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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a3a6906 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #65899 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65899) diff --git a/old/65899-0.txt b/old/65899-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index aba6bd0..0000000 --- a/old/65899-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,868 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Wupatki Ruins Trail, by Anonymous - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Wupatki Ruins Trail - Wupatki National Monument, Arizona - -Author: Anonymous - -Release Date: July 23, 2021 [eBook #65899] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WUPATKI RUINS TRAIL *** - - - - - WUPATKI RUINS TRAIL - - - WUPATKI NATIONAL MONUMENT - - - 15 CENTS IF YOU TAKE THIS BOOKLET HOME - - 21st EDITION—4-76—14M - - [Illustration: _South portion of Wupatki before excavation._] - -Wupatki National Monument is one of 299 areas (as of 1974) administered -by the National Park Service, U. S. Department of the Interior. These -include such magnificent scenic areas as Grand Canyon and Yosemite -National Parks, and other Parks and Monuments set aside for outstanding -scenic, scientific, and historical values. - -The National Park Service has the responsibility of preserving the Parks -and Monuments in their natural, unspoiled condition and of making them -available for your enjoyment in such manner as to leave them unimpaired -for the enjoyment and inspiration of future generations. To achieve this -high purpose such destructive activities as woodcutting, hunting, -grazing, mining and even flower-picking are prohibited. We hope you will -join with us in protecting Wupatki National Monument by taking only -pictures and inspiration and leaving only footprints and good will. - -The uniformed employees of the National Park Service are here to serve -you and will welcome the opportunity to make your stay in Wupatki more -enjoyable. - - - KEEP AMERICA BEAUTIFUL - - - - - INTRODUCTION - - -This booklet is intended to supplement the free leaflet which gives the -general story of Wupatki National Monument. It might be useful to read -that leaflet before going through the ruin itself. We would appreciate -it if you would sign the register. - -The trail will lead you around Wupatki Ruin. Numbered stakes on the -trail correspond to numbered paragraphs in this booklet, which will help -you understand the features you will see. - -Spend as much time in the ruin as you like; all we ask is your -cooperation in keeping off the walls and not removing pottery fragments, -rocks, plants, or other material from the area. Thank you. PLEASE STAY -ON TRAIL! - - - - - WUPATKI RUINS TRAIL - - - [Illustration: _Wupatki Ruin with “amphitheater” in lower right._] - - -1. Wupatki Ruin. From this point is an excellent view of the entire -ruin, including the “amphitheater” and ballcourt. At its peak of -occupation, during the 1100’s, the village contained over 100 rooms with -250-300 inhabitants. It is the largest of more than 800 ruins within the -boundaries of Wupatki National Monument, and was partially excavated in -1933-34 by the Museum of Northern Arizona, and the National Park Service -in 1941-42 and 1952-53. - - [Illustration: _Wupatki Ruin, after excavation and some restoration - in the 1930’s._] - -This dwelling was occupied from about A.D. 1120 to A.D. 1210 by the -Sinagua (see-NAH-wah) Indians, and this region represents the -northernmost limits of occupation by this prehistoric tribe. The Little -Colorado River, seven miles east (11km), roughly marks the boundary -between this group and another prehistoric tribe to the north, the -Anasazi (ah-nah-sah-zee). Other Sinagua lived to the south in the Verde -Valley. - -Above is a picture of Wupatki Ruin as it appeared after excavation and -partial restoration under the CWA program in the 1930’s. Since then the -National Park Service has developed a policy to preserve rather than -restore archeological structures. For this reason, the restored portions -were removed. We believe the ruin as it appears today leaves one with a -greater feeling of admiration for the prehistoric builders than it would -with any added restoration. - - -2. Ephedra—“jointfir,” or “Mormon tea” (_Ephedra viridis_). A valuable -browse plant for grazing animals in winter, when better forage is -lacking. A palatable tonic beverage can be made from the dried stems and -flowers of the plant, and it was used by Indians and early white -settlers in the treatment of certain diseases. Ephedrine is obtained -from a Chinese species. - - -3. Moenkopi sandstone. Notice how this rock breaks down into good -building stones. The banded layers of sandstone, developed as silt in an -ancient shallow sea, split along horizontal planes, and for this reason -it was easily quarried and used by the Indians in construction of their -dwellings. - -The gray material on the sandstone is a lichen (ly-ken) which produces -an acid that assists in the breakdown of rock, the first step in -producing soil. - - -4. Fourwing saltbush—“chamiza” (_Atriplex canescens_). One of the most -common shrubs of the Southwest, adapted to diverse soils and climatic -conditions, it is a valuable browse plant. Indians used to depend on -saltbushes as a source of meal which was made from the parched seeds, -and like pinole (made from mesquite pods) it sometimes was mixed with -water to make a beverage. - - [Illustration: _Pole-supported wall before repair, above you at - Stake 5._] - - -5. The ruin here is four stories high at its tallest point—two stories -against the rock and two stories above. To the rear of the iron beam, -necessary to support the upper walls, you can see one of the original -timbers used in construction of this dwelling. - - [Illustration: _The “amphitheater”_] - -Notice the small opening in the wall above the stone-lined trench. With -the trench below, it was used to conduct air to the interior rooms of -the structure. As the dwelling was extended toward you from the higher -portions, the added outside rooms blocked air from the older ones, -necessitating a series of vents to take fresh air to the interior rooms. - -The small rooms you see were used for storage of corn and beans, or -other food products. - - -6. Here is a typical pueblo room with a small storage bin in the rear. -The metate (meh-TAH-tay) and mano (mah-no) in the background were used -by the Indians to grind corn. Often two or three metates, with manos for -each, are found in one room. This does not mean the room was used for -grinding purposes only. As is often the case today among Pueblo Indians, -the three metates are all made from rocks with different degrees of -coarseness. Coarse metates were used for preliminary grinding and -fine-grained ones for final grinding. - -Centered in the floor of this room is a small, rectangular, stone-lined -firepit which was used for both heating and cooking. - - -7. Ventilator. The long stone-lined channel, as at Stake No. 5, was -used as a ventilator, the opening being at floor level in the cliff wall -to your right. The upright slab of stone at the end of the ventilator -trench deflected the incoming air so that the draft would not pass -directly across the firepit, which was usually situated in the center of -the room or work area. - -This means of ventilation was not generally used by the Sinagua Indians, -having been adopted from the neighboring Anasazi, with whom they had -very close contact in this area. - - -8. “Amphitheater.” From this vantage point is a good view of the -“amphitheater” or “dance plaza.” This circular depression resembles in -many ways the large ceremonial structures (kivas) of the neighboring -Anasazi. There is no indication that it was ever roofed, and the -ceremonial features normally found in a kiva are lacking. For this -reason there is doubt as to the exact functions of this structure, which -is unique within the Sinagua culture area. - - [Illustration: _In the foreground is a collapsed wall that fell - intact._] - - -9. Unexcavated room. This is how the ruin looked prior to excavation. -As you pass through this section of rubble notice how large sections of -the walls fell intact, with individual stones still retaining their -original relative positions. The walls were probably two stories high at -this point. - -Archeologists uncovered a quantity of material by carefully excavating -such rubble as this. The more fragile material on the floor, such as -pottery, was in most cases crushed or scattered by falling rocks when -the ceilings or walls collapsed. Because the excavators saved all -fragments of pottery resting on the floor, they were able to restore -many of the broken vessels, some of which exhibit beautiful designs in -black on a white background. - - -10. Step into this room. You will see bins on the upper right which -were used for storage. The doorway to the rear is not prehistoric, the -room having been remodeled and occupied by a sheepherder about 1880. - - -11. Ball court. Looking down about 150 yards (137m) you will see an -oval masonry ring. This is a ball court, one of several in this area, -the northernmost ones that have been discovered. In southern Arizona and -all through Mexico and Central America ball courts are fairly common. - -We know very little about the game that was played in this court. -However, in Arizona sites two rubber balls have been found which are -similar to those seen in use in the Mexican ball courts by the Spanish -conquerors when they first entered Mexico. The game played here, if like -those in Mexico, was part of religious ritual. - -This ball court is unique among Arizona ball courts for it is -constructed of masonry. Others are generally made of adobe. - -Take the marked trail to the ball court for a closer look if you wish. - - -12. In adding this room to the pueblo the builders joined their walls -to ones already existing, as can be seen on your left. As a result of -constructing rooms in this fashion the builders were unable to interlock -building stones of the new room with those of the old one. It was -usually at these points that walls collapsed first, because they were -not adequately tied together. - - [Illustration: _Unbonded walls more often collapsed._] - - [Illustration: _One of the seven infant burials mentioned at Stake - 12._] - -In this room seven infant burials were found in slab-lined pits (only -one pit can be seen today). As with most people, the Indians held a -close relationship to their children, probably believing, like the Hopi -today, that the spirit of the dead child would be reborn in the next -baby. Consequently the deceased were often buried in the mother’s house. - - [Illustration: _Collapsed roof._] - - The roof as built before collapse - Mud - Bark - Split beams - Main beams - - -13. Work area. The area in front of you was an outdoor workshop, or -patio, where the people could grind corn, make pottery, mend clothes, -gamble, or gossip. It was surrounded by a low “windbreak” wall and -perhaps in the summer was partially covered by a brush “shade.” - - -14. Room construction. Upon entering this room one can see how the -original builders took advantage of two natural rock walls. This -eliminated construction of two sides of the room. The lower portion was -filled 5 feet (1.5m) deep with trash before the first floor was laid. - -Original timbers are still in place above the opening in the rear wall. -Holes for beams that supported the second story are visible in the side -walls. A considerable number of beams was recovered during the -excavations at Wupatki, and the study of this material has contributed -greatly to the tree-ring method of dating in the Southwestern region. - -Most of these beams were of ponderosa pine, not present nearby. It is -possible the pine forest was closer to Wupatki then than now. - - -15. Trash deposit. The sloping ground all along this side of the ruin -is the rubbish heap. It is from trash deposits such as these that -archeologists are able to obtain a great deal of information about -material developments and changes that occurred in the history of the -people who lived in these villages. - -Many interesting specimens have been recovered from trash deposits and -rooms of Wupatki, such as fragments of cloth woven in different patterns -or colored with a blue dye, brightly painted baskets, ornaments of red -siltstone and shell, small copper bells, parrot burials, and several -macaw burials, to mention a few. Many of these items were traded in to -this region from the south, some having come from Mexico, such as the -macaws and copper bell. - - [Illustration: _Room with firepit with a deflector between it and - ventilator in wall._] - - -16. Look up to the room above you. The two beams at the rear are -original roof beams that have been in the ruin almost 800 years. Above -the beams once lay the cross pieces forming the next layer, on top of -which was placed the mud or clay to complete the roof. - -The bins below the beams were used for storage of farm products and -other foods gathered from wild plants. - -The T-shaped doorway through which you entered is quite common in -Southwestern ruins. One probable reason for this shape was that in the -winter a blanket, a skin, or a mat could be hung over the larger -opening, leaving the lower, smaller one free to admit fresh air. - - -17. These three small rooms have been excavated. They were originally -covered by a dirt roof at about the height of a man. The entrance to -these rooms, as well as all other ground floor rooms in the pueblo, was -through a hatchway in the roof, which also served as an escape for the -smoke from the firepit. - -In the end room is another example of a ventilator opening going through -the wall, and a vertical slab (deflector) placed to keep the draft of -fresh air from blowing firepit sparks around the room. - - -This is the last stop on the trail. On your way back, please return this -booklet, or, you may purchase it for 15 cents. - - - EVERY LITTER BIT HURTS - - - - - GENERAL INFORMATION - - -Sunset Crater, 18 miles (29km) south of here, is the youngest of 400 -volcanoes located in the Flagstaff region. It is one of the few -prehistoric volcanoes in the world that we can accurately date, (another -being Mt. Mazama, where now is Crater Lake, Oregon), and one of the few -that had such a profound effect upon people living in the area. When it -erupted it covered almost 800 square miles, (2080km²) including the -Wupatki area, with fine, black volcanic ash. This eruption took place -_before_ the masonry pueblos in this region were built. - -When the eruption was over, a few individuals probably returned to this -area and found, much to their surprise and pleasure, that they could -grow crops in locations where they hadn’t been able to farm before. The -layer of volcanic ash acted as a moisture-retaining mulch; the people -could plant their seeds in the underlying soil and the cinder cover -would hold enough moisture to insure them a good harvest. - -When this word spread around, it created a great land rush, the only one -we know of in the Southwest. Large numbers of Indians from all over this -part of the Southwest swarmed into the region of the cinder fall to take -advantage of new farming land. The Hohokam came from the south, the -Mogollon from the southeast and the Anasazi from the north. - -The main concentration took place between A.D. 1100 and 1200, and during -that time the area between the San Francisco Mountains and the Little -Colorado River was inhabited by perhaps 8,000 Indians. - - [Illustration: _Citadel Ruin_] - -Abandonment of the area is almost as interesting as the occupation. -Tree-ring evidence indicates that from about A.D. 1215 to 1300 there was -a long drought of varying intensity which culminated in the great -drought of 1276-1299. Winds accompanying the drought turned the area -into a dust bowl, moving away the moisture-retaining cover of cinders on -which the people had depended for their farming. Depopulation set in as -farming acreage decreased. - -The Anasazi element apparently moved north or east into the Tsegi Canyon -or Hopi country, while the Sinagua moved south into the Verde Valley and -east to the Chavez Pass region near Winslow. By the mid 1200’s Wupatki -probably was completely abandoned. - -When the Spanish came through this general region between 1583 and 1605, -they encountered small bands of Indians in the San Francisco Mountains -near Flagstaff. These probably were hunting and gathering parties of -either Havasupais from the Grand Canyon or Yavapais from the Verde -Valley. No Indians were reported between the Hopi villages and the San -Francisco Mountains. The Navajo, who are seen in the monument today, did -not move into the general Wupatki region until about 1870. - -Other accessible ruins in the monument are Wukoki, a three-story pueblo -built on a large outcrop of sandstone, Lomaki, and Citadel Ruin. - - [Illustration: _Wukoki Ruin_] - - [Illustration: _Lomaki Ruin_] - - - - - ADDITIONAL POINTS OF INTEREST - - -This region is one of the most interesting archeological and scenic -localities in the United States. Sunset Crater National Monument is 18 -miles (29km) south of Wupatki National Monument, and was the source of -the black volcanic ash which had such profound effect on the prehistoric -farmers. Twenty-one miles (34km) farther south is Walnut Canyon National -Monument, a beautiful canyon and rim setting for hundreds of ruined -homes of prehistoric Indians who also were influenced by Sunset Crater’s -ash. Even farther south, in the Verde Valley, noted as Great Drought -refugee areas, are Tuzigoot and Montezuma Castle National Monuments (the -latter including Montezuma Well.) - - - - - CONSERVATION—YOU CAN HELP - - -If you are interested in the work of the National Park Service and in -the cause of conservation in general, you can give active expression of -this interest, and lend support by alining yourself with one of the -numerous conservation organizations which act as spokesmen for those who -wish our scenic heritage to be kept unimpaired for the enjoyment of -future generations. - -Names and addresses of conservation organizations may be obtained from -the ranger. - - - This booklet is published in cooperation with the - National Park Service - by the - SOUTHWEST PARKS AND MONUMENTS ASSOCIATION - - _A non-profit publishing and distributing organization supporting - historical, scientific and educational activities of the National Park - Service._ - - We recommend the following items for additional information on the - Southwest: - -YOUR NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM IN THE SOUTHWEST, IN WORDS AND COLOR. Jackson. -500 word articles on each National Park Service area in the huge -Southwest region, with full-color photograph for each of 66 areas -listed. Highly authoritative treatment with every text checked for -accuracy by National Park Service. Also contains “How to Get There” -appendix. 76 pages, 69 full-color illustrations, color cover, paper. - -ARCHEOLOGY ON THE SHONTO PLATEAU, NORTHEAST ARIZONA, Keith Anderson. -1969. Scholarly report on archeological salvage work in 1963-4 along the -new road right-of-way between U.S. Highway 64 and Navajo National -Monument headquarters. Includes appendix report on Bird Remains from -Vicinity of Navajo National Monument, by Lyndon L. Hargrave, XII plus 68 -pp., 2 maps, 14 tables, 10 line drawings, 21 half-tones. - -100 DESERT WILDFLOWERS IN NATURAL COLOR. Dodge. Descriptions and -full-color portraits of 100 of the most interesting desert wildflowers. -Photographic hints. 64 pp., full-color cover, paper. - -100 ROADSIDE WILDFLOWERS OF SOUTHWEST UPLANDS IN NATURAL COLOR. Dodge. -Companion book to author’s 100 Desert Wildflowers in Natural Color, but -for higher elevation flowers. 64 pages and full-color cover, paper. - -FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST DESERTS. Dodge and Janish. More than 140 of the -most interesting and common desert plants beautifully drawn in 100 -plates, with descriptive text. 112 pp., color cover, paper. - -FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST MESAS. Patraw and Janish. Companion volume to -the Desert flowers booklet, but covering the plants of the plateau -country of the Southwest. 112 pp., color cover, paper. - -FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST MOUNTAINS. Amberger and Janish. Descriptions -and illustrations of plants and trees of the southern Rocky Mountains -and other Southwestern ranges above 7,000 feet elevation. 112 pp., plus -4-color centerfold, color cover, paper. - -MAMMALS OF THE SOUTHWEST DESERTS. Olin and Cannon. Handsome -illustrations, full descriptions, and life habits of the 42 most -interesting and common mammals of the lower desert country of the -Southwest below the 4,500-foot elevation. 112 pp., 60 illustrations, -4-color centerfold of animal photos, color cover, paper. - -MAMMALS OF SOUTHWEST MOUNTAINS AND MESAS. Olin and Bierly. Companion -volume to Mammals of Southwest Deserts. Fully illustrated in exquisitely -done line and scratchboard drawings, and written in Olin’s masterfully -lucid style. Gives description, range, and life habits of the better -known Southwestern mammals of the uplands. Color cover, paper or cloth. - -POISONOUS DWELLERS OF THE DESERT. Dodge. Invaluable handbook for any -person living in the desert. Tells the facts about dangerous insects, -snakes, etc., giving treatment for bites and stings and dispels myths -about harmless creatures mistakenly believed poisonous. 48 pp. - - [Illustration: SPMA trademark; NPS shield] - - Write For Catalog - - SOUTHWEST PARKS AND MONUMENTS ASSOCIATION - - Box 1562—Globe, Arizona 85501 - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WUPATKI RUINS TRAIL *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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} -.fnblock dl { margin-top:0; margin-left:4em; text-indent:-2em; } -.fnblock dt { text-align:justify; } -dl.catalog dd { font-style:italic; } -dl.catalog dt { margin-top:1em; } -.author { text-align:right; margin-top:0em; margin-bottom:0em; display:block; } - -dl.biblio dt { margin-top:.6em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; clear:both; } -dl.biblio dt div { display:block; float:left; margin-left:-6em; width:6em; clear:both; } -dl.biblio dt.center { margin-left:0em; text-align:center; text-indent:0; } -dl.biblio dd { margin-top:.3em; margin-left:3em; text-align:justify; font-size:90%; } -p.biblio { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } -.clear { clear:both; } -p.book { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } -p.review { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; font-size:80%; } -p.pcap { margin-left:0em; text-indent:0; text-align:center; margin-top:0; font-size:90%; font-weight:bold; } -p.pcapc { margin-left:4.7em; text-indent:0em; text-align:justify; } -dl.pcap { margin-left:3em; font-size:90%; font-family:sans-serif; } -span.attr { font-size:80%; font-family:sans-serif; } -span.pn { display:inline-block; width:4.7em; text-align:left; margin-left:0; text-indent:0; } -</style> -</head> -<body> - -<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Wupatki Ruins Trail, by Anonymous</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Wupatki Ruins Trail</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0;'>Wupatki National Monument, Arizona</p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Anonymous</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: July 23, 2021 [eBook #65899]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WUPATKI RUINS TRAIL ***</div> -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Wupatki Ruins Trail, Wupatki National Monument" width="1000" height="1510" /> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<h1>WUPATKI RUINS TRAIL</h1> -<p class="tbcenter"><span class="blue ss">WUPATKI NATIONAL MONUMENT</span></p> -<p class="wide"><span class="smaller">15 CENTS IF YOU TAKE THIS BOOKLET HOME</span></p> -</div> -<p class="jr1"><span class="small"><span class="ss">21st EDITION—4-76—14M</span></span></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_i">i</div> -<div class="img" id="fig1"> -<img src="images/p01.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="715" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>South portion of Wupatki before excavation.</i></p> -</div> -<p>Wupatki National Monument is one of -299 areas (as of 1974) administered -by the National Park Service, U. S. Department -of the Interior. These include such magnificent scenic areas -as Grand Canyon and Yosemite National Parks, and other -Parks and Monuments set aside for outstanding scenic, -scientific, and historical values.</p> -<p>The National Park Service has the responsibility of preserving -the Parks and Monuments in their natural, unspoiled -condition and of making them available for your -enjoyment in such manner as to leave them unimpaired for -the enjoyment and inspiration of future generations. To -achieve this high purpose such destructive activities as -woodcutting, hunting, grazing, mining and even flower-picking -are prohibited. We hope you will join with us in -protecting Wupatki National Monument by taking only -pictures and inspiration and leaving only footprints and -good will.</p> -<p>The uniformed employees of the National Park Service -are here to serve you and will welcome the opportunity to -make your stay in Wupatki more enjoyable.</p> -<p class="tbcenter"><span class="smaller"><span class="ss">KEEP AMERICA BEAUTIFUL</span></span></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div> -<h2 id="c1"><span class="small">INTRODUCTION</span></h2> -<p>This booklet is intended to supplement the free leaflet -which gives the general story of Wupatki National Monument. -It might be useful to read that leaflet before going -through the ruin itself. We would appreciate it if you would -sign the register.</p> -<p>The trail will lead you around Wupatki Ruin. Numbered -stakes on the trail correspond to numbered paragraphs in -this booklet, which will help you understand the features -you will see.</p> -<p>Spend as much time in the ruin as you like; all we ask is -your cooperation in <span class="ss">keeping off the walls and not removing -pottery fragments, rocks, plants, or other material from the area. -Thank you. PLEASE STAY ON TRAIL!</span></p> -<h1 title=""><span class="ss"><span class="smaller">WUPATKI RUINS TRAIL</span></span></h1> -<div class="img" id="fig2"> -<img src="images/p01a.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="727" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Wupatki Ruin with “amphitheater” in lower right.</i></p> -</div> -<h3 class="inline" id="c2">1. Wupatki Ruin.</h3> -<p>From this point is an excellent view of the -entire ruin, including the “amphitheater” and ballcourt. At -its peak of occupation, during the 1100’s, the village contained -over 100 rooms with 250-300 inhabitants. It is the -largest of more than 800 ruins within the boundaries of -Wupatki National Monument, and was partially excavated -<span class="pb" id="Page_2">2</span> -in 1933-34 by the Museum of Northern Arizona, and the -National Park Service in 1941-42 and 1952-53.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig3"> -<img src="images/p02.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="670" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Wupatki Ruin, after excavation and some restoration in the 1930’s.</i></p> -</div> -<p>This dwelling was occupied from about A.D. 1120 to -A.D. 1210 by the Sinagua (see-NAH-wah) Indians, and -this region represents the northernmost limits of occupation -by this prehistoric tribe. The Little Colorado River, seven -miles east (11km), roughly marks the boundary between this -group and another prehistoric tribe to the north, the Anasazi -(ah-nah-sah-zee). Other Sinagua lived to the south in the -Verde Valley.</p> -<p>Above is a picture of Wupatki Ruin as it appeared after -excavation and partial restoration under the CWA program -in the 1930’s. Since then the National Park Service -has developed a policy to preserve rather than restore -archeological structures. For this reason, the restored portions -were removed. We believe the ruin as it appears -today leaves one with a greater feeling of admiration for -the prehistoric builders than it would with any added -restoration.</p> -<h3 class="inline" id="c3">2. Ephedra—“jointfir,” or “Mormon tea”</h3> -<p>(<i>Ephedra viridis</i>). -A valuable browse plant for grazing animals in winter, -<span class="pb" id="Page_3">3</span> -when better forage is lacking. A palatable tonic beverage -can be made from the dried stems and flowers of the plant, -and it was used by Indians and early white settlers in the -treatment of certain diseases. Ephedrine is obtained from -a Chinese species.</p> -<h3 class="inline" id="c4">3. Moenkopi sandstone.</h3> -<p>Notice how this rock breaks down -into good building stones. The banded layers of sandstone, -developed as silt in an ancient shallow sea, split along horizontal -planes, and for this reason it was easily quarried and -used by the Indians in construction of their dwellings.</p> -<p>The gray material on the sandstone is a lichen (ly-ken) -which produces an acid that assists in the breakdown of -rock, the first step in producing soil.</p> -<h3 class="inline" id="c5">4. Fourwing saltbush—“chamiza”</h3> -<p>(<i>Atriplex canescens</i>). One -of the most common shrubs of the Southwest, adapted to -diverse soils and climatic conditions, it is a valuable browse -plant. Indians used to depend on saltbushes as a source -of meal which was made from the parched seeds, and like -pinole (made from mesquite pods) it sometimes was mixed -with water to make a beverage.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig4"> -<img src="images/p02a.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="707" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Pole-supported wall before repair, above you at Stake 5.</i></p> -</div> -<h3 class="inline" id="c6">5. The ruin</h3> -<p>here is four stories high at its tallest point—two -stories against the rock and two stories above. To the rear -<span class="pb" id="Page_4">4</span> -of the iron beam, necessary to support the upper walls, you -can see one of the original timbers used in construction -of this dwelling.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig5"> -<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="626" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>The “amphitheater”</i></p> -</div> -<p>Notice the small opening in the wall above the stone-lined -trench. With the trench below, it was used to conduct -air to the interior rooms of the structure. As the dwelling -was extended toward you from the higher portions, -the added outside rooms blocked air from the older ones, -necessitating a series of vents to take fresh air to the interior -rooms.</p> -<p>The small rooms you see were used for storage of corn -and beans, or other food products.</p> -<h3 class="inline" id="c7">6. Here is a typical pueblo room</h3> -<p>with a small storage bin in -the rear. The metate (meh-TAH-tay) and mano (mah-no) -in the background were used by the Indians to grind corn. -Often two or three metates, with manos for each, are found -in one room. This does not mean the room was used for -grinding purposes only. As is often the case today among -Pueblo Indians, the three metates are all made from rocks -with different degrees of coarseness. Coarse metates were -used for preliminary grinding and fine-grained ones for -final grinding.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div> -<p>Centered in the floor of this room is a small, rectangular, -stone-lined firepit which was used for both heating -and cooking.</p> -<h3 class="inline" id="c8">7. Ventilator.</h3> -<p>The long stone-lined channel, as at Stake No. -5, was used as a ventilator, the opening being at floor level -in the cliff wall to your right. The upright slab of stone at -the end of the ventilator trench deflected the incoming air -so that the draft would not pass directly across the firepit, -which was usually situated in the center of the room or -work area.</p> -<p>This means of ventilation was not generally used by the -Sinagua Indians, having been adopted from the neighboring -Anasazi, with whom they had very close contact in -this area.</p> -<h3 class="inline" id="c9">8. “Amphitheater.”</h3> -<p>From this vantage point is a good view -of the “amphitheater” or “dance plaza.” This circular depression -resembles in many ways the large ceremonial -structures (kivas) of the neighboring Anasazi. There is no -indication that it was ever roofed, and the ceremonial features -normally found in a kiva are lacking. For this reason -there is doubt as to the exact functions of this structure, -which is unique within the Sinagua culture area.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig6"> -<img src="images/p03a.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="711" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>In the foreground is a collapsed wall that fell intact.</i></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div> -<h3 class="inline" id="c10">9. Unexcavated room.</h3> -<p>This is how the ruin looked prior to -excavation. As you pass through this section of rubble -notice how large sections of the walls fell intact, with individual -stones still retaining their original relative positions. -The walls were probably two stories high at this point.</p> -<p>Archeologists uncovered a quantity of material by carefully -excavating such rubble as this. The more fragile material -on the floor, such as pottery, was in most cases crushed -or scattered by falling rocks when the ceilings or walls -collapsed. Because the excavators saved all fragments of -pottery resting on the floor, they were able to restore -many of the broken vessels, some of which exhibit beautiful -designs in black on a white background.</p> -<h3 class="inline" id="c11">10. Step into this room.</h3> -<p>You will see bins on the upper right -which were used for storage. The doorway to the rear is -not prehistoric, the room having been remodeled and occupied -by a sheepherder about 1880.</p> -<h3 class="inline" id="c12">11. Ball court.</h3> -<p>Looking down about 150 yards (137m) you -will see an oval masonry ring. This is a ball court, one of -several in this area, the northernmost ones that have been -discovered. In southern Arizona and all through Mexico -and Central America ball courts are fairly common.</p> -<p>We know very little about the game that was played in -this court. However, in Arizona sites two rubber balls have -been found which are similar to those seen in use in the -Mexican ball courts by the Spanish conquerors when they -first entered Mexico. The game played here, if like those -in Mexico, was part of religious ritual.</p> -<p>This ball court is unique among Arizona ball courts for -it is constructed of masonry. Others are generally made -of adobe.</p> -<p>Take the marked trail to the ball court for a closer look -if you wish.</p> -<h3 class="inline" id="c13">12. In adding this room</h3> -<p>to the pueblo the builders joined their -walls to ones already existing, as can be seen on your left. -<span class="pb" id="Page_7">7</span> -As a result of constructing rooms in this fashion the builders -were unable to interlock building stones of the new -room with those of the old one. It was usually at these -points that walls collapsed first, because they were not adequately -tied together.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig7"> -<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="" width="2398" height="1331" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Unbonded walls more often collapsed.</i></p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig8"> -<img src="images/p04a.jpg" alt="" width="2398" height="1248" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>One of the seven infant burials mentioned at Stake 12.</i></p> -</div> -<p>In this room seven infant burials were found in slab-lined -pits (only one pit can be seen today). As with most people, -the Indians held a close relationship to their children, probably -believing, like the Hopi today, that the spirit of the -<span class="pb" id="Page_8">8</span> -dead child would be reborn in the next baby. Consequently -the deceased were often buried in the mother’s house.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig9"> -<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="1061" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Collapsed roof.</i></p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>The roof as built before collapse</dt> -<dd>Mud</dd> -<dd>Bark</dd> -<dd>Split beams</dd> -<dd>Main beams</dd></dl> -<h3 class="inline" id="c14">13. Work area.</h3> -<p>The area in front of you was an outdoor -workshop, or patio, where the people could grind corn, -make pottery, mend clothes, gamble, or gossip. It was surrounded -by a low “windbreak” wall and perhaps in the -summer was partially covered by a brush “shade.”</p> -<h3 class="inline" id="c15">14. Room construction.</h3> -<p>Upon entering this room one can see -how the original builders took advantage of two natural -rock walls. This eliminated construction of two sides of the -room. The lower portion was filled 5 feet (1.5m) deep with -trash before the first floor was laid.</p> -<p>Original timbers are still in place above the opening in -the rear wall. Holes for beams that supported the second -story are visible in the side walls. A considerable number -<span class="pb" id="Page_9">9</span> -of beams was recovered during the excavations at -Wupatki, and the study of this material has contributed -greatly to the tree-ring method of dating in the Southwestern -region.</p> -<p>Most of these beams were of ponderosa pine, not present -nearby. It is possible the pine forest was closer to Wupatki -then than now.</p> -<h3 class="inline" id="c16">15. Trash deposit.</h3> -<p>The sloping ground all along this side of -the ruin is the rubbish heap. It is from trash deposits such -as these that archeologists are able to obtain a great deal of -information about material developments and changes that -occurred in the history of the people who lived in these -villages.</p> -<p>Many interesting specimens have been recovered from -trash deposits and rooms of Wupatki, such as fragments -of cloth woven in different patterns or colored with a blue -dye, brightly painted baskets, ornaments of red siltstone -and shell, small copper bells, parrot burials, and several -macaw burials, to mention a few. Many of these items were -traded in to this region from the south, some having come -from Mexico, such as the macaws and copper bell.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig10"> -<img src="images/p05a.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="680" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Room with firepit with a deflector between it and ventilator in wall.</i></p> -</div> -<h3 class="inline" id="c17">16. Look up to the room above you.</h3> -<p>The two beams at the -rear are original roof beams that have been in the ruin almost -<span class="pb" id="Page_10">10</span> -800 years. Above the beams once lay the cross pieces forming -the next layer, on top of which was placed the mud or clay -to complete the roof.</p> -<p>The bins below the beams were used for storage of farm -products and other foods gathered from wild plants.</p> -<p>The T-shaped doorway through which you entered is -quite common in Southwestern ruins. One probable reason -for this shape was that in the winter a blanket, a skin, or -a mat could be hung over the larger opening, leaving the -lower, smaller one free to admit fresh air.</p> -<h3 class="inline" id="c18">17. These three small rooms</h3> -<p>have been excavated. They were -originally covered by a dirt roof at about the height of a -man. The entrance to these rooms, as well as all other -ground floor rooms in the pueblo, was through a hatchway -in the roof, which also served as an escape for the smoke -from the firepit.</p> -<p>In the end room is another example of a ventilator opening -going through the wall, and a vertical slab (deflector) -placed to keep the draft of fresh air from blowing firepit -sparks around the room.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="ss">This is the last stop on the trail. On your way back, please -return this booklet, or, you may purchase it for 15 cents.</span></p> -<p class="tbcenter"><span class="ss">EVERY LITTER BIT HURTS</span></p> -<h2 id="c19"><span class="small">GENERAL INFORMATION</span></h2> -<p>Sunset Crater, 18 miles (29km) south of here, is the youngest -of 400 volcanoes located in the Flagstaff region. It is one -of the few prehistoric volcanoes in the world that we can -accurately date, (another being Mt. Mazama, where now is -Crater Lake, Oregon), and one of the few that had such -a profound effect upon people living in the area. When it -erupted it covered almost 800 square miles, (2080km²) including -the Wupatki area, with fine, black volcanic ash. -This eruption took place <i>before</i> the masonry pueblos in this -region were built.</p> -<p>When the eruption was over, a few individuals probably -<span class="pb" id="Page_11">11</span> -returned to this area and found, much to their surprise and -pleasure, that they could grow crops in locations where they -hadn’t been able to farm before. The layer of volcanic ash -acted as a moisture-retaining mulch; the people could plant -their seeds in the underlying soil and the cinder cover would -hold enough moisture to insure them a good harvest.</p> -<p>When this word spread around, it created a great land -rush, the only one we know of in the Southwest. Large -numbers of Indians from all over this part of the Southwest -swarmed into the region of the cinder fall to take advantage -of new farming land. The Hohokam came from the south, -the Mogollon from the southeast and the Anasazi from -the north.</p> -<p>The main concentration took place between A.D. 1100 -and 1200, and during that time the area between the San -Francisco Mountains and the Little Colorado River was -inhabited by perhaps 8,000 Indians.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig11"> -<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="748" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Citadel Ruin</i></p> -</div> -<p>Abandonment of the area is almost as interesting as the -occupation. Tree-ring evidence indicates that from about -A.D. 1215 to 1300 there was a long drought of varying intensity -which culminated in the great drought of 1276-1299. -<span class="pb" id="Page_12">12</span> -Winds accompanying the drought turned the area into a -dust bowl, moving away the moisture-retaining cover of -cinders on which the people had depended for their farming. -Depopulation set in as farming acreage decreased.</p> -<p>The Anasazi element apparently moved north or east into -the Tsegi Canyon or Hopi country, while the Sinagua -moved south into the Verde Valley and east to the Chavez -Pass region near Winslow. By the mid 1200’s Wupatki -probably was completely abandoned.</p> -<p>When the Spanish came through this general region between -1583 and 1605, they encountered small bands of -Indians in the San Francisco Mountains near Flagstaff. -These probably were hunting and gathering parties of -either Havasupais from the Grand Canyon or Yavapais -from the Verde Valley. No Indians were reported between -the Hopi villages and the San Francisco Mountains. The -Navajo, who are seen in the monument today, did not move -into the general Wupatki region until about 1870.</p> -<p>Other accessible ruins in the monument are Wukoki, a -three-story pueblo built on a large outcrop of sandstone, -Lomaki, and Citadel Ruin.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig12"> -<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="677" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Wukoki Ruin</i></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_13">13</div> -<div class="img" id="fig13"> -<img src="images/p07a.jpg" alt="" width="2393" height="1094" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Lomaki Ruin</i></p> -</div> -<h2 id="c20"><span class="small">ADDITIONAL POINTS OF INTEREST</span></h2> -<p>This region is one of the most interesting archeological -and scenic localities in the United States. Sunset Crater -National Monument is 18 miles (29km) south of Wupatki -National Monument, and was the source of the black volcanic -ash which had such profound effect on the prehistoric -farmers. Twenty-one miles (34km) farther south is -Walnut Canyon National Monument, a beautiful canyon -and rim setting for hundreds of ruined homes of prehistoric -Indians who also were influenced by Sunset Crater’s ash. -Even farther south, in the Verde Valley, noted as Great -Drought refugee areas, are Tuzigoot and Montezuma Castle -National Monuments (the latter including Montezuma -Well.)</p> -<h2 id="c21"><span class="small">CONSERVATION—YOU CAN HELP</span></h2> -<p>If you are interested in the work of the National Park -Service and in the cause of conservation in general, you can -give active expression of this interest, and lend support by -alining yourself with one of the numerous conservation organizations -which act as spokesmen for those who wish our -scenic heritage to be kept unimpaired for the enjoyment of -future generations.</p> -<p>Names and addresses of conservation organizations may -be obtained from the ranger.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div> -<hr class="dwide" /> -<p class="center"><span class="ss">This booklet is published in cooperation with the -<br />National Park Service -<br />by the -<br />SOUTHWEST PARKS AND MONUMENTS ASSOCIATION</span></p> -<p class="center"><i>A non-profit publishing and distributing organization supporting historical, scientific and educational activities of the National Park Service.</i></p> -<p class="center">We recommend the following items for additional information on the Southwest:</p> -<p><span class="ss">YOUR NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM IN THE SOUTHWEST, IN WORDS AND COLOR.</span> -Jackson. 500 word articles on each National Park Service area in the huge Southwest -region, with full-color photograph for each of 66 areas listed. Highly authoritative -treatment with every text checked for accuracy by National Park Service. Also contains -“How to Get There” appendix. 76 pages, 69 full-color illustrations, color cover, paper.</p> -<p><span class="ss">ARCHEOLOGY ON THE SHONTO PLATEAU, NORTHEAST ARIZONA</span>, Keith Anderson. -1969. Scholarly report on archeological salvage work in 1963-4 along the new road -right-of-way between U.S. Highway 64 and Navajo National Monument headquarters. -Includes appendix report on Bird Remains from Vicinity of Navajo National Monument, -by Lyndon L. Hargrave, XII plus 68 pp., 2 maps, 14 tables, 10 line drawings, 21 half-tones.</p> -<p><span class="ss">100 DESERT WILDFLOWERS IN NATURAL COLOR.</span> Dodge. Descriptions and full-color -portraits of 100 of the most interesting desert wildflowers. Photographic hints. 64 pp., -full-color cover, paper.</p> -<p><span class="ss">100 ROADSIDE WILDFLOWERS OF SOUTHWEST UPLANDS IN NATURAL COLOR.</span> -Dodge. Companion book to author’s 100 Desert Wildflowers in Natural Color, but for -higher elevation flowers. 64 pages and full-color cover, paper.</p> -<p><span class="ss">FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST DESERTS.</span> Dodge and Janish. More than 140 of the -most interesting and common desert plants beautifully drawn in 100 plates, with descriptive -text. 112 pp., color cover, paper.</p> -<p><span class="ss">FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST MESAS.</span> Patraw and Janish. Companion volume to -the Desert flowers booklet, but covering the plants of the plateau country of the Southwest. -112 pp., color cover, paper.</p> -<p><span class="ss">FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST MOUNTAINS.</span> Amberger and Janish. Descriptions and -illustrations of plants and trees of the southern Rocky Mountains and other Southwestern -ranges above 7,000 feet elevation. 112 pp., plus 4-color centerfold, color cover, -paper.</p> -<p><span class="ss">MAMMALS OF THE SOUTHWEST DESERTS.</span> Olin and Cannon. Handsome illustrations, -full descriptions, and life habits of the 42 most interesting and common mammals of the -lower desert country of the Southwest below the 4,500-foot elevation. 112 pp., 60 -illustrations, 4-color centerfold of animal photos, color cover, paper.</p> -<p><span class="ss">MAMMALS OF SOUTHWEST MOUNTAINS AND MESAS.</span> Olin and Bierly. Companion -volume to Mammals of Southwest Deserts. Fully illustrated in exquisitely done line and -scratchboard drawings, and written in Olin’s masterfully lucid style. Gives description, -range, and life habits of the better known Southwestern mammals of the uplands. Color -cover, paper or cloth.</p> -<p><span class="ss">POISONOUS DWELLERS OF THE DESERT.</span> Dodge. Invaluable handbook for any person -living in the desert. Tells the facts about dangerous insects, snakes, etc., giving -treatment for bites and stings and dispels myths about harmless creatures mistakenly -believed poisonous. 48 pp.</p> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p10.jpg" id="ncfig1" alt="SPMA trademark; NPS shield" width="543" height="300" /> -</div> -<p class="center">Write For Catalog</p> -<p class="center"><span class="ss">SOUTHWEST PARKS AND MONUMENTS ASSOCIATION</span></p> -<p class="center">Box 1562—Globe, Arizona 85501</p> -<h2 id="trnotes">Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul> -<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li> -<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li> -</ul> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WUPATKI RUINS TRAIL ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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