemn one without the other, for they were both implicated -in the same accusation. The solicitations of many worthy persons, added -to the justice of their cause, were of much weight; and several of the -great Barons of France thought they had now sufficiently suffered, and -should be set at liberty; for that Sir John le Mercier had wept so -continually when in prison, his sight was weakened so, that he could -scarcely see, and it was currently reported he was quite blind. - -“At length there was an end put to their sufferings; for the King, -although he had consented to their imprisonment, for reasons which had -been given him, granted them this pardon, deferring further enquiry -into what had been laid to their charge until a future opportunity, and -when he should be more fully informed. All his lands and castles were -restored to the Lord de la Riviere; and, in the first instance, the -beautiful castle of Auneau, near Chartres, on the borders of Beauce; but -he was ordered thither, and never to recross the river Seine, unless -recalled by the King’s own mouth. - -“Sir John le Mercier returned to his fine house of Noviant, of which he -bore the title as Lord, in the Laonnois; and he had similar orders not -to repass the rivers Seine, Marne or Oise, unless specially commanded by -the King. - -“They also bound themselves to go to whatever prison they might -hereafter be ordered to by the King or his commissioners. - -“The two Lords thankfully accepted this grace, and were rejoiced to be -delivered from the Châtelet. On gaining their liberty, they thought they -should be allowed to see the King, and thank him for his mercy; but it -was not so: they were forced to quit Paris instantly, and set out for -their different estates. - -“They, however, gained their liberty, to the great joy of all who were -attached to them.” - -Among the figures in this illumination, that of the jailor is extremely -characteristic; it is a happy impersonation of the jailor of all times, -and might serve nearly as well for the representative of Dickens’s -well-known Dennis, the hangman, with his knotted stick, as for the -jailor of the Lord de la Riviere, near five centuries ago. - -[Illustration: The Coronation of Henry IV.] - - - - -PLATE XXIV. - -THE CORONATION OF HENRY IV. - - -On the last day of September, 1399, Henry Duke of Lancaster held a -parliament at Westminster, at which were assembled the clergy, nobility, -and deputies from different towns, according to their extent or wealth. -In this parliament the Duke challenged the Crown of England, and claimed -it as his own, for three reasons: first, by conquest; secondly, from -being _the right heir to it_; and, thirdly, from the free resignation of -it to him by King Richard. The parliament, being unanimous in his -favour, was then dissolved; and the coronation took place in Westminster -Abbey on the 13th of October. - -The procession consisted of between eight and nine hundred horsemen, &c. -&c.; and fountains of red and white wine were constantly playing along -Cheapside and in the neighbourhood of the Abbey. The whole of the -ceremony is described in a minute and interesting manner by -Froissart.[12] - -The illumination is one of the most rich and carefully executed in the -volume, and forms a most interesting illustration of the ceremonial -pageantry of the period. - -[Illustration: The interview of the Archbishop of Canterbury, with the -Earl of Derby, at Paris.] - - - - -PLATE XXV. - -THE MEETING OF THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY WITH THE EARL OF DERBY AT -PARIS. - - -The Earl of Derby was still in banishment, on account of his quarrel -with the Earl Marshal, when the citizens of London determined, in -consequence of many grievances, to attempt the removal of King Richard -from the throne; and sent the Archbishop of Canterbury as their -ambassador to the Earl, who was residing at Paris, proposing to him to -return to England, and assume the government of the country. Froissart -states, that, when the Earl of Derby heard the proposition from the -Archbishop, he did not immediately reply, “but, leaning on a window that -looked into the gardens, mused a while, having various thoughts in his -mind.” He at length turned, and replied somewhat evasively, in a speech -which our chronicler gives at full length. The Archbishop then -recommended calling a council of his most intimate friends, which advice -was adopted; and the council being unanimously in favour of accepting -the proposals of the citizens of London, it was determined that he -should immediately leave France by way of Brittany, under pretence of a -visit to the Duke, who was his uncle by marriage. “To shorten the -matter,” says Froissart, “the Earl managed his affairs with much -discretion, and took leave of the King and all the Lords who were then -at court; and, on his departure, made very handsome presents to the -King’s officers, as he was bounden to do, and to the heralds and -minstrels resident in Paris, who attended the farewell supper he gave at -the Hotel de Clisson, to such of the French Knights as chose to partake -of it.” - -The miniature, which represents the meeting of the Archbishop and the -Earl, is very richly coloured and carefully executed, particularly in -the gilding; the gold employed about the fire, and in representing -sparks in the smoke, being introduced with remarkably happy effect. The -plan of the fire-place is very accurately made out, and might suggest, -perhaps, something in modern arrangements, as it seems, by means of the -projecting canopy, to combine the advantages of an open grate with those -of a stove, for it is not sunk in the wall like modern grates, by which -much heat is lost in the chimney, but, on the contrary, stands out -nearly as forward as a detached stove, by which a great economy of heat -is effected. - -[Illustration: William of Hainault Count d’Ostrevant setting out on his -expedition against Friesland.] - - - - -PLATE XXVI. - -WILLIAM OF HAINAULT SETTING OUT ON HIS EXPEDITION AGAINST FRIESLAND. - - -The duke Albert of Bavaria, and his son the count d’Ostrevant, having -determined to invade Friesland and attempt its conquest, proclaiming -that they had a lawful claim on it, raised a large army for that -purpose. The king of France sent five hundred lances to their -assistance; and Richard II. of England, also anxious to show his good -feeling towards his cousin the count d’Ostrevant, sent two hundred -archers and a body of men-at-arms, under the command of three knights of -repute, two of whom were named Colleville and Cornewall; the name of the -third was unknown to Froissart[13]. - -The Frieslanders in the meantime had determined to die with their -liberty, rather than submit to any lord whatsoever; but the odds against -them were fearful, as they could only raise an army of about thirty -thousand men, the greater part having no other arms than hatchets or -such like rude weapons, whilst Froissart tells us, that, had the fleet -which bore their enemies to their shores been ranged in a line, it would -have reached from Enchysen, where they embarked, to Kuynder, whence they -intended to effect their landing--a distance of twelve leagues. In fact, -the army of invaders amounted to upwards of one hundred thousand men. -After an obstinate battle the Frieslanders were defeated with cruel -slaughter; but in consequence of that want of continuity of plan and -action which characterises nearly all the European wars of the middle -ages, this victory led to no important results; and, after burning a few -villages, the army re-embarked and returned to Lower Friesland to pass -the winter. - -The simple and natural arrangement of the line of armed men and their -banners, with which the Gothic artist has formed his miniature picture, -might afford some useful hints to modern designers of cartoons; the -simplicity is perhaps carried too far, but then it is free from the -great vices of the modern schools, such as overstrained attitudes, -exaggerated expression, fantastic, affected, and unnatural grouping, and -artificial or rather theatrical effects of sudden light and shade. -Without imitating the defects of these early practitioners of the art, a -study of their earnest and unaffected simplicity of treatment might add -much of that nobleness and repose of effect which is so deficient in -modern historical pictures, and which ought to be one of their principal -qualities. The contrivance by which the illuminator has in the small -space of his miniature conveyed the idea of the passing of a large army, -by means of the crowded line, or rather stream, of helmets, just seen -over the steep banks of the hollow way through which they are passing, -might certainly be improved to very good effect. - -[Illustration: The landing of the Lady de Coucy at Boulogne, on her -return from England, in the Year 1399.] - - - - -PLATE XXVII. - -THE LANDING OF THE LADY DE COUCY AT BOULOGNE ON HER RETURN FROM ENGLAND -IN THE YEAR 1399. - - -Almost immediately after the deposition of Richard II., in 1399, the -lady of Coucy, who had been in attendance upon his queen Isabella, -daughter of Charles VI., returned to France, conveying the first tidings -of the events which had just occurred. Rumours had already reached that -country through some merchants of Bruges, but the whole truth was not -known at Paris till the arrival of this lady. The grief of the king, -when he heard of the misfortunes which had overtaken his son-in-law, was -so great that it caused a return of his frenzy, and his uncles again -resumed the government of the kingdom. The citizens of Bourdeaux, where -Richard was born, were much attached to him, and, on hearing of his -deposition and imprisonment were greatly excited, as were the people of -all the surrounding country; for he had always been popular in that -province. These circumstances gave the French great hopes that they -might detach them from their allegiance to the English, and they carried -on many intrigues and secret negotiations with that view; but after the -first effervescence of feeling was over, the people of the Bordelais -took a calm view of the question, and decided, as Froissart quaintly -narrates it, that as France was at that time oppressed with heavy taxes, -it would be better for them to remain true to the English, who left them -frank and free; saying, “If the Londoners have deposed king Richard and -crowned king Henry, what is it to us? &c. &c.--we have more commerce -with the English than the French, in wines, wool, and cloth. Let us -therefore be cautious how we listen to propositions which we may -hereafter repent[14].” - -It appears from this passage that actually more of the Bourdeaux wines -were consumed in England than in France; so that an immense commerce of -exchange between that district and England, equally advantageous to -both, must then have flourished, which the interference of modern -tariffs has, comparatively speaking, utterly destroyed. - -The picture represents the disembarkation of the lady of Coucy at -Boulogne-sur-Mer; and might, with slight alteration in the dresses of -the principal personages, represent a party landing at Boulogne at the -present time; for on the Continent, where liberal institutions and -machinery have been more recent introductions than with us, habits and -customs are far less changed. The form of the wheelbarrow is precisely -that of the French wheelbarrows of the present day, and the blue frock -of the man is still frequently worn by the barrow-men; the other porter -too is carrying a trunk by means of a twisted rope, just in the manner -which has descended to his successors of the present day on the quais of -Calais and Boulogne, whilst the very form of the trunks is still -orthodox with the manufacturers of such articles in the provincial towns -of the Continent. - -The respective characters of the party landing are most admirably -delineated; the courtly step of the two male attendants, as they advance -in earnest conversation, is cleverly contrasted with the boorish -postures of the sailors and porters; and the serious propriety of the -manner and expression of the lady, bearer of such evil tidings, is -equally well discriminated from the pert nonchalance of the waiting-maid -with her toilet-box and bundle. It is, on these accounts, one of the -most interesting miniatures in the volume, though neither so richly -coloured or highly finished as many others. - -[Illustration: The death of Pope Clement of Avignon.] - - - - -PLATE XXVIII. - -THE DEATH OF POPE CLEMENT OF AVIGNON. - - -This picture represents the death of Robert of Geneva, who died in the -year 1394, at the papal palace of Avignon, with the title of Pope -Clement VI., though, whether rightfully enjoyed or not, Froissart says -he shall not discuss, as a matter not within his province. The heading -of the chapter, “De la mort du pape Clement d’Avignon et de l’election -du pape Benedic I., Chappitre 59,” is in red ink in the MS. The -commencement of the chapter is, “En ce temps au mois de Septembre -trespassa de ce siècle en son pallais d’Avignon Robert de Geneve, cy -dessu nommé en nostre histoire[15].” - -[Illustration] - - - - -PLATE XXIX. - -THE KING OF FRANCE RECEIVING THE INTELLIGENCE OF THE DEFEAT IN TURKEY. - - -The unfortunate result of the King of Hungary’s campaign in Turkey, as -well as the ransom of the prisoners, has been mentioned in the -description of Plates XIV. and XIX. The present miniature represents the -reception of the news at the French court. Sir James de Helly, who was -one of the prisoners, had formerly served in Turkey under the sultan -Amurat, so that he knew a little of the Turkish language, and was on -that account selected by Bajazet to proceed to France on parole, in -order to arrange the ransom of the other prisoners. Sir James arrived in -Paris on the evening of Christmas-day, in the year 1396, and immediately -waited on the king at the Hotel St. Pol, as represented in the -miniature, in the same dress he had rode in, booted and spurred. -Froissart tells us, that “when the intelligence brought by Sir James de -Helly was made public, all who had lost husband, brother, father, or -child, were in the utmost consternation, as may easily be imagined. The -high nobility of France, such as the Duchess of Burgundy and the lady -Margaret of Hainault, were greatly afflicted on account of their son and -husband, the Count de Nevers, for he was greatly beloved by them. The -Countess of Eu lamented her lord, the constable, as did the Countess de -la Marche. The ladies of Coucy, Bar, and Sully, in like manner bewailed -the melancholy situation of their lords. They were fortunate in having -only their lords’ captivity to lament, and were somewhat comforted -thereat. But the relatives and friends of those who had been massacred -were inconsolable, and the grief of France lasted a long time.” For many -highly interesting particulars, see Smith’s edition of Froissart, vol. -ii., pp. 629, 630, and 631. - -[Illustration: The Duke of Gloucester and Sir John Lackingay.] - - - - -PLATE XXX. - -THE DUKE OF GLOUCESTER AND SIR JOHN LACKINGAY. - - -Froissart tells us that the Duke of Gloucester plotted the destruction -of the king, his nephew; and, in his evidently implicit faith in the -divine right of kings, appears much shocked at the enormity of the -duke’s delinquency; nevertheless, in the so-called treasonable -conversations which he makes him hold with his confidant, Sir John -Lackingay, the duke states nothing but the reasonable causes of -complaint which so glaringly existed. He says, “If the King of England -had a good head, &c., &c., he would take some pains to recover the -inheritance the French have so shamefully stolen from him, &c., &c.; but -things are not so: we have an unwarlike king, who is indifferent to -arms,” &c., &c. And again: “The king raises heavy taxes on our -merchants, who are greatly discontented, squanders the money no one -knows how, and thus the country is impoverished[16];” with much more, -all of which was too true. But our chronicler relates also, with less -authority, that the duke actually proposed to his nephew, the Earl of -March, to depose the king, and, with the help of the discontented -Londoners, seize upon the government. - -In justice, however, to Froissart, we must remark that he expresses the -greatest indignation and horror at the treacherous arrest and cruel -murder of the duke, consequent upon these reports. - -The illumination is carefully drawn, especially the mantle of the duke, -which has a picturesque and graceful effect. - -[Illustration: The death of Anne of Bohemia, Queen of Richard II.] - - - - -PLATE XXXI. - -THE DEATH OF ANNE OF BOHEMIA, &c. &c. - - -Richard II., soon after his accession, married Anne of Bohemia, sister -of Wenceslaus, King of Bohemia and Emperor of Germany, with whom he -lived happily till the year 1394, when about to start on his Irish -expedition; at which period, Froissart tells us, “the Lady Anne, Queen -of England, fell sick, to the great distress of the King and her -household. Her disorder increased so rapidly, that she departed this -life on the feast of Whitsuntide, in the year of grace 1394.”[17] It -appears that the King felt her loss very severely, even venting his -anguish upon the palace at Sheen, where she died, which he caused to be -razed to the ground. - -The funeral service was not performed at the time, as the King ordered -extraordinary preparations to be made for the occasion, insomuch that, -as our author says, “nothing was over seen like to it before, not even -at the burial of the good Queen Philippa, nor of any other. The King -would have it so, because she was the daughter of the King of -Bohemia,[18] Emperor of Rome and of Germany. He was inconsolable for her -loss, as they mutually loved each other, having been married young.” He -farther states, that “there was no talk of the King’s marrying again, -for he would not hear of it,” &c. &c. Nevertheless, not very long -afterwards, he married Isabella, daughter of Charles VI., of France. - -This Illumination has been selected principally for the accurate manner -in which the ordinary fittings of a bed-room of the period are -delineated, particularly the carpet of stamped leather, then in general -use in the rooms of the sick. - -[Illustration: Evan de Foix, burnt to death at a masked dance at the -Hotel de Sᵗ. Pol.] - - - - -PLATE XXXII. - -THE DEATH OF EVAN DE FOIX. - - -The well-known catastrophe exhibited in this picture occurred in the -year 1393,[19] at the Hotel St. Pol, in Paris. There was a grand -entertainment on the occasion of the marriage of one of the ladies of -the Queen. A certain Hugonin de Guisay proposed to the King and four -others, himself making the sixth, to disguise themselves as wild men, in -dresses covered all over with flax to imitate hair.[20] They entered the -apartment, five chained together, dancing, the King leading them, to the -great astonishment and amusement of the company, who could not guess who -they were, so complete was the disguise. The Duchess of Berri, who, -although the King’s aunt, was yet the youngest lady present, beckoned -the King to her, and put many joking questions to him, with the view of -ascertaining his name, refusing to let him leave her till he had avowed -it. At this moment, the Duke of Orleans, wishing to discover one of the -others, placed a torch so near that the flax caught fire, and in a -moment all five were enveloped in flames, breaking their chains and -uttering fearful cries of agony. The Duchess de Berri, seeing the -disaster, threw her dress (“goune,” as Froissart calls it) over the -King, who, crouching beneath it, was saved. The son of the Lord of -Nantouillet, when his dress took fire, recollected a tub of water close -at hand, in the buttery (bouteillerie), where bottles and glasses were -washed, and, plunging into it, saved his life, but was much burnt. The -other four, Evan de Foix (bastard son of the Count Gaston), Hugonin de -Guisay, the Compte de Joigny, and Charles de Poictiers, were burnt to -death. This sad event caused much to be said respecting the excesses of -the Court; the King, it was rumoured, being then of an age to give up -boyish sports and pastimes, and assume the severity and gravity of a -great sovereign.[21] - -The Gothic artist has succeeded in rendering the story with great -graphic truth and completeness. The King beneath the robe of the -Duchess--Nantouillet plunging into the tub of water--the agony of the -four sufferers--the astonishment and grief of the Duke of -Orleans--nothing, in short, is omitted; and, with all the accessories of -musicians, furniture, &c. &c., the picture forms a most interesting and -precious record of the manners of the time. - -[Illustration: The Duchess of Orleans quitting Paris.] - - - - -PLATE XXXIII. - -THE DUCHESS OF ORLEANS QUITTING PARIS. - - -The malady to which the King of France was subject generally attacked -him every year, when he was for a time subject to delirium and madness. -The disease defied all the attempts of the physicians. The royal family, -as a last resource, threw themselves into the hands of the sorcerers of -the time, who, to explain away their failures, declared that the devil -had communicated to them the fact that the Duchess of Orleans, a -daughter of the Duke of Milan, had, by magic arts, laid the King under a -charm, with the view of causing his death, and so becoming Queen of -France. These accusations soon became known and spoken of throughout all -Paris, insomuch that the Duchess, to avoid the scandal of such reports, -retired to Asnieres, where the Duke had a handsome château, and remained -a long time absent from the Court. - -The picture was selected on account of showing the mode of riding -adopted by ladies of rank of the period; which, unlike that of the lower -orders, appears very similar to the present manner, except that the -saddle or pad appears to be without the peculiar pommel, or rather horn, -used. - -[Illustration: The reconciliation of Sir Oliver de Clisson and the Duke -of Brittany.] - - - - -PLATE XXXIV. - -RECONCILIATION OF SIR OLIVER DE CLISSON AND THE DUKE OF BRITTANY. - - -The feud that commenced, or rather recommenced, between Sir Oliver de -Clisson and the Duke of Brittany, on account of the shelter afforded by -the latter to Sir Peter de Craon, continued for a considerable time to -harass the province; deadly engagements continually occurring, in which -neither side showed any mercy. In this warfare, however, Sir Oliver had -the advantage, as two-thirds of the country were in his favour. The -Duke, aware that he should gain nothing by continuing the struggle, -proposed an interview, which was declined by Sir Oliver, unless the -eldest son of the Duke was left at his castle as an hostage. Sir Oliver -had good reason to dread treachery from previous experience, and knew -well that his death in any way would be pleasing to the Duke, who, in a -time when treachery and cold-blooded murder were things of every-day -occurrence, would probably not have scrupled to rid himself of an enemy -in such a way. In the present instance, however, the feud was not -destined to end by the assassination of either party. The Duke, at last, -being determined to put an end to the war, sent the Viscount de Rohan, -the Lord de Monboucher, and Sir Ives de Tegre, with his eldest son, to -Castle Josselin, the residence of Sir Oliver, who was so much moved by -this trait of confidence and sincerity, that he refused to detain the -boy, and returned with him to his father at Vannes, the appointed place -of meeting. Such occasional traits of generosity are the redeeming -features in the dark picture of these times, and seldom failed in -producing striking results. In this instance the termination of a long -enmity was the immediate consequence; a treaty was agreed to in which -each restored the lands and places taken in the war; and the Lord de -Blois, who had married a daughter of De Clisson, and had some -pretensions to the Dukedom of Brittany, received several castles and -townships.[22] - -[Illustration: Jehan de Varennes, Preaching.] - - - - -PLATE XXXV. - -JEHAN DE VARENNES PREACHING. - - -Froissart gives a short but interesting notice of the preaching of Jehan -de Varennes, one of those restless but disinterested spirits who -prepared the way for the Reformation. He says:-- - -“At this time, there was a clerk, well skilled in science, Doctor of -Laws, and Auditor of the Palace: he was a native of the Archbishopric of -Rheims, and called Sir John de Varennes. - -“He was much advanced in the church for the services he had rendered -Pope Clement and others, and was on the point of being a Bishop or -Cardinal. He had also been chaplain to a Cardinal, called, at Avignon, -Saint Peter of Luxembourg. This John de Varennes, beneficed and advanced -as he was, resigned all, retaining only for his subsistence the canonry -of our Lady at Rheims, which is worth by residence one hundred francs, -otherwise not more than thirty. - -“He quitted Avignon, returned to his native country, and fixed his abode -at the village of Saint Lye, near Rheims, where he led a devout life, -preaching the faith and works of our Lord, and praising the Pope of -Avignon. - -“He declared he was the true Pope, condemning by his speeches that of -Rome. He was much attended to and followed by the people, who came to -see him from all countries, for the sober and holy life he led, fasting -daily, and for the fine sermons he preached. Some, however, said, that -the Cardinals at Avignon had sent him thither to support their cause, -and to exhibit the holiness of his life, which was devout enough to -entitle him to be raised to the Papacy. - -“Master John de Varennes would not allow himself to be called the holy -man of Saint Lye, but simply the Auditor. He lived with his mother, and -every day said mass very devoutly. - -“All that was given him--for he asked for nothing--he distributed in -alms to the glory of God.”[23] - -This miniature is very carefully executed, and exhibits in an -interesting manner the arrangements of a conventicle of the fourteenth -or fifteenth century.[24] The artist has not failed to make evident that -in his day, as in ours, the greater number and most devout proselytes of -the popular preacher were females. - -[Illustration: The funeral of Richard II.] - - - - -PLATE XXXVI. - -THE FUNERAL OF RICHARD THE SECOND. - - -This is the last miniature in the MS. of the British Museum, and -completes the present selection from that beautiful but unfortunately -incomplete work. Froissart gives the following account of the funeral of -Richard:-- - -“It was not long after this that a true report was current in London of -the death of Richard of Bordeaux. I could not learn the particulars of -it, nor how it happened, the day I wrote these chronicles. Richard of -Bordeaux, when dead, was placed on a litter covered with black, and a -canopy of the same. Four black horses were harnessed to it, and two -varlets in mourning conducted the litter, followed by four knights, -dressed also in mourning. Thus they left the Tower of London, where he -died, and paraded the streets at a foot’s pace, until they came to -Cheapside, which is the greatest thoroughfare in the city, and there -they halted upwards of two hours. More than twenty thousand persons of -both sexes came to see the King, who lay in the litter, his head on a -black cushion, and his face uncovered. - -“Some pitied him when they saw him in this state, but others did not, -saying he had for a long time deserved death. Now consider, ye lords, -dukes, prelates, and earls, how very changeable the fortunes of this -world are. This King reigned twenty-two years in great prosperity, and -with much splendour; for there never was a king of England who expended -such sums, by more than one hundred thousand florins, as King Richard -did in keeping up his state and his household establishments. I, John -Froissart, canon and treasurer of Chimay, know it well; for I witnessed -and examined it during my residence with him for a quarter of a year. He -made me good cheer, because in my youth I had been secretary to King -Edward, his grandfather, and the Lady Philippa of Hainault, Queen of -England. When I took my leave of him at Windsor, he presented me, by one -of his knights, called Sir John Golofre, a silver-gilt goblet, weighing -full two marcs, filled with one hundred nobles, which were then of -service to me, and will be so, as long as I live. - -“I am bound to pray to God for him, and sorry am I to hear of his -death; but, as I have dictated and augmented this history to the utmost -of my power, it became necessary to mention it, that what became of him -might be known. - -“I saw two strange things in my time, though widely different. I was -sitting at dinner, in the city of Bordeaux, when King Richard was born; -it was on a Wednesday, on the point of ten o’clock. - -“At that hour Sir Richard de Pontchardon, then Marshal of Aquitaine, -came to me and said--‘Froissart, write, that it may be remembered, my -lady the princess is brought to bed of a fine son. He is born on -Twelfth-day, the son of a king’s son, and shall be king himself.’ The -gallant knight foretold the truth, for he was King of England twenty-two -years; but he did not see what was to be the conclusion of his life. - -“When King Richard was born, his father was in Galicia, which Don Pedro -had given him to conquer. A curious thing happened upon my first going -to England, which I have much thought of since. I was in the service of -Queen Philippa, and when she accompanied King Edward and the royal -family to take leave of the Prince of Wales at Berkhampstead, on their -departure for Aquitaine, I heard an ancient knight, in conversation with -some ladies, say, ‘We have a book called Brut, that declares neither the -Prince of Wales, Dukes of Clarence, York, nor Gloucester, will be kings -of England, but the descendants of the Duke of Lancaster.’ Now I, the -author of this history, say that, considering all things, these two -knights, Sir Richard de Pontchardon and Sir Bartholomew Burghersh, in -what they said, were both in the right; for all the world saw Richard -reign for twenty-two years in England, and the crown then fell to the -house of Lancaster. - -“King Henry would never have been king, on the conditions you have -heard, if his cousin Richard had treated him in the friendly manner he -ought to have done. The Londoners took his part for the wrongs the King -had done him and his children, whom they much compassioned.” - -“When the funeral car of King Richard had remained in Cheapside two -hours, it was conducted forward, in the same order as before, out of -town. The four knights then mounted their horses, which were waiting for -them, and continued their journey with the body until they reached a -village, where there is a royal mansion, called Langley, thirty-six -miles from London. There King Richard was interred: God pardon his sins, -and have mercy on his soul.”[25] - -The book called Brut, alluded to by Froissart, is the romance of Brut, -by Robert Wall. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] In a few impressions of the plate this is erroneously spelt -Montadour. - -[2] Johnes’ translation. - -[3] “Of Sir Peter de Craon, and how he incurred the indignation of the -King of France and the Duke of Touraine, his brother, and how he was -received by the Duke of Brittany.” Chap. XXV. - -[4] “At the time I am now speaking of was too great,” &c. - -[5] Smith’s edition of Froissart, vol. ii. p. 593. - -[6] Ibid. vol. ii. p. 602. - -[7] Smith’s edition of Froissart, vol. ii. page 536. - -[8] Smith’s edition of Froissart, Memoir, page xxiv., end vol. II., -pages 568 and 577. - -[9] Smith’s edition of Froissart, vol. II., p. 644. - -[10] Smith’s edition of Froissart, Vol. II., p. 78. - -[11] See Smith’s edition of Froissart, vol. ii. p. 588. - -[12] See Smith’s edition of Froissart, vol. ii. page 698. - -[13] See Smith’s edition of Froissart, vol. ii. p. 612. - -[14] See Smith’s edition of Froissart, vol. ii. p. 702. - -[15] “In this year, in the month of September, died at his palace at -Avignon Robert of Geneva, previously mentioned in our history,” &c. &c. -See Smith’s edition of Froissart, vol. ii. p. 563. - -[16] See Smith’s edition of Froissart, vol. ii. p. 35. - -[17] See Smith’s edition of Froissart, vol. i. p. 681, and vol. ii. p. -566. - -[18] Froissart has previously described her as the sister of -Wenceslaus, King of Bohemia, who became Emperor of Germany, and took -the title of Emperor of Rome also. - -[19] 29th January, 1392, Old Style.--_Note of Buchon._ - -[20] The Monk of St. Denis says, “C’était une coutume pratiquée en -divers lieux de la France, de faire impunément mille folies au mariage -des femmes veuves, et d’emprunter avec des habits extravagants la -liberté de dire des vilenies au mari et à l’épousée. Voilà pourquoi le -Roi et ses cinques compagnons se déguisèrent en satyres et dansèrent -des danses lascives en présence de toute la cour.”--_Note of Buchon._ - -[21] For a full and most interacting account of this event, see Smith’s -edition of Froissart, vol. ii. p. 550. - -[22] For other particulars, and the History of the long contest between -the Houses of Montfort and Blois for the Duchy of Brittany, see Smith’s -edition of Froissart, Index at end of Vol. II., Articles Montfort, and -Blois. - -[23] See Smith’s edition of Froissart, Vol. II. page 565. - -[24] De Varennes preached about 1390. - -[25] See Smith’s edition of Froissart, Vol. II. page 708. - - -Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber: - -Geoffry=> Geoffrey {pgs. 21 & 22} - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ILLUMINATED ILLUSTRATIONS OF -FROISSART *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Illuminated illustrations of Froissart</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0;'>Selected from the ms. in the British museum.</p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Jean Froissart</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Compiler: Henry Noel Humphreys</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: July 24, 2021 [eBook #65908]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Turgut Dincer, Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from images made available by the HathiTrust Digital Library.)</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ILLUMINATED ILLUSTRATIONS OF FROISSART ***</div> -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/cover.jpg"> -<img src="images/cover.jpg" -height="550" alt="[Image of -the book's cover unavailable.]" /></a> -</p> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="" -style="border: 2px black solid;margin:auto auto;max-width:50%; -padding:1%;"> -<tr><td> - -<p class="c"><a href="#LIST_OF_PLATES">List of Plates</a><br /> <span class="nonvis">(In certain versions of this etext [in certain browsers] -clicking on the image will bring up a larger version.)</span></p> -<p class="c">A couple of typographical errors have been corrected; -<a href="#transcrib">the explanation follows the text</a>.</p> -<p class="c">(etext transcriber's note)</p></td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_1" id="page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> - -<h2>ADVERTISEMENT.</h2> - -<p class="c">ILLUMINATED ILLUSTRATIONS TO FROISSART.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> present Volume completes the selection of Pictures made from the two -volumes of the MS. in the British Museum. As these volumes, however, -consist only of the Fourth Book of Froissart, none of the Illustrations -have reference to any of the first three Books of the history. It has -been determined, therefore, at the earnest solicitation of very many of -the Subscribers to the present series, to publish a selection from the -first, second and third Books, contained in the celebrated MS. in the -Bibliothèque Royale at Paris, to correspond in extent and price with -that now completed.</p> - -<p>By this arrangement, the entire Chronicles will be illustrated; and as -the drawings in the Paris MS. are, in many respects, very superior to -those in the two volumes at the Museum, it is hoped that the publication -of the additional twelve Numbers will give general satisfaction.</p> - -<p>The first Number from the Paris MS. will be published on the first of -January, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<p> -<i>December 1st, 1843.</i><br /></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_2" id="page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_3" id="page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> - -<p class="c"> -ILLUMINATED<br /><br /> -ILLUSTRATIONS OF FROISSART.<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_4" id="page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_5" id="page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/title.jpg"> -<img src="images/title.jpg" -height="550" -alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_6" id="page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_7" id="page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> - -<h1> -<span class="redd">ILLUMINATED</span><br /> -<br /> -ILLUSTRATIONS OF FROISSART.<br /> -<br /><small><small> -SELECTED FROM<br /> -<br /></small> -<span class="redd"><span class="eng">The MS.</span></span><br /> -<br /><small> -IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM.</small></small></h1> - -<hr style="width: 5%;" /> - -<p class="c"><big>BY H. N. HUMPHREYS, ESQ.</big><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -LONDON:<br /><span class="redd"> -WILLIAM SMITH, 113, FLEET STREET.</span><br /> -<br /> -<small>MDCCCXLIV</small>.<br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_8" id="page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span><br /> -<br /> -LONDON:<br /> -BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS<br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_9" id="page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="ADVERTISEMENT" id="ADVERTISEMENT"></a>ADVERTISEMENT.</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> idea of publishing these illuminations was suggested by the great -success which has attended the reprint of the Chronicles of Monstrelet -and Froissart; the extensive sale of which books bears strong testimony -to the searching spirit of inquiry now abroad. We are no longer content -to read our early history through the filtered medium of a compilation, -but seek it in the vivid pages of the chroniclers, who drew from the -life, and sketched off in simple and quaint, but earnest language, the -stirring panorama of their times. But the pleasure of reading such an -historian as Froissart, in an ordinary printed book, is small when -compared with that of reading him in one of the curious manuscripts of -his own time.</p> - -<p>To unclose the gilded clasps of one of those ponderous velvet-bound -volumes, to turn over the crisp vellum, and read the story of those -exciting times traced in quaint Gothic characters by careful clerks; but -above all to admire the curious and elaborate borderings of the -illuminated pages, and dwell on the miniature pictures, wrought with the -greatest care and beauty by the most skilful contemporary limners, to -embody more tangibly the narration of the author, is indeed a -pleasure;—yet one which but few can enjoy. To afford that enjoyment to -the many, and place before them some of the most interesting of these -rare illuminations, is the object of the present publication.</p> - -<p>The British Museum contains a magnificent MS. of Froissart, profusely -illuminated with such miniature pictures. This MS. came into the Museum -with the Harleian Collection, but how it found its way into that -collection is unknown; we possess, however, only two of the volumes, the -other two being in the Bibliothèque Royale of Paris. The work appears to -be one of Flemish art, probably executed by some Flemish artist resident -in Paris, as the public buildings in Paris are very correctly -delineated, whilst those of other places are frequently altogether -imaginary. It seems likely that the work was executed for Philip De -Commines the historian, as it was evidently produced in his time, and as -the arms of De Commines frequently occur in the ornamental borderings in -the way it was usual to introduce those of the person for whom such a -book was illuminated. The MS. is supposed<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_10" id="page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> to have been written between -the years 1460 and 1480, very shortly after the time of Froissart; so -that, though it is true that artists of that time painted all costumes -from those of their own day, yet, as the fashions did not change so -rapidly then as now, we may fairly imagine that we see the heroes and -worthies of Froissart paraded before us in the very dresses which they -wore; their glittering and complicated plate armour, their embroidered -surcoats, emblazoned banners, and all the gorgeous paraphernalia of -chivalry.</p> - -<p>In these pictures we see them at their tournaments, exhibiting their -well-trained horsemanship, their strength and skill in arms,—in their -wars we see them in the more earnest exercise of their reckless valour; -we see their vast engines of warfare which preceded cannon; and the -first rude cannon of wood hooped with iron—we see also their frail -ships, in which, without fear, the daring spirits of those times trusted -themselves recklessly to the treacherous ocean. We see the burghers in -their towns, and the lords in their castles; we see them in the intimacy -of their domestic life and habits; we see the very patterns of the -hangings of their rooms, and every minute incident of their household -arrangements, their banquets and their festivals, represented by an -artist of no mean skill; and when we consider that these illuminations -were executed before Raphael was born, we cannot (with all their faults -of perspective) but be astonished at their beauty and life-like -accuracy, and frequently at the fine arrangement of drapery, and -beautiful distribution of colour.</p> - -<p>The present illuminations, copied from the precious MS. above alluded -to, will be made as near fac-similes as possible, without any attempt at -correction, or alteration in the drawing, so as to show the true spirit -of the Gothic artist, and exhibit the state of art at the period. They -are also the same size as the originals; yet so arranged, by -occasionally sacrificing a little margin, that our subscribers may bind -them up with the recent edition of Froissart (now the only one in -print), and so possess a book nearly as interesting as the original MS. -itself.</p> - -<p>The ornamental letters given on the title-page, as well as the border in -which are the arms of De Commines, are taken from the MS. referred to.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_11" id="page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="LIST_OF_PLATES" id="LIST_OF_PLATES"></a>LIST OF PLATES,</h2> - -<p class="c">WITH<br /><br /> -REFERENCES TO SMITH’S EDITION OF “FROISSART,” IN TWO VOLUMES.</p> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="2" style="font-size:90%;"> - -<tr><td colspan="2"><small>PLATE</small></td> -<td> </td> -<td> <small>VOL.</small></td> -<td class="rt"><small>PAGE</small></td> </tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_001">I.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_001"> THE CORONATION OF POPE BONIFACE IX.</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">426</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_002">II.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_002"> MARRIAGE OF KING LOUIS OF SICILY TO THE DAUGHTER OF KING PEDRO OF ARRAGON</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">406</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_003">III.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_003"> PROCLAMATION OF THE TRUCE BETWEEN RICHARD II. OF ENGLAND AND CHARLES VI. OF FRANCE</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">395</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_004">IV.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_004"> EXPEDITION OF THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH TO THE COAST OF AFRICA, AT THE REQUEST OF THE GENOESE</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">466</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_005">V.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_005"> THE RAISING OF THE SIEGE OF THE STRONG TOWN OF AFRICA</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">482</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_006">VI.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_006"> TOURNAMENT AT ST. INGLEVERE, NEAR CALAIS</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">434</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_007">VII.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_007"> ATTACK ON SIR OLIVER DE CLISSON</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">521</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_008">VIII.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_008"> MEETING OF CHARLES VI. AND DUKE OF BRITTANY AT TOURS</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">507</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_009">IX.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_009"> SURRENDER AND RE-TAKING OF THE CASTLE OF VENTADOUR</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">314</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_010">X.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_010"> THE GREAT ASSAULT UPON THE TOWN OF AFRICA</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">472</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_011">XI.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_011"> JOURNEY OF CHARLES VI. AND THE DUKE OF TOURAINE FROM MONTPELIER TO PARIS</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">424</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_012">XII.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_012"> SIR PETER DE CRAON RECEIVED BY THE DUKE OF BRITTANY</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">527</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_013">XIII.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_013"> THE SUDDEN DEATH OF COUNT GASTON DE FOIX</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">493</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_014">XIV.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_014"> THE KING OF HUNGARY IN COUNCIL WITH HIS LORDS AND THOSE OF FRANCE</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">602</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_015">XV.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_015"> THE DUKES OF BURGUNDY AND BERRI IN COUNCIL</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">536</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_016">XVI.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_016"> THE EMPEROR OF GERMANY AND THE KING OF FRANCE IN COUNCIL</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">659 -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_12" id="page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_017">XVII.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_017"> SIR JOHN FROISSART PRESENTING HIS BOOK TO RICHARD II.</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">577</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_018">XVIII.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_018"> INTERVIEW OF RICHARD II. WITH THE DUKE OF GLOUCESTER AT THE CASTLE OF PLESHY</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">644</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_019">XIX.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_019"> THE RANSOM PAID TO BAJAZET FOR THE COUNT DE NEVERS, ETC.</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">648</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_020">XX.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_020"> THE ARREST OF THE DUKE OF GLOUCESTER</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">644</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_021">XXI.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_021"> RICHARD II. SETTING OUT ON HIS EXPEDITION TO IRELAND</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">567</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_022">XXII.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_022"> THE VISION OF ROBERT L’ERMITE</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">584</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_023">XXIII.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_023"> THE LIBERATION OF THE LORD DE LA RIVIERE</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">588</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_024">XXIV.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_024"> CORONATION OF HENRY IV.</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">698</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_025">XXV.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_025"> MEETING OF THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY WITH THE EARL OF DERBY AT PARIS</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">684</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_026">XXVI.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_026"> WILLIAM OF HAINAULT SETTING OUT ON HIS EXPEDITION AGAINST FRIESLAND</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">612</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_027">XXVII.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_027"> LANDING OF THE LADY DE COUCY AT BOULOGNE</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">701</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_028">XXVIII.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_028"> DEATH OF POPE CLEMENT OF AVIGNON</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">564</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_029">XXIX.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_029"> THE KING OF FRANCE RECEIVING THE INTELLIGENCE OF THE DEFEAT IN TURKEY</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">628</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_030">XXX.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_030"> THE DUKE OF GLOUCESTER AND SIR JOHN LACKINGAY</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">636</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_031">XXXI.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_031"> DEATH OF ANNE OF BOHEMIA</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">566</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_032">XXXII.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_032"> DEATH OF EVAN DE FOIX</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">551</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_033">XXXIII.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_033"> DUCHESS OF ORLEANS QUITTING PARIS</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">633</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_034">XXXIV.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_034"> RECONCILIATION OF SIR OLIVER DE CLISSON AND THE DUKE OF BRITTANY</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">589</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_035">XXXV.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_035"> JEHAN DE VARENNES PREACHING</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">565</td></tr> - -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"><a href="#plt_036">XXXVI.</a></td><td class="pdd"><a href="#plt_036"> THE FUNERAL OF RICHARD II.</a></td><td valign="bottom">II.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom">708</td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_13" id="page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_001" style="width: 597px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate1.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate1.jpg" width="597" height="387" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>The Coronation of Pope Boniface at Rome after the death -of Urban VIᵗʰ.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_15" id="page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_14" id="page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_I" id="PLATE_I"></a>PLATE I.</h2> - -<p class="chead">THE CORONATION OF POPE BONIFACE IX.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Pope Clement</span> of Avignon, on hearing of the death of Urban VI. of Rome, -assembled a conclave of Cardinals of his party, and strong hopes were -entertained that the schism in the Church would be put an end to; -nevertheless the Cardinals at Rome immediately elected Perrin de -Tomacelli, Cardinal of Naples, who was crowned with great solemnity in -October 1389, and took the name and title of Boniface IX., Clement -continuing to act as Pope at Avignon. The composition of this -illumination is arranged with great simplicity; the faces are of -appropriate character and expression, and from their great variety and -carefully varied features, it appears probable that some of them may be -actual portraits of the individuals represented. It is coloured with -exceeding richness; the flow and disposition of some of the drapery is -almost equal to Albert Durer; and the linear perspective is pretty -nearly correct.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_17" id="page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_16" id="page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_002" style="width: 262px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate2.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate2.jpg" width="262" height="331" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>The Marriage of King Louis son of the Duke of Anjou to -the Daughter of King Peter of Arragon.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"> -<a name="page_19" id="page_19">[Pg 19]</a> -</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_18" id="page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_II" id="PLATE_II"></a>PLATE II.</h2> - -<p class="chead">THE MARRIAGE OF KING LOUIS OF SICILY, SON OF THE DUKE OF ANJOU, TO THE -DAUGHTER OF KING PEDRO OF ARRAGON.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">This</span> is one of the most carefully executed pictures in the volume; and -the arrangement of the figures at the sides, combined with the -impressive and characteristic simplicity of the central group, could -scarcely be surpassed by modern artists; indeed, in symmetrical -arrangement, they appear to be borrowing ideas from these illuminations -of the middle ages, as may be perceived in some recent modern pictures. -The account of this marriage is omitted in some of the MSS. of -Froissart.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_21" id="page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_20" id="page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_003" style="width: 258px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate3.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate3.jpg" width="258" height="341" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>Proclamation of the renewal of the truce between the -Kings of France and England, after the King of France’s recovery.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_23" id="page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_22" id="page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_III" id="PLATE_III"></a>PLATE III.</h2> - -<p class="chead">THE PROCLAMATION OF THE TRUCE BETWEEN RICHARD II. OF ENGLAND AND CHARLES -VI. OF FRANCE.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">This</span> truce (long delayed on account of the temporary insanity and -sickness of the French king) between Richard II. of England and Charles -VI. of France, was agreed should last from Michaelmas to St. John -Baptist’s day, 1392, and one year longer. The drawing evidently -represents a French town, as the provincial towns of France, even -earlier than that period, had lofty houses of stone, many of which -endure perfect to the present day, whilst in England the common houses -of the towns of the same period were mostly built of timber and plaster, -and were of very rude construction. This plate is also interesting on -account of exhibiting so accurately the dress and general appearance of -French citizens of the fourteenth century.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_25" id="page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_24" id="page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_004" style="width: 593px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate4.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate4.jpg" width="593" height="419" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>The expedition of the French and English to the coast of -Africa, at the request of the Genoese.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_27" id="page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_26" id="page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_IV" id="PLATE_IV"></a>PLATE IV.</h2> - -<p class="chead">THE EXPEDITION OF THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH TO THE COAST OF AFRICA, AT THE -REQUEST OF THE GENOESE.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Genoese, whose trade and coasts had been much annoyed by the -piratical excursions of African corsairs, determined to attack them in -their stronghold, a town called Africa, about seventy miles from Tunis, -subsequently destroyed by Andrea Doria. In order to give effect to the -expedition, the Genoese invited knights of reputation from France, -England, and other countries, to take charge of it; furnishing them with -vessels and provisions, and several thousand Genoese crossbowmen and -infantry free of cost. The proposition being readily embraced by many -French and English knights of rank, the command was assumed by the Duke -de Bourbon, the uncle of the King of France, and they sailed from Genoa -on St. John Baptist’s Day, 1390; and Froissart says, “It was a beautiful -sight to view this fleet, with the emblazoned banners of the different -lords fluttering in the wind, and to hear the minstrels and other -musicians sounding their pipes, clarions, and trumpets, whose sounds -were re-echoed back by the sea.” They re-assembled at the island of -Commino, after having been dispersed in a great storm; and the weather -being fine, the sea calm, and the coast of Africa not far distant, many -advanced in rowing-boats. Froissart continues. “It was a pleasure to see -the rowers force their way through the smooth surface of the sea, which -seemed to delight in bearing these Christians to the shores of the -infidels;” and, “it was a fine sight to view their various banners and -pennons fluttering with gentle gales, and glittering in the sun.” This -appears to be the moment depicted by the illuminator. The personage in -the rowing-boat in the foreground appears to be the Duke de Bourbon. In -the large vessel are several French knights, with probably the Count -d’Eu in the centre; and in the vessel partly seen on the left is Henry -de Beaufort (a natural son of the Duke of Lancaster), who was in this -expedition attended by many knights and squires of rank. Although the -perspective in this picture is rather barbarous, and its composition -fearfully inartificial, it has much interest if not merit of detail: it -displays the manner of exposing the emblazoned shields of the knights on -the sides of their vessels, and many other particulars interesting to -the antiquary, and the artist has displayed considerable discrimination -between the regular and more refined features of the knights and -gentlemen so comfortably placed within the vessels, and the ignoble -expression of the poor rowers, so barbarously exposed in an open -framework outside the boat of the Duke de Bourbon.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_29" id="page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_28" id="page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_005" style="width: 261px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate5.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate5.jpg" width="261" height="326" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>The raising of the Siege of the strong Town of Africa, -and the return of the European Knights.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_31" id="page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_30" id="page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_V" id="PLATE_V"></a>PLATE V.</h2> - -<p class="chead">THE RAISING OF THE SIEGE OF THE STRONG TOWN OF AFRICA, AND THE RETURN OF -THE EUROPEAN KNIGHTS.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> siege of Africa having failed, as it was thought partly in -consequence of the pride and obstinacy of the Duke de Bourbon, and the -army having fruitlessly remained sixty days before the place, suffering -much loss, as well by the heat of the weather as in an attempt to take -the town by storm, it was determined that they should re-imbark, and -return to Europe, which they did.</p> - -<p>In the picture, the Duke de Bourbon, in gilt armour, is seen following -his standard-bearer into a boat; in the middle distance is the camp, -about to be broken up; and farther off is seen the town, of course a -mere imagination of the Flemish artist, for it represents all the -characteristics of a Flemish town of the period. It is, however, -beautifully pencilled, and reminds one of backgrounds of Flemish -pictures of the best period.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_33" id="page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_32" id="page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_006" style="width: 582px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate6.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate6.jpg" width="582" height="426" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>Tournament held at Sᵗ. Inglevere near Calais where three -French Knights defend the lists for thirty days against all comers from -England, and elsewhere.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_35" id="page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_34" id="page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_VI" id="PLATE_VI"></a>PLATE VI.</h2> - -<p class="chead">TOURNAMENT HELD AT ST. INGLEVERE, NEAR CALAIS, WHEN THREE FRENCH KNIGHTS -DEFENDED THE LISTS FOR THIRTY DAYS, AGAINST ALL COMERS FROM ENGLAND AND -ELSEWHERE.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sir John Holland</span>, half brother to king Richard the Second, and many -English knights, went over to Calais to accept the challenge of the -French knights at this tournament. Three rich vermilion-coloured tents -were pitched near to the lists, and in front of which were suspended two -targets, for peace or war, emblazoned with the arms of each lord. It was -ordered that such as were desirous of performing any deed of arms, -should send to or have touched one or both of these targets according to -their pleasure, and they would be tilted with according to their -request. The following is Froissart’s account of one of the encounters, -each of which he describes minutely.</p> - -<p>“Sir Henry Beaumont” (an Englishman) “then came forward, and sent to -have the target of Sir Boucicaut” (one of the French knights) “touched, -who was instantly ready to reply to the call, having not dismounted from -the tilts with Lord Clifford. The Lord Beaumont did not manage his lance -well, and hit Boucicaut on the side, but Sir Boucicaut struck him so -full in the middle of his shield, that it drove him to the ground, and -continued his course. Lord Beaumont was raised up by his attendant and -remounted. The Lord de Saimpi” (another of the French knights) “then -presented himself, and they tilted two courses very handsomely, without -hurt to either.”</p> - -<p>The king of France was present in disguise at this tournament, and -returned each evening after the tilting to an inn at Marquise; the -English returned each evening to Calais; while the three French knights -and their attendants were lodged at the convent of St. Inglevere.</p> - -<p>This illumination shows extremely well the disposition of the lists, &c. -&c., and the bearing of the knights in running a course.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_37" id="page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_36" id="page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_007" style="width: 262px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate7.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate7.jpg" width="262" height="341" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>The attack on Sir Oliver de Clisson by the followers of -Sir Peter de Craon.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_39" id="page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_38" id="page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_VII" id="PLATE_VII"></a>PLATE VII.</h2> - -<p class="chead">THE ATTACK ON SIR OLIVER DE CLISSON, BY THE FOLLOWERS OF SIR PETER DE -CRAON.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sir Peter de Craon</span> having been disgraced by King Charles VI. and his -brother the Duke of Touraine, and banished the court of France, imagined -Sir Oliver de Clisson to be the remote cause of his disfavour. To -revenge himself, therefore, he caused many men-at-arms to conceal -themselves in his hôtel at Paris; and having been privately informed of -all the movements of Sir Oliver, who supped with the King on the day of -the feast of the Holy Sacrament, and remained the last of the party, he -attacked him on his way home with his men, and would have cruelly -murdered him, but for a lucky accident that saved his life. Having -received a severe blow on the back of his head that struck him senseless -from his horse, he fell against the door of a baker, who was already up -to attend to his bread, and hearing the noise, had slightly opened the -door, which the weight of Sir Oliver now threw completely back, and he -fell into the shop. The horsemen, thinking they had done their work -effectually, now rode off, and thus Sir Oliver escaped, though -desperately wounded. The King was much affected on hearing of the -attempted murder of Sir Oliver, who was High Constable of France, and -went immediately in his night-dress and slippers to visit him, for it -was very near the hôtel St. Pol, and the King was not yet in bed when -news of the event reached him. Sir Peter, though pursued immediately, -escaped into Spain, and eventually he was again received into favour, -and Sir Oliver fell into disgrace.</p> - -<p>The artist has represented the hôtel St. Pol in the distance, adorned -with niches and bronze statues, which, if not a true representation of -the building, is interesting, as showing that such decorations were not -unusual in the exterior architecture of houses of consequence at that -period.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_41" id="page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_40" id="page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_008" style="width: 590px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate8.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate8.jpg" width="590" height="386" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>The meeting of Charles VIᵗʰ of France and the Duke of -Brittany at Tours</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_43" id="page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_42" id="page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_VIII" id="PLATE_VIII"></a>PLATE VIII.</h2> - -<p class="chead">THE MEETING OF CHARLES VI. OF FRANCE, AND THE DUKE OF BRITTANY AT TOURS.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Misunderstandings</span> having long existed between the King (Charles VI.) of -France and the Duke of Brittany, and being much increased by the -protection afforded by the Duke to Sir Peter de Craon, many feared that -other powerful Lords might follow his rebellious example, and the -supremacy of the Crown, by degrees, be lost. It was, therefore, -determined to invite the Duke to a conference with the King at Tours, -which, after some difficulty, was effected; and though much bitterness -was shown on both sides during the discussion, all disputes were -eventually adjusted, and a general good understanding secured, by the -proposal of a marriage between the son of the Duke of Brittany and a -daughter of the King of France; and also between a son of the Lord of -Blois and a daughter of the Duke of Brittany.</p> - -<p>This illumination is among the best in the volume; the colours are -vivid, and the gold enrichments managed with good effect; the moment -represented is, doubtless, the first meeting of the Duke and the King, -the former kneeling, (having removed his coronet), in token of homage. -The two personages on the right are the Dukes of Burgundy and Berri, the -King’s uncles. The introduction of the Pages of the Duke of Brittany in -the foreground is managed with good effect; and the design of the -apartment, with its tapestries, &c. is very interesting, as exhibiting a -system of colouring, in which the ceiling is the darkest feature, and -the floor the lightest: a principle just resuscitated with great effect -by some of our leading architects.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_44" id="page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_009" style="width: 262px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate9.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate9.jpg" width="262" height="329" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>The retaking and surrender of the strong Castle of -Ventadour.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_46" id="page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_45" id="page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_IX" id="PLATE_IX"></a>PLATE IX.</h2> - -<p class="chead">THE SURRENDER AND RE-TAKING OF THE STRONG CASTLE OF VENTADOUR<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">This</span> subject is interesting, as showing pretty accurately the -arrangement of the interior works of a fortified castle of the -fourteenth century, and the manner of taking possession of such a place -by an armed force.</p> - -<p>The circumstances connected with the taking of this fortress by the -troops of the Duke de Berri, are briefly as follows.</p> - -<p>The wars between the French and English, which devastated a large -portion of France during part of the fourteenth century, were aggravated -in their ruinous effects upon the people by the Free Companies, a sort -of land privateers who, under pretext of belonging to one or other -party, pillaged small towns, captured castles when insufficiently -defended, and, in short, preyed recklessly upon the defenceless; being, -in fact, bands of robbers.</p> - -<p>Geoffrey Tête-noire, one of these Free Companions, by the treachery of a -servant, gained possession of the castle of Ventadour, in Auvergne, -belonging to the Count de Montpensier, which, from its strong position -among the mountains, was deemed at that time impregnable by force; -indeed, it appears that it was so, for Geoffrey Tête-noire held it till -his death, defeating every attempt to gain it by force, and refusing -every offer to buy it with money; he considered it as his own -inheritance, levying contributions on all the surrounding country, which -enabled him to live in great state and plenty. He commenced his -passports and treaties of composition with “Geoffrey Tête-noire, duke of -Ventadour, count of Limousin, sovereign lord and commander of all the -captains in Auvergne, Rouergue, and Limousin.”</p> - -<p>The nephews of Geoffrey, Alleyne and Peter Roux, succeeded their uncle -in possession of the castle; but the Duke de Berri, who had purchased it -of the Montpensier family, determined to obtain possession, and put an -end to the dominion of these freebooters. After many fruitless attempts, -by force and negociation, Sir William le Boutellier, with Sir John -Bonne-lance, and others, formed<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_47" id="page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> a close siege, surrounding the castle -with block-houses, &c. &c. But all attempts might have been vain but for -the over-cunning of the nephews, who, offering to surrender the place -for ten thousand francs, if the two knights would bring the money into -the court-yard of the castle, had concealed a body of armed men in a -tower near the entrance-gate, to seize them when they should be off -their guard.</p> - -<p>The knights brought the money, but, having suspicions, had concealed a -body of horse, during the night, within a short distance of the -entrance, and soon perceiving that treachery was intended, they, as -Froissart says, “made a signe to him who bore the horn to sound for -their ambuscade;” these, putting spurs to their horses, galloped into -the castle, the gate being open, and the nephews were instantly arrested -in the king’s name.</p> - -<p>The tower above-mentioned was found filled with armed men, who confessed -the purport of their concealment there. The intended treachery of -Alleyne and Peter was thus proved beyond doubt, and they were eventually -tried, and publicly executed. The castle had been in the possession of -Geoffry and his nephews above 15 years, and was regained about 1390.</p> - -<p>The moment selected by the Illuminator appears to be that, when, after -the arrest of Alleyne and his brother, the tower near the gate was -opened, and the men-at-arms came from their ambush confessing the -intended treachery of the brothers, and begging for mercy, as is -minutely related by Froissart. A standard-bearer is seen planting the -standard of the Duke de Berri over the gate-tower, and calling by sound -of horn the besieging troops, who are seen entering in an orderly manner -in the foreground. It may, perhaps, represent the calling of Sir -William’s ambuscade of cavalry, but the former view accords best with -the arrangement of the picture, and I have no doubt but that was the -intention of the artist.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_48" id="page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_010" style="width: 596px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate10.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate10.jpg" width="596" height="411" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>The attack on the Town of Africa.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_50" id="page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_49" id="page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_X" id="PLATE_X"></a>PLATE X.</h2> - -<p class="chead">THE GREAT ASSAULT UPON THE TOWN OF AFRICA.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">During</span> the sixty-one days that the siege lasted, many were the -skirmishes and encounters before the town and at the barriers; but the -principal assault occurred in consequence of a challenge having been -sent by ten Saracens to meet ten Christians in combat, between the town -and the camp. Ten knights, among whom was Sir John Russel, an -Englishman, having accepted the challenge, went forth to the ground of -combat, and the army was drawn up in battle-array to witness the -encounter, but the Saracens never came, and the commander thinking it a -pity that the day should pass without a little fighting, as they were -all prepared, ordered a general assault upon the town. They took the -outer wall by storm, but it was little advantage to them, as the enemy -retired behind the inner line. The loss sustained by the Christian -troops was very great, for numbers fell victims to the heat alone on -that day, whilst many were killed in the combat; the Saracens sustaining -but slight loss.</p> - -<p>After the raising of the siege, the Saracens of Africa, Tunis, Morocco, -Granada, and other places, formed an alliance for the purpose of making -themselves masters of the Mediterranean, and revenging this siege of -Africa. They succeeded so well in annoying the trade of the Venetians, -Genoese, &c., that merchandise from the east and south was scarcely to -be had for any money; and Froissart winds up the chapter by telling us, -that “all sorts of spicery became enormously dear.”</p> - -<p>In this illumination, the cannon of the period, made of timber, hooped -with iron, are very accurately depicted, as well as the arms and -accoutrements of the cross-bowmen: but the view of the town is evidently -imaginary, the artist having, probably, seen none but Flemish or French -towns, from his impressions of which he seems to have designed his view -of Africa.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_52" id="page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_51" id="page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_011" style="width: 270px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate11.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate11.jpg" width="270" height="322" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>The Journey of Charles VIᵗʰ of France and his brother the -Duke of Touraine from Montpellier to Paris.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_54" id="page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_53" id="page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_XI" id="PLATE_XI"></a>PLATE XI.</h2> - -<p class="chead">THE JOURNEY OF CHARLES VI. OF FRANCE, AND HIS BROTHER THE DUKE OF -TOURAINE, FROM MONTPELLIER TO PARIS.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">In</span> the year 1389, the King, being then about 21 years of age, visited -Toulouse, and many places in the south of France, accompanied by his -brother the Duke of Touraine, and a great retinue. He remained three -days at Montpellier, for, says Froissart, “the town and the ladies -afforded him much pleasure.” However, he was impatient to return to -Paris, and the following dialogue with his brother is quaintly -narrated:—</p> - -<p>“<span class="lftspc">‘</span>Fair brother, I wish we were at Paris, and our attendants where they -now are, for I have a great desire to see the Queen, as I suppose you -must have to see my sister-in-law.’ ‘My Lord,’ replied the Duke, ‘we -shall never get there by wishing it, the distance is too great.’ ‘That -is true,’ answered the King, ‘but I think, if I pleased, I could very -soon be there.’ ‘Then it must be by dint of hard riding,’ said the Duke -of Touraine. ‘I also could do that, but it would be through means of my -horse.’ ‘Come,’ said the King, ‘who will be first, you or I?—let us -wager on this.’ ‘With all my heart,’ answered the Duke, who would at all -times exert himself to get money.”</p> - -<p>Our Chronicler goes on to relate, that they quitted Montpellier at the -same hour early the next morning, the King attended only by the Lord de -Garencières, and the Duke by the Lord de Viefville. All four being young -and active, they rode night and day, having themselves occasionally -carried forward in carts when they wanted repose.</p> - -<p>The King performed the journey in four days and a half; the Duke -accomplished it in four days and one third; but it appears that the King -would have won but for taking an unreasonable nap of eight hours at -Troyes, in Champagne. It is evident that they must have made -considerable exertions, as the distance is above 570 miles. Froissart -tells us, that “the ladies of the court made great joke of the -adventure;” and also adds, “you must know, that the Duke of Touraine -insisted on the wager being paid in ready money.” The amount was five -hundred francs.</p> - -<p>This illumination is very neatly executed, particularly the distant -landscape: the houses, seen over the wall, show that, whatever changes -have taken place in monumental architecture, the houses of the people, -or peasantry, have undergone little change in the simple principles of -their construction since the fourteenth century.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_56" id="page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_55" id="page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_012" style="width: 414px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate12.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate12.jpg" width="414" height="584" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_58" id="page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_57" id="page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_XII" id="PLATE_XII"></a>PLATE XII.</h2> - -<p class="chead">SIR PETER DE CRAON RECEIVED BY THE DUKE OF BRITTANY.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Froissart</span> relates that “he was in Paris at the time of the daring attack -made by Sir Peter de Craon on the Constable de Clisson, and was very -anxious to ascertain the true cause of the original disgrace of de -Craon, which eventually led to that desperate attempt at revenge.” From -Froissart’s information, it appears that de Clisson was in no way -connected with Sir Peter’s disgrace. It seems that Sir Peter being -handsome, accomplished, and rich, and of nearly the same age as the -youthful Duke of Touraine, became a great favourite at Court, the Duke -making him his constant companion, and causing him to dress in clothes -of the same colour and device as his own, carrying him with him wherever -he went, and intrusting him with his most secret thoughts. Froissart -proceeds:—“The Duke, at that time young and amorous, much amused -himself with the company of ladies and damsels, and, as I heard, was -much attached to a young frisky lady of Paris<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>.” This intrigue, which -it appears was a very innocent flirtation, became known to his Duchess, -who cautioned the young lady, one of noble family, never again to hold -converse with the Duke as she valued her life. The Duke was soon aware -that he had been betrayed, and eventually persuaded his Duchess to -confess to him that it was from Sir Peter de Craon that she had obtained -her information; and Froissart declares, that “if it was so, Sir Peter -behaved most shamefully.”</p> - -<p>The King, at the request of the Duke of Touraine, his brother, dismissed -Sir Peter from the Court, who, finding himself disgraced, took refuge -with his friend and relative the Duke of Brittany, by whom he was well -received.</p> - -<p>The illumination represents the moment of his reception by the Duke of -Brittany. The figures of Sir Peter and his attendant are very well -executed, but some of the others are carelessly finished, appearing as -though sketched out by the master, but finished by inferior hands. Most -of the miniature pictures in the magnificent volumes from which these -are taken, are placed, like the present, at the commencement of the -chapters, and the pages so ornamented are additionally enriched with<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_59" id="page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> an -elaborate border, occupying the outside margin. The pages are written in -double columns, and the present Plate is a fac-simile of the outside -column of page 238 of the Vol. containing this portion of the -Chronicles. The volume is about eighteen inches high by twelve broad. -The words at the top of the Plate are the conclusion of a chapter, -relating to a truce between England and France, and are—“ne jamais la -paix tant que je vive ne me accorderay”—words spoken by the Duke of -Gloucester, uncle of Richard II., who declares, he will never, while he -lives, consent to make peace by the surrender of Calais. The head of the -chapter, written like all the others in red ink, is:—“De Messire Pierre -de Craon, et comment il enchey en l’indignation du roy de France et duc -de Thouraine son frere et comme’t il fut recoeilles du duc de -Bretagne<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>.”—Chapp’re <small>XXV.</small></p> - -<p>The chapter commencing with a richly-ornamented capital, begins:—“En ce -temporal dont je parolle estoit trop gran<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_60" id="page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>”</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_013" style="width: 257px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate13.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate13.jpg" width="257" height="326" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>The sudden death of Count Gaston de Foix.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_62" id="page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_61" id="page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_XIII" id="PLATE_XIII"></a>PLATE XIII.</h2> - -<p class="chead">THE SUDDEN DEATH OF COUNT GASTON DE FOIX.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Count having passed the morning in the forest of Sauveterre, on the -road to Pampeluna, in Navarre, in hunting, during greater part of which -he had much exerted himself in hunting a bear, repaired in the afternoon -to dinner at the inn of Riou, on his way to his town of Orthés. Having -called for water to wash, his two squires, Raymonet de Lasne and -Raymonet de Copane, advanced, Emaudon d’Espaign took the silver basin, -and another knight, called Sir Thibaut, the napkin. The Count rose from -his seat and stretched out his hands to wash; “but,” says Froissart, “no -sooner had his fingers, which were handsome and long, touched the cold -water, than he changed colour, from an oppression at his heart, -exclaiming, ‘I am a dead man; Lord God have mercy on me!’<span class="lftspc">”</span> He never -spoke afterwards; and the two squires who had brought the basin, drank -the water, that they might not be suspected of having poisoned it. -Gaston de Foix was born 1331, and died 1391.</p> - -<p>This illumination is coarsely executed in many respects, doing but -little justice to the fine person of the great Count, who was considered -one of the handsomest men of his time. It is, however, very interesting, -as detailing accurately many interior domestic arrangements, which will -be found not greatly differing from old country inns still remaining in -remote parts of England, but more frequently in France and Germany.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_64" id="page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_63" id="page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_014" style="width: 580px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate14.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate14.jpg" width="580" height="412" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>The King of Hungary in council with his own Lords and -those of France, before crossing the Danube towards Turkey.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_66" id="page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_65" id="page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_XIV" id="PLATE_XIV"></a>PLATE XIV.</h2> - -<p class="chead">THE KING OF HUNGARY IN COUNCIL WITH HIS LORDS AND THOSE OF FRANCE.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Sultan Bajazet<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> appears to have indulged an imaginary scheme of -universal empire, purposing to leave to each country its own laws and -governors, and reserving to himself only his authority as their lord -paramount. With this view, in 1396, he threatened the kingdom of Hungary -with invasion, in his way to Rome, which he projected to make the seat -of his liberal and universal empire; how liberal, may be inferred from -his threat, “that his horse should eat his oats on the altar of St. -Peter’s.” Sigismond, king of Hungary, applied to Charles VI. of France -for assistance, and many knights of France and other countries, with a -considerable force, went to Buda under the command of John of Burgundy, -then twenty-two years of age, and son of the duke Philip, to attack -Bajazet, with the ultimate project of regaining the Holy Land. Soon -after the arrival of the French force, there being no sign of the -threatened approach of Bajazet, the king of Hungary held a council, in -which were present the principal lords of France and the most -influential Hungarian nobles<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>; when it was determined to cross the -Danube, and march at once into Turkey. This is the council represented -in the present illumination. The figures in bronze armour appear to be -Hungarians; the other three on the opposite side are doubtless John of -Burgundy, Count of Nevers; the Lord de Couci; and Philip of Artois, -Count d’Eu. The water in the distance is, no doubt, intended for the -Danube, and not the sea, which it better represents. The whole picture -is, however, very carefully executed, and the group outside the tent -extremely spirited and natural. A subsequent illumination upon the same -subject will illustrate the fate of the expedition.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_68" id="page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_67" id="page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_015" style="width: 271px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate15.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate15.jpg" width="271" height="375" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>The Dukes of Burgundy & Berri sitting in Council as -Regents during the illness of Charles VIᵗʰ of France.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_70" id="page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_69" id="page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_XV" id="PLATE_XV"></a>PLATE XV.</h2> - -<p class="chead">THE DUKES OF BURGUNDY AND BERRI—IN COUNCIL.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">In</span> the year 1393, Charles VI. was seized with a frenzy, or madness, -during his expedition against the Duke of Brittany; and the Dukes of -Burgundy and Berri, the King’s uncles, were, in a council<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> of the -principal barons and prelates of the kingdom, appointed regents of the -realm during the King’s illness. The illuminator has represented them as -sitting in council; the figures in front appear to be members of the -commonalty of Paris, who already began to assume an important position -in the government; the figure on the left, enveloped in a blue mantle, -is evidently intended for a fat and comfortable citizen; a lawyer and a -prelate seem to be discussing some very knotty point with many words and -gestures, but the two Dukes—the stern men of the sword—take the matter -very quietly, and will evidently settle the question according to their -own good caprice and interest. The artist has, on this occasion, been -very correct in his heraldry: above the Duke of Burgundy is suspended a -shield, bearing the ancient and modern arms of Burgundy, quarterly; -ancient Burgundy, one and three, bends of or and azure within a bordure -gules; modern Burgundy, two and four, azure sémé of fleur-de-lis or, -within a bordure compony gules and argent. The arms of Berri were, as -depicted, azure, three fleur-de-lis or, within a bordure engrailed -gules, as borne by the last unfortunate Duke de Berri, assassinated at -the door of the French opera in 1821.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_72" id="page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_71" id="page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_016" style="width: 422px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate16.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate16.jpg" width="422" height="555" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>te eglise de romme chaprelxbn que scauces comment le roy -d’allemaigue le roy de france et les seigneurs de lempire et tous leurs -consaule furent en la cite de paris et eurent la entreuz pluiseus -consaulx et secrets</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_74" id="page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_73" id="page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_XVI" id="PLATE_XVI"></a>PLATE XVI.</h2> - -<p class="chead">THE EMPEROR OF GERMANY AND THE KING OF FRANCE SITTING IN COUNCIL UPON -THE STATE OF THE CHURCH OF ROME.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Emperor of Germany (Wenceslaus of Luxembourg) visited France, at the -solicitation of Charles VI., for the purpose of consulting upon the best -mode of terminating the schism of the Romish church, and of putting an -end to the rivalry of the two popes of Avignon and Rome, by bringing -about the abdication of one of them. It seems needless to add, that the -negociations which followed, with such a view of the case, utterly -failed.</p> - -<p>The illumination represents the Emperor and King sitting in council; -probably in the Cathedral of Rheims, where the principal consultations -were held.</p> - -<p>As a view of the interior of a cathedral, it is particularly interesting -at the present time—the repairs and restoration of the Temple Church -having called much attention to the polychromic effects produced by the -architects of the middle ages, as it exhibits clearly the general and -profuse adoption of positive colours and gilding to heighten -architectural splendour. The vaulted ceiling of the nave is painted rich -full brown, the groining being gilt; the ceiling of the choir is painted -deep blue, equally enriched with gilding. This simple colouring of the -illuminator exhibits the general effect of polychromic architecture as -well as if he had elaborated the intricate devices by which the effects -were more generally varied and enriched, and is a sufficient proof, if -any sceptics yet remain to require it, that the architects of the middle -ages, as well as their ancient Grecian predecessors, considered <i>colour</i> -just as essential as <i>form</i> in a grand architectural whole.</p> - -<p>The tapestry hung round the lower part of the walls, to the height of -ten or twelve feet, is a part of the finish of our cathedral decorations -which has, as yet, found no restorer. But it forms an essential feature -in their general effect, as planned by their architects; and, ever since -it was torn down by our puritanical<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_75" id="page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> ancestors, those noble churches -have assumed that cold and stony nakedness of aspect which was never -intended by their great creators, and which destroys the air of well -tended grandeur and richness they were intended to produce; giving, -instead, an appearance of desolation and neglect.</p> - -<p>It is quite apparent that the author of this miniature picture painted -from what he saw, and that he was greatly impressed by the leading -features of the monumental architecture of his day; for it will be -observed that he has cut short the transept, reckless of proportion or -perspective, for the express purpose of bringing into his picture the -circular windows, with their elaborate tracery, one of the most splendid -features of that phase of Gothic art.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_77" id="page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_76" id="page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_017" style="width: 264px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate17.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate17.jpg" width="264" height="339" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>Sir John Froissart presenting his book of Love Poems to -Richard the second</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_79" id="page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_78" id="page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_XVII" id="PLATE_XVII"></a>PLATE XVII.</h2> - -<p class="chead">SIR JOHN FROISSART PRESENTING HIS BOOK TO RICHARD II.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Froissart</span>, who originally came to England in the suite of Philippa of -Hainault, queen of Edward III., returned, after an absence of -twenty-seven years, in 1395, and was well received by Richard II., in -recollection of his services and attachment to the Black Prince, his -father, and to King Edward and Queen Philippa, his grandfather and -grandmother.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> Froissart relates, with an affecting and very pleasing -<i>naïveté</i>, his renewal of old friendships after so long an absence, but -is more particularly minute in his description of the interview with the -King, when he presented his book of love poems, the romance of Meliador. -He says, that “he (the king) opened it, and looked into it with much -pleasure;” and continues, “he ought to have been pleased, for it was -handsomely written and illuminated, and bound in crimson velvet, with -ten silver gilt studs, and roses of the same in the middle, with two -large clasps of silver gilt, richly worked with roses in the centre. The -King asked me what the book treated of? I replied, ‘Of love!’ He was -pleased with the answer, and dipped into several places, reading parts -aloud, for he read and spoke French perfectly well, and then gave it to -one of his knights, called Sir Richard Credon, to carry to his oratory,” -&c. &c.</p> - -<p>This illumination forms the frontispiece to Chapter 54.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_81" id="page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_80" id="page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_018" style="width: 585px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate18.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate18.jpg" width="585" height="421" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>Interview of king Richard the second with his uncle the -Duke of Gloucester at his Castle of Pleshy</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_83" id="page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_82" id="page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_XVIII" id="PLATE_XVIII"></a>PLATE XVIII.</h2> - -<p class="chead">INTERVIEW OF RICHARD II. WITH THE DUKE OF GLOUCESTER, AT THE CASTLE OF -PLESHY.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> King had at this time great suspicion that his uncle, the Duke of -Gloucester, was plotting his deposition, which, whether true or false, -enabled persons about the King to exasperate him greatly against his -uncle, who determined to arrest him at once. This he feared to do -openly, on account of the Duke’s popularity, and effected his purpose in -the following manner:—Under pretence of deer-hunting, he went to a -palace he had at Havering-at-the-Bower, in Essex: it is about twenty -miles from London, and as many from Pleshy, where the Duke of Gloucester -generally resided. The King set out from Havering one afternoon without -many attendants, and arrived at Pleshy about five o’clock. He came so -suddenly to the castle<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> that no one knew of it, until the porter cried -out, “Here is the King!” The Duke, who was very temperate, and never sat -long at his meals, had already supped, and immediately went out to greet -the King; who, under pretence of a meeting with the citizens on the next -morning, at which his presence would be advantageous, induced his uncle -to accompany him unattended. The mode of the arrest is exhibited in -another illumination, which will appear in our next number.</p> - -<p>This illumination is a good example of the custom of taking out a -portion of the wall, in order to exhibit an interior and exterior view -at the same time. The grooms and attendants waiting in the castle-yard -are full of character and spirit, and the interior of the apartment, -exhibited to us by the bold excision of the illuminator, portrays very -accurately the furniture and fittings of the time, and affords valuable -hints to artists treating events of this period.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_85" id="page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_84" id="page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_019" style="width: 256px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate19.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate19.jpg" width="256" height="345" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>The payment of the ransom for the Count de Nevers and his -fellow prisoners.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_87" id="page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_86" id="page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_XIX" id="PLATE_XIX"></a>PLATE XIX.</h2> - -<p class="chead">THE RANSOM PAID TO BAJAZET FOR THE COUNT DE NEVERS, &c.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">As</span> related in the description of Plate XIV., the Hungarians, with the -body of French, German, and English volunteers, invaded Turkey, and, -after many successes of no serious consequence or advantage, laid siege -to the city of Nicopolis. But Bajazet had in the mean time not been idle -or afraid to attack them, as they supposed, but had been diligently -occupied in raising a great army, and was now secretly advancing upon -them, ordering a small body of eight thousand men to move forward in -advance, as if they were the whole army; but, whenever they met the -enemy, to fall back to the main body, which was then to extend as much -as possible, enclosing the Christians, and crushing them by numbers.</p> - -<p>On the Monday preceding Michaelmas-day, in the year 1396, the small body -was perceived by the scouts of the French and Hungarians. The French -lords received the information as they sat at dinner, and, somewhat -heated with wine, hastened at once to the attack. The King of Hungary -sent his marshal, Steulemschalle, to countermand an immediate attack, as -he had received information which caused him to suspect the truth, and -that the Turks wore in much greater numbers than appeared. But the -impetuous Frenchmen were not to be restrained. They rushed upon the -enemy with this small band of volunteers, in all not exceeding 700, it -is said, and, after performing prodigies of valour, were all either cut -to pieces or taken prisoners. The Hungarian army, seeing the French -enclosed on all sides and destroyed, were seized with panic, and fled; -great numbers being slain by the Turks in pursuit: in short, the rout -was most complete, and the King and the Grand Master of Rhodes barely -escaped.</p> - -<p>Among the few survivors, now prisoners to Bajazet, were the Count de -Nevers, the Counts d’Eu and de la Marche, the Lord Henri de Bar, the -Lord de Coucy,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_88" id="page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> and Sir Guy de la Tremouille; these had been set aside -by Bajazet, on account of the richness of their dresses, as apparently -men of note, who would pay large ransoms; all the other prisoners were -put to death in their presence, being brought forth in their shirts and -cut to pieces without mercy: “upwards of three hundred gentlemen of -different nations,” says Froissart, “were thus pitilessly murdered.” The -Lord Boucicaut, Marshal of France, was led forth naked like the others, -but spared on the intercession of the Count de Nevers, who threw himself -at the feet of the Sultan, and succeeded in that instance in softening -his anger, which was great in consequence of the severe loss he had -sustained in the battle, full thirty of his own men having fallen for -every Christian. The Count de Nevers and his remaining companions were -eventually ransomed, but the Lord de Couci and the Count d’Eu both sunk -under their misfortunes and died in Turkey, and the Lord Henry de Bar -died on his journey back; so that few indeed returned from this -disastrous campaign.</p> - -<p>The illumination represents the payment of the ransom, and is -remarkable, as well as some others relating to the same portion of the -history, for the care with which the illuminator has adhered to the -general features of Turkish costume in the dresses of the persons who -are receiving and registering the money; this is the more singular, as -in the apartment and other accessories there is no attempt at an Eastern -character; but at that time, it may be supposed, that the turban and -flowing robe were as much conventional and traditional appendages of a -Turk, as the meagre legs, sharp features, and lace ruffles were of a -Frenchman in the time of Hogarth.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_90" id="page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_89" id="page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_020" style="width: 582px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate20.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate20.jpg" width="582" height="403" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>The arrest of the Duke of Gloucester.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_92" id="page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_91" id="page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_XX" id="PLATE_XX"></a>PLATE XX.</h2> - -<p class="chead">THE ARREST OF THE DUKE OF GLOUCESTER.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Richard</span> II. having, as related in the description of Plate XVIII., -decoyed his Uncle from his castle of Pleshy, under pretence of wishing -his presence at a conference with the citizens, proceeds, conversing -with him, towards London, when, on arriving at Stratford, at the top of -a lane leading to the Thames, where an ambuscade had been prepared, he -suddenly galloped forward, leaving the Duke behind, who was instantly -surrounded by a body of men, under the command of the Earl Marshal, who -said, “I arrest you in the King’s name!” The Duke, panic-struck on -seeing himself thus betrayed, called loudly after the King, who, without -turning his head, made off towards London, followed by his attendants. A -boat was waiting in the river, and the Duke having been forced on board -was carried over to Calais. Finding that he was closely imprisoned in -the castle of Calais, he questioned the Earl Marshal as to the -intentions of the King and the cause of his arrest. The Earl merely -informed him that he must remain in banishment for a time; but the Duke -suspected the worst, and requested a priest who had said mass before -him, to confess him. His fears were not groundless; for Froissart -relates, that, “on the point of sitting down to dinner, when the tables -were laid and he was about to wash his hands, four men rushed out from -an adjoining chamber, and, throwing a towel round his neck, strangled -him.” This is not exactly the fact; as, by the subsequent confession of -one of the murderers, it was known that he was smothered with pillows. -It was given forth that the Duke of Gloucester had died in his bed at -the castle of Calais, and the treacherous Earl Marshal, his near -relative, put on mourning, as did all the knights and squires in Calais. -Froissart tells us, that some believed and others disbelieved this -story; but it is clear that it was generally disbelieved; for, among -other acts of treachery, it no doubt led to his deposition, and, there -is every reason to suspect, to a similar end.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_93" id="page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></p> - -<p>In the Illumination there is a happy attempt at expression, though not -of the most elevated kind; it is, however, highly characteristic, -particularly the features of the Duke calling anxiously to the King, -whose supercilious nonchalance, as he coolly rides off, is very happily -portrayed. The back ground, however, does not very felicitously -represent the sort of country where an ambuscade or surprise could be -executed with very good effect, and looks exceedingly like the suburbs -of a Dutch or Flemish village of the present day.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_94" id="page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_021" style="width: 254px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate21.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate21.jpg" width="254" height="347" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>Richard IIⁿᵈ setting out upon his invasion of Ireland.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_96" id="page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_95" id="page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_XXI" id="PLATE_XXI"></a>PLATE XXI.</h2> - -<p class="chead">RICHARD II. SETTING OUT ON HIS EXPEDITION TO IRELAND.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">A</span> truce having been finally agreed upon between England and France, it -was determined in the English Council, in the year 1394, that the -opportunity should not be lost of making an attempt to completely subdue -the Irish, which the King’s grandfather, Edward III., with all his -military energy had not been able to effect, partly in consequence of -the numerous wars in other quarters, in which he was engaged at the same -time. Richard II. carried over an army of 4,000 men-at-arms and 30,000 -archers, such a force as had never been seen in Ireland; and, with the -assistance of his Uncles, who accompanied him, and the Earl of Ormond, -who held large estates in that part of the country under English -dominion, succeeded in subduing four kings or chiefs, who acknowledged -his supremacy, and came to reside at Dublin. But it appears by -Froissart’s description that they were little more than savages. It -seems, however, that our chronicler shared the common prejudices that -existed then, and, unfortunately, exist still against poor Ireland; for -he says, among other things, in treating of their mode of warfare, that -“they have pointed knives, with broad blades, sharp on both sides, with -which they kill their enemies; but they never consider them as dead -until they have out their throats like sheep, and opened them and taken -out their hearts, which they carry off with them; and some say, who are -well acquainted with their manners, that they devour them as delicious -morsels.”<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p> - -<p>The Illumination is peculiarly spirited, both in execution and -arrangement, and the costumes are made out with sufficient accuracy to -render them highly valuable as authorities. The picture represents the -King at the head of his army, just issuing, apparently, from one of the -ancient gates of London.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_98" id="page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_97" id="page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_022" style="width: 420px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate22.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate22.jpg" width="420" height="501" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>The vision of Robert l’Ermite.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_100" id="page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_99" id="page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_XXII" id="PLATE_XXII"></a>PLATE XXII.</h2> - -<p class="chead">THE VISION OF ROBERT L’ERMITE.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Robert Mennot</span>, a squire of the country of Caux, in Normandy, a man whom -Froissart describes as “of religious and holy life,” caused, about this -time, much discussion upon the subject of a vision which he declared he -had seen during a storm at sea, on his return from Syria. He described -the vision as like a figure as bright as crystal, which said, “Robert, -thou shalt escape from this peril, as well as thy companions for thy -sake, for God has favourably heard thy prayers: he orders thee by me to -return to France as speedily as thou canst, and instantly on thy arrival -to wait on the king, and relate what has befallen thee. Thou wilt tell -him to listen to peace with his adversary the King of England, for their -wars have lasted too long. Do thou interfere boldly when conferences -shall be holden to treat of peace between King Charles and King Richard, -for thou shalt be heard; and all those who shall in any way oppose or -prevent peace from taking effect, shall dearly pay for their wickedness -<i>in their lifetime</i>.”</p> - -<p>He had several interviews upon the subject of his vision with the King -of France and his Council, and was present at a conference to treat of -peace, where he spoke eloquently in its favour; but the Duke of -Gloucester and some others were sceptical, and declared the whole a -cheat. Nevertheless, his influence was considerable; and, by order of -the King of France, he passed over to England, where he was well -received by the Court of Richard II. He had many private interviews with -the King, and his uncles the Dukes of York, Lancaster, and Gloucester; -but the latter still continued incredulous. Robert the Hermit returned -to France, laden with presents, after a month’s sojourn at the English -Court.</p> - -<p>The vision is exhibited in the illumination after the true conventional -style of Catholic legends. The ship and figures in the foreground, with -the deeply serpentine waves, forcibly call to mind old engravings in -some of our early printed Bibles,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_101" id="page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> which point to the source of such -illustrations in the Catholic missals and illuminated Bibles, from -which, with slight alteration, they were frequently copied.</p> - -<p>The border is taken from another part of the volume, the one attached to -the present subject being very similar to one already given. In the -present border the arms of <i>De Commines</i> occur again, and, in this -instance, on “a field of France,” as though under the protection of that -power.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_102" id="page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_023" style="width: 243px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate23.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate23.jpg" width="243" height="340" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>The liberation of the Lord de la Riviere.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_104" id="page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_103" id="page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_XXIII" id="PLATE_XXIII"></a>PLATE XXIII.</h2> - -<p class="chead">THE LORD DE LA RIVIERE.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">One</span> of the first acts of the regency of the Dukes of Burgundy and Berri -was the imprisonment of nearly all the King’s late ministers and -advisers, against whom many heavy charges were brought, but few proved. -Sir Oliver de Clisson had the good fortune to receive timely -information, and effect his escape. But the Lord de la Riviere and Sir -John le Mercier were seized and thrown into prison, and all their -estates confiscated. Their subsequent pardon is thus related by -Froissart<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>:—</p> - -<p>“The Lord de la Riviere and Sir John le Mercier, after having been -carried from prison to prison, and to different castles, were at last -given up to the provost of the Châtelet, and in daily expectation of -being put to death, through the hatred of the Dukes of Berry and -Burgundy and their advisers. They had been in this melancholy state for -more than two years, without the King being able to assist them. He, -however, would not consent to their execution; and the Dukes of Berry -and Burgundy perceived that the Duke of Orleans strongly befriended -them. The Duchess of Berry was incessant in her entreaties with her lord -in their favour, more particularly for the Lord de la Riviere; but they -could not condemn one without the other, for they were both implicated -in the same accusation. The solicitations of many worthy persons, added -to the justice of their cause, were of much weight; and several of the -great Barons of France thought they had now sufficiently suffered, and -should be set at liberty; for that Sir John le Mercier had wept so -continually when in prison, his sight was weakened so, that he could -scarcely see, and it was currently reported he was quite blind.</p> - -<p>“At length there was an end put to their sufferings; for the King, -although he had consented to their imprisonment, for reasons which had -been given him,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_105" id="page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> granted them this pardon, deferring further enquiry -into what had been laid to their charge until a future opportunity, and -when he should be more fully informed. All his lands and castles were -restored to the Lord de la Riviere; and, in the first instance, the -beautiful castle of Auneau, near Chartres, on the borders of Beauce; but -he was ordered thither, and never to recross the river Seine, unless -recalled by the King’s own mouth.</p> - -<p>“Sir John le Mercier returned to his fine house of Noviant, of which he -bore the title as Lord, in the Laonnois; and he had similar orders not -to repass the rivers Seine, Marne or Oise, unless specially commanded by -the King.</p> - -<p>“They also bound themselves to go to whatever prison they might -hereafter be ordered to by the King or his commissioners.</p> - -<p>“The two Lords thankfully accepted this grace, and were rejoiced to be -delivered from the Châtelet. On gaining their liberty, they thought they -should be allowed to see the King, and thank him for his mercy; but it -was not so: they were forced to quit Paris instantly, and set out for -their different estates.</p> - -<p>“They, however, gained their liberty, to the great joy of all who were -attached to them.”</p> - -<p>Among the figures in this illumination, that of the jailor is extremely -characteristic; it is a happy impersonation of the jailor of all times, -and might serve nearly as well for the representative of Dickens’s -well-known Dennis, the hangman, with his knotted stick, as for the -jailor of the Lord de la Riviere, near five centuries ago.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_106" id="page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_024" style="width: 592px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate24.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate24.jpg" width="592" height="411" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>The Coronation of Henry IV.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_108" id="page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_107" id="page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_XXIV" id="PLATE_XXIV"></a>PLATE XXIV.</h2> - -<p class="chead">THE CORONATION OF HENRY IV.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">On</span> the last day of September, 1399, Henry Duke of Lancaster held a -parliament at Westminster, at which were assembled the clergy, nobility, -and deputies from different towns, according to their extent or wealth. -In this parliament the Duke challenged the Crown of England, and claimed -it as his own, for three reasons: first, by conquest; secondly, from -being <i>the right heir to it</i>; and, thirdly, from the free resignation of -it to him by King Richard. The parliament, being unanimous in his -favour, was then dissolved; and the coronation took place in Westminster -Abbey on the 13th of October.</p> - -<p>The procession consisted of between eight and nine hundred horsemen, &c. -&c.; and fountains of red and white wine were constantly playing along -Cheapside and in the neighbourhood of the Abbey. The whole of the -ceremony is described in a minute and interesting manner by -Froissart.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p> - -<p>The illumination is one of the most rich and carefully executed in the -volume, and forms a most interesting illustration of the ceremonial -pageantry of the period.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_110" id="page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_109" id="page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_025" style="width: 252px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate25.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate25.jpg" width="252" height="352" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>The interview of the Archbishop of Canterbury, with the -Earl of Derby, at Paris.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_112" id="page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_111" id="page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_XXV" id="PLATE_XXV"></a>PLATE XXV.</h2> - -<p class="chead">THE MEETING OF THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY WITH THE EARL OF DERBY AT -PARIS.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Earl of Derby was still in banishment, on account of his quarrel -with the Earl Marshal, when the citizens of London determined, in -consequence of many grievances, to attempt the removal of King Richard -from the throne; and sent the Archbishop of Canterbury as their -ambassador to the Earl, who was residing at Paris, proposing to him to -return to England, and assume the government of the country. Froissart -states, that, when the Earl of Derby heard the proposition from the -Archbishop, he did not immediately reply, “but, leaning on a window that -looked into the gardens, mused a while, having various thoughts in his -mind.” He at length turned, and replied somewhat evasively, in a speech -which our chronicler gives at full length. The Archbishop then -recommended calling a council of his most intimate friends, which advice -was adopted; and the council being unanimously in favour of accepting -the proposals of the citizens of London, it was determined that he -should immediately leave France by way of Brittany, under pretence of a -visit to the Duke, who was his uncle by marriage. “To shorten the -matter,” says Froissart, “the Earl managed his affairs with much -discretion, and took leave of the King and all the Lords who were then -at court; and, on his departure, made very handsome presents to the -King’s officers, as he was bounden to do, and to the heralds and -minstrels resident in Paris, who attended the farewell supper he gave at -the Hotel de Clisson, to such of the French Knights as chose to partake -of it.”</p> - -<p>The miniature, which represents the meeting of the Archbishop and the -Earl, is very richly coloured and carefully executed, particularly in -the gilding; the gold employed about the fire, and in representing -sparks in the smoke, being introduced<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_113" id="page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> with remarkably happy effect. The -plan of the fire-place is very accurately made out, and might suggest, -perhaps, something in modern arrangements, as it seems, by means of the -projecting canopy, to combine the advantages of an open grate with those -of a stove, for it is not sunk in the wall like modern grates, by which -much heat is lost in the chimney, but, on the contrary, stands out -nearly as forward as a detached stove, by which a great economy of heat -is effected.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_115" id="page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_114" id="page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_026" style="width: 589px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate26.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate26.jpg" width="589" height="412" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>William of Hainault Count d’Ostrevant setting out on his -expedition against Friesland.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_117" id="page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_116" id="page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_XXVI" id="PLATE_XXVI"></a>PLATE XXVI.</h2> - -<p class="chead">WILLIAM OF HAINAULT SETTING OUT ON HIS EXPEDITION AGAINST FRIESLAND.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> duke Albert of Bavaria, and his son the count d’Ostrevant, having -determined to invade Friesland and attempt its conquest, proclaiming -that they had a lawful claim on it, raised a large army for that -purpose. The king of France sent five hundred lances to their -assistance; and Richard II. of England, also anxious to show his good -feeling towards his cousin the count d’Ostrevant, sent two hundred -archers and a body of men-at-arms, under the command of three knights of -repute, two of whom were named Colleville and Cornewall; the name of the -third was unknown to Froissart<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>.</p> - -<p>The Frieslanders in the meantime had determined to die with their -liberty, rather than submit to any lord whatsoever; but the odds against -them were fearful, as they could only raise an army of about thirty -thousand men, the greater part having no other arms than hatchets or -such like rude weapons, whilst Froissart tells us, that, had the fleet -which bore their enemies to their shores been ranged in a line, it would -have reached from Enchysen, where they embarked, to Kuynder, whence they -intended to effect their landing—a distance of twelve leagues. In fact, -the army of invaders amounted to upwards of one hundred thousand men. -After an obstinate battle the Frieslanders were defeated with cruel -slaughter; but in consequence of that want of continuity of plan and -action which characterises nearly all the European wars of the middle -ages, this victory led to no important results; and, after burning a few -villages, the army re-embarked and returned to Lower Friesland to pass -the winter.</p> - -<p>The simple and natural arrangement of the line of armed men and their -banners,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_118" id="page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> with which the Gothic artist has formed his miniature picture, -might afford some useful hints to modern designers of cartoons; the -simplicity is perhaps carried too far, but then it is free from the -great vices of the modern schools, such as overstrained attitudes, -exaggerated expression, fantastic, affected, and unnatural grouping, and -artificial or rather theatrical effects of sudden light and shade. -Without imitating the defects of these early practitioners of the art, a -study of their earnest and unaffected simplicity of treatment might add -much of that nobleness and repose of effect which is so deficient in -modern historical pictures, and which ought to be one of their principal -qualities. The contrivance by which the illuminator has in the small -space of his miniature conveyed the idea of the passing of a large army, -by means of the crowded line, or rather stream, of helmets, just seen -over the steep banks of the hollow way through which they are passing, -might certainly be improved to very good effect.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_119" id="page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_027" style="width: 256px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate27.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate27.jpg" width="256" height="351" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>The landing of the Lady de Coucy at Boulogne, on her -return from England, in the Year 1399.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_121" id="page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_120" id="page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_XXVII" id="PLATE_XXVII"></a>PLATE XXVII.</h2> - -<p class="chead">THE LANDING OF THE LADY DE COUCY AT BOULOGNE ON HER RETURN FROM ENGLAND -IN THE YEAR 1399.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Almost</span> immediately after the deposition of Richard II., in 1399, the -lady of Coucy, who had been in attendance upon his queen Isabella, -daughter of Charles VI., returned to France, conveying the first tidings -of the events which had just occurred. Rumours had already reached that -country through some merchants of Bruges, but the whole truth was not -known at Paris till the arrival of this lady. The grief of the king, -when he heard of the misfortunes which had overtaken his son-in-law, was -so great that it caused a return of his frenzy, and his uncles again -resumed the government of the kingdom. The citizens of Bourdeaux, where -Richard was born, were much attached to him, and, on hearing of his -deposition and imprisonment were greatly excited, as were the people of -all the surrounding country; for he had always been popular in that -province. These circumstances gave the French great hopes that they -might detach them from their allegiance to the English, and they carried -on many intrigues and secret negotiations with that view; but after the -first effervescence of feeling was over, the people of the Bordelais -took a calm view of the question, and decided, as Froissart quaintly -narrates it, that as France was at that time oppressed with heavy taxes, -it would be better for them to remain true to the English, who left them -frank and free; saying, “If the Londoners have deposed king Richard and -crowned king Henry, what is it to us? &c. &c.—we have more commerce -with the English than the French, in wines, wool, and cloth. Let us -therefore be cautious how we listen to propositions which we may -hereafter repent<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>.”</p> - -<p>It appears from this passage that actually more of the Bourdeaux wines -were<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_122" id="page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> consumed in England than in France; so that an immense commerce of -exchange between that district and England, equally advantageous to -both, must then have flourished, which the interference of modern -tariffs has, comparatively speaking, utterly destroyed.</p> - -<p>The picture represents the disembarkation of the lady of Coucy at -Boulogne-sur-Mer; and might, with slight alteration in the dresses of -the principal personages, represent a party landing at Boulogne at the -present time; for on the Continent, where liberal institutions and -machinery have been more recent introductions than with us, habits and -customs are far less changed. The form of the wheelbarrow is precisely -that of the French wheelbarrows of the present day, and the blue frock -of the man is still frequently worn by the barrow-men; the other porter -too is carrying a trunk by means of a twisted rope, just in the manner -which has descended to his successors of the present day on the quais of -Calais and Boulogne, whilst the very form of the trunks is still -orthodox with the manufacturers of such articles in the provincial towns -of the Continent.</p> - -<p>The respective characters of the party landing are most admirably -delineated; the courtly step of the two male attendants, as they advance -in earnest conversation, is cleverly contrasted with the boorish -postures of the sailors and porters; and the serious propriety of the -manner and expression of the lady, bearer of such evil tidings, is -equally well discriminated from the pert nonchalance of the waiting-maid -with her toilet-box and bundle. It is, on these accounts, one of the -most interesting miniatures in the volume, though neither so richly -coloured or highly finished as many others.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_123" id="page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_028" style="width: 403px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate28.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate28.jpg" width="403" height="526" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>The death of Pope Clement of Avignon.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_125" id="page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_124" id="page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_XXVIII" id="PLATE_XXVIII"></a>PLATE XXVIII.</h2> - -<p class="chead">THE DEATH OF POPE CLEMENT OF AVIGNON.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">This</span> picture represents the death of Robert of Geneva, who died in the -year 1394, at the papal palace of Avignon, with the title of Pope -Clement VI., though, whether rightfully enjoyed or not, Froissart says -he shall not discuss, as a matter not within his province. The heading -of the chapter, “De la mort du pape Clement d’Avignon et de l’election -du pape Benedic I., Chappitre 59,” is in red ink in the MS. The -commencement of the chapter is, “En ce temps au mois de Septembre -trespassa de ce siècle en son pallais d’Avignon Robert de Geneve, cy -dessu nommé en nostre histoire<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_127" id="page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_126" id="page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>”</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_029" style="width: 428px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate29.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate29.jpg" width="428" height="615" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_129" id="page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_128" id="page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_XXIX" id="PLATE_XXIX"></a>PLATE XXIX.</h2> - -<p class="chead">THE KING OF FRANCE RECEIVING THE INTELLIGENCE OF THE DEFEAT IN TURKEY.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> unfortunate result of the King of Hungary’s campaign in Turkey, as -well as the ransom of the prisoners, has been mentioned in the -description of Plates XIV. and XIX. The present miniature represents the -reception of the news at the French court. Sir James de Helly, who was -one of the prisoners, had formerly served in Turkey under the sultan -Amurat, so that he knew a little of the Turkish language, and was on -that account selected by Bajazet to proceed to France on parole, in -order to arrange the ransom of the other prisoners. Sir James arrived in -Paris on the evening of Christmas-day, in the year 1396, and immediately -waited on the king at the Hotel St. Pol, as represented in the -miniature, in the same dress he had rode in, booted and spurred. -Froissart tells us, that “when the intelligence brought by Sir James de -Helly was made public, all who had lost husband, brother, father, or -child, were in the utmost consternation, as may easily be imagined. The -high nobility of France, such as the Duchess of Burgundy and the lady -Margaret of Hainault, were greatly afflicted on account of their son and -husband, the Count de Nevers, for he was greatly beloved by them. The -Countess of Eu lamented her lord, the constable, as did the Countess de -la Marche. The ladies of Coucy, Bar, and Sully, in like manner bewailed -the melancholy situation of their lords. They were fortunate in having -only their lords’ captivity to lament, and were somewhat comforted -thereat. But the relatives and friends of those who had been massacred -were inconsolable, and the grief of France lasted a long time.” For many -highly interesting particulars, see Smith’s edition of Froissart, vol. -ii., pp. 629, 630, and 631.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_131" id="page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_130" id="page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_030" style="width: 278px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate30.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate30.jpg" width="278" height="361" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>The Duke of Gloucester and Sir John Lackingay.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_133" id="page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_132" id="page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_XXX" id="PLATE_XXX"></a>PLATE XXX.</h2> - -<p class="chead">THE DUKE OF GLOUCESTER AND SIR JOHN LACKINGAY.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Froissart</span> tells us that the Duke of Gloucester plotted the destruction -of the king, his nephew; and, in his evidently implicit faith in the -divine right of kings, appears much shocked at the enormity of the -duke’s delinquency; nevertheless, in the so-called treasonable -conversations which he makes him hold with his confidant, Sir John -Lackingay, the duke states nothing but the reasonable causes of -complaint which so glaringly existed. He says, “If the King of England -had a good head, &c., &c., he would take some pains to recover the -inheritance the French have so shamefully stolen from him, &c., &c.; but -things are not so: we have an unwarlike king, who is indifferent to -arms,” &c., &c. And again: “The king raises heavy taxes on our -merchants, who are greatly discontented, squanders the money no one -knows how, and thus the country is impoverished<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>;” with much more, -all of which was too true. But our chronicler relates also, with less -authority, that the duke actually proposed to his nephew, the Earl of -March, to depose the king, and, with the help of the discontented -Londoners, seize upon the government.</p> - -<p>In justice, however, to Froissart, we must remark that he expresses the -greatest indignation and horror at the treacherous arrest and cruel -murder of the duke, consequent upon these reports.</p> - -<p>The illumination is carefully drawn, especially the mantle of the duke, -which has a picturesque and graceful effect.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_135" id="page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_134" id="page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_031" style="width: 253px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate31.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate31.jpg" width="253" height="318" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>The death of Anne of Bohemia, Queen of Richard II.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_137" id="page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_136" id="page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_XXXI" id="PLATE_XXXI"></a>PLATE XXXI.</h2> - -<p class="chead">THE DEATH OF ANNE OF BOHEMIA, &c. &c.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Richard</span> II., soon after his accession, married Anne of Bohemia, sister -of Wenceslaus, King of Bohemia and Emperor of Germany, with whom he -lived happily till the year 1394, when about to start on his Irish -expedition; at which period, Froissart tells us, “the Lady Anne, Queen -of England, fell sick, to the great distress of the King and her -household. Her disorder increased so rapidly, that she departed this -life on the feast of Whitsuntide, in the year of grace 1394.”<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> It -appears that the King felt her loss very severely, even venting his -anguish upon the palace at Sheen, where she died, which he caused to be -razed to the ground.</p> - -<p>The funeral service was not performed at the time, as the King ordered -extraordinary preparations to be made for the occasion, insomuch that, -as our author says, “nothing was over seen like to it before, not even -at the burial of the good Queen Philippa, nor of any other. The King -would have it so, because she was the daughter of the King of -Bohemia,<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> Emperor of Rome and of Germany. He was inconsolable for her -loss, as they mutually loved each other, having been married young.” He -farther states, that “there was no talk of the King’s marrying again, -for he would not hear of it,” &c. &c. Nevertheless, not very long -afterwards, he married Isabella, daughter of Charles VI., of France.</p> - -<p>This Illumination has been selected principally for the accurate manner -in which the ordinary fittings of a bed-room of the period are -delineated, particularly the carpet of stamped leather, then in general -use in the rooms of the sick.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_139" id="page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_138" id="page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_032" style="width: 569px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate32.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate32.jpg" width="569" height="440" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>Evan de Foix, burnt to death at a masked dance at the -Hotel de Sᵗ. Pol.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_141" id="page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_140" id="page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_XXXII" id="PLATE_XXXII"></a>PLATE XXXII.</h2> - -<p class="chead">THE DEATH OF EVAN DE FOIX.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> well-known catastrophe exhibited in this picture occurred in the -year 1393,<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> at the Hotel St. Pol, in Paris. There was a grand -entertainment on the occasion of the marriage of one of the ladies of -the Queen. A certain Hugonin de Guisay proposed to the King and four -others, himself making the sixth, to disguise themselves as wild men, in -dresses covered all over with flax to imitate hair.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> They entered the -apartment, five chained together, dancing, the King leading them, to the -great astonishment and amusement of the company, who could not guess who -they were, so complete was the disguise. The Duchess of Berri, who, -although the King’s aunt, was yet the youngest lady present, beckoned -the King to her, and put many joking questions to him, with the view of -ascertaining his name, refusing to let him leave her till he had avowed -it. At this moment, the Duke of Orleans, wishing to discover one of the -others, placed a torch so near that the flax caught fire, and in a -moment all five were enveloped in flames, breaking their chains and -uttering fearful cries of agony. The Duchess de Berri, seeing the -disaster, threw her dress (“goune,” as Froissart calls it) over the -King, who, crouching beneath it, was saved. The son of the Lord of -Nantouillet, when his dress took fire, recollected a tub of water close -at hand, in the buttery (bouteillerie), where bottles and glasses were -washed, and, plunging into it, saved his life, but was much burnt. The -other four, Evan de Foix (bastard son of the Count Gaston), Hugonin de -Guisay, the Compte de Joigny, and Charles de Poictiers, were burnt to -death.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_142" id="page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> This sad event caused much to be said respecting the excesses of -the Court; the King, it was rumoured, being then of an age to give up -boyish sports and pastimes, and assume the severity and gravity of a -great sovereign.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p> - -<p>The Gothic artist has succeeded in rendering the story with great -graphic truth and completeness. The King beneath the robe of the -Duchess—Nantouillet plunging into the tub of water—the agony of the -four sufferers—the astonishment and grief of the Duke of -Orleans—nothing, in short, is omitted; and, with all the accessories of -musicians, furniture, &c. &c., the picture forms a most interesting and -precious record of the manners of the time.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_143" id="page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_033" style="width: 255px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate33.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate33.jpg" width="255" height="343" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>The Duchess of Orleans quitting Paris.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_145" id="page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_144" id="page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_XXXIII" id="PLATE_XXXIII"></a>PLATE XXXIII.</h2> - -<p class="chead">THE DUCHESS OF ORLEANS QUITTING PARIS.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> malady to which the King of France was subject generally attacked -him every year, when he was for a time subject to delirium and madness. -The disease defied all the attempts of the physicians. The royal family, -as a last resource, threw themselves into the hands of the sorcerers of -the time, who, to explain away their failures, declared that the devil -had communicated to them the fact that the Duchess of Orleans, a -daughter of the Duke of Milan, had, by magic arts, laid the King under a -charm, with the view of causing his death, and so becoming Queen of -France. These accusations soon became known and spoken of throughout all -Paris, insomuch that the Duchess, to avoid the scandal of such reports, -retired to Asnieres, where the Duke had a handsome château, and remained -a long time absent from the Court.</p> - -<p>The picture was selected on account of showing the mode of riding -adopted by ladies of rank of the period; which, unlike that of the lower -orders, appears very similar to the present manner, except that the -saddle or pad appears to be without the peculiar pommel, or rather horn, -used.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_147" id="page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_146" id="page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_034" style="width: 266px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate34.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate34.jpg" width="266" height="346" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>The reconciliation of Sir Oliver de Clisson and the Duke -of Brittany.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_149" id="page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_148" id="page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_XXXIV" id="PLATE_XXXIV"></a>PLATE XXXIV.</h2> - -<p class="chead">RECONCILIATION OF SIR OLIVER DE CLISSON AND THE DUKE OF BRITTANY.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> feud that commenced, or rather recommenced, between Sir Oliver de -Clisson and the Duke of Brittany, on account of the shelter afforded by -the latter to Sir Peter de Craon, continued for a considerable time to -harass the province; deadly engagements continually occurring, in which -neither side showed any mercy. In this warfare, however, Sir Oliver had -the advantage, as two-thirds of the country were in his favour. The -Duke, aware that he should gain nothing by continuing the struggle, -proposed an interview, which was declined by Sir Oliver, unless the -eldest son of the Duke was left at his castle as an hostage. Sir Oliver -had good reason to dread treachery from previous experience, and knew -well that his death in any way would be pleasing to the Duke, who, in a -time when treachery and cold-blooded murder were things of every-day -occurrence, would probably not have scrupled to rid himself of an enemy -in such a way. In the present instance, however, the feud was not -destined to end by the assassination of either party. The Duke, at last, -being determined to put an end to the war, sent the Viscount de Rohan, -the Lord de Monboucher, and Sir Ives de Tegre, with his eldest son, to -Castle Josselin, the residence of Sir Oliver, who was so much moved by -this trait of confidence and sincerity, that he refused to detain the -boy, and returned with him to his father at Vannes, the appointed place -of meeting. Such occasional traits of generosity are the redeeming -features in the dark picture of these times, and seldom failed in -producing striking results. In this instance the termination of a long -enmity was the immediate consequence; a treaty was agreed to in which -each restored the lands and places taken in the war; and the Lord de -Blois, who had married a daughter of De Clisson, and had some -pretensions to the Dukedom of Brittany, received several castles and -townships.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_151" id="page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_150" id="page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_035" style="width: 261px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate35.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate35.jpg" width="261" height="335" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>Jehan de Varennes, Preaching.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_153" id="page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_152" id="page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_XXXV" id="PLATE_XXXV"></a>PLATE XXXV.</h2> - -<p class="chead">JEHAN DE VARENNES PREACHING.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Froissart</span> gives a short but interesting notice of the preaching of Jehan -de Varennes, one of those restless but disinterested spirits who -prepared the way for the Reformation. He says:—</p> - -<p>“At this time, there was a clerk, well skilled in science, Doctor of -Laws, and Auditor of the Palace: he was a native of the Archbishopric of -Rheims, and called Sir John de Varennes.</p> - -<p>“He was much advanced in the church for the services he had rendered -Pope Clement and others, and was on the point of being a Bishop or -Cardinal. He had also been chaplain to a Cardinal, called, at Avignon, -Saint Peter of Luxembourg. This John de Varennes, beneficed and advanced -as he was, resigned all, retaining only for his subsistence the canonry -of our Lady at Rheims, which is worth by residence one hundred francs, -otherwise not more than thirty.</p> - -<p>“He quitted Avignon, returned to his native country, and fixed his abode -at the village of Saint Lye, near Rheims, where he led a devout life, -preaching the faith and works of our Lord, and praising the Pope of -Avignon.</p> - -<p>“He declared he was the true Pope, condemning by his speeches that of -Rome. He was much attended to and followed by the people, who came to -see him from all countries, for the sober and holy life he led, fasting -daily, and for the fine sermons he preached. Some, however, said, that -the Cardinals at Avignon had sent him thither to support their cause, -and to exhibit the holiness of his life, which was devout enough to -entitle him to be raised to the Papacy.</p> - -<p>“Master John de Varennes would not allow himself to be called the holy -man of Saint Lye, but simply the Auditor. He lived with his mother, and -every day said mass very devoutly.</p> - -<p>“All that was given him—for he asked for nothing—he distributed in -alms to the glory of God.”<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p> - -<p>This miniature is very carefully executed, and exhibits in an -interesting manner the arrangements of a conventicle of the fourteenth -or fifteenth century.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> The artist has not failed to make evident that -in his day, as in ours, the greater number and most devout proselytes of -the popular preacher were females.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_155" id="page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_154" id="page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="plt_036" style="width: 265px;"> -<a href="images/i_plate36.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_plate36.jpg" width="265" height="361" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>The funeral of Richard II.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_157" id="page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_156" id="page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="PLATE_XXXVI" id="PLATE_XXXVI"></a>PLATE XXXVI.</h2> - -<p class="chead">THE FUNERAL OF RICHARD THE SECOND.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">This</span> is the last miniature in the MS. of the British Museum, and -completes the present selection from that beautiful but unfortunately -incomplete work. Froissart gives the following account of the funeral of -Richard:—</p> - -<p>“It was not long after this that a true report was current in London of -the death of Richard of Bordeaux. I could not learn the particulars of -it, nor how it happened, the day I wrote these chronicles. Richard of -Bordeaux, when dead, was placed on a litter covered with black, and a -canopy of the same. Four black horses were harnessed to it, and two -varlets in mourning conducted the litter, followed by four knights, -dressed also in mourning. Thus they left the Tower of London, where he -died, and paraded the streets at a foot’s pace, until they came to -Cheapside, which is the greatest thoroughfare in the city, and there -they halted upwards of two hours. More than twenty thousand persons of -both sexes came to see the King, who lay in the litter, his head on a -black cushion, and his face uncovered.</p> - -<p>“Some pitied him when they saw him in this state, but others did not, -saying he had for a long time deserved death. Now consider, ye lords, -dukes, prelates, and earls, how very changeable the fortunes of this -world are. This King reigned twenty-two years in great prosperity, and -with much splendour; for there never was a king of England who expended -such sums, by more than one hundred thousand florins, as King Richard -did in keeping up his state and his household establishments. I, John -Froissart, canon and treasurer of Chimay, know it well; for I witnessed -and examined it during my residence with him for a quarter of a year. He -made me good cheer, because in my youth I had been secretary to King -Edward, his grandfather, and the Lady Philippa of Hainault, Queen of -England. When I took my leave of him at Windsor, he presented me, by one -of his knights, called Sir John Golofre, a silver-gilt goblet, weighing -full two marcs, filled with one hundred nobles, which were then of -service to me, and will be so, as long as I live.</p> - -<p>“I am bound to pray to God for him, and sorry am I to hear of his -death;<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_158" id="page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> but, as I have dictated and augmented this history to the utmost -of my power, it became necessary to mention it, that what became of him -might be known.</p> - -<p>“I saw two strange things in my time, though widely different. I was -sitting at dinner, in the city of Bordeaux, when King Richard was born; -it was on a Wednesday, on the point of ten o’clock.</p> - -<p>“At that hour Sir Richard de Pontchardon, then Marshal of Aquitaine, -came to me and said—‘Froissart, write, that it may be remembered, my -lady the princess is brought to bed of a fine son. He is born on -Twelfth-day, the son of a king’s son, and shall be king himself.’ The -gallant knight foretold the truth, for he was King of England twenty-two -years; but he did not see what was to be the conclusion of his life.</p> - -<p>“When King Richard was born, his father was in Galicia, which Don Pedro -had given him to conquer. A curious thing happened upon my first going -to England, which I have much thought of since. I was in the service of -Queen Philippa, and when she accompanied King Edward and the royal -family to take leave of the Prince of Wales at Berkhampstead, on their -departure for Aquitaine, I heard an ancient knight, in conversation with -some ladies, say, ‘We have a book called Brut, that declares neither the -Prince of Wales, Dukes of Clarence, York, nor Gloucester, will be kings -of England, but the descendants of the Duke of Lancaster.’ Now I, the -author of this history, say that, considering all things, these two -knights, Sir Richard de Pontchardon and Sir Bartholomew Burghersh, in -what they said, were both in the right; for all the world saw Richard -reign for twenty-two years in England, and the crown then fell to the -house of Lancaster.</p> - -<p>“King Henry would never have been king, on the conditions you have -heard, if his cousin Richard had treated him in the friendly manner he -ought to have done. The Londoners took his part for the wrongs the King -had done him and his children, whom they much compassioned.”</p> - -<p>“When the funeral car of King Richard had remained in Cheapside two -hours, it was conducted forward, in the same order as before, out of -town. The four knights then mounted their horses, which were waiting for -them, and continued their journey with the body until they reached a -village, where there is a royal mansion, called Langley, thirty-six -miles from London. There King Richard was interred: God pardon his sins, -and have mercy on his soul.”<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p> - -<p>The book called Brut, alluded to by Froissart, is the romance of Brut, -by Robert Wall.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><p class="cb">FOOTNOTES:</p> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> In a few impressions of the plate this is erroneously spelt -Montadour.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Johnes’ translation.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> “Of Sir Peter de Craon, and how he incurred the indignation -of the King of France and the Duke of Touraine, his brother, and how he -was received by the Duke of Brittany.” Chap. <small>XXV.</small></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> “At the time I am now speaking of was too great,” &c.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Smith’s edition of Froissart, vol. ii. p. 593.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Ibid. vol. ii. p. 602.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Smith’s edition of Froissart, vol. ii. page 536.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Smith’s edition of Froissart, Memoir, page xxiv., end vol. -II., pages 568 and 577.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Smith’s edition of Froissart, vol. II., p. 644.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Smith’s edition of Froissart, Vol. II., p. 78.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> See Smith’s edition of Froissart, vol. ii. p. 588.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> See Smith’s edition of Froissart, vol. ii. page 698.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> See Smith’s edition of Froissart, vol. ii. p. 612.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> See Smith’s edition of Froissart, vol. ii. p. 702.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> “In this year, in the month of September, died at his -palace at Avignon Robert of Geneva, previously mentioned in our -history,” &c. &c. See Smith’s edition of Froissart, vol. ii. p. 563.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> See Smith’s edition of Froissart, vol. ii. p. 35.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> See Smith’s edition of Froissart, vol. i. p. 681, and vol. -ii. p. 566.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Froissart has previously described her as the sister of -Wenceslaus, King of Bohemia, who became Emperor of Germany, and took the -title of Emperor of Rome also.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> 29th January, 1392, Old Style.—<i>Note of Buchon.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> The Monk of St. Denis says, “C’était une coutume pratiquée -en divers lieux de la France, de faire impunément mille folies au -mariage des femmes veuves, et d’emprunter avec des habits extravagants -la liberté de dire des vilenies au mari et à l’épousée. Voilà pourquoi -le Roi et ses cinques compagnons se déguisèrent en satyres et dansèrent -des danses lascives en présence de toute la cour.”—<i>Note of Buchon.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> For a full and most interacting account of this event, see -Smith’s edition of Froissart, vol. ii. p. 550.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> For other particulars, and the History of the long contest -between the Houses of Montfort and Blois for the Duchy of Brittany, see -Smith’s edition of Froissart, Index at end of Vol. II., Articles -Montfort, and Blois.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> See Smith’s edition of Froissart, Vol. II. page 565.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> De Varennes preached about 1390.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> See Smith’s edition of Froissart, Vol. II. page 708.</p></div> - -</div> - -<p><a name="transcrib" id="transcrib"></a></p> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="" -style="padding:2%;border:3px dotted gray;"> -<tr><th align="center">Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:</th></tr> -<tr><td class="c">Geoffry=> Geoffrey {pgs. 21 & 22} -</td></tr> -</table> - -<hr class="full" /> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ILLUMINATED ILLUSTRATIONS OF FROISSART ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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