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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Coverley Papers, by Various
+
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+*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!*****
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+Title: The Coverley Papers
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: September, 2004 [EBook #6482]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on December 20, 2002]
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+Edition: 10
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+Language: English
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+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE COVERLEY PAPERS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Tonya Allen, Charles Franks
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE COVERLEY PAPERS
+
+
+FROM THE 'SPECTATOR'
+
+
+EDITED, WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES, BY O. M. MYERS
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+The following selection comprises all numbers of the _Spectator_
+which are concerned with the history or character of Sir Roger de
+Coverley, and all those which arise out of the Spectator's visit to his
+country house. Sir Roger's name occurs in some seventeen other papers,
+but in these he either receives only passing mention, or is introduced
+as a speaker in conversations where the real interest is the subject
+under discussion. In these his character is well maintained, as, for
+example, at the meeting of the club described in _Spectator_ 34,
+where he warns the Spectator not to meddle with country squires, but
+they add no traits to the portrait we already have of him. No. 129 is
+included because it arises naturally out of No. 127, and illustrates the
+relation between the town and country. No. 410 has been omitted because
+it was condemned by Addison as inconsistent with the character of Sir
+Roger, together with No. 544, which is an unconvincing attempt to
+reconcile it with the whole scheme. Some of the papers have been
+slightly abridged where they would not be acceptable to the taste of a
+later age.
+
+The papers are not all signed, but the authorship is never in doubt.
+Where signatures are attached, C, L, I, and O are the mark of Addison's
+work; R and T of Steele's, and X of Budgell's. [Footnote: _Spectator_
+555.]
+
+I have availed myself freely of the references and allusions collected
+by former editors, and I have gratefully to acknowledge the help of Miss
+G. E. Hadow in reading my introductory essay.
+
+O. M. M.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+COVERLEY PAPERS.
+
+_Spectator_ 1 Addison (C)
+
+" 2 Steele (R)
+
+" 106 Addison (L)
+
+" 107 Steele (R)
+
+" 108 Addison (L)
+
+" 109 Steele (R)
+
+" 110 Addison (L)
+
+" 112 " (L)
+
+" 113 Steele (R)
+
+" 114 " (T)
+
+" 115 Addison (L)
+
+" 116 Budgell (X)
+
+" 117 Addison (L)
+
+" 118 Steele (T)
+
+" 119 Addison (L)
+
+" 120 " (L)
+
+" 121 " (L)
+
+" 122 " (L)
+
+" 123 " (L)
+
+" 125 " (C)
+
+" 126 " (C)
+
+" 127 " (C)
+
+" 128 " (C)
+
+" 129 " (C)
+
+" 130 " (C)
+
+" 131 " (C)
+
+" 132 Steele (T)
+
+" 269 Addison (L)
+
+" 329 " (L)
+
+" 335 Addison (L)
+
+" 359 Budgell (X)
+
+" 383 Addison (I)
+
+" 517 " (O)
+
+NOTES
+
+APPENDIX I. On Coffee-Houses
+
+APPENDIX II. On the Spectator's Acquaintance
+
+APPENDIX III. On the Death of Sir Roger
+
+APPENDIX IV. On the Spectator's Popularity
+
+INDEX
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+It is necessary to study the work of Joseph Addison in close relation
+to the time in which he lived, for he was a true child of his century,
+and even in his most distinguishing qualities he was not so much in
+opposition to its ideas as in advance of them. The early part of the
+eighteenth century was a very middle-aged period: the dreamers of the
+seventeenth century had grown into practical men; the enthusiasts of the
+century before had sobered down into reasonable beings. We no longer
+have the wealth of detail, the love of stories, the delight in the
+concrete for its own sake of the Chaucerian and Elizabethan children;
+these men seek for what is typical instead of enjoying what is detailed,
+argue and illustrate instead of telling stories, observe instead of
+romancing. Captain Sentry 'behaved himself with great gallantry in
+several sieges' [Footnote: _Spectator_ 2.] but the Spectator does
+not care for them as Chaucer cares for the battlefields of his Knight.
+'One might ... recount' many tales touching on many points in our
+speculations, and no child and no Elizabethan would refrain from doing
+so, but the Spectator will not 'go out of the occurrences of common
+life, but assert it as a general observation.' [Footnote:
+_Spectator_ 107] He is in perfect harmony with his age, too, in the
+intensely rational view which he takes of ghosts [Footnote:
+_Spectator_ 110] and witches, [Footnote: _Spectator_ 117] for
+it was a period in which men cared very little for things which 'the eye
+hath not seen'. In his use of mottoes, again, which are deliberately
+sought illustrations for his papers, [Footnote: _Spectator_ 221]
+and not the sparks which have fired his train of thought, he is typical
+of the period of middle-age in which men amuse themselves with such
+academic pastimes. Addison is the very antipodes of the kind of man who
+
+  'Loves t' have his sails fill'd with a lusty wind,
+  Even till his sail-yards tremble, his masts crack'--
+
+_he_ remarks soberly that 'it is very unhappy for a man to be born
+in such a stormy and tempestuous season.' [Footnote: _Spectator_
+125.] He may not have been a great poet, but he was an exquisite critic
+of life; he shared his contemporaries' lack of enthusiasm, but he
+possessed a fine discrimination, and those less practical, more
+irresponsible qualities would have been merely an incumbrance to the
+apostle of good sense and moderation. For when men are young they are
+much occupied with the framing of ideals and the search after absolute
+truth; as they grow older they generally become more practical; they
+accept, more or less, the idea of compromise, and make the best of
+things as they are or as they may be made. The age being vicious,
+Addison did not betake himself to a monastery, or urge others to do so;
+he tried to mend its morals. This was a difficult task. The Puritans,
+during their supremacy, had imposed their own severity on others; and
+now the Court party was revenging itself by indulging in extreme
+licentiousness. Its amusements were cruel and vicious, and the Puritans
+did nothing to improve them, but denounced them altogether and held
+themselves aloof. It was Addison's task to refine the taste of his
+contemporaries and to widen their outlook, so that the Puritan and the
+man of the world might find a common ground on which to meet and to
+learn each from the other; it was his endeavour 'to enliven morality
+with wit, and to temper wit with morality ... till I have recovered them
+out of that desperate state of vice and folly into which the age is
+fallen. [Footnote: _Spectator_ 10.] It was a happy thing for that
+and for all succeeding ages that a man of Addison's character and genius
+was ready to undertake the work. He was well versed in the pleasures of
+society and letters, but his delicate taste could not be gratified by
+the ordinary amusements of the town. He treated life as an art capable
+of affording the artist abundant pleasure, but he recognized goodness as
+a necessary condition of this pleasure. He was the most popular man of
+his day; even Swift said that if Addison had wished to be king people
+could hardly have refused him; [Footnote: _Journal to Stella_,
+October 12, 1710.] and the qualities which endeared him to his friends
+were exactly of the kind to enable him to hold the mean between the
+bigots and the butterflies, and to dictate without giving offence, for
+they were humanity and humour, moderation of character, judgment, and a
+most sensitive tact. His qualities and his limitations alike appear in
+the _Spectator_. For example, he tells us that he wishes that
+country clergymen would borrow the sermons of great divines, and devote
+all their own efforts to acquiring a good elocution: [Footnote:
+_Spectator_ 106.] here we detect the practical moralist and the man
+who likes a thing good of its kind, but not the enthusiast. He upholds
+the observance of Sunday on account of its social influences rather than
+for its religious meaning; [Footnote: _Spectator_ 112.] Swift's
+famous Argument against the Abolition of Christianity is only a
+satirical exaggeration of this position. The virtues commended in the
+_Spectator_ are those which make for the well-being of society--
+good sense and dignity, moderation and a sense of fitness, kindness and
+generosity. They are to be practised with an eye to their consequences;
+even virtues must not be allowed to run wild. Modesty is in itself a
+commendable quality, but in Captain Sentry it becomes a fault, because
+it interferes with his advancement. [Footnote: _Spectator_ 2.] The
+great function of goodness is to promote happiness; when it ceases to do
+this it ceases to be goodness.
+
+But the greatest hindrance that an enthusiastic temperament would have
+presented to Addison's work is that it would have spoilt his method. His
+aim he declared roundly to be 'the advancement of the public weal',
+[Footnote: _Spectator_ 1.] but he did not prosecute it in the usual
+way. 'A man,' he says, 'may be learned without talking sentences.'
+[Footnote: _Spectator_ 4.] He saw much evil, and he laughed at it.
+He has tried, he tells us, to 'make nothing ridiculous that is not in
+some measure criminal'; [Footnote: _Spectator_ 445.] an enthusiast
+could never have met crime with laughter, unless with the corrosive
+laughter of a Swift. Addison's humour is perfectly frank and humane;
+himself a Whig, he has given us a picture of the Tory Sir Roger which
+has been compared to the portrait of our friend Mr. Pickwick. Sir Roger
+put to silence and confusion by the perversity of the widow and her
+confidant, [Footnote: _Spectator_ 113.] congratulating himself on
+having been called 'the tamest and most humane of all the brutes in the
+country', [Footnote: _Spectator_ 113.] seeking to be reassured that
+no trace of his likeness showed through the whiskers of the Saracen's
+head, [Footnote: _Spectator_ 122.] puzzled by his doubts concerning
+the witch, [Footnote: _Spectator_ 117.] and pleased by the artful
+gipsies, [Footnote: _Spectator_ 130.] inviting the guide to the
+Abbey to visit him at his lodgings in order to continue their
+conversation, [Footnote: _Spectator_ 329.] and shocked by the
+discourtesy of the young men on the Thames [Footnote: _Spectator_
+383.]--these are pictures drawn by one who laughed at what he loved.
+Addison's humour has a 'grave composure' [Footnote: Elwin.] and a
+characteristic appearance of simplicity which never cease to delight us.
+
+This was the man; and he found the instrument ready to his hand. There
+was now a large educated class in circumstances sufficiently prosperous
+to leave them some leisure for society and its enjoyments. The peers and
+the country squires were reinforced by the professional men, merchants,
+and traders. The political revolution of 1688 had added greatly to the
+freedom of the citizens; the cessation of the Civil War, the increased
+importance of the colonies, the development of native industries, and
+the impulse given to cloth-making and silk-weaving by the settlement of
+Flemish and Huguenot workmen in the seventeenth century had encouraged
+trade; and the establishment of the Bank of England had been favourable
+to mercantile enterprise. We find the _Spectator_ speaking of 'a
+trading nation like ours.' [Footnote: _Spectator_ 108.] Addison
+realized that it is the way in which men employ their leisure which
+really stamps their character; so he provided 'wit with morality' for
+their reading, and attempted, through their reading, to refine their
+taste and conversation at the theatre, the club, and the coffee-house.
+
+Dunton, Steele, and Defoe had modified the periodical literature of the
+day by adding to the newspapers essays on various subjects. The aim of
+the _Tatler_ was the same as that of the _Spectator_, but it
+had certain disadvantages. The press censorship had been abolished in
+1695, but newspapers were excepted from the general freedom of the
+Press. A more important disadvantage lay in the character of Steele, who
+did not possess the balance and moderation required to edit such an
+organ. Unlike Addison, he was not a true son of his century. He was
+enthusiastic and impulsive, fertile in invention and sensitive to
+emotion. His tenderness and pathos reach heights and depths that Addison
+never touches, but he has not Addison's fine perception of events and
+motives on the ordinary level of emotion. He could not repress his keen
+interest sufficiently to treat of politics in his paper and yet remain
+the impartial censor. So the _Tatler_ was dropped, and the
+_Spectator_ took its place. This differed from its predecessors in
+appearing every day instead of three times a week, and in excluding all
+articles of news.
+
+The machinery of the club had been anticipated in 1690 by John Dunton's
+Athenian Society, which replied to all questions submitted by readers in
+his paper, the _Athenian Mercury._ This was succeeded by the
+Scandal Club of Defoe's _Review_, and the well-known club of the
+_Tatler_, which met at the Trumpet; [Footnote: _Tatler_ 132]
+but the plan of arranging the whole work round the doings of the club is
+a new departure in the _Spectator_.
+
+It is in these periodicals that we first find the familiar essay. Its
+only predecessors are such serious essays as those of Bacon, Cowley, and
+Temple, the turgid paragraphs of Shaftesbury, the vigorous but crude and
+rough papers of Collier, and the 'characters' of Overbury and Earle.
+These 'characters' had always been entirely typical; they were treated
+rather from the abstract than from the human point of view, and had no
+names or other individualization than that of their character and
+calling. In some of the numbers of the Spectator we still find these
+'characters' occurring, such as the character of Will Wimble, [Footnote:
+_Spectator_ 108.] of the honest yeoman, [Footnote: _Spectator_
+122.] and of Tom Touchy; [Footnote: _Spectator_ 122.] but they are
+surrounded by circumstances peculiar to themselves, and so are much more
+highly individualized. The _Tatler_ and the _Spectator_ very
+greatly extended the range of essay-writing, and with it the flexibility
+of prose style; it is this extension that gives to them their modern
+quality. Nothing came amiss: fable, description, vision, gossip,
+literary criticism or moral essays, discussion of large questions such
+as marriage and education, or of the smaller social amenities--any
+subject which would be of interest to a sufficiently large number of
+readers would furnish a paper; as Steele wrote at the beginning of the
+_Tatler_, 'Quicquid agunt homines nostri libelli farrago.'
+Different interests were voiced by the various members of the club, and
+the light humorous treatment and an easy style attracted a larger public
+than had ever been reached by a single publication. [Footnote: v.
+Appendix IV.] The elasticity of the structure enabled Addison to produce
+the maximum effect, and to bring into play the full weight of his
+character.
+
+The nature of the work was determined throughout by its strongly human
+interest. It is significant as standing between the lifeless
+'characters' of the seventeenth century and the great development of the
+novel. Thackeray calls Addison 'the most delightful talker in the
+world', and his essays have precisely the charm of the conversation of a
+well-informed and thoughtful man of the world. They are entirely
+discursive; he starts with a certain subject, and follows any line of
+thought that occurs to him. If he thinks of an anecdote in connexion
+with his subject, that goes down; if it suggests to him abstract
+speculations or moral reflections he gives us those instead. It is the
+capricious chat of a man who likes to talk, not the product of an
+imperative need of artistic expression. It is significant that so much
+of his work consists of gossip about people. This growing interest in
+the individual was leading up to the great eighteenth century novel. It
+seems to arise out of a growing sense of identity, a stronger interest
+in oneself; there is a common motive at the root of our observation of
+other people, of the interest attaching to ordinary actions presented on
+the stage, and of the fascination of a reflection or a portrait of
+ourselves; by these means we are enabled to some extent to become
+detached, and to take an external and impersonal view of ourselves. The
+stage had already turned to the representation of contemporary life and
+manners; portraiture was increasing in popularity; and the novel was on
+its way.
+
+In the Coverley Papers all the characteristic species of the
+_Spectator_ are represented except the allegory and the essays in
+literary criticism. Steele, who was always full of projects and swift
+and spontaneous in invention, wrote the initial description of the club
+members, and the characters were sustained by the two friends with
+wonderful consistency. Apparently each was mainly responsible for a
+certain number of the characters, and Sir Roger was really the property
+of Addison, but no one person was strictly monopolized by either. The
+papers were written independently, but it is easy to see that the two
+authors had an identical conception of their characters. It is true that
+the singularity of Sir Roger's behaviour described by Steele in the
+first draft of his character is very lightly touched in subsequent
+papers, and that, judging by the simplicity of his conduct in town, he
+has forgotten very completely the 'fine gentleman' [Footnote:
+_Spectator_ 2.] period of his life, when, like Master Shallow, he
+'heard the chimes at midnight', but these are insignificant details.
+
+Since Sir Roger belongs to Addison, it follows naturally that in the
+present selection Addison's share compared with Steele's is larger in
+proportion than in the complete _Spectator_, but it would be a
+mistake to lose sight of the importance of Steele's part of the work.
+Addison was the greater artist, and the balance and shapeliness of his
+style enhances the effect of his thought and judgment, but we should be
+no less sorry to relinquish Steele's headlong directness and warmth of
+feeling. The humorous character sketches of Sir Roger's ancestors
+[Footnote: _Spectator_ 109.] are his, and his the passage at arms
+between the Quaker and the soldier in the coach--the delightful soldier
+of whose remark the _Spectator_ tells us: 'This was followed by a
+vain laugh of his own, and a deep silence of all the rest of the
+company. I had nothing left for it but to fall fast asleep, which I did
+with all speed.' [Footnote: _Spectator_ 132.] His, too, is the
+charming little idyll of the huntsman and his Betty, who fears that her
+love will drown himself in a stream he can jump across, [Footnote:
+_Spectator_ 118.] and the whole fragrant story of Sir Roger's
+thirty years' attachment to the widow. [Footnote: _Spectator_ 113,
+118.] But above all, we must not overlook the fact that without Steele,
+as he himself says in his dedication to _The Drummer_, Addison
+would never have brought himself to give to the world these familiar,
+informal essays. Addison was naturally both cautious and shy; the mask
+which Steele invented lent him just the security which he needed, and
+the _Spectator_ endures as the monument of a great friendship, a
+memorial such as Steele had always desired. [Footnote: _Spectator_
+555.]
+
+Steele himself explained the other advantages of the disguise: 'It is
+much more difficult to converse with the world in a real than in a
+personated character,' he says, both because the moral theory of a man
+whose identity is known is exposed to the commentary of his life, and
+because 'the fictitious person ... might assume a mock authority without
+being looked upon as vain and conceited'. [Footnote: _Spectator_
+555.] It is to the influence of this mask that much of the self-
+complacent superiority which has been attributed to Addison may be
+referred; one 'having nothing to do with men's passions and interests',
+[Footnote: _Spectator_ 4.] one 'set to watch the manners and
+behaviour of my countrymen and contemporaries,' [Footnote:
+_Spectator_ 435.] and to extirpate anything 'that shocks modesty
+and good manners', [Footnote: _Spectator_ 34.] such a censor was
+bound to place himself on a pinnacle above the passions and foibles
+which he was to rebuke. Yet occasionally Addison does appear a trifle
+self-satisfied. Pope's indictment of his character in the person of
+Atticus cannot be entirely set aside. His creed, as implied in
+_Spectator_ 115, esteems the welfare of man as the prime end of a
+fostering Providence, and such an opinion as this, held steadily without
+doubt or struggle, would tend to give a man a strong sense of his own
+importance. The superiority of his attitude to women, which, however,
+does not appear in the Coverley Papers, is attributable partly to his
+office of censor, and partly to their position at the time. This sort of
+condescension appears most distinctly in his treatment of animals. He is
+far more humane in his feeling for them than are the majority of his
+contemporaries, but although he likes to moralize over Sir Roger's
+poultry, [Footnote: _Spectator_ 120, 121.] he really looks down on
+them from the elevation which a reasonable being must possess over the
+creatures of instinct. Yet how does he know so certainly that instinct
+is actually inferior to reason?
+
+Addison is essentially a townsman, and his treatment of nature is always
+cold. The one passage in these papers which evinces a genuine love of
+the country is Steele's description of his enjoyment when he is
+strolling in the widow's grove. He is 'ravished with the murmur of
+waters, the whisper of breezes, the singing of birds; and whether I
+looked up to the heavens, down on the earth, or turned to the prospects
+around me, still struck with new sense of pleasure'. [Footnote:
+_Spectator_ 118.] The style of the two writers reflects the
+qualities of their minds. Addison's writing is fluent, easy, and lucid.
+He wrote and corrected with great care, and his words very closely
+express his thought. Landor speaks of his prose as a 'cool current of
+delight', and Dr. Johnson, in an often quoted passage, calls it 'the
+model of the middle style ... always equable and always easy, without
+glowing words or pointed sentences.... His page is always luminous, but
+never blazes in unexpected splendour. He is never feeble, and he did not
+wish to be energetic.... Whoever wishes to attain an English style,
+familiar but not coarse, and elegant but not ostentatious, must give his
+days and nights to the volumes of Addison.'
+
+Steele was a far more rapid writer, and even grammatical faults are not
+infrequent in his papers. He explicitly declares that 'Elegance, purity,
+and correctness were not so much my purpose, as in any intelligible
+manner as I could to rally all those singularities of human life ...
+which obstruct anything that was really good and great'. [Footnote:
+Dedication to _The Drummer_.] His style varies with his mood, and
+with the degree of his interest. Occasionally it reaches the simple,
+rhythmic prose of the passage quoted above, but generally it is somewhat
+abrupt and a little toneless. But now and again we find the 'unexpected
+splendour' in which Addison is wanting, in phrases like 'a covered
+indigence, a magnificent poverty', [Footnote: _Spectator_ 114.] or
+in the sparkling antitheses of Sir Roger's description of his ancestors.
+[Footnote: _Spectator_ 109.] Yet Steele's claim on our admiration
+rests not on the quality of his style, but, as Mr. John Forster has
+said, on 'the soul of a sincere man shining through it all'.
+
+The influence of the _Spectator_ was incalculable. Addison
+succeeded in his principal object. 'I shall be ambitious to have it said
+of me that I have brought philosophy out of closets and libraries,
+schools and colleges, to dwell in clubs and assemblies, at tea-tables
+and in coffee-houses,' and that I have produced 'such writings as tend
+to the wearing out of ignorance, passion, and prejudice'. [Footnote:
+_Spectator_ 10.] A glance at the social and literary history of the
+next thirty or forty years will reveal how fully this wish was
+accomplished. It is true that folly and vice have not yet been wiped off
+the face of the earth, but the _Spectator_ turned the tide of
+public opinion against them. The fashionable ideal was reversed; virtue
+became admirable, and though vice could not be destroyed, it was no
+longer suffered to plume itself in the eyes of the world. The
+_Spectator_ had delivered virtue from its position of contempt, and
+'set up the immoral man as the object of derision'. [Footnote:
+_Spectator_ 445.]
+
+The _Spectator_ has also acquired an incidental value from the
+passage of time. Addison hints at this in his citations from an
+imaginary history of Queen Anne's reign, supposed to be written three
+hundred years later. In 'those little diurnal essays which are still
+extant'--two-thirds of the time has elapsed, and at present the
+_Spectator_ is certainly extant--we are enabled 'to see the
+diversions and characters of the English nation in his time.' [Footnote:
+_Spectator_ 101.] It is in the literature of a nation that we find
+the history of its life and the motives of its deeds.
+
+Finally, the _Spectator_ has a permanent value as a human document.
+'Odd and uncommon characters are the game that I look for and most
+delight in,' [Footnote: _Spectator_ 103. ] he tells us, but, with
+the exception of the sketch of Tom Touchy [Footnote: _Spectator_
+122.], none of his persons are lifeless embodiments of a single trait,
+like the 'humours' of the early part of the preceding century. Sir
+Roger, who 'calls the servants by their names, and talks all the way
+upstairs to a visit', [Footnote: _Spectator_ 2.] who is too
+delicate to mention that the 'very worthy gentleman to whom he was
+highly obliged' was once his footman, [Footnote: _Spectator_ 107.]
+who dwells upon the beauty of his lady's hand [Footnote:
+_Spectator_ 113.] and can be jealous of Sir David Dundrum
+[Footnote: _Spectator_ 359.] after thirty odd years of courtship,
+who hardly likes to contemplate being of service to his lady, because of
+'giving her the pain of being obliged', [Footnote: _Spectator_
+118.] who addresses the court and remarks on the weather to the judge in
+order to impress the _Spectator_ and the country, [Footnote:
+_Spectator_ 122.] who will not own to a mere citizen among his
+ancestors, [Footnote: _Spectator_ 109.] and 'very frequently'
+[Footnote: _Spectator_ 125.] repeats his old stories--Sir Andrew,
+with his joke about the sea and the British common, [Footnote:
+_Spectator_ 2.] and his tenderness for his old friend and opponent
+[Footnote: _Spectator_ 517.]--the volatile Will Honeycomb, whose
+gallantry and care of his person [Footnote: _Spectator_ 2, 359.]
+remind us of his successor, Major Pendennis--these are all in their
+degree intimate friends or acquaintances, as living in our imagination
+and in the actual world now as they were two hundred years ago, and
+immortal as everything must be which has once been inspired with the
+authentic breath of life.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Reduced facsimile of the original single-page issue.]
+
+
+
+
+ADDISON: COVERLEY PAPERS
+
+
+
+
+No. 1. THURSDAY, MARCH 1, 1710-11.
+
+  _Non fumum ex fulgore, sed ex fumo dare lucem
+  Cogitat, ut speciosa dehinc miracula promat._
+    HOR. Ars Poet. ver. 143.
+
+  One with a flash begins, and ends in smoke;
+  The other out of smoke brings glorious light,
+  And (without raising expectation high)
+  Surprises us with dazzling miracles.
+    ROSCOMMON.
+
+
+I have observed, that a Reader seldom peruses a book with pleasure,
+until he knows whether the writer of it be a black or a fair man, of a
+mild or choleric disposition, married or a bachelor, with other
+particulars of the like nature, that conduce very much to the right
+understanding of an author. To gratify this curiosity, which is so
+natural to a reader, I design this paper and my next as prefatory
+discourses to my following writings, and shall give some account in them
+of the several persons that are engaged in this work. As the chief
+trouble of compiling, digesting, and correcting will fall to my share, I
+must do myself the justice to open the work with my own history.
+
+I was born to a small hereditary estate, which, according to the
+tradition of the village where it lies, was bounded by the same hedges
+and ditches in _William_ the Conqueror's time that it is at
+present, and has been delivered down from father to son whole and
+entire, without the loss or acquisition of a single field or meadow,
+during the space of six hundred years. There runs a story in the family,
+that when my mother was gone with child of me about three months, she
+dreamt that she was brought to bed of a Judge: Whether this might
+proceed from a law-suit which was then depending in the family, or my
+father's being a justice of the peace, I cannot determine; for I am not
+so vain as to think it presaged any dignity that I should arrive at in
+my future life, though that was the interpretation which the
+neighbourhood put upon it. The gravity of my behaviour at my very first
+appearance in the world, and all the time that I sucked, seemed to
+favour my mother's dream: For, as she has often told me, I threw away my
+rattle before I was two months old, and would not make use of my coral
+until they had taken away the bells from it.
+
+As for the rest of my infancy, there being nothing in it remarkable, I
+shall pass it over in silence. I find, that, during my nonage, I had the
+reputation of a very sullen youth, but was always a favourite of my
+schoolmaster, who used to say, _that my parts were solid, and would
+wear well_. I had not been long at the university, before I
+distinguished myself by a most profound silence; for during the space of
+eight years, excepting in the public exercises of the college, I scarce
+uttered the quantity of an hundred words; and indeed do not remember
+that I ever spoke three sentences together in my whole life. Whilst I
+was in this learned body, I applied myself with so much diligence to my
+studies, that there are very few celebrated books, either in the learned
+or the modern tongues, which I am not acquainted with.
+
+Upon the death of my father, I was resolved to travel into foreign
+countries, and therefore left the university, with the character of an
+odd unaccountable fellow, that had a great deal of learning, if I would
+but shew it. An insatiable thirst after knowledge carried me into all
+the countries of _Europe_, in which there was any thing new or
+strange to be seen; nay, to such a degree was my curiosity raised, that
+having read the controversies of some great men concerning the
+antiquities of _Egypt_, I made a voyage to _Grand Cairo_, on
+purpose to take the measure of a pyramid: And, as soon as I had set
+myself right in that particular, returned to my native country with
+great satisfaction.
+
+I have passed my latter years in this city, where I am frequently seen
+in most public places, though there are not above half a dozen of my
+select friends that know me; of whom my next paper shall give a more
+particular account. There is no place of general resort, wherein I do
+not often make my appearance; sometimes I am seen thrusting my head into
+a round of politicians at _Will_'s, and listening with great
+attention to the narratives that are made in those little circular
+audiences. Sometimes I smoke a pipe at _Child_'s, and, whilst I
+seem attentive to nothing but the _Postman_, overhear the
+conversation of every table in the room. I appear on _Sunday_
+nights at _St. James_'s coffee-house, and sometimes join the little
+committee of politics in the inner-room, as one who comes there to hear
+and improve. My face is likewise very well known at the _Grecian_,
+the _Cocoa-Tree_, and in the theatres both of _Drury-Lane_ and
+the _Hay-Market_. I have been taken for a merchant upon the
+_Exchange_ for above these ten years, and sometimes pass for a
+_Jew_ in the assembly of stock-jobbers at _Jonathan_'s: In
+short, wherever I see a cluster of people, I always mix with them,
+though I never open my lips but in my own club.
+
+Thus I live in the world rather as a spectator of mankind, than as one
+of the species, by which means I have made myself a speculative
+statesman, soldier, merchant, and artisan, without ever meddling with
+any practical part in life. I am very well versed in the theory of a
+husband or a father, and can discern the errors in the oeconomy,
+business, and diversion of others, better than those who are engaged in
+them; as standers-by discover blots, which are apt to escape those who
+are in the game. I never espoused any party with violence, and am
+resolved to observe an exact neutrality between the Whigs and Tories,
+unless I shall be forced to declare myself by the hostilities of either
+side. In short, I have acted in all the parts of my life as a looker-on,
+which is the character I intend to preserve in this paper.
+
+I have given the Reader just so much of my history and character, as to
+let him see I am not altogether unqualified for the business I have
+undertaken. As for other particulars in my life and adventures, I shall
+insert them in following papers, as I shall see occasion. In the mean
+time, when I consider how much I have seen, read, and heard, I begin to
+blame my own taciturnity; and, since I have neither time nor inclination
+to communicate the fulness of my heart in speech, I am resolved to do it
+in writing, and to print myself out, if possible, before I die. I have
+been often told by my friends, that it is pity so many useful
+discoveries which I have made should be in the possession of a silent
+man. For this reason, therefore, I shall publish a sheet-full of
+thoughts every morning, for the benefit of my contemporaries; and if I
+can any way contribute to the diversion or improvement of the country in
+which I live, I shall leave it, when I am summoned out of it, with the
+secret satisfaction of thinking that I have not lived in vain.
+
+There are three very material points which I have not spoken to in this
+paper; and which, for several important reasons, I must keep to myself,
+at least for some time: I mean, an account of my name, my age, and my
+lodgings. I must confess, I would gratify my reader in any thing that is
+reasonable; but as for these three particulars, though I am sensible
+they might tend very much to the embellishment of my paper, I cannot yet
+come to a resolution of communicating them to the public. They would
+indeed draw me out of that obscurity which I have enjoyed for many
+years, and expose me in public places to several salutes and civilities,
+which have been always very disagreeable to me; for the greatest pain I
+can suffer, is the being talked to, and being stared at. It is for this
+reason likewise, that I keep my complexion and dress as very great
+secrets; though it is not impossible, but I may make discoveries of both
+in the progress of the work I have undertaken.
+
+After having been thus particular upon myself, I shall, in to-morrow's
+paper, give an account of those gentlemen who are concerned with me in
+this work; for, as I have before intimated, a plan of it is laid and
+concerted (as all other matters of importance are) in a Club. However,
+as my friends have engaged me to stand in the front, those who have a
+mind to correspond with me, may direct their letters to the SPECTATOR,
+at Mr. _Buckley_'s in _Little-Britain_. For I must further
+acquaint the Reader, that, though our club meets only on _Tuesdays_
+and _Thursdays_, we have appointed a committee to sit every night,
+for the inspection of all such papers as may contribute to the
+advancement of the public weal. C.
+
+
+
+
+No. 2. FRIDAY, MARCH 2.
+
+  _Ast alii sex
+  Et plures uno conclamant ore._
+    Juv. Sat. vii. ver. 167.
+
+  Six more at least join their consenting voice.
+
+
+The first of our society is a gentleman of _Worcestershire_, of
+ancient descent, a Baronet, his name Sir ROGER DE COVERLEY. His great-
+grandfather was inventor of that famous country-dance which is called
+after him. All who know that shire are very well acquainted with the
+parts and merits of Sir ROGER. He is a gentleman that is very singular
+in his behaviour, but his singularities proceed from his good sense, and
+are contradictions to the manners of the world, only as he thinks the
+world is in the wrong. However this humour creates him no enemies, for
+he does nothing with sourness or obstinacy; and his being unconfined to
+modes and forms, makes him but the readier and more capable to please
+and oblige all who know him. When he is in town, he lives in _Soho-
+Square_. It is said, he keeps himself a bachelor by reason he was
+crossed in love by a perverse beautiful widow of the next county to him.
+Before this disappointment, Sir ROGER was what you call a Fine
+Gentleman, had often supped with my Lord _Rochester_ and Sir
+_George Etherege_, fought a duel upon his first coming to town, and
+kicked Bully _Dawson_ in a public coffee-house for calling him
+youngster. But being ill-used by the above-mentioned widow, he was very
+serious for a year and a half; and though, his temper being naturally
+jovial, he at last got over it, he grew careless of himself, and never
+dressed afterwards. He continues to wear a coat and doublet of the same
+cut that were in fashion at the time of his repulse, which, in his merry
+humours, he tells us, has been in and out twelve times since he first
+wore it. He is now in his fifty-sixth year, chearful, gay, and hearty;
+keeps a good house both in town and country; a great lover of mankind;
+but there is such a mirthful cast in his behaviour, that he is rather
+beloved than esteemed. His tenants grow rich, his servants look
+satisfied, all the young women profess love to him, and the young men
+are glad of his company: When he comes into a house he calls the
+servants by their names, and talks all the way upstairs to a visit. I
+must not omit, that Sir ROGER is a justice of the _Quorum_; that he
+fills the chair at a quarter-session with great abilities, and three
+months ago gained universal applause by explaining a passage in the
+game-act.
+
+The gentleman next in esteem and authority among us, is another
+bachelor, who is a member of the _Inner-Temple_; a man of great
+probity, wit, and understanding; but he has chosen his place of
+residence rather to obey the direction of an old humoursome father, than
+in pursuit of his own inclinations. He was placed there to study the
+laws of the land, and is the most learned of any of the house in those
+of the stage. _Aristotle_ and _Longinus_ are much better
+understood by him than _Littleton_ or _Coke_. The father sends
+up every post questions relating to marriage-articles, leases, and
+tenures, in the neighbourhood; all which questions he agrees with an
+attorney to answer and take care of in the lump. He is studying the
+passions themselves, when he should be inquiring into the debates among
+men which arise from them. He knows the argument of each of the orations
+of _Demosthenes_ and _Tully_, but not one case in the reports
+of our own courts. No one ever took him for a fool, but none, except his
+intimate friends, know he has a great deal of wit. This turn makes him
+at once both disinterested and agreeable: As few of his thoughts are
+drawn from business, they are most of them fit for conversation. His
+taste of books is a little too just for the age he lives in; he has read
+all, but approves of very few. His familiarity with the customs,
+manners, actions, and writings of the ancients, makes him a very
+delicate observer of what occurs to him in the present world. He is an
+excellent critick, and the time of the play is his hour of business;
+exactly at five he passes through _New-Inn_, crosses through
+_Russel-Court_, and takes a turn at _Will_'s until the play
+begins; he has his shoes rubbed and his periwig powdered at the barber's
+as you go into the _Rose_. It is for the good of the audience when
+he is at a play, for the actors have an ambition to please him.
+
+The person of next consideration is Sir ANDREW FREEPORT, a merchant of
+great eminence in the city of _London_. A person of indefatigable
+industry, strong reason, and great experience. His notions of trade are
+noble and generous, and (as every rich man has usually some sly way of
+jesting, which would make no great figure were he not a rich man) he
+calls the sea the _British Common_. He is acquainted with commerce
+in all its parts, and will tell you that it is a stupid and barbarous
+way to extend dominion by arms; for true power is to be got by arts and
+industry. He will often argue, that if this part of our trade were well
+cultivated, we should gain from one nation; and if another, from
+another. I have heard him prove, that diligence makes more lasting
+acquisitions than valour, and that sloth has ruined more nations than
+the sword. He abounds in several frugal maxims, amongst which the
+greatest favourite is, 'A penny saved is a penny got.' A general trader
+of good sense is pleasanter company than a general scholar; and Sir
+ANDREW having a natural unaffected eloquence, the perspicuity of his
+discourse gives the same pleasure that wit would in another man. He has
+made his fortunes himself; and says that _England_ may be richer
+than other kingdoms, by as plain methods as he himself is richer than
+other men; though, at the same time, I can say this of him, that there
+is not a point in the compass but blows home a ship in which he is an
+owner.
+
+Next to Sir ANDREW in the club-room sits Captain SENTRY, a gentleman of
+great courage, good understanding, but invincible modesty. He is one of
+those that deserve very well, but are very aukward at putting their
+talents within the observation of such as should take notice of them. He
+was some years a captain, and behaved himself with great gallantry in
+several engagements, and at several sieges; but having a small estate of
+his own, and being next heir to Sir ROGER, he has quitted a way of life
+in which no man can rise suitably to his merit, who is not something of
+a courtier, as well as a soldier. I have heard him often lament, that in
+a profession where merit is placed in so conspicuous a view, impudence
+should get the better of modesty. When he has talked to this purpose, I
+never heard him make a sour expression, but frankly confess that he left
+the world because he was not fit for it. A strict honesty and an even
+regular behaviour, are in themselves obstacles to him that must press
+through crowds, who endeavour at the same end with himself, the favour
+of a commander. He will however, in his way of talk, excuse generals,
+for not disposing according to men's desert, or inquiring into it: For,
+says he, that great man who has a mind to help me, has as many to break
+through to come at me, as I have to come at him: Therefore he will
+conclude, that the man who would make a figure, especially in a military
+way, must get over all false modesty, and assist his patron against the
+importunity of other pretenders, by a proper assurance in his own
+vindication. He says it is a civil cowardice to be backward in asserting
+what you ought to expect, as it is a military fear to be slow in
+attacking when it is your duty. With this candour does the gentleman
+speak of himself and others. The same frankness runs through all his
+conversation. The military part of his life has furnished him with many
+adventures, in the relation of which he is very agreeable to the
+company; for he is never overbearing, though accustomed to command men
+in the utmost degree below him; nor ever too obsequious, from an habit
+of obeying men highly above him.
+
+But that our society may not appear a set of humourists, unacquainted
+with the gallantries and pleasures of the age, we have among us the
+gallant WILL HONEYCOMB, a gentleman who, according to his years, should
+be in the decline of his life, but having ever been very careful of his
+person, and always had a very easy fortune, time has made but a very
+little impression, either by wrinkles on his forehead, or traces in his
+brain. His person is well turned, of a good height. He is very ready at
+that sort of discourse with which men usually entertain women. He has
+all his life dressed very well, and remembers habits as others do men.
+He can smile when one speaks to him, and laughs easily. He knows the
+history of every mode, and can inform you from which of the
+_French_ court ladies our wives and daughters had this manner of
+curling their hair, that way of placing their hoods, and whose vanity,
+to shew her foot, made that part of the dress so short in such a year.
+In a word, all his conversation and knowledge have been in the female
+world: As other men of his age will take notice to you what such a
+minister said upon such and such an occasion, he will tell you when the
+Duke of _Monmouth_ danced at court, such a woman was then smitten,
+another was taken with him at the head of his troop in the _Park_.
+In all these important relations, he has ever about the same time
+received a kind glance or a blow of a fan from some celebrated beauty,
+mother of the present Lord such-a-one.
+
+If you speak of a young commoner that said a lively thing in the House,
+he starts up, 'He has good blood in his veins, _Tom Mirabell_ begot
+him, that rogue cheated me in that affair; that young fellow's mother
+used me more like a dog than any woman I ever made advances to.' This
+way of talking of his very much enlivens the conversation among us of a
+more sedate turn; and I find there is not one of the company, but
+myself, who rarely speak at all, but speaks of him as of that sort of
+man who is usually called a well-bred Fine Gentleman. To conclude his
+character, where women are not concerned, he is an honest worthy man.
+
+I cannot tell whether I am to account him whom I am next to speak of, as
+one of our company; for he visits us but seldom, but, when he does, it
+adds to every man else a new enjoyment of himself. He is a clergyman, a
+very philosophic man, of general learning, great sanctity of life, and
+the most exact good breeding. He has the misfortune to be of a very weak
+constitution, and consequently cannot accept of such cares and business
+as preferments in his function would oblige him to: He is therefore
+among divines what a chamber-counsellor is among lawyers. The probity of
+his mind, and the integrity of his life, create him followers, as being
+eloquent or loud advances others. He seldom introduces the subject he
+speaks upon; but we are so far gone in years, that he observes when he
+is among us, an earnestness to have him fall on some divine topic, which
+he always treats with much authority, as one who has no interests in
+this world, as one who is hastening to the object of all his wishes, and
+conceives hope from his decays and infirmities. These are my ordinary
+companions. R.
+
+
+
+
+No. 106. MONDAY, JULY 2.
+
+  _Hinc tibi copia Manabit ad plenum,
+  benigno Ruris honorum opulenta cornu._
+    HOR. Od. xvii. 1. i. v. 14.
+
+  Here to thee shall plenty flow,
+  And all her riches show,
+  To raise the honour of the quiet plain.
+     CREECH.
+
+
+Having often received an invitation from my friend Sir ROGER DE COVERLEY
+to pass away a month with him in the country, I last week accompanied
+him thither, and am settled with him for some time at his country-house,
+where I intend to form several of my ensuing Speculations. Sir ROGER,
+who is very well acquainted with my humour, lets me rise and go to bed
+when I please, dine at his own table or in my chamber as I think fit,
+sit still and say nothing without bidding me be merry. When the
+gentlemen of the country come to see him, he only shews me at a
+distance: As I have been walking in his fields, I have observed them
+stealing a sight of me over an hedge, and have heard the Knight desiring
+them not to let me see them, for that I hated to be stared at.
+
+I am the more at ease in Sir ROGER'S family, because it consists of
+sober and staid persons; for, as the Knight is the best master in the
+world, he seldom changes his servants; and as he is beloved by all about
+him, his servants never care for leaving him; by this means his
+domesticks are all in years, and grown old with their master. You would
+take his valet de chambre for his brother, his butler is gray-headed,
+his groom is one of the gravest men that I have ever seen, and his
+coachman has the looks of a privy-counsellor. You see the goodness of
+the master even in the old house-dog, and in a gray pad that is kept in
+the stable with great care and tenderness, out of regard to his past
+services, though he has been useless for several years.
+
+I could not but observe, with a great deal of pleasure, the joy that
+appeared in the countenance of these ancient domesticks upon my friend's
+arrival at his country-seat. Some of them could not refrain from tears
+at the sight of their old master; every one of them pressed forward to
+do something for him, and seemed discouraged if they were not employed.
+At the same time the good old Knight, with a mixture of the father and
+the master of the family, tempered the inquiries after his own affairs
+with several kind questions relating to themselves. This humanity and
+good-nature engages every body to him, so that when he is pleasant upon
+any of them, all his family are in good humour, and none so much as the
+person whom he diverts himself with: On the contrary, if he coughs, or
+betrays any infirmity of old age, it is easy for a stander-by to observe
+a secret concern in the looks of all his servants.
+
+My worthy friend has put me under the particular care of his butler, who
+is a very prudent man, and, as well as the rest of his fellow-servants,
+wonderfully desirous of pleasing me, because they have often heard their
+master talk of me as of his particular friend.
+
+My chief companion, when Sir ROGER is diverting himself in the woods or
+the fields, is a very venerable man who is ever with Sir ROGER, and has
+lived at his house in the nature of a chaplain above thirty years. This
+gentleman is a person of good sense and some learning, of a very regular
+life, and obliging conversation: He heartily loves Sir ROGER, and knows
+that he is very much in the old Knight's esteem, so that he lives in the
+family rather as a relation than a dependant.
+
+I have observed in several of my papers, that my friend Sir ROGER,
+amidst all his good qualities, is something of an humorist; and that his
+virtues, as well as imperfections, are, as it were, tinged by a certain
+extravagance, which makes them particularly _his_, and
+distinguishes them from those of other men. This cast of mind, as it is
+generally very innocent in itself, so it renders his conversation highly
+agreeable, and more delightful than the same degree of sense and virtue
+would appear in their common and ordinary colours. As I was walking with
+him last night, he asked me how I liked the good man whom I have just
+now mentioned? and without staying for my answer, told me, That he was
+afraid of being insulted with Latin and Greek at his own table; for
+which reason he desired a particular friend of his at the University to
+find him out a clergyman rather of plain sense than much learning, of a
+good aspect, a clear voice, a sociable temper, and, if possible, a man
+that understood a little of back-gammon. My friend, says Sir ROGER,
+found me out this gentleman, who, besides the endowments required of
+him, is, they tell me, a good scholar, though he does not show it: I
+have given him the parsonage of the parish; and because I know his
+value, have settled upon him a good annuity for life. If he outlives me,
+he shall find that he was higher in my esteem than perhaps he thinks he
+is. He has now been with me thirty years; and though he does not know I
+have taken notice of it, has never in all that time asked any thing of
+me for himself though he is every day soliciting me for something in
+behalf of one or other of my tenants, his parishioners. There has not
+been a lawsuit in the parish since he has lived among them: If any
+dispute arises they apply themselves to him for the decision; if they do
+not acquiesce in his judgment, which I think never happened above once
+or twice at most, they appeal to me. At his first settling with me, I
+made him a present of all the good sermons which have been printed in
+_English_, and only begged of him that every _Sunday_ he would
+pronounce one of them in the pulpit. Accordingly, he has digested them
+into such a series, that they follow one another naturally, and make a
+continued system of practical divinity.
+
+As Sir ROGER was going on in his story, the gentleman we were talking of
+came up to us; and upon the Knight's asking him who preached to-morrow
+(for it was _Saturday_ night) told us, the Bishop of St.
+_Asaph_ in the morning, and Dr. _South_ in the afternoon. He
+then shewed us his list of preachers for the whole year, where I saw
+with a great deal of pleasure Archbishop _Tillotson_, Bishop
+_Saunderson_, Dr. _Barrow_, Dr. _Calamy_, with several
+living authors who have published discourses of practical divinity. I no
+sooner saw this venerable man in the pulpit, but I very much approved of
+my friend's insisting upon the qualifications of a good aspect and a
+clear voice; for I was so charmed with the gracefulness of his figure
+and delivery, as well as with the discourses he pronounced, that I think
+I never passed any time more to my satisfaction. A sermon repeated after
+this manner, is like the composition of a poet in the mouth of a
+graceful actor.
+
+I could heartily wish that more of our country-clergy would follow this
+example; and, instead of wasting their spirits in laborious compositions
+of their own, would endeavour after a handsome elocution, and all those
+other talents that are proper to enforce what has been penned by greater
+masters. This would not only be more easy to themselves, but more
+edifying to the people. L.
+
+
+
+
+No. 107. TUESDAY, JULY 3.
+
+  _AEsopo ingentem statuam posuere Attici,
+  Servumque collocarunt oeterna in basi,
+  Patere honoris scirent ut cunctis viam._
+    PHAED. Epilog. 1. 2.
+
+  The _Athenians_ erected a large statue to _AEsop_,
+  and placed him, though a slave, on a lasting pedestal;
+  to show, that the way to honour lies open indifferently to all.
+
+
+The reception, manner of attendance, undisturbed freedom and quiet,
+which I meet with here in the country, has confirmed me in the opinion I
+always had, that the general corruption of manners in servants is owing
+to the conduct of masters. The aspect of every one in the family carries
+so much satisfaction, that it appears he knows the happy lot which has
+befallen him in being a member of it. There is one particular which I
+have seldom seen but at Sir ROGER'S; it is usual in all other places,
+that servants flee from the parts of the house through which their
+master is passing; on the contrary, here they industriously place
+themselves in his way; and it is on both sides, as it were, understood
+as a visit, when the servants appear without calling. This proceeds from
+the humane and equal temper of the man of the house, who also perfectly
+well knows how to enjoy a great estate, with such oeconomy as ever to be
+much beforehand. This makes his own mind untroubled, and consequently
+unapt to vent peevish expressions, or give passionate or inconsistent
+orders to those about him. Thus, respect and love go together; and a
+certain cheerfulness in performance of their duty is the particular
+distinction of the lower part of this family. When a servant is called
+before his master, he does not come with an expectation to hear himself
+rated for some trivial fault, threatened to be stripped or used with any
+other unbecoming language, which mean masters often give to worthy
+servants; but it is often to know what road he took, that he came so
+readily back according to order; whether he passed by such a ground, if
+the old man who rents it is in good health; or whether he gave Sir
+ROGER'S love to him, or the like.
+
+A man who preserves a respect, founded on his benevolence to his
+dependents, lives rather like a prince than a master in his family; his
+orders are received as favours, rather than duties; and the distinction
+of approaching him is part of the reward for executing what is commanded
+by him.
+
+There is another circumstance in which my friend excels in his
+management, which is the manner of rewarding his servants: He has ever
+been of opinion, that giving his cast clothes to be worn by valets has a
+very ill effect upon little minds, and creates a silly sense of equality
+between the parties, in persons affected only with outward things. I
+have heard him often pleasant on this occasion, and describe a young
+gentleman abusing his man in that coat, which a month or two before was
+the most pleasing distinction he was conscious of in himself. He would
+turn his discourse still more pleasantly upon the ladies' bounties of
+this kind; and I have heard him say he knew a fine woman, who
+distributed rewards and punishments in giving becoming or unbecoming
+dresses to her maids.
+
+But my good friend is above these little instances of good-will, in
+bestowing only trifles on his servants; a good servant to him is sure of
+having it in his choice very soon of being no servant at all. As I
+before observed, he is so good an husband, and knows so thoroughly that
+the skill of the purse is the cardinal virtue of this life: I say, he
+knows so well that frugality is the support of generosity, that he can
+often spare a large fine when a tenement falls, and give that settlement
+to a good servant, who has a mind to go into the world, or make a
+stranger pay the fine to that servant, for his more comfortable
+maintenance, if he stays in his service.
+
+A man of honour and generosity considers it would be miserable to
+himself to have no will but that of another, though it were of the best
+person breathing, and for that reason goes on as fast as he is able to
+put his servants into independent livelihoods. The greatest part of Sir
+ROGER'S estate is tenanted by persons who have served himself or his
+ancestors. It was to me extremely pleasant to observe the visitants from
+several parts to welcome his arrival in the country; and all the
+difference that I could take notice of between the late servants who
+came to see him, and those who staid in the family, was, that these
+latter were looked upon as finer gentlemen and better courtiers.
+
+This manumission, and placing them in a way of livelihood, I look upon
+as only what is due to a good servant, which encouragement will make his
+successor be as diligent, as humble, and as ready as he was. There is
+something wonderful in the narrowness of those minds, which can be
+pleased, and be barren of bounty to those who please them.
+
+One might, on this occasion, recount the sense that great persons in all
+ages have had of the merit of their dependents, and the heroick services
+which men have done their masters in the extremity of their fortunes;
+and shewn to their undone patrons, that fortune was all the difference
+between them; but as I design this my speculation only as a gentle
+admonition to thankless masters, I shall not go out of the occurrences
+of common life, but assert it as a general observation, that I never saw
+but in Sir ROGER'S family, and one or two more, good servants treated as
+they ought to be. Sir ROGER'S kindness extends to their children's
+children, and this very morning he sent his coachman's grandson to
+prentice. I shall conclude this paper with an account of a picture in
+his gallery, where there are many which will deserve my future
+observation.
+
+At the very upper end of this handsome structure I saw the portraiture
+of two young men standing in a river, the one naked, the other in a
+livery. The person supported seemed half dead, but still so much alive
+as to shew in his face exquisite joy and love towards the other. I
+thought the fainting figure resembled my friend Sir ROGER; and looking
+at the butler, who stood by me, for an account of it, he informed me
+that the person in the livery was a servant of Sir ROGER'S, who stood on
+the shore while his master was swimming, and observing him taken with
+some sudden illness, and sink under water, jumped in and saved him. He
+told me Sir ROGER took off the dress he was in as soon as he came home,
+and by a great bounty at that time, followed by his favour ever since,
+had made him master of that pretty seat which we saw at a distance as we
+came to this house. I remembered indeed Sir ROGER said there lived a
+very worthy gentleman, to whom he was highly obliged, without mentioning
+any thing further. Upon my looking a little dissatisfied at some part of
+the picture, my attendant informed me that it was against Sir ROGER'S
+will, and at the earnest request of the gentleman himself, that he was
+drawn in the habit in which he had saved his master. R.
+
+
+
+
+No. 108. WEDNESDAY, JULY 4.
+
+  _Gratis anhelans, multa agendo nihil agens._ PHAEDR. Fab. v. 1. 2.
+
+  Out of breath to no purpose, and very busy about nothing.
+
+
+As I was yesterday morning walking with Sir ROGER before his house, a
+country-fellow brought him a huge fish, which, he told him, Mr.
+_William Wimble_ had caught that very morning; and that he
+presented it, with his service to him, and intended to come and dine
+with him. At the same time he delivered a letter which my friend read to
+me as soon as the messenger left him.
+
+'Sir ROGER,
+
+'I DESIRE you to accept of a jack, which is the best I have caught this
+season. I intend to come and stay with you a week, and see how the perch
+bite in the _Black River_. I observed with some concern, the last
+time I saw you upon the bowling-green, that your whip wanted a lash to
+it; I will bring half a dozen with me that I twisted last week, which I
+hope will serve you all the time you are in the country. I have not been
+out of the saddle for six days last past, having been at _Eaton_
+with Sir _John_'s eldest son. He takes to his learning hugely. I
+am, SIR,
+
+'Your humble servant,
+
+'WILL WIMBLE.'
+
+This extraordinary letter, and message that accompanied it, made me very
+curious to know the character and quality of the gentleman who sent
+them; which I found to be as follows. _Will Wimble_ is younger
+brother to a baronet, and descended of the ancient family of the
+_Wimbles_. He is now between forty and fifty; but, being bred to no
+business and born to no estate, he generally lives with his elder
+brother as superintendent of his game. He hunts a pack of dogs better
+than any man in the country, and is very famous for finding out a hare.
+He is extremely well-versed in all the little handicrafts of an idle
+man: He makes a _May-fly_ to a miracle; and furnishes the whole
+country with angle-rods. As he is a good-natured officious fellow, and
+very much esteemed upon account of his family, he is a welcome guest at
+every house, and keeps up a good correspondence among all the gentlemen
+about him. He carries a tulip-root in his pocket from one to another, or
+exchanges a puppy between a couple of friends that live perhaps in the
+opposite sides of the county. _Will_ is a particular favourite of
+all the young heirs, whom he frequently obliges with a net that he has
+weaved, or a setting dog that he has _made_ himself. He now and
+then presents a pair of garters of his own knitting to their mothers or
+sisters; and raises a great deal of mirth among them, by inquiring as
+often as he meets them _how they wear_? These gentleman-like
+manufactures and obliging little humours make _Will_ the darling of
+the country.
+
+Sir ROGER was proceeding in the character of him, when we saw him make
+up to us with two or three hazle-twigs in his hand, that he had cut in
+Sir ROGER'S woods, as he came through them in his way to the house. I
+was very much pleased to observe on one side the hearty and sincere
+welcome with which Sir ROGER received him, and on the other, the secret
+joy which his guest discovered at sight of the good old Knight. After
+the first salutes were over, _Will_ desired Sir ROGER to lend him
+one of his servants to carry a set of shuttlecocks he had with him in a
+little box to a lady that lived about a mile off, to whom it seems he
+had promised such a present for above this half year. Sir ROGER'S back
+was no sooner turned, but honest _Will_ began to tell me of a large
+cock-pheasant that he had sprung in one of the neighbouring woods, with
+two or three other adventures of the same nature. Odd and uncommon
+characters are the game that I looked for, and most delight in; for
+which reason I was as much pleased with the novelty of the person that
+talked to me, as he could be for his life with the springing of a
+pheasant, and therefore listened to him with more than ordinary
+attention.
+
+In the midst of his discourse the bell rung to dinner, where the
+gentleman I have been speaking of had the pleasure of seeing the huge
+jack, he had caught, served up for the first dish in a most sumptuous
+manner. Upon our sitting down to it he gave us a long account how he had
+hooked it, played with it, foiled it, and at length drew it out upon the
+bank, with several other particulars that lasted all the first course. A
+dish of wild-fowl that came afterwards furnished conversation for the
+rest of the dinner, which concluded with a late invention of
+_Will_'s for improving the quail-pipe.
+
+Upon withdrawing into my room after dinner, I was secretly touched with
+compassion towards the honest gentleman that had dined with us; and
+could not but consider with a great deal of concern, how so good an
+heart and such busy hands were wholly employed in trifles; that so much
+humanity should be so little beneficial to others, and so much industry
+so little advantageous to himself. The same temper of mind and
+application to affairs, might have recommended him to the publick
+esteem, and have raised his fortune in another station of life. What
+good to his country or himself might not a trader or merchant have done
+with such useful though ordinary qualifications?
+
+_Will Wimble_'s is the case of many a younger brother of a great
+family, who had rather see their children starve like gentlemen, than
+thrive in a trade or profession that is beneath their quality. This
+humour fills several parts of _Europe_ with pride and beggary. It
+is the happiness of a trading nation, like ours, that the younger sons,
+though uncapable of any liberal art or profession, may be placed in such
+a way of life, as may perhaps enable them to vie with the best of their
+family: Accordingly we find several citizens that were launched into the
+world with narrow fortunes, rising by an honest industry to greater
+estates than those of their elder brothers. It is not improbable but
+_Will_ was formerly tried at divinity, law, or physick; and that,
+finding his genius did not lie that way, his parents gave him up at
+length to his own inventions. But certainly, however improper he might
+have been for studies of a higher nature, he was perfectly well turned
+for the occupations of trade and commerce. As I think this is a point
+which cannot be too much inculcated, I shall desire my reader to compare
+what I have here written with what I have said in my twenty-first
+speculation. L.
+
+
+
+
+No. 109. THURSDAY, JULY 5.
+
+  _Abnormis sapiens._
+    HOR. Sat. ii. 1. 2. v. 3.
+
+  Of plain good sense, untutor'd in the schools.
+
+
+I was this morning walking in the gallery when Sir ROGER entered at the
+end opposite to me, and advancing towards me, said he was glad to meet
+me among his relations the DE COVERLEYS, and hoped I liked the
+conversation of so much good company, who were as silent as myself. I
+knew he alluded to the pictures, and as he is a gentleman who does not a
+little value himself upon his ancient descent, I expected he would give
+me some account of them. We were now arrived at the upper end of the
+gallery, when the Knight faced towards one of the pictures, and, as we
+stood before it, he entered into the matter, after his blunt way of
+saying things, as they occur to his imagination, without regular
+introduction, or care to preserve the appearance of chain of thought.
+
+'It is,' said he, 'worth while to consider the force of dress; and how
+the persons of one age differ from those of another, merely by that
+only. One may observe also, that the general fashion of one age has been
+followed by one particular set of people in another, and by them
+preserved from one generation to another. Thus the vast jetting coat and
+small bonnet, which was the habit in _Harry_ the Seventh's time, is
+kept on in the yeomen of the guard; not without a good and politick
+view, because they look a foot taller, and a foot and an half broader:
+Besides that the cap leaves the face expanded, and consequently more
+terrible, and fitter to stand at the entrances of palaces.
+
+'This predecessor of ours, you see, is dressed after this manner, and
+his cheeks would be no larger than mine, were he in a hat as I am. He
+was the last man that won a prize in the tilt-yard (which is now a
+common street before _Whitehall_). You see the broken lance that
+lies there by his right foot; he shivered that lance of his adversary
+all to pieces; and bearing himself, look you, Sir, in this manner, at
+the same time he came within the target of the gentleman who rode
+against him, and taking him with incredible force before him on the
+pommel of his saddle, he in that manner rid the tournament over, with an
+air that shewed he did it rather to perform the rule of the lists, than
+expose his enemy; however, it appeared he knew how to make use of a
+victory, and with a gentle trot he marched up to a gallery where their
+mistress sat (for they were rivals) and let him down with laudable
+courtesy and pardonable insolence. I don't know but it might be exactly
+where the coffee-house is now.
+
+'You are to know this my ancestor was not only of a a military genius,
+but fit also for the arts of peace, for he played on the bass-viol as
+well as any gentleman at court; you see where his viol hangs by his
+basket-hilt sword. The action at the tilt-yard you may be sure won the
+fair lady, who was a maid of honour, and the greatest beauty of her
+time; here she stands the next picture. You see, Sir, my great-great-
+great-grandmother has on the new-fashioned petticoat, except that the
+modern is gathered at the waist: my grandmother appears as if she stood
+in a large drum whereas the ladies now walk as if they were in a go-
+cart. For all this lady was bred at court, she became an excellent
+country-wife, she brought ten children, and when I shew you the library,
+you shall see in her own hand (allowing for the difference of the
+language) the best receipt now in _England_ both for an hasty-
+pudding and a white-pot.
+
+'If you please to fall back a little, because it is necessary to look at
+the three next pictures at one view: These are three sisters. She on the
+right hand, who is so beautiful, died a maid; the next to her, still
+handsomer, had the same fate, against her will; this homely thing in the
+middle had both their portions added to her own, and was stolen by a
+neighbouring gentleman, a man of stratagem and resolution, for he
+poisoned three mastiffs to come at her, and knocked down two deer-
+stealers in carrying her off. Misfortunes happen in all families: The
+theft of this romp and so much money, was no great matter to our estate.
+But the next heir that possessed it was this soft gentleman, whom you
+see there: Observe the small buttons, the little boots, the laces, the
+slashes about his clothes, and above all the posture he is drawn in,
+(which to be sure was his own chusing:) You see he sits with one hand on
+a desk writing and looking as it were another way, like an easy writer,
+or a sonneteer: He was one of those that had too much wit to know how to
+live in the world; he was a man of no justice, but great good manners;
+he ruined every body that had anything to do with him, but never said a
+rude thing in his life; the most indolent person in the world, he would
+sign a deed that passed away half his estate with his gloves on, but
+would not put on his hat before a lady if it were to save his country.
+He is said to be the first that made love by squeezing the hand. He left
+the estate with ten thousand pounds debt upon it, but however by all
+hands I have been informed that he was every way the finest gentleman in
+the world. That debt lay heavy on our house for one generation, but it
+was retrieved by a gift from that honest man you see there, a citizen of
+our name, but nothing at all akin to us. I know Sir ANDREW FREEPORT has
+said behind my back, that this man was descended from one of the ten
+children of the maid of honour I shewed you above; but it was never made
+out. We winked at the thing indeed, because money was wanting at that
+time.'
+
+Here I saw my friend a little embarrassed, and turned my face to the
+next portraiture.
+
+Sir ROGER went on with his account of the gallery in the following
+manner. 'This man' (pointing to him I looked at) 'I take to be the
+honour of our house, Sir HUMPHREY DE COVERLEY; he was in his dealings as
+punctual as a tradesman, and as generous as a gentleman. He would have
+thought himself as much undone by breaking his word, as if it were to be
+followed by bankruptcy. He served his country as knight of this shire to
+his dying day. He found it no easy matter to maintain an integrity in
+his words and actions, even in things that regarded the offices which
+were incumbent upon him, in the care of his own affairs and relations of
+life, and therefore dreaded (though he had great talents) to go into
+employments of state, where he must be exposed to the snares of
+ambition. Innocence of life and great ability were the distinguishing
+parts of his character; the latter, he had often observed, had led to
+the destruction of the former, and used frequently to lament that great
+and good had not the same signification. He was an excellent husbandman,
+but had resolved not to exceed such a degree of wealth; all above it he
+bestowed in secret bounties many years after the sum he aimed at for his
+own use was attained. Yet he did not slacken his industry, but to a
+decent old age spent the life and fortune which was superfluous to
+himself, in the service of his friends and neighbours.'
+
+Here we were called to dinner, and Sir ROGER ended the discourse of this
+gentleman, by telling me, as we followed the servant, that this his
+ancestor was a brave man, and narrowly escaped being killed in the civil
+wars: 'For, said he, he was sent out of the field upon a private
+message, the day before the battle of _Worcester_.' The whim of
+narrowly escaping by having been within a day of danger, with other
+matters above-mentioned, mixed with good sense, left me at a loss
+whether I was more delighted with my friend's wisdom or simplicity. R.
+
+
+
+
+No. 110. FRIDAY, JULY 6.
+
+  _Horror ubique animos, simul ipsa silentia terrent._
+    VIRG. AEn. ii. v. 755.
+
+  All things are full of horror and affright,
+  And dreadful ev'n the silence of the night.
+    DRYDEN.
+
+
+At a little distance from Sir ROGER'S house, among the ruins of an old
+abbey, there is a long walk of aged elms; which are shot up so very
+high, that when one passes under them, the rooks and crows that rest
+upon the tops of them seem to be cawing in another region. I am very
+much delighted with this sort of noise, which I consider as a kind of
+natural prayer to that Being who supplies the wants of his whole
+creation, and who, in the beautiful language of the _Psalms>_,
+feedeth the young ravens that call upon him. I like this retirement the
+better, because of an ill report it lies under of being _haunted;_
+for which reason (as I have been told in the family) no living creature
+ever walks in it besides the chaplain. My good friend the butler desired
+me with a very grave face not to venture myself in it after sun-set, for
+that one of the footmen had been almost frighted out of his wits by a
+spirit that appeared to him in the shape of a black horse without an
+head; to which he added, that about a month ago one of the maids coming
+home late that way with a pail of milk upon her head, heard such a
+rustling among the bushes that she let it fall.
+
+I was taking a walk in this place last night between the hours of nine
+and ten, and could not but fancy it one of the most proper scenes in the
+world for a ghost to appear in. The ruins of the abbey are scattered up
+and down on every side, and half-covered with ivy and elder bushes, the
+harbours of several solitary birds, which seldom make their appearance
+till the dusk of the evening. The place was formerly a church-yard, and
+has still several marks in it of graves and burying-places. There is
+such an echo among the old ruins and vaults, that if you stamp but a
+little louder than ordinary, you hear the sound repeated. At the same
+time the walk of elms, with the croaking of the ravens which from time
+to time are heard from the tops of them, looks exceeding solemn and
+venerable. These objects naturally raise seriousness and attention; and
+when night heightens the awfulness of the place, and pours out her
+supernumerary horrors upon every thing in it, I do not at all wonder
+that weak minds fill it with spectres and apparitions.
+
+Mr. _Locke_, in his chapter of the Association of Ideas, has very
+curious remarks to show how, by the prejudice of education, one idea
+often introduces into the mind a whole set that bear no resemblance to
+one another in the nature of things. Among several examples of this
+kind, he produces the following instance. _The ideas of goblins and
+sprights have really no more to do with darkness than light: Yet let but
+a foolish maid inculcate these often on the mind of a child, and raise
+them there together, possibly he shall never be able to separate them
+again so long as he lives; but darkness shall ever afterwards bring with
+it those frightful ideas, and they shall be so joined, that he can no
+more bear the one than the other._
+
+As I was walking in this solitude, where the dusk of the evening
+conspired with so many other occasions of terror, I observed a cow
+grazing not far from me, which an imagination that was apt to
+_startle_ might easily have construed into a black horse without an
+head: And I dare say the poor footman lost his wits upon some such
+trivial occasion.
+
+My friend Sir ROGER has often told me with a good deal of mirth, that at
+his first coming to his estate he found three parts of his house
+altogether useless; that the best room in it had the reputation of being
+haunted, and by that means was locked up; that noises had been heard in
+his long gallery, so that he could not get a servant to enter it after
+eight o'clock at night; that the door of one of the chambers was nailed
+up, because there went a story in the family that a butler had formerly
+hanged himself in it; and that his mother, who lived to a great age, had
+shut up half the rooms in the house, in which either her husband, a son,
+or daughter had died. The Knight seeing his habitation reduced to so
+small a compass, and himself in a manner shut out of his own house, upon
+the death of his mother ordered all the apartments to be flung open, and
+_exorcised_ by his chaplain, who lay in every room one after
+another, and by that means dissipated the fears which had so long
+reigned in the family.
+
+I should not have been thus particular upon these ridiculous horrors,
+did not I find them so very much prevail in all parts of the country. At
+the same time I think a person who is thus terrified with the
+imagination of ghosts and spectres, much more reasonable than one who,
+contrary to the reports of all historians sacred and profane, ancient
+and modern, and to the traditions of all nations, thinks the appearance
+of spirits fabulous and groundless: Could not I give myself up to this
+general testimony of mankind, I should to the relations of particular
+persons who are now living, and whom I cannot distrust in other matters
+of fact. I might here add, that not only the historians, to whom we may
+join the poets, but likewise the philosophers of antiquity have favoured
+this opinion. _Lucretius_ himself, though by the course of his
+philosophy he was obliged to maintain that the soul did not exist
+separate from the body, makes no doubt of the reality of apparitions,
+and that men have often appeared after their death. This I think very
+remarkable. He was so pressed with the matter of fact which he could not
+have the confidence to deny, that he was forced to account for it by one
+of the most absurd unphilosophical notions that was ever started. He
+tells us, That the surfaces of all bodies are perpetually flying off
+from their respective bodies, one after another; and that these surfaces
+or thin cases, that included each other whilst they were joined in the
+body like the coats of an onion, are sometimes seen entire when they are
+separated from it; by which means we often behold the shapes and shadows
+of persons who are either dead or absent.
+
+I shall dismiss this paper with a story out of _Josephus_, not so
+much for the sake of the story itself as for the moral reflexions with
+which the author concludes it, and which I shall here set down in his
+own words. '_Glaphyra_ the daughter of King _Archelaus_, after
+the death of her two first husbands (being married to a third, who was
+brother to her first husband, and so passionately in love with her that
+he turned off his former wife to make room for this marriage) had a very
+odd kind of dream. She fancied that she saw her first husband coming
+towards her, and that she embraced him with great tenderness; when in
+the midst of the pleasure which she expressed at the sight of him, he
+reproached her after the following manner: _Glaphyra_, says he,
+thou hast made good the old saying, That women are not to be trusted.
+Was not I the husband of thy virginity? Have I not children by thee? How
+couldst thou forget our loves so far as to enter into a second marriage,
+and after that into a third, nay to take for thy husband a man who has
+so shamefully crept into the bed of his brother? However, for the sake
+of our passed loves, I shall free thee from thy present reproach, and
+make thee mine for ever. Glaphyra told this dream to several women of
+her acquaintance, and died soon after. I thought this story might not be
+impertinent in this place, wherein I speak of those kings: Besides that
+the example deserves to be taken notice of, as it contains a most
+certain proof of the immortality of the soul, and of Divine Providence.
+If any man thinks these facts incredible, let him enjoy his own opinion
+to himself, but let him not endeavour to disturb the belief of others,
+who by instances of this nature are excited to the study of virtue.'
+
+
+
+
+No. 112. MONDAY, JULY 9.
+
+  _Athanatous men prota theous,
+  nomo hos diakeitai, tima._
+    PYTHAG.
+
+  First, in obedience to thy country's rites,
+  Worship the immortal Gods.
+
+
+I am always very well pleased with a country _Sunday_, and think,
+if keeping holy the seventh day were only a human institution, it would
+be the best method that could have been thought of for the polishing and
+civilizing of mankind. It is certain the country people would soon
+degenerate into a kind of savages and barbarians, were there not such
+frequent returns of a stated time, in which the whole village meet
+together with their best faces, and in their cleanliest habits, to
+converse with one another upon indifferent subjects, hear their duties
+explained to them, and join together in adoration of the Supreme Being.
+_Sunday_ clears away the rust of the whole week, not only as it
+refreshes in their minds the notions of religion, but as it puts both
+the sexes upon appearing in their most agreeable forms, and exerting all
+such qualities as are apt to give them a figure in the eye of the
+village. A country fellow distinguishes himself as much in the
+_Church-yard_, as a citizen does upon the _Change_, the whole
+parish-politicks being generally discussed in that place, either after
+sermon or before the bell rings.
+
+My friend Sir ROGER, being a good churchman, has beautified the inside
+of his church with several texts of his own chusing: He has likewise
+given a handsome pulpit-cloth, and railed in the communion-table at his
+own expence. He has often told me, that at his coming to his estate he
+found his parishioners very irregular; and that, in order to make them
+kneel and join in the responses, he gave every one of them a hassock and
+a common-prayer-book; and at the same time employed an itinerant
+singing-master, who goes about the country for that purpose, to instruct
+them rightly in the tunes of the psalms; upon which they now very much
+value themselves, and indeed out-do most of the country churches that I
+have ever heard.
+
+As Sir ROGER is landlord to the whole congregation, he keeps them in
+very good order, and will suffer no body to sleep in it besides himself;
+for, if by chance he has been surprised into a short nap at sermon, upon
+recovering out of it he stands up and looks about him, and if he sees
+any body else nodding, either wakes them himself, or sends his servants
+to them. Several other of the old Knight's particularities break out
+upon these occasions:
+
+Sometimes he will be lengthening out a verse in the singing psalms, half
+a minute after the rest of the congregation have done with it;
+sometimes, when he is pleased with the matter of his devotion, he
+pronounces _Amen_ three or four times to the same prayer; and
+sometimes stands up when every body else is upon their knees, to count
+the congregation, or see if any of his tenants are missing.
+
+I was yesterday very much surprised to hear my old friend, in the midst
+of the service, calling out to one John Matthews to mind what he was
+about, and not disturb the congregation. This _John Matthews_ it
+seems is remarkable for being an idle fellow, and at that time was
+kicking his heels for his diversion. This authority of the Knight,
+though exerted in that odd manner which accompanies him in all
+circumstances of life, has a very good effect upon the parish, who are
+not polite enough to see any thing ridiculous in his behaviour; besides
+that, the general good sense and worthiness of his character makes his
+friends observe these little singularities as foils, that rather set off
+than blemish his good qualities.
+
+As soon as the sermon is finished, no body presumes to stir till Sir
+ROGER is gone out of the church. The Knight walks down from his seat in
+the chancel between a double row of his tenants, that stand bowing to
+him on each side; and every now and then inquires how such an one's
+wife, or mother, or son, or father do, whom he does not see at church;
+which is understood as a secret reprimand to the person that is absent.
+
+The chaplain has often told me, that upon a catechising-day, when Sir
+ROGER has been pleased with a boy that answers well, he has ordered a
+bible to be given him next day for his encouragement; and sometimes
+accompanies it with a flitch of bacon to his mother. Sir ROGER has
+likewise added five pounds a year to the clerk's place; and that he may
+encourage the young fellows to make themselves perfect in the church-
+service, has promised upon the death of the present incumbent, who is
+very old, to bestow it according to merit.
+
+The fair understanding between Sir ROGER and his chaplain, and their
+mutual concurrence in doing good, is the more remarkable, because the
+very next village is famous for the differences and contentions that
+arise between the parson and the 'squire, who live in a perpetual state
+of war. The parson is always preaching at the 'squire, and the 'squire
+to be revenged on the parson never comes to church. The 'squire has made
+all his tenants atheists and tithe-stealers; while the parson instructs
+them every _Sunday_ in the dignity of his order, and insinuates to
+them in almost every sermon, that he is a better man than his patron. In
+short, matters are come to such an extremity, that the squire has not
+said his prayers either in public or private this half year; and that
+the parson threatens him, if he does not mend his manners, to pray for
+him in the face of the whole congregation.
+
+Feuds of this nature, though too frequent in the country, are very fatal
+to the ordinary people; who are so used to be dazzled with riches, that
+they pay as much deference to the understanding of a man of an estate,
+as of a man of learning; and are very hardly brought to regard any
+truth, how important soever it may be, that is preached to them, when
+they know there are several men of five hundred a year, who do not
+believe it. L.
+
+
+
+
+No. 113. TUESDAY, JULY 10.
+
+  _Hoerent infixi pectore vultus._
+    VIRG. AEn. iv. ver. 4.
+
+  Her looks were deep imprinted in his heart.
+
+
+In my first description of the company in which I pass most of my time,
+it may be remembered that I mentioned a great affliction which my friend
+Sir ROGER had met with in his youth; which was no less than a
+disappointment in love. It happened this evening that we fell into a
+very pleasing walk at a distance from his house: As soon as we came into
+it, 'It is,' quoth the good old man, looking round him with a smile,
+'very hard, that any part of my land should be settled upon one who has
+used me so ill as the perverse widow did; and yet I am sure I could not
+see a sprig of any bough of this whole walk of trees, but I should
+reflect upon her and her severity. She has certainly the finest hand of
+any woman in the world. You are to know this was the place wherein I
+used to muse upon her; and by that custom I can never come into it, but
+the same tender sentiments revive in my mind, as if I had actually
+walked with that beautiful creature under these shades. I have been fool
+enough to carve her name on the bark of several of these trees; so
+unhappy is the condition of men in love, to attempt the removing of
+their passions by the methods which serve only to imprint it deeper. She
+has certainly the finest hand of any woman in the world.'
+
+Here followed a profound silence; and I was not displeased to observe my
+friend falling so naturally into a discourse, which I had ever before
+taken notice he industriously avoided. After a very long pause he
+entered upon an account of this great circumstance in his life, with an
+air which I thought raised my idea of him above what I had ever had
+before; and gave me the picture of that cheerful mind of his, before it
+received that stroke which has ever since affected his words and
+actions. But he went on as follows.
+
+'I came to my estate in my twenty-second year, and resolved to follow
+the steps of the most worthy of my ancestors who have inhabited this
+spot of earth before me, in all the methods of hospitality and good
+neighbourhood, for the sake of my fame; and in country-sports and
+recreations, for the sake of my health. In my twenty-third year I was
+obliged to serve as sheriff of the county; and, in my servants,
+officers, and whole equipage, indulged the pleasure of a young man (who
+did not think ill of his own person) in taking that publick occasion of
+shewing my figure and behaviour to advantage. You may easily imagine to
+yourself what appearance I made, who am pretty tall, rid well, and was
+very well dressed, at the head of a whole county, with musick before me,
+a feather in my hat, and my horse well bitted. I can assure you I was
+not a little pleased with the kind looks and glances I had from all the
+balconies and windows as I rode to the hall where the assizes were held.
+But when I came there, a beautiful creature in a widow's habit sat in
+court, to hear the event of a cause concerning her dower. This
+commanding creature (who was born for the destruction of all who behold
+her) put on such a resignation in her countenance, and bore the whispers
+of all around the court, with such a pretty uneasiness, I warrant you,
+and then recovered herself from one eye to another, till she was
+perfectly confused by meeting something so wistful in all she
+encountered, that at last, with a murrain to her, she cast her
+bewitching eye upon me. I no sooner met it, but I bowed like a great
+surprized booby; and knowing her cause to be the first which came on, I
+cried, like a captivated calf as I was, Make way for the defendant's
+witnesses.
+
+This sudden partiality made all the county immediately see the sheriff
+was also become a slave to the fine widow. During the time her cause was
+upon trial, she behaved herself, I warrant you, with such a deep
+attention to her business, took opportunities to have little billets
+handed to her counsel, then would be in such a pretty confusion,
+occasioned, you must know, by acting before so much company, that not
+only I, but the whole court was prejudiced in her favour; and all that
+the next heir to her husband had to urge, was thought so groundless and
+frivolous, that when it came to her counsel to reply, there was not half
+so much said as every one besides in the court thought he could have
+urged to her advantage. You must understand, Sir, this perverse woman is
+one of those unaccountable creatures, that secretly rejoice in the
+admiration of men, but indulge themselves in no farther consequences.
+Hence it is that she has ever had a train of admirers, and she removes
+from her slaves in town to those in the country, according to the
+seasons of the year. She is a reading lady, and far gone in the
+pleasures of friendship: She is always accompanied by a confident, who
+is witness to her daily protestations against our sex, and consequently
+a bar to her first steps towards love, upon the strength of her own
+maxims and declarations.
+
+'However, I must needs say this accomplished mistress of mine has
+distinguished me above the rest, and has been known to declare Sir ROGER
+DE COVERLEY was the tamest and most humane of all the brutes in the
+country. I was told she said so, by one who thought he rallied me; but
+upon the strength of this slender encouragement of being thought least
+detestable, I made new liveries, new-paired my coach-horses, sent them
+all to town to be bitted, and taught to throw their legs well, and move
+all together, before I pretended to cross the country, and wait upon
+her. As soon as I thought my retinue suitable to the character of my
+fortune and youth, I set out from hence to make my addresses. The
+particular skill of this lady has ever been to inflame your wishes, and
+yet command respect. To make her mistress of this art, she has a greater
+share of knowledge, wit, and good sense, than is usual even among men of
+merit. Then she is beautiful beyond the race of women. If you will not
+let her go on with a certain artifice with her eyes, and the skill of
+beauty, she will arm herself with her real charms, and strike you with
+admiration instead of desire. It is certain that if you were to behold
+the whole woman, there is that dignity in her aspect, that composure in
+her motion, that complacency in her manner, that if her form makes you
+hope, her merit makes you fear. But then again she is such a desperate
+scholar, that no country-gentleman can approach her without being a
+jest. As I was going to tell you, when I came to her house I was
+admitted to her presence with great civility; at the same time she
+placed herself to be first seen by me in such an attitude, as I think
+you call the posture of a picture, that she discovered new charms, and I
+at last came towards her with such an awe as made me speechless. This
+she no sooner observed but she made her advantage of it, and began a
+discourse to me concerning love and honour, as they both are followed by
+pretenders, and the real votaries to them. When she discussed these
+points in a discourse, which I verily believe was as learned as the best
+philosopher in _Europe_ could possibly make, she asked me whether
+she was so happy as to fall in with my sentiments on these important
+particulars. Her confident sat by her, and upon my being in the last
+confusion and silence, this malicious aid of hers turning to her says,
+'I am very glad to observe Sir ROGER pauses upon this subject, and seems
+resolved to deliver all his sentiments upon the matter when he pleases
+to speak.' They both kept their countenances, and after I had sat half
+an hour meditating how to behave before such profound casuists, I rose
+up and took my leave. Chance has since that time thrown me very often in
+her way, and she as often has directed a discourse to me which I do not
+understand. This barbarity has kept me ever at a distance from the most
+beautiful object my eyes ever beheld. It is thus also she deals with all
+mankind, and you must make love to her, as you would conquer the sphinx,
+by posing her. But were she like other women, and that there were any
+talking to her, how constant must the pleasure of that man be, who would
+converse with the creature--But, after all, you may be sure her heart is
+fixed on some one or other; and yet I have been credibly informed;--but
+who can believe half that is said? After she had done speaking to me,
+she put her hand to her bosom and adjusted her tucker. Then she cast her
+eyes a little down, upon my beholding her too earnestly. They say she
+sings excellently: Her voice in her ordinary speech has something in it
+inexpressibly sweet. You must know I dined with her at a publick table
+the day after I first saw her, and she helped me to some tansy in the
+eye of all the gentlemen in the country. She has certainly the finest
+hand of any woman in the world. I can assure you, Sir, were you to
+behold her, you would be in the same condition; for as her speech is
+musick, her form is angelick. But I find I grow irregular while I am
+talking of her; but indeed it would be stupidity to be unconcerned at
+such perfection. Oh the excellent creature! she is as inimitable to all
+women, as she is inaccessible to all men.'
+
+I found my friend begin to rave, and insensibly led him towards the
+house, that we might be joined by some other company; and am convinced
+that the widow is the secret cause of all that inconsistency which
+appears in some parts of my friend's discourse, though he has so much
+command of himself as not directly to mention her, yet according to that
+of _Martial_, which one knows not how to render into
+_English_, _Dum tacet hanc loquitur_. I shall end this paper
+with that whole epigram, which represents with much humour my honest
+friend's condition.
+
+  Quicquid agit Rufus, nihil est, nisi Noevia Rufo,
+  Si gaudet, si flet, si tacet, hanc loquitur:
+  Coenat, propinat, poscit, negat, annuit, una est
+  Noevia; si non sit Noevia, mutus erit.
+  Scriberet hesterna patri cum luce salutem,
+  Noevia lux, inquit, Noevia numen, ave._
+    Epig. lxix. 1. I.
+
+  Let _Rufus_ weep, rejoice, stand, sit, or walk,
+  Still he can nothing but of Noevia talk;
+  Let him eat, drink, ask questions, or dispute,
+  Still he must speak of Noevia, or be mute.
+  He writ to his father, ending with this line,
+  I am, my lovely Noevia, ever thine.
+
+
+
+
+No. 114. WEDNESDAY, JULY 11.
+
+  _Paupertalis pudor & fuga._
+    HOR. Ep. xviii. 1. I. v. 24.
+
+  The dread of nothing more
+  Than to be thought necessitous and poor.
+    POOLY.
+
+
+Oeconomy in our affairs has the same effect upon our fortunes which
+good-breeding has upon our conversations. There is a pretending
+behaviour in both cases, which, instead of making men esteemed renders
+them both miserable and contemptible. We had yesterday at Sir ROGER'S a
+set of country gentlemen who dined with him; and after dinner the glass
+was taken, by those who pleased, pretty plentifully. Among others I
+observed a person of a tolerable good aspect, who seemed to be more
+greedy of liquor than any of the company, and yet, methought, he did not
+taste it with delight As he grew warm, he was suspicious of every thing
+that was said; and as he advanced towards being fuddled, his humour grew
+worse. At the same time his bitterness seemed to be rather an inward
+dissatisfaction in his own mind, than any dislike he had taken to the
+company. Upon hearing his name, I knew him to be a gentleman of a
+considerable fortune in this county, but greatly in debt. What gives the
+unhappy man this peevishness of spirit is, that his estate is dipped,
+and is eating out with usury; and yet he has not the heart to sell any
+part of it. His proud stomach, at the cost of restless nights, constant
+inquietudes, danger of affronts, and a thousand nameless inconveniences,
+preserves this canker in his fortune, rather than it shall be said he is
+a man of fewer hundreds a year than he has been commonly reputed. Thus,
+he endures the torment of poverty, to avoid the name of being less rich.
+If you go to his house you see great plenty; but served in a manner that
+shews it is all unnatural, and that the master's mind is not at home.
+There is a certain waste and carelessness in the air of every thing, and
+the whole appears but a covered indigence, a magnificent poverty. That
+neatness and chearfulness, which attends the table of him who lives
+within compass, is wanting, and exchanged for a libertine way of service
+in all about him.
+
+This gentleman's conduct, though a very common way of management, is as
+ridiculous as the officer's would be, who had but few men under his
+command, and should take the charge of an extent of country rather than
+of a small pass. To pay for, personate, and keep in a man's hands, a
+greater estate than he really has, is of all others the most
+unpardonable vanity, and must in the end reduce the man who is guilty of
+it to dishonour. Yet if we look round us in any county of _Great
+Britain_, we shall see many in this fatal error; if that may be
+called by so soft a name, which proceeds from a false shame of appearing
+what they really are, when the contrary behaviour would in a short time
+advance them to the condition which they pretend to.
+
+_Laertes_ has fifteen hundred pounds a year; which is mortgaged for
+six thousand pounds; but it is impossible to convince him that if he
+sold as much as would pay off that debt, he would save four shillings in
+the pound, which he gives for the vanity of being the reputed master of
+it. Yet if _Laertes_ did this, he would, perhaps, be easier in his
+own fortune; but then _Irus_, a fellow of yesterday, who has but
+twelve hundred a year, would be his equal. Rather than this shall be,
+_Laertes_ goes on to bring wellborn beggars into the world, and
+every twelvemonth charges his estate with at least one year's rent more
+by the birth of a child.
+
+_Laertes_ and _Irus_ are neighbours, whose way of living are
+an abomination to each other. _Irus_ is moved by the fear of
+poverty, and _Laertes_ by the shame of it. Though the motive of
+action is of so near affinity in both, and may be resolved into this,
+'That to each of them poverty is the greatest of all evils,' yet are
+their manners very widely different. Shame of poverty makes
+_Laertes_ launch into unnecessary equipage, vain expence, and
+lavish entertainments; fear of poverty makes _Irus_ allow himself
+only plain necessaries, appear without a servant, sell his own corn,
+attend his labourers, and be himself a labourer. Shame of poverty makes
+_Laertes_ go every day a step nearer to it; and fear of poverty
+stirs up _Irus_ to make every day some further progress from it.
+
+These different motives produce the excesses which men are guilty of in
+the negligence of and provision for themselves. Usury, stock-jobbing,
+extortion, and oppression, have their seed in the dread of want; and
+vanity, riot and prodigality, from the shame of it: But both these
+excesses are infinitely below the pursuit of a reasonable creature.
+After we have taken care to command so much as is necessary for
+maintaining ourselves in the order of men suitable to our character, the
+care of superfluities is a vice no less extravagant, than the neglect of
+necessaries would have been before.
+
+Certain it is, that they are both out of nature, when she is followed
+with reason and good sense. It is from this reflexion that I always read
+Mr. _Cowley_ with the greatest pleasure: His magnanimity is as much
+above that of other considerable men, as his understanding; and it is a
+true distinguishing spirit in the elegant author who published his
+works, to dwell so much upon the temper of his mind and the moderation
+of his desires: By this means he has rendered his friend as amiable as
+famous. That state of life which bears the face of poverty with Mr.
+_Cowley's great Vulgar_, is admirably described; and it is no small
+satisfaction to those of the same turn of desire, that he produces the
+authority of the wisest men of the best age of the world, to strengthen
+his opinion of the ordinary pursuits of mankind.
+
+It would methinks be no ill maxim of life, if according to that ancestor
+of Sir ROGER, whom I lately mentioned, every man would point to himself
+what sum he would resolve not to exceed. He might by this means cheat
+himself into a tranquillity on this side of that expectation, or convert
+what he should get above it to nobler uses than his own pleasures or
+necessities. This temper of mind would exempt a man from an ignorant
+envy of restless men above him, and a more inexcusable contempt of happy
+men below him. This would be sailing by some compass, living with some
+design; but to be eternally bewildered in prospects of future gain, and
+putting on unnecessary armour against improbable blows of fortune, is a
+mechanick being which has not good sense for its direction, but is
+carried on by a sort of acquired instinct towards things below our
+consideration and unworthy our esteem. It is possible that the
+tranquillity I now enjoy at Sir ROGER'S may have created in me this way
+of thinking, which is so abstracted from the common relish of the world:
+But as I am now in a pleasing arbour surrounded with a beautiful
+landscape, I find no inclination so strong as to continue in these
+mansions, so remote from the ostentatious scenes of life; and am at this
+present writing philosopher enough to conclude with Mr. Cowley:
+
+  If e'er ambition did my fancy cheat,
+  With any wish so mean as to be great;
+  Continue heav'n, still from me to remove
+  The humble blessings of that life I love.
+
+
+
+
+No. 115. THURSDAY, JULY 12.
+
+  _Ut sit mens sana in corpore sano._
+    Juv. Sat. x. v. 356.
+
+  A healthy body and a mind at ease.
+
+
+Bodily labour is of two kinds, either that which a man submits to for
+his livelihood, or that which he undergoes for his pleasure. The latter
+of them generally changes the name of labour for that of exercise, but
+differs only from ordinary labour as it rises from another motive.
+
+A country life abounds in both these kinds of labour, and for that
+reason gives a man a greater stock of health, and consequently a more
+perfect enjoyment of himself, than any other way of life. I consider the
+body as a system of tubes and glands, or to use a more rustic phrase, a
+bundle of pipes and strainers, fitted to one another after so wonderful
+a manner as to make a proper engine for the soul to work with. This
+description does not only comprehend the bowels, bones, tendons, veins,
+nerves, and arteries, but every muscle and every ligature, which is a
+composition of fibres, that are so many imperceptible tubes or pipes
+interwoven on all sides with invisible glands or strainers.
+
+This general idea of a human body, without considering it in its
+niceties of anatomy, lets us see how absolutely necessary labour is for
+the right preservation of it. There must be frequent motions and
+agitations, to mix, digest, and separate the juices contained in it, as
+well as to clear and cleanse that infinitude of pipes and strainers of
+which it is composed, and to give their solid parts a more firm and
+lasting tone. Labour or exercise ferments the humours, casts them into
+their proper channels, throws off redundancies, and helps nature in
+those secret distributions, without which the body cannot subsist in its
+vigour, nor the soul act with cheerfulness.
+
+I might here mention the effects which this has upon all the faculties
+of the mind, by keeping the understanding clear, the imagination
+untroubled, and refining those spirits that are necessary for the proper
+exertion of our intellectual faculties, during the present laws of union
+between soul and body. It is to a neglect in this particular, that we
+must ascribe the spleen, which is so frequent in men of studious and
+sedentary tempers, as well as the vapours to which those of the other
+sex are so often subject.
+
+Had not exercise been absolutely necessary for our well-being, nature
+would not have made the body so proper for it, by giving such an
+activity to the limbs, and such a pliancy to every part as necessarily
+produce these compressions, extensions, contortions, dilatations, and
+all other kinds of motions that are necessary for the preservation of
+such a system of tubes and glands as has been before mentioned. And that
+we might not want inducements to engage us in such an exercise of the
+body as is proper for its welfare, it is so ordered that nothing
+valuable can be procured without it. Not to mention riches and honour,
+even food and raiment are not to be come at without the toil of the
+hands and sweat of the brows. Providence furnishes materials, but
+expects that we should work them up ourselves. The earth must be
+laboured before it gives its increase, and when it is forced into its
+several products, how many hands must they pass through before they are
+fit for use? Manufactures, trade, and agriculture, naturally employ more
+than nineteen parts of the species in twenty; and as for those who are
+not obliged to labour, by the condition in which they are born, they are
+more miserable than the rest of mankind, unless they indulge themselves
+in that voluntary labour which goes by the name of exercise.
+
+My friend Sir ROGER has been an indefatigable man in business of this
+kind, and has hung several parts of his house with the trophies of his
+former labours. The walls of his great hall are covered with the horns
+of several kinds of deer that he has killed in the chace, which he
+thinks the most valuable furniture of his house, as they afford him
+frequent topics of discourse, and shew that he has not been idle. At the
+lower end of the hall is a large otter's skin stuffed with hay, which
+his mother ordered to be hung up in that manner, and the Knight looks
+upon it with great satisfaction, because it seems he was but nine years
+old when his dog killed him. A little room adjoining to the hall is a
+kind of arsenal filled with guns of several sizes and inventions, with
+which the Knight has made great havock in the woods, and destroyed many
+thousands of pheasants, partridges and woodcocks. His stable-doors are
+patched with noses that belonged to foxes of the Knight's own hunting
+down. Sir ROGER shewed me one of them, that for distinction sake has a
+brass nail struck through it, which cost him about fifteen hours riding,
+carried him through half a dozen counties, killed him a brace of
+geldings, and lost above half his dogs. This the knight looks upon as
+one of the greatest exploits of his life. The perverse widow, whom I
+have given some account of, was the death of several foxes; for Sir
+ROGER has told me that in the course of his amours he patched the
+western door of his stable. Whenever the widow was cruel, the foxes were
+sure to pay for it. In proportion as his passion for the widow abated
+and old age came on, he left off fox-hunting; but a hare is not yet safe
+that sits within ten miles of his house.
+
+There is no kind of exercise which I would so recommend to my readers of
+both sexes as this of riding, as there is none which so much conduces to
+health, and is every way accommodated to the body, according to the Idea
+which I have given of it. Doctor _Sydenham_ is very lavish in its
+praises; and if the _English_ reader will see the mechanical
+effects of it described at length, he may find them in a book published
+not many years since, under the title of _Medicina Gymnastica._ For
+my own part, when I am in town, for want of these opportunities, I
+exercise myself an hour every morning upon a dumb bell that is placed in
+a corner of my room, and pleases me the more because it does every thing
+I require of it in the most profound silence. My landlady and her
+daughters are so well acquainted with my hours of exercise, that they
+never come into my room to disturb me whilst I am ringing.
+
+When I was some years younger than I am at present, I used to employ
+myself in a more laborious diversion, which I learned from a Latin
+treatise of exercises that is written with great erudition: It is there
+called the skiomachia, or the fighting with a man's own shadow, and
+consists in the brandishing of two short sticks grasped in each hand,
+and loaden with plugs of lead at either end. This opens the chest,
+exercises the limbs, and gives a man all the pleasure of boxing, without
+the blows. I could wish that several learned men would lay out that time
+which they employ in controversies and disputes about nothing, in this
+method of fighting with their own shadows. It might conduce very much to
+evaporate the spleen, which makes them uneasy to the public as well as
+to themselves.
+
+To conclude, as I am a compound of soul and body, I consider myself as
+obliged to a double scheme of duties; and think I have not fulfilled the
+business of the day when I do not thus employ the one in labour and
+exercise, as well as the other in study and contemplation. L.
+
+
+
+
+No. 116. FRIDAY, JULY 13.
+
+  _Vocat ingenti clamore Cithaeron,
+  Taygetique canes._
+    Virg. Georg. iii. v. 43.
+
+  The echoing hills and chiding hounds invite.
+
+
+Those who have searched into human nature observe that nothing so much
+shews the nobleness of the soul as that its felicity consists in action.
+Every man has such an active principle in him, that he will find out
+something to employ himself upon, in whatever place or state of life he
+is posted. I have heard of a gentleman who was under close confinement
+in the _Bastile_ seven years; during which time he amused himself
+in scattering a few small pins about his chamber, gathering them up
+again, and placing them in different figures on the arm of a great
+chair. He often told his friends afterwards, that unless he had found
+out this piece of exercise, he verily believed he should have lost his
+senses.
+
+After what has been said, I need not inform my readers that Sir ROGER,
+with whose character I hope they are at present pretty well acquainted,
+has in his youth gone through the whole course of those rural diversions
+which the country abounds in; and which seem to be extremely well suited
+to that laborious industry a man may observe here in a far greater
+degree than in towns and cities. I have before hinted at some of my
+friend's exploits: He has in his youthful days taken forty coveys of
+partridges in a season; and tired many a salmon with a line consisting
+but of a single hair. The constant thanks and good wishes of the
+neighbourhood always attended him, on account of his remarkable enmity
+towards foxes; having destroyed more of those vermin in one year, than
+it was thought the whole country could have produced. Indeed the knight
+does not scruple to own among his most intimate friends, that in order
+to establish his reputation this way, he has secretly sent for great
+numbers of them out of other counties, which he used to turn loose about
+the country by night, that he might the better signalize himself in
+their destruction the next day. His hunting-horses were the finest and
+best managed in all these parts: His tenants are still full of the
+praises of a grey stone-horse that unhappily staked himself several
+years since, and was buried with great solemnity in the orchard.
+
+Sir ROGER, being at present too old for fox-hunting, to keep himself in
+action, has disposed of his beagles and got a pack of _Stop-
+hounds._ What these want in speed, he endeavours to make amends for
+by the deepness of their mouths and the variety of their notes, which
+are suited in such manner to each other, that the whole cry makes up a
+complete concert. He is so nice in this particular, that a gentleman
+having made him a present of a very fine hound the other day, the knight
+returned it by the servant with a great many expressions of civility;
+but desired him to tell his master, that the dog he had sent was indeed
+a most excellent _Bass_, but that at present he only wanted a
+_Counter-Tenor_. Could I believe my friend had ever read
+_Shakespeare,_ I should certainly conclude he had taken the hint
+from _Theseus_ in _the Midsummer Night's Dream_.
+
+  _My hounds are bred out of the_ Spartan _kind,
+  So flu'd, so sanded; and their heads are hung
+  With ears that sweep away the morning dew.
+  Crook-knee'd and dew-lap'd like_ Thessalian _bulls,
+  Slow in pursuit, but matched in mouths like bells,
+  Each under each: A cry more tuneable
+  Was never halloo'd to, nor cheer'd with horn._
+
+Sir ROGER is so keen at this sport, that he has been out almost every
+day since I came down; and upon the chaplain's offering to lend me his
+easy pad, I was prevailed on yesterday morning to make one of the
+company. I was extremely pleased, as we rid along, to observe the
+general benevolence of all the neighbourhood towards my friend. The
+farmer's sons thought themselves happy if they could open a gate for the
+good old Knight as he passed by; which he generally requited with a nod
+or a smile, and a kind inquiry after their fathers and uncles.
+
+After we had rid about a mile from home, we came upon a large heath, and
+the sportsmen began to beat. They had done so for some time, when, as I
+was at a little distance from the rest of the company, I saw a hare pop
+out from a small furze-brake almost under my horse's feet. I marked the
+way she took, which I endeavoured to make the company sensible of by
+extending my arm; but to no purpose, until Sir ROGER, who knows that
+none of my extraordinary motions are insignificant, rode up to me, and
+asked me _if puss was gone that way?_ Upon my answering _Yes,_
+he immediately called in the dogs, and put them upon the scent. As they
+were going off, I heard one of the country-fellows muttering to his
+companion, _That it was a wonder they had not lost all their sport,
+for want of the silent gentleman's crying Stole away_.
+
+This, with my aversion to leaping hedges, made me withdraw to a rising
+ground, from whence I could have the pleasure of the whole chace,
+without the fatigue of keeping in with the hounds. The hare immediately
+threw them above a mile behind her; but I was pleased to find, that
+instead of running straight forwards, or, in hunter's language,
+_Flying the country_, as I was afraid she might have done, she
+wheeled about, and described a sort of circle round the hill where I had
+taken my station, in such manner as gave me a very distinct view of the
+sport. I could see her first pass by, and the dogs some time afterwards
+unravelling the whole track she had made, and following her through all
+her doubles. I was at the same time delighted in observing that
+deference which the rest of the pack paid to each particular hound,
+according to the character he had acquired amongst them: If they were at
+a fault, and an old hound of reputation opened but once, he was
+immediately followed by the whole cry; while a raw dog, or one who was a
+noted _Liar_, might have yelped his heart out without being taken
+notice of.
+
+The hare now, after having squatted two or three times, and been put up
+again as often, came still nearer to the place where she was at first
+started. The dogs pursued her, and these were followed by the jolly
+Knight, who rode upon a white gelding, encompassed by his tenants and
+servants, and cheering his hounds with all the gaiety of five and
+twenty. One of the sportsmen rode up to me, and told me that he was sure
+the chace was almost at an end, because the old dogs, which had hitherto
+lain behind, now headed the pack. The fellow was in the right. Our hare
+took a large field just under us, followed by the full cry _in
+view_. I must confess the brightness of the weather, the cheerfulness
+of every thing around me, the _chiding_ of the hounds, which was
+returned upon us in a double echo from two neighbouring hills, with the
+hallooing of the sportsmen and the sounding of the horn, lifted my
+spirits into a most lively pleasure, which I freely indulged because I
+knew it was _innocent_. If I was under any concern, it was on the
+account of the poor hare, that was now quite spent and almost within the
+reach of her enemies; when the huntsman, getting forward, threw down his
+pole before the dogs. They were now within eight yards of that game
+which they had been pursuing for almost as many hours; yet on the signal
+before-mentioned they all made a sudden stand, and though they continued
+opening as much as before, durst not once attempt to pass beyond the
+pole. At the same time Sir ROGER rode forward, and alighting, took up
+the hare in his arms; which he soon delivered to one of his servants,
+with an order, if she could be kept alive, to let her go in his great
+orchard; where it seems he has several of these prisoners of war, who
+live together in a very comfortable captivity. I was highly pleased to
+see the discipline of the pack, and the good nature of the Knight, who
+could not find in his heart to murder a creature that had given him so
+much diversion.
+
+As we were returning home, I remembered that Monsieur _Paschal_ in
+his most excellent discourse on _the misery of man_, tells us, that
+_all our endeavours after greatness proceed from nothing but a desire
+of being surrounded by a multitude of persons and affairs that may
+hinder us from looking into ourselves, which is a view we cannot
+bear_. He afterwards goes on to show that our love of sports comes
+from the same reason, and is particularly severe upon hunting.
+_What_, says he, _unless it be to drown thought, can make men
+throw away so much time and pains upon a silly animal, which they might
+buy cheaper in the market?_ The foregoing reflection is certainly
+just, when a man suffers his whole mind to be drawn into his sports, and
+altogether loses himself in the woods; but does not affect those who
+propose a far more laudable end for this exercise; I mean, _The
+preservation of health, and keeping all the organs of the soul in a
+condition to execute her orders._ Had that incomparable person, whom
+I last quoted, been a little more indulgent to himself in this point,
+the world might probably have enjoyed him much longer: Whereas, through
+too great an application to his studies in his youth, he contracted that
+ill habit of body, which, after a tedious sickness, carried him off in
+the fortieth year of his age; and the whole history we have of his life
+till that time, is but one continued account of the behaviour of a noble
+soul struggling under innumerable pains and distempers.
+
+For my own part, I intend to hunt twice a week during my stay with Sir
+ROGER; and shall prescribe the moderate use of this exercise to all my
+country friends, as the best kind of physick for mending a bad
+constitution, and preserving a good one.
+
+I cannot do this better, than in the following lines out of Mr.
+_Dryden_.
+
+  _The first physicians by debauch were made;
+  Excess began, and sloth sustains the trade.
+  By chace our long liv'd fathers earn'd their food;
+  Toil strung the nerves, and purifi'd the blood;
+  But we their sons, a pamper'd race of men,
+  Are dwindled down to threescore years and ten.
+  Better to hunt in fields for health unbought,
+  Than fee the doctor for a nauseous draught.
+  The wise for cure on exercise depend;
+  God never made his work for man to mend._ X.
+
+
+
+
+No. 117. SATURDAY, JULY 14.
+
+  _Ipsi sibi somnia fingunt._
+    VIRG. Ecl. viii. ver. 108.
+
+  Their own imaginations they deceive.
+
+
+There are some opinions in which a man should stand neuter, without
+engaging his assent to one side or the other. Such a hovering faith as
+this, which refuses to settle upon any determination, is absolutely
+necessary in a mind that is careful to avoid errors and prepossessions.
+When the arguments press equally on both sides in matters that are
+indifferent to us, the safest method is to give up ourselves to neither.
+
+It is with this temper of mind that I consider the subject of
+witchcraft. When I hear the relations that are made from all parts of
+the world, not only from _Norway_ and _Lapland_, from the
+_East_ and _West Indies_, but from every particular nation in
+_Europe_, I cannot forbear thinking that there is such an
+intercourse and commerce with evil spirits, as that which we express by
+the name of witchcraft. But when I consider that the ignorant and
+credulous parts of the world abound most in these relations, and that
+the persons among us, who are supposed to engage in such an infernal
+commerce, are people of a weak understanding and crazed imagination, and
+at the same time reflect upon the many impostures and delusions of this
+nature that have been detected in all ages, I endeavour to suspend my
+belief till I hear more certain accounts than any which have yet come to
+my knowledge. In short, when I consider the question whether there are
+such persons in the world as those we call witches, my mind is divided
+between the two opposite opinions; or rather, (to speak my thoughts
+freely) I believe in general that there is, and has been such a thing as
+witchcraft; but, at the same time, can give no credit to any particular
+instance of it.
+
+I am engaged in this speculation by some occurrences that I met with
+yesterday, which I shall give my reader an account of at large. As I was
+walking with my friend Sir ROGER by the side of one of his woods, an old
+woman applied herself to me for my charity. Her dress and figure put me
+in mind of the following description in _Otway_.
+
+  _In a close lane as I pursu'd my journey,
+  I spy'd a wrinkled_ Hag, _with age grown double,
+  Picking dry sticks, and mumbling to herself.
+  Her eyes with scalding rheum were gall'd and red;
+  Cold palsy shook her head; her hands seem'd withered;
+  And on her crooked shoulders had she wrapped
+  The tatter'd remnants of an old strip'd hanging,
+  Which serv'd to keep her carcase from the cold:
+  So there was nothing of a piece about her.
+  Her lower weeds were all o'er coarsly patch'd
+  With different-coloured rags, black, red, white, yellow,
+  And seem'd to speak variety of wretchedness._
+
+As I was musing on this description, and comparing it with the object
+before me, the Knight told me, that this very old woman had the
+reputation of a witch all over the country, that her lips were observed
+to be always in motion, and that there was not a switch about her house
+which her neighbours did not believe had carried her several hundreds of
+miles. If she chanced to stumble, they always found sticks or straws
+that lay in the figure of a cross before her. If she made any mistake at
+church, and cried _Amen_ in a wrong place, they never failed to
+conclude that she was saying her prayers backwards. There was not a maid
+in the parish that would take a pin of her, though she should offer a
+bag of money with it. She goes by the name of _Moll White_, and has
+made the country ring with several imaginary exploits which are palmed
+upon her. If the dairy-maid does not make the butter come so soon as she
+would have it, _Moll White_ is at the bottom of the churn. If a
+horse sweats in the stable, _Moll White_ has been upon his back. If
+a hare makes an unexpected escape from the hounds, the huntsman curses
+_Moll White_. 'Nay' (says Sir ROGER) 'I have known the master of
+the pack, upon such an occasion, send one of his servants to see if
+_Moll White_ had been out that morning.'
+
+This account raised my curiosity so far, that I begged my friend Sir
+ROGER to go with me into her hovel, which stood in a solitary corner
+under the side of the wood. Upon our first entering Sir ROGER winked to
+me, and pointed at something that stood behind the door, which, upon
+looking that way I found to be an old broomstaff. At the same time he
+whispered me in the ear to take notice of a tabby cat that sat in the
+chimney-corner, which, as the old Knight told me, lay under as bad a
+report as _Moll White_ herself; for, besides that _Moll_ is
+said often to accompany her in the same shape, the cat is reported to
+have spoken twice or thrice in her life, and to have played several
+pranks above the capacity of an ordinary cat.
+
+I was secretly concerned to see human nature in so much wretchedness and
+disgrace, but at the same time could not forbear smiling to hear Sir
+ROGER, who is a little puzzled about the old woman, advising her as a
+justice of peace to avoid all communication with the Devil, and never to
+hurt any of her neighbour's cattle. We concluded our visit with a
+bounty, which was very acceptable.
+
+In our return home Sir ROGER told me, that old _Moll_ had been
+often brought before him for making children spit pins, and giving maids
+the nightmare; and that the country people would be tossing her into a
+pond, and trying experiments with her every day, if it was not for him
+and his chaplain.
+
+I have since found, upon inquiry, that Sir ROGER was several times
+staggered with the reports that had been brought him concerning this old
+woman, and would frequently have bound her over to the county-sessions,
+had not his chaplain with much ado persuaded him to the contrary.
+
+I have been the more particular in this account, because I hear there is
+scarce a village in _England_ that has not a _Moll White_ in
+it. When an old woman begins to dote, and grow chargeable to a parish,
+she is generally turned into a witch, and fills the whole country with
+extravagant fancies, imaginary distempers, and terrifying dreams. In the
+mean time, the poor wretch that is the innocent occasion of so many
+evils begins to be frighted at herself, and sometimes confesses secret
+commerce and familiarities that her imagination forms in a delirious old
+age. This frequently cuts off charity from the greatest objects of
+compassion, and inspires people with a malevolence towards those poor
+decrepid parts of our species, in whom human nature is defaced by
+infirmity and dotage. L.
+
+
+
+
+No. 118. MONDAY, JULY 16.
+
+  _Haeret lateri lethalis arundo._
+    VIRG. AEn. iv. ver. 73.
+
+  The fatal dart
+  Sticks in his side, and rankles in his heart.
+    DRYDEN
+
+
+This agreeable seat is surrounded with so many pleasing walks, which are
+struck out of a wood, in the midst of which the house stands, that one
+can hardly ever be weary of rambling from one labyrinth of delight to
+another. To one used to live in a city the charms of the country are so
+exquisite, that the mind is lost in a certain transport which raises us
+above ordinary life, and is yet not strong enough to be inconsistent
+with tranquillity. This state of mind was I in, ravished with the murmur
+of waters, the whisper of breezes, the singing of birds; and whether I
+looked up to the heavens, down to the earth, or turned on the prospects
+around me, still struck with new sense of pleasure; when I found by the
+voice of my friend, who walked by me, that we had insensibly strolled
+into the grove sacred to the widow. 'This woman', says he, 'is of all
+others the most unintelligible; she either designs to marry, or she does
+not. What is the most perplexing of all, is, that she doth not either
+say to her lovers she has any resolution against that condition of life
+in general, or that she banishes them; but, conscious of her own merit,
+she permits their addresses, without fear of any ill consequence, or
+want of respect, from their rage or despair. She has that in her aspect,
+against which it is impossible to offend. A man whose thoughts are
+constantly bent upon so agreeable an object, must be excused if the
+ordinary occurrences in conversation are below his attention. I call her
+indeed perverse; but, alas! why do I call her so? Because her superior
+merit is such, that I cannot approach her without awe, that my heart is
+checked by too much esteem: I am angry that her charms are not more
+acceptable, that I am more inclined to worship than salute her: How
+often have I wished her unhappy, that I might have an opportunity of
+serving her? and how often troubled in that very imagination, at giving
+her the pain of being obliged? Well, I have led a miserable life in
+secret upon her account; but fancy she would have condescended to have
+some regard for me, if it had not been for that watchful animal her
+confident.
+
+'Of all persons under the sun' (continued he, calling me by my name)' be
+sure to set a mark upon confidents: They are of all people the most
+impertinent. What is most pleasant to observe in them, is, that they
+assume to themselves the merit of the persons whom they have in their
+custody. _Orestilla_ is a great fortune, and in wonderful danger of
+surprises, therefore full of suspicions of the least indifferent thing,
+particularly careful of new acquaintance, and of growing too familiar
+with the old. _Themista_, her favourite woman, is every whit as
+careful of whom she speaks to, and what she says. Let the ward be a
+beauty, her confident shall treat you with an air of distance; let her
+be a fortune, and she assumes the suspicious behaviour of her friend and
+patroness. Thus it is that very many of our unmarried women of
+distinction, are to all intents and purposes married, except the
+consideration of different sexes. They are directly under the conduct of
+their whisperer; and think they are in a state of freedom, while they
+can prate with one of these attendants of all men in general, and still
+avoid the man they most like. You do not see one heiress in a hundred
+whose fate does not turn upon this circumstance of chusing a confident.
+Thus it is that the lady is addressed to, presented and flattered, only
+by proxy, in her woman. In my case, how is it possible that--' Sir
+ROGER was proceeding in his harangue, when we heard the voice of one
+speaking very importunately, and repeating these words, 'What, not one
+smile?' We followed the sound till we came to a close thicket, on the
+other side of which we saw a young woman sitting as it were in a
+personated sullenness, just over a transparent fountain. Opposite to her
+stood Mr. _William_, Sir ROGER's master of the game. The Knight
+whispered me, 'Hist! these are lovers.' The huntsman looking earnestly
+at the shadow of the young maiden in the stream, 'Oh thou dear picture,
+if thou couldst remain there in the absence of that fair creature whom
+you represent in the water, how willingly could I stand here satisfied
+for ever, without troubling my dear _Betty_ herself with any
+mention of her unfortunate _William_, whom she is angry with: But
+alas! when she pleases to be gone, thou wilt also vanish--yet let me
+talk to thee while thou dost stay. Tell my dearest _Betty_ thou
+dost not more depend upon her, than does her _William_: Her absence
+will make away with me as well as thee. If she offers to remove thee, I
+will jump into these waves to lay hold on thee; herself, her own dear
+person, I must never embrace again.--Still do you hear me without one
+smile--It is too much to bear--' He had no sooner spoke these words, but
+he made an offer of throwing himself into the water: At which his
+mistress started up, and at the next instant he jumped across the
+fountain and met her in an embrace. She, half recovering from her
+fright, said, in the most charming voice imaginable, and with a tone of
+complaint, 'I thought how well you would drown yourself. No, no, you
+won't drown yourself till you have taken your leave of _Susan
+Holiday_.' The huntsman, with a tenderness that spoke the most
+passionate love, and with his cheek close to hers, whispered the softest
+vows of fidelity in her ear, and cried, 'Don't, my dear, believe a word
+_Kate Willow_ says; she is spiteful, and makes stories because she
+loves to hear me talk to herself for your sake.' 'Look you there,' quoth
+Sir ROGER, 'do you see there, all mischief comes from confidents! But
+let us not interrupt them; the maid is honest, and the man dares not be
+otherwise, for he knows I loved her father: I will interpose in this
+matter, and hasten the wedding. _Kate Willow_ is a witty
+mischievous wench in the neighbourhood, who was a beauty, and makes me
+hope I shall see the perverse widow in her condition. She was so
+flippant with her answers to all the honest fellows that came near her,
+and so very vain of her beauty, that she has valued herself upon her
+charms till they are ceased. She therefore now makes it her business to
+prevent other young women from being more discreet than she was herself:
+However, the saucy thing said the other day well enough,
+
+"Sir ROGER and I must make a match, for we are both despised by those we
+loved." The hussy has a great deal of power wherever she comes, and has
+her share of cunning.
+
+'However, when I reflect upon this woman, I do not know whether in the
+main I am the worse for having loved her: Whenever she is recalled to my
+imagination my youth returns, and I feel a forgotten warmth in my veins.
+This affliction in my life has streaked all my conduct with a softness,
+of which I should otherwise have been incapable. It is, perhaps, to this
+dear image in my heart owing that I am apt to relent, that I easily
+forgive, and that many desirable things are grown into my temper, which
+I should not have arrived at by better motives than the thought of being
+one day hers. I am pretty well satisfied such a passion as I have had is
+never well cured; and, between you and me, I am often apt to imagine it
+has had some whimsical effect upon my brain: For I frequently find, that
+in my most serious discourse I let fall some comical familiarity of
+speech, or odd phrase, that makes the company laugh; however, I cannot
+but allow she is a most excellent woman. When she is in the country I
+warrant she does not run into dairies, but reads upon the nature of
+plants; but has a glass-hive, and comes into the garden out of books to
+see them work, and observe the policies of their commonwealth. She
+understands every thing. I would give ten pounds to hear her argue with
+my friend Sir ANDREW FREEPORT about trade. No, no, for all she looks so
+innocent as it were, take my word for it she is no fool.' T.
+
+
+
+
+No. 119. TUESDAY, JULY 17.
+
+  _Urbem, quam dicunt Romam, Melibaee, putavi
+  Stultus ego huic nostrae similem._
+    VIRG. Ecl. i. v. 20.
+
+  Fool that I was, I thought imperial _Rome_
+  Like _Mantua_.
+    DRYDEN.
+
+
+The first and most obvious reflexions which arise in a man who changes
+the city for the country, are upon the different manners of the people
+whom he meets with in those two different scenes of life. By manners I
+do not mean morals, but behaviour and good-breeding, as they shew
+themselves in the town and in the country.
+
+And here, in the first place, I must observe a very great revolution
+that has happened in this article of good-breeding. Several obliging
+deferences, condescensions and submissions, with many outward forms and
+ceremonies that accompany them, were first of all brought up among the
+politer part of mankind, who lived in courts and cities, and
+distinguished themselves from the rustick part of the species (who on
+all occasions acted bluntly and naturally) by such a mutual complaisance
+and intercourse of civilities. These forms of conversation by degrees
+multiplied and grew troublesome; the modish world found too great a
+constraint in them, and have therefore thrown most of them aside.
+Conversation, like the _Romish_ religion, was so incumbered with
+show and ceremony, that it stood in need of a reformation to retrench
+its superfluities, and restore it to its natural good sense and beauty.
+At present therefore an unconstrained carriage, and a certain openness
+of behaviour, are the height of good-breeding. The fashionable world is
+grown free and easy; our manners sit more loose upon us: Nothing is so
+modish as an agreeable negligence. In a word, good-breeding shews itself
+most where to an ordinary eye it appears the least.
+
+If after this we look on the people of mode in the country, we find in
+them the manners of the last age. They have no sooner fetched themselves
+up to the fashion of the polite world, but the town has dropped them,
+and are nearer to the first state of nature than to those refinements
+which formerly reigned in the court, and still prevail in the country.
+One may now know a man that never conversed in the world, by his excess
+of good-breeding.
+
+A polite country 'Squire shall make you as many bows in half an hour, as
+would serve a courtier for a week. There is infinitely more to do about
+place and precedency in a meeting of justices' wives, than in an
+assembly of duchesses.
+
+This rural politeness is very troublesome to a man of my temper, who
+generally take the chair that is next me, and walk first or last, in the
+front or in the rear, as chance directs. I have known my friend Sir
+ROGER'S dinner almost cold before the company could adjust the
+ceremonial, and be prevailed upon to sit down; and have heartily pitied
+my old friend, when I have seen him forced to pick and cull his guests,
+as they sat at the several parts of his table, that he might drink their
+healths according to their respective ranks and qualities. Honest
+_Will Wimble_, who I should have thought had been altogether
+uninfected with ceremony, gives me abundance of trouble in this
+particular. Though he has been fishing all the morning, he will not help
+himself at dinner till I am served. When we are going out of the hall,
+he runs behind me; and last night, as we were walking in the fields,
+stopped short at a stile till I came up to it, and upon my making signs
+to him to get over, told me, with a serious smile, that sure I believed
+they had no manners in the country.
+
+There has happened another revolution in the point of good-breeding,
+which relates to the conversation among men of mode, and which I cannot
+but look upon as very extraordinary. It was certainly one of the first
+distinctions of a well-bred man, to express every thing that had the
+most remote appearance of being obscene, in modest terms and distant
+phrases; whilst the clown, who had no such delicacy of conception and
+expression, clothed his _ideas_ in those plain homely terms that
+are the most obvious and natural. This kind of good-manners was perhaps
+carried to an excess, so as to make conversation too stiff, formal, and
+precise: For which reason (as hypocrisy in one age is generally
+succeeded by atheism in another) conversation is in a great measure
+relapsed into the first extreme; so that at present several of our men
+of the town, and particularly those who have been polished in
+_France_, make use of the most coarse uncivilized words in our
+language, and utter themselves often in such a manner as a clown would
+blush to hear.
+
+This infamous piece of good-breeding, which reigns among the coxcombs of
+the town, has not yet made its way into the country; and as it is
+impossible for such an irrational way of conversation to last long,
+among a people that make any profession of religion or show of modesty,
+if the country gentlemen get into it they will certainly be left in the
+lurch. Their good-breeding will come too late to them, and they will be
+thought a parcel of lewd clowns, while they fancy themselves talking
+together like men of wit and pleasure.
+
+As the two points of good-breeding which I have hitherto insisted upon,
+regard behaviour and conversation, there is a third which turns upon
+dress. In this too the country are very much behind-hand. The rural
+beaux are not yet got out of the fashion that took place at the time of
+the Revolution, but ride about the country in red coats and laced hats,
+while the women in many parts are still trying to outvie one another in
+the height of their headdresses.
+
+But a friend of mine, who is now upon the western circuit, having
+promised to give me an account of the several modes and fashions that
+prevail in the different parts of the nation through which he passes, I
+shall defer the enlarging upon this last topick till I have received a
+letter from him, which I expect every post. L.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 120. WEDNESDAY, JULY 18.
+
+  _Equidem credo, quia sit divinitus illis
+  Ingenium._
+    VIRG. Georg. i. ver. 415.
+
+  I think their breasts with heav'nly souls inspir'd.
+    DRYDEN.
+
+
+My friend Sir ROGER is very often merry with me upon my passing so much
+of my time among his poultry. He has caught me twice or thrice looking
+after a bird's nest, and several times sitting an hour or two together
+near an hen and chickens. He tells me he believes I am personally
+acquainted with every fowl about his house; calls such a particular cock
+my favourite, and frequently complains that his ducks and geese have
+more of my company than himself.
+
+I must confess I am infinitely delighted with those speculations of
+nature which are to be made in a country-life; and as my reading has
+very much lain among books of natural history, I cannot forbear
+recollecting upon this occasion the several remarks which I have met
+with in authors, and comparing them with what falls under my own
+observation: The argument for providence drawn from the natural history
+of animals being in my opinion demonstrative.
+
+The make of every kind of animal is different from that of every other
+kind; and yet there is not the least turn in the muscles or twist in the
+fibres of any one, which does not render them more proper for that
+particular animal's way of life than any other cast or texture of them
+would have been.
+
+The most violent appetites in all creatures are _Lust_ and
+_Hunger_: The first is a perpetual call upon them to propagate
+their kind; the latter to preserve themselves.
+
+It is astonishing to consider the different degrees of care that descend
+from the parent to the young, so far as is absolutely necessary for the
+leaving a posterity. Some creatures cast their eggs as chance directs
+them, and think of them no farther, as insects and several kinds of
+fish; others, of a nicer frame, find out proper beds to deposite them
+in, and there leave them; as the serpent, the crocodile, and ostrich:
+Others hatch their eggs, and tend the birth, till it is able to shift
+for itself.
+
+What can we call the principle which directs every different kind of
+bird to observe a particular plan in the structure of its nest, and
+direct all the same species to work after the same model? It cannot be
+_Imitation_; for, though you hatch a crow under a hen, and never
+let it see any of the works of its own kind, the nest it makes shall be
+the same, to the laying of a stick, with all the other nests of the same
+species. It cannot be _reason_; for, were animals indued with it to
+as great a degree as man, their buildings would be as different as ours,
+according to the different conveniencies that they would propose to
+themselves.
+
+Is it not remarkable, that the same temper of weather, which raises this
+genial warmth in animals, should cover the trees with leaves, and the
+fields with grass, for their security and concealment, and produce such
+infinite swarms of insects for the support and sustenance of their
+respective broods?
+
+Is it not wonderful, that the love of the parent should be so violent
+while it lasts, and that it should last no longer than is necessary for
+the preservation of the young?
+
+The violence of this natural love is exemplified by a very barbarous
+experiment; which I shall quote at length, as I find it in an excellent
+author, and hope my readers will pardon the mentioning such an instance
+of cruelty, because there is nothing can so effectually show the
+strength of that principle in animals of which I am here speaking. 'A
+person who was well skilled in dissections opened a bitch, and as she
+lay in the most exquisite tortures, offered her one of her young
+puppies, which she immediately fell a licking; and for the time seemed
+insensible of her own pain: On the removal, she kept her eye fixt on it,
+and began a wailing sort of cry, which seemed rather to proceed from the
+loss of her young one, than the sense of her own torments.'
+
+But, notwithstanding this natural love in brutes is much more violent
+and intense than in rational creatures, providence has taken care that
+it should be no longer troublesome to the parent than it is useful to
+the young; for so soon as the wants of the latter cease, the mother
+withdraws her fondness, and leaves them to provide for themselves: And,
+what is a very remarkable circumstance in this part of instinct, we find
+that the love of the parent may be lengthened out beyond its usual time,
+if the preservation of the species requires it; as we may see in birds
+that drive away their young as soon as they are able to get their
+livelihood, but continue to feed them if they are tied to the nest, or
+confined within a cage, or by any other means appear to be out of a
+condition of supplying their own necessities.
+
+This natural love is not observed in animals to ascend from the young to
+the parent, which is not at all necessary for the continuance of the
+species; nor indeed in reasonable creatures does it rise in any
+proportion, as it spreads itself downwards: For in all family affection,
+we find protection granted and favours bestowed, are greater motives to
+love and tenderness, than safety, benefits, or life received. One would
+wonder to hear sceptical men disputing for the reason of animals, and
+telling us it is only our pride and prejudices that will not allow them
+the use of that faculty.
+
+Reason shews itself in all occurrences of life; whereas the brute makes
+no discovery of such a talent, but in what immediately regards his own
+preservation, or the continuance of his species. Animals in their
+generation are wiser than the sons of men; but their wisdom is confined
+to a few particulars, and lies in a very narrow compass. Take a brute
+out of his instinct, and you find him wholly deprived of understanding.
+To use an instance that comes often under observation.
+
+With what caution does the hen provide herself a nest in places
+unfrequented, and free from noise and disturbance! When she has laid her
+eggs in such a manner that she can cover them, what care does she take
+in turning them frequently, that all parts may partake of the vital
+warmth? When she leaves them, to provide for her necessary sustenance,
+how punctually does she return before they have time to cool, and become
+incapable of producing an animal? In the summer you see her giving
+herself greater freedoms, and quitting her care for above two hours
+together; but in winter, when the rigour of the season would chill the
+principles of life, and destroy the young one, she grows more assiduous
+in her attendance, and stays away but half the time. When the birth
+approaches, with how much nicety and attention does she help the chick
+to break its prison? Not to take notice of her covering it from the
+injuries of the weather, providing it proper nourishment, and teaching
+it to help itself; nor to mention her forsaking the nest, if after the
+usual time of reckoning the young one does not make its appearance. A
+chymical operation could not be followed with greater art or diligence,
+than is seen in the hatching of a chick; though there are many other
+birds that shew an infinitely greater sagacity in all the forementioned
+particulars.
+
+But at the same time the hen, that has all this seeming ingenuity (which
+is indeed absolutely necessary for the propagation of the species),
+considered in other respects, is without the least glimmerings of
+thought or common sense. She mistakes a piece of chalk for an egg, and
+sits upon it in the same manner: She is insensible of any increase or
+diminution in the number of those she lays: She does not distinguish
+between her own and those of another species; and when the birth appears
+of never so different a bird, will cherish it for her own. In all these
+circumstances, which do not carry an immediate regard to the subsistence
+of herself or her species, she is a very idiot.
+
+There is not, in my opinion, any thing more mysterious in nature than
+this instinct in animals, which thus rises above reason, and falls
+infinitely short of it. It cannot be accounted for by any properties in
+matter, and at the same time works after so odd a manner, that one
+cannot think it the faculty of an intellectual being. For my own part, I
+look upon it as upon the principle of gravitation in bodies, which is
+not to be explained by any known qualities inherent in the bodies
+themselves, nor from any laws of mechanism; but, according to the best
+notions of the greatest philosophers, is an immediate impression from
+the first mover, and the divine energy acting in the creatures. L.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 121. THURSDAY, JULY 19.
+
+  _Jovis omnia plena_.
+    VIRG. Ecl. iii. v. 60.
+
+  All is full of _Jove_.
+
+
+As I was walking this morning in the great yard that belongs to my
+friend's country house, I was wonderfully pleased to see the different
+workings of instinct in a hen followed by a brood of ducks. The young,
+upon the sight of a pond, immediately ran into it, while the step-
+mother, with all imaginable anxiety, hovered about the borders of it, to
+call them out of an element that appeared to her so dangerous and
+destructive. As the different principle which acted in these different
+animals cannot be termed reason, so when we call it _instinct_, we
+mean something we have no knowledge of. To me, as I hinted in my last
+paper, it seems the immediate direction of providence, and such an
+operation of the Supreme Being, as that which determines all the
+portions of matter to their proper centres. A modern philosopher, quoted
+by Monsieur _Bayle_ in his learned dissertation on the souls of
+brutes, delivers the same opinion, though in a bolder form of words,
+where he says, _Deus est anima brutorum_, God himself is the soul
+of brutes. Who can tell what to call that seeming sagacity in animals,
+which directs them to such food as is proper for them, and makes them
+naturally avoid whatever is noxious or unwholesome? _Tully_ has
+observed, that a lamb no sooner falls from its mother, but immediately
+and of his own accord applies itself to the teat. _Dampier_, in his
+travels, tells us, that when seamen are thrown upon any unknown coasts
+of America, they never venture upon the fruit of any tree, how tempting
+soever it may appear, unless they observe that it is marked with the
+pecking of birds; but fall on without any fear or apprehension where the
+birds have been before them.
+
+But notwithstanding animals have nothing like the use of reason, we find
+in them all the lower parts of our nature, the passions and senses in
+their greatest strength and perfection. And here it is worth our
+observation, that all beasts and birds of prey are wonderfully subject
+to anger, malice, revenge, and all the other violent passions that may
+animate them in search of their proper food; as those that are incapable
+of defending themselves, or annoying others, or whose safety lies
+chiefly in their flight, are suspicious, fearful, and apprehensive of
+every thing they see or hear; whilst others that are of assistance and
+use to man, have their natures softened with something mild and
+tractable, and by that means are qualified for a domestic life. In this
+case the passions generally correspond with the make of the body. We do
+not find the fury of the lion in so weak and defenceless an animal as a
+lamb, nor the meekness of a lamb in a creature so armed for battle and
+assault as the lion. In the same manner, we find that particular animals
+have a more or less exquisite sharpness and sagacity in those particular
+senses which most turn to their advantage, and in which their safety and
+welfare is the most concerned.
+
+Nor must we here omit that great variety of arms with which nature has
+differently fortified the bodies of several kind of animals, such as
+claws, hoofs, and horns, teeth, and tusks, a tail, a sting, a trunk, or
+a _proboscis_. It is likewise observed by naturalists, that it must
+be some hidden principle distinct from what we call reason, which
+instructs animals in the use of these their arms, and teaches them to
+manage them to the best advantage; because they naturally defend
+themselves with that part in which their strength lies, before the
+weapon be formed in it; as is remarkable in lambs, which though they are
+bred within doors, and never saw the action of their own species, push
+at those who approach them with their foreheads, before the first
+budding of a horn appears.
+
+I shall add to these general observations an instance, which Mr.
+_Locke_ has given us of providence, even in the imperfections of a
+creature which seems the meanest and most despicable in the whole animal
+world. _We may_, says he, _from the make of an oyster, or cockle,
+conclude, that it has not so many nor so quick senses as a man, or
+several other animals: Nor if it had, would it, in that state and
+incapacity of transferring itself from one place to another, be bettered
+by them. What good would sight and hearing do to a creature that cannot
+move itself to or from the object, wherein at a distance it perceives
+good or evil? And would not quickness of sensation be an inconvenience
+to an animal that must be still where chance has once placed it, and
+there receive the afflux of colder or warmer, clean or foul water, as it
+happens to come to it_.
+
+I shall add to this instance out of Mr. _Locke_ another out of the
+learned Dr. _More_, who cites it from _Cardan_, in relation to
+another animal which providence has left defective, but at the same time
+has shewn its wisdom in the formation of that organ in which it seems
+chiefly to have failed. _What is more obvious and ordinary than a
+mole? and yet what more palpable argument of providence than she? The
+members of her body are so exactly fitted to her nature and manner of
+life: For her dwelling being under ground where nothing is to be seen,
+nature has so obscurely fitted her with eyes, that naturalists can
+hardly agree whether she have any sight at all or no. But for amends,
+what she is capable of for her defence and warning of danger, she has
+very eminently conferred upon her; for she is exceedingly quick of
+hearing. And then her short tail and short legs, but broad forefeet
+armed with sharp claws, we see by the event to what purpose they are,
+she so swiftly working herself under ground, and making her way so fast
+in the earth as they that behold it cannot but admire it. Her legs
+therefore are short, that she need dig no more than will serve the mere
+thickness of her body; and her fore feet are broad that she may scoop
+away much earth at a time; and little or no tail she has, because she
+courses it not on the ground, like the rat and mouse, of whose kindred
+she is, but lives under the earth, and is fain to dig herself a dwelling
+there. And she making her way through so thick an element, which will
+not yield easily, as the air or the water, it had been dangerous to have
+drawn so long a train behind her; for her enemy might fall upon her
+rear, and fetch her out, before she had completed or got full possession
+of her works_.
+
+I cannot forbear mentioning Mr. _Boyle's_ remark upon this last
+creature, who I remember somewhere in his works observes, that though
+the mole be not totally blind (as it is commonly thought) she has not
+sight enough to distinguish particular objects. Her eye is said to have
+but one humour in it, which is supposed to give her the idea of light,
+but of nothing else, and is so formed that this idea is probably painful
+to the animal. Whenever she comes up into broad day she might be in
+danger of being taken, unless she were thus affected by a light striking
+upon her eye, and immediately warning her to bury herself in her proper
+element. More sight would be useless to her, as none at all might be
+fatal.
+
+I have only instanced such animals as seem the most imperfect works of
+nature; and if providence shews itself even in the blemishes of these
+creatures, how much more does it discover itself in the several
+endowments which it has variously bestowed upon such creatures as are
+more or less finished and compleated in their several faculties,
+according to the condition of life in which they are posted.
+
+I could wish our Royal Society would compile a body of Natural History,
+the best that could be gathered together from books and observations. If
+the several writers among them took each his particular species, and
+gave us a distinct account of its original, birth and education, its
+policies; hostilities and alliances, with the frame, and texture of its
+inward and outward parts, and particularly those that distinguish it
+from all other animals, with their peculiar aptitudes for the state of
+being in which providence has placed them, it would be one of the best
+services their studies could do mankind, and not a little redound to the
+glory of the All-wise Contriver.
+
+It is true, such a Natural History, after all the disquisitions of the
+learned, would be infinitely short and defective. Seas and deserts hide
+millions of animals from our observation. Innumerable artifices and
+stratagems are acted in the _Howling Wilderness_ and in the
+_Great Deep_, that can never come to our knowledge. Besides that
+there are infinitely more species of creatures which are not to be seen
+without, nor indeed with the help of the finest glasses, than of such as
+are bulky enough for the naked eye to take hold of. However, from the
+consideration of such animals as lie within the compass of our
+knowledge, we might easily form a conclusion of the rest, that the same
+variety of wisdom and goodness runs through the whole creation, and puts
+every creature in a condition to provide for its safety and subsistence
+in its proper station.
+
+_Tully_ has given us an admirable sketch of natural history, in his
+second book concerning the nature of the Gods; and that in a style so
+raised by metaphors and descriptions, that it lifts the subject above
+rallery and ridicule, which frequently fall on such nice observations
+when they pass through the hands of an ordinary writer. L.
+
+
+
+
+No. 122. FRIDAY, JULY 20.
+
+  _Comes jucundus in via pro vehiculo est._
+    PUBL. SYR. Frag.
+
+  An agreeable companion upon the road is as good as
+  a coach.
+
+
+A man's first care should be to avoid the reproaches of his own heart;
+his next, to escape the censures of the world: If the last interferes
+with the former, it ought to be entirely neglected; but otherwise there
+cannot be a greater satisfaction to an honest mind, than to see those
+approbations which it gives itself seconded by the applauses of the
+publick: A man is more sure of his conduct, when the verdict he passes
+upon his own behaviour is thus warranted and confirmed by the opinion of
+all that know him.
+
+My worthy friend Sir ROGER is one of those who is not only at peace
+within himself, but beloved and esteemed by all about him. He receives a
+suitable tribute for his universal benevolence to mankind, in the
+returns of affection and good-will, which are paid him by every one that
+lives within his neighbourhood. I lately met with two or three odd
+instances of that general respect which is shewn to the good old Knight.
+He would needs carry _Will Wimble_ and myself with him to the
+county assizes: As we were upon the road _Will Wimble_ joined a
+couple of plain men who rid before us, and conversed with them for some
+time; during which my friend Sir ROGER acquainted me with their
+characters.
+
+The first of them, says he, that has a spaniel by his side, is a yeoman
+of about an hundred pounds a year, an honest man: He is just within the
+game-act, and qualified to kill an hare or a pheasant: He knocks down a
+dinner with his gun twice or thrice a-week; and by that means lives much
+cheaper than those who have not so good an estate as himself. He would
+be a good neighbour if he did not destroy so many partridges: In short,
+he is a very sensible man; shoots flying; and has been several times
+foreman of the petty-jury.
+
+The other that rides along with him is _Tom Touchy_, a fellow
+famous for _taking the law_ of every body. There is not one in the
+town where he lives that he has not sued at the quarter-sessions. The
+rogue had once the impudence to go to law with the _widow_. His
+head is full of costs, damages, and ejectments: He plagued a couple of
+honest gentlemen so long for a trespass in breaking one of his hedges,
+till he was forced to sell the ground it inclosed to defray the charges
+of the prosecution: His father left him fourscore pounds a-year; but he
+has _cast_ and been cast so often, that he is not now worth thirty.
+I suppose he is going upon the old business of the willow-tree.
+
+As Sir ROGER was giving me this account of _Tom Touchy_, _Will
+Wimble_ and his two companions stopped short till we came up to them.
+After having paid their respects to Sir ROGER, _Will_ told him that
+_Mr. Touchy_ and he must appeal to him upon a dispute that arose
+between them. _Will_ it seems had been giving his fellow-traveller
+an account of his angling one day in such a hole; when _Tom
+Touchy_, instead of hearing out his story, told him that Mr. Such-a-
+one, if he pleased, might _take the law of him_ for fishing in that
+part of the river. My friend Sir ROGER heard them both, upon a round
+trot; and after having paused some time told them, with the air of a man
+who would not give his judgment rashly, that _much might be said on
+both sides_. They were neither of them dissatisfied with the Knight's
+determination, because neither of them found himself in the wrong by it:
+Upon which we made the best of our way to the assizes.
+
+The court was sat before Sir ROGER came; but notwithstanding all the
+justices had taken their places upon the bench, they made room for the
+old Knight at the head of them; who for his reputation in the county
+took occasion to whisper in the judge's ear, _That he was glad his
+Lordship had met with so much good weather in his circuit_. I was
+listening to the proceeding of the court with much attention, and
+infinitely pleased with that great appearance and solemnity which so
+properly accompanies such a publick administration of our laws; when,
+after about an hour's sitting, I observed to my great surprise, in the
+midst of a trial, that my friend Sir ROGER was getting up to speak. I
+was in some pain for him, till I found he had acquitted himself of two
+or three sentences, with a look of much business and great intrepidity.
+
+Upon his first rising the court was hushed, and a general whisper ran
+among the country people, that Sir ROGER _was up_. The speech he
+made was so little to the purpose, that I shall not trouble my readers
+with an account of it; and I believe was not so much designed by the
+Knight himself to inform the court, as to give him a figure in my eye,
+and keep up his credit in the country.
+
+I was highly delighted, when the court rose, to see the gentlemen of the
+country gathering about my old friend, and striving who should
+compliment him most; at the same time that the ordinary people gazed
+upon him at a distance, not a little admiring his courage, that was not
+afraid to speak to the judge.
+
+In our return home we met with a very odd accident; which I cannot
+forbear relating, because it shews how desirous all who know Sir ROGER
+are of giving him marks of their esteem. When we were arrived upon the
+verge of his estate, we stopped at a little inn to rest ourselves and
+our horses. The man of the house had it seems been formerly a servant in
+the Knight's family; and to do honour to his old master, had some time
+since, unknown to Sir ROGER, put him up in a sign-post before the door;
+so that _the Knight's head_ had hung out upon the road about a week
+before he himself knew any thing of the matter. As soon as Sir ROGER was
+acquainted with it, finding that his servant's indiscretion proceeded
+wholly from affection and good-will, he only told him that he had made
+him too high a compliment; and when the fellow seemed to think that
+could hardly be, added with a more decisive look, That it was too great
+an honour for any man under a duke; but told him at the same time, that
+it might be altered with a very few touches, and that he himself would
+be at the charge of it. Accordingly they got a painter by the Knight's
+directions to add a pair of whiskers to the face, and by a little
+aggravation of the features to change it into the _Saracen's Head_.
+I should not have known this story had not the innkeeper, upon Sir
+ROGER'S alighting, told him in my hearing, That his honour's head was
+brought back last night with the alterations that he had ordered to be
+made in it. Upon this my friend, with his usual cheerfulness, related
+the particulars above-mentioned, and ordered the head to be brought into
+the room. I could not forbear discovering greater expressions of mirth
+than ordinary upon the appearance of this monstrous face, under which,
+notwithstanding it was made to frown and stare in a most extraordinary
+manner, I could still discover a distant resemblance of my old friend.
+Sir ROGER upon seeing me laugh, desired me to tell him truly if I
+thought it possible for people to know him in that disguise. I at first
+kept my usual silence; but upon the Knight's conjuring me to tell him
+whether it was not still more like himself than a _Saracen_, I
+composed my countenance in the best manner I could, and replied, _that
+much might be said on both sides_.
+
+These several adventures, with the Knight's behaviour in them, gave me
+as pleasant a day as ever I met with in any of my travels.
+
+
+
+
+No. 123, SATURDAY, JULY 21.
+
+  _Doctrina sed vim promovet insitam,
+  Rectique cultus pectora roborant:
+  Utcunque defecere mores,
+  Dedecorant bene nata culpae._
+    HOR. Od. iv. 1. 4. ver. 33.
+
+  Yet the best blood by learning is refin'd,
+  And virtue arms the solid mind;
+  Whilst vice will stain the noblest race,
+  And the paternal stamp efface.
+    ANON.
+
+
+As I was yesterday taking the air with my friend Sir ROGER, we were met
+by a fresh-coloured ruddy young man, who rid by us full speed, with a
+couple of servants behind him. Upon my inquiry who he was, Sir ROGER
+told me that he was a young gentleman of a considerable estate, who had
+been educated by a tender mother that lived not many miles from the
+place where we were. She is a very good lady, says my friend, but took
+so much care of her son's health, that she has made him good for
+nothing. She quickly found that reading was bad for his eyes, and that
+writing made his head ache. He was let loose among the woods as soon as
+he was able to ride on horseback, or carry a gun upon his shoulder. To
+be brief, I found, by my friend's account of him, that he had got a
+great stock of health, but nothing else; and that if it were a man's
+business only to live, there would not be a more accomplished young
+fellow in the whole country.
+
+The truth of it is, since my residing in these parts, I have seen and
+heard innumerable instances of young heirs and elder brothers who,
+either from their own reflecting upon the estates they are born to, and
+therefore thinking all other accomplishments unnecessary, or from
+hearing these notions frequently inculcated to them by the flattery of
+their servants and domesticks, or from the same foolish thought
+prevailing in those who have the care of their education, are of no
+manner of use but to keep up their families, and transmit their lands
+and houses in a line to posterity.
+
+This makes me often think on a story I have heard of two friends, which
+I shall give my reader at large, under feigned names. The moral of it
+may, I hope, be useful, though there are some circumstances which make
+it rather appear like a novel than a true story.
+
+_Eudoxus_ and _Leontine_ began the world with small estates.
+They were both of them men of good sense and great virtue. They
+prosecuted their studies together in their earliest years, and entered
+into such a friendship as lasted to the end of their lives.
+_Eudoxus_, at his first setting out in the world, threw himself
+into a court, where, by his natural endowments and his acquired
+abilities, he made his way from one post to another, till at length he
+had raised a very considerable fortune. _Leontine_ on the contrary
+sought all opportunities of improving his mind by study, conversation,
+and travel. He was not only acquainted with all the sciences, but with
+the most eminent professors of them throughout _Europe_. He knew
+perfectly well the interests of its princes, with the customs and
+fashions of their courts, and could scarce meet with the name of an
+extraordinary person in the _Gazette_ whom he had not either talked
+to or seen. In short, he had so well mixed and digested his knowledge of
+men and books, that he made one of the most accomplished persons of his
+age. During the whole course of his studies and travels, he kept up a
+punctual correspondence with _Eudoxus_, who often made himself
+acceptable to the principal men about court, by the intelligence which
+he received from _Leontine_. When they were both turned of forty
+(an age in which, according to Mr. _Cowley, there is no dallying with
+life_) they determined, pursuant to the resolution they had taken in
+the beginning of their lives, to retire, and pass the remainder of their
+days in the country. In order to this, they both of them married much
+about the same time. _Leontine_, with his own and his wife's
+fortune, bought a farm of three hundred a-year, which lay within the
+neighbourhood of his friend _Eudoxus_, who had purchased an estate
+of as many thousands; they were both of them fathers about the same
+time, _Eudoxus_ having a son born to him, and _Leontine_ a
+daughter; but to the unspeakable grief of the latter, his young wife (in
+whom all his happiness was wrapt up) died in a few days after the birth
+of her daughter. His affliction would have been insupportable, had he
+not been comforted by the daily visits and conversations of his friend.
+As they were one day talking together with their usual intimacy,
+_Leontine_, considering how incapable he was of giving his daughter
+a proper education in his own house, and _Eudoxus_ reflecting on
+the ordinary behaviour of a son who knows himself to be the heir of a
+great estate, they both agreed upon an exchange of children, namely,
+that the boy should be bred up with _Leontine_ as his son, and that
+the girl should live with _Eudoxus_ as his daughter, till they were
+each of them arrived at years of discretion. The wife of _Eudoxus_,
+knowing that her son could not be so advantageously brought up as under
+the care of _Leontine_, and considering at the same time that he
+would be perpetually under her own eye, was by degrees prevailed upon to
+fall in with the project. She therefore took _Leonilla_, for that
+was the name of the girl, and educated her as her own daughter. The two
+friends on each side had wrought themselves to such an habitual
+tenderness for the children who were under their direction, that each of
+them had the real passion of a father, where the title was but
+imaginary. _Florio_, the name of the young heir that lived with
+_Leontine_, though he had all the duty and affection imaginable for
+his supposed parent, was taught to rejoice at the sight of
+_Eudoxus_, who visited his friend very frequently, and was dictated
+by his natural affection, as well as by the rules of prudence, to make
+himself esteemed and beloved by _Florio_. The boy was now old
+enough to know his supposed father's circumstances, and that therefore
+he was to make his way in the world by his own industry. This
+consideration grew stronger in him every day, and produced so good an
+effect, that he applied himself with more than ordinary attention to the
+pursuit of every thing which _Leontine_ recommended to him. His
+natural abilities, which were very good, assisted by the directions of
+so excellent a counsellor, enabled him to make a quicker progress than
+ordinary through all the parts of his education. Before he was twenty
+years of age, having finished his studies and exercises with great
+applause, he was removed from the University to the Inns of Court, where
+there are very few that make themselves considerable proficients in the
+studies of the place, who know they shall arrive at great estates
+without them. This was not _Florio's_ case; he found that three
+hundred a-year was but a poor estate for _Leontine_ and himself to
+live upon, so that he studied without intermission till he gained a very
+good insight into the constitution and laws of his country.
+
+I should have told my reader, that whilst _Florio_ lived at the
+house of his foster-father, he was always an acceptable guest in the
+family of _Eudoxus_, where he became acquainted with
+_Leonilla_ from her infancy. His acquaintance with her by degrees
+grew into love, which, in a mind trained up in all the sentiments of
+honour and virtue, became a very uneasy passion. He despaired of gaining
+an heiress of so great a fortune, and would rather have died than
+attempted it by any indirect methods. _Leonilla_, who was a woman
+of the greatest beauty joined with the greatest modesty, entertained at
+the same time a secret passion for _Florio_, but conducted herself
+with so much prudence that she never gave him the least intimation of
+it. _Florio_ was now engaged in all those arts and improvements
+that are proper to raise a man's private fortune, and give him a figure
+in his country, but secretly tormented with that passion which burns
+with the greatest fury in a virtuous and noble heart, when he received a
+sudden summons from _Leontine_ to repair to him in the country the
+next day. For it seems _Eudoxus_ was so filled with the report of
+his son's reputation, that he could no longer with-hold making himself
+known to him. The morning after his arrival at the house of his supposed
+father, _Leontine_ told him that _Eudoxus_ had something of
+great importance to communicate to him; upon which the good man embraced
+him, and wept. _Florio_ was no sooner arrived at the great house
+that stood in his neighbourhood, but _Eudoxus_ took him by the
+hand, after the first salutes were over, and conducted him into his
+closet. He there opened to him the whole secret of his parentage and
+education, concluding after this manner: _I have no other way left of
+acknowledging my gratitude to_ Leontine, _than by marrying you to
+his daughter. He shall not lose the pleasure of being your father by the
+discovery I have made to you._ Leonilla _too shall still be my
+daughter; her filial piety, though misplaced, has been so exemplary,
+that it deserves the greatest reward I can confer upon it. You shall
+have the pleasure of seeing a great estate fall to you, which you would
+have lost the relish of had you known yourself born to it. Continue only
+to deserve it in the same manner you did before you were possessed of
+it. I have left your mother in the next room. Her heart yearns towards
+you. She is making the same discoveries to_ Leonilla _which I have
+made to yourself._ _Florio_ was so overwhelmed with this
+profusion of happiness, that he was not able to make a reply, but threw
+himself down at his father's feet, and, amidst a flood of tears, kissed
+and embraced his knees, asking his blessing, and expressing in dumb show
+those sentiments of love, duty, and gratitude that were too big for
+utterance. To conclude, the happy pair were married, and half
+_Eudoxus_'s estate settled upon them. _Leontine_ and
+_Eudoxus_ passed the remainder of their lives together; and
+received in the dutiful and affectionate behaviour of _Florio_ and
+_Leonilla_ the just recompense as well as the natural effects of
+that care which they had bestowed upon them in their education. L.
+
+
+
+
+No. 125. TUESDAY, JULY 24.
+
+  _Ne, pueri, ne tanta animis assuescite bella,
+  Neu patrice validas in viscera vertite vires._
+    VIRG. AEn. vi. v. 832.
+
+  Embrace again, my sons, be foes no more,
+  Nor stain your country with her children's gore.
+    DRYDEN.
+
+
+My worthy friend Sir Roger, when we are talking of the malice of
+parties, very frequently tells us an accident that happened to him when
+he was a schoolboy, which was at a time when the feuds ran high between
+the Round-heads and Cavaliers. This worthy Knight, being then but a
+stripling, had occasion to inquire which was the way to St.
+_Anne_'s Lane, upon which the person whom he spoke to, instead of
+answering his question, called him a young Popish Cur, and asked him who
+had made _Anne_ a saint! The boy, being in some confusion, inquired
+of the next he met, which was the way to _Anne_'s Lane; but was
+called a prickeared cur for his pains, and instead of being shown the
+way, was told that she had been a saint before he was born, and would be
+one after he was hanged. Upon this, says Sir Roger, I did not think fit
+to repeat the former question, but going into every lane of the
+neighbourhood, asked what they called the name of that lane. By which
+ingenious artifice he found out the place he inquired after, without
+giving offence to any party. Sir ROGER generally closes this narrative
+with reflections on the mischief that parties do in the country; how
+they spoil good neighbourhood, and make honest gentlemen hate one
+another; besides that they manifestly tend to the prejudice of the land-
+tax, and the destruction of the game.
+
+There cannot a greater judgment befal a country than such a dreadful
+spirit of division as rends a government into two distinct people, and
+makes them greater strangers and more averse to one another, than if
+they were actually two different nations. The effects of such a division
+are pernicious to the last degree, not only with regard to those
+advantages which they give the common enemy, but to those private evils
+which they produce in the heart of almost every particular person. This
+influence is very fatal both to men's morals and their understandings;
+it sinks the virtue of a nation, and not only so, but destroys even
+common sense.
+
+A furious party-spirit, when it rages in its full violence, exerts
+itself in civil war and bloodshed; and when it is under its greatest
+restraints naturally breaks out in falsehood, detraction, calumny, and a
+partial administration of justice. In a word, it fills a nation with
+spleen and rancour, and extinguishes all the seeds of good-nature,
+compassion, and humanity.
+
+_Plutarch_ says very finely, that a man should not allow himself to
+hate even his enemies, because, says he, if you indulge this passion in
+some occasions, it will rise of itself in others; if you hate your
+enemies, you will contract such a vicious habit of mind, as by degrees
+will break out upon those who are your friends, or those who are
+indifferent to you. I might here observe how admirably this precept of
+morality (which derives the malignity of hatred from the passion itself,
+and not from its object) answers to that great rule which was dictated
+to the world about an hundred years before this philosopher wrote; but,
+instead of that, I shall only take notice, with a real grief of heart,
+that the minds of many good men among us appear soured with party-
+principles, and alienated from one another in such a manner, as seems to
+me altogether inconsistent with the dictates either of reason or
+religion. Zeal for a publick cause is apt to breed passions in the
+hearts of virtuous persons, to which the regard of their own private
+interest would never have betrayed them.
+
+If this party-spirit has so ill an effect on our morals, it has likewise
+a very great one upon our judgments. We often hear a poor insipid paper
+or pamphlet cried up, and sometimes a noble piece depreciated, by those
+who are of a different principle from the author. One who is actuated by
+this spirit is almost under an incapacity of discerning either real
+blemishes or beauties. A man of merit in a different principle is like
+an object seen in two different mediums, that appears crooked or broken,
+however straight and entire it may be in itself. For this reason there
+is scarce a person of any figure in _England_, who does not go by
+two contrary characters, as opposite to one another as light and
+darkness. Knowledge and learning suffer in a particular manner from this
+strange prejudice, which at present prevails amongst all ranks and
+degrees in the _British_ nation. As men formerly became eminent in
+learned societies by their parts and acquisitions, they now distinguish
+themselves by the warmth and violence with which they espouse their
+respective parties. Books are valued upon the like considerations: an
+abusive scurrilous style passes for satire, and a dull scheme of party-
+notions is called fine writing.
+
+There is one piece of sophistry practised by both sides, and that is the
+taking any scandalous story that has been ever whispered or invented of
+a private man, for a known undoubted truth, and raising suitable
+speculations upon it. Calumnies that have been never proved, or have
+been often refuted, are the ordinary postulatums of these infamous
+scribblers, upon which they proceed as upon first principles granted by
+all men, though in their hearts they know they are false, or at best
+very doubtful. When they have laid these foundations of scurrility, it
+is no wonder that their superstructure is every way answerable to them.
+If this shameless practice of the present age endures much longer,
+praise and reproach will cease to be motives of action in good men.
+
+There are certain periods of time in all governments when this inhuman
+spirit prevails. _Italy_ was long torn in pieces by the
+_Guelfes_ and _Gibellines_, and _France_ by those who
+were for and against the League: but it is very unhappy for a man to be
+born in such a stormy and tempestuous season. It is the restless
+ambition of artful men that thus breaks a people into factions, and
+draws several well-meaning persons to their interest, by a specious
+concern for their country. How many honest minds are filled with
+uncharitable and barbarous notions, out of their zeal for the publick
+good? What cruelties and outrages would they not commit against men of
+an adverse party, whom they would honour and esteem, if, instead of
+considering them as they are represented, they knew them as they are?
+Thus are persons of the greatest probity seduced into shameful errors
+and prejudices, and made bad men even by that noblest of principles, the
+love of their country. I cannot here forbear mentioning the famous
+_Spanish_ proverb, _If there were neither fools nor knaves in the
+world, all people would be of one mind_.
+
+For my own part, I could heartily wish that all honest men would enter
+into an association, for the support of one another against the
+endeavours of those whom they ought to look upon as their common
+enemies, whatsoever side they may belong to. Were there such an honest
+body of neutral forces, we should never see the worst of men in great
+figures of life, because they are useful to a party; nor the best
+unregarded, because they are above practising those methods which would
+be grateful to their faction. We should then single every criminal out
+of the herd, and hunt him down, however formidable and overgrown he
+might appear: On the contrary, we should shelter distressed innocence,
+and defend virtue, however beset with contempt or ridicule, envy or
+defamation. In short, we should not any longer regard our fellow-
+subjects as Whigs or Tories, but should make the man of merit our
+friend, and the villain our enemy. C.
+
+
+
+
+No. 126. WEDNESDAY, JULY 25.
+
+  _Tros Rutulusve fuat, nullo discrimim habebo._
+    VIRG. AEn. x. ver. 108.
+
+  _Rutulians_, _Trojans_, are the same to me.
+    DRYDEN.
+
+
+In my yesterday's paper I proposed, that the honest men of all parties
+should enter into a kind of association for the defence of one another,
+and the confusion of their common enemies. As it is designed this
+neutral body should act with a regard to nothing but truth and equity,
+and divest themselves of the little heats and prepossessions that cleave
+to parties of all kinds, I have prepared for them the following form of
+an association, which may express their intentions in the most plain and
+simple manner.
+
+_We whose names are hereunto subscribed do solemnly declare, That we
+do in our consciences believe two and two make four; and that we shall
+adjudge any man whatsoever to be our enemy who endeavours to persuade us
+to the contrary. We are likewise ready to maintain with the hazard of
+all that is near and dear to us, That six is less than seven in all
+times and all places; and that ten will not be more three years hence
+than it is at present. We do also firmly declare, That it is our
+resolution, as long as we live, to call black, black; and white, white.
+And we shall upon all occasions oppose such persons, that, upon any day
+of the year, shall call black white, or white black, with the utmost
+peril of our lives and fortunes_.
+
+Were there such a combination of honest men, who, without any regard to
+places, would endeavour to extirpate all such furious zealots as would
+sacrifice one half of their country to the passion and interest of the
+other; as also such infamous hypocrites, that are for promoting their
+own advantage, under colour of the publick good; with all the profligate
+immoral retainers to each side, that have nothing to recommend them but
+an implicit submission to their leaders; we should soon see that furious
+party-spirit extinguished, which may in time expose us to the derision
+and contempt of all the nations about us.
+
+A member of this society, that would thus carefully employ himself in
+making room for merit, by throwing down the worthless and depraved part
+of mankind from those conspicuous stations of life to which they have
+been sometimes advanced, and all this without any regard to his private
+interest, would be no small benefactor to his country.
+
+I remember to have read in _Diodorus Siculus_ an account of a very
+active little animal, which I think he calls the _Ichneumon_, that
+makes it the whole business of his life to break the eggs of the
+crocodile, which he is always in search after. This instinct is the more
+remarkable, because the _Ichneumon_ never feeds upon the eggs he
+has broken, nor any other way finds his account in them.
+
+Were it not for the incessant labours of this industrious animal,
+_AEgypt_, says the historian, would be over-run with crocodiles; for
+the _AEgyptians_ are so far from destroying those pernicious
+creatures, that they worship them as gods.
+
+If we look into the behaviour of ordinary Partizans, we shall find them
+far from resembling this disinterested animal; and rather acting after
+the example of the wild _Tartars_, who are ambitious of destroying
+a man of the most extraordinary parts and accomplishments, as thinking
+upon his decease the same talents, whatever post they qualified him for,
+enter of course into his destroyer.
+
+As in the whole train of my Speculations, I have endeavoured as much as
+I am able to extinguish that pernicious spirit of passion and prejudice,
+which rages with the same violence in all parties, I am still the more
+desirous of doing some good in this particular, because I observe that
+the spirit of party reigns more in the country than in the town. It here
+contracts a kind of brutality and rustick fierceness, to which men of
+politer conversation are wholly strangers. It extends itself even to the
+return of the bow and the hat; and at the same time that the heads of
+parties preserve towards one another an outward show of good-breeding,
+and keep up a perpetual intercourse of civilities, their tools that are
+dispersed in these outlying parts will not so much as mingle together at
+a cock-match. This humour fills the country with several periodical
+meetings of Whig Jockeys and Tory Fox-hunters; not to mention the
+innumerable curses, frowns, and whispers it produces at a quarter-
+sessions.
+
+I do not know whether I have observed in any of my former papers, that
+my friends Sir ROGER DE COVERLEY and Sir ANDREW FREEPORT are of
+different principles, the first of them inclined to the _landed_
+and the other to the _monied_ interest. This humour is so moderate
+in each of them, that it proceeds no farther than to an agreeable
+rallery, which very often diverts the rest of the club. I find however
+that the Knight is a much stronger Tory in the country than in town,
+which, as he has told me in my ear, is absolutely necessary for the
+keeping up his interest. In all our journey from _London_ to his
+house we did not so much as bait at a Whig inn; or, if by chance the
+coachman stopped at a wrong place, one of Sir ROGER'S servants would
+ride up to his master full speed, and whisper to him that the master of
+the house was against such an one in the last election. This often
+betrayed us into hard beds and bad cheer; for we were not so inquisitive
+about the inn as the inn-keeper; and, provided our landlord's principles
+were sound, did not take any notice of the staleness of his provisions.
+This I found still the more inconvenient, because the better the host
+was, the worse generally were his accommodations; the fellow knowing
+very well that those who were his friends would take up with coarse diet
+and an hard lodging. For these reasons, all the while I was upon the
+road, I dreaded entering into an house of any one that Sir ROGER had
+applauded for an honest man.
+
+Since my stay at Sir ROGER'S in the country, I daily find more instances
+of this narrow party-humour. Being upon a bowling-green at a
+neighbouring market-town the other day, (for that is the place where the
+gentlemen of one side meet once a week) I observed a stranger among them
+of a better presence and genteeler behaviour than ordinary; but was much
+surprised, that notwithstanding he was a very fair _bettor_, no
+body would take him up. But upon inquiry I found, that he was one who
+had given a disagreeable vote in a former parliament, for which reason
+there was not a man upon that bowling-green who would have so much
+correspondence with him as to win his money of him.
+
+Among other instances of this nature, I must not omit one which concerns
+myself. _Will Wimble_ was the other day relating several strange
+stories that he had picked up no body knows where, of a certain great
+man; and upon my staring at him, as one that was surprised to hear such
+things in the country, which had never been so much as whispered in the
+town, _Will_ stopped short in the thread of his discourse, and
+after dinner asked my friend Sir ROGER in his ear if he was sure that I
+was not a fanatick.
+
+It gives me a serious concern to see such a spirit of dissension in the
+country; not only as it destroys virtue and common sense, and renders us
+in a manner barbarians towards one another, but as it perpetuates our
+animosities, widens our breaches, and transmits our present passions and
+prejudices to our posterity. For my own part, I am sometimes afraid that
+I discover the seeds of a civil war in these our divisions; and
+therefore cannot but bewail, as in their first principles, the miseries
+and calamities of our children. C.
+
+
+
+
+No. 127. THURSDAY, JULY 26.
+
+  _Quantum est in rebus inane?_
+    PERS. Sat. i. ver. 1.
+
+  How much of emptiness we find in things!
+
+
+It is our custom at Sir ROGER'S, upon the coming in of the post, to sit
+about a pot of coffee, and hear the old Knight read _Dyer_'s
+letter; which he does with his spectacles upon his nose, and in an
+audible voice, smiling very often at those little strokes of satire,
+which are so frequent in the writings of that author; I afterwards
+communicate to the Knight such packets as I receive under the quality of
+SPECTATOR. The following letter chancing to please him more than
+ordinary, I shall publish it at his request.
+
+'Mr. SPECTATOR,
+
+'You have diverted the town almost a whole month at the expence of the
+country, it is now high time that you should give the country their
+revenge. Since your withdrawing from this place, the fair sex are run
+into great extravagancies. Their petticoats, which began to heave and
+swell before you left us, are now blown up into a most enormous concave,
+and rise every day more and more: In short, Sir, since our women know
+themselves to be out of the eye of the SPECTATOR, they will be kept
+within no compass. You praised them a little too soon for the modesty of
+their head-dresses; for, as the humour of a sick person is often driven
+out of one limb into another, their superfluity of ornaments, instead of
+being entirely banished, seems only fallen from their heads upon their
+lower parts. What they have lost in height they make up in breadth, and,
+contrary to all rules of architecture, widen the foundations at the same
+time that they shorten the superstructure.
+
+'I find several speculative persons are of opinion that our sex has of
+late years been very saucy, and that the hoop-petticoat is made use of
+to keep us at a distance. It is most certain that a woman's honour
+cannot be better entrenched than after this manner, in circle within
+circle, amidst such a variety of out-works and lines of circumvallation,
+A female who is thus invested in whalebone is sufficiently secured
+against the approaches of an ill-bred fellow, who might as well think of
+Sir _George Etherege_'s way of making love in a tub, as in the
+midst of so many hoops.
+
+'Among these various conjectures, there are men of superstitious
+tempers, who look upon the hoop-petticoat as a kind of prodigy. Some
+will have it that it portends the downfal of the _French_ King, and
+observe that the farthingale appeared in _England_ a little before
+the ruin of the _Spanish_ monarchy. Others are of opinion that it
+fortels battle and bloodshed, and believe it of the same prognostication
+as the tail of a blazing star.
+
+'Should this fashion get among the ordinary people, our publick ways
+would be so crowded that we should want street-room. Several
+congregations of the best fashion find themselves already very much
+straitened, and if the mode increase I wish it may not drive many
+ordinary women into meetings and conventicles. Should our sex at the
+same time take it into their heads to wear trunk-breeches (as who knows
+what their indignation at this female treatment may drive them to) a man
+and his wife would fill a whole pew.
+
+'You know, Sir, it is recorded of _Alexander the Great_, that in
+his _Indian_ expedition he buried several suits of armour, which,
+by his direction, were made much too big for any of his soldiers, in
+order to give posterity an extraordinary idea of him, and make them
+believe he had commanded an army of giants. I am persuaded that if one
+of the present petticoats happens to be hung up in any repository of
+curiosities, it will lead into the same error the generations that lie
+some removes from us, unless we can believe our posterity will think so
+disrespectfully of their great-grandmothers, that they made themselves
+monstrous to appear amiable.
+
+'When I survey this new-fashioned _Rotunda_ in all its parts, I
+cannot but think of the old philosopher, who, after having entered into
+an _AEgyptian_ temple, and looked about for the idol of the place,
+at length discovered a little black monkey enshrined in the midst of it,
+upon which he could not forbear crying out, (to the great scandal of the
+worshippers) What a magnificent palace is here for such a ridiculous
+inhabitant!
+
+'Though you have taken a resolution, in one of your papers, to avoid
+descending to particularities of dress, I believe you will not think it
+below you on so extraordinary an occasion, to unhoop the fair sex, and
+cure this fashionable tympany that is got among them. I am apt to think
+the petticoat will shrink of its own accord at your first coming to
+town; at least a touch of your pen will make it contract itself, like
+the sensitive plant, and by that means oblige several who are either
+terrified or astonished at this portentous novelty, and among the rest,
+
+'Your humble servant, &c.'
+
+C.
+
+
+
+
+No. 128. FRIDAY, JULY 27.
+
+  _Concordia discors._
+    LUCAN. 1. I. v. 98.
+
+  Harmonious discord.
+
+
+Women in their nature are much more gay and joyous than men; whether it
+be that their blood is more refined, their fibres more delicate, and
+their animal spirits more light and volatile; or whether, as some have
+imagined, there may not be a kind of sex in the very soul, I shall not
+pretend to determine. As vivacity is the gift of women, gravity is that
+of men. They should each of them therefore keep a watch upon the
+particular bias which nature has fixed in their mind, that it may not
+_draw_ too much, and lead them out of the paths of reason. This
+will certainly happen, if the one in every word and action affects the
+character of being rigid and severe, and the other of being brisk and
+airy. Men should beware of being captivated by a kind of savage
+philosophy, women by a thoughtless gallantry. Where these precautions
+are not observed, the man often degenerates into a Cynick, the woman
+into a coquette; the man grows sullen and morose, the woman impertinent
+and fantastical.
+
+By what I have said, we may conclude, men and women were made as
+counterparts to one another, that the pains and anxieties of the husband
+might be relieved by the sprightliness and good-humour of the wife. When
+these are rightly tempered, care and chearfulness go hand in hand; and
+the family, like a ship that is duly trimmed, wants neither sail nor
+ballast.
+
+Natural historians observe, (for whilst I am in the country I must fetch
+my allusions from thence) That only the male birds have voices; that
+their songs begin a little before breeding-time, and end a little after;
+that whilst the hen is covering her eggs the male generally takes his
+stand upon a neighbouring bough within her hearing; and by that means
+amuses and diverts her with his songs during the whole time of her
+sitting.
+
+This contract among birds lasts no longer than till a brood of young
+ones arises from it; so that in the feathered kind, the cares and
+fatigues of the married state, if I may so call it, lie principally upon
+the female. On the contrary, as in our species the man and woman are
+joined together for life, and the main burden rests upon the former,
+nature has given all the little arts of soothing and blandishment to the
+female, that she may chear and animate her companion in a constant and
+assiduous application to the making a provision for his family, and the
+educating of their common children. This however is not to be taken so
+strictly, as if the same duties were not often reciprocal, and incumbent
+on both parties; but only to set forth what seems to have been the
+general intention of nature, in the different inclinations and
+endowments which are bestowed on the different sexes.
+
+But whatever was the reason that man and woman were made with this
+variety of temper, if we observe the conduct of the fair sex, we find
+that they choose rather to associate themselves with a person who
+resembles them in that light and volatile humour which is natural to
+them, than to such as are qualified to moderate and counterbalance it.
+It has been an old complaint, that the coxcomb carries it with them
+before the man of sense. When we see a fellow loud and talkative, full
+of insipid life and laughter, we may venture to pronounce him a female
+favourite: Noise and flutter are such accomplishments as they cannot
+withstand. To be short, the passion of an ordinary woman for a man is
+nothing else but self-love diverted upon another object: She would have
+the lover a woman in every thing but the sex. I do not know a finer
+piece of satire on this part of womankind, than those lines of Mr.
+_Dryden_.
+
+  _Our thoughtless sex is caught by outward form,
+  And empty noise, and loves itself in man._
+
+This is a source of infinite calamities to the sex, as it frequently
+joins them to men, who in their own thoughts are as fine creatures as
+themselves; or, if they chance to be good-humoured, serve only to
+dissipate their fortunes, inflame their follies, and aggravate their
+indiscretions.
+
+The same female levity is no less fatal to them after marriage than
+before: It represents to their imaginations the faithful prudent husband
+as an honest, tractable, and domestick animal; and turns their thoughts
+upon the fine gay gentleman that laughs, sings, and dresses so much more
+agreeably.
+
+As this irregular vivacity of temper leads astray the hearts of ordinary
+women in the choice of their lovers and the treatment of their husbands,
+it operates with the same pernicious influence towards their children,
+who are taught to accomplish themselves in all those sublime perfections
+that appear captivating in the eye of their mother. She admires in her
+son what she loved in her gallant; and by that means contributes all she
+can to perpetuate herself in a worthless progeny.
+
+The younger _Faustina_ was a lively instance of this sort of women.
+Notwithstanding she was married to _Marcus Aurelius_, one of the
+greatest, wisest, and best of the _Roman_ emperors, she thought a
+common gladiator much the prettier gentleman; and had taken such care to
+accomplish her son _Commodus_ according to her own notions of a
+fine man, that when he ascended the throne of his father, he became the
+most foolish and abandoned tyrant that was Jo ever placed at the head of
+the _Roman empire_, signalizing himself in nothing but the fighting
+of prizes, and knocking out men's brains. As he had no taste of true
+glory, we see him in several medals and statues which are still extant
+of him, equipped like an _Hercules_ with a club and a lion's skin.
+
+I have been led into this speculation by the characters I have heard of
+a country gentleman and his lady, who do not live many miles from Sir
+ROGER. The wife is an old coquette, that is always hankering after the
+diversions of the town; the husband a morose rustick, that frowns and
+frets at the name of it. The wife is over-run with affectation, the
+husband sunk into brutality. The lady cannot bear the noise of the larks
+and nightingales, hates your tedious summer days, and is sick at the
+sight of shady woods and purling streams; the husband wonders how any
+one can be pleased with the fooleries of plays and operas, and rails
+from morning to night at essenced fops and tawdry courtiers. The
+children are educated in these different notions of their parents. The
+sons follow the father about his grounds, while the daughters read
+volumes of love-letters and romances to their mother. By this means it
+comes to pass, that the girls look upon their father as a clown, and the
+boys think their mother no better than she should be.
+
+How different are the lives of _Aristus_ and _Aspasia_? the
+innocent vivacity of the one is tempered and composed by the chearful
+gravity of the other. The wife grows wise by the discourses of the
+husband, and the husband good-humoured by the conversations of the wife.
+_Aristus_ would not be so amiable were it not for his
+_Aspasia_, nor _Aspasia_ so much esteemed were it not for her
+_Aristus_. Their virtues are blended in their children, and diffuse
+through the whole family a perpetual spirit of benevolence, complacency,
+and satisfaction. C.
+
+
+
+
+No. 129. SATURDAY, JULY 28.
+
+  _Vertentem sese frustra sectabere canthum,
+  Cum rota posterior curras & in axe secundo._
+    PERS. Sat. v. ver. 71.
+
+  Thou, like the hindmost chariot-wheels, art curst
+  Still to be near, but ne'er to be the first.
+    DRYDEN.
+
+
+Great masters in painting never care for drawing people in the fashion;
+as very well knowing that the head-dress, or periwig, that now prevails,
+and gives a grace to their portraitures at present, will make a very odd
+figure, and perhaps look monstrous in the eyes of posterity. For this
+reason they often represent an illustrious person in a _Roman_
+habit, or in some other dress that never varies. I could wish, for the
+sake of my country friends, that there was such a kind of _everlasting
+drapery_ to be made use of by all who live at a certain distance from
+the town, and that they would agree upon such fashions as should never
+be liable to changes and innovations. For want of this _standing
+dress_, a man who takes a journey into the country is as much
+surprised, as one who walks in a gallery of old family pictures; and
+finds as great a variety of garbs and habits in the persons he converses
+with. Did they keep to one constant dress they would sometimes be in the
+fashion, which they never are as matters are managed at present. If
+instead of running after the mode, they would continue fixed in one
+certain habit, the mode would some time or other overtake them, as a
+clock that stands still is sure to point right once in twelve hours: In
+this case therefore I would advise them, as a gentleman did his friend
+who was hunting about the whole town after a rambling fellow, if you
+follow him you will never find him, but if you plant yourself at the
+corner of any one street, I'll engage it will not be long before you see
+him.
+
+I have already touched upon this subject in a speculation which shows
+how cruelly the country are led astray in following the town; and
+equipped in a ridiculous habit, when they fancy themselves in the height
+of the mode. Since that speculation I have received a letter (which I
+there hinted at) from a gentleman who is now in the western circuit.
+
+'Mr. SPECTATOR,
+
+'Being a lawyer of the _Middle-Temple_, a _Cornishman_ by
+birth, I generally ride the western circuit for my health, and as I am
+not interrupted with clients, have leisure to make many observations
+that escape the notice of my fellow-travellers.
+
+'One of the most fashionable women I met with in all the circuit was my
+landlady at _Stains_, where I chanced to be on a holiday. Her
+commode was not half a foot high, and her petticoat within some yards of
+a modish circumference. In the same place I observed a young fellow with
+a tolerable periwig, had it not been covered with a hat that was shaped
+in the _Ramilie_ cock. As I proceeded in my journey I observed the
+petticoat grew scantier and scantier, and about threescore miles from
+_London_ was so very unfashionable, that a woman might walk in it
+without any manner of inconvenience.
+
+'Not far from _Salisbury_ I took notice of a justice of peace's
+lady, who was at least ten years behindhand in her dress, but at the
+same time as fine as hands could make her. She was flounced and
+furbelowed from head to foot; every ribbon was wrinkled, and every part
+of her garments in curl, so that she looked like one of those animals
+which in the country we call a _Friezland_ hen.
+
+'Not many miles beyond this place I was informed, that one of the last
+year's little muffs had by some means or other straggled into those
+parts, and that all the women of fashion were cutting their old muffs in
+two, or retrenching them according to the little model which was got
+among them. I cannot believe the report they have there, that it was
+sent down franked by a parliament-man in a little packet; but probably
+by next winter this fashion will be at the height in the country, when
+it is quite out at _London_. The greatest beau at our next
+county-sessions was dressed in a most monstrous flaxen periwig, that was
+made in King _William_'s reign. The wearer of it goes, it seems, in
+his own hair, when he is at home, and lets his wig lie in buckle for a
+whole half year, that he may put it on upon occasion to meet the judges
+in it.
+
+'I must not here omit an adventure which happened to us in a country
+church upon the frontiers of _Cornwall_. As we were in the midst of
+the service, a lady who is the chief woman of the place, and had passed
+the winter at _London_ with her husband, entered the congregation
+in a little head-dress, and a hooped petticoat. The people, who were
+wonderfully startled at such a sight, all of them rose up. Some stared
+at the prodigious bottom and some at the little top of this strange
+dress. In the mean time the lady of the manor filled the area of the
+church, and walked up to her pew with an unspeakable satisfaction,
+amidst the whispers, conjectures, and astonishments of the whole
+congregation.
+
+'Upon our way from hence we saw a young fellow riding towards us full
+gallop, with a bob-wig and a black silken bag tied to it. He stopt short
+at the coach, to ask us how far the judges were behind us. His stay was
+so very short, that we had only time to observe his new silk waistcoat,
+which was unbuttoned in several places to let us see that he had a clean
+shirt on, which was ruffled down to his middle.
+
+'From this place, during our progress through the most western parts of
+the kingdom, we fancied ourselves in in King _Charles_ II.'s reign,
+the people having made very little variations in their dress since that
+time. The smartest of the country squires appear still in the
+_Monmouth_ cock, and when they go a wooing (whether they have any
+post in the militia or not) they generally put on a red coat. We were
+indeed, very much surprised at the place we lay at last night, to meet
+with a gentleman that had accoutred himself in a night-cap wig, a coat
+with long pockets and slit sleeves, and a pair of shoes with high
+scollop tops; but we soon found by his conversation that he was a person
+who laughed at the ignorance and rusticity of the country people, and
+was resolved to live and die in the mode.
+
+'_Sir_, If you think this account of my travels may be of any
+advantage to the public, I will next year trouble you with such
+occurrences as I shall meet with in other parts of _England_. For I
+am informed there are greater curiosities in the northern circuit than
+in the western; and that a fashion makes its progress much slower into
+_Cumberland_ than into _Cornwall_. I have heard in particular,
+that the Steenkirk arrived but two months ago at _Newcastle_, and
+that there are several commodes in those parts which are worth taking a
+journey thither to see.' C.
+
+
+
+
+No. 130. MONDAY, JULY 30.
+
+  _Semperque recentes
+  Convectare juvat praedas, et vivere rapto._
+    VIRG. AEn. vii. ver. 748.
+
+  Hunting their sport, and plund'ring was their trade.
+    DRYDEN.
+
+As I was yesterday riding out in the fields with my friend Sir ROGER, we
+saw at a little distance from us a troop of gipsies. Upon the first
+discovery of them, my friend was in some doubt whether he should not
+exert the _Justice of the Peace_ upon such a band of lawless
+vagrants; but not having his clerk with him, who is a necessary
+counsellor on these occasions, and fearing that his poultry might fare
+the worse for it, he let the thought drop: But at the same time gave me
+a particular account of the mischiefs they do in the country, in
+stealing people's goods and spoiling their servants. If a stray piece of
+linen hangs upon an hedge, says Sir ROGER, they are sure to have it; if
+the hog loses his way in the fields, it is ten to one but he becomes
+their prey; our geese cannot live in peace for them; if a man prosecutes
+them with severity, his henroost is sure to pay for it: They generally
+straggle into these parts about this time of the year; and set the heads
+of our servant-maids so agog for husbands, that we do not expect to have
+any business done as it should be whilst they are in the country. I have
+an honest dairymaid who crosses their hands with a piece of silver every
+summer, and never fails being promised the handsomest young fellow in
+the parish for her pains. Your friend the butler has been fool enough to
+be seduced by them; and though he is sure to lose a knife, a fork, or a
+spoon every time his fortune is told him, generally shuts himself up in
+the pantry with an old gipsy for above half an hour once in a
+twelvemonth. Sweethearts are the things they live upon, which they
+bestow very plentifully upon all those that apply themselves to them.
+You see now and then some handsome young jades among them: The sluts
+have very often white teeth and black eyes.
+
+Sir ROGER observing that I listened with great attention to his account
+of a people who were so entirely new to me, told me, that if I would
+they should tell us our fortunes. As I was very well pleased with the
+Knight's proposal, we rid up and communicated our hands to them. A
+_Cassandra_ of the crew, after having examined my lines very
+diligently, told me, that I loved a pretty maid in a corner, that I was
+a good woman's man, with some other particulars which I do not think
+proper to relate. My friend Sir ROGER alighted from his horse, and
+exposing his palm to two or three that stood by him, they crumpled it
+into all shapes, and diligently scanned every wrinkle that could be made
+in it; when one of them, who was older and more sunburnt than the rest,
+told him, that he had a widow in his line of life: Upon which the Knight
+cried, Go, go, you are an idle baggage; and at the same time smiled upon
+me. The gipsy finding he was not displeased in his heart, told him,
+after a farther inquiry into his hand, that his true-love was constant,
+and that she should dream of him to-night: My old friend cried pish, and
+bid her go on. The gipsy told him that he was a bachelor, but would not
+be so long; and that he was dearer to somebody than he thought: The
+Knight still repeated she was an idle baggage, and bid her go on. Ah,
+master, says the gipsy, that roguish leer of yours makes a pretty
+woman's heart ache; you have not that simper about the mouth for
+nothing--The uncouth gibberish with which all this was uttered, like the
+darkness of an oracle, made us the more attentive to it. To be short,
+the Knight left the money with her that he had crossed her hand with,
+and got up again on his horse.
+
+As we were riding away, Sir ROGER told me, that he knew several sensible
+people who believed these gipsies now and then foretold very strange
+things; and for half an hour together appeared more jocund than
+ordinary. In the height of his good-humour, meeting a common beggar upon
+the road who was no conjurer, as he went to relieve him he found his
+pocket was picked; that being a kind of palmistry at which this race of
+vermin are very dexterous.
+
+I might here entertain my reader with historical remarks on this idle
+profligate people, who infest all the countries of _Europe_, and
+live in the midst of governments in a kind of commonwealth by
+themselves. But instead of entering into observations of this nature, I
+shall fill the remaining part of my paper with a story which is still
+fresh in _Holland_, and was printed in one of our monthly accounts
+about twenty years ago. 'As the _Trekschuyt_ or hackney-boat, which
+carries passengers from _Leyden_ to _Amsterdam_, was putting
+off, a boy running along the side of the canal desired to be taken in;
+which the master of the boat refused, because the lad had not quite
+money enough to pay the usual fare. An eminent merchant being pleased
+with the looks of the boy, and secretly touched with compassion towards
+him, paid the money for him, and ordered him to be taken on board. Upon
+talking with him afterwards, he found that he could speak readily in
+three or four languages, and learned upon further examination that he
+had been stolen away when he was a child by a gipsy, and had rambled
+ever since with a gang of those strollers up and down several parts of
+_Europe_. It happened that the merchant, whose heart seems to have
+inclined towards the boy by a secret kind of instinct, had himself lost
+a child some years before. The parents, after a long search for him,
+gave him for drowned in one of the canals with which that country
+abounds; and the mother was so afflicted at the loss of a fine boy, who
+was her only son, that she died for grief of it. Upon laying together
+all particulars, and examining the several moles and marks by which the
+mother used to describe the child when he was first missing, the boy
+proved to be the son of the merchant whose heart had so unaccountably
+melted at the sight of him. The lad was very well pleased to find a
+father who was so rich, and likely to leave him a good estate; the
+father on the other hand was not a little delighted to see a son return
+to him, whom he had given for lost, with such a strength of
+constitution, sharpness of understanding, and skill in languages.' Here
+the printed story leaves off; but if I may give credit to reports, our
+linguist having received such extraordinary rudiments towards a good
+education, was afterwards trained up in every thing that becomes a
+gentleman; wearing off by little and little all the vicious habits and
+practices that he had been used to in the course of his peregrinations:
+Nay, it is said, that he has since been employed in foreign courts upon
+national business, with great reputation to himself and honour to those
+who sent him, and that he has visited several countries as a public
+minister, in which he formerly wandered as a gipsy. C.
+
+
+
+
+No. 131. TUESDAY, JULY 31.
+
+  _Ipsae rursum concedite sylvae._
+    VIRG. Ecl. x. ver. 63.
+
+  Once more, ye woods, adieu.
+
+
+It is usual for a man who loves country-sports to preserve the game on
+his own grounds, and divert himself upon those that belong to his
+neighbour. My friend Sir ROGER generally goes two or three miles from
+his house, and gets into the frontiers of his estate, before he beats
+about in search of a hare or partridge, on purpose to spare his own
+fields, where he is always sure of finding to diversion, when the worst
+comes to the worst. By this means the breed about his house has time to
+increase and multiply, beside that the sport is the more agreeable where
+the game is the harder to come at, and where it does not lie so thick as
+to produce any perplexity or confusion in the pursuit. For these reasons
+the country gentleman, like the fox, seldom preys near his own home.
+
+In the same manner I have made a month's excursion out of the town,
+which is the great field of game for sportsmen of my species, to try my
+fortune in the country, where I have started several subjects, and
+hunted them down, with some pleasure to myself, and I hope to others. I
+am here forced to use a great deal of diligence before I can spring
+anything to my mind, whereas in town, whilst I am following one
+character, it is ten to one but I am crossed in my way by another, and
+put up such a variety of odd creatures in both sexes, that they foil the
+scent of one another, and puzzle the chace. My greatest difficulty in
+the country is to find sport, and in town to chuse it. In the mean time,
+as I have given a whole month's rest to the cities of _London_ and
+_Westminster_, I promise myself abundance of new game upon my
+return thither.
+
+It is indeed high time for me to leave the country, since I find the
+whole neighbourhood begin to grow very inquisitive after my name and
+character: My love of solitude, taciturnity, and particular way of life,
+having raised a great curiosity in all these parts.
+
+The notions which have been framed of me are various: Some look upon me
+as very proud, some as very modest, and some as very melancholy. _Will
+Wimble_, as my friend the butler tells me, observing me very much
+alone, and extremely silent when I am in company, is afraid I have
+killed a man. The country people seem to suspect me for a conjurer; and
+some of them, hearing of the visit which I made to _Moll White_,
+will needs have it that Sir ROGER has brought down a cunning man with
+him, to cure the old woman, and free the country from her charms. So
+that the character which I go under in part of the neighbourhood, is
+what they here call a _White Witch_.
+
+A justice of peace, who lives about five miles off, and is not of Sir
+ROGER'S party, has it seems said twice or thrice at his table, that he
+wishes Sir ROGER does not harbour a Jesuit in his house, and that he
+thinks the gentlemen of the country would do very well to make me give
+some account of myself.
+
+On the other side, some of Sir ROGER'S friends are afraid the old Knight
+is imposed upon by a designing fellow, and as they have heard that he
+converses very promiscuously when he is in town, do not know but he has
+brought down with him some discarded Whig, that is sullen, and says
+nothing because he is out of place.
+
+Such is the variety of opinions which are here entertained of me, so
+that I pass among some for a disaffected person, and among others for a
+Popish priest; among some for a wizard, and among others for a murderer;
+and all this for no other reason, that I can imagine, but because I do
+not hoot and hollow, and make a noise. It is true my friend Sir ROGER
+tells them, _That it is my way_, and that I am only a philosopher;
+but this will not satisfy them. They think there is more in me than he
+discovers, and that I do not hold my tongue for nothing.
+
+For these and other reasons I shall set out for _London_ to-morrow,
+having found by experience that the country is not a place for a person
+of my temper, who does not love jollity, and what they call good
+neighbourhood. A man that is out of humour when an unexpected guest
+breaks in upon him, and does not care for sacrificing an afternoon to
+every chance-comer; that will be the master of his own time, and the
+pursuer of his own inclinations, makes but a very unsociable figure in
+this kind of life. I shall therefore retire into the town, if I may make
+use of that phrase, and get into the crowd again as fast as I can, in
+order to be alone. I can there raise what speculations I please upon
+others, without being observed myself, and at the same time enjoy all
+the advantages of company with all the privileges of solitude. In the
+mean while, to finish the month, and conclude these my rural
+speculations, I shall here insert a letter from my friend WILL
+HONEYCOMB, who has not lived a month for these forty years out of the
+smoke of London, and rallies me after his way upon my country life.
+
+'_Dear_ SPEC,
+
+'I SUPPOSE this letter will find thee picking of daisies, or smelling to
+a lock of hay, or passing away thy time in some innocent country
+diversion of the like nature. I have however orders from the club to
+summon thee up to town, being all of us cursedly afraid thou wilt not be
+able to relish our company, after thy conversations with _Moll
+White_ and _Will Wimble_. Pr'ythee do not send us up any more
+stories of a cock and a bull, nor frighten the town with spirits and
+witches. Thy speculations begin to smell confoundedly of woods and
+meadows. If thou dost not come up quickly, we shall conclude that thou
+art in love with one of Sir ROGER'S dairymaids. Service to the Knight.
+Sir ANDREW is grown the cock of the club since he left us, and if he
+does not return quickly will make every mother's son of us
+commonwealth's men. _Dear_ SPEC,
+
+'_Thine eternally_
+
+'WILL HONEYCOMB.'
+
+C.
+
+
+
+
+No. 132. WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 1.
+
+  _Qui, aut tempus quid postulet non videt, aut plura loquitur,
+  aut se ostentat, aut eorum quibuscum est rationem non
+  habet, is ineptus esse dicitur._
+    TULL.
+
+  That man is guilty of impertinence, who considers not
+  The circumstances of time, or engrosses the conversation,
+  or makes himself the subject of his discourse, or
+  pays no regard to the company he is in.
+
+
+Having notified to my good friend Sir ROGER that I should set out for
+_London_ the next day, his horses were ready at the appointed hour
+in the evening; and, attended by one of his grooms, I arrived at the
+country town at twilight, in order to be ready for the stage-coach the
+day following. As soon as we arrived at the inn, the servant, who waited
+upon me, inquired of the chamberlain in my hearing, what company he had
+for the coach? The fellow answered, Mrs. _Betty Arable_, the great
+fortune, and the widow her mother; a recruiting officer (who took a
+place because they were to go;) young squire _Quickset_ her cousin
+(that her mother wished her to be married to); _Ephraim_ the
+quaker, her guardian; and a gentleman that had studied himself dumb,
+from Sir ROGER DE COVERLEY'S. I observed by what he said of myself, that
+according to his office he dealt much in intelligence; and doubted not
+but there was some foundation for his reports for the rest of the
+company, as well as for the whimsical account he gave of me. The next
+morning at day-break we were all called; and I, who know my own natural
+shyness, and endeavour to be as little liable to be disputed with as
+possible, dressed immediately, that I might make no one wait. The first
+preparation for our setting out was, that the captain's half-pike was
+placed near the coachman, and a drum behind the coach. In the mean time
+the drummer, the captain's equipage, was very loud, that none of the
+captain's things should be placed so as to be spoiled; upon which his
+cloak-bag was fixed in the seat of the coach; and the captain himself,
+according to a frequent, though invidious behaviour of military men,
+ordered his man to look sharp, that none but one of the ladies should
+have the place he had taken fronting to the coach-box.
+
+We were in some little time fixed in our seats, and sat with that
+dislike which people not too good-natured usually conceive of each other
+at first sight. The coach jumbled us insensibly into some sort of
+familiarity; and we had not moved above two miles when the widow asked
+the captain what success he had in his recruiting? The officer, with a
+frankness he believed very graceful, told her, 'That indeed he had but
+very little luck, and had suffered much by desertion, therefore should
+be glad to end his warfare in the service of her or her fair daughter.
+In a word, continued he, I am a soldier, and to be plain is my
+character: You see me, Madam, young, sound, and impudent; take me
+yourself, widow, or give me to her, I will be wholly at your disposal. I
+am a soldier of fortune, ha!' This was followed by a vain laugh of his
+own, and a deep silence of all the rest of the company. I had nothing
+left for it but to fall fast asleep, which I did with all speed. 'Come,'
+said he, 'resolve upon it, we will make a wedding at the next town; we
+will wake this pleasant companion who is fallen asleep, to be the
+brideman, and' (giving the quaker a clap on the knee) he concluded,
+'This sly saint, who, I'll warrant, understands what's what as well as
+you or I, widow, shall give the bride as father.' The quaker, who
+happened to be a man of smartness, answered, 'Friend, I take it in good
+part that thou hast given me the authority of a father over this comely
+and virtuous child; and I must assure thee, that if I have the giving
+her, I shall not bestow her on thee. Thy mirth, friend, savoureth of
+folly: Thou art a person of a light mind; thy drum is a type of thee, it
+soundeth because it is empty. Verily, it is not from thy fullness, but
+thy emptiness that thou hast spoken this day. Friend, friend, we have
+hired this coach in partnership with thee, to carry us to the great
+city; we cannot go any other way. This worthy mother must hear thee, if
+thou wilt needs utter thy follies; we cannot help it, friend, I say: If
+thou wilt we must hear thee; but, if thou wert a man of understanding,
+thou wouldst not take advantage of thy courageous countenance to abash
+us children of peace. Thou art, thou sayest, a soldier; give quarter to
+us, who cannot resist thee. Why didst thou fleer at our friend, who
+feigned himself asleep? He said nothing; but how dost thou know what he
+containeth? If thou speakest improper things in the hearing of this
+virtuous young virgin, consider it as an outrage against a distressed
+person that cannot get from thee: To speak indiscreetly what we are
+obliged to hear, by being hasped up with thee in this public vehicle, is
+in some degree assaulting on the high road.'
+
+Here _Ephraim_ paused, and the captain with a happy and uncommon
+impudence (which can be convicted and support itself at the same time)
+cries, 'Faith, friend, I thank thee; I should have been a little
+impertinent if thou hadst not reprimanded me. Come, thou art, I see, a
+smoky old fellow, and I'll be very orderly the ensuing part of my
+journey. I was going to give myself airs, but, ladies, I beg pardon.'
+
+The captain was so little out of humour, and our company was so far from
+being soured by this little ruffle, that _Ephraim_ and he took a
+particular delight in being agreeable to each other for the future; and
+assumed their different provinces in the conduct of the company. Our
+reckonings, apartments, and accommodation, fell under _Ephraim_:
+and the captain looked to all disputes upon the road, as the good
+behaviour of our coachman, and the right we had of taking place as going
+to _London_ of all vehicles coming from thence. The occurrences we
+met with were ordinary, and very little happened which could entertain
+by the relation of them: But when I considered the company we were in, I
+took it for no small good-fortune that the whole journey was not spent
+in impertinencies, which to the one part of us might be an
+entertainment, to the other a suffering. What therefore _Ephraim_
+said when we were almost arrived at _London_, had to me an air not
+only of good understanding but good breeding. Upon the young lady's
+expressing her satisfaction in the journey, and declaring how delightful
+it had been to her, _Ephraim_ delivered himself as follows: 'There
+is no ordinary part of human life which expresseth so much a good mind,
+and a right inward man, as his behaviour upon meeting with strangers,
+especially such as may seem the most unsuitable companions to him: Such
+a man, when he falleth in the way with persons of simplicity and
+innocence, however knowing he may be in the ways of men, will not vaunt
+himself thereof; but will the rather hide his superiority to them, that
+he may not be painful unto them. My good friend, (continued he, turning
+to the officer) thee and I are to part by and by, and peradventure we
+may never meet again: But be advised by a plain man; modes and apparel
+are but trifles to the real man, therefore do not think such a man as
+thyself terrible for thy garb, nor such a one as me contemptible for
+mine. When two such as thee and I meet, with affections such as we ought
+to have towards each other, thou shouldst rejoice to see my peaceable
+demeanour, and I should be glad to see thy strength and ability to
+protect me in it.' T.
+
+
+
+
+No. 269. TUESDAY, JANUARY 8.
+
+  _Aevo rarissima nostro
+  Simplicitas._
+    OVID, Ars Am. lib. i. ver. 241.
+
+  And brings our old simplicity again.
+    DRYDEN.
+
+
+I was this morning surprised with a great knocking at the door, when my
+landlady's daughter came up to me, and told me that there was a man
+below desired to speak with me. Upon my asking her who it was, she told
+me it was a very grave elderly person, but that she did not know his
+name. I immediately went down to him, and found him to be the coachman
+of my worthy friend Sir ROGER DE COVERLEY. He told me, that his master
+came to town last night, and would be glad to take a turn with me in
+_Gray's-Inn_ walks. As I was wondering in myself what had brought
+Sir ROGER to town, not having lately received any letter from him, he
+told me that his master was come up to get a sight of Prince
+_Eugene_, and that he desired I would immediately meet him.
+
+I was not a little pleased with the curiosity of the old Knight, though
+I did not much wonder at it, having heard him say more than once in
+private discourse, that he looked upon Prince _Eugenio_ (for so the
+Knight always calls him) to be a greater man than _Scanderbeg_.
+
+I was no sooner come into _Gray's-Inn_ walks, but I heard my friend
+upon the terrace hemming twice or thrice to himself with great vigour,
+for he loves to clear his pipes in good air (to make use of his own
+phrase), and is not a little pleased with any one who takes notice of
+the strength which he still exerts in his morning hems.
+
+I was touched with a secret joy at the sight of the good old man, who
+before he saw me was engaged in conversation with a beggar man that had
+asked an alms of him. I could hear my friend chide him for not finding
+out some work; but at the same time saw him put his hand in his pocket
+and give him sixpence.
+
+Our salutations were very hearty on both sides, consisting of many kind
+shakes of the hand, and several affectionate looks which we cast upon
+one another. After which the Knight told me my good friend his chaplain
+was very well, and much at my service, and that the _Sunday_ before
+he had made a most incomparable sermon out of Dr. _Barrow_. 'I have
+left,' says he, 'all my affairs in his hands, and being willing to lay
+an obligation upon him, have deposited with him thirty merks, to be
+distributed among his poor parishioners.'
+
+He then proceeded to acquaint me with the welfare of _Will Wimble_.
+Upon which he put his hand into his fob, and presented me in his name
+with a tobacco-stopper, telling me that _Will_ had been busy all
+the beginning of the winter in turning great quantities of them; and
+that he made a present of one to every gentleman in the country who has
+good principles, and smokes. He added, that poor _Will_ was at
+present under great tribulation, for that _Tom Touchy_ had taken
+the law of him for cutting some hazel-sticks out of one of his hedges.
+
+Among other pieces of news which the Knight brought from his country-
+seat, he informed me that _Moll White_ was dead; and that about a
+month after her death the wind was so very high, that it blew down the
+end of one of his barns. 'But for my own part,' says Sir ROGER, 'I do
+not think that the old woman had any hand in it.'
+
+He afterwards fell into an account of the diversions which had passed in
+his house during the holidays; for Sir ROGER, after the laudable custom
+of his ancestors, always keeps open house at _Christmas_. I learned
+from him that he had killed eight fat hogs for this season, that he had
+dealt about his chines very liberally amongst his neighbours, and that
+in particular he had sent a string of hogs-puddings with a pack of cards
+to every poor family in the parish. 'I have often thought,' says Sir
+ROGER, 'it happens very well that _Christmas_ should fall out in
+the middle of winter. It is the most dead uncomfortable time of the
+year, when the poor people would suffer very much from their poverty and
+cold, if they had not good cheer, warm fires, and _Christmas_
+Gambols to support them. I love to rejoice their poor hearts at this
+season, and to see the whole village merry in my great hall. I allow a
+double quantity of malt to my small beer, and set it a running for
+twelve days to every one that calls for it. I have always a piece of
+cold beef and a mince-pye upon the table, and am wonderfully pleased to
+see my tenants pass away a whole evening in playing their innocent
+tricks, and smutting one another. Our friend _Will Wimble_ is as
+merry as any of them, and shews a thousand roguish tricks upon these
+occasions.'
+
+I was very much delighted with the reflexion of my old friend, which
+carried so much goodness in it. He then launched out into the praise of
+the late act of Parliament for securing the Church of _England_,
+and told me, with great satisfaction, that he believed it already began
+to take effect, for that a rigid dissenter who chanced to dine at his
+house on _Christmas_ day, had been observed to eat very plentifully
+of his plumb-porridge.
+
+After having dispatched all our country matters, Sir ROGER made several
+inquiries concerning the club, and particularly of his old antagonist
+Sir ANDREW FREEPORT. He asked me with a kind of a smile, whether Sir
+ANDREW had not taken the advantage of his absence, to vent among them
+some of his republican doctrines; but soon after gathering up his
+countenance into a more than ordinary seriousness, 'Tell me truly,' says
+he, 'do not you think Sir ANDREW had a hand in the Pope's procession?'--
+but without giving me time to answer him, 'Well, well,' says he, 'I know
+you are a wary man, and do not care to talk of public matters.'
+
+The Knight then asked me if I had seen Prince Eugenio, and made me
+promise to get him a stand in some convenient place, where he might have
+a full sight of that extraordinary man, whose presence does so much
+honour to the _British_ nation. He dwelt very long on the praises
+of this great General, and I found that, since I was with him in the
+country, he had drawn many just observations together out of his reading
+in _Baker's_ Chronicle, and other authors, who always lie in his
+hall window, which very much redound to the honour of this Prince.
+
+Having passed away the greatest part of the morning in hearing the
+Knight's reflexions, which were partly private, and partly political, he
+asked me if I would smoke a pipe with him over a dish of Coffee at
+_Squire's_. As I love the old man, I take delight in complying with
+every thing that is agreeable to him, and accordingly waited on him to
+the coffee-house, where his venerable figure drew upon us the eyes of
+the whole room. He had no sooner seated himself at the upper end of the
+high table, but he called for a clean pipe, a paper of tobacco, a dish
+of coffee, a wax-candle, and the _Supplement_, with such an air of
+cheerfulness and good humour, that all the boys in the coffee-room (who
+seemed to take pleasure in serving him) were at once employed on his
+several errands, insomuch that no body else could come at a dish of tea,
+until the Knight had got all his conveniences about him. L.
+
+
+
+
+No. 329. TUESDAY, MARCH 18.
+
+  _Ire tamen restat,
+  Numa quo devenit, et Ancus._
+    HOR. Ep. vi. 1. i. ver. 27.
+
+  With _Ancus_, and with _Numa_, kings of _Rome_,
+  We must descend into the silent tomb.
+
+
+My friend Sir ROGER DE COVERLEY told me the other night, that he had
+been reading my paper upon _Westminster Abbey_, 'in which,' says
+he, 'there are a great many ingenious fancies.' He told me at the same
+time, that he observed I had promised another paper upon _the
+Tombs_, and that he should be glad to go and see them with me, not
+having visited them since he had read history. I could not at first
+imagine how this came into the Knight's head, till I recollected that he
+had been very busy all last summer upon _Baker's_ Chronicle, which
+he has quoted several times in his disputes with Sir ANDREW FREEPORT
+since his last coming to town. Accordingly I promised to call upon him
+the next morning, that we might go together to the _Abbey_.
+
+I found the Knight under his butler's hands, who always shaves him. He
+was no sooner dressed than he called for a glass of the widow
+_Trueby's_ water, which they told me he always drank before he went
+abroad. He recommended to me a dram of it at the same time, with so much
+heartiness, that I could not forbear drinking it. As soon as I had got
+it down, I found it very unpalatable, upon which the Knight observing
+that I had made several wry faces, told me that he knew I should not
+like it at first, but that it was the best thing in the world against
+the stone or gravel.
+
+I could have wished indeed that he had acquainted me with the virtues of
+it sooner; but it was too late to complain, and I knew what he had done
+was out of good-will. Sir ROGER told me further, that he looked upon it
+to be very good for a man whilst he staid in town, to keep off
+infection, and that he got together a quantity of it upon the first news
+of the sickness being at _Dantzick_: When of a sudden, turning
+short to one of his servants who stood behind him, he bid him call a
+hackney-coach, and take care it was an elderly man that drove it.
+
+He then resumed his discourse upon Mrs. _Trueby's_ water, telling
+me that the widow _Trueby_ was one who did more good than all the
+doctors or apothecaries in the country: That she distilled every poppy
+that grew within five miles of her; that she distributed her water
+_gratis_ among all sorts of people; to which the knight added, that
+she had a very great jointure, and that the whole country would fain
+have it a match between him and her; 'and truly,' says Sir ROGER, 'if I
+had not been engaged, perhaps I could not have done better.'
+
+His discourse was broken off by his man's telling him he had called a
+coach. Upon our going to it, after having cast his eye upon the wheels,
+he asked the coachman if his axle-tree was good; upon the fellow's
+telling him he would warrant it, the Knight turned to me, told me he
+looked like an honest man, and went in without further ceremony.
+
+We had not gone far, when Sir ROGER, popping out his head, called the
+coachman down from his box, and, upon presenting himself at the window,
+asked him if he smoked; as I was considering what this would end in, he
+bid him stop by the way at any good tobacconist's and take in a roll of
+their best _Virginia_. Nothing material happened in the remaining
+part of our journey, till we were set down at the west end of the
+_Abbey_.
+
+As we went up the body of the church, the Knight pointed at the trophies
+upon one of the new monuments, and cried out, 'A brave man, I warrant
+him!' Passing afterwards by Sir _Cloudesly Shovel_, he flung his
+hand that way, and cried, 'Sir _Cloudesly Shovel_! a very gallant
+man!' As he stood before _Busby's_ tomb, the Knight uttered himself
+again after the same manner, 'Dr. _Busby_, a great man! he whipped
+my grandfather; a very great man! I should have gone to him myself, if I
+had not been a blockhead; a very great man!'
+
+We were immediately conducted to the little chapel on the right hand.
+Sir ROGER, planting himself at our historian's elbow, was very attentive
+to every thing he said, particularly to the account he gave us of the
+lord who had cut off the king of _Morocco's_ head. Among several
+other figures, he was very well pleased to see the statesman
+_Cecil_ upon his knees; and concluding them all to be great men,
+was conducted to the figure which represents that martyr to good
+housewifery, who died by the prick of a needle. Upon our interpreter's
+telling us that she was a maid of honour to queen _Elizabeth_, the
+Knight was very inquisitive into her name and family; and after having
+regarded her finger for some time, 'I wonder,' says he, 'that Sir
+_Richard Baker_ has said nothing of her in his Chronicle.'
+
+We were then conveyed to the two coronation chairs, where my old friend
+after having heard that the stone underneath the most ancient of them,
+which was brought from _Scotland_, was called _Jacob's
+pillar_, sat himself down in the chair; and looking like the figure
+of an old _Gothick_ king, asked our interpreter, what authority
+they had to say that _Jacob_ had ever been in _Scotland_? The
+fellow, instead of returning him an answer, told him, that he hoped his
+honour would pay his forfeit. I could observe Sir ROGER a little ruffled
+upon being thus trepanned; but our guide not insisting upon his demand,
+the knight soon recovered his good-humour, and whispered in my ear, that
+if WILL WIMBLE were with us, and saw those two chairs, it would go hard
+but he would get a tobacco-stopper out of one or the other of them.
+
+Sir ROGER, in the next place, laid his hand upon _Edward_ the
+Third's sword, and leaning upon the pommel of it, gave us the whole
+history of the _Black Prince_; concluding that, in Sir _Richard
+Baker's_ opinion, _Edward_ the Third was one of the greatest
+princes that ever sat upon the _English_ throne.
+
+We were then shewn _Edward_ the Confessor's tomb; upon which Sir
+ROGER acquainted us, that he was the first who touched for the evil; and
+afterwards _Henry_ the Fourth's, upon which he shook his head, and
+told us there was fine reading in the casualties of that reign.
+
+Our conductor then pointed to that monument where there is the figure of
+one of our _English_ kings without an head; and upon giving us to
+know, that the head, which was of beaten silver, had been stolen away
+several years since: 'Some Whig, I'll warrant you,' says Sir ROGER; 'you
+ought to lock up your kings better; they will carry off the body too, if
+you don't take care.'
+
+The glorious names of _Henry_ the Fifth and Queen _Elizabeth_
+gave the knight great opportunities of shining, and of doing justice to
+Sir _Richard Baker_; who, as our Knight observed with some
+surprise, had a great many kings in him, whose monuments he had not seen
+in the Abbey.
+
+For my own part, I could not but be pleased to see the Knight shew such
+an honest passion for the glory of his country, and such a respectful
+gratitude to the memory of its princes.
+
+I must not omit, that the benevolence of my good old friend, which flows
+out towards every one he converses with, made him very kind to our
+interpreter, whom he looked upon as an extraordinary man; for which
+reason he shook him by the hand at parting, telling him, that he should
+be very glad to see him at his lodgings in _Norfolk-Buildings_, and
+talk over these matters with him more at leisure.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 335. TUESDAY, MARCH 25.
+
+  _Respicere exemplar vitae morumque jubebo
+  Doctum unitatorem, et veras hinc ducere voces._
+    HOR. Ars Poet. ver. 317.
+
+  Those are the likest copies, which are drawn
+  From the original of human life.
+    ROSCOMMON.
+
+
+My friend Sir ROGER DE COVERLEY, when we last met together at the club,
+told me that he had a great mind to see the new tragedy with me,
+assuring me at the same time, that he had not been at a play these
+twenty years. 'The last I saw,' said Sir ROGER, 'was the
+_Committee_, which I should not have gone to neither, had not I
+been told beforehand that it was a good church-of-_England_
+comedy.' He then proceeded to inquire of me who this Distressed Mother
+was; and upon hearing that she was _Hector's_ widow, he told me
+that her husband was a brave man, and that when he was a school-boy he
+had read his life at the end of the dictionary. My friend asked me, in
+the next place, if there would not be some danger in coming home late,
+in case the _Mohocks_ should be abroad. 'I assure you,' says he, 'I
+thought I had fallen into their hands last night; for I observed two or
+three lusty black men that followed me half way up _Fleet-Street_,
+and mended their pace behind me, in proportion as I put on to get away
+from them. You must know,' continued the Knight with a smile, 'I fancied
+they had a mind to _hunt_ me; for I remember an honest gentleman in
+my neighbourhood, who was served such a trick in King _Charles_ the
+Second's time, for which reason he has not ventured himself in town ever
+since. I might have shewn them very good sport, had this been their
+design; for as I am an old fox-hunter, I should have turned and dogged,
+and have played them a thousand tricks they had never seen in their
+lives before.'
+
+Sir ROGER added, that if these gentlemen had any such intention, they
+did not succeed very well in it; 'for I threw them out,' says he, 'at
+the end of _Norfolk-Street_, where I doubled the corner, and got
+shelter in my lodgings before they could imagine what was become of me.
+However,' says the Knight, 'if Captain SENTRY will make one with us to-
+morrow night, and if you will both of you call upon me about four
+o'clock, that we may be at the house before it is full, I will have my
+coach in readiness to attend you, for _John_ tells me he has got
+the fore-wheels mended.'
+
+The Captain, who did not fail to meet me there at the appointed hour,
+bid Sir ROGER fear nothing, for that he had put on the same sword which
+he made use of at the battle of _Steenkirk_. Sir ROGER'S servants,
+and among the rest my old friend the butler, had, I found, provided
+themselves with good oaken plants, to attend their master upon this
+occasion. When we had placed him in his coach, with myself at his left-
+hand, the Captain before him, and his butler at the head of his footmen
+in the rear, we conveyed him in safety to the play-house, where after
+having marched up the entry in good order, the Captain and I went in
+with him, and seated him betwixt us in the pit. As soon as the house was
+full, and the candles lighted, my old friend stood up and looked about
+him with that pleasure, which a mind seasoned with humanity naturally
+feels in itself, at the sight of a multitude of people who seemed
+pleased with one another, and partake of the same common entertainment.
+I could not but fancy to myself, as the old man stood up in the middle
+of the pit, that he made a very proper center to a tragick audience.
+Upon the entering of _Pyrrhus_, the Knight told me that he did not
+believe the King of _France_ himself had a better strut. I was
+indeed very attentive to my old friend's remarks, because I looked upon
+them as a piece of natural criticism, and was well pleased to hear him,
+at the conclusion of almost every scene, telling me that he could not
+imagine how the play would end. One while he appeared much concerned for
+_Andromache_; and a little while after as much for _Hermione_;
+and was extremely puzzled to think what would become of _Pyrrhus_.
+
+When Sir ROGER saw _Andromache's_ obstinate refusal to her lover's
+importunities, he whispered me in the ear, that he was sure she would
+never have him; to which he added, with a more than ordinary vehemence,
+'You cannot imagine, Sir, what it is to have to do with a widow.' Upon
+_Pyrrhus_ his threatening afterwards to leave her, the Knight shook
+his head and muttered to himself, 'Ay, do if you can.' This part dwelt
+so much upon my friend's imagination, that at the close of the third
+act, as I was thinking of something else, he whispered me in the ear,
+'These widows, Sir, are the most perverse creatures in the world. But
+pray,' says he, 'you that are a critick, is the play according to your
+dramatic rules, as you call them? Should your people in tragedy always
+talk to be understood? Why, there is not a single sentence in this play
+that I do not know the meaning of.'
+
+The fourth act very luckily begun before I had time to give the old
+gentleman an answer: 'Well,' says the Knight, sitting down with great
+satisfaction,' I suppose we are now to see _Hector's_ ghost.' He
+then renewed his attention, and, from time to time, fell a praising the
+widow. He made, indeed, a little mistake as to one of her pages, whom at
+his first entering he took for _Astyanax_; but quickly set himself
+right in that particular, though, at the same time, he owned he should
+have been very glad to have seen the little boy, 'who,' says he, 'must
+needs be a very fine child by the account that is given of him.' Upon
+_Hermione's_ going off with a menace to _Pyrrhus_, the
+audience gave a loud clap, to which Sir ROGER added, 'On my word, a
+notable young baggage!'
+
+As there was a very remarkable silence and stillness in the audience
+during the whole action, it was natural for them to take the opportunity
+of the intervals between the acts, to express their opinion of the
+players, and of their respective parts. Sir ROGER hearing a cluster of
+them praise _Orestes_, struck in with them, and told them, that he
+thought his friend _Pylades_ was a very sensible man; as they were
+afterwards applauding _Pyrrhus_, Sir ROGER put in a second time:
+'And let me tell you,' says he, 'though he speaks but little, I like the
+old fellow in whiskers as well as any of them.' Captain SENTRY seeing
+two or three wags, who sat near us, lean with an attentive ear towards
+Sir ROGER, and fearing lest they should smoke the Knight, plucked him by
+the elbow, and whispered something in his ear, that lasted till the
+opening of the fifth act. The Knight was wonderfully attentive to the
+account which _Orestes_ gives of _Pyrrhus_ his death, and at
+the conclusion of it, told me it was such a bloody piece of work, that
+he was glad it was not done upon the stage. Seeing afterwards
+_Orestes_ in his raving fit, he grew more than ordinary serious,
+and took occasion to moralize (in his way) upon an evil conscience,
+adding, that _Orestes, in his madness, looked as if he saw
+something_.
+
+As we were the first that came into the house, so we were the last that
+went out of it; being resolved to have a clear passage for our old
+friend, whom we did not care to venture among the justling of the crowd.
+Sir ROGER went out fully satisfied with his entertainment, and we
+guarded him to his lodging in the same manner that we brought him to the
+play-house; being highly pleased, for my own part, not only with the
+performance of the excellent piece which had been presented, but with
+the satisfaction which it had given to the old man. L.
+
+
+
+
+No. 359. TUESDAY, APRIL 22.
+
+  _Torva leaena lupum sequitur, lupus ipse capellam;
+  Florentem cytisum sequitur lasciva capella._
+    VIRG. Eccl. ii. v. 63.
+
+  The greedy lioness the wolf pursues,
+  The wolf the kid, the wanton kid the browse.
+    DRYDEN.
+
+
+As we were at the club last night, I observed my old friend Sir ROGER,
+contrary to his usual custom, sat very silent, and instead of minding
+what was said by the company, was whistling to himself in a very
+thoughtful mood, and playing with a cork. I jogged Sir ANDREW FREEPORT
+who sat between us; and as we were both observing him, we saw the Knight
+shake his head, and heard him say to himself, '_A foolish woman! I
+can't believe it_.' Sir ANDREW gave him a gentle pat upon the
+shoulder, and offered to lay him a bottle of wine that he was thinking
+of the widow. My old friend started, and recovering out of his brown
+study, told Sir ANDREW, that once in his life he had been in the right.
+In short, after some little hesitation, Sir ROGER told us in the fulness
+of his heart that he had just received a letter from his steward, which
+acquainted him that his old rival and antagonist in the country, Sir
+_David Dundrum_, had been making a visit to the widow. However,
+says Sir ROGER, I can never think that she will have a man that is half
+a year older than I am, and a noted republican into the bargain.
+
+WILL HONEYCOMB, who looks upon love as his particular province,
+interrupting our friend with a jaunty laugh; 'I thought, Knight,' says
+he, 'thou had'st lived long enough in the world, not to pin thy
+happiness upon one that is a woman and a widow. I think that without
+vanity, I may pretend to know as much of the female world as any man in
+_Great Britain_, though the chief of my knowledge consists in this,
+that they are not to be known.' WILL immediately, with his usual
+fluency, rambled into an account of his own amours. 'I am now,' says he,
+'upon the verge of fifty' (though by the way we all knew he was turned
+of threescore). 'You may easily guess,' continued WILL, 'that I have not
+lived so long in the world without having had some thoughts of
+_settling_ in it, as the phrase is. To tell you truly, I have
+several times tried my fortune that way, though I cannot much boast of
+my success.
+
+'I made my first addresses to a young lady in the country: but when I
+thought things were pretty well drawing to a conclusion, her father
+happening to hear that I had formerly boarded with a surgeon, the old
+Put forbid me his house, and within a fortnight after married his
+daughter to a fox-hunter in the neighbourhood.
+
+'I made my next application to a widow, and attacked her so briskly,
+that I thought myself within a fortnight of her. As I waited upon her
+one morning, she told me, that she intended to keep her ready money and
+jointure in her own hand, and desired me to call upon her attorney in
+_Lion's-Inn_, who would adjust with me what it was proper for me to
+add to it. I was so rebuffed by this overture, that I never inquired
+either for her or her attorney afterwards.
+
+'A few months after I addressed myself to a young lady, who was an only
+daughter, and of a good family: I danced with her at several balls,
+squeezed her by the hand, said soft things to her, and in short made no
+doubt of her heart; and tho' my fortune was not equal to hers, I was in
+hopes that her fond father would not deny her the man she had fixed her
+affections upon. But as I went one day to the house in order to break
+the matter to him, I found the whole family in confusion, and heard to
+my unspeakable surprise, that Miss _Jenny_ was that morning run
+away with the butler.
+
+'I then courted a second widow, and am at a loss to this day how I came
+to miss her, for she had often commended my person and behaviour. Her
+maid indeed told me one day, that her mistress had said she never saw a
+gentleman with such a spindle pair of legs as Mr. Honeycomb.
+
+'After this I laid siege to four heiresses successively, and being a
+handsome young dog in those days, quickly made a breach in their hearts;
+but I do not know how it came to pass, though I seldom failed of getting
+the daughter's consent, I could never in my life get the old people on
+my side.
+
+'I could give you an account of a thousand other unsuccessful attempts,
+particularly of one which I made some years since upon an old woman,
+whom I had certainly borne away with flying colours, if her relations
+had not come pouring in to her assistance from all parts of
+_England_; nay, I believe I should have got her at last, had not
+she been carried off by a hard frost.'
+
+As Will's transitions are extremely quick, he turned from Sir ROGER, and
+applying himself to me, told me there was a passage in the book I had
+considered last _Saturday_, which deserved to be writ in letters of
+gold; and taking out a Pocket-Milton, read the following lines, which
+are part of one of Adam's speeches to Eve after the fall.
+
+  _Oh! why did God,
+  Creator wise! that peopled highest heav'n
+  With spirits masculine, create at last
+  This novelty on earth, this fair defect
+  Of nature? and not fill the world at once
+  With men, as angels, without feminine?
+  Or find some other way to generate Mankind?
+  This mischief had not then befallen,
+  And more that shall befall, innumerable
+  Disturbances on earth through female snares,
+  And strait conjunction with this sex: For either
+  He never shall find out fit mate, but such
+  As some misfortune brings him, or mistake;
+  Or, whom he wishes most, shall seldom gain
+  Through her perverseness; but shall see her gain'd
+  By a far worse; or if she love, withheld
+  By parents; or his happiest choice too late
+  Shall meet already link'd, and wedlock-bound
+  To a fell adversary, his hate or shame;
+  Which infinite calamity shall cause
+  To human life, and household peace confound._
+
+Sir ROGER listened to this passage with great attention, and desiring
+Mr. Honeycomb to fold down a leaf at the place, and lend him his book,
+the Knight put it up in his pocket, and told us that he would read over
+those verses again before he went to bed. X.
+
+
+
+
+No. 383. TUESDAY, MAY 20.
+
+  _Criminibus debent hortos._
+    Juv. Sat. i. ver. 75.
+
+  A beauteous garden, but by vice maintain'd.
+
+
+As I was sitting in my chamber and thinking on a subject for my next
+_Spectator_, I heard two or three irregular bounces at my
+landlady's door, and upon the opening of it, a loud cheerful voice
+enquiring whether the Philosopher was at home. The child who went to the
+door answered very innocently, that he did not lodge there. I
+immediately recollected that it was my good friend Sir ROGER's voice;
+and that I had promised to go with him on the water to _Spring-
+Garden_, in case it proved a good evening. The Knight put me in mind
+of my promise from the bottom of the staircase, but told me that if I
+was speculating he would stay below till I had done.
+
+Upon my coming down I found all the children of the family got about my
+old friend, and my landlady herself, who is a notable prating gossip,
+engaged in a conference with him; being mightily pleased with his
+stroking her little boy upon the head, and bidding him be a good child,
+and mind his book.
+
+We were no sooner come to the _Temple_ Stairs, but we were
+surrounded with a crowd of watermen offering us their respective
+services. Sir ROGER, after having looked about him very attentively,
+spied one with a wooden leg and immediately gave him orders to get his
+boat ready. As we were walking towards it, _You must know_, says
+Sir ROGER, _I never make use of any body to row me, that has not
+either lost a leg or an arm. I would rather bate him a few strokes of
+his oar than not employ an honest man that has been wounded in the
+Queen's service. If I was a lord or a bishop, and kept a barge, I would
+not put a fellow in my livery that had not a wooden leg._
+
+My old friend, after having seated himself, and trimmed the boat with
+his coachman, who, being a very sober man, always serves for ballast on
+these occasions, we made the best of our way for _Faux-Hall_. Sir
+ROGER obliged the waterman to give us the history of his right leg, and
+hearing that he had left it at _La Hogue_, with many particulars
+which passed in that glorious action, the Knight in the triumph of his
+heart made several reflections on the greatness of the _British_
+nation; as, that one _Englishman_ could beat three
+_Frenchmen_; that we could never be in danger of Popery so long as
+we took care of our fleet; that the _Thames_ was the noblest river
+in Europe, that _London Bridge_ was a greater piece of work, than
+any of the seven wonders of the world; with many other honest prejudices
+which naturally cleave to the heart of a true _Englishman._
+
+After some short pause, the old knight turning about his head twice or
+thrice, to take a survey of this great metropolis, bid me observe how
+thick the city was set with churches, and that there was scarce a single
+steeple on this side _Temple-Bar_. _A most heathenish sight!_
+says Sir Roger: _There is no religion at this end of the town. The
+fifty new churches will very much mend the prospect; but church-work is
+slow, church-work is slow!_
+
+I do not remember I have any where mentioned in Sir Roger's character,
+his custom of saluting every body that passes by him with a good-morrow
+or a good-night. This the old man does out of the overflowings of his
+humanity, though at the same time it renders him so popular among all
+his country neighbours, that it is thought to have gone a good way in
+making him once or twice Knight of the shire. He cannot forbear this
+exercise of benevolence even in town, when he meets with any one in his
+morning or evening walk. It broke from him to several boats that passed
+by us upon the water; but to the Knight's great surprise, as he gave the
+good-night to two or three young fellows a little before our landing,
+one of them, instead of returning the civility, asked us, what queer old
+put we had in the boat? with a great deal of the like _Thames_
+ribaldry. Sir Roger seemed a little shocked at first, but at length
+assuming a face of magistracy, told us, _That if he were a_
+Middlesex _justice, he would make such vagrants know that her
+Majesty's subjects were no more to be abused by water than by land._
+
+We were now arrived at _Spring-Garden_, which is exquisitely
+pleasant at this time of the year. When I considered the fragrancy of
+the walks and bowers, with the choirs of birds that sung upon the trees,
+and the loose tribe of people that walked under their shades, I could
+not but look upon the place as a kind of _Mahometan_ paradise. Sir
+Roger told me it put him in mind of a little coppice by his house in the
+country, which his chaplain used to call an aviary of nightingales.
+_You must understand,_ says the Knight, _there is nothing in the
+world that pleases a man in love so much as your nightingale. Ah, Mr.
+SPECTATOR! the many moonlight nights that I have walked by myself, and
+thought on the widow by the musick of the nightingale!_ He here
+fetched a deep sigh, and was falling into a fit of musing, when a mask,
+who came behind him, gave him a gentle tap upon the shoulder, and asked
+him if he would drink a bottle of mead with her? But the Knight, being
+startled at so unexpected a familiarity, and displeased to be
+interrupted in his thoughts of the widow, told her, _She was a wanton
+baggage_, and bid her go about her business.
+
+We concluded our walk with a glass of _Burton_ ale, and a slice of
+hung beef. When we had done eating ourselves, the Knight called a waiter
+to him, and bid him carry the remainder to the waterman that had but one
+leg. I perceived the fellow stared upon him at the oddness of the
+message, and was going to be saucy; upon which I ratified the Knight's
+commands with a peremptory look.
+
+As we were going out of the garden, my old friend thinking himself
+obliged, as a member of the _Quorum_, to animadvert upon the morals
+of the place, told the mistress of the house, who sat at the bar, that
+he should be a better customer to her garden, if there were more
+nightingales, and fewer strumpets.
+
+
+
+
+No. 517. THURSDAY, OCTOBER 23.
+
+  _Heu pietas! heu prisca fides!_
+    VIRG. AEn. vi. ver. 878.
+
+  Mirrour of ancient faith!
+  Undaunted worth! Inviolable truth!
+    DRYDEN.
+
+
+We last night received a piece of ill news at our club, which very
+sensibly afflicted every one of us. I question not but my readers
+themselves will be troubled at the hearing of it. To keep them no longer
+in suspense, Sir ROGER DE COVERLEY _is dead_. He departed this life
+at his house in the country, after a few weeks sickness. Sir ANDREW
+FREEPORT has a letter from one of his correspondents in those parts,
+that informs him the old man caught a cold at the country-sessions, as
+he was very warmly promoting an address of his own penning, in which he
+succeeded according to his wishes. But this particular comes from a whig
+justice of peace, who was always Sir ROGER'S enemy and antagonist. I
+have letters both from the Chaplain and Captain SENTRY, which mention
+nothing of it, but are filled with many particulars to the honour of the
+good old man. I have likewise a letter from the butler, who took so much
+care of me last summer when I was at the Knight's house. As my friend
+the butler mentions, in the simplicity of his heart, several
+circumstances the others have passed over in silence, I shall give my
+reader a copy of his letter, without any alteration or diminution.
+
+'HONOURED SIR,
+
+'KNOWING that you was my old master's good friend, I could not forbear
+sending you the melancholy news of his death, which has afflicted the
+whole country, as well as his poor servants, who loved him, I may say,
+better than we did our lives. I am afraid he caught his death the last
+country-sessions, where he would go to see justice done to a poor widow
+woman and her fatherless children, that had been wronged by a
+neighbouring gentleman; for you know, Sir, my good master was always the
+poor man's friend. Upon his coming home, the first complaint he made
+was, that he had lost his roast-beef stomach, not being able to touch a
+sirloin, which was served up according to custom; and you know he used
+to take great delight in it. From that time forward he grew worse and
+worse, but still kept a good heart to the last. Indeed we were once in
+great hope of his recovery, upon a kind message that was sent him from
+the Widow Lady whom he had made love to the forty last years of his
+life; but this only proved a lightning before death. He has bequeathed
+to this Lady, as a token of his love, a great pearl necklace, and a
+couple of silver bracelets set with jewels, which belonged to my good
+old Lady his mother: He has bequeathed the fine white gelding, that he
+used to ride a-hunting upon, to his Chaplain, because he thought he
+would be kind to him; and has left you all his books. He has, moreover,
+bequeathed to the Chaplain a very pretty tenement with good lands about
+it. It being a very cold day when he made his will, he left for
+mourning, to every man in the parish, a great frieze coat, and to every
+woman a black riding-hood. It was a most moving sight to see him take
+leave of his poor servants, commending us all for our fidelity, whilst
+we were not able to speak a word for weeping. As we most of us are grown
+gray-headed in our dear master's service, he has left us pensions and
+legacies, which we may live very comfortably upon the remaining part of
+our days. He has bequeathed a great deal more in charity, which is not
+yet come to my knowledge, and it is peremptorily said in the parish,
+that he has left money to build a steeple to the church; for he was
+heard to say some time ago, that if he lived two years longer,
+_Coverley_ church should have a steeple to it. The Chaplain tells
+every body that he made a very good end, and never speaks of him without
+tears. He was buried according to his own directions, among the family
+of the COVERLEYS, on the left hand of his father Sir _Arthur_. The
+coffin was carried by six of his tenants, and the pall held by six of
+the _Quorum_: The whole parish followed the corpse with heavy
+hearts, and in their mourning suits, the men in frieze, and the women in
+riding-hoods. Captain SENTRY, my master's nephew, has taken possession
+of the hall-house, and the whole estate. When my old master saw him, a
+little before his death, he shook him by the hand, and wished him joy of
+the estate which was falling to him, desiring him only to make a good
+use of it, and to pay the several legacies, and the gifts of charity
+which he told him he had left as quit-rents upon the estate. The captain
+truly seems a courteous man, though he says but little. He makes much of
+those whom my master loved, and shews great kindnesses to the old house-
+dog, that you know my poor master was so fond of. It would have gone to
+your heart to have heard the moans the dumb creature made on the day of
+my master's death. He has never joyed himself since; no more has any of
+us. It was the melancholiest day for the poor people that ever happened
+in _Worcestershire_. This is all from,
+
+'HONOURED SIR,
+
+'Your most sorrowful servant,
+
+'EDWARD BISCUIT.'
+
+'_P. S._ My master desired, some weeks before he died, that a book
+which comes up to you by the carrier, should be given to Sir ANDREW
+FREEPORT, in his name.'
+
+This letter, notwithstanding the poor butler's manner of writing it,
+gave us such an idea of our good old friend, that upon the reading of it
+there was not a dry eye in the club. Sir ANDREW opening the book, found
+it to be a collection of acts of parliament. There was in particular the
+Act of Uniformity, with some passages in it marked by Sir ROGER'S own
+hand. Sir ANDREW found that they related to two or three points, which
+he had disputed with Sir ROGER the last time he appeared at the club.
+Sir ANDREW, who would have been merry at such an incident on another
+occasion, at the sight of the old man's hand-writing burst into tears,
+and put the book into his pocket. Captain SENTRY informs me, that the
+Knight has left rings and mourning for every one in the club.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+SPECTATOR 1.
+
+Page 1.
+
+9. _black_. Dark. Cf. Shakespeare, Sonnet cxxvii:
+
+  In the old days black was not counted fair,
+
+or _Love's Labour's Lost_, iv, iii. 265:
+
+  Paints itself black to imitate her brow.
+
+Page 2.
+
+6. _depending_. Undetermined. In law, pending. Cf.
+Shakespeare, _Cymbeline_, iv. iii. 23:
+
+  We'll slip you for a season; but our jealousy
+  Does yet depend.
+
+24. _public exercises_. Academic discussions maintained by candidates
+for degrees at the older universities. Traces appear in the term
+'Wrangler' (Cambridge) and in the supplementary viva voce examination.
+
+Page 3.
+
+5-10. _I made ... satisfaction_. Addison is alluding to John
+Greaves, who journeyed to Egypt in 1638 and published a learned work
+entitled _Pyramidographia_.
+
+17 et seq. _Will's_, v. Appendix I, On Coffee-houses. Also for
+Child's (3. 19), St. James's (22), the Grecian (25), the Cocoa-Tree
+(25), and Jonathan's (29).
+
+20. _the Postman_, edited by a Frenchman, M. Fonvive, is mentioned
+in a contemporary account by John Dunton as the best of the newspapers.
+It was published weekly.
+
+23. _politics_ was frequently used for _politicians_. Perhaps
+so used here.
+
+26. _Drury-Lane_ theatre was built in 1674 and burnt down in 1809.
+
+_the Hay-Market_ theatre took its name from the street in which it
+was situated, which was the site of a market for hay and straw from the
+reign of Elizabeth till the beginning of the nineteenth century. It was
+built in 1705.
+
+27. _the Exchange_ is at the east end of the Poultry. It was built
+by Sir Thomas Gresham and opened by Queen Elizabeth in 1571. It was
+destroyed by the Great Fire of 1666, and has since been twice rebuilt.
+
+Page 4.
+
+5. _blots_. In backgammon to expose a man to capture is called
+leaving a _blot_.
+
+23. _so many ... which_. Mixed construction: _the many ... which
+or so many ... as_.
+
+32. _spoken to_. Obsolete in ordinary speaking and writing;
+survives in oratory.
+
+34. _my lodgings_. The Spectator discourses on this subject in No.
+12.
+
+Page 5.
+
+10. _complexion_. Aspect, appearance. Cf. Shakespeare, _Richard
+II_., III. ii. 194:
+
+  Men judge by the complexion of the sky
+  The state and inclination of the day.
+
+12. _discoveries_. Revelations, disclosures. Cf. Shakespeare,
+_Rape of Lucrece_, 1314:
+
+  She dares not thereof make discovery.
+
+14. _having been thus particular upon_. Having related so many
+details concerning.
+
+18. For the prevalence of clubs v. _Spectator_ 9.
+
+19. _engaged me_. Made me undertake.
+
+21. _Mr. Buckley's_. The printer of the _Spectator_.
+
+_Little Britain_, formerly the mansion of the Duke of Bretagne,
+near Aldersgate Street, was the regular booksellers' quarter.
+
+
+SPECTATOR 2.
+
+Page 6.
+
+5. _Sir Roger de Coverley_. For a discussion of the identity
+of Sir Roger and the other characters v. Appendix II, On the Spectator's
+Acquaintance. The name was suggested by Swift (Elwin).
+
+7. _that famous country-dance_. Originated by the minstrels of Sir
+Roger of Calverley in the reign of Richard I. (Wills).
+
+8. _parts_. Qualifications, capacities. Cf. Shakespeare, _King
+Lear_, i. iv. 285:
+
+  My train are men of choice and rarest parts.
+
+17. _Soho-Square_, south of Oxford Street, was a fashionable place
+of residence. The name is derived from the cry 'So Hoe' in use when the
+Mayor and Corporation hunted the hare over the fields of that district.
+
+In _Spectator_ 329 Sir Roger says that he is staying in Norfolk-
+Buildings.
+
+19. _a perverse beautiful widow_. v. Appendix II.
+
+22. _Lord Rochester_, the poet-wit, who died in 1680, was notorious
+as a leader of fashionable dissipation. In this connexion he is
+mentioned by Evelyn and Pepys.
+
+_Sir George Etherege_, author of _The Man of Mode_ and two
+other comedies, was the companion of Rochester in dissipation and
+notoriety. He died in 1691.
+
+23. _Bully Dawson_. A notorious ruffian and sharper.
+
+29. _doublet_. A coat reaching just below the waist, introduced
+from France in the fourteenth century.
+
+Page 7.
+
+9. _justice of the Quorum_. County justice, magistrate. _Quorum_
+was a prominent word in their commission of appointment.
+
+10. _quarter-session_. The quarterly meeting of magistrates, at
+which cases sent up from petty sessions are tried. The word is now
+always used in the plural form, _sessions_, as in _Spectator_
+126.
+
+12. _the game-act_ originated in the Game Laws of William the
+Conqueror. The first Game Act was passed in 1496, and the one in force
+at the time of Addison's writing in the reign of Anne. By these
+enactments a man was qualified to take out a licence to kill game by his
+birth or estate. The usual qualification was the possession of land to
+the value of 100 pounds per annum.
+
+14. _the Inner-Temple_ was originally the property of the Knights
+Templars. It was converted into Inns of Court in 1311, after the
+suppression of the military knighthoods.
+
+17. _humoursome_. Whimsical, capricious. Cf. Shakespeare, 2
+_Henry IV_., IV. iv. 34, 'As humorous as winter.'
+
+20. _the house_. The fraternity of lawyers.
+
+_Aristotle and Longinus_. Aristotle's _Poetics_ and the essay
+'_On the Sublime_' of Longinus are the basis of all classical
+criticism. Longinus was a critic of the third century. Addison probably
+knew him in Boileau's famous translation of 1674.
+
+21. _Littleton_. Author of a famous book on Tenures. He died in
+1481.
+
+_Coke_. The famous seventeenth century jurist and Chief Justice. He
+is best known by his commentary on Littleton's _Tenures_.
+
+28. _Demosthenes_. The famous Athenian orator of the fourth century
+B.C.
+
+29. _Tully_. Marcus Tullius Cicero, the great Roman orator of the
+last century B.C.
+
+31. _wit_. Understanding, perception. 'True wit consists in the
+resemblance of ideas' when that resemblance is 'such an one that gives
+delight and surprise to the reader.' (Dryden.) Cf. Shakespeare,
+_Julius Caesar_, III. ii. 225:
+
+  I have neither wit, nor words, nor worth.
+
+32. _turn_. Bent, proclivity.
+
+34. _taste of_. Obsolete. Modern English, taste in.
+
+Page 8.
+
+5. _the time of the play_ varied from about five o'clock to
+half-past six. Cf. _Spectator_ 335, where Sir Roger leaves Norfolk
+Street at four o'clock for the play.
+
+6. _New-Inn_. A square in Lincoln's Inn. _Russel-Court_. A
+turning out of Drury Lane.
+
+7. _turn_. Short time.
+
+8. _periwig_. The long curled dress wig introduced at the
+Restoration.
+
+9. _the Rose_ was the actors' tavern in Covent Garden.
+
+18. _the British common_. The sea stands to Britain in the relation
+that the village common does to the village community.
+
+Page 9.
+
+5. _Captain Sentry_. v. Appendix II.
+
+19. _left the world_. Retired from public life.
+
+32. _his own vindication_. The claim he makes for himself.
+
+Page 10.
+
+9. _humourists._ Eccentrics. Cf. Ben Jonson, Prologue to _The
+Alchemist:_
+
+  Many persons more
+  Whose manners, now call'd humours, feed the stage.
+
+
+11. _Will Honeycomb_. v. Appendix II.
+
+20. _habits_. Clothes. Cf. Shakespeare, _Hamlet_, I. iii.
+70:
+
+  Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy.
+
+30. _the Duke of Monmouth_ was the natural son of Charles II.,
+and was famous for his personal beauty and fine manners. He was executed
+in 1685 for pretending to the crown. Mention is made of him in the
+diaries of Evelyn and Pepys.
+
+Page 11.
+
+22. _chamber-counsellor_. A consulting lawyer, who does not conduct
+cases in the courts.
+
+26. _gone_. Advanced.
+
+
+SPECTATOR 106.
+
+Page 12.
+
+13. _humour_. Disposition. Cf. Shakespeare, _2 Henry IV._,
+II. iv. 256, 'What humour's the prince of?--A good shallow young fellow.'
+
+31. _pad_. A horse of easy paces. Obsolete.
+
+Page 13.
+
+13. _engages_. Binds in affection.
+
+14. _is pleasant upon_. Jests concerning. Cf. Shakespeare, _Taming
+of the Shrew_, III. i. 58:
+
+  Take it not unkindly, pray,
+  That I have been thus pleasant with you both.
+
+30. _conversation_. v. note on p. 23, 1. 16.
+
+34. _in several of my papers_. Once only, p. 6, 1. 10.
+
+Page 14.
+
+22. The meaning of this hint is explained in _Spectator_ 517.
+
+Page 15.
+
+8 et seq. All contemporary or recently dead divines.
+
+
+SPECTATOR 107.
+
+Page 16.
+
+12. _family_. Household. Obsolete. Cf. Shakespeare, _Othello_,
+I. 1. 84:
+
+  Signior, is all your family within?
+
+Page 17.
+
+1. _stripped_, of his livery, i.e. discharged. Cf. Shakespeare,
+_Othello_, II. i. 173, 'Such tricks as these strip you out of your
+lieutenantry.'
+
+17. _cast_. Discarded. Cf. old saw:
+
+  Ne'er cast a clout till May be out.
+
+29. _in bestowing_. Elliptical. Sc. _which consist_ before
+_in bestowing_.
+
+32. _husband_. Manager. Cf. Shakespeare, _Henry VIII_., III.
+ii. 142:
+
+  Your earthly audit; sure, in that
+  I deem you an ill husband.
+
+35. _fine when a tenement falls_. When a tenement became vacant,
+the incoming tenant paid dues to the landlord.
+
+Page 18.
+
+18. _manumission_. Release. The word is derived from the process
+of freeing a Roman slave--_manumissio_.
+
+28. _that fortune was all the difference between them_. That their
+inferior position did not imply an inferiority of nature.
+
+Page 19.
+
+1. _prentice_. Shortened form of apprentice. Cf. Shakespeare,
+2 _Henry IV._, II. ii. 194, 'From a prince to a prentice.'
+
+
+SPECTATOR 108.
+
+Page 20.
+
+2. _Mr. William Wimble_, v. Appendix II.
+
+8. _jack_. Pike.
+
+32. _angle-rods_. Fishing-rods. Cf. Shakespeare, _Antony and
+Cleopatra_, II. v. 10:
+
+  Give me mine angle,--we'll to the river.
+
+_officious_. Serviceable, ready to do things for other people.
+The word is now restricted to its bad sense of meddlesome. Cf.
+Shakespeare, _Titus Andronicus_, v. ii. 202:
+
+  Come, come, be every one officious
+  To make this banquet.
+
+35. _correspondence_. Communication.
+
+36. _a tulip-root_. William III. brought to England the passion for
+tulip-growing which originated in Holland. At this time it was already
+on the wane in England.
+
+Page 21.
+
+5. _setting dog_. Setter.
+
+_made_. Trained.
+
+10. _humours_. Pleasantries.
+
+Page 22.
+
+4. _played with it_. Now _played it_.
+
+9. _quail-pipe_. A pipe with which quails are lured to the nets.
+
+26. _humour_. Whim, notion. Cf. Shakespeare, I _Henry IV_,
+III. i. 237, 'You are altogether governed by humours.'
+
+Page 23.
+
+4. _turned_. Adapted.
+
+8. _my twenty-first speculation_ argues that it is better for a
+man to go into trade than to enter an over-crowded profession, and
+reproves 'parents who will not rather choose to place their sons in a
+way of life where an honest industry cannot but thrive, than in stations
+where the greatest probity, learning, and good sense may miscarry.'
+
+
+SPECTATOR 109.
+
+Page 23.
+
+16. _conversation_. Intercourse, behaviour. Cf. Shakespeare,
+_Antony and Cleopatra_, II. vi. 131, 'Octavia is of a holy, cold,
+and still conversation.'
+
+Page 24.
+
+1. _jetting_. Projecting. Cf. Shakespeare, _Titus Andronicus,_
+II. i. 64:
+
+  How dangerous
+  It is to jet upon a prince's right.
+
+_habit_. v. note on p. 10, 1. 20.
+
+2. The bonnet of the Yeomen of the Guard is a round cap of black velvet
+with a gold band.
+
+10. _the tilt-yard_. Formerly the yard of St. James's Palace.
+
+11. _Whitehall_ was formerly a royal palace. It was almost entirely
+destroyed in the two fires of 1691 and 1697.
+
+14. _target_. Small shield. Cf. Shakespeare, 3 Henry VI., II i. 40:
+
+  Bear
+  Upon my target three fair-shining suns.
+
+16. _pommel_. Rim in front of saddle.
+
+17. _rid_. Obsolete. Now _rode_.
+
+_tournament_. Here used for lists.
+
+24. _the coffee-house_, v. Appendix I.
+
+27. _bass-viol_. A large fiddle-shaped instrument held between the
+legs. It was very fashionable in the eighteenth century, and was
+generally to be found in the sitting-rooms of the upper classes for the
+use of any guests who could perform on it. It is the viol-de-gamboys of
+Sir Andrew Aguecheek (_Twelfth Night_, i. iii. 27).
+
+28. _basket-hilt_. Steel hilt shaped like a basket.
+
+Page 25.
+
+1. _go-cart_. A sort of cage on small wheels for teaching children
+to walk.
+
+5. _hasty-pudding_. A kind of batter made of flour or meal and
+water.
+
+6. _white-pot_. A very rich Devonshire dish.
+
+20. _slashes_. Slits to show the lining of a garment.
+
+Page 26.
+
+18. _knight of this shire_. Member of Parliament for this county.
+
+30. _such_. Such and such, a certain. Cf. Shakespeare, _Merchant
+of Venice_, I. iii. 128, 'You spurned me such a day.'
+
+Page 27.
+
+2. _discourse of_. Discourse concerning. Cf. Shakespeare, _Two
+Gentlemen of Verona_, II. iv. 140:
+
+  Now no discourse, except it be of love.
+
+6. _the battle of Worcester_, 1651, was the final defeat of Charles
+II. by Cromwell.
+
+7. _whim_. Whimsical idea.
+
+
+SPECTATOR 110.
+
+Page 27.
+
+22. Psalm cxlvii. 9, 'He giveth to the beast his food, and to the young
+ravens which cry.'
+
+Page 28.
+
+25. _Locke_. The author of the _Essay on the Human Understanding_
+died in 1704. The reference is to II. xxxiii. 10.
+
+26. _curious_. Elaborate, minutely detailed. Cf. Shakespeare,
+_Cymbeline_, V. v. 361:
+
+  A most curious mantle, wrought by the hand
+  Of his queen mother.
+
+Page 29.
+
+14. _by that means_. On that account. Cf. Shakespeare, 2 _Henry
+VI._, II. i. 178:
+
+  By this means
+  Your lady is forthcoming yet at London.
+
+Page 30.
+
+8. _Lucretius_. Poet and philosopher of the last century B.C.
+His opinion on this point is expressed in _De Rerum Natura_, IV. 29,
+33, et seq.
+
+13. _pressed_. Impressed, constrained.
+
+27. _Antiquities of the Jews_, XVII. xv. 415.
+
+
+SPECTATOR 112.
+
+Page 33.
+
+27. _do_. Strictly _does_.
+
+Page 34.
+
+3. _incumbent_. Occupant (of the clerk's place).
+
+13. _tithe-stealers_. The tithes being paid in kind, it was easy to
+cheat the parson out of some portion of them.
+
+16. _his patron_. The squire, who gave him his living.
+
+
+SPECTATOR 113.
+
+Page 35.
+
+11. _settled_. Salmon thinks that the walk was not actually settled
+upon the widow as her property, but that it was indissolubly connected
+with her in Sir Roger's mind.
+
+20. Cf. Orlando in _As You Like It_, III. ii. 10:
+
+  Carve on every tree
+  The fair, the chaste, and unexpressive she.
+
+Page 36.
+
+17. _rid_. v. note on p. 24, 1. 17.
+
+19. _bitted_. Trained to carry their heads well with a bearing
+rein.
+
+22. _assizes_. Sessions of the court.
+
+Page 37.
+
+20. _far gone_. Deeply experienced. For this use of _gone_, cf.
+Keats, _On a Lock of Milton's Hair_, 25, 'Grey gone in passion.'
+
+21. _confident_. Now _confidant_.
+
+28. _humane_. Human, civilized.
+
+34. _pretended_. Presumed, attempted. Cf. Shakespeare, I Henry VI.,
+IV. i. 6:
+
+  And none your foes but such as shall pretend
+  Malicious practices against his state.
+
+Page 38.
+
+7. _go on with_. Continue to charm you with, proceed with.
+
+20. _discovered_, v. note on p. 5, 1, 12.
+
+31. _last_. Most extreme.
+
+Page 39.
+
+9. _the sphinx_. The monster which continued to oppress Thebes until
+such time as one of her victims should be able to answer the riddle she
+put to him. Oedipus answered her, and she destroyed herself.
+
+21. _a publick table_. When away from home, it was usual for a
+traveller to dine, not at his lodgings, but at a _public table_ or
+_ordinary_.
+
+22. _tansy_. A very popular dish of the seventeenth century, a kind
+of rich, spiced custard.
+
+Page 40.
+
+3. _Martial_. A Latin poet of the first century of our era. i. 69.
+
+
+SPECTATOR 114.
+
+Page 40.
+
+24. _pretending_. Pretentious.
+
+_in both cases._ In both particulars, i.e. fortune and conversation.
+
+Page 41.
+
+12. _dipped_. Mortgaged.
+
+32. _personate_. Appear the possessor of.
+
+Page 42.
+
+7, 13. _Laertes and Irus_. Laertes was king of Ithaca and father
+of Ulysses; Irus, or properly Arnaeus, a beggar who kept watch over
+Penelope's suitors. Their names are here introduced as typical of the
+rich and the poor man.
+
+10. _four shillings in the pound_. The amount of the land tax.
+
+19. _way_. If the verb is correctly _are_, _way_ should
+be written in the plural.
+
+Page 43.
+
+11. _Cowley_, the poet and essayist, who died in 1667.
+
+14. _author who published his works_. Dr. Sprat, Bishop of Rochester,
+published Cowley's works in 1688.
+
+18. _face_. Appearance. Cf. Shakespeare, _Tempest_, 1. ii.
+104, 'The outward face of royalty.'
+
+_great Vulgar_. Cowley concludes his Sixth Essay, Of Greatness,
+with a translation of Horace, Book III, _Ode_ i, commencing:
+
+  Hence, ye profane, I hate ye all,
+  Both the great vulgar, and the small.
+
+25. _lately mentioned_. In Steele's last paper, _Spectator_
+109, p. 26, 1. 29.
+
+26. _point_. Appoint. Cf. Shakespeare, Sonnet xiv. 6:
+
+  Pointing to each his thunder, rain and wind.
+
+Page 44.
+
+2. _being_. Existence, state of being. Cf. Shakespeare, Sonnet lxxxi.
+II:
+
+  Tongues to be your being shall rehearse.
+
+7. _relish_. Taste, enjoyment. Cf. Shakespeare, _Troilus and
+Cressida_, III. ii. 20:
+
+  The imaginary relish is so sweet
+
+10. _mansions_. Abiding-places. Cf. St. John, xiv. 2, 'In my
+Father's house are many mansions.'
+
+13. Quoted from an earlier passage in the same essay (v. note on p. 43,
+1. 18).
+
+
+SPECTATOR 115.
+
+Page 45.
+
+26. _the spleen_. Melancholy disposition, not the organ of that name.
+Cf. Shakespeare, _As You Like It_, iv. i. 217, 'Begot of thought,
+conceived of spleen.'
+
+27. _the vapours_. Moods of depression. Cf. Fielding, _Amelia_,
+iii. 7, 'Some call it the fever on the spirits, some a nervous fever, some
+the vapours, some the hysterics.'
+
+29 et seq. The argument runs: nature has adapted the body to exercise,
+therefore exercise is necessary to our well-being. This is sound only on
+the assumptions that everything which nature performs is based on
+necessity, and that the body has been made in such a way as to secure
+our well-being.
+
+30. _proper_. Fit. Cf. Shakespeare, _Hamlet_, II. i. 114:
+
+  It is as proper to our age
+  To cast beyond ourselves in our opinions.
+
+Page 46.
+
+8. _laboured_. Worked, tilled. The verb is no longer used
+transitively.
+
+14. _condition_. State of prosperity, material circumstances. Cf.
+Shakespeare, 2 _Henry VI_, v. i. 64, 'One so rude and of so mean
+condition.'
+
+22. _chace_. The substantive was distinguished from the verb by its
+spelling. Cf. modern _practice_, _practise_.
+
+34. _patched_. Perhaps with reference to the black patches worn on
+the face to enhance its beauty; perhaps merely covered here and there,
+studded.
+
+Page 47.
+
+1. _distinction sake_. The _'s_ of the possessive is omitted
+before the initial _s_ of _sake_.
+
+6. _The perverse widow_, v. _Spectator_ 113.
+
+8. _amours_. Used of a single love-affair.
+
+12. _sits_. Couches in her form or seat.
+
+18. _Doctor Sydenham_, the celebrated physician, who died in 1689.
+
+22. _Medicina Gymnastica_, by Francis Fuller, was printed in 1705.
+
+24. _dumb bell_. An apparatus resembling that used for ringing a
+church bell, but wanting the bell itself. The use of the modern form of
+dumb-bell was introduced into England in Elizabeth's reign. It is
+described in the next paragraph under the name of _skiomachia_.
+
+33. _a Latin treatise_. Artis Gymnastica apud Antiquos, by
+Hieronymus Mercurialis, 1569.
+
+Page 48.
+
+2. _loaden_. The verb has now become weak; loaded.
+
+9. _uneasy_. Troublesome.
+
+
+SPECTATOR 116.
+
+Page 48.
+
+25. _the Bastile_. The State prison in Paris, which was destroyed
+by the mob in 1789 (v. Coleridge's poem on this subject, and the stirring
+description in Dickens' _Tale of Two Cities_, II. xxi.).
+
+Page 49.
+
+20. Budgell has somewhat defaced the character of Sir Roger by this touch,
+and by the inhuman humanity of p. 52, 1. 18.
+
+24. _managed_. Broken in. Cf. Shakespeare, _Richard II_., III.
+iii. 179:
+
+  Wanting the manage of unruly jades.
+
+25. _stone-horse_. Stallion.
+
+26. _staked himself_. Impaled himself on a stake in jumping.
+
+29. _beagles_. Small hounds formerly employed in hunting the hare.
+Cf. White's _Selborne_, Letter VI, 'One solitary grey hen was
+sprung by some beagles in beating for a hare.' They are now superseded
+by harriers, which are still sometimes called by their name.
+
+30. _Stop-hounds_. So called because when one of them found the
+scent he stopped and squatted 'to impart more effect to his deep tones,
+and to get wind for a fresh start' (Wills).
+
+32. _mouths_. Voices. Cf. Shakespeare, _Henry V_., II. iv. 70:
+
+  For coward dogs
+  Most spend their mouths when what they seem to threaten
+  Runs far before them.
+
+33. _cry_. Pack. Cf. Shakespeare, _Coriolanus_, III. iii. 120,
+
+  'You common cry of curs.'
+
+34. _nice_. Fastidious. Cf. Shakespeare, _Love's Labour's
+Lost_, v. ii. 219, 'We'll not be nice; take hands.'
+
+Page 50.
+
+5. _counter-tenor_. Alto.
+
+8. iv. i. 124. Shakespeare was not in Budgell's day so common a reservoir
+of quotations as he has since become. Dryden had appreciated him, but he
+was in general very little known, even among men of letters.
+
+15. Hunting in July must have entailed great loss on the farmers before
+it was forbidden by the Game Laws of 1831.
+
+17. _pad_. v. note on p. 12, 1. 31.
+
+19. _rid_. v. note on p. 24, 1. 17.
+
+20. _benevolence_. In its literal meaning of _goodwill_.
+
+25. _rid_. Now obsolete: _ridden_.
+
+Page 51.
+
+7. _chace_. v. note on p. 46, 1. 22.
+
+35. _took_. Betook herself to. Cf. Shakespeare, _Comedy of
+Errors_, v. i. 36:
+
+  Run, master, run; for God's sake, take a house!
+
+Page 52.
+
+2. _chiding_. Barking. Cf. Shakespeare, _Midsummer Night's
+Dream_, iv. i. 120:
+
+  Never did I hear
+  Such gallant chiding.
+
+10. _his pole_. The huntsman followed on foot, carrying a long
+leaping-pole, which permitted him to keep a straighter course than he
+could have done on horseback, owing to the state of the country.
+
+26. _Monsieur Paschal_, the great French philosopher of the
+seventeenth century, who died in 1662.
+
+Page 53.
+
+12. _habit_. State, condition.
+
+17. But the Spectator's hunting has only consisted of watching the chase
+from a rising ground!
+
+24. _Epistle to John Dryden_, 73-4, 88-95.
+
+
+SPECTATOR 117.
+
+Page 54.
+
+4. _neuter_. Neutral, Cf. Shakespeare, _Richard II_., II. iii.
+159, 'Be it known to you I do remain as neuter.'
+
+_engaging_. Pledging. Cf. Shakespeare, _Merchant of Venice_,
+III. ii. 264:
+
+  I have engaged myself to a dear friend.
+
+6. _determination_. Decision. Cf. Shakespeare, _Measure for
+Measure_, III. ii. 258, 'He humbles himself to the determination of
+justice.'
+
+15. _particular_. Individual. Cf. Shakespeare, _All's Well that
+Ends Well_, I. i. 97:
+
+  That I should love a bright particular star.
+
+Page 65.
+
+7. _applied herself_. Cf. Shakespeare, _Antony and Cleopatra_,
+v. 2. 126:
+
+  If you apply yourself to our intents,
+
+where the word is used in a somewhat different sense. It is now used
+reflexively only in the sense of applying oneself to the performance of
+an action.
+
+8. _Otway_, the poet and playwright, died in 1685. The quotation is
+from his play of _The Orphan_, II. i. The first line should run:
+
+  Through a close lane....
+
+36. _palmed_. Foisted, falsely attributed.
+
+Page 60.
+
+16. _tabby_. Brindled or sometimes female, as opposed to tom-cat.
+The meaning is derived from the word _tabby_, a name for watered
+silk.
+
+28. _a bounty_. The concrete sense of this word has been lost.
+
+33. _trying experiments with her_. Testing her by ordeal.
+
+Page 57.
+
+1. Sir Roger's doubtfulness on the subject of witchcraft was not
+exceptional. In 1664 Sir Thomas Browne had assisted in the condemnation
+of a witch. In 1711 there were two executions for witchcraft, and in
+1712 Jane Wenham was sentenced, but afterwards pardoned. In 1716 there
+were again two executions, and although the Act was repealed in 1736,
+an old woman was done to death by the mob as late as 1751.
+
+3. _bound her over to_. sc. appear at.
+
+14. _commerce and familiarities_ with the devil or evil spirits.
+
+
+SPECTATOR 118.
+
+Page 68.
+
+9. _of all others_. A classic construction. For a similar inaccurate
+phrase cf. Milton, _Paradise Lost_, iv. 324, 'The fairest of her
+daughters Eve.' The phrase occurs also on p. 41, 1. 33.
+
+24. _salute_. Kiss. Cf. Shakespeare, _As You Like It_, III.
+ii. 50,
+
+  You salute not at the court, but you kiss your hands.
+
+33. _set a mark upon_, in order to know and to shun them.
+
+35. _pleasant_. Amusing, ridiculous. Cf. Shakespeare, _Taming of
+the Shrew,_ Induction, ii. 132, 'Play a pleasant comedy.'
+
+Page 59.
+
+13. _conduct_. Guidance. Cf. Shakespeare, 2 _Henry IV.,_ V. ii.
+36: Led by the impartial conduct of my soul.
+
+19. _is addressed to_. Has addresses paid to her.
+
+_presented_. Given presents. The verb is not now used without the
+indirect completion, 'to be presented with a thing.'
+
+26. _personated_. Affected, feigned. Cf. _Spectator_ 555, 'A
+personated character.'
+
+Page 60.
+
+24. _honest_. Honourable. Cf. Shakespeare, _Othello,_ III. iii.
+225: I do not think but Desdemona's honest.
+
+Page 61.
+
+23. _reads upon_. Reads on the subject of.
+
+26. _policies_. Arrangements, economy, administration.
+
+
+SPECTATOR 119
+
+Page 62.
+
+7. _manners_. Customs, habits. Cf. Shakespeare, _Comedy of
+Errors_, I. ii. 12, 'I'll view the manners of the town.'
+
+12. _article_. Particular. Cf. Shakespeare, _Othello,_ III.
+iii. 22:
+
+  I'll perform it
+  To the last article.
+
+Now concrete in sense: a material object.
+
+23. _Conversation_. v. note on p. 23, 1. 16.
+
+30. _modish._ Fashionable. Sc p. 64, 1. 2, 'Men of mode,' and p.
+63, 1, 3, 'People of mode.'
+
+Page 64.
+
+31. _the country are_. Properly _is_.
+
+Page 65.
+
+3. _upon the western circuit_. As judge.
+
+
+SPECTATOR 120.
+
+Page 65.
+
+29. _demonstrative._ Conclusive. Cf. Shakespeare, _Henry V._,
+II. iv. 89: In every branch truly demonstrative.
+
+Page 66.
+
+11. _the leaving a posterity_. Mixed construction. _Leaving_
+should be used either as a gerund, _leaving a posterity,_ or as a
+verbal noun, _the leaving of a posterity._
+
+14. _nicer_. More delicate.
+
+17. _birth_. That which they bear, their offspring. Cf. Shakespeare,
+_Othello_, I. iii. 410:
+
+  Hell and night
+  Must bring this monstrous birth to the world's light.
+
+30. _temper_. Temperature.
+
+Page 67.
+
+34. _which_. sc. a circumstance which.
+
+Page 68.
+
+1. _as it spreads_. To the degree in which it spreads.
+
+16. _Take a brute out of his instinct_. Consider an animal in matters
+outside the range of his instinct.
+
+Page 69.
+
+18. _do not carry an immediate regard to_. Have no immediate bearing
+on.
+
+
+SPECTATOR 121.
+
+Page 70.
+
+7. _stepmother_. Properly foster-mother.
+
+17. _A modern philosopher_. M. Bernard, who quotes the Latin saw,
+is himself quoted by Bayle in a long discussion appended to the articles
+on _Pereira_ and _Rosarius_ in his Historical Dictionary, a
+translation of which was printed in 1710. Jacob Tonson, the publisher,
+declares that the Dictionary was Addison's constant companion.
+
+26. _Dampier_, the great navigator, printed in 1691 a book entitled
+_A New Voyage round the World_.
+
+Page 72.
+
+4. _Mr. Locke_. v. note on p. 28, 1. 25. The reference is to ii. 9,
+13.
+
+19. _Dr. More_ was one of the original members of the Royal Society.
+He died in 1687.
+
+_Cardan_ or Cardano, was an Italian philosopher of the sixteenth
+century. The citation is from _De Rerum Subtilitate_, x.
+
+Page 73.
+
+13. _Mr. Boyle_. A famous natural philosopher, and member of the
+Royal Society, who died in 1691. The citation is from _A Disquisition
+about the Final Causes of Natural Things_.
+
+18. _one humour_. The typical eye of the higher animals consists of
+a lens and two humours or fluids, known as the aqueous and the vitreous.
+
+33. _our Royal Society_. Founded in 1662.
+
+Page 74.
+
+2. _original_. Origin. Cf. Shakespeare, _2 Henry IV_, I. ii. 131,
+'It hath its original from much grief.'
+
+3. _policies_. v. note on p. 61, 1. 26.
+
+14. _Howling Wilderness and Great Deep_. Deuteronomy, xxxii. 10,
+'He found him in a desert land, and in the waste howling wilderness.'
+Psalm li. 10, 'The waters of the great deep.'
+
+25. _Tully_. v. note on p. 7, 1. 29.
+
+29. _nice_. Accurate, precise. Cf. Shakespeare, _Much Ado about
+Nothing_, v. i. 75:
+
+  Despite his nice fence and his active practice.
+
+
+SPECTATOR 122.
+
+Page 75.
+
+8. _approbations_. Not now used in the plural.
+
+21. _assizes_, v. note on p. 36, 1. 22.
+
+23. _rid_. v. note on p. 24, 1. 17.
+
+28. _the game-act_, v. note on p. 7, 1. 12.
+
+Page 76.
+
+3. _shoots flying_. This accomplishment was just coming into fashion,
+and was not yet common.
+
+4. _the petty-jury_, which actually gives a verdict on cases tried.
+The _grand jury_ decides whether cases shall be sent up for trial.
+
+8. _quarter-sessions_, v. note on p. 7, 1. 10.
+
+14. _cast and been cast_. To defeat or be defeated or condemned in
+a trial or law-suit. Cf. Milton, _Eikonoklastes_, 'The Commons by
+far the greatest number cast him.'
+
+34. _was sat_. Was seated.
+
+Page 77.
+
+2. _for_. For the sake of, in order to enhance.
+
+Page 78.
+
+11. _be at the charge_. Bear the expense.
+
+29. _conjuring_. Urging. Cf. Shakespeare, _Comedy of Errors_,
+iv. iii. 68:
+
+  I conjure you to leave me and be gone.
+
+
+SPECTATOR 123.
+
+Page 80.
+
+8. _a novel_ at this time meant a short fictitious tale, generally
+of love.
+
+9. _Eudoxus and Leontine_. This charming story is reminiscent of
+Shakespeare's _Winter's Tale_. Leontine, the friend who has a
+daughter, may well trace his descent from Leontes, King of Sicilia.
+Eudoxus must stand for Polixenes, King of Bohemia, since his son Florio
+is certainly the shadow of Prince Florizel. The plot hinges on the fact
+that both of the children, like the daughter of Leontine's prototype,
+grow up in ignorance of their parentage, and in both cases there is an
+apparent inequality of fortune between the lovers.
+
+In a letter of the same date addressed to Mr. Wortley, Addison writes:
+'When you have a son I shall be glad to be his Leontine, as my
+circumstances will probably be like his.' He had just sustained heavy
+losses.
+
+32. _turned of_. We should now say _turned_.
+
+33. Cowley, Essay X, 'But there is no fooling with life when it is once
+turned beyond forty.'
+
+Page 81.
+
+1. _In order to this_. In order to accomplish this.
+
+Page 82.
+
+1. _dictated_. Dictated to, counselled. Not now used transitively
+of persons.
+
+Page 83.
+
+26. _relish_, v. note on p. 44, 1. 7.
+
+30. _discoveries_, v. note on p. 5, 1. 12.
+
+
+SPECTATOR 125.
+
+Page 84.
+
+19. _St. Anne's Lane_. Turning out of Aldersgate Street.
+
+24. _prickeared_. A contemptuous term applied to Roundheads, in
+allusion to the effect produced by the shortness of their hair, and
+borrowed from its ordinary use as applied to mongrel dogs.
+
+Page 85.
+
+7. _prejudice of the land-tax_. The land-tax was first levied in
+1699 to pay for the French War. It was carried by Whig feeling in
+opposition to the Tory landholders.
+
+_the destruction of the game_, which would proceed while the country
+gentlemen were occupied with their party differences.
+
+19. _sinks_. Used transitively, _lowers, diminishes_. Cf.
+Shakespeare, _Henry VIII_., iii. ii. 383, 'A load would sink a
+navy.'
+
+28. _Plutarch_, the great Greek moralist and biographer of the
+first century of our era. The quotation is from _De Inimicorum
+Utilitate_.
+
+Page 86.
+
+2. _that great rule_. St. Luke, vi. 27, 'Love your enemies, do good
+to them which hate you.'
+
+10. _the regard of_. A regard for.
+
+19. _an object seen in two different mediums_. For instance, a
+straight stick partly immersed in water appears as if bent at the point
+at which it enters the water. The rays of light reflected from the
+position under water, by which we see that portion, are bent when they
+leave the water and enter the air in such a way as to make that part of
+the stick appear nearer to our eye than it would appear in air.
+
+Page 87.
+
+4. _postulatums_. The word has now become Anglicized in a different
+form, _postulate_, plural _postulates_.
+
+15. _Guelfes and Gibellines_. The opposing political parties in
+Germany and Italy from the twelfth to the fifteenth century. In Italy
+they were the adherents of the Pope and the Emperor respectively.
+
+16. _the League_. The Holy League, formed in 1576, in the Roman
+Catholic interest.
+
+17. _unhappy_. Unfortunate. Cf. Shakespeare, _Comedy of Errors_,
+IV. iv. 126, 'O most unhappy day!'
+
+
+SPECTATOR 126.
+
+Page 89.
+
+7. _such persons, that_. Mixed construction: _all persons that_
+or _such persons as_. Frequent in Shakespeare; cf. _Measure for
+Measure_, II. ii. 147:
+
+  Such things
+  That want no ear but yours.
+
+16. _retainers_. Followers, adherents.
+
+28. _Diodorus Siculus_, a Greek historian of the last century B.C.
+The citation is from his universal history, a work in forty books, i.
+35. 7.
+
+30. _Ichneumon_. An animal belonging to the same family as the
+civets. The Egyptian ichneumon, known also as Pharaoh's cat, was held
+sacred among the ancient Egyptians because of its propensity for
+destroying crocodiles' eggs, but unfortunately for Addison's
+illustration, it is now proved that the degenerate ichneumon does
+actually 'find his account' in feeding upon the eggs which he breaks,
+whether they be those of crocodiles or merely of the barn-door fowl.
+
+34. _finds his account_. Receives any recompense or advantage.
+
+Page 90.
+
+8. _the wild Tartars_. The Tartars are a race of Russians, of Turkish
+and Mongolian origin. Some of them adhere to the religion of the Greek
+church, some are Moslems, and some Shamanites. The reference is probably
+to some Shaman belief, for magic and the spirits of the dead play a very
+large part in this religion.
+
+12. _of course_. In due course, in consequence. Cf. Shakespeare,
+_Measure for Measure_, III. i. 259, 'This being granted in course,
+now follows all.'
+
+27. _cock-match_. Match between fighting-cocks.
+
+_humour_, v. note on p. 22, 1. 26.
+
+30. _quarter-sessions_, v. note on p. 7, 1. 10.
+
+34. _the landed and ... the monied interest_. The land-owner would
+naturally be a Tory, and the merchant a Whig.
+
+Page 91.
+
+6. _interest_. Political position, by virtue of which he was returned
+for his county.
+
+11. _such an one_. v. note on p. 26, 1. 30. Here, the Tory candidate
+for the district.
+
+19. _take up with_. Put up with.
+
+30. _a very fair bettor_. Quite a good bettor or better.
+
+32. _disagreeable_. Unpleasing, unpopular.
+
+34. _correspondence_. v. note on p. 20, 1. 35.
+
+Page 92.
+
+10. _fanatick_. A madman. Will Wimble suspects the Spectator of
+unsoundness in politics, that is, of not being of the Tory persuasion.
+
+
+SPECTATOR 127.
+
+Page 92.
+
+24. _the post_ would have reached Sir Roger in Worcester twice a week,
+on Thursdays and Saturdays (Report for 1809.)
+
+25. _Dyer's letter_. Dyer's _News Letter_ was published three
+times a week. It dealt more in domestic news than did the regular
+newspapers, such as _The Postman_, and was sometimes driven to fill
+up space by relating fictitious events. Cf. _Tatler_ 18, in which
+Steele and Addison declare that Dyer is famous for whales in the Thames!
+
+29. _under the quality of_. In the office of. Cf. Shakespeare,
+_Henry V_., III. vi. 146, 'What is thy name? I know thy quality.'
+
+Page 93.
+
+2. _ordinary_. Used as an adverb.
+
+5. _expence_. Now expense, v. note on _chace_, p. 46, 1. 22.
+
+13. _You praised them_. v. _Spectator_ 98, On Ladies'
+Headdresses.
+
+14. _the humour_. The fluid which causes the disease.
+
+30. _Sir George Etherege_. v. note on p. 6, 1. 22. His first
+comedy, 1664, was entitled _The Comical Revenge, or Love in a Tub_.
+The reference is to IV. vi.
+
+Page 94.
+
+2. _the farthingale_ was a framework for extending the skirt of a
+woman's dress. It was introduced in 1545, and finally assumed a perfectly
+cylindrical shape.
+
+_the ruin of the Spanish monarchy_. The defeat and dispersal of the
+Armada in 1558.
+
+5. _the tail of a blazing star_. Comets have always been held to
+foretell disaster.
+
+11. _into meetings and conventicles_. That is, to Dissent.
+
+12. _trunk-breeches_. Very full, short breeches, reaching to the
+knee or half-way down the thigh.
+
+16. _it is recorded of Alexander the Great_ in Plutarch's _Lives
+of the Noble Grecians and Romans_. 'He first contrived many vain and
+sophistical things to serve the purposes of fame; among which were arms
+much bigger than his men could use ... left scattered up and down.' This
+report is probably baseless, as it is opposed to the magnanimity of
+Alexander's character.
+
+28. _Rotunda_. A building of circular shape both outside and
+inside, such as the Pantheon in Rome.
+
+31. _a little black monkey enshrined_. Each Egyptian village had
+its sacred animal or fetish.
+
+Page 95.
+
+8. _the sensitive plant_. _Mimosa pudica_, whose leaflets fold
+together at a touch.
+
+
+SPECTATOR 128.
+
+Page 96.
+
+9. _from thence_. A redundant expression. _Thence_ is in itself
+equivalent to _from there_. Cf. Shakespeare, _Comedy of Errors_,
+IV. iv. 79, 'Did not I in rage depart from thence?'
+
+Page 97.
+
+4. _carries it_. Succeeds. Cf. Shakespeare, _Troilus and Cressida_,
+II. iii. 228, 'Shall pride carry it?'
+
+Page 98.
+
+3. _the younger Faustina_, the profligate wife of Marcus Aurelius
+Antoninus.
+
+25. _your_ was frequently used instead of _the_ in naming an
+object as typical of its class, especially when the speech carries any
+flavour of pleasantry. Cf. Shakespeare, _Measure for Measure_, IV.
+ii. 46, 'Every true man's apparel fits your thief.'
+
+Page 99.
+
+1. _Aristus_. aristos, best.
+
+_Aspasia_. The mistress of Pericles, and the inspiration of his
+greatness.
+
+
+SPECTATOR 129.
+
+Page 99.
+
+17. _periwig_. v. note on p. 8, 1. 8.
+
+Page 100.
+
+1. _habits_, v. note on p. 10, 1. 20.
+
+5. _the mode_. v. note on p. 62, 1. 30.
+
+12. _engage_. Undertake.
+
+23. _circuit_. v. note on p. 65, 1. 3.
+
+28. _Stains_, now spelt _Staines_, in Middlesex, ten miles
+from London.
+
+29. _commode_. A wire erection to raise the front of the hair and
+the cap. First worn by Mlle. Fontange, at the court of Louis XIV. In
+_Spectator_ 98, Addison notes that head-dresses have diminished in
+height.
+
+33. _the Ramilie cock._ A particular way of folding back the flaps
+of a cocked hat invented after Marlborough's victory at Ramillies, 1706.
+
+Page 101.
+
+10. _a Friezland hen._ Probably _frizzled hen_ (_Gallus
+crispus_) whose feathers stand outward from the body, giving it a much
+beruffled aspect.
+
+15. _retrenching_. Cutting back, diminishing. Cf. Milton, _Paradise
+Regained_, i. 454:
+
+  But this thy glory shall be soon retrenched.
+
+18. _franked by a parliament-man_. Members of Parliament were
+privileged to send and receive postal matter free of charge. The custom
+began in 1660, and was regulated by law in 1764. Until 1837 the member
+had simply to write his name on the corner of the envelope, and often
+presented his friends with parcels of franked envelopes. The privilege
+was abolished in 1840.
+
+22. _next_. Most recent, last. Obsolete in this sense. Cf.
+Shakespeare, _Henry VIII_., I. i. 17, 'Each following day became
+the next day's master.'
+
+26. _in buckle_. In curl.
+
+Page 102.
+
+4. _astonishments_. The plural form is not now in use.
+
+7. _bob-wig_. A wig with short curls or _bobs_, to imitate
+natural curly hair.
+
+18. _Monmouth cock_. Another fashion of cocking the hat, named
+after the Duke of Monmouth. v. note on p. 10, 1. 30.
+
+23. _night-cap wig_. A periwig with a short tie and a small round
+head.
+
+Page 103.
+
+1. _the Steenkirk_ was a black silk cravat, tied so as to produce
+an effect of negligence, in imitation of the victorious French generals,
+when a sudden attack summoned them hastily to the field at the battle of
+Steinkirk. v. note on _Spectator_ 335.
+
+
+SPECTATOR 130.
+
+Page 103.
+
+10. _exert the Justice of the Peace_. Exercise the authority of a
+justice of the peace.
+
+Page 104.
+
+15. _A Cassandra_. A prophetess. Cassandra, daughter of Priam, King
+of Troy, was inspired by Apollo with the divine frenzy.
+
+17. _in a corner_. Secretly. Cf. Acts of the Apostles, xxvi. 26,
+'This thing was not done in a corner.'
+
+Page 105.
+
+21. _our monthly accounts about twenty years ago_. From 1681 monthly
+publications began to appear, the most notable being _The Gentleman's
+Journal_, issued by Peter Mottuex, 1691-4, which proved to be the germ
+of our entire magazine literature.
+
+22. _Trekschuyt_. Literally _draw-boat_.
+
+_hackney-boat_. Boat plying for hire.
+
+Page 106.
+
+4. _gave him for_. Gave him up for. Cf. Shakespeare, _The Winter's
+Tale_, III. ii. 96:
+
+  Your favour
+  I do give lost.
+
+
+SPECTATOR 131.
+
+Page 107.
+
+17. _a month's excursion_. In the _Spectator_ for July 2 Addison
+writes that he went 'last week' to Sir Roger's country-house.
+
+Page 108.
+
+10. _killed a man_. In a duel. Duelling was still the one way of
+repudiating an insult. The crusade against it was on foot, but it died
+hard.
+
+11. _visit ... to Moll White_, v. _Spectator_ 117.
+
+13. _cunning_. Learned in magic. Cf. _Spectator_ 505, 'Wizards,
+gypsies, and cunning men.'
+
+16. _a White Witch_ is a witch who can do no harm, and who sometimes
+performs beneficent actions. Cf. the use of _white_ in such phrases
+as _white lie._
+
+21. _harbour a Jesuit_. The last order for the expulsion of the
+Jesuits was issued in 1602. Those who harboured them in defiance of this
+order were liable to very heavy penalties.
+
+28. _discarded Whig_, as Salmon points out, is an exact description
+of Addison at this time.
+
+29. _out of place_. Deprived of his post or office.
+
+31. _disaffected_, to the sovereign.
+
+Page 109.
+
+3. _discovers_, v. note on p. 5, 1. 12.
+
+7. _temper_. Temperament, disposition. Cf. Shakespeare, _Henry
+V_., V. ii. 153, 'A fellow of this temper.'
+
+26. _picking of_. As if the gerund, _a-picking of_.
+
+27. _smelling to_. Now _smelling at_.
+
+33. _stories of a cock and a bull_. Now condensed to _cock-and-
+bull stories_. Cf. Burton, _Anatomy of Melancholy_, II. 11. iv.
+274.
+
+Page 110.
+
+6. _commonwealth's men_. Republicans.
+
+
+SPECTATOR 132.
+
+Page 110.
+
+23. _chamberlain_. Servant who attends the bedchambers. Cf. Milton,
+_On the University Carrier_, 1. 14, 'In the kind office of a
+chamberlin.'
+
+25. _Mrs._ was the early abbreviation of _mistress_, which we
+have now unhappily abbreviated to _miss_.
+
+Page 111.
+
+8. _half-pike_. A kind of short lance, the weapon of an infantry
+officer.
+
+10. _equipage_. Train, following.
+
+12. _cloak-bag_. Portmanteau. Cf. Shakespeare, _Cymbeline_,
+III. iv. 172:
+
+  'Tis in my cloak-bag-doublet, hat, hose, all.
+
+_in the seat_. Under the actual seat, in the well of the coach.
+
+Page 112.
+
+1. _the brideman_. Now called the _best man_.
+
+8. _the giving her_. The giving of her.
+
+11. Cf. Shakespeare, _Henry V._, IV. iv. 73, 'The saying is true,--
+the empty vessel makes the greatest sound.'
+
+19. _countenance_. In its original meaning of bearing, behaviour.
+Cf. Shakespeare, _Taming of the Shrew_, i. i. 234:
+
+  Puts my apparel and my countenance on.
+
+22. _fleer_. Gibe. Cf. Shakespeare, _Much Ado about Nothing_,
+V. i. 58, 'Never fleer and jest at me.'
+
+28. _hasped up_. Shut up.
+
+30. _Ephraim_ was a generic name for Quakers, given them because
+they refused to fight, v. Psalm lxxviii. 9, 'The children of Ephraim
+being armed and carrying bows turned back in the day of battle.'
+
+35. _smoky_. The current slang for shrewd. To _smoke_ a plot
+or a trick was to detect it; in modern slang to _smell a rat_.
+
+Page 113.
+
+4. _ruffle_. Disturbance, commotion.
+
+7. _conduct._ Cf. note on p. 59, 1. 13.
+
+11. _taking place_ of other vehicles was an important privilege,
+for the road was generally practicable only for one vehicle at a time,
+so that the displaced one would have to stop till the road should be
+clear again.
+
+25. _inward_. Pious, earnest. Cf. Thomas a Kempis, _De Imitatione
+Christi_, II. i. 41, 'a very inward man:' also Penn, _Rise and
+Progress of the Quakers_, 1690, 'more religious, inward, still.'
+
+32. _thee and I_. The Friends generally employ _thee_ for
+_thou_. So too in p. 114, 1. 2.
+
+Page 114.
+
+3. _affections_. Dispositions, feelings. Cf. Shakespeare, _Measure
+for Measure_, II. iv. 168:
+
+  By the affection that now guides me most.
+
+
+SPECTATOR 269.
+
+Page 114.
+
+19. _Gray's Inn Walks_ are said to have been planted by Bacon. They
+are situated on the north side of Holborn, and were the regular promenade
+of people of fashion in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, for the
+air blew straight over from Hampstead, unimpeded by the houses which have
+since sprung up.
+
+22. _Eugene_, Prince of Savoy, had arrived in London three days
+before the date of this paper. He had been Marlborough's colleague in
+the War of the Spanish Succession, and he had come over in order to
+attempt to repair the overthrow of Marlborough and to prevent the Tory
+government from concluding peace with France on ruinous and disgraceful
+terms.
+
+27. _Eugenio_ was regularly employed by Prince Eugene as his
+signature, in recognition of his Italian family.
+
+28. _Scanderbeg_ was the great Albanian prince and commander of the
+fifteenth century, who freed his country from the dominion of Turkey.
+
+Page 115.
+
+15. _made_. Preached, delivered.
+
+16. _Dr. Barrow_, v. p. 15, 1. 12.
+
+18. _thirty merks_. Twenty pounds. A merk or mark was worth
+13s 4d. It was not a coin, but only a convenient name, as _guinea_
+is now.
+
+21. _fob_. A small pocket, usually intended to hold a watch.
+
+22. _tobacco-stopper_. A small plug for pressing down the tobacco
+in the bowl of the pipe.
+
+28. _Tom Touchy_. v. _Spectator_ 122.
+
+31. _Moll White_. v. _Spectator_ 117.
+
+Page 116.
+
+8. _hogs-puddings_. Large sausage-shaped bags stuffed with minced
+pork.
+
+18. _for twelve days_, that is, till Twelfth Night, January 6,
+which puts an end to the Christmas festivities.
+
+22. _smutting_. A trick, the victim of which is made unconsciously
+to blacken his own face. Cf. Goldsmith:
+
+  The swain mistrustless of his smutted face
+  While secret laughter tittered round the place.
+
+27. _the late act of Parliament for securing the Church of England_.
+The Act of Occasional Uniformity, 1710, attempted to exclude Dissenters
+from political power and office by strengthening the Test Act of 1673.
+Dissenters who had once taken the sacrament in order to qualify for civil,
+military, or magisterial office, were prohibited under very severe
+penalties from appearing afterwards in sectarian places of worship.
+
+28. _securing_. Making safe. Cf. Shakespeare, _Tempest_, II.
+i. 310, 'We stood here securing your repose.'
+
+Page 117.
+
+6. _the Pope's procession_ was a Whig demonstration performed
+annually on November 17, the anniversary of the accession of Queen
+Elizabeth, to relieve the feelings of the Anti-Papal party. This
+year a particularly riotous procession had been prepared, but it was
+prevented by the seizure of all the images and accessories by the police
+in the middle of the preceding night.
+
+17. _Baker's Chronicle_. Sir Richard Baker, who died in 1645, was
+the author of _A Chronicle of the Kings of England_. The
+observations which Sir Roger applied to Prince Eugene had not, of
+course, been written with regard to him.
+
+23. _Squire's_. v. Appendix I.
+
+25. _waited on_. Attended. Cf. Shakespeare, _Two Gentlemen of
+Verona_, III. ii. 96:
+
+  We'll wait upon your grace till after supper.
+
+30. _the Supplement_ was 'an alternative edition of _The
+Postboy_, by Jacob Abellius, a postscriptorian, otherwise Boyer.'
+(Fox Bourne.)
+
+
+SPECTATOR 329.
+
+Page 118.
+
+5. _my paper upon Westminster Abbey_. _Spectator_ 26.
+
+8. _promised another paper upon the Tombs_. 'I have left the
+repository of our English kings for the contemplation of another day.'
+
+Page 119.
+
+3. _the sickness_. The plague, which was at Dantzick in 1709.
+
+5. _a hackney-coach_. A coach let out on hire, the precursor of the
+modern cab. The hackney-coach was introduced into London in 1625, and in
+1715 their number had to be restricted to seven hundred. Cf. p. 105, 1.
+22, _hackney-boat_.
+
+15. _engaged_ in my affections, not betrothed. Cf. p. 13, 1. 13.
+
+34. _Sir Cloudesly Shovel_, the admiral, who was wrecked off the
+Scilly Isles in 1707.
+
+Page 120.
+
+2. _Dr. Busby_, the famous flogging head master, who ruled Westminster
+School for fifty-five years, 1640-95.
+
+6. _the little chapel on the right hand_. St. Edmund's Chapel.
+
+9. _the lord who had cut off the king of Morocco's head_, or who was
+supposed to have done so on the evidence of his crest.
+
+'a Moor's head orientally crowned,' was Sir Bernard Brocas, a knight of
+the fourteenth century.
+
+12. _the statesman Cecil_, in the Chapel of St. Nicholas. Lord
+Burleigh was Secretary of State to Edward VI., and Lord High Treasurer
+to Queen Elizabeth.
+
+14. _that martyr to good housewifery, who died by the prick of a
+needle_. Elizabeth Russell, whose effigy is sculptured with one
+finger extended, in reality to direct attention to the death's-head at
+her feet. Cf. Goldsmith, _The Citizen of the World_, Letter xiii.,
+in which the guide to the Abbey 'talked of a lady who died by pricking
+her finger; of a king with a golden head, and twenty such pieces of
+absurdity'.
+
+21. _the two coronation chairs_. The ancient chair was made for
+Edward I. to enclose the stone of Scone, which he had brought from
+Scotland. It was the sacred coronation stone of the Scottish kings, and
+was supposed to have come originally from Palestine. Unfortunately for
+this theory it consists of Scotch sandstone, and, as Wills remarks, 'Sir
+Roger's question was extremely pertinent.' All succeeding sovereigns
+have been crowned on this chair and stone. It is now railed in, but in
+Addison's time it was a source of revenue to the guides, who demanded a
+fine of any person who should sit in it. The second chair was made for
+the coronation of William III. and Mary.
+
+24. _Jacob's pillar_, or pillow, v. Genesis, xxviii. 11, 18, and
+22.
+
+30. _trepanned_. In the two earliest editions spelt _trapanned_,
+that is, _entrapped_. In later editions its spelling was influenced
+by the word _trepan_, a surgical operation.
+
+Page 121.
+
+1. _Edward the Third's sword_. A mighty weapon, seven feet long and
+weighing eighteen pounds, in the Chapel of Edward the Confessor.
+
+8. _touched for the evil_. _The evil_ is scrofula. Cf. the use
+of _the sickness_, p. 119, 1. 3, for the plague. It was long held
+to be cured by the royal touch. Dr. Johnson remembered being taken to
+London to be touched by Queen Anne when he was a small child. She was
+the last sovereign who practised touching for the evil. Cf. _Macbeth_,
+IV. iii. 140-56.
+
+_Henry the Fourth's_ tomb is at Canterbury Cathedral, Henry III. is
+probably intended.
+
+10. _fine reading in the casualties of that reign_. In Baker's
+_Chronicle_ the chapter on _The Reign of King Henry IV_ contains
+a paragraph entitled _Casualties happening in his time_, relating the
+appearance of a 'blazing star', a visit of the Devil 'in the likeness of a
+Gray Friar', a flood, a fire, and finally a winter so severe 'that almost
+all small birds died through hunger'.
+
+12. _the figure of one of our English kings without an head_. The
+effigy of Henry V. was made of oak covered with silver, but the head was
+of solid silver, and was stolen at the time of the dissolution of the
+monasteries, 1536-9.
+
+33. _Norfolk-Buildings_, in Norfolk Street, Strand, were originally
+the property of the Howards. For Sir Roger's residence, v. also
+_Spectator_ 2, p. 6, 1. 17.
+
+
+SPECTATOR 335.
+
+Page 122.
+
+9. _the Committee_ was a play by Sir Robert Howard, 1662, the motive
+of which is ridicule of the Puritans.
+
+12. _Distressed Mother_, an adaptation by Ambrose Philips of Racine's
+_Andromaque_, had been produced on March 17.
+
+15. _at the end of the dictionary_, where biographical notices of
+famous persons used to be inserted.
+
+18. _the Mohocks_. Ever since the Restoration the streets of London
+had been infested at night with bands of dissolute young men who
+assaulted and injured men and women by wounding and beating them. No
+sort of mischief came amiss to them; they effected endless damage by the
+breaking of windows, and so forth, and a favourite diversion consisted
+in binding a woman in a barrel, and rolling it down Snow Hill or Ludgate
+Hill. Their name was derived from the Mohawks, a tribe of North American
+Indians, and was used to denote savages in general. An especially
+flagrant outbreak of this Hooliganism was in progress at this time (v,
+_Spectator_ 324, 332), and on March 17 a royal proclamation against
+the Mohocks had been issued.
+
+20. _black_, v. note on p. 1, 1. 9.
+
+21. _Fleet Street_ ran beside the river Fleet, which is now covered
+over.
+
+22. _put on_. Hastened.
+
+24. _to hunt me_. The View Hallo was a favourite and doubtless a
+very amusing pastime of the Mohocks. The person elected to share in the
+game was run down and surrounded by a circle of sportsmen, who kept him
+rotating like a top by pricking him with their swords. Cf. _Spectator_
+332.
+
+26. _in King Charles the Second's time_ the marauders were known as
+Muns and Tityre-Tus.
+
+Page 123.
+
+8. _about four o'clock_. For the time of the play, v. note on p. 8,
+1. 5.
+
+14. _the battle of Steenkirk_, 1692, in which the French defeated
+the allies under William III.
+
+16. _oaken plants_. Cudgels.
+
+22. _the pit_ was the resort of the critics and people of fashion.
+
+30. _Pyrrhus_, son of Achilles, was one of the warriors who entered
+Troy in the wooden horse. He killed Priam, and was given Andromache, the
+widow of Hector, as his share of the spoil. The play goes on to depict
+how Hermione, daughter of Menelaus and Helen, was forced by her parents
+to marry him, and how in consequence her lover Orestes raised the
+Delphians and killed him.
+
+31. _the King of France_, whom Sir Roger regards as the leader of
+fashion.
+
+32. _a better strut_. By reference to an advertisement of the play
+in the _Spectator_ for March 17, we learn that the happy possessor
+of this strut was a certain Mr. Booth.
+
+Page 124.
+
+9. _Pyrrhus his_. This form of the possessive was in frequent use,
+especially after proper names ending in _s_.
+
+21. _begun_. Obsolete in prose; now _began_.
+
+25. _the widow_. Andromache.
+
+27. _Astyanax_, the son of Hector and Andromache.
+
+35. _a very remarkable silence_. For an account of the talking and
+disturbance that usually went on, v. _Spectator_ 45 and 240.
+
+Page 125.
+
+6. _Pylades_, the close friend of Orestes.
+
+9. _the old fellow in whiskers_. Phoenix, counsellor to Pyrrhus, a
+minor character.
+
+12. _smoke_, make a butt of, amuse themselves with. Cf. modern
+schoolboy slang, _roast_.
+
+26. _justling_. Hustling, jostling. Cf. Shakespeare, _Tempest_,
+III. ii. 29, 'I am in case to justle a constable.'
+
+
+SPECTATOR 359.
+
+Page 126.
+
+16. _that once_. We should say _that for once_.
+
+Page 127.
+
+13. _I had formerly boarded with a surgeon_, and so was presumably
+not a strong man.
+
+14. _Put_. A Devonshire word, the old _wretch_.
+
+19. _waited upon_. Visited.
+
+22. _Lion's-Inn_. An old Inn of Court, destroyed in 1863.
+
+Page 128.
+
+5. _spindle_. Thin like the stick with which the thread is twisted
+in spinning.
+
+21. _the book I had considered last Saturday_. The Tenth Book of
+_Paradise Lost_. Addison's famous criticism of this poem, which
+appeared in the Saturday issue of the _Spectator_ from January 5 to
+May 3, 1712, was written before Milton had come into his kingdom.
+
+23. _the following lines_. _Paradise Lost_, x. 888-908.
+
+
+SPECTATOR 383.
+
+Page 129.
+
+20. _bounces_. Rough, disorderly knocks.
+
+26. _Spring-Garden_, The new gardens at Vauxhall, not the old
+Spring Gardens in Whitehall. They are mentioned by Pepys as a place of
+bad repute.
+
+Page 130.
+
+7. _The Temple Stairs_ were the landing stairs in the grounds of the
+Temple. Although there was much wheeled traffic in London the river
+remained a very favourite highway.
+
+14. _bate him_. Let him off, remit him. Cf. Shakespeare, _Tempest_,
+I. ii. 250:
+
+  Thou didst promise
+  To bate me a full year.
+
+22. _Faux-Hall_. The new Spring-Garden took this name from Foukes
+de Breant, who married the Countess of Albemarle. It is the scene of the
+matchless Letter XLVI in Fanny Burney's _Evelina_, and the subject
+of many allusions in literature.
+
+24. _at La Hogue_. The original issue reads in _Bantry Bay_,
+where the French fleet defeated the English in 1689. The memory of La
+Hogue, where the French were defeated in 1692 by the English and Dutch,
+would be more pleasing to the public.
+
+31. _London Bridge_. Not the bridge now standing, which dates from
+1825, but the old bridge built in the thirteenth century.
+
+32. _the seven wonders_. The Pyramids, the walls and hanging
+gardens of Babylon, the tomb of Mausolus at Halicarnassus, the temple of
+Diana at Ephesus, the Colossus of Rhodes, the statue of Jupiter by
+Phidias at Olympia, and the Pharos of Alexandria.
+
+33. _true Englishman_. A phrase made popular by Defoe's _True-
+born Englishman_, 1701.
+
+Page 131.
+
+4. _Temple-Bar_. The old gateway between the Strand and Fleet Street,
+where traitors' heads used to be exhibited. _On this side_ would be
+the western side, outside the city.
+
+6. _the fifty new churches_. By the Act of 1710 a duty was imposed
+on coal for this and other purposes.
+
+15. _knight of the shire_, v. note on p. 26, 1. 18.
+
+22. _put_. v. note on p. 127, 1. 14.
+
+23. _Thames ribaldry_. The waterway was famous for its verbal
+interchange, some of which has been recorded by Taylor the Water-Poet,
+Tom Brown, Swift and Dr. Johnson, and of which the amenities of our
+omnibus-drivers are but a Bowdlerized version.
+
+34. _Mahometan paradise_. A paradise of the senses.
+
+Page 132.
+
+4. _your nightingale_, v. note on p. 98, 1. 25.
+
+8. _a mask_. A woman in a mask.
+
+16. _hung beef_. Beef preserved in salt or spices
+
+
+SPECTATOR 517.
+
+Page 133.
+
+5. _sensibly_. Keenly. Cf. Shakespeare, _Hamlet_ IV. v. 150:
+
+  And am most sensibly in grief for it.
+
+13-14. _promoting an address ... in which he succeeded_. Urging the
+adoption of an address which actually was adopted.
+
+27. _you was_. A very frequent use.
+
+29. _country_. Country-side, neighbourhood. Cf. Shakespeare, _Merry
+Wives of Windsor:_
+
+  He's a justice of peace in his country.
+
+Page 134.
+
+14. _a lightning before death_. These words occur in Shakespeare,
+_Romeo and Juliet_, V. iii. 90.
+
+33. _peremptorily_. Authoritatively, positively. Cf. Shakespeare, I
+_Henry IV_, II. iv. 472:
+
+  Peremptorily I speak it, there is virtue in that Falstaff.
+
+Page 135.
+
+7. _Quorum_, v. note on p. 7, 1. 9.
+
+16. _quit-rents_. Charges on the estate.
+
+23. _joyed himself_. Enjoyed himself, been cheerful.
+
+Page 136.
+
+3. _Act of Uniformity_. Acts of Uniformity were passed in 1549, 1558,
+1662, and 1706.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX I
+
+ON COFFEE-HOUSES
+
+
+The first English coffee-house was opened in Oxford in 1650, and by the
+beginning of the eighteenth century the coffee-house had become the
+regular resort of every Londoner who could afford to pay the twopence
+for the dish of the beverage which admitted him to its society. Men of
+similar tastes assembled at the same house, so that gradually each of
+the principal coffee-houses became a centre for a particular kind of
+society. Thus _Will's_ (p. 3, 1. 17), at the corner of Russell
+Street and Bow Street, Covent Garden, which had been Dryden's favourite
+coffee-house, became the haunt of the wits and men of letters; it was
+from here that Steele dated his articles on poetry for the
+_Tatler_. _St. James's_ (p. 3, 1. 22) in St. James's Street,
+was frequented by politicians and men of fashion; it was a Whig house,
+and the head quarters of the _Tatler's_ foreign and domestic news
+(cf. _Spectator_ 403). _The Grecian_ (p. 3, 1. 25), Devereux
+Court, Temple, was the oldest of all the London coffee-houses; here
+gathered the barristers of the Temple, and here the _Tatler_ finds
+the material of his papers on learning, while men from the Exchange
+assembled at _Jonathan's_ (p. 3, 1. 29) in Exchange Alley, and
+doctors, clerics, and men of science from the Royal Society at
+_Child's_ (p. 3, 1. 19), in St. Paul's Churchyard. Coffee-houses
+were very numerous; we find mention within the limits of these papers of
+two others, _Jenny Mann's_ (p. 24, 1. 24), in the Tilt-Yard,
+Charing-Cross, and _Squire's_ (p. 117, 1. 23), in Fulwood's Rents,
+Holborn, and Ashton gives the names of between four and five hundred,
+while three thousand are known to have existed in 1708.
+
+There were also a few chocolate-houses, notably _White's_ and the
+_Cocoa-Tree_ (p. 3, 1. 25), the Tory centre, both in St. James's
+Street. _White's_ was a great gambling-house; Steele dated from it
+his articles on Gallantry, Pleasure, and Entertainment, and its
+destruction by fire, which took place in 1723, is depicted as the scene
+of Plate VI of Hogarth's _The Rake's Progress_, in which the Rake
+ruins himself by gaming.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX II
+
+ON THE _SPECTATOR'S_ ACQUAINTANCE
+
+
+Various suggestions have been made concerning the identity of the
+characters drawn in these papers. Tradition reported that Sir Roger was
+drawn from Sir John Pakington or Packington, Knight of Worcester. This
+theory was maintained by Tyers in 1783, but has been conclusively
+disproved by Wills. Mr. R. E. H. Duke has made an exhaustive study to
+show that his original was Richard Duke, of Bulford, near Milston, where
+Addison's early years were spent.
+
+For the prototype of Sir Andrew Freeport Mr. Henry Martin has been
+suggested. He was one of the authors of _The British Merchant_; he
+contributed No. 180, and probably other papers, to the _Spectator_.
+
+Rumour has also identified Will Honeycomb with Pope's friend, Colonel
+Cleland; Captain Sentry with Colonel Kempenfeldt, father of Admiral
+Kempenfeldt of the Royal George; and Will Wimble with Thomas Morecraft,
+a Yorkshire gentleman introduced to Addison by Steele. Will Wimble
+seems, however, to be more nearly akin to the Hon. Thomas Gules of the
+_Tatler_ (256), who 'produced several witnesses that he had never
+employed himself beyond the twisting of a whip, or the making of a pair
+of nut-crackers, in which he only worked for his diversion, in order to
+make a present now and then to his friends'; [Footnote: Cf. p. 20, I, 13
+and p. 21, II, 2-11.] and the imaginary nature of Will Honeycomb's
+existence is sufficiently indicated by the style in which Addison's
+eighth and supplementary volume of the _Spectator_ is dedicated to
+him.
+
+The same questionable authority has given to the perverse widow the name
+of Mrs. Catharine Bovey, or Boevey, of Flaxley Abbey, Gloucestershire,
+to whom Steele dedicated the second volume of the Ladies' Library.
+
+It is, however, very doubtful that the characters of the
+_Spectator_ were drawn from individual persons. Budgell certainly
+says of Theophrastus that he 'was the Spectator of the age he lived in;
+he drew the pictures of particular men', but Tickell, who was Addison's
+friend and literary executor, speaks expressly of 'the feigned person of
+the Author, and of the several characters that compose his club', and
+the Spectator himself in two papers exhorts every reader 'never to think
+of himself or any one of his friends or enemies aimed at in what is
+said', [Footnote: _Spectator_ 34] for 'when I draw a faulty
+character I ... take care to dash it with such particular circumstances
+as may prevent all such ill-natured applications.' [Footnote:
+_Spectator_ 262] The characters are almost certainly created by the
+Spectator's genius out of the material gathered from his observation of
+many men.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX III
+
+ON THE DEATH OF SIR ROGER
+
+
+After Sir Roger's visit to town we hear no more of him until the club
+is startled by the receipt of his butler's letter announcing his death.
+Some of his admirers have devised a sentimental reason for his decease.
+In Budgell's _Bee_ we read that "Mr. Addison was so fond of this
+character that a little before he laid down the _Spectator_
+(foreseeing that some nimble gentleman would catch up his pen the moment
+he quitted it) he said to our intimate friend with a certain warmth in
+his expression, which he was not often guilty of, 'I'll kill Sir Roger
+that nobody else may murder him'" Dr. Johnson follows Budgell, and
+assigns to Addison Cervantes' reason, who finds himself obliged to kill
+Don Quixote, 'being of opinion that they were born for one another, and
+that any other hand would do him wrong.'
+
+But there was a more inevitable reason for the death of the knight. Six
+more weeks saw the end of the original _Spectator_, the joint
+production of Addison and Steele, and their creators were now engaged in
+disposing of their characters in various ways. Chalmers remarks that
+'The killing of Sir Roger was sufficiently accounted for without
+supposing that Addison despatched him in a fit of anger; for the work
+was about to close, and it appeared necessary to close the club.'
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX IV
+
+ON THE _SPECTATOR'S_ POPULARITY
+
+
+The great vogue of the _Spectator_ gives some measure of its
+extraordinary influence. Already in the tenth number we read that the
+daily circulation is three thousand, and later, in _Spectator_ 124,
+Addison writes: 'My bookseller tells me the demand for these my papers
+increases daily.' Of particular papers we know that twenty or thirty
+thousand were sold, and Mr. Forster estimates that these numbers must be
+multiplied by six to represent a corresponding popularity in our day.
+
+On July 31, 1712, Addison wrote: 'This is the day on which many eminent
+authors will probably publish their last words.' On August 1 the Stamp
+Tax came into operation, and every half-sheet periodical paid a duty of
+a half-penny. The price of the _Spectator_ rose to twopence, and
+only half the former number of copies were sold, yet towards the close
+of the seventh volume about ten thousand copies were being issued daily.
+
+After publication the papers were collected and issued in eight volumes,
+and nine or ten thousand copies of this first edition were sold at the
+price of a guinea a volume.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Coverley Papers, by Various
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE COVERLEY PAPERS ***
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