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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0b6d278 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #64560 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/64560) diff --git a/old/64560-0.txt b/old/64560-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index a51be47..0000000 --- a/old/64560-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14414 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of How to plan a library building for library -work, by Charles C. Soule - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: How to plan a library building for library work - -Author: Charles C. Soule - -Release Date: February 14, 2021 [eBook #64560] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Charlene Taylor, Adrian Mastronardi and the Online - Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This - file was produced from images generously made available by The - Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO PLAN A LIBRARY BUILDING FOR -LIBRARY WORK *** - - - - - -USEFUL REFERENCE SERIES NO. 7 - -How to Plan a Library Building for Library Work - - - - -Prelude - - - Every public building should express, with dignity - Its individual type, use, place, and era. - - A library is a prominent public building - As practical and technical as a schoolhouse; - A workshop for the future, not a relic of the past. - Seldom rich enough for its needs, it abhors waste. - Change and growth will soon supplant it. - Build it for use, not show; for now, not for ever:— - Tastefully, tactfully, thriftily, thoroughly. - - To plan it, find an able librarian, - To construct it, get a skillful architect, - To control both, choose a wise committee. - These three, by patient study and debate, - Can satisfy taste without sacrificing use— - Achieving complete and felicitous success. - - - - - HOW TO PLAN - A LIBRARY BUILDING - FOR LIBRARY WORK - - By CHARLES C. SOULE - A.B. Harv. 1862 - - _Firmitas, Utilitas, Venustas_ - —VITRUVIUS DE ARCHITECTURA - - BOSTON - THE BOSTON BOOK COMPANY - 1912 - - COPYRIGHT, 1912 - BY CHARLES C. SOULE - - _The Riverdale Press, Brookline, Boston, Mass._ - - - - - To - The Architect - who is the Librarian’s best friend - when they plan together - a sound, useful and beautiful building - this volume is inscribed - - - - -EDITORIAL PREFACE - - -Of the author of this volume it was said by President Hill at the 1906 A. -L. A. Conference, “he has given the subject of Library Architecture more -thought and attention, probably, than any other member.” - -Mr. Soule is well known to older librarians. To introduce him to a -younger generation and to architects, we would say that although he is a -publisher and bookseller, and not professionally a librarian, he has had -an effective training in library science. He joined the American Library -Association in 1879, became at once a working member, has attended twenty -Conferences, and has been elected to office, as follows: - - 1888-1899—Trustee of the Brookline (Mass.) Public Library. - 1890-1908—Publishing Board, A. L. A. - 1890—Vice-president. - 1893-1896, 1900-1905—Member of the Council. - 1894-1906—Trustee Endowment Fund. - 1906-1912—Member of the Institute. - -In 1890, when a prominent trustee had been quoted as saying, “it was no -use consulting librarians about building, for no two of them agree on -any one point,” he wrote, and the 1890 Conference unanimously adopted, -“Points of Agreement among Librarians on Library Architecture.” - -In 1892 he published in the Boston press an exhaustive series of nine -letters, taking the side of the librarians of the country against what -they thought to be radical errors in the management and building of the -Boston Public Library. - -In 1901 he wrote the article “Library,” for Sturgis’s Dictionary of -Architecture. - -In 1902 he wrote the A. L. A. tract on “Library Rooms and Buildings.” - -For forty active years in business as a bookseller, he has handled and -issued books. - -For over thirty years of membership in the A. L. A. he has been intimate -with leading librarians. - -In the Boston controversy, he felt obliged to investigate thoroughly -every point he criticized on behalf of the librarians. - -When elected as a trustee in Brookline he found a very conservative board -at the time the new developments of library progress were slowly gaining -ground, and had to go to the bottom of every new method before the board -could be persuaded to try it. - -During the last five years Mr. Soule has frequently been called on as -an expert, and has been through all the detail of building problems of -several different grades. - -All this educated him in such a school of experience that Mr. Dewey thus -spoke of him at one of the A. L. A. Conferences: “When people ask who are -the most active and efficient librarians in America we are almost sure to -name two or three men who are not librarians at all; for instance, R. R. -Bowker and C. C. Soule.” - -After such experience, we can commend what the author has to say, to -respectful attention. - -Illustrations have been suggested, but have not been included in this -volume lest they should increase the bulk and price too much. If they are -asked for, we will issue a separate volume of illustrative plates. - - FREDERICK W. FAXON, - _Editor Useful Reference Series_. - - - - -AUTHOR’S PREFACE - - -On being asked to write on “Library Architecture” for this series -I hesitated, knowing little about the subject except as applied to -the insides of libraries. But on this limited branch I have had some -experience which I am willing to embody under the narrower title -finally chosen, for the benefit of librarians, architects, and building -committees. I even venture to hope some chapters may get to the notice of -trustees, donors, and other citizens interested in libraries. - -The themes of this volume are: - - Preëminence of utility over display. - The practical nature of library work. - The importance and variety of its details. - Their differentiation from other kinds of work. - The vital need of consulting library experts. - -The treatment adopted is, to cover every point and touch on every detail -involved in building a large library of any class. I hope that readers -interested in lesser libraries, even those of small grades, may be able -to pick out hints to help them, or at least to look ahead to growth and -larger problems yet to come. - -I have not undertaken to discuss methods of library work, and only -allude to them so far as they affect construction. Nor have I undertaken -to recommend specific makes of furniture or fittings, although I have -felt free in a few instances to suggest principles which should govern -selection. - -I have not trusted entirely to experience or to advice received from -librarians and architects; but wishing to treat thoroughly so momentous -a subject, I have spent six months in search through all authorities in -England as well as in America, including back volumes of the library -periodicals. I did not expect to get much help from England, where -methods differ from ours, but I find the transatlantic writers are so -thoroughly in accord with us as to the need of expert advice in planning, -that I have cited their views copiously. - -To all these sources, and to countless friends, I am so indebted for -suggestions and advice that I look on myself as an editor of professional -opinion, rather than as an original author. But I assume responsibility, -while rendering sincere thanks to all authorities quoted or unquoted. - -Within the limit of one volume it has been possible only to sketch -principles without describing details under every subject as in a manual. -I have been asked to illustrate this volume with views and plans, but -the publishers find that this would double its size and price. They -have therefore decided to wait and test the actual demand by inquiry. If -enough purchasers wish a second volume, one will be issued. - -For my general principles I expect endorsement from all librarians. As -to details, I do not ask so much for endorsement as for criticism—not -mere fault-finding, but helpful constructive criticism, pointing out -something better than is herein advocated. If interest and discussion -are stimulated, and library science is thereby in any degree advanced, I -shall feel that my work has not been wasted. - - CHARLES C. SOULE. - -BROOKLINE, MASS. - - - - -WORKS CITED - - - Abbreviation - - Adams, Herbert B. Adams - Public Libraries and Popular Education. - Albany, N. Y., 1900. - - Billings, Dr. John S. Billings V. & H. - On Ventilation and Heating. - New York, 1893. - - Boston School Document No. 14. - See Report of Oculists. - - Bostwick, Arthur E. Bostw. - The American Public Library. - New York, 1910. - - Brochure Series of Architectural Illustration. Brochure. - Vols. 1-9. - Boston, 1895-1903. - - Brown. See Duff-Brown. - - Burgoyne, F. J. Burg. - Library Construction, etc. - London, 1897. - - Champneys, A. I. Champ. - Public Libraries. - London, 1907. - - Clark, John Willis. Clark. - Care of Books. - Cambridge (Eng.), 1901. - - Cotgreave, Alfred. Cotgr. - Views, etc., of Public Libraries. - London, 1901. - - Cravath & Lansingh. C. & L. - Practical Illumination. - New York, 1907. - - Dana, John Cotton. Dana, L. Prim. - Library Primer. - Chicago, 1910. - - Dana, John Cotton. Dana, L. Prob. - Library Problems. - No date. - - Duff-Brown, James. Duff-Brown or D. B. - Manual of Library Economy. - London, 1907. - - Eastman, William R. Eastm. - Library Building Plans. - Albany, N. Y., 1906. - - Edwards, Edward. Edw. - Free Town Libraries. - London, 1869. - - Fletcher, William L. Fletch. - Public Libraries in America. - Boston, 1894. - - Garnett, Dr. Richard. Garnett. - Essays in Librarianship, etc. - London, 1899. - - International Library Conference (Second). Int. Lib. Conf. - London, 1907. - - Koch, Theodore W. Koch. - Portfolio of Carnegie Libraries. - Ann Arbor, Mich., 1907. - - Librarian (The). Libn. - Vols. 1-2. - London, 1910-12. - - Library (The). Libr. - I, vols. 1-10; II, 1-10; III, 1-3. - London, 1889-1912. - - Library Assistant. Lib. Asst. - Vols. 1-9. - London, 1898-1912. - - Library Association Record. Lib. Ass. Rec. - Vols. 1-14. - London, 1899-1912. - - Library Chronicle. Lib. Chron. - Vols. 1-5. - London, 1884-1888. - - Library Journal. L. J. - Vols. 1-37. - New York, 1876-1912. - - Library Notes. Lib. No. - Vols. 1-4. - Boston, 1887-1898. - - Library World. L. W. - 14 vols. - London, 1898-1912. - - Marvin, Miss Cornelia. Marv. - Small Library Buildings. - Boston, 1908. - - Massachusetts Free Public Library Commission: Mass. P. L. 1899. - Ninth Report. - Boston, 1899. - - Public Libraries. P. L. - Vols. 1-17. - Chicago, 1896-1912. - - Public Libraries in the United States. P. L., 1876. - Special Report, Superintendent of Education. Part 1. - Washington, 1876. - - Report of Oculists and Electricians. Bost. Sc. Doc. No. 14. - School Board Document, No. 14. - Boston, 1907. - - Sturgis’s Dictionary of Architecture, etc. Sturgis. - New York, 1901. - - - - -CONTENTS - - - Page - - =Book A—Introduction= 1 - - EVOLUTION OF LIBRARY BUILDING 3 - - The Dawn of History 3 - - Ancient History 4 - - Mediæval History 6 - - Modern History 10 - - Our Own Era 13 - - Forecasting the Years 16 - The Present 16 - The Next Quarter Century 16 - - _Firmitas_, _Utilitas_, _Venustas_ 19 - - _Firmitas_ 20 - - _Utilitas_ 21 - - _Venustas_ 22 - - Is There an Irrepressible Conflict? 25 - - Library Science 27 - - Architecture 29 - - Where does the Library Come in? 31 - - What Conflict is Possible? 32 - - What Contest is Likely? 34 - - Where Lies the Blame? 35 - - Grades and Classes 36 - - Small Library Buildings 38 - Minimum 38 - Small 42 - - Moderate and Medium Libraries 44 - - Very Large Buildings 45 - - CLASSES OF LIBRARIES 47 - - Private and Club 47 - - Proprietary, Institutional 49 - - Professional 51 - Scientific 51 - Medical 52 - Theological 52 - Special and Business 52 - Law 54 - - Government and Historical 56 - - National 56 - - State 56 - - Historical 58 - - Antiquarian 59 - - Educational 60 - School 60 - College 61 - University 61 - - Public 65 - Central 65 - Branch 67 - Suburban 70 - - Exceptional Cases 71 - Middle of Blocks 71 - Top Floors 71 - With Museums or Art Galleries 72 - Alterations and Enlargements 73 - Altering New Buildings 74 - - =Book B—Principles= 77 - - Spirit of Planning 79 - - Taste, Tact, Thrift, Thoroughness 81 - - Economy Paramount 83 - - Economy of Expert Advice 87 - - Problem Always New 89 - - Plan Inside First 90 - - Never Copy Blindly 92 - - Study other Libraries 94 - - The Life of a Library Building 97 - - The Time to Build 99 - - Size and Cost 102 - Cutting down Cost 104 - - Open Access 107 - - Light, Warmth, Fresh Air 108 - - Faults to Look For 109 - - Frankness among Librarians 110 - - Service and Supervision 112 - - Decoration, Ornament 114 - - Architectural Styles 117 - - Amateurs Dangerous 120 - - Dry-rot Deadening 121 - - =Book C—Personnel= 123 - - The Public 125 - - Place of the Library Among Buildings 128 - - The Donor 130 - - The Institution 133 - - The Trustees 134 - - The Building Committee 136 - - Free Advice 137 - - The Local Librarian as an Expert 141 - - The Library Adviser 143 - - Selecting an Architect 146 - - A Word to the Architect 150 - - Which Should Prevail? 152 - - Architectural Competitions 154 - - Judges of Competition 158 - - Order of Work 159 - - =Book D—Features= 163 - - Site 165 - - Provision for Growth 168 - Exterior 169 - Interior 169 - Limitations 170 - - Approaches, Entrances 172 - - Halls and Passages 175 - - Stairs 176 - - Stories and Rooms 179 - - Walls: Ceilings: Partitions 183 - - Floors and Floor Coverings 185 - - Roofs: Domes 187 - - Alcoves: Galleries 189 - - Light 191 - - Light, Natural 193 - - Windows 196 - - Light, Artificial 201 - - Indirect Lighting 205 - - Heating and Ventilation 209 - - Plumbing, Drains, Sewers 215 - - Cleanliness 217 - - Protection from Enemies 219 - - Fireproof Vaults 223 - - Central Spaces 224 - - Lifts and Elevators 228 - - Mechanical Carriers 230 - - Telephones and Tubes 232 - - =Book E—Departments and Rooms= 233 - - PART I.—ADMINISTRATION ROOMS 235 - - Trustees 237 - - Librarian 239 - - Other Staff Quarters 241 - - Public Waiting 242 - - Stenographers 243 - - Place for Catalog Cases 244 - - Cataloguing Rooms 246 - - Delivery 248 - - Janitor 251 - - Binding and Printing 253 - - Branch Service 256 - - Comfort 257 - - Sanitary Facilities 259 - - Vehicles 260 - - PART II.—BOOK STORAGE 261 - - Shelving, generally 262 - - Shelves in Reading Rooms 269 - - Wall-shelving 271 - - Floor Cases 273 - - Radial Cases 274 - - Shelf Capacity 277 - - The Poole Plan 278 - - Stacks generally 280 - - The Stack Shell 283 - - Use of Stack by Readers 284 - - Carrels 286 - - Stack Details 288 - - Stack Lighting 292 - - Stack Windows 294 - True 294 - Defective 295 - False 295 - - Stack Heating and Ventilation 296 - - Stacks Up and Down 297 - - Stack Towers 297 - - Stack Capacity 298 - - Sliding Cases 299 - - PART III.—READERS’ ROOMS 305 - - Reading generally 305 - - Serious Reading 306 - - Reference 310 - - Light Reading 313 - Half-hour Reading 313 - Periodicals 314 - - Newspapers 316 - - Children 318 - - Women 320 - - The Blind 321 - - Special Rooms 322 - Local Literature 323 - Study 324 - Classes 324 - Patents, etc. 326 - Public Documents 327 - Duplicates 328 - Art: Prints, etc. 329 - Maps 331 - Music 331 - Education 332 - Lectures 333 - Exhibitions 334 - Pamphlets 335 - Bound Periodicals 335 - Collections 337 - Information 338 - Conversation 338 - Unassigned 339 - - PART IV.—FURNITURE AND EQUIPMENT 341 - - Tables 344 - - Chairs 346 - - Delivery Desks 348 - - Catalog Cases 350 - - Bulletin Boards 352 - - Other Fittings 354 - - =Book F—Appendix= 355 - - Concrete Examples 357 - - N. Y. Public Library. Terms of Competition 359 - - Brooklyn. Suggestions to Architect 367 - - =Index= 393 - - - - -A. - -INTRODUCTION - -_In this Book_ - -_A cursory glance through history fails to throw much light on planning a -modern library._ - -_The motto of this work is elucidated._ - -_The possibility of differences between librarian and architect is -discussed._ - -_And brief remarks are made about grades and kinds of libraries._ - - - - -A. - -INTRODUCTION - - -EVOLUTION OF LIBRARY BUILDING - -[For the first chapters of this book, I am largely indebted to an -interesting and scholarly volume by John Willis Clark, entitled “The Care -of Books,” published in the year 1901 at Cambridge, Eng. I am emboldened -to quote from it by noting how much later books and cyclopedias rely on -it as their chief authority, and I commend to all readers both text and -illustrations of this fascinating work.] - - -The Dawn of History - -No precedents of buildings or fixtures loom out of the farthest past. -Archæological excavations have found relics of libraries in early ruins, -libraries of baked clay tablets, evidently once housed in separate rooms -on upper stories of palaces or temples. This literature must have seemed -imperishable. There were no fading inks, no crumbling paper, no danger -from moisture or worms. But an older foe, still threatening libraries, -lurked in that brick era of literature. Fire, both worshiped and feared, -was finally fatal. Fire following conquest attacked the oldest libraries -and dropped them in shattered fragments into prehistoric cellars, to lie -for centuries awaiting exhumation. But even as now resurrected, they -tell no tales of their housing or shelving or circulation. It would seem -hopeless to grope among these shards for lessons in library science. And -yet Dr. Richard Garnett[1] deduced from an Assyrian hexagonal book tablet -the idea of hexagonal bookcases for the British Museum. - - -Ancient History - -In the early days of Egypt, Greece, and Rome, libraries of papyrus and -parchment rolls, stored on shelves, in pigeon-holes and in chests, were -collected, at first by sovereigns, then by nobles, then by scholars. For -centuries they occupied rooms in palaces and in temples. These rooms -were only places of storage. Other rooms, or oftener colonnades, served -for reading. The distinction between book rooms and reading rooms thus -appeared at an early date. - -The first mention of a separate library building is made in Egypt in -the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus, the third century B.C. Two centuries -before, Pisistratus, in Greece, had established a public library, whether -or no in a house of its own is not noted. About 40 B.C., Asinius Pollio -seems to have built the first library building in Rome. Augustus soon -built two more, and thereafter public libraries and private library rooms -abounded. In the fourth century A.D. there were twenty-eight “public -libraries” in Rome. Although these were undoubtedly, while “public,” used -mainly by scholars, having few of the functions which so highly diversify -and differentiate modern public libraries, their buildings must have -begun to assume some common arrangement which would tend to constitute -a type. I am unable to reproduce, however, any clear picture of the -architecture of these first buildings. - -As to fixtures, Mr. Clark sums up a chapter:[2] “Unfortunately no -enthusiast of those distant times has handed down to us a complete -description of his library, and we are obliged to take a detail from one -account, and a detail from another, and so piece the picture together -for ourselves. What I may call the pigeonhole system, suitable for rolls -only, was replaced by presses which could contain rolls if required, -but were especially designed for codices (the first phase of parchment, -in the modern book form). These presses were sometimes plain, sometimes -richly ornamented. The floor, the walls, the roof were also decorated. -As the books were hidden in the presses, the library note was struck by -numerous inscriptions, and by busts and portraits of authors.” - -This Roman conception of a library prevailed during the dark ages and -has survived to our own time in its most sumptuous form, embodied in -the Vatican library, whose interior has so often been represented in -photographs and engravings. - -With the close of the western empire, in A.D. 476, the ancient era of -libraries may be said also to close without any lessons to us as to -building. - - -Mediæval History - -Thus far libraries were gathered and cared for by monarchs, princes, -or prominent citizens. With the growth of Christianity literature fell -to the care of the ecclesiastics. Their earliest collection, of which -record remains, was shelved in the apse of a church. About A.D. 300, -monastic communities began to cherish church literature. Existing records -all indicate that cloisters were the first Christian libraries, perhaps -because all the monks could assemble there. What few precious manuscript -volumes the laborious brothers had fashioned, with others given or -bought, were stored on shelves or in “presses” on the inner walls. The -readers either took the books to their cells, or read them by the light -of the windows in the outer wall. There were the reading room, the book -room, and the lending room, all in one long, well-lighted cloister. -Later, as more manuscripts accumulated, they were stored at first in -niches in the wall, then in adjacent closets or small windowless rooms. -Readers still studied by the best light. To follow Clark’s quotation:[3] -“On the north syde of the Cloister (at Durham) in every window were ... -Pews or Carrels where every Monk studyed upon his books. And in every -Carrel was a deske to lye their bookes on.” - -Elsewhere it is explained that each window was in three parts, with a -carrel from one stanchell of the window to another. - -This use of windows suggested to me a new convenience for research in -our modern “stack,” which is described in a later chapter as the “stack -carrel.”[4] - -The growth of libraries slowly followed the development of monastic -orders. The systematic care and use of books began with the precepts of -S. Benedict in the sixth century, followed by similar rules in other -brotherhoods. At the same time secular libraries and library buildings -were devastated by the barbarians, while the Arabs, who developed large -libraries, appeared to have housed them in mosques, so that library -building science slumbered through the Dark Ages. - -In the sixth and seventh centuries learning followed the first steps -of Christianity into the British Isles. The earliest English “library -movement” began in the monasteries of Ireland and Great Britain. - -From that era onward, libraries all over Christianized Europe grew with -the prosperity of religious brotherhoods. Of progress toward building, -however, there is little record until the Cistercians moved theirs from -the cloisters to other rooms in their monasteries, although some use -of cloisters elsewhere lingered until the beginning of the seventeenth -century. These rooms were at first directly over the cloisters, where -alcoves first appeared, on the window side only. Still later libraries -were assigned to the upper stories of separate buildings, the first put -to this use since the time of the Cæsars in Rome. - -These first mediæval libraries, of which several pictures are preserved, -send to us the precedent of ample and aptly applied daylight admitted -through long windows directly into each alcove. The exteriors remind -us of our stack rooms. This arrangement of library rooms passed by -imitation in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries from the monasteries -to the colleges, and still survives in the older libraries of Oxford -and Cambridge,—for instance, Merton College, a long, narrow room with -bookcases between the windows, at right angles with the walls, forming -well-lighted alcoves. - -All of the earliest library rooms were long and narrow. Clark has -preserved the measurements of several thus:— - -A.D. 1289. Zutphen (Holland): A solid building separated from others (in -case of fire): 120 feet long, 36 feet broad: 19 uniform windows east and -west, “that plenty of daylight might fall upon the desks and fill the -whole length and breadth of the library.” - -A.D. 1422. The Franciscan House in London, “Christ’s Hospital” (the -first building in England built expressly for a library?) founded by Sir -Richard Whittington; 129 feet long by 31 feet broad, with 28 desks and 28 -double settles. - -A.D. 1508. At Canterbury: the library over the Prior’s Chapel was 60 feet -long by 20 feet broad, and had 16 bookcases, each 4 shelves high. - -A.D. 1517. At Clairvaux: in the cloister are 14 studies, where the monks -write and study, and over it the new library, 180 feet long by 17 wide -(probably this narrowness followed the shape of the cloister) with 48 -benches, “excellently lighted on both sides by large windows.” - -It will be noted that these bookshelves were about four feet “on -centers,” and that great emphasis was laid on ample daylight. - -From the thirteenth century comes this warning for us—“the press in which -books are kept ought to be lined inside with wood that the damp of the -walls may not moisten or stain them,” which is singularly like a caution -in a recent American manual against leaving unpainted brick walls at the -back of wall cases. - -It seems singular that wall shelving, which was certainly used in -Assyrian libraries and in the classical period, disappears in the monkish -era and yields to “presses” or closed bookcases; to appear as a new -device in the library of the Escorial in Spain in the year 1583. Sir -Christopher Wren thought so much of this feature that he followed it in -Trinity College (Cambridge) library in 1695, saying, “The disposition of -the shelves both along the walls and breaking out from the walls must -prove very convenient and gracefull: A little square table in each cell -with two seats.” - -The fifteenth century had been a library era throughout. In the sixteenth -came the Reformation, which swept away “papistical” libraries. More -than eight hundred libraries of monastic orders, in England alone, were -dispersed or destroyed by this iconoclastic whirlwind. In 1540 the only -libraries left were at Oxford and Cambridge and in the cathedrals. But at -the same time, the invention and rapid spread of printing had superseded -the slow processes of making manuscript books, and had opened a new life -for libraries. The first library built under these new conditions was -that of St. John’s College, which brought over from the monastic and -early college era the alcove arrangement. - -The renaissance of wall shelving spread rapidly. Compared with the -chaining of books to the shelves, which it superseded, it was an -open-access reform. To quote Cardinal Mazarin’s library motto, “Publice -patere voluit.” It was quickly followed in France, but more slowly in -England. In 1610 this form of shelving with a gallery was adopted in -the Bodleian Library at Oxford (see illustration on p. 275 of Clark), -the progenitor of our first distinctive American library interiors, now -discredited and almost abandoned. - - -Modern History - -From the beginning of the seventeenth to the middle of the nineteenth -century, there is little to chronicle in the evolution of the library -building. What libraries were built or altered followed either the -monastic-collegiate alcove style, or the Escorial-Trinity wall shelving -and gallery, or both. The best illustrations of libraries of this era are -still extant at Oxford and Cambridge. A view of what he calls the oldest -example of the combination of high wall shelving broken by a gallery, -with the older fashion of alcoves, as they still exist at the Bodleian -Library at Oxford, is shown by Duff-Brown on p. 2. A fine specimen may -be seen at Trinity College, Dublin, interesting because of two modern -attempts to burst the confines of old walls: first, as shown in the -traces of sliding cases long antedating those of the British Museum; -second, in the two-story wooden stack recently installed and already -outgrown, in the cloisters below the library, which were originally open -but were glassed in to protect the stack. (See illustrations, reproducing -photographs taken by the author.[5]) - -The first appearance of the floor case, the precedent of the modern -stack, appears in the library of the University of Leyden in 1610, of -which a large illustration is given by Clark[6] and a smaller one by -Fletcher.[7] Here is seen the utilization of the whole floor of a book -room through parallel cases evidently open to access, although the -books are all chained. The library is lofty and the shelves lighted not -directly from stack-windows, but by chapel windows high in the wall, -which appear to fill the room with ample diffused light. Some of the -“broad-brims” pacing the floor may have been our Pilgrim ancestors, who, -for the ten years subsequent to the date of this picture, were living at -Leyden and frequenting the University. - -The Radcliffe Library at Oxford, designed in 1740, seems to be the -earliest example in England of a circular reading room lighted from the -roof. This is said to have been suggested by the central reading room of -the old Wolfenbüttel Library, built about 1710. - -“The first architect,” says Duff-Brown[8] “to plan a library which in -any way meets the modern requirements of giving ample accommodation -was Leopoldo della Santa, who in 1816 published in Florence a quarto -pamphlet, which is an attempt to construct a library building entirely -from an utilitarian point of view.” The plan, which Brown reproduces, -suggests Dr. Poole’s plan which was embodied in the Newberry Library of -Chicago. - -In 1835 Delassert proposed for the French National Library a circular -plan of building, which perhaps suggested the present reading room of the -British Museum. In 1885 Magnusson proposed an unending whorl as a good -form for a growing library.[9] - -While English libraries, and those of the continent, were developing -these phases of old types, separate library buildings began to appear -in America. The first one actually erected for library occupation still -remains in use,—the Redwood Library of Newport, R. I., built in 1750. The -main room is a hall 37 × 26 feet, 19 feet high, with two lean-to rooms -at the sides. A massive portico gives an impressive front, but cannot be -said to found a distinctive library style. - -Our early proprietary associations and parochial libraries were stored -in public buildings, or in buildings with no peculiar features. The -school district libraries established by the state of New York in 1835, -and similar libraries founded soon after in other states, seem to have -been stored in schoolhouses, though intended for public use. The state -libraries, first established as early as 1773, were deposited in the -State Houses. The Young Men’s libraries of the early period were kept in -rented rooms, or at best in rented houses. No special phase of library -buildings was developed until about the middle of the nineteenth century, -when colleges began to build. Gore Hall at Harvard (1841) was modeled -after King’s College Chapel at Cambridge, Eng., and was even at that date -said to be “ill adapted to the purposes of a library.” The University of -North Carolina “erected” in 1850 a library in the form of a Greek temple, -with hall 84 × 32 feet, 20 feet high. These essays at importing styles -certainly developed no models worth imitation, but nevertheless they were -imitated. - - -Our Own Era - -Our own “library age” may be said to date from the middle of the -nineteenth century. The parliamentary investigations which led to the -first English library act in 1850, and the organization of the Boston -Public Library with us in 1852, mark the beginning of the modern library -movement. I will not try to trace the gradual evolution of library -buildings abroad. I do not know enough about it to handle the subject -well. I find, however, in Edwards’ Free Town Libraries,[10] London, 1869, -a prototype of our own “Points of Agreement among Librarians on Library -Architecture.” But as late as 1907 an English architect (Champneys[11]) -says that “the examples of what a library building should not be are out -of all proportion to those which are worthy to be followed.” - -In America, building developed with the library movement, at first -getting rather ahead of it. Indeed, there were few experienced librarians -to direct it, and even these were mainly the old style conservators and -bibliographers. The topic of building does not appear in the discussions -of the library conference in 1853. The architects had to develop a -precedent. The first distinctive type to appear was adopted in the Astor -Library in New York (1853) and followed in the Boston Public Library -dedicated in 1858. The exterior of the building had no peculiar features, -but the interior was distinctly a type to be outgrown. The main room was -a lofty hall, surrounded by galleried alcoves reaching to the ceiling, -storing the books, while the readers occupied the floor, into the middle -of which the main stairway arose among the tables. This impressive but -wasteful interior was copied in large cities throughout the country, -and was referred to in contemporaneous discussion as the “conventional -style.” As it was tested in operation, and as its defects both for -storage and administration became evident, the library profession, then -getting together, unanimously condemned it. At the Cincinnati Conference -of 1882, the A. L. A. resolved that “the time has come for a radical -modification of the prevailing style of library building, and the -adoption of a style better suited to economy and practical utility.”[12] -At first there was no agreement on a successor. Richardson, the great -architect, developed a library type which was severely criticized by -librarians.[13] But in the rapid growth of libraries, the problem of -close, economical and accessible storage of books became acute. How -could these accumulating masses be stored and at the same time used? The -solution came in the “stack,” at first fiercely fought by conservative -librarians, but now so universally accepted as to form the distinctive -feature of modern American library architecture. - -In 1876 an impetus was given to library science, including building, -by the government report of that year on libraries, and also by the -formation of the American Library Association. The annual meetings of the -Association, its discussions, the studies and reports of its committees, -the formation and activity of state, city, and other local library -associations, the establishment of library schools, have all tended -to build up a consensus of opinion on important topics which has been -recorded in the library journals, and has slowly but surely impressed -itself on architects, on the public, and, not least of all, upon building -committees. - -A special impetus toward union among librarians was the controversy -which arose over the building of the second Boston Public Library. The -importation of its exterior design from Paris, and the attempt to build -up an interior for it without any consultation with librarians either -local or national, seemed such a marked snub to the profession just -becoming conscious of power and unity, that it aroused renewed attention -to the proper planning of library buildings. A trustee of the library -having stated in public that “it was no use to consult librarians, for -no two of them agreed on any point,” the American Library Association -endorsed unanimously at its next conference the paper on “Points of -Agreement on Library Architecture,” which has since been the accepted -basis of all satisfactory plans. A series of nine letters to the -Boston _Herald_, criticizing the building and the library management -(republished in 17 L. J.), vindicated the library side of the controversy -and brought about a change of management. And yet this façade of the -library Ste. Geneviève in Paris has been repeated “with monotonous -poverty of invention,” says an architect, in the mistaken belief that a -building once labeled a library is a praiseworthy model to be copied. - -Another spur to library building during these last years has been the -Carnegie gifts. Their number and wide range, furnishing at the same -time an incentive and a climax to both private beneficence and public -liberality, finally convinced architects that in library buildings of all -sizes and various purposes they had a theme worthy of their best work and -highest genius. Mr. Carnegie’s first Public Free Library was founded in -1889, less than quarter of a century ago. Up to March, 1911, he had given -funds for 2062 public and 115 college libraries. - - -Forecasting the Years - -This rapid sketch has gleaned the records to show how the housing of -libraries has grown through centuries toward a rapid development in our -own age. - -=The Present.= In looking back through the last sixty years, indeed -through the last quarter-century, we contrast twenty-five years ago -with the present time. We cannot fail to be satisfied with the advance -in rational building. We know better what we want; we are called more -into consultation with our trustees as to what is wanted; our opinions -are listened to with respect by the architects. If every building is -not as perfect as we could wish, how much larger is the proportion -of serviceable libraries; how much smaller is the number of stately -failures? Turn over the plans in Koch’s portfolio of Carnegie Libraries. -See how much better is the average interior, how much more satisfactory -the fenestration and proportions of the average exterior. In the “Points -of Agreement among Librarians,” adopted as our chart in 1891, it was -stated that “very few library buildings erected during the previous ten -years conformed to all, and some of them conformed to none, of these -axiomatic requirements.” Could we not say now that nearly all library -buildings erected since 1891 conformed to most and many to all of what -have seemed to us the requisites of construction? - -=The Next Quarter Century.= What has the future in store for us? - -In the first place, a swarm of buildings. Private beneficence, already -aroused and stimulated, will continue for at least another generation -even after Carnegie shall pass on to his reward. Public opinion in -a large part of our country has come to believe in the library as it -believes in the schools. Small libraries will follow railway stations -into all growing and ambitious towns. Communities now inert will awake -and, as instruments for good, demand libraries to stand beside their -churches. The buildings of today will soon burst their bounds in the -flood of library progress, and require enlargement or replacement. - -The colleges will more and more recognize the relations of libraries -to instruction and the relations of the building to the library. Large -cities will experiment with large library buildings as the crown of their -educational system. - -Library science also will still progress ahead of its building problems. -Where its developments are to end no one can foretell. What Bostwick[14] -defines as the chief modern features of American libraries—freedom of -access, work with children, co-operation with schools, branch libraries -of all kinds, all such expanding activities—are sure to spread still -further on the lines of social science, industrial education and good -citizenship, reaching out, as Mr. Dana says, for the mechanic and the -artisan. - -In building there will be serious problems to be worked out. To college -libraries will come the great question of the economical and effective -distribution of department libraries. In all large libraries the -problem presses of how to store closely and still handily the masses of -accumulating books; underground stacks, central artificially lighted book -rooms, sliding presses, mechanical carriers. In all large centers are -impending the enormous warehouses[15] of the future for dead or moribund -books, literary tombs or morgues. - -I see another question impending,—Cannot modern methods of steel -construction help out the city problems of light and congestion? Is the -massive masonry, which has made such dungeons out of most of our public -buildings, necessary for libraries? In view of the universal opinion -among librarians that every building will have to be changed, enlarged, -or replaced within a short generation, in view of the fact that thick -walls kill the light needed for readers, that masonry partitions hinder -change, may not the structure that makes our modern stores and office -buildings so light, cheerful and airy, be in some satisfactory way -applied to our large libraries? - -Of one thing we may be fairly sure. Intelligent alliance and the -friendship of mutual respect between librarians and architects will so -carry conviction to trustees that our buildings of the near future will -seem workable to librarians, satisfactory to architects, and noble to the -public. - -For the remoter future our successors must plan. We do our share if we -pass on to them bettered methods and finer buildings. - - -Firmitas, Utilitas, Venustas - -The motto I have chosen for this work is the maxim embodying three -essential qualities in building, as given by Vitruvius, the leading -authority in his profession, in his work “De Architectura Libri Decem” -issued over nineteen hundred years ago at the highwater tide of the -classical style of architecture which some of his modern successors have -copied too blindly, forgetting that the conditions of our _firmitas_ and -_utilitas_ have essentially changed and modified the twentieth century -_venustas_. - -Even at that age, note the order in which the author arranged his -attributes. _Venustas_ last, even in that era of magnificent architecture. - -A fair translation of the motto would be stability, usefulness, -loveliness. - -The second essential is the one as to which the librarian is peculiarly -qualified to speak, and of which he is the especial champion, but he is -greatly interested in the two other attributes for which the architect is -more directly responsible, and perhaps the librarian can help even here -by suggestions. - -He can certainly serve throughout the processes of planning, in keeping, -always and everywhere, all concerned to the spirit of this classical -architectural precept so well rendered by the homely Anglo-Saxon adage, -“Use before beauty.” - - -Firmitas - -In the first place safety and strength of construction must be essentials -to everyone of the interested parties, and must be planned for and -closely watched by the architect. - -I was first attracted to the apothegm of Vitruvius by the second item, -but on dwelling on the subject I am not so sure that the first is not -quite as apposite. In considering the Latin synonyms, I noticed that -_firmitas_ had been used rather than _soliditas_, and on pondering -definitions in a lexicon, I found this under the head of _firmitas_—“the -quality of the _firmus_;” and under the head of _firmus_—“strong, proper, -suitable, fit.” Thus Vitruvius builded better than he knew for modern -library building, and voted from the golden age of classic architecture -two to one against _venustas_ in a library building. - -The librarian should constantly bear in mind first cost, and cost of -care as well as of administration. There may be a choice between equally -strong materials and methods of construction. There may be choice as -to use of walls, floors, windows, partitions, lights, heaters. In all -these points affecting construction his watchfulness should be constant -and his practical advice should have weight. He must warn also against -unnecessary heaviness and rigidity, and any methods which would hamper -changes or needlessly outlast the probable life of the building. -Massiveness is not now essential to strength, and in a library building -is a detriment. - - -Utilitas - -Here naturally the librarian must have pre-eminence. While the architect -may well correct inexperience in construction, and may chasten poor -taste in ornament, he and the building committee ought to defer to -the librarian on all questions of administration, and only oppose or -override him where he is clearly unripe, “faddy” or wrong. Certainly, in -planning, the architect should try patiently to meet all needs of storage -or service as presented by competent authority. Here is the core of the -problem: by the test of usefulness this particular building is to be -judged a success or a failure. - -But the librarian should be sure rather than obstinate. While he must be -clear what he wants to do, he should remember that there may be several -ways of doing it. If he is really an intelligent as well as an expert -librarian, he will often find in the architect a helpful inventiveness -to which he should yield an equal adaptability. Some of the best library -ideas are an architect’s development of a librarian’s idea;—witness the -stack. - -As to a union of use and beauty, I would quote the Alumni Committee on -the Harvard University Library:[16] “Not only should the new library be -as perfect in plan and equipment as a wise and generous expenditure can -make it, it should also, avoiding any display of costliness, possess a -beauty and dignity of its own, both within and without, that it may be a -constant source of pleasure and inspiration to all who use it.” - - -Venustas - -I was first tempted to translate epigrammatically strength, use, show, -but show seemed just the effect to avoid, although the _venus_ suggested -it. The lexicon defines the meaning of _venustas_ as loveliness, beauty, -charm; and I take it beauty—plain beauty—is what we most wish to see in a -library building. - -“While it is undeniable that the more directly utilitarian requirements -should take precedence, æsthetic treatment of a library building -is no unimportant matter. A building which is a work of art is a -powerful educational factor; a dignified structure commands respect; -an attractive exterior and pleasing interior attract toward use of the -building.”—_Champneys._[17] - -The eleventh edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, in its article -on Architecture, says this: “The end of building is convenience, the -end of architecture as an art is beauty, grandeur, unity, power.” “The -most important qualities (it continues) are size, harmony, proportion, -symmetry, ornament and color.” Of these, size will depend mainly on the -scope of work of the library, and on the funds available. Ornament in -a library is a questionable beauty. The other qualities are possible -even in a small and inexpensive building. For harmony and proportion, -the architect may well be allowed choice at the outset as to what -general form of building would best suit the site, and accord with the -environment. - -I should add to the elements of beauty, material. In this the next choice -after cost, should be appropriateness and possibilities of dignity and -quiet beauty. Nor need the material be expensive. Expense does not always -promote beauty; it often ensures ugliness. A good rule to follow is to -take “the wine of the country,” as it were,—the stone of the state. Not -necessarily stone, either. Unless in large libraries, why is not wood -good exterior material, if the life of the building is likely to be only -twenty-five years? Wood is a fine material for a small building, lending -itself to easy alterations or repair, and capable of great beauty. -Whoever has had the fortune to sail on Christiania Fjord or Puget Sound -has brought away, as pictures of loveliness, a memory of the beautiful -villas of those forest-rich shores. Even re-enforced concrete, with its -vast possibilities of ugliness, has also possibilities of beauty: witness -the business section of Leipsic, and the residence quarter of Hamburg. -The different sections of America have various handsome and durable -building stones. And every section is near enough to clay to have good -brick,—by far the most sensible, and in good hands the most beautiful -material for library building. Did you ever see the buildings of Harvard -University? If so, you retain now in memory, not so much the gray granite -of the library, as the soft, homely, beautiful, wholly satisfactory -atmosphere of old Holworthy. If you can escape the bilious brick which -just at present is considered æsthetic, and the other brick which exudes -soda-blotches, and get the good old-fashioned kind which mellows to a -ripe old age, you will please a large constituency. - -As to marbles, if they are cheaper than stone or brick, all right. But -if additional expense for marble will cripple or dwarf a single feature -of convenience or service, I would fight it to my last breath. Perhaps I -am prejudiced, by an early experience. Being in Washington some years -ago, I wandered into the new Navy Department Building. Asking to see the -library I was shown to a lofty, bare room paneled in marble from floor to -ceiling. “Here you see specimens of all the marbles of the world, brought -by vessels of the navy direct from their quarries,” said the custodian. -“But where are the books to be?” I queried. “Oh, the books!” he answered, -rather contemptuously; “in here;” and he showed me two slices of space, -just the length of the main room, shelved on both sides thirty feet high, -lighted only by a tier of single windows at one end, and each space only -eight feet wide. Since then, marbles outside or inside a library have -been associated for me with vulgar show, not with appropriate _venustas_. - -As to the quality of grandeur, I am not sure that it is even appropriate -to a library. Is it not some such effect that many architects have aimed -at in our bad part? It seems to me that Beresford Pite was right in -saying:[18] “A regard for symmetrical purpose, a largeness of proportion -and form, simplicity of detail, and great restraint and refinement -of moulding and ornament, are qualities characteristic of a library, -internally as well as externally.... Libraries of all buildings should -be freed from the trammels of a merely archæological architecture. The -architect of the present day is apt to rely too simply on precedent.” -Yes, witness some of our Greek temple libraries in new America. - -After all, the material to be used on the exterior is largely controlled -by the limit of funds and is a matter for the architect rather than -the librarian, unless he thinks the cost of the outside will stunt his -accommodations. - - -Is There an Irrepressible Conflict? - -In the future must we face a continuous conflict between the architect -and the librarian? Is it true, as was once said, that the architect -is the natural enemy of the librarian? Was Dr. Garnett right when he -said,[19] “Hence a continual conflict between the architect who desires a -handsome elevation and the librarian who aims at practical convenience?” -Yes and no. No, certainly, if we mean the word enemy in any but a -Pickwickian sense. No, certainly, if we expect a bitter fight and bad -feeling. But if we substitute the word “contest” for “conflict,” if we -look forward to eager but friendly struggles, like athletic contests -between colleges,—yes, certainly yes. If both sides are striving for -the fine aims of Vitruvius, which I have taken as a motto—_Firmitas, -Utilitas, Venustas_—there will be nothing but the amity and mutual -respect of brotherly rivals. There will not at first be full accord as -to any one of the three points. Sound construction, yes: but must that -necessarily be the construction of precedent? Use, yes: but just the -phases of use as seen by the untrained eyes of that particular librarian? -Beauty, yes: but exactly the beauty of any conventional style? - -“I do not believe there is a conflict between the librarian or the -committee, and the architect. There is a common meeting ground.”—_E. B. -Green._[20] - -“The hostility between beauty and utility is often more apparent than -real.”—_Patton._[21] - -There will inevitably be differences, at first, even among consulting -librarians. Get together! Let librarian and architect compare views until -they find some way of satisfying both, then present a united front to -the building committee. If, however, they cannot agree, formulate their -difference clearly and present it to the committee for decision, as -business trustees often present doubts as to their trust, in a friendly -suit before a court. - -But remember that it is a contest, and have the library side presented as -ably as the architect’s. - - -Library Science - -Modern library science is yet in its adolescence as compared with -architecture, but it is a robust youth. It already knows definitely what -it wants, and what it does not want. For guidance, it has a copious -literature of first instance, scattered through various pamphlets and -four score back volumes of periodicals. It is beginning to have a -literature of last instance, in book form, like Duff-Brown in England -and Bostwick in America; and even a formal literature about library -buildings, Burgoyne and Champneys abroad, and now this volume here. It is -very satisfactory to see how these three-thousand-miles-apart authorities -agree. There are still differences of method to provide material for -debate at the next international conference, but we are close enough -together on principles, at least, to convince any doubting Thomas that -there is a library science to govern library building. - -And in building there is the greatest need of further developing library -science. As Fletcher says in his preface:[22]— - -“One need not visit all the libraries of the country to become painfully -convinced that want of adaptation to use is by no means infrequent. With -regard to buildings, Lord Bacon’s judgment seems very safe: ‘_Houses_ are -built to live in, and not to Looke on: Therefore let Use bee preferred -before Uniformitie.’ If this is true for houses, then _a fortiori_ for -libraries.” - -But the main reliance of architects and building committees should be -the living interpreter, the experienced librarian who can expound, apply -and extend the written word. Here is embodied library science face to -face with us, to supplement every chapter of this book by the latest -developments; to explain apparent anomalies and inconsistencies; to -differentiate essentials from non-essentials; to concede where concession -is possible; and to maintain with conviction the requirements to which -the architecture of tradition must yield. - -Nor are the books closed with this volume. As a writer in “The Dial,”[23] -says: “The history of Library Science is not closed. There remain an -indefinite number of interesting chapters still to be written which are -not unlikely to prove even more significant than any that have gone -before.” - - -Architecture - -Architecture, on the other hand, is a very mature science. It is ages -old, with a voluminous literature from Vitruvius down, with many learned -and skillful votaries, who have thorough technical education. Indeed, to -a layman it seems a bit too much fettered by education and precedent. -But it has to tackle all sorts of jobs from temples to stables, and -it is very much alive to modern progress. Witness its triumphs with -“skyscrapers,” steel construction, and re-enforced concrete. It has an -almost encyclopedic training and can deal with all problems of itself, -if required. But for perfect work it needs a very clear and thorough -statement of the technical requirements of each problem. Give him full -information, and any good architect can do good work. - -The Century Dictionary defines Architecture as combining the requirements -of (1) use and convenience, (2) constructive necessity and fitness, (3) -artistic excellence. - -For buildings that are more practical than decorative, the first is -paramount, and it is on this point alone that the librarian is qualified -to speak with authority. The other two-thirds—the larger part of the -building—he must leave to the architect. If all three points are combined -in the result, the architect should have two-thirds of the credit, and if -his library advice has been defective, he should have the whole. And what -does he get in return, on a small building, except _kudos_? Did you ever -think how small a money reward he gets? A lawyer or a surgeon may take, -in a difficult case, all the client or patient has in the bank or can -borrow. But an architect, no matter how difficult his problem, and how -much he has to work it out for himself with incompetent help, is limited -to a percentage suggested beforehand by a schedule of fees. For instance, -Miss Marvin gives views and plans of a $10,000 library at Darlington, -Wis., built by Claude & Starck of Madison, which she says meets perfectly -the needs of a small library with one slight exception. She reports the -architects’ fee to have been $379.85. For this they had to spend time -and thought on the plans, studying library science as applied to that -particular problem. They had to have many sittings with librarian and -board. They had to pay draftsmen for elaborating several sets of plans. -They had to prepare specifications, invite, examine and allot contracts, -watch all the material that was put in and all the work that was done. -Were they overpaid? In fact, were they fully paid for their work unless -they acted as their own draftsmen? All they really got out of the job was -the satisfaction of good work done, and a certain amount of reputation, -which I am glad to help by this mention. - -When an architect does such good work as this, as a result of giving -proper consideration to the real needs of the library, he surely ought to -have credit for it, and all librarians who know about it ought to give -him thanks and wide public praise. - - -Where does the Library Come In? - -Architecture, as I have said, deals with a wide range of subjects, from -the pure idealism of tombs, monuments and memorial arches, to the pure -realism of twentieth century workshops. The former are, so to speak, all -outside, and proper themes for competition. The latter are nearly all -inside, to be worked out by careful and special study of their uses. - -Where, in this wide circle, does the library come in? All librarians -will claim, and most architects will allow, that it lies very near the -workshop; as near it surely as the schoolhouse. It certainly needs -careful study and adequate expert advice. - -The tombs, monuments, and memorial arches, are rich subjects for -architectural taste and ornament,—for _venustas_. - -For workshops, for schoolhouses, ornament is inappropriate. Good taste, -shown in proportion, lines, color, material, is still demanded, but they -belong clearly to the domain of _utilitas_. - -The library comes, beyond doubt, in the latter group. There is a vast -range of buildings between, more or less proper subjects of decoration -and ornamentation. - -But the library should incontestably be assigned to the utilitarian -extreme. - - -What Conflict is Possible? - -Are there any points where architect and librarian may clash? There will -be many points of course where they will differ at first, and have to get -together through argument. But are there any influences toward a deadlock? - -On the part of the librarian there should be no prejudice. If he be -immature, or conceited and opinionated, and only half informed, he may -not deserve to win in such a contest of ideas, but his bias at all events -would be professional, not selfish. - -On the side of the architect, however, might there not be some bias? In -the first place, professional bias toward some style he has got his mind -set on? He may be too willing to sacrifice _utilitas_ to _venustas_ on -this account. During the Boston Public Library discussion, an architect -wrote to a daily journal: “Library buildings should be treated as -monuments, not as workshops, and must be made beautiful even at the -sacrifice of utility.” But if any architect or any trustees now have such -views, the building committee is to blame if it employs him, or even -admits him to a competition. - -In two points, however, selfish considerations might bias an architect, -if he were poor or ambitious. In the first place his remuneration is by -percentage on the total cost. The more his client spends, the more pay -he gets. This situation conflicts with economy. In the second place, his -reputation and his future prosperity depend not so much on librarians -as upon the general public, which admires size, costly material, -decoration, show. Witness the constant reappearance in magazines of -the worst libraries as examples of good architecture. Marching with his -own artistic temperament, this conflicts with economy, utility, and -simplicity. - -As to the danger of such a conflict, I personally have little fear, -if some care is taken in selecting the architect. I know many of the -profession. All of them I believe would spurn the first temptation, as -they would an open bribe. Some of them might be influenced insidiously -by the second, under the guise of Pure Art. But if shown by an expert -librarian, worthy of belief, that any architectural beauty would tend to -cripple the work of the library, I believe that every one would yield his -views promptly and willingly. Indeed, on the first point, I have known an -architect to sacrifice his own interest knowingly. - -See anecdote at the bottom of p. 131 proximo. - - -What Contest is Likely? - -Putting aside any question of such serious conflicts, are there any -differences to be expected? Why not leave it all to the architect, -with what information he can get from the local librarian? There are -a number of points to be settled both in the interior plan and about -the exterior as affected by the interior. The question, for instance, -of the best size and collocation of rooms, and height of stories, for -effective and economical administration. The questions of shelving -and furniture, always differing somewhat from previous problems. Such -questions as ornamental fireplaces and massive furniture, and ornamental -as against effective lighting. Questions as to the irreducible minimum -of entrance halls, passages and stairways. All these on the interior:—on -the exterior, the height of the basement, the height of the front steps, -the height of stories and the arrangement and shape of windows, expense -of material and decoration as against more space and better facilities -inside. All these questions are open to honest difference of opinion -between a librarian and an architect whose motives and ends are the -same. And the architect with preconceived ideas, and a bias toward -architectural effect, ought to have library views explained to him by -some librarian who is his equal in experience, education, ability and -personality. - -The conditions have bettered in recent years. “The librarian’s ideal and -the architect’s ideal, years ago wide apart, are today coming closer -together. Full comparison of views may lead to agreement.”—_Hamlin_ -(architect).[24] - - -Where Lies the Blame? - -Where should the blame of bad buildings rest? Sometimes, certainly, on -the architect. Perhaps he is incompetent, perhaps he has been wilful. -Champneys (an architect himself) says of the English situation: “In -many cases architects have wilfully sacrificed utility to æsthetic -considerations.”[25] And so often in America. I have recently heard of an -architect chosen to build a library with only a limited fund available, -calling for twenty-five per cent more money for more expensive material, -before he had begun to lay out the interior. Here the blame should -rest on the architect, unless he acted under positive orders from the -committee. - -But the architect is not always to blame. Sometimes the librarian has not -been strong enough or has not had enough experience to guide him aright. -Sometimes a “faddy” librarian has led him to adopt features which the -profession generally disapprove. More often the building committee have -left the problem to the architect without proper instructions, or have -actually instructed him to disregard librarians’ advice, and to make the -building showy at any sacrifice of use. - -The board of library trustees, not the librarian, is the architect’s -client, whose instructions he must obey. In many cases the parties in -fault have been the trustees, or ultimately the public. “The worst -possible combination is that of board and architect, the librarian being -ignored.”—_Bostwick._[26] - -So do not blame the architect for a poor, clumsy, extravagant building, -unless you can surely place the responsibility on him. - - -Grades and Classes - -=Grades.= In dealing with libraries, it will be well to grade them by -size, or rather by cost, which will accomplish the same end; and to -arrange them by scope. - -Any grades must be arbitrary, but as some attempts at distinguishing -small from large have already been made, rather loosely, I will try to -group them as I think they can be treated. Thus:— - - _Minimum_, those costing under $5,000. - _Small_, those costing from $5,000 to $20,000. - _Moderate_, those costing from $20,000 to $75,000. - _Medium_, those costing from $75,000 to $300,000. - _Large_, those costing from $300,000 to $1,000,000. - _Very large_, those costing more than $1,000,000. - -Miss Marvin[27] seems to hint at $3,000 as the limit for very small -libraries, but I note that $5,000 is a more frequent limit for Carnegie -gifts, so I follow that guide. - -The next grade I limit to $20,000, on a suggestion from Miss Marvin[28] -that it is unwise to attempt a two-story building for less than that -sum. The third limit, also, I assign because Miss Marvin says that it -is unusual and unadvisable to have an architectural competition for -buildings of less cost than $75,000. The other groups are deduced from my -own experience. - -I shall deal with only two of these groups at length, “Minimum” and “Very -Large.” The very small, or “minimum” libraries are adequately dealt with -by Miss Marvin, Eastman, and A. L. A. Tract No. 4. See, however, later -under the heads of Plans, and also paragraphs under all heads which fit -small libraries. - -=Classes.= Arranging libraries according to their scope, I classify them -thus:— - - Private. - Club. - Proprietary. - Institutional. - Professional. - Scientific. - Law. - Medical, theological. - Special business. - Government. - State. - Historical and antiquarian. - University. - School. - Public. - Branches. - Suburban. - -Of these, I will treat Private and Club libraries in one chapter, -Proprietary, Institutional and Professional in another, Government, State -and Historical in a third, University, College and School in a fourth. -To Public Libraries I will devote a separate chapter. “Branch” and -“Suburban” I will consider in my chapter on Public libraries. To some one -of these classes any collection of books may be assigned; any collection, -that is, which might require separate treatment in this volume. - -Mr. Belden, chairman of the Mass. Public Library Commission, writes me -of the especial need of suggestions for small libraries, “which are -springing up like mushrooms, most of them very poor specimens of what a -good small library should be.... Trustees in small libraries are usually -better planners than the librarian.” - - -Small Library Buildings - -=Minimum.= For this grade of very small libraries having, on the Carnegie -ten per cent basis, not much more than $500 a year to spend, there -would seem to be still need of a special manual. Eastman has only two -illustrations and Miss Marvin only one, in this grade, most of their -plans being far more costly. In A. L. A. Tract No. 4, I gave about ten -pages which would be especially useful to very small libraries. Eastman -and Miss Marvin place the limits of a small library much higher than I -do. It seems to me that a library—perhaps not the very smallest, but -certainly one that could spare $10,000 for building—would know at least -where to go for advice. But the minimum grade librarian would be apt to -be an amateur or a novice, and her board would hardly know much about -libraries or library personnel. To them clear, succinct, systematic -suggestions, illustrated by just such views, floor plans and statistics -as Miss Marvin has given, would be a very great help, especially in new -and isolated communities. - -If she, with Mr. Eastman’s assistance, could compile another manual or -tract, confined to libraries which especially need specific advice, -cannot afford to pay for it, and are situated at a distance from any -experienced librarians, I think they would do very great good. Such -libraries may even copy model plans if thus carefully selected and -commended. - -To condense here a few principles,—it is best to rent an inexpensive room -and furnish it very simply, until the trustees have felt their way, know -what to do and have say a thousand dollars in sight to build with and -enough funds to run a building. But “it is desirable to get a library -out of rented quarters as soon as possible.”—_Utley._[29] - -“A building is a good thing; it makes the library mean more to the -public. Build to save light and coal, build to save work in keeping -neat and clean, build to allow for growth, build so that one person can -control and do all the work.”—_Ranck._[30] - -“A plain one-story wooden building built on posts, with only one room, -heated by a stove, lighted by oil lamps, very simply lined with wall -shelving, furnished with the plainest of tables and chairs, will do at -first.”[31] - -“The public library in a small town is usually its only intellectual -center.”—_O. Bluemner._[32] And it may become its pleasantest social -center. - -The first development would be to a one-story, one-room building on -foundations, but not with finished cellar or basement. Perhaps a -fireplace could be added, with more and better furniture and shelving, so -planned that different corners and separate divisions of shelving, still -under control from a central desk, could begin the rudimentary divisions -of a library; reference, light reading, children. Serious reading would -have to be postponed, or pursued under difficulties. - -The next stage would still be confined to one open main floor, to be -under one central supervision, built on the trefoil plan, center and two -wings, in three rooms, or rather three parts of one room, divided by -cords, rails, glass partitions or low bookcases. To this could be added -at the back another projection, to be used as the reference library, or -for open shelves. “In the trefoil plan, the end wall of the book room at -the back might well be all glass, with no windows at the sides. This -would be very easy to extend.”—_O. Bluemner._[33] Up to this time, no -provision need be made for a private room for the librarian. - -But about this stage it is time to think of a raised cellar or basement, -which will about double the available floor space and begin to allow -division into departments, the first increase of force being a janitor -who can act as supervisor of the lower rooms. - -Soon after this a regular trefoil building can be erected with -practicable basement, with the introduction of two small rooms at the -inner corners of the back ell, where they need not block light from any -room. - -From this on to a two-story building with stairs, there are many -alternatives, and no regular style of building can be prescribed. - -When a town has no adviser at hand, it can apply to the state library -commission, or if there is none in the state, to the nearest state -commission, which at least can advise from what librarian it can get good -advice. - -Most of the very small libraries described in the 1899 Report of -the Mass. Free Public Library Commission occupy a room or rooms in -schoolhouses, town halls, churches, the librarian’s house, or public -blocks. The smallest grade of separate library buildings seem to me more -uniformly appropriate and beautiful than many of higher grades. - -As I drive about seashore and mountain resorts and through small country -towns, I see many beautiful little library buildings, usually closed at -the time I pass, so that I cannot inspect the interiors. In the 1899 -Report of the Mass. Free Public Library Commission, I find descriptions -of several low-cost library buildings. For instance:— - - _Old buildings bought_: Westbury cost $100. - Boxford ” 360. - Scituate ” 700. - Mendon ” 1,000. - West Tisbury ” 1,063. - _New wooden buildings_: Marston’s Mills ” 425. - Freetown ” 1,500. - Provincetown ” 3,000. - North Scituate ” 3,000. - Southwick ” 3,000. - _New brick buildings_: Bernardiston ” 2,000. - Buckland ” 2,500. - Templeton ” 2,500. - -with several others costing less than $5,000 and many costing $10,000 -or less. Of some of these, exterior views are given in the report. I -should much like to see interior views, floor plans, full statistics and -comments of local librarians. - -In A. L. A. Library Tract No. 4 I said, and still think, that— - -“A rough, unpainted, cellarless, one-room wooden building could be put -together for say $250, and can be fitted up and made comfortable in all -weathers for as much more. - -“From $1,000 to $2,500 will pay for a tasteful wooden building amply -sufficient for a library of not over 5,000 volumes. - -“$2,500 to $5,000 will erect a similar building, to hold 10,000 volumes -or more. - -“From $10,000 up will provide for a brick building, and from $15,000 up a -stone building for growing libraries of 15,000 volumes or more, with the -varied functions that such a collection implies.” - -These figures are only an approximation and will vary in different -sections, with prices of material and labor, but they will do for rough -guess to start with. - -The only comments in Miss Marvin’s pamphlet which seem specially to apply -to this grade are these:— - -“A building costing $3,000 or less cannot have library rooms in the -basement.” (p. 5.) - -“A $5,000 building usually consists of one large well-lighted room, with -basement for storage and workrooms.” (p. 5.) - -“Small buildings will be the same as the $10,000 buildings in the points -of light, shelving, etc.” (p. 5.) - -=Small Buildings.= But the grade from $5,000 to $20,000, which probably -will include a large majority of American libraries, would be apt to be -more sophisticated, to have a bright and even a trained librarian, and -one or two practical trustees who could seek advice intelligently, get -at similar libraries in their neighborhood or state, pick out a good -architect, and not need precedents quite so much. Their problems are much -the same as those of larger libraries. Their need of features looking -towards economy of administration and effectiveness of supervision with -a small force would be greater; but they would begin to have many of -the essential functions of larger libraries; especially, in our rapidly -developing communities, the interior and exterior provisions for growth -which require such intelligent forethought and careful planning. Whatever -may be thought of larger problems, here is the place for an experienced -library architect, one who has already built a small library which stands -the test of use, some clever and sympathetic young architect, perhaps, -who has already shown his skill as a builder and his taste as a designer, -but who is not too busy to give some of his own time to the task. With -such an architect, thoroughly commended by librarians who know his work, -there may not be need of a paid library expert. - -Koch gives illustrations of ten library buildings in this grade, besides -several branch libraries whose cost is not stated. Miss Marvin gives -twelve illustrations in this grade; Eastman ten. - -In this “small” grade would come many branches and many suburban -libraries. - -Some English plans show a two-story head-house, with a one-story -extension to the rear, lighted from the roof. Why would not this plan -work well on narrow and deep city lots? - -Since writing the above, I have had a letter from Miss Marvin, from which -I quote, “I should like to suggest that you advise small libraries to -consider their state library commissions as their official advisers in -the matter of building. They could help in detail work, pass upon their -plans, and above all prepare the instructions for the architect before he -begins to draw. Out in our part of the country in smaller towns, there -are very few competent architects, and a great many beginners, who do -not ask or expect instructions from the library boards. They simply draw -pictures of their ideas of interiors and exteriors of libraries.” - -See Light, artificial, p. 201; and Ventilation, windows-system, p. 210. - - -Moderate and Medium Libraries - -Buildings to cost anywhere from $20,000 to $1,000,000 present much the -same kind of problems, varied more by class than by cost, but growing -more complicated, of course, with increased size and scope. - -To quote again:[34] - -“As a library grows, the rudimentary divisions still prevail, sub-divided -according to special needs, such as _Separation of books_, as under art, -music, patents, etc; _Separation of work_, as librarians, delivery, -janitor, etc.; _Separation of readers_, as adults, children, serious and -light reading, etc.” - -The architect’s special parts of the problem, construction and exterior, -grow rather less than the librarian’s. The latter’s problems increase -with the number of departments and rooms, The principles remain -substantially the same, but their application to the relations of books, -administration and readers requires more study. The necessity for -special experience and maturer judgment becomes greater and greater, -and the librarian’s side of consultation needs strengthening with every -thousand cubic feet of size to be apportioned rightly. With increased -size the diversities of use between different classes of libraries become -more technical and intricate. Unless the local librarian is expert and -mature he needs an able and experienced adviser to be able to hold his -own with the architect, who will wish his problem more thoroughly and -authoritatively presented as it becomes more complex. - - -Very Large Buildings - -The buildings to cost over a million dollars are likely to be in the -state, public or university classes. Some of their peculiar phases will -be discussed under those heads. The features they have in common are -size, material and construction, entrances, stack, relation of stack to -reading rooms, underground stories, stairs and elevators. - -Material and construction are perhaps the most problematical. As has -already been questioned, must libraries be of solid stone construction -like most of our recent public buildings? Must they be gloomy dungeons -like our typical custom-houses? One objection to massive and imposing -build is the burden of shade imposed on the inside rooms and corridors -by thick walls, deep window embrasures, rows of columns, porticos and -overhanging cornices. Can they not be given sufficient dignity and yet -be of modern steel construction, like our business blocks that are so -light and airy? Or, if an imposing front be necessary, why not plan it -with columns, portico and approaches, as a mere façade to mask three -other exterior walls and partitions of light construction? One important -consideration toward this end is the belief of librarians that every -building may require alteration, enlargement, possibly replacement in -less than a generation, and ought not therefore to be too solid. - -Why not put the stacks on the front and sides, thus giving a light -construction tone to the building? - -If such a daring experiment could be made for a very large library, it -would lead to omission of impressive outside stairs and rows of useless -columns, which often incumber entrances and largely increase the cost of -library buildings. - -The stack, still in the course of development in smaller libraries, must -be studied as the principal problem in a very large library. - -Room to store enormous and continually enlarging stocks of books will be -required. Where to put the reading rooms is a minor problem, the chief -query being where to give them the best daylight, either outside, or on -courtyards, or under the roof; to leave ample space for them, not too far -from books and administration rooms. Could a large enough stack be built -on what might be called the daylight fronts and the daylight stories? The -question of dark, central or underground stacks will be discussed in a -separate chapter. It is only outlined here as one of the chief problems -of the very large building. - -Elevators and mechanical carriers, house telephones or speaking tubes -will furnish larger problems the larger the building is to be. - -Inside stairs and passages, just large enough, no larger, than will -be required for use, and so carefully placed as to unite, rather than -separate, departments of the library, will in themselves be a special -study both in service and in economy of space and cost. The more -unnecessary cubic space, width, length and height, you waste on them, the -more your library will cost to build, and the more will be the annual -expense of caring for it and of repairing it. - - -CLASSES - - -Private and Club Libraries - -=Private libraries=, while a frequent problem for architects (in the -United States there were over a hundred thousand in 1870, averaging 250 -volumes to a library, according to the ninth census) have not much to -interest librarians, who are seldom called in to run them. A private -library is oftenest a more or less casual collection for the use of -the owner and his family. Occasionally it expresses some special taste -in reading or collecting. But whatever it includes, it is at the same -time a store room and a reading room for a very few persons, as it -was in old Roman times, so that it would be fitting for the architect -to take the old Roman tone in its treatment, the tone of the Vatican -library in miniature. Wall shelving, open or glassed cases, carvings, -free decoration, busts above the bookcases, friezes, whatever he thinks -appropriate and cozy, may be used in it. - -Gladstone in his interesting article on “Books and the Housing of -Them”[35] describes an arrangement for twenty thousand volumes (evidently -his own library) “all visible, all within easy reach, in a room of quite -ordinary size.” He sketches a floor plan of shallow piers or alcoves all -around a room 20 × 40, with most of the centre left open for furniture. -This plan is worth looking up by an architect charged with planning so -large a private or club library. - -=A club library= is only an extension of the private library idea, to be -used by many men rather than by a few. Here the tone may be the same, -varied perhaps by the first formal monastic features. - -Here alcoves might well be used, with no rigid steel stacks, but handsome -wooden shelving. - -Just few enough men could find quiet seats, with books all around them, a -cozy window seat with a leaded window to look out of, not too many other -readers or busy attendants to disturb their quiet by hunting books on the -neighboring shelves. - -A private or club library is a good subject for an architect to exploit, -taking beautifully bound books as the key to his ornamental treatment. -Quiet, artistic lights are appropriate, rich old woods and decorative -rugs; everything that is taboo in a public library. The keynotes should -be rest, comfort, literary cosiness, private proprietorship; if anything -more, refined hospitality to personal friends. - - -Proprietary, Institutional - -=Proprietary.= By these I mean what might be called literary clubs, -owned in shares, and supported by dues, like Athenæums. Most of these -combine some of the features of club libraries, and the reference and -circulating functions of public libraries. Their constituency is smaller, -however, more select, and usually has a higher degree of literary taste. -In building, they will usually need rather more of the home or club -atmosphere than other classes of libraries, and much less supervision. -Here, for instance, the alcove and the window-nook might properly be -used in reading rooms. The readers would be fewer, even in busy hours, -and more homogeneous, so that a nervous man might pre-empt an alcove or -a window seat and remain for hours comparatively undisturbed by either -attendants or by other readers. Such societies will rarely build until -they have a stable membership, many books and an accomplished librarian. -From him the architect can learn the characteristics and habits of the -members, and can begin planning by studying the features that will please -them. As to the shelving of books, the administration and delivery, -their problems will be much like other libraries, with perhaps more open -access, especially to the new books for circulation. - -The old-fashioned Mercantile Library, of which some survive in vigor, is -similar in support, but more democratic in membership, and ought to be -treated architecturally more like a public library, without children’s -rooms or such social science features. - -=Institutional.= Under this group I would include the libraries -of endowed or charitable societies, such as Young Men’s Christian -Associations. - -If these are wealthy enough, they might have separate buildings or wings -or stories for library use. Usually, however, they can only afford -to set aside rooms or suites in buildings largely devoted to other -purposes,—offices, class rooms, lectures, gymnasium. In such case, the -library should be carefully planned to give it the best frontage and -light. - -Where there can be ample, and if possible separate elevator service, the -upper floors, with some light through the roof, would probably offer -the best opportunities. Rooms elsewhere in the building would give club -facilities, so that feature of proprietary libraries might be omitted. -The usual storage for books and good reference and light-reading-room -facilities should be provided. If teaching is prominent in the plan -of the institution, something like seminar rooms in colleges might be -planned near the library, and private rooms for teachers and advanced -students. - -The administration of the library would probably be separate from that of -other departments. The library might then be shut off from the rest of -the building by sound-proof partitions, opening from a main corridor or -from stairs and elevator, so as to be quiet and complete in itself. - - -Professional - -This group might be sub-divided into scientific, medical, theological, -law, and special or business; each requiring individual treatment and -the advice of a librarian of mature experience in just that specialty. -Here again the library will often be housed only in a room or a suite of -rooms, to which should be assigned the best possible situation in the -building, bearing in mind quiet, light and easy access. The users will -be so select and responsible that they can be allowed full access to the -shelves. Their use will be like that of professors or graduate students -in a university. Wall shelving around rooms in which there are tables for -readers; or where many books have to be assembled in one room, shallow -alcoves and wall shelving opposite good light with tables near the -windows; would be suitable arrangements for such rooms, with a minimum of -service and supervision, and of florid ornamentation. Where a separate -building is possible, other features might be added. Then, of course, -general considerations would apply as to storage of books, administration -and accommodation of readers. - -=Scientific.= These would probably be libraries of separate or affiliated -societies, in a building with club features; really specialized club -libraries, for members only. They would be reference libraries almost -entirely, without much circulation. Alcoves and wall shelving would be -appropriate, with tables and racks for professional periodicals, and -facilities for writing, without much probability of a great rush at any -one time. - -=Medical.= These would have much the same use as scientific, much the -same quarters, much the same treatment. They would generally be larger, -often with separate buildings. Special thought would have to be given -to periodicals, the current numbers and back sets of which form a large -proportion of the literature of this profession. - -There were only thirty medical libraries listed in the government report -of 1876, and very few of these appeared to have separate buildings. It -would seem appropriate, in this class, to have a museum in the same -building as the library, to illustrate the professional literature -graphically. - -=Theological.= The majority of such libraries would be attached to -schools or colleges and partake of the treatment of departments in -universities. There are a few large general theological libraries, -however, with separate buildings. Quiet study, open access, slight -supervision, inexpensive service, are their requisites. In theological -schools it may be desirable to have class rooms near the library. - -Separate rooms for quiet reading and writing would always be a -convenience, if funds allow. - -Where much attention is paid to the older literature of theology, a -special provision of shelves for folios and quartos would be required. - -=Special and Business.= As these libraries have recently formed a -separate society or section of the American Library Association, they -evidently have unique subjects to discuss, but few of them have attained -the dignity of separate buildings. - -They generally have to content themselves with a suite of rooms. Each one -has its individual character, and can be ranked perhaps in the scientific -and professional classes, except that any one library will probably -have a more restricted group of readers, consisting of the partners and -employees of the maintaining firm or establishment. - -If the problem of providing such rooms comes to an architect, he should -get instructions from the proprietor and librarian as to its special -needs in shelving and other facilities. - -In Chicago especially, where part of expense of such libraries is -sometimes assumed by the Public Library, they cover a wide field of -usefulness and assume proportionate importance. - -Their number seems likely to increase rapidly as large firms -differentiate, become wealthy, and can use technical libraries for the -solution of manufacturing and commercial questions arising so frequently -in every-day business that time and expense can be saved by having their -own books handy instead of getting them from more public libraries. - -=Law.= Literature of this class has such a peculiar use that law -libraries need separate treatment and merit a special chapter. They are -sometimes small, as county law libraries; or large—law-school, bar, city, -state. They will usually be assigned to rooms in state capitols, city -halls, or court houses, and trustees should exert early and strenuous -efforts toward getting good and adequate locations assigned to them. - -With good elevator service, it is certain that a whole top floor of the -building, or the top floors of a roomy wing, will give the quietest, -lightest, and most commodious quarters. - -As both the study and practice of the law largely rest on precedents, the -books which are most frequently cited have to be shelved close to ample -table or desk facilities. - -No matter how ample these are, every seat is apt to be filled during the -busy hours of the day. - -Lawyers like to look up, pick out, and themselves take to their desks, -the books they want to use, and therefore there should be open access to -all the shelves. - -Alcoves are proper here, but more for extending shelf room—really wide -open-access floor cases—than for study, which is better at tables. - -Space enough is desirable on the main floor for all the books in common -demand and for most of the readers. - -The quarters recently obtained by the Social Law Library in the new -extension of the court house in Boston, though not especially erected for -the library, are very satisfactory. They comprise a long, lofty room, -thoroughly lighted from high windows, with wall and alcove shelving -opposite the light; with gallery possibilities for future growth; an -opening to the main story of a stack; and a few rooms for hearings and -quiet brief-making. The alcoves are wide enough for passing, but not for -study at table. The long tables occupy that half of the length of the -room which adjoins the outer wall and have ample diffused rather than -direct daylight from windows high up in the wall. - -One thing the Boston Social Law Library could not obtain space for, and -which would be very desirable, is a sufficiency of private study rooms. -In planning for the library, a circular with questions was sent to -several large law libraries. One question was, “How many private rooms -could you use?” All answers called for several rooms; one librarian would -like to have fifty. - -The tendency in all libraries is toward ample opportunities for quiet -study, but in law libraries, authors, investigators, makers of briefs, -especially need privacy and abstraction. - - -Government: Historical - -=U. S. Government.= Libraries for the United States government are -generally located in the national capitol. One has a separate building, -the Library of Congress. The others are attached to the Departments and -housed in the Department Buildings. - -They may be treated much as law libraries are; indeed a large part of -each of them constitutes a law library. Set aside for them well-lighted -rooms with a good aspect, in a quiet part of the building. If the rooms -are as lofty as the floors of the ordinary department building require, -arrange for a two or three-story steel stack. There will be limited -service to be provided for, limited circulation, and a rather limited and -well-defined storage. - -A special problem may soon come, in the form of legislation for a Supreme -Court building, which must certainly provide for the consultation library -of the Supreme Court, and perhaps for a great part of the Congressional -Law Library. In the first instance, the collocation of court room, -consultation room, judges’ private apartments, and library, will have -to be carefully studied. If the main law library is to come to the new -building, it will preponderate architecturally, with the necessary -reading and study rooms for the bar. Strong common sense, and able -library and juridical advice, will be required to avoid smothering the -very definite uses of such a building in architectural embellishments. - -=State.= Each state in the American Union has at least one “state -library” at the capital, usually in the capitol, maintained at public -charge primarily for the use of state officers, legislators and courts. -Latterly they have become also central reference libraries for schools, -colleges and citizens throughout the state, and traveling library -centers, requiring special facilities for these services. They also -require storage for public documents—very near dead literature, fit -for close and perhaps dark storage. The growth of state libraries is -phenomenal, largely from exchange of documents with other states and the -United States, an immense and rapidly increasing literature (quadrupling -every twenty-five years) which must be shelved in some form. - - “There must be a division of a state library into law, - documents, and miscellaneous, with a separate building for law - and documents.... I am inclined to see the ideal state library - as a great warehouse building. I want a dignified, simple, - fireproof building; with heat, light, ventilation, conveniences - for work, the very best that can be made, and without a dollar - for elaborate display.”—_Johnson Brigham_, State librarian of - Iowa.[36] - -In building new state capitols, and in replacing old ones, there is -considerable work ahead. In such an impressive and dignified building -as the people want, the real needs of departments of the government, -especially of the library, get scant consideration. To the library is -often assigned some part of a prominent wing whose features, height -of stories, size and arrangement of windows, style of shelving and -furniture, are largely governed by supposed exigencies of the exterior, -developed before the interior has been planned. It will require -superhuman effort on the part of librarian to get model library quarters -into such environment, but tact, early work, and persistence can often -ameliorate conditions. Galleries and alcoves you will probably have to -accept and do the best you can with, but it is open to some daring -architect to build a stack in full sight, occupying the back half of the -inevitable high room, with stack windows on the outside, giving an organ -tone to the façade, and an open stack front within to give a similar tone -to the interior. - -=Separate Library Buildings.= Large states have already begun to give -separate buildings to their general or at least to their law libraries -(see _Law_). Such a segregation is to be commended, if space and -money can be afforded, for here the library problems can be treated -without prejudice, unhampered by traditions of American State Capitol -Architecture. - -“I am sure I would never put the State Library in the Capitol. The -number of books the state legislature and officers use is very -limited.”—_Dewey._[37] - -Simple construction, appropriate fenestration, interior planning -beforehand with definite purposes, disregard of outside flights of steps -and porticos, compression of inside passages to a minimum, quiet and -restful shape and coloring, may yet produce buildings both useful and -beautiful, which people of taste will come thousands of miles to see. -Here is a fertile field for state librarians, state commissions, and -talented architects. - -=Historical.= Though not always on the same grounds as the state library, -most such libraries are situated at the capitol, and have similar -characteristics. They ought surely to have dignity and nobility of style, -as they have in subject. They are entirely reference libraries, and -should have preponderant accommodations for students and investigators, -but in proportion to their size they have needs as to storage of books -and for readers, very like those of other reference libraries. So far as -they include antiquities, they need museum rooms and corridors in their -buildings, usually assembly and lecture rooms, and always large fireproof -safe rooms or vaults. - -See full floor plans of the Wisconsin State Historical Society -Building.—_Adams._[38] - -=Genealogical and Antiquarian.= So far as libraries are called distinctly -antiquarian rather than historical, the museum function increases. -Antiquities, even strictly literary, require different treatment from -books. Glass doors for larger wall cases, glass cases for manuscripts and -incunabula, merit wider corridors and rooms of different proportions, -with different lighting. There must be more screens and free wall room -for maps, engravings and pictures. There must be different service and -supervision. - -Genealogy has become such a favorite fad, and has so many societies which -foster it, that separate space, perhaps separate buildings, will have to -be provided for it. The features of such buildings, however, need have no -marked distinction from historical and antiquarian libraries. - - -Educational - -The library needs of all these educational institutions are similar. It -has been said that there are three classes to be considered,—professors, -graduate or advanced students, and undergraduates. - -The ordinary youthful students do not get much time for general reading -and do not need unrestricted access to all the shelves. If they can get -at general and special reference books, their own text-books, and the -books recommended by their instructors, it is all they want. - -The professors and teachers, however, and to a certain extent advanced -students, may wish to browse anywhere, and can be trusted to go anywhere. -They want facilities for examining and selecting books in the stacks, -they want quiet rooms to take books to (perhaps several books) where they -can read, copy and write. - -The professors want department and “_seminar_” rooms, shelved sometimes -for permanent sub-libraries of their own technical books, always for -books of present use in their daily classes. They also like to have -individual rooms for study, and for their records. - -The relation of these rooms to the general library is the peculiar and -pressing problem of scholastic library building. Dr. Canfield said that -the question, shall departmental libraries be included in the building of -the general library? has not two sides, but a dozen. - -=School Libraries.= These should not perhaps be treated here, as they -rarely, perhaps never, have separate buildings. But as schools rise in -grade, or are grouped in large buildings, their libraries may attain size -and individual character, and the rooms assigned to them need careful -planning. Good light first, with cheerful aspect; an accessible central -position; wall shelving, combined perhaps with shallow alcoves opposite -windows; spaces and tables for teachers and for scholars of different -grades; a central space for general reference books, an attendant, and -what passing to and fro is necessary; as good artificial light as the -classrooms,—these would seem obvious desiderata. - -=College.= Colleges and universities vary little except in size, and -perhaps in the proportion advanced investigation and large departments -bear to prescribed undergraduate study. - -Rather open stacks, with carrels, would be preferable in a college; a -good general reading room, or a suite of rooms slightly differentiated; -nooks and private desks, with a private room or rooms for professors; -wall shelving in professors’, class or seminar rooms, with shallow -alcoves or floor cases at end of rooms for possibilities of enlargement. - -Simple, central, inexpensive administration, with tubes or telephones to -different rooms and departments; a central position in the college group -or building, ample provision for growth, as gifts come in—these points -suggest themselves. - -At the St. Louis Conference in 1889, a suggestion was made that inasmuch -as the library is the heart of a university, it should be given a central -position from which the other buildings should radiate.[39] - -=University.= Many universities are so large that most of their problems -have been suggested in the chapter on Very Large Libraries. - -Here the question of seminar or department libraries becomes acute. In -some respects it is analogous to that of branches to a public library, -but it is far more complicated. - -How many departments are to be provided for; how far can they be served -from the main library; if they are to have separate libraries, how large -should these be; do they need permanent libraries, or only books sent -from time to time; how far shall they duplicate the contents of the -central library; how far shall they have department librarians under -control of the general librarian? All these questions affect the planning -of buildings. - -Law and medicine generally have separate buildings and separate -administration. As to other departments, systems vary in universities. -Indeed, no two seem to have the same system. The one adopted at Brown is -simple, inexpensive, efficient. This assigns all the departments to a -separate building, not far from the central library, and connected with -it by telephone, tunnel, and mechanical carrier. This building has a -central room for one attendant. Round him are grouped the reference books -needed by all departments, and any professor, through him, can call books -at will from the delivery desk at the main library. In this arrangement -each department can have its own shelving, and its head can have an -adjoining private room, with convenient storage for his own books and -papers. - -A system, some variety of which seems common, provides wings or galleries -on various floors for the seminar rooms, more or less conveniently served -from the main library. - -Other universities have their departments dotted around the grounds, -wherever they happen to have been placed from time to time, without -apparent reference to the library, and served from it only by messenger. - -Others have seminar rooms built in various forms near the library -building, with bridges or arcades between, by which they have access -to their own branch of literature, stored in an adjacent part of the -library. - -Others again have rooms fitted more or less cleverly into the body or -corners of a general stack. A very convenient location would be a special -seminar story over the stack, with both top and side light, which would -allow a large number of rooms of any required sizes. - -Without the seminar complication, Mr. Patton[40] is perhaps right in -saying that the college library presents a simpler problem than the -public library, for it has less circulation, and no children to deal -with; but with it, especially on a large scale, this is one of the most -perplexing puzzles of library planning. - -Mr. Patton also suggests[41] that the best location for a college library -is one that does not require architectural façades on all sides, and that -a slope backwards has advantages. The same may be said of many other -kinds of libraries. - -In a recent number of the _Popular Science Monthly_[42] it is suggested -that a university might be built in a compact group, with a common -façade, as beautiful as possible; offices and lecture rooms to be -directly behind this show front; the library occupying a central position -further back, flanked by the departments, all connected and all built on -“the unit plan” for easy enlargement sideways, endways, up, or down. - -In recent projects, there seems to be a tendency toward schemes for -a college group, evolved evidently not from the use of the several -buildings, but from desire for architectural harmony. Those interested -in the library should strive to have it omitted from any such general -scheme, and relegated to any modest position in the background, where its -details could be worked out without any such exterior bias. - -The position of the general reading room is another major problem. In a -small college it can be put, as a single room or a suite, almost anywhere -within easy reach, near the main entrance, and preferably on the main -floor. In a large university a one-story ground floor room in the center -of the building, just back of the main entrance, not too high (lest the -roof cut off too much light from the lower windows of the wings opening -on the courtyard), would seem to be a good location. - -Administration rooms, as in other libraries, should be central, well -lighted, suitably collocated, and quiet. The delivery desk would better -be separate from the reading room, unless it could be combined with the -service desk in that room, and so placed toward the entrance end or side -as not to let the stir and noise disturb readers. - -Where to put the catalog cases adjoining both departments, with good -light, is usually another puzzle inviting study. - - -Public Libraries - -“For the American people the library of the future is unquestionably -the free public library, established with private or public funds, -and maintained wholly or in part at public expense under municipal -control.”—_Fletcher._[43] - -“The ‘public library’ is established by state laws, supported by local -taxation and voluntary gifts, and managed as a public trust. It is not a -library simply for scholars, but for the whole community, the mechanic, -the laborer, the youth, for all who desire to read, whatever be their -rank or condition in life.”—_William F. Poole._[44] - -“The library of the immediate future for the American people is -unquestionably the free public library, brought under municipal ownership -and control and treated as part of the educational system.”—_Dana, L. -P._[45] - -The building of the public library must recognize and serve these noble -aims. The idea of public libraries is as old as Rome; their aims are -essentially modern in their democracy. - -“Modern ideas of the functions of a public library are,—lending books for -home use; free access to the shelves; cheerful and homelike surroundings; -rooms for children; co-operation with schools; long hours of opening; the -extension of branch-library systems and traveling libraries; lectures and -exhibits; the thousand and one activities that distinguish the modern -library from its more passive predecessor.”—_Bostwick._[46] - -The impulse of these ideas should be practically felt in the planning of -buildings. Precedents, models, the fetters of architectural style, must -be thrown aside where they impede or hamper progress. Architecture must -march side by side with Library Science, should even lead it and show it -the most effective ways to work out the new idea. - -In the first place, “cheerful and homelike surroundings” do not accord -with lofty rooms, vast halls, and heavy architecture; and dazzling -decoration must not repel the man in a working suit. - -Popular features should not entirely banish books and accommodations for -students. “Every public library should be a library of study. Besides -professional scholars and teachers, even authors or editors among -residents, there are students in the higher schools, university extension -students, members of literary clubs, cultivated college graduates, -lawyers, clergymen, who should find congenial facilities in a building -meant for the whole community.”—_Fletcher._[47] - -On the other hand, it would be a shame to let such serious reading and -literature crowd out any popular or educational features, or take an -undue share of the construction or maintenance funds. - -What should be especially planned for, is inviting and cozy provision for -the ambitious young men or women who want to educate themselves either -by general reading, or by the special literature of their occupation in -life; and for the tired women whether housekeepers, workers or idlers, -who can find in books or magazines or papers relaxation and recreation -from their home burdens. - -Children’s rooms, now always a principal feature to be planned, will have -a separate chapter. - -=Branch.= The branch library, as distinguished from distributing or -delivery stations, has its own building, and deserves as careful study -as the main library in a small city. Branches vary from merely local -stations relying on main libraries for most of the administrative work, -to branches practically independent. The problem of branch libraries has -come into prominence recently, especially since Carnegie has made so many -gifts in this direction. Most of them fall into the “small” grade, but in -large cities many rise to the “moderate” and even “medium” figures. One -branch library in Philadelphia, with special endowment, cost $800,000, -but that is very exceptional. - -The first question is site. Good authorities say that there ought to be -branches about a mile apart; one, that is, within half a mile’s walk -of any family. Crunden says,[48] “The ideal would be to have a branch -library as often as we have a public school.” The average constituency -of branches in Great Britain is said to be 60,000. In this country it -has been suggested that there ought to be one for every 40,000 dense -population, or one to 25,000 in opener districts. But there can be no -invariable rule. Circumstances differ as well as available funds. - -Chas. W. Sutton of Manchester, in an article on branch libraries,[49] -summarizes:— - -“There should be a lending library for every 40,000 in close populations, -25,000 or 30,000 in scattered communities. - -“Placed on car lines in the thick of the population. - -“Not more than a mile apart. - -“Never more than 15,000 volumes in stock. - -“A majority consider 10,000 volumes a great sufficiency even in a large -city branch.[50] - -“No library with less income than $7,500 should try branches. It would be -cheaper to pay borrowers’ carfares to and from the main library.” - -See _Bostwick_, “Branches and Stations.”[51] - -A good general rule is to watch neighborhoods, especially outlying -districts, and notice where schools or fire department buildings are -demanded, and where little groups of local stores spring up. These groups -usually form in the most accessible localities in new districts. It has -been said that branches in residence quarters are more used than those in -business centers. This is undoubtedly true of business sections in large -cities, but, nevertheless, even locations in residence quarters should -be chosen for ready access, and ready access with local demands has -already selected such locations for stores in smaller places. A lot near -a schoolhouse is always good: it is handy for the children. - -Like other small libraries, branches have to be planned for easy -supervision and economical service, hence, all departments should be on -one floor, with high basement, if possible, for janitor, heating, toilet, -and possible social service functions, like classes and lectures. Provide -for delivery, a few quick-reference books, and a limited stock of books -to be lent. - -The number of books to be shelved will vary with the constituency, from -2,000 to 15,000 volumes—the fewer the better. When once settled, no -growth need be provided for, as disused books can be sent back to the -central library from time to time, to make place for new books. Nor -will administration grow largely. But growth in the parts allotted to -different kinds of reading, to children, and to social service functions -must be provided for, inside the building preferably. - -Corners, or railed-off parts of rooms, will separate periodicals and -other light reading from children, reference books and delivery desk. -Readers should be able to choose books and help themselves by absolutely -open access, to minimize cost of service. Very little provision need be -made for serious readers, who can be referred to the central library. If -any cataloguing is to be done at the branch, a librarian’s room must be -provided. If not, and there is only one attendant, an enclosed delivery -desk is enough, and the space usually taken up by a librarian’s room can -be given to books or readers. - -The conditions in city branches will be very similar to those in small -towns, with perhaps less of the neighborhood club, and more of the social -service idea, without any problems of increased storage of books, and -with more difficulties in foreseeing changes. - -As to cost, a report to the city of New York recommended $5,000 for small -branches, and up to $10,000 for large ones. But in Brooklyn and other -cities, separate branches for sections as large as, and situated like, -suburban towns, have cost as high as $150,000. - -A very interesting case of establishing several branches at once may be -found in a description of the Brooklyn plan.[52] - -In New York city, to get more branches than could be afforded in buying -expensive sites, and to get them where they were wanted, single buildings -in the midst of blocks have been taken. - -In England, many of the newer branches include “social center” functions, -not only ladies’, boys’, ratepayers’, conversation, and attendants’ tea -rooms, but even in one case a restaurant, which is expected “to provide a -large share of the cost of maintenance.” - -See _Bindery_, p. 253. - -See _Bostwick_, under Rooms for Classes, p. 325, _prox._ - -=Suburban.= Suburban libraries differ on the one hand from country -libraries in remote regions, and on the other from branches in cities. -They are near enough for “team work” with the library system of the city -in whose suburbs they lie, but they serve an independent community, often -jealous of its privileges. They have not quite the problems of growth of -the country library, because they can have an inter-library loan system -with the city libraries, or can arrange to refer to them many inquirers -and students. This possibility may limit the size and expense of their -buildings, and the necessity of providing for unlimited growth. - - -Exceptional Cases - -=Middle of Blocks.= Occasionally, as with the present Cincinnati Public -Library, and with the New York City branch libraries, circumstances -require the location of the building in a block. Of course this necessity -is a handicap. The problem of giving all the departments good positions -and full light is difficult when there is space all round the four walls, -but when both side walls are blank, ingenuity is required in providing -all the requisites for every department. Natural light everywhere is -impossible, and artificial light must be largely relied on. Whatever -features (like closets and stairs where there are no books to be picked -out or read) can be assigned to the middle or waist of each floor, will -leave more chance for front and rear use of clear daylight. The top -floor can be all utilized with top light. A light well from the center -of the roof will mitigate the dimness of illumination on staircases and -entries. The experience of New York is valuable for such problems, and -would doubtless be freely available. But it is a good rule to avoid such -locations, if possible. - -=Top Floors.= Exigencies of income may require a Board to rent part of -their building, as in the case of many of the “Mercantile” libraries -which still survive. While the St. Louis Public was a school-board -library, it had this experience. In these days of roomy and rapid -elevators, such a necessity is not so bad as it seems, especially if -one or two rooms in a public library could be left on the ground floor. -At the top there is usually good air, comparative quiet, coolness, and -light, even in smoky cities. Modern methods of construction carry -great weights safely, and it is possible to plan service and reading -rooms on the top floor with one or two-story stacks beneath, giving -fine accommodations with good business suites earning income, on floors -beneath. Separate elevators for business and for library purposes are, -however, essential. - -=Museums or Art Galleries in Same Building.= There is so rarely enough -money available to allow as much room as the library wants, and there is -usually so much friction in operating more than one institution under -one roof, that while there is general belief in the value of museums and -galleries as public undertakings, there is great unanimity among American -librarians that they are better apart. Few librarians with us have the -training which would fit them to undertake the superintendence of such -different departments, and fewer still would like to be superintended by -a musician or scientist. Yet, if together in one building, there should -be one superior officer for all, even if he be called only custodian. The -difficulties of planning a building to provide properly and amply for -more than one of these three functions are just three times the puzzle -of planning for one. Where a city wants to try it, or a donor insists on -it, it is far better to plan a group of three buildings on one large lot, -with such connection by arcades as would give a pleasing architectural -bond, without shutting out any light, at least from the library. - -Those who are interested in such combinations are referred to the English -library books and magazines, _passim_. The union of libraries and museums -in England, indeed, is so common as to be recognized in the Library Acts. -If art or other exhibitions are a feature of the library management, they -can be provided for as suggested under the head of exhibitions elsewhere. - -=Alterations and Enlargements.= Often existing residences or halls are -presented for library use. The proverb, “Never look a gift-horse in -the mouth,” does not apply in such cases. The gift building ought to -be examined all over by experts—an expert librarian and an architect, -if possible—before it is accepted. It will often be found to cost more -for alteration, before the old building can be quite suited to library -purposes, than a plain but satisfactory new building would cost. -Certainly it is unwise to hamper library efficiency out of a sentimental -regard for a donor, alive or dead. - -If the building is found susceptible of inexpensive alterations, which -would render it entirely suitable for such work as the library wants -to do, it will evidently be unwise to trust the task to an architect, -inexperienced in library alterations, or even to the advice of an -immature librarian. Here, if ever, is there need, from the side of -economy as well as the side of utility, of a wise library expert, for -fear of making a botch. - -So in making alterations in an old library building which requires -enlargement, do not accept the hasty suggestions of even the most -ingenious and confident trustee, or the prentice plans of a callow -librarian or a young architect. Get the best plan you can secure from the -best authorities. The best will be none too good for you. Justice to your -successors and to the next generation requires the utmost care in piece -work. - -See an article by Miss Annie B. Jackson,[53] on items and expense of -alterations at North Adams, Mass. The repairs there proved to outrun the -estimate. - -When you get your tentative plans and your rough estimates, get also a -rough estimate for a new building. You will often be surprised to find -how near the cost of alterations will come to that of building. If it -turns out so, better wait and get your ideal rather than patch up a -makeshift. - -But if, after deliberation, you vote to alter, there is one wise end -to aim at, that is, to spend as small a part of your available funds -for mere alteration, and as large a part for features which could be -utilized later for a permanent building, as may be possible. Witness, for -instance, the recent experience of the Salem Public Library.[54] They -had pressing need of more room, but could use only $70,000 for changes, -not enough for such a new building as they wanted, or could afford -while they had a perfectly sound old residence to use. But by ingenious -planning, they have been able to get a stack with an administration head -house, to which they can add later a main building when they need further -enlargement. They have spent a minimum in temporary changes on their old -dwelling-house, and have besides retained enough money to build a branch -library. - -=Altering New Buildings.= It is not only old buildings that need -altering. Too frequently a good librarian, alive to progress, and faced -with the problems of growth, finds himself promoted to a beautiful -building of such recent erection as to be financially exhausted, and -indisposed to spend money in necessary additions or alterations. The -question confronts him, how get more room with the least cost? - -In this fix, he will first look inside and see where he can house more -books, more readers, more attendants. Here shortcomings of the architect -may perhaps afford him at least temporary relief. The most likely fault -he finds will be wasted space, perpendicularly or laterally. Two faults -are bad; they cannot even be converted into virtues. These are domes and -ornamental staircases. Domes, to be sure, can be circled with galleries -to which unused books can be sent—a very brief palliative. And elevators -or lifts may be cut into stairs. But such makeshifts will not serve. - -More opportunities may be discovered in spacious vestibules, in wide -corridors, in lofty stories. The vestibules and corridors can be narrowed -to simply useful width, and their exuberance partitioned off into rooms. -Mezzanine floors can also utilize waste upper spaces. - -If money cannot be found for partitions and floors, for iron and wood and -paint, I see a good use for sliding cases, in the form Professor Little -has at Bowdoin—just two or more stories of this contrivance, set out in -the corner or at the side or in the middle of any useless stretch of -floor. - -Tables and chairs can invite an overflow of readers in any space not -needed for passage; temporary wooden shelving can be set against -any corridor wall; administration desks can be protruded into any -architectural waste. When you go to Washington, see what Mr. Bowerman has -done at the Public Library there. - - - - -B. - -PRINCIPLES - -_This Book groups together rather loosely, important considerations which -as said at the bottom of page 90 ought to be reiterated and hammered into -the consciousness of all concerned._ - - - - -B. - -PRINCIPLES - - -SPIRIT OF PLANNING - -Every new library building should be thoroughly planned with a view to -its class, scope, size, funds, site, environment, experience, and cost of -administration. True economy begins with a good plan. Not only present -cost but future annual costs depend on it. - -The main thing in beginning to plan, even in the first consideration of -building, is to set your ideal high. If your funds are not yet provided -do not take it for granted that they will be meagre. Study the scope of -your library, look hopefully into its future. What work should it do now; -what growth should it get in the next twenty-five years? What size and -area are needed to meet your utmost possibilities in that time? Consider -first only the essentials—they will be costly enough. When you have made -careful calculation of actual needs (and nothing else) ask your donor, -town or institution for what would cover them. Do not at first include -expensive material or ornament. If the body that is to pay requires -elegance, calculate cost of this and present it as a separate question. - -Set your ideal of utility high, and ask enough to cover it. If you cannot -get it, then and not till then will be time to decide what to surrender. - -If the amount to be spent is already fixed, still study ideals first. -Can we get all the requisites for this library within that sum? If it is -evidently impossible; if building thus would stifle usefulness or stunt -growth, ask for more. But if you cannot get it, or if you think the -appropriation can be made to cover the work, the ideal to aim at is to -pack into the building ample accommodation for every function you will -need to cover. - -Above all, make these calculations ahead. When the sum is finally fixed, -resolve to plan so carefully that the final cost will come within the -appropriation. Like a note to pay, this obligation is peremptory. - -“The main ideas are, compact stowing to save space, and short distances -to save time.”—_Winsor._[55] - -This axiom written a generation ago would serve to head this chapter now. -Also this, “In building, as in management, the wants of the great masses -of the public must be kept constantly in view.”—_Poole._[56] - -“The evolution of a design is not such a simple matter that the -finished idea can be produced in a short time, but it must depend -on a gradual evolution, based upon a thorough study of the local -conditions.”—_Patton._[57] - -“A building can be made both beautiful from the architect’s standpoint -and useful from that of its occupant, by constant consultation between -them, by comparison of views at every point, and by intelligent -compromise whenever this is found to be necessary.”—_Bostwick._[58] - - -Taste, Tact, Thrift, Thoroughness - -The spirit of planning is summarized in the apothegm on the frontispiece -of this volume. - -=Tastefully.= Although Vitruvius reckons beauty third and last among the -requisites of building, I can put taste first, because good taste covers -both beauty and use and should be the prevailing characteristic of every -detail of a library building. - -=Tactfully.= Webster defines tactful as a discerning sense of what is -right, proper, or judicious, and this sense applied to the details of -library planning would certainly tend to perfection. - -=Thriftily.= “Economical management” should be the keynote embodied in -every detail of library building. - -=Thoroughly.= This should be the pervading and controlling spirit. Plan -to the very end; aim for the very best; slight no least detail. - -This is so essential to proper planning that it deserves a separate -chapter. To lack of thoroughness on the part of building committees, much -of the disappointing character of existing buildings is due. They choose -an architect directly or by competition, and give him inadequate guidance -in his task. - -An architect knows much, especially where to look for knowledge, but it -is too much to expect him to master in a month or a year, together with a -score of other investigations, the intricacies of a complex and rapidly -developing science in which only a few librarians are expert after a -lifetime of study and practice. - -The committees, not experts themselves, have not secured a library expert -to formulate their problems thoroughly. Perhaps they have delegated -to their own librarian a branch of library science which he does not -know by experience, and cannot be expected to learn in a short time by -study; especially as his normal duties of running the library fully -fill all his waking hours, and part of his dreams. It is not so much a -lack of thoroughness on the part of the committee as an entire lack of -comprehension of how much there is to be thorough about. - -=Use Every Inch of Space.= Begin at the foundation and study every -detail. Study every entrance, passage, stairway, room, floor, piece -of furniture, stretch of shelving, up to the roof; sketch as you go, -sketch not loosely but to scale. Fit your parts together; leave no waste -space, no dark corner unutilized. Measure zealously and save every inch -of length, breadth and height; every useless cubic inch costs money and -wastes room. Plan a closet under every open staircase. Watch especially -the height of every story and every room. Do not allow any foot of height -not imperatively demanded for light or ventilation. Allow nothing for -mere architectural effect. Search even attic and ceiling to utilize -unutilized corners. Do not blame the architect, blame yourself, the -library expert, for any waste of space and money. - - -Economy Paramount - -In public buildings, the duty of rigid economy is clear,—economy in cost, -economy in space, provision for economy in administration. Even with a -lavish donor, his generosity should be guarded by economy, especially -if he does not endow his institution lavishly enough to provide for -upkeep and efficient management. This is an age of extravagance, not -only the extravagance of luxury, but that of necessity. With invention -and improved comforts of living, the luxuries of our fathers have become -the necessities of our children. This is just as true of libraries as -of households. Even with larger incomes than our fathers, we have to -be economical to live in health and comfort. With libraries and with -families as their income increases their wants increase—they never have -enough. Especially is forethought needed in building a larger house. Do -not spend too much on it; do not build it beyond your means. But get -everything into it you can reasonably afford to use. So with a library -building. If you have a given sum to spend, plan very carefully to get -all possible space and convenience for the cost. If you are planning to -ask for an appropriation or a gift, plan carefully to ask for no more -than you actually need;—your needs are sure to require as much as you -can afford. The tendency to extravagance is even more marked in public -buildings than in private life. Except in the case of rich men who feel -the increased burden of taxation, the average citizen is apt to vote -money for schools and libraries and city halls, without careful enough -inquiry into details and with rather a liking for show. But every real -friend of libraries ought to oppose extravagance as watchfully as he -would oppose parsimony, and plan so that a given amount of money will do -the most good. Use and not show should be his motto. Treat the library -liberally, but do not allow the library building to take so much as to -cramp the other good work of the community. - -“One of the most difficult features of the problem is adapting the views -of librarian and board to the cost limit.”—_Hamlin._[59] - -“Plan well within your limit; extra wants will come up as you -progress.”—_Eastman._ - - -Cost of Running - -Not only first cost but future annual cost of administration, depends -upon careful planning of the building. Care and repairs of expensive -material and ornament; cleaning, heating and lighting useless floor space -or height; inconvenience in use; separation of departments, will require -more attendants and more money, with worse service to the public. - -“Extravagance in library building is not so often found in lavish -ornament as in that unfortunate arrangement of departments which requires -three attendants to do the work of one or two.”—_Eastman._[60] - -“The salary of an extra attendant represents the interest on a sum which -would go far to make the arrangement of the parts of the building what it -should be.”—_Fletcher._[61] - -Duff-Brown[62] calculates that lighting, heating, repairs and cleaning -cost from 13 to 16 per cent of the annual appropriation for a library. -This percentage can be kept to its lowest limit by good planning, or -increased by bad planning. - -“A plan most economical in cost of building is often most economical in -cost of working.”—_Champneys._[63] - -“A simple plan is better and more economical.”—_Eastman._[64] - -Not only economy of construction but economy of administration is -imperatively demanded. - - -The Worst Extravagances - -The very worst possible waste in building a library is doubtless unduly -expensive material and unnecessary ornament. These items often mount up -into tens and even hundreds of thousands. They are worse than mere waste, -they are positive detriments. - -The next worst is perhaps architectural competitions, which are spoken -of at length elsewhere.[65] They are sure to cost a deal: payment for an -advisory architect, payment of prizes, payment of the jury. Here again -there is more than waste, there is delay, a false start, deliberate care -to put exterior before interior. - -The third common extravagance is parsimony in experts’ fees. -Champneys[66] in speaking of architects’ errors, says that “to this fact -must be attributed the suggestion that librarians should dispense with -the services of architects, and design their buildings for themselves.” -This suggestion may have been made in England, but never in America, -even in acute periods of despair over the trend of building. No American -librarian, no building committee, would think of dispensing with an -architect, though they might try to economize by getting a cheap one. - -But it is just as wasteful to cheapen your library adviser as your -architect. Because it has a librarian already, or because the architect -chosen is willing to tackle the job without expert advice (perhaps -more readily because he resents advice), or because it is inclined to -contemn and resent advice itself, the committee often commits willful -extravagance at the outset, saving at the spigot to waste at the bung, by -going poorly equipped into a serious task. - - -Economy of Expert Advice - -But “penny wise is pound foolish.” Saving first cost is not always true -economy. It would be foolish indeed to save on architect’s fees. For a -little one-room wooden building, to be sure, a local carpenter might do, -under the supervision of a clever librarian or a practical trustee. But -as soon as the building gets complex, get an architect. His fees will -save enough in convenience, in comfort, in grace, in beauty, in actual -money outgo to contractors, to prove themselves the best economy. Just -so, as the problem gets still larger and more complex, get the advice of -an expert librarian to help present it to the architect. He will more -than earn his fees by keeping down useless waste of space; by pointing -out how to economize in running expenses; by aiding the architect to -enhance the beauty of the building; by promoting and thus expressing its -true purposes. - -I have now had some personal experience in this matter which I will put -into percentages. From what I have seen, I not only believe, but know, -that one per cent of the cost of building, put into employing a really -competent expert librarian, will save from ten per cent to forty per cent -on the cost, in space, convenience and material. If you doubt, why not -verify the facts by inquiring of some trustees or donors who have tried -the experiment? They are surely unprejudiced and credible witnesses. One -per cent spent in saving ten per cent is a net economy, worth at least -considering. - -This principle, first applied to library matters by Henry J. Carr in -1891, has been recognized recently by the Mayor of Rochester. Having in -hand the establishment of a central library and a system of branches, -he sent for a leading librarian of great experience, got his advice, -for which a liberal fee was paid, and no doubt thus saved for the -city thousands of dollars which might otherwise have been wasted in -experiments and bungling. - -“The internal arrangements should be devised by a person practically -acquainted with the working of such a library as the building -is intended to accommodate, and not by architects or building -committees” (or inexperienced librarians) “without such experimental -knowledge.”—_Fletcher._[67] - -“There is an increasing disposition in planning libraries, to turn to -experts,”—_Foster._[68] - -No experienced librarian would allow without vigorous protest such waste -of space and money as is referred to in the Boston _Transcript_[69] thus: -“The increased cost of administration in some of the newer palatial -library buildings is alarming. In one, the cost was nearly threefold, in -another nearly fourfold what it was before.” This might have been saved, -or at least largely reduced, by paying a modest fee to a good expert. - -Calculate the cost of each cubic foot of wasted space, the cost for -twenty years to come of lighting, heating, cleaning and repairs -for useless space; the salary of additional attendants to care for -unnecessary processes, and you will find that economizing on advice will -waste thousands of dollars. - - -Problem Always New - -It is folly to try to copy except perhaps in a minimum grade library—in -embryo or rudimentary form. Perhaps in a very small and remote community, -without a trained librarian, with no experienced librarians near, and far -from a library commission, it would be safe to ask a local builder or -carpenter to duplicate some small building pictured in such a manual as I -have suggested, by Miss Marvin and Mr. Eastman. But never except in the -smallest grade. - -Even among the libraries usually called small, there are differences of -site, location, community, state of development, size, methods, aims, -funds, prospects of growth, which will distinguish or should distinguish -each new building from all other buildings. As soon as a library begins -to have a character of its own—and this development comes early in -America—its library problem merits and absolutely requires independent -study. Every community, every institution, wants to have a library suited -exactly to its characteristics, and the library should have a building -suited exactly to its character. - -“The problem presented to an architect by a library board is always -essentially new.”—_Mauran._[70] - -“Special and local conditions place a new problem before the builder -every time.”—_O. Bluemner._[71] - - -Plan Inside First - -Librarian and architect should collaborate from the beginning in every -interior detail. The exterior should not even be considered until the -interior has been entirely mapped out. - -This elemental maxim does not appear to have been laid down until the -formulation of the “Points of Agreement.” Indeed, the first mistakes -in building libraries, and the mistakes still too often made, may be -attributed largely to the search for precedents in style, the formulation -of the exterior before what it is to hold or express is defined. Most -architectural competitions (except those held to dodge responsibility -in selecting an architect) arise from an impression on the part of the -building committee and the board and community they represent, that the -looks of the library building, the effect it makes on the public, is the -main thing to secure, not so much the proper housing and handling of the -books. - -The whole argument of this volume is that a library _is a library_, a -book- and study-workshop or factory; only incidentally an ornament; no -more, certainly, than a schoolhouse needs to be. If so, its motives -are all utilitarian, to be studied out first of all, thoroughly and -faithfully, before a thought is given to exterior conditions, or -any details of exterior or interior ornament. This consideration -should be reiterated and hammered into the consciousness of all -concerned—architect, committee, community. - -“Taking into account the practical uses of the modern library, it is -readily seen that it needs a building planned from inside and not -from without, dictated by convenience rather than taste, no matter how -good.”—_Fletcher._[72] - -“Consider the plans first, rather than the elevation. The outside of the -library building is its least important feature.”—_Duff-Brown._[73] - -The buildings planned thus, by gradual development of ideal interior -arrangements, are very likely in the hands of a skillful architect to -turn out architecturally beautiful. For the designer, as he has advised -about structural points has gradually evolved from these details a -harmonious conception of what the library is to be and do, the relation -it holds to its surroundings and to the public, until an ideal scheme of -proportion and sympathy flashes into his mind, and Utilitas has led him -up to complete Venustas. - - -Never Copy Blindly - -I should not suppose that any building committee would be senseless -enough to “convey” an exterior from another building labelled “library,” -and try to cram their own institution into it, but in reading a recent -number of _The Librarian_ of London, I found this paragraph:[74] “Within -the last few weeks the surveyor was instructed to draw plans from a -photograph of another institution.... Without knowing all the factors -going to the making of the plan of a library in another part of the -country it would be impossible to say, without consultation, that they -would be suitable for the particular circumstances of this one.” But -it is not necessary to go so far abroad for a warning. We all remember -that eminent trustees and a distinguished architect went farther to -appropriate a design, and imitate it here in America—not often accused of -poverty of invention. The cult that admired it, admired it so much as to -copy their borrowed work for buildings they labelled “libraries” all over -the United States. If you do not realize the fidelity of this “copy,” and -if you own Champney’s “Public Libraries,” look at page 134, “The Boston -Public Library,” and then turn to “Bibliothèque Ste. Geneviève, Paris,” -opposite page 139. And if you have Burgoyne’s “Library Construction,” -read pages 255 to 257, which reflect in mild and courteous terms the -criticisms of American librarians on this architectural plagiarism. To -recall the criticisms of Winsor, or Poole, or Cutter, would not be so -mild. - -As a result of similar mistakes, librarians are united as to slavish -imitations of exteriors or interiors, but perhaps some small libraries -might be willing to copy an interior arrangement more or less closely. -Before doing so, however, they should secure overwhelming testimony as to -the practical merits of the plan as adapted to new needs; and even then a -practical librarian and architect could probably find modifications which -would make it more thoroughly fitted to all local conditions. Certainly -another plan ought not be copied until after careful consideration of all -present and anticipated requirements of the problem in hand. - -“No library can be successfully imitated from another.”—_W. A. Otis_ -(architect).[75] - -“No model plan can be said to be best.”—_Burgoyne._[76] - -“It is useless to attempt setting forward an ideal plan.”—_O. -Bluemner._[77] - -“A building committee is not likely to secure what it wants by copying or -even by competition.”—_Eastman._[78] - -Study precedents always and thoroughly, but do not try to follow any of -them implicitly, nor expect to find a type or model you can imitate. - - -Study of Other Libraries - -=By Visit.= The best preparation for planning, and later the best test -and corrective of your plans, will lie in visits to other libraries of -like grade, size, character, and constituency as your own, especially -if their librarians are intelligent, experienced, and thoroughly frank -about both the merits and the faults of their buildings, and will tell -you what to avoid as well as what to imitate. Observe carefully (with -note-book and pencil in hand) size and collocation of rooms; height of -walls; dimensions and make of furniture; suitability and finish of all -materials; effect of coloring; placing and size of windows; distribution, -effectiveness, and economy of artificial lights; all the various points -which will aid you in solving your own problems. Carry a measuring tape, -and get all dimensions down to scale. If your architect can go with you, -at least on a second or review trip, so much the better. If he cannot do -this, have specific recommendations ready for him at your next conference. - -=Examining Plans.= Next to personal visits, intelligent inspection and -comparison of plans will help you after you have gone some way toward -formulating your own plans. I would not advise too premature, or too -promiscuous study of plans. There are so many accessible to a searcher, -of so many different grades, and such varying degrees of excellence, that -indiscriminate and reckless inspection is very apt to bring on mental -dyspepsia. - -Disregard at first exteriors, which distract attention from essentials. -Confine yourself to floor plans and interiors of libraries of your own -size and class. Preferably take modern plans, certainly those of leading -libraries in all sections which are imbued with the modern progressive -ideas. You will find no lack of material. If you use it wisely and -eclectically, it will help clarify your ideas. Note the plans which seem -to you best; go back to them again and again; at each study discard those -which are less satisfactory; and when you have reduced your list to a -few very nearly right, compare them with your own sketches until you are -quite sure that you have incorporated all their best points. - -You will not perhaps have much access to English books. If you do you -will find interesting views and plans in Duff-Brown, Burgoyne, Champneys, -and Cotgreave; but they will hardly help you much, because English -methods are somewhat different from ours. Some late plans for large -libraries, given in “The Librarian,” seem to show wasteful attempts -at architectural effect. Three things in the plans of small English -libraries, you will note, and should learn from—the clever adaptation of -irregular sites, the effective use of top-light, and the economy of space -in entrance halls. - -In America there are plans in plenty. The most helpful are the most -recent. - -Koch has over a hundred plans from all parts of the country, including -branches, most of them costing from $10,000 to $50,000. But as yet he has -no letter-press to explain the plans. - -Miss Marvin gives exterior and interior views and floor plans, with full -descriptions of twenty libraries, costing from $2,600 up to $75,000. -No one should plan a library of any size without giving her pamphlet a -careful reading. - -Eastman gives exteriors, interiors and floor plans of twenty-five -libraries, ranging in cost from $1,170 to $80,000. - -H. B. Adams has twenty-five exteriors, forty interiors and only thirteen -floor plans. Bostwick has seven floor plans. - -The Massachusetts Public Library Commission Report for 1899 shows one -hundred and twenty exteriors, with letter-press giving costs, but no -interiors or floor plans. - -The Boston Public Library Index to Plans of Library Buildings, second -edition 1899, refers to over twelve hundred illustrations in various -books, pamphlets and periodicals, of which the largest number are only -exteriors, a few are interiors, one hundred and twenty only are floor -plans. - -There are many exteriors of libraries, usually without interiors or floor -plans, published in popular and in architectural periodicals, but very -few of them furnish valuable suggestions as to planning. Indeed much plan -hunting will rather daze than instruct an investigator. A common defect -in plans is the total absence of information about the height of rooms—a -vital measurement. Indeed every plan should tell, both the height of each -story, floor to floor, and the height of each room, floor to ceiling. - -There are many interesting plans, with descriptions, scattered among -annual or special library reports, but these have not been indexed -together in any one place. If one of the library-schools could compile as -a thesis, an index to plans of library buildings in books and magazines, -distinguishing between exteriors, interiors, floor plans and letter-press -information, and if someone like Mr. Eastman or Miss Marvin could supply -comments as a guide through this mass of material, it would be a good -thing for the A. L. A. Publishing Board to father. The A. L. A. itself -once attempted to get a collection of floor plans and got about a hundred -sets as a start, but I believe has never prepared any such card-index of -features, with such comments as would make them valuable. I believe the -Library Bureau has also a considerable collection of plans. - - -The Life of a Library Building - -This is a crucial question in problems of building. In a recent -discussion as to how much should be appropriated a trustee soberly -urged that the library should have the finest, the most impressive, the -most beautiful building in town, and that it should be built solidly -enough to last hundreds of years, like the mediæval cathedrals. But -besides the question of first cost, how far can a town afford to go in -its expenditure for a library, while it has schools to build, roads to -improve, sewers to lay, parks and playgrounds to develop? Besides this -comes the question whether it is wise to erect such barriers to change as -the walls and partitions of a too solid building would offer. - -Opinion of librarians is practically unanimous to the effect that growth -or change of methods will bring need of alterations, additions, or entire -rebuilding, in all active libraries in less than a generation. Thus,— - -“Librarians are among the most progressive of the world’s workers and a -library building, however well arranged, may be out of date in a year or -so.”—_Edward B. Green._[79] - -“You cannot foresee the future. Provide for ten years” (in a small -library).—_Miss Marvin._ - -“Estimate growth for twenty years.”—_Eastman._ - -“It is not only unnecessary but unwise to plan for more than thirty years -ahead, because library administration may radically change.”[80] - -“Twenty-five years will probably find your building out of date, out of -place, and a burden.”—_Dana._[81] - -“In England the Manchester library outgrew its building in forty-three -years; at Leeds, in twenty-three years; at Glasgow, in twenty years; at -Birmingham, in thirty years.”—_Burg._[82] - -My own calculations have been made for twenty-five years and I should -call this the life of the average library building. Unless in very -stagnant institutions and communities, there is sure to come, in much -less than that time, say in five or ten years, growth in books or in -use, requiring enlargement; again, equal growth in the next five, or ten -years. Then the enlargements become entirely inadequate to new conditions -or new management, and by the time the building has been occupied -twenty-five years the trustees are fortunate if they have so little money -invested that they can afford to pull it down and build a more modern -building, arranged according to the latest ideas for the latest wants. - -On the other hand an institution or a town may have money given it by a -donor who wants a handsome and solid building. The question will then -arise, “How compromise between certainty of change, and desire for -permanence?” Why not in such case do what has been suggested for college -libraries—put up a fine façade, to last a century or more, and use -modern methods of light construction for all behind it; thus combining -architectural effect with ease of alteration? - - -The Time to Build - -=Don’t Build too Soon.= All authorities warn against building prematurely. - -“It is a risky undertaking for a board to erect a building in the first -stage of their enterprise. Better wait until its wants are developed in -temporary quarters.”—_Wm. F. Poole._[83] - -“Don’t build until you have the library, the librarian, and the -money.”—_J. C. Dana._[84] - -“Get your librarian, books, and methods first. Use rented rooms until you -know what you want. Almost any rooms can be made to serve as a beginning, -and can be so planned that the fixtures and furniture are all available -for a new building. Experience will then teach just the kind of building -that is needed for that particular town and library.”[85] - -=Alter Sparingly.= In a building given you already occupied, make such -not too expensive enlargements or alterations as growth absolutely -demands, but take a long look ahead toward rebuilding. With the changes -in library methods developing so rapidly, a patched old building soon -becomes hopelessly out of date, and clogs progress. Better save up money -and cultivate opinion in favor of building anew. Looking a generation -ahead, economy alone will demand, at some not distant time, a building -in which economy of time and service will be possible. Do not go down to -posterity in patched-up old clothes. - -=But Begin to Prepare Early.= As soon as your librarian is selected, your -books bought, and your method started, it is never too early to think and -talk building. It will take a long time of fixed purpose to work up to a -gift or an appropriation. To canvass merits of sites, to study precedents -of management, to calculate chances of development, to educate your -librarian, to watch and ask about architects, to pick out deliberately -the ideal building committee, will occupy many interesting hours at board -meetings and consume months or years of preparation. While you are about -it, time so taken will allow you to accumulate a lot of information, and -to mature your judgment. If you have your librarian get him to look up -the files of the library journals, and the annual reports of libraries -of your grade and class, and such as are rather ahead of you, who have -already realized what your future may be. In these you will pick up here -and there many useful hints of experience. If you go to library club -meetings and talk with trustees and librarians with similar problems -to yours; if you take an occasional leisurely jaunt to well-managed -neighboring libraries, you will absorb and be able to digest ideas which -a hurried search, after beginning to build, might not elicit just when -you want to use them. - -=And do not Put Off too Long.= But when you are ready, go! Patient -preparation has fitted all for wise decision and prompt action. There -is a psychological moment at which public or donor may be carried by -storm, and the necessary funds can be secured. He who hesitates then, -is surely lost. When the money is secured, and sufficient experience or -advice has been accumulated, the sooner you decide to begin to plan, the -better. Beginning to plan, however, is remote from actual building. “Well -lathered is half shaved” is a homely proverb, and the analogy holds in -library planning, even for the smallest building. Months to formulate and -fit together the first sketches, months to work them out practically with -the architect, many conferences with the building committee, time after -decision to prepare working plans, time still to invite and compare bids, -then the slow processes of building,—there is a deal of delay ahead after -the decision is made to build. You have just about got half through when -you finish these preliminaries. - -The time to build is therefore when you are very sure everything is -ripe for action;—methods, preparation, plans, enthusiasm, harmony, good -advice, suitable agents, sufficient funds. - - -Size and Cost - -At the outset either the cost must be estimated as the first step toward -getting an appropriation, a subscription, or a donation; or the cost has -already been provided for, and the first step must be to see how large a -building it will allow. - -In the former alternative, it is necessary to ascertain how many books -are to be provided for, how many readers there may be in the several -departments to be covered by the work of that particular library, and how -large a staff can be afforded, with ample elbow room for them all. The -figures thus collected will enable an expert to give the number of rooms -and passages required, with a maximum and minimum size, and a tentative -location of each room. By deciding on the number of stories and the -height of each, the architect can then pack all into the least possible -space and calculate first the area of each floor and the cubic contents -and cost of an adequate building, to be verified by the average cost of -similar libraries in similar locations, built under similar conditions. -A rough but surprisingly close estimate of the proper limit of cost may -be reached through reversing Carnegie’s stipulation for a pledge of an -annual ten per cent on cost for running expenses; and taking ten times -what the library costs a year to run, or will take after completion. The -result is testimony to the wisdom of Mr. Carnegie’s library advisers. - -In the latter alternative the librarian and architect can at once get -an approximation to a size which the cost will allow by dividing the -sum available by the same _pro forma_ cost per cubic foot. Having thus -arrived at the maximum of size, they can tentatively assume the height -and divide the cubic contents by it, to find how many square feet can be -afforded to a floor. After this comes the puzzle how to get into this -space the proper collocation of all the rooms wanted, as large as they -ought to be. - -See interesting calculation as to number of users to be provided for in -the different departments (in England, not quite the same as ours) for -towns of various sizes, by Champneys,[86] quoting Duff-Brown. His tables -may suggest a basis of calculation here. See also Duff-Brown in his own -book.[87] - -=The Cubic Cost.= This question is not difficult, if you can reach a -fairly exact standard for cost per cubic foot. Of course this will vary -with the material used, and with the cost both of material and labor -in different localities. Various authorities quote it variously. In -the problems I have personally investigated, in eastern New England, -I have found that thirty-five cents cost per cubic foot, for a simple -warehouse-construction building, including stack and furniture, was not -too much to allow. But Miss Marvin[88] says that in the Middle West -the building proper will cost from 11 to 14 cents per cubic foot, or -large solid buildings 20 to 25 cents, plus 10 per cent of the total for -fees, furniture and finishing. As I always include these items in my -calculations, the estimates are not far apart. - -Our English brethren are able to do somewhat better if Champneys is -correct—he ought to be, he is an architect. He says, “As a general rule, -1s. per cubic foot is probably about the right allowance in London, if -all fixtures are included, while 9d. or 10d., or less, is sometimes -sufficient in the provinces.”[89] Perhaps, however, he does not include -fees and furnishing. - -To calculate cubes, outside measurements of the walls should be taken for -the square area, and the height should be measured from the floor of the -basement to the roof, or to half-way from eaves to ridge-pole, if the -roof is not flat. - -=Limiting Annual Outlay.= In planning remember to watch not only first -cost, but future expense of running your library. The more expensive -your material, the larger its maintenance will probably be for care and -repair. The larger your halls and stairways, the more diffuse your rooms, -the farther departments are separated, the more wasteful your heating -and lighting, the more your service will cost. Good planning may easily -save you ten per cent on first cost, and twenty per cent every year for -the life of the building—a whole generation. Calculate this saving for -yourself, and be careful! - -“It is impossible to have good administration without a building properly -planned,”—_The Libr. Asst._[90] - -An architect generally overlooks those essentials which may appear -trivial, yet are of the greatest importance.—_Ibid._ - -=Cutting Down Cost.= From the first a wise planner will study to limit -expense in every detail. After all possible economy, however, the wants -will so outrun the possibilities, that when architect and librarian and -adviser have agreed on a plan and it has been accepted by the building -committee, the first experimental estimates will go beyond the limit. - -On what points will it be possible to cut down, without serious -sacrifice, from the library point of view? - -In the first place, _size_. As cost is largely in proportion to cubic -contents, every cubic foot saved pares down expense. It will generally be -hard to spare floor area anywhere, but there can often be reduction of -height in rooms or floors. The only real library requisites of height are -air-capacity, and reach of light from windows across rooms. The architect -often wants certain heights for architectural effect,—but always try to -pin him down to what is actually necessary for comfort in every room, and -point out where mezzanine rooms would serve in high stories. - -In the next place comes ornament, exterior and interior. In the John -Hay library at Brown University, several thousand dollars’ expense was -saved by omitting the cornice around the outside rear wall of the stack -room, without sacrifice of effect. In the Brookline cut-down,[91] several -thousand dollars were saved by omitting two ornamental but superfluous -gardens outside. - -In a city, try to get the park department to assume the cost of laying -out the library grounds. - -Then the entrance and halls and staircases, as originally sketched, will -be often found unnecessarily large when tested by library requirements. -At Brookline the larger part of the saving was made on such extras. -Outside steps, platform, columns, cornices, balustrades and the like, are -often superfluous. - -On material, again, much permissible saving can be made. Inquiry of the -architect will elicit that less expensive material or finish will give as -much strength, durability and also as good effect as the first choice. - -“Shingles instead of slate, plain glass instead of plate glass, cheaper -brick, cheaper finish, omitting fireplaces, using wood floors instead of -tile.”—_Miss Marvin._[92] - -“Don’t waste money in too substantial construction and -_fireproofing_.”—_Stanley._[93] - -When the inquiry is made of him, the architect will usually prove to be -suggestive as to economies. He will be much more interested in savings -than in extravagance, and he knows just where savings can be made without -real sacrifice of strength, utility, or beauty. In fact, it is here and -in suggestion of alternatives in meeting library needs, that a practical -architect will often surprise the librarian. - -Indeed, I have been surprised myself in finding how keen an architect -can be when this question comes up. One would think he would hate not -only to forego any of his commission, but also to give up what seem to be -essential elements in a harmonious scheme. But in all economies of this -kind in which I have taken part, the architect has thrown himself into -problems of saving with as much zeal as if he were to benefit rather than -the owner. - - -Open Access - -The admission of readers freely to the shelving, both readers who want -to select books to borrow for home-reading, and those who wish to select -from the shelves books for serious reading in the building, has become a -common policy of libraries under the name of “open access.” - -For the benefit of borrowers of new books, popular books or late fiction -(in children’s rooms, children’s books), open-access rooms are usually -provided with wall or floor shelving, or alcoves so widely spaced as to -allow free inspection of the books. Where there is not a separate room or -suite of rooms, there is a corner of the light-reading room shelved for -this use. - -See “Carrels”[94] as to open access to the stack. - -“Let the shelves be open, and the public admitted to them. Give the -people such liberty with their own collection of books as the bookseller -gives them with his.”—_Dana._[95] - -This development of use has changed the problems of planning in our -generation more than any other new idea, as will be realized in looking -at floor-plans of any of the old libraries. - -The decision of the librarian and the trustees as to what policy is to -be adopted in all parts of the building in relation to open access will -largely govern planning of all the departments. Even after a decision is -given, the question will arise, “Ought provision be made for possible -changes of method in future?” - - -Light, Warmth, Fresh Air - -After the library is finished, the staff will have to work and the public -to read in it. - -The eyesight of everyone that enters the building is dependent on the -steady soft incidence, reflection, diffusion, concentration, abundance, -of natural and artificial light supplied; their comfort summer and winter -depends on the amount of heat tempered or admitted; the clearness of -their brains, their ability to read and comprehend depends on methods -of ventilation; the permanent health of all obliged to stay any length -of time in the library may be seriously affected by the care or neglect -of those who plan these vital elements of construction. Better have the -building plain, even ugly, with these essentials perfect, than impressive -and elegant without them. - -From the very first, in planning small or medium, the large, or the -largest libraries—in corridors, rooms, hails, or stacks,—ponder these -needs as you go on, seek defects or merits in these directions as -you visit other buildings; set aside sufficient time for special and -deliberate study and review of these problems, librarian, adviser and -architect in solemn conclave, and resolve to have your building, in these -particulars at least, the best one not only in your own state, but in -America and in the world. - -As is elsewhere urged again and again, spend what money you have to -spare, in such essentials, rather than in the luxuries of unnecessarily -expensive material, decoration, or furniture. - -See special chapters, later on, on Lighting, Heating, and Ventilation. - - -Faults to be Looked For - -In visiting other libraries or looking at other plans, the virtues are -sometimes hard to detect, but there are some faults even a novice can -see. For instance— - - Heaviness or embellishment of exterior, unsuited to a library. - Arched or pointed, mullioned or leaded windows, obstructive of - light. - Domes, with rotundas beneath. - Columns and porticoes. - Overhanging roofs or cornices. - Stories, corridors, or rooms, unnecessarily high in the walls. - Waste of floor space. - Ornamental and excessively broad or massive stairways. - Stairs and corridors separating rooms which should adjoin. - Poor light anywhere; light in the eyes of readers instead of on - the backs or pages of books. - Drafts, or absence of air. - -These are a few common faults; any good librarian can suggest others from -his or her own experience. - -As the classes of library schools go about visiting libraries, it would -be well to have some expert instructor or guide point out obvious faults -of construction. The local librarian could best show merits. Special -reports or theses on buildings would advance the cause of rational -planning among the coming generation of librarians. - - -Frankness Among Librarians - -A certain amount of reticence among librarians in talking about faults of -their own buildings to visitors, leads me to write this chapter. Whether -it is due to diffidence in posing as critics without enough experience, -or more likely to a spirit of loyalty to their institution, I have not -been able to determine. But certainly such a spirit is disloyal to the -cause of library science. No progress can be made in building if every -librarian must act only on his own experience for his own building. Every -sensible man can see the good, the bad and the indifferent among the -tools put into his hands. Every practical man can suggest corrections of -faults, perfection of the mediocre, even improvement of the good. When -a brother-librarian who is about to build comes to ask advice and look -over methods and means, the largest loyalty is due to one’s profession -and the public, and the incumbent ought to give full benefit of his -experience and his opinion to the visitor, under the pledge of silence -if he wishes, but concealing nothing. His opinions may be mistaken, his -experience slender, but the very statement will challenge the judgment of -the inquirer and enlarge the scope of his vision. - -So the visitor in his turn, after going through his planning, and -occupying his new library, ought to pass the methods he has selected, -minutely in review, and speak or write of them to visitors, at clubs, or -in professional periodicals, with like frankness. If he will be candid -about his own experience, a librarian who has just built may be the -wisest critic possible, and may doubly help those who follow in his path. - -He who has experimented with a new device or a new method, if he tests -thoroughly, impartially and sanely, can be especially useful to his -fellows by frankness in reporting his praise or criticism. - -Indeed, every experienced librarian who is also ingenious, ought to -try experiments as he has the opportunity, not only in methods but in -appliances. A hundred bright minds, working in the same direction, will -be sure to hit upon new devices which will simplify processes and better -the building and furnishing of years to come. - - -Service and Supervision - -These are underlying elements of library planning which only a librarian -who has practised them thoroughly understands. Even the “library -architect” may fail to grasp these on a new problem. - -“Have the building convenient for both work and supervision, where many -a costly building fails. Have all departments in harmonious relations, -so as to serve the public best, and at least cost in money, time, and -labor.”—_Eastman._[96] - -=Service.= Short lines for every process are the essential. There -has been rather a tendency among architects to imagine that modern -contrivances can overcome space, but every step, every motion, takes -time; every step, every motion saved, promotes efficient service, and -keeps the public waiting a second less. If you use pages or “runners,” -plan to shorten their runs. If you use mechanical substitutes, speed them -up, run them on straight lines, avoid complications and corners. Study -every motion, every handling of a book in all the processes of a library, -and save a second here and a second there. In sizable buildings, you will -thus be able to save not only minutes but often hours through every work -day of their future. “Many a mickle saves a muckle,” is true of packing, -passing, cataloguing, handling, cleaning, collecting, distributing. - -Do not be deceived by the suggestion that labor-saving devices change -principles. A yard is more than a foot, by machine as well as by boy. -Save time on machines as on pages. Your needs will soon outrun both. - -=Supervision.= “Helpfulness should be aimed at, rather than supervision,” -says Champneys,[97] and certainly it should be aimed at _with_ -supervision. Accessibility to helpless inquirers invites as well as -facilitates easy inquiries. But in America we find that supervision -deters as well as detects disorder, noise, mutilation, theft. - -Duff-Brown[98] calls attention to one aid not often thought of,—the -supervision of one reader over another. This acts where students and -serious readers congregate, but somewhat fails in periodical and -light-reading and children’s rooms. There supervision is more necessary. - -In small libraries, supervision from the delivery desk is all that -is generally possible. It can be facilitated by open floors, glass -screens, avoidance of corners or projections, and radial bookcases. In -larger libraries, provision for attendants at strategic points, such as -corners which command adjoining rooms, can be so arranged as to help and -supervise with minimum service. A well-arranged desk for each attendant -placed thus on picket, will enable him or her to pursue any assigned desk -work, without interfering with supervision or information. - -Supervision of doors, entrance halls and stairways, is most necessary;—in -small libraries, from the desk; in large libraries, through hall porters, -who can also watch art treasures and exhibition cases, as well as direct -visitors, and avert undesirables. - - -Decoration: Ornament - -Ornament is the last thing to think of about a library. Noticeable -exterior ornament is not needed for dignity, and conflicts with -simplicity, two appropriate library qualities. “Outside ornament is often -vulgar,” says Champneys.[99] Even statuary is not in keeping unless the -building has memorial purposes, for which additional funds have been -provided. Inside attempts at ornament are often grotesque. Marble columns -are out of place, marble walls and staircases showy rather than sensible, -wall or ceiling frescoes distracting, floor inlays disconcerting. If -funds allow, such features and portraits in vestibules, passage-ways and -conversation rooms do not interfere with reading or service. Portraits -of donors or deceased trustees or librarians may do in delivery-rooms or -light-reading rooms in which exigencies of use require high enough walls -and few enough windows to leave available wall space. But in rooms for -serious reading, there should be no features of any kind to interfere -with reading or attract non-readers. Burgoyne comments,[100] “In Boston, -the decorative art makes the public rooms art galleries instead of places -for study. The two objects are quite incompatible. The crowds who gather -to inspect the decorations are a nuisance to the student who comes to -study.” See also the Report of the Examiners of the Boston Public Library -in 1895. - -“In the reading rooms, ornament which attracts the eye and creates -interest, is a hindrance to the usefulness of the rooms.”—_Beresford -Pite._[101] - -“Interior decoration should be subordinated to the use of the -building.”—_Champneys._[102] - -Isadore, Bishop of Seville[103] (A.D. 600) says that “The best architects -object to gilded ceilings in libraries, and to any other marble than -cipollino for the floor, because the glitter of gold is hurtful to the -eyes, while the green of cipollino is restful to them.” - -From this it appears that the architects of that age were more -considerate of readers than some in our own generation. - -=Coloring.= I would draw a distinction between ornament and decorous -decoration. If as much attention be given to the æsthetic influence as -to the irradiating and ophthalmic effects of shades of color on wall -and ceiling, the resulting beauty would at the same time charm, soothe -and satisfy all visitors. Sufficient study is rarely ever given to this -element of “Venustas.” In one of my own early problems, I employed a -young artist who had a reputation as a colorist, to select tints for -different rooms, with a result which fully justified the small fee he -charged. - -See four tints suggested at page 15 of the Boston report, mentioned under -“Light, Artificial.”[104] From that report,[105] I quote:— - -“For bright, sunny rooms a very light green is probably the best shade.” - -“For darker rooms, a light buff.” - -“The ceiling should be white, or slightly tinted.” - -“The woodwork should be of a light color such as that of natural woods. -_Under no circumstances_ are dark walls and woodwork permissible.” - -(This applies to schoolrooms, but what applies to scholars equally -applies to readers in libraries, and these precepts apply to furniture as -well as to the other woodwork.) - -Miss Marvin[106] suggests that,— - -“Green, yellow, terra-cotta, light brown, and tan are good.” - -“No decoration is necessary except tinting.” [Excellent.] - -“Corticene or burlap is good background for pictures.” - -“Only one color is desirable for the interior of a small library.” - -=Reflection of light.= Not only is color of walls and ceiling a prime -element in decoration, but it also plays a large part in the cheerfulness -and effectiveness of diffused light, both natural and artificial; -especially in systems of indirect lighting. To select colors bright -enough to reflect, and soft enough not to dazzle, is one of the nice -problems of planning. - - -Architectural Styles - -I dislike to stray upon the architect’s province, but this subject -affects planning so radically, that I will venture to allude to it here, -not as advice to architects but as a warning to building committees. In -many conditions for competitions and in many discussions among trustees -where there happen to be amateurs in architecture on the board, I see -directions or hear suggestions about this or that style. To formulate any -specific direction to the architect on this point at the outset seems -to me a fatal mistake. The style ought to develop from the needs of the -particular problem in hand. Until the architect knows just what he has to -construct, to prescribe any conventional style only cramps him. Neither -practical libraries nor American architecture can be developed by such -swaddling clothes. Select an architect who can be regarded as competent -and let him choose or create a style without lay dictation, after he -comprehends his whole problem. Remember, you are not burying an old -style; you are in at the birth of a new one. - -“The most noticeable thing about architectural styles is the -spontaneity of their growth, developing from the obvious conditions of -building.”—_Russell Sturgis._[107] - -“Having agreed on a good plan, you cannot properly say to the architect, -‘We must have a classical building.’ It is the most difficult of -all styles; formal symmetry requiring exceptional skill in the -architect.”—_W. A. Otis._[108] - -Montgomery Schuyler writes, in his article on the “United States,” for -Sturgis’s Dictionary of Architecture,[109] “For more than a generation, -scarcely a public building was erected which was not at least supposed -by its builders to be in the Grecian style. Nothing could have been -practically more inconvenient than the requirement that one or more -parts of a building divided into offices should be darkened by the -projecting portico. In many cases this difficulty was sought to be -obviated by converting the central space into a rotunda,—a wasteful -arrangement.” Such is an architect’s comment on a feature which has been -the librarian’s _bête noir_. - -To quote further from this interesting article:— - -“The United States had thus nothing to show in current building but -copies of a pure and refined architecture, implicated with dispositions -entirely unsuitable to almost all practical requirements. - -“Even the most thoughtful of revivalists were apt to take mediæval -architecture as a more or less literal model, rather than as a starting -point for modern work. - -“The later graduates (of the French school) devoted themselves, not -to developing an architecture out of American conditions, but to -domesticating current French work.” - -(By the Chicago World’s Fair) “classic, in one or another of its modes, -was re-established as the most eligible style for public buildings. No -architect would now think of submitting in competition a design for a -public building, in any other style than that officially sanctioned in -France. - -“There is no longer any pretence of using the selected style as a basis -or point of departure to be modified and developed in accordance with -American needs and ways of thinking, and with the introduction of new -material and new modes of construction.... In civic buildings it may -be said as a rule that there is no longer even an aspiration toward a -national architecture.” - -After discussing at length modern commercial buildings, Mr. Schuyler -concludes with a sentence which may well be applied to libraries: “Out of -the satisfaction of commonplace and general requirements may arise the -beginnings of a national architecture.” - -Will there ever be evolved a distinctive library architecture? I -hardly think so. It will be possible to recognize a library as you can -now tell a schoolhouse; but libraries if well planned will have more -individualism, I think, more characteristic charm, than the generality of -schoolhouses, but not a uniform architecture. - -It is possible indeed that library loveliness will be developed as a -recognizable type. - - -Amateurs Dangerous - -In looking back on the experience of thirty years, I am inclined to think -that most danger in library planning lies in amateur interference. Not -so much in amateur librarians. When a trustee gets interested in library -methods he often graduates into the profession, and becomes a leader. For -instance, Justin Winsor, who began as a trustee, became a librarian, and -by vigorous work did more to make his occupation a profession than any -other one American. Even when the trustee stops short of this, he may -sometimes worry his librarian by half-knowledge and undue interference -in administration, but such a man is not apt to impede in building, for -his library zeal will move him to support the practical side in any -discussion. - -But when a trustee (or, alas! a librarian) is an amateur architect, one -of those laymen who spend an English vacation all in cathedral towns, and -a French tour all in the château district, he is apt to be troublesome, -and to want what he considers good style in architecture rather than good -methods of administration. If he is put on the building committee, and -it selects a too artistic architect, one who magnifies “Venustas” unduly -at the cost of “Utilitas,” the library is doomed. Its new building may -be widely pictured in the magazines, but it will not be so much used -by readers, or praised by librarians. Better modest ignorance, with -common-sense, than too much half-knowledge and pseudo-taste in art or -architecture. - - -Dry-rot Deadening - -One of the greatest dangers in building is dry-rot—not in material or -books, but human desiccation. - -There is not much to fear from the architect. Unless he is too much -wedded to precedents and styles, he will be progressive enough, under -good advice. But a board of trustees, often composed of elderly men, may -be ultra-conservative, remembering and clinging to the memory of library -methods and especially old styles of library buildings, current when -they were young. If they are wise enough, however, to choose a building -committee of sane and open-minded men, whose recommendations, founded on -expert advice, they will listen to, these votaries of tradition will not -prove too obstructive. - -After all, the real danger is from the local librarian who has stopped -growing. Just as there are children in school who are bright scholars -only up to a certain point, where they seem to stop growing, there are -men and women librarians, very progressive at first, who come to an age -of suspended growth, and absolutely exclude either new ideas or the -comprehension of future development. They may have served so well in the -past, or be so popular personally, or discharge many of their functions -so well, that they are retained in their positions as librarians. They -may still be useful in the every-day service of the public, but such -stunted progress will utterly unfit them to act as building advisers, who -require a large view of the future. If you have such a one as your local -librarian, it is your first duty to get him the best expert you can find -to spur him up. Unless the reactionary is also impracticable or jealous, -he may work well in harness with an adviser, by giving full presentation -of local needs. - - - - -C. - -PERSONNEL - -_In this Book are discussed the various phases of the personal equation -which affect the success or failure of library planning._ - - - - -C. - -PERSONNEL - - -The Public - -The root of library opinion and support is public sentiment. Indirectly, -it nourishes the spirit which inspires the private donor. Directly, it -supplies the impulse which founds the library; the enthusiasm which -supports it liberally; the civic wisdom and pride which erect buildings; -the large and democratic taste which approves adequate facilities, sound -construction, quiet and appropriate beauty in building. - -The aim in the United States is to make the library an essential part of -education, not only in acting with the school system, but in carrying -on the graduate to a larger education at home, not only literary and -social, but industrial as well, so as to develop law-abiding and useful -citizens. There is a further aim, akin to that of parks and playgrounds, -in providing a sober recreation to rival the attractions of saloons and -street corners and dance halls. - -When the public can be convinced that its library works to these ends -and is economically and efficiently managed, the community will support -it generously. When the time comes for building, sufficient funds can -generally be got without trouble. The voters will not forget Washington’s -injunction, “Promote, as objects of primary importance, institutions for -the general diffusion of knowledge,” and they will rank the library first -among such institutions. - -“There is probably no mode of spending public money which gives a -more extraordinary and immediate return in utility and innocent -enjoyment.”—_Stanley Jevons_, quoted by Crunden. - -In library building, realize that the public, which pays, should get -every possible service in its best form, service for educated and -uneducated readers; for workmen and workwomen, as well as for scholars, -for the children of all, and for the teachers of the children. Especial -thought should be given to those citizens who can have no large libraries -of their own. Your library should be made so simple and homelike that it -will invite them as a home or a club they own. - -=Wise Election of Trustees.= The town can begin to provide for wise -building by paying some attention to selecting suitable trustees. The -position is an honorary one in most towns, and is usually given to -clergymen, lawyers, men of literary taste, each of whom is, as it were, -citizen emeritus, retired from active life, and remote from the wants -of the public. The board is apt to become a cosy club, and to get into -a rut. Especially is this so if it is in-breeding; allowed to select -its own members, and to become a clique. If Harvard College cannot -allow its overseers to serve more than two terms successively, towns -should not allow any town board to become perpetual. Especially may this -autocracy work harm in building. Men chosen for literary taste are not -always the most practical. There ought to be on the board of trustees -representatives of every section and every large element in the town. -Among them there should be enough wise, level-headed men to make up a -building committee, just the kind of men who would naturally be selected -as building committee of a bank or church, men of judicial temperament -who can weigh the argument of librarian and architect, and of sober -judgment to curb extravagance in either. It is the part of the public to -elect such men, and to defer to their judgment when selected. Literary -taste is not needed on building committees. The librarian ought to know -how to handle books; his judgment will suffice. Artistic taste is not -needed; a good architect ought to have that in his training. - -=Judgment.= In one final point the public can help good planning; in -their expression of opinion, their criticism or approbation of the -building after completion. - -Even the stranger who flashes through the town in his automobile can -carry away into his own community an intelligent lesson. If the building -has been properly planned, he should say, “That is evidently a library, -a good library; just suited to this town (or institution), and evidently -doing good work here.” - -The citizen of the town should criticize its exterior not so much for -splendor as for appropriateness and good taste. Does it suggest to him, -and invite him to, the study of books or the recreation of reading? Even -then, better suspend judgment until he sees or hears how the new library -works as a library. If he can educate himself to this degree, his lay -comment will have some share in the progress of library science. - - -Place of the Library Among Buildings - -A great deal of doubt prevails in communities as to just how much money -they are justified in putting into a library building. In some towns, -a disposition is shown by local economists, to give it a low relative -position. They will grant liberal appropriations for a florid town hall, -for a large high school, for a commodious grammar or primary school, -for a handsome headquarters for the fire department, even for a granite -police station, but they hesitate at a roomy building for the public -library. This is a narrow way to look at it, for many more residents are -served and largely served by a library of the modern active type, than -by any one school or other institution. It has often been said forcibly, -that the library should rank just ahead of the high school, and have a -better building and better support. - -=Site.= Though the choice of the site falls to the trustees, liberality -in buying it and public spirit in offering sites at a low price, are -incumbent on citizens, as well as discouragement of squabbles arising -from desire to benefit real estate in different localities. A large -charity should be extended to the trustees, under their perplexities, and -a ready confirmation of their choice. - -=Ornament.= There is often an opinion in the community, perhaps even -among the trustees, in favor of more solid construction or more -ornamental features than are necessary or appropriate in a public library -building. This should be stoutly contested by the more sensible citizens, -on the ground that a library is no more the object of unnecessary -expense or elaboration, than a schoolhouse. It is a fairly well settled -idea that schoolhouses should not be extravagant, on the ground both of -economy and good taste. It should not be hard to persuade a community -to the same conviction as to libraries. If, however, the opinion is -obstinate, the suggestion might be made that a sum be appropriated -sufficient to provide an ample but simple library building, and then -offer a vote of an additional sum for architectural elaboration. This -would bring the question squarely before the people. - -The trustees ought to be left to work out their own problem first and ask -for the necessary funds. If their request seems proper, and the trustees -have the confidence of the public, the funds should be promptly voted. If -not, a committee which has the confidence of the public can be appointed -to report, but when they report the trustees should be left to plan the -library. They will have to run it. If they still lack your confidence, -change them at the next election. - - -The Donor - -More striking even than the library movement itself, and than public -liberality toward libraries, are the constant and generous gifts of -private citizens, not only to their native towns, and as memorials to -friends, but even to needy communities alien to the giver. - -“The most wonderful phenomena in American social development.”—_H. B. -Adams._[110] - -Of these donors Andrew Carnegie has been the chief and the exemplar. -His generosity has been wise, helpful, discriminating. He has avoided -pauperizing his beneficiaries and has stipulated that they also help -themselves, sometimes in building, always in supporting. He has carefully -apportioned his gifts to the size and needs of each institution or -community. Most other donors have followed his example, and the library -movement has been judiciously forwarded by these public-spirited friends. -Of the buildings reported in the Massachusetts 1899 Report, 103 were -gifts (10 old buildings, 93 new) from private donors, and 19 more part -public, part private. It is not always possible to praise the libraries -they have built; it is wise sometimes to ignore their motives; but the -wisdom of their intentions deserves high praise and lavish gratitude. -This generosity has not been confined to America. Edwards[111] notes -that out of 180 special libraries he enumerates from all countries, 164 -were gifts. Fletcher[112] listed 60 such gifts in America when he wrote, -without counting Carnegie. The best gifts are those which give a sum for -building and another for books and care. Thus John Jacob Astor[113] left -to the Astor library, $175,000 for a building, $120,000 for books, and -$205,000, the interest to go to maintenance. - -This tide of benefactions may last even through the generation which will -follow Carnegie and his fellows, and will doubtless parallel the progress -of public building for many years to come. - -All donors, however, have not been as wise. Some of them have -overweighted quiet communities with grotesque piles. Some of them have -impoverished poor communities by expensive piles without endowment. - -“There is a small library building in a Connecticut town, designed on a -lavish classical scale. Its centre is formed by a large, round and empty -vestibule fit rather to receive a swimming tank than a delivery desk. A -beautiful dome covers this vestibule, and makes the exterior look like a -mortuary chapel. Such a mistake has cost $300,000, besides the expense of -administration.”—_O. Bluemner._[114] - -But this bizarre feature was not all the architect’s fault, it was mainly -the donor’s. A prominent architect told me that this commission was first -given to him. He studied the needs of the town, and its characteristics, -and following his instructions not to spare cost, he designed as fine a -library as he thought would suit and serve such a place. On taking his -sketch to the donor, he was met with the contemptuous speech. “If that is -the finest library you can get up, I will find an architect who can do -better.” And he did. “Thus,” said my friend, “I learned a lesson not to -cut down my fee by being too conscientious.” - -The worst mistake a donor can make is to give the building of the library -to some protegé, or favorite architect, without engaging a library expert -to advise him. There is one prominent university where all the buildings -are useful and beautiful but one. This a donor gave, but got a young -friend to design it in New York, without seeing the site, or consulting -the professors in charge. The result is a blot and a shame. - -=A Library no Taj Mahal.= If any millionaire sees this whose affection -for a lost friend leads him to build a library as a memorial, let me -earnestly beg him to make his building very modest and practical,—with a -commensurate endowment, if he will. But if he wants to build a beautiful -tomb, as he has a right to do, let him select some other more appropriate -form. A library, of all institutions, is alive and always busy. The work -it can do might be a lasting memorial to a lovely and useful character, -but not if it is smothered and deadened by an architectural snuffer. -I would suggest that a fine gift to a small town would be a group of -buildings, say a town hall, a library and a high school, the three -separate but connected by arcades, a noble but not oppressively grand and -out-of-place trio; each simple and perfect for its use and place. - -The library, properly criticised by Mr. Bluemner, cost $300,000. The town -in which it is situated had at the time its library was given, about -4,000 population. In looking over the list of Carnegie gifts, I note that -a town of 6,000 was allotted $15,000 as his idea of a suitable building -for so small a place. Twenty libraries of this size could be built for -the cost of the Connecticut misfit. - - -The Institution - -Any library owned by an institution and not by the public, ought to have -as good and as thorough advice as it can get from the wisest and most -experienced librarians of similar institutions, which its own librarian -or any expert will know how to elicit. It will be fortunate if it can -secure as its own expert, some such librarian who has recently gone -through the whole experience of building. - -The officers of the institution should define beforehand, just what -scope its library is to cover; just how it is to serve members, special -students and visitors; how much money will be required for suitable -building and thorough equipment; where enough money is to come from; what -site (if site is not already chosen) is most central for probable readers -and will lend itself most readily to the purposes of the association. - -If its library is sufficiently large for a suite of rooms, but not large -enough to demand a separate building, its trustees and architects should -devote to the library, if possible, a separate floor or a separate wing -or special ell, with provisions for differentiation, change, and growth, -and should so locate other departments that are most closely affiliated -with the library, in the closest juxtaposition. - -Indeed, where the library has begun to be important, rooms need expert -advice in location and details almost as much as the building. But -when it has attained the dignity of separate housing, all that is said -elsewhere about expert advice applies with double force to a highly -specialized institution. - - -The Trustees - -To the trustees falls full and final responsibility for all library -building. They formulate the needs of the library, get the funds from -the proper body, choose the site, elect the librarian, and select the -architect. After hearing the librarian and architect, they decide on all -its exterior and interior features. With them should really rest either -praise or blame for the result. Unlike the librarian and architect, they -serve without stipend. They deserve every consideration and full support. - -But not every trustee is an archangel. Boards of trustees may harbor -many faddists, many cranks, many busy-bodies. How to head these off from -meddling with building is a problem in tact. There is often a member who -“knows it all,” and cannot be moved by any expert advice. He is just the -man who wants to take control. He is dangerous. - -“More buildings are spoiled by clients than by architects.”—_E. B. -Green._[115] And this kind of trustee is the client who is most apt to -spoil the library. - -“The trustee will be careful not to consider himself an expert.”—_Dr. -Jas. H. Canfield._[116] But if there is a sane majority who realize the -seriousness and extent of their task, they can at least select their -sanest three to serve as a building committee, delegating to them details -of investigation, reserving to the full board only important points -reported by the committee. - -In small communities the trustees will probably be men of greater -experience in affairs than their librarian, and better able to make -investigations than he. They will also be better able to deal with the -architect, and to judge the soundness of his advice. As the library is -larger, large enough to have a mature and trained librarian, the board -need not take an active part but may be content to serve as a court of -appeal. - -Experience of the past has shown that there are two prevalent dangers: -_first_, the idea that the board has a primary function to make their -building an ornament to the town or institution; _second_, the delusion -of some member that a little dabbling in architecture or building has -made him competent to advise the architect. - -If a library can be made both practical and beautiful within the -appropriation by expert advice, free from amateur experience, it is -enough for the trustees to take pride in, that they have furnished wise -guidance to such a happy result. Interference with technical details -on their part is very unwise. The board should realize that they are -trustees of the library, not an Art Commission, and that the special -trust committed to them, the trust to which they must be true, is the use -of books, not the abuse of architecture. - - -The Building Committee - -Pick out the building committee very carefully, for fitness, not out of -courtesy, or because certain members want to serve on it. - -A judicial disposition, common sense, an open mind, are necessary; for -they have to consult and instruct the architect and the library expert, -to ratify their recommendations and decide where they differ. - -The constitution of this committee is really the crux of building. On -their judgment rests the event of success or failure in planning. Their -chief duty is to weigh the advice of experts. - -“The Building Committee usually has very vague ideas [at first] about -size, location or requirements.”—_Bluemner._[117] - -Once constituted, this committee should relieve the board of minutiæ of -planning. If they are wise, they will throw the burden of all inquiry, -inspection and initial steps on librarian and architect. If these agree, -the committee may take steps to verify their conclusion, but need not -be themselves active. Their function is like that of a “struck jury,” -to report from time to time to the full board for ratification of their -decisions. Perhaps their most difficult function will be to curb the -architect in expense and unnecessary ornament. - -They will have all they ought to try to do, in deciding various questions -which will arise in planning, and in their services as umpires they can -earn the thanks of their fellow-citizens. - - -Free Advice - -If you hesitate to pay money for an expert to give special study to all -your problems of planning, you can get good advice from many sources in -driblets. In the first place, your librarian will naturally contribute -all he knows without extra charge. In England, Duff-Brown suggests -that at the outset candidates for librarianship should be asked, “Do -you possess any practical knowledge of library planning?”[118] This -qualification is not often considered in America; and the ordinary -library education and experience do not develop it. But your librarian -may happen to have served through building problems in some previous -position. If such an expert has thus been fortunately secured in advance, -his advice will be freely given. Even if not, any fairly good librarian -ought to know where to look in books for information, and to gradually -formulate his ideas, to be put into such brief and pointed queries as he -is justified in propounding to other librarians. - -If you have a state library commission, you are allowed to ask counsel -from them. In some states the law provides that they shall give expert -advice on building, when asked for it. In all states such a custom -prevails. If there is no commission in your state, the commission of a -neighboring state would doubtless be glad to advise. - -To good librarians everywhere, even to those who have become paid -experts, you can always look for such gratuitous consideration as -does not make too much demand on their time. Their experience and -judgment will be generously given free. “If there be any profession in -which there is community of ideas,” says Miss Plummer, “it is that of -librarianship.”[119] But always remember that librarians whose advice is -worth asking, are very busy with the work of their own libraries. - -“Information _on specific points_ is freely given by librarians, but -in the midst of pressing official duties it is often a severe tax on -their time. It is also impossible, in the brief space of such a reply, -and without learning the resources at command, to give much useful -information.”—_W. F. Poole._[120] - -Boil down your queries, into pointed questions which can be briefly -answered. Draw them off in a list, with spaces for answers, which can be -filled in and returned without labor of copying, and enclose a stamped -return envelope. So will you not “ride a free horse to death,” and will -preserve your adviser fresh for further usefulness. - - -But be Sure to Get Good Advice - -Either from your own librarian or his friends, or from a library -commission, get thorough advice and special study for every point in -every department as you plan, and before allowing any exterior features -to be settled. Do not put too heavy a burden of responsibility on the -architect. - -“He should not be expected to furnish the idea of the building. Its -planning is a separate problem to be solved. It is the business of the -owner, not of the architect, to decide this.”—_Patton._[121] - -“Do not rely entirely on an architect, however great his artistic and -technical qualifications.”[122]—_Duff-Brown._ - -“Most of the unsuitable buildings are due to unstated problems. Too much -of the lay trustee, _too much of the librarian himself sometimes_, who -thought he knew, but didn’t, have been the causes.”—_B. R. Green._[123] - -Indeed, rather than trust to incompetent library advice or an -inexperienced architect, I would suggest going to the Library Bureau and -giving them charge of building. They would at least know where to go -for competent advice, and would not charge any more profit on what they -expended than experts deserve. So thinks B. R. Green.[124] - -“Many librarians are burdened with repeated calls for information which -more properly ought to be obtained from an independent expert.”—_H. J. -Carr._[125] - -But, remember, in getting such advice from busy librarians, you are -getting only their opinions, founded on experience and impressions, but -not on careful and minute study of conditions involved in your problem, -to which they cannot afford to give due consideration. - -The fable of the lawyer is here germane, who, when reproached by a -friend, “That advice you gave me was worth nothing, absolutely nothing,” -replied, “Well, isn’t that just what you paid me for it?” - -The off-hand answer of a librarian, even an expert, may or may not fit -the case. He is certainly not to be blamed if it does not fit, unless he -has been duly retained, and has taken time for mature study of all the -facts. - - -The Local Librarian as Expert - -“No plan should be drawn up or accepted without the skilled guidance of a -thoroughly trained expert.”—_Duff-Brown._[126] - -Is your own librarian such an expert? It is assumed that you have one, -for some sort of a librarian is a prerequisite of even a rudimentary -library. - -“First appoint your librarian: the rapid growth of library interests -has necessitated expert service in a multitude of essential -details.”—_Professor Todd._[127] - -“Should be a scholar and a person of executive ability, versed in all -departments.”—_Fletcher._[128] - -The local librarian is undoubtedly expert in most processes of -librarianship, but is he or she such an expert—not theorist, but -expert—in building, that other librarians look up to him for expert -advice on that subject? If not, does not your problem deserve the advice -of some librarian in whom others have confidence? Do you not need the -best advice you can get? - -Has your librarian the natural aptitude for planning, which would have -made him a good architect? - -Has he the presence and force which would lend weight to his opinions -against a positive architect? - -“Has he a mind broad enough to argue on equal terms with an experienced -architect?”—_Mauran._[129] - -Should you consider him “a capable man of business,” as Mr. Hallam -suggested thirty-two years ago? - -Is he too young to teach, or too old to learn? - -“A very good librarian may yet have no great fitness for the task of -planning a building.”—_Miss West_ (_now Mrs. Elmendorff_).[130] - -And a junior librarian need not feel hurt if he is not trusted as an -expert. As the best English authority[131] says: “Do not expect too much -from a low-priced librarian.” To this I should add, “Do not expect too -much of any librarian, even a leader in the profession, and do not expect -omniscience of leaders.” - -And it is, of course, superfluous advice not to take your local librarian -at his own valuation. He is most likely to assume the function of an -expert in building when he is least fitted. The really experienced -librarian is apt to be modest and to ask assistance, in the belief that -“two heads are better than one.” It will not be difficult, through a -little quiet inquiry, to find where you can get the best advice, at home -or elsewhere. - - -The Library Adviser - -“No library board should attempt building without taking counsel of -someone who has made the subject a special study, and has had experience -in library management.”—_Poole._[132] - -If you want to get a really good library, which can be worked easily, -economically and effectively for years to come, and if you are not quite -satisfied to leave the entire responsibility to the librarian you happen -to have, or the architect you happen to get, there is a chance for you to -employ, for a far less sum than a competition would cost, such a library -expert as will be able to give you aid just where and when everyone may -need it most; an adviser who can limit expense of construction, augment -capacity, provide for the best and cheapest service, explain your needs -to the architect, avoid friction, and bring to the best issue the -countless puzzling queries which will arise after the plans are settled, -the contracts let, and you plunge into the pitfalls of building and -furnishing. Contract with this adviser for the whole problem, from start -to finish,—you will want him to appeal to, up to the very end, and it is -poor economy to try to scrimp on trifles. - -“Committees who work without a trained adviser are certain to spend many -times more ... in futile and expensive experiments.... No plan should be -drawn up or accepted without the skilled guidance of a thoroughly trained -librarian.”—_Duff-Brown._[133] - -“In this era of the establishment of so many new libraries, and the -gift of so many hundreds of buildings, there is decided need for the -effective service of a consulting librarian. Many serious mistakes are -made, especially in building, for want of a competent professional -adviser.”—_H. J. Carr._[134] - -As two or more counsel are often called in to the trial of a case at -law, the importance of library planning demands strong reinforcements -for the local librarian. An architect, usually a mature man of affairs, -experienced not only in building, but also with men, should be met -with equally experienced library advice, lest the library side be -overborne. Experience will respect experience, but hesitate to yield to -half-knowledge. - -It will be possible to get such aid in any part of the country. I -should say that there are at least fifty able librarians in the United -States who have had such experience in building as would qualify them -as experts. Their names could be learned from any library commission, -or from any good librarian. “Authoritative recognition of experience -and learning stamps a man as trustworthy.”—(_Libr. Asso. Record._) Few, -perhaps, have worked through all the problems of a very large library. -Many have built libraries or branches in the other grades. In the -branches, large librarians have faced the requirements of small libraries -and would be competent advisers for any grade. The experts in any -particular class (except public libraries) are fewer, but could be easily -found. With demand, experts will multiply. No new library need lack a -suitable adviser, if the local librarian will ask for one, and trustees -can see their way to employ him. - -As to the fee, the need is so new, that no professional scale has been -prescribed. But for service from start to finish, as I have recommended, -one per cent on the total cost would not seem too large for the time -demanded, the services rendered, and the ends gained. - -(To compare library advisers’ fees with architects: The American -Institute of Architects have set as a minimum fee, six per cent on the -total cost of the building. For preliminary studies alone, one fifth of -this fee is to be charged. This would be over one per cent. The library -adviser has very little to do with structural planning or construction. -His work corresponds fairly well with “preparing preliminary plans,” -so that one per cent would seem to be a fair fee to offer. If he is -competent he can save ten times this by pointing out better methods and -practical economies.) - -It will be always an open question whether the expert, when chosen, can -spare and be granted time from his duties in his own library. His board, -however, would usually feel moved by courtesy to grant such time as he -needed, beyond his free evenings and holidays. - -Briefer consultations would merit special fees, to be agreed upon. In -view of the expert character of the service they should be as liberal as -can be afforded. - - -Selecting an Architect - -In some states or cities, laws or public conditions may compel -competition, and even where there is no such necessity, solicitation, -especially from relatives and friends, makes a direct choice -embarrassing. But trustees who have the courage, as they have the clear -right, to make a choice, will certainly save money, gain time, be sure -of a good working library and of an appropriate and pleasing exterior, -and stand a better chance of pleasing everyone, by letting librarian, -architect and building committee get to work at the plans as soon as the -site has been chosen. - -So when you have got a good librarian as a champion, the next step is to -get an architect. You need one— - - To advise on site; - To help plan the interior; - To consider material and construction; - To design the exterior; - To draw working plans; - To invite bids; - To prepare and let the contract; - To superintend construction. - -For this you must have on such an important and technical building as -a library, thorough professional education, experience in designing -and building, knowledge of men; and of course, intelligence, tact, -tractability, ingenuity, sagacity, and honesty. - -Consider all these qualities in your choice. If your library is beyond -the small stage, and especially if you have secured an expert library -adviser, you do not so much need an architect who has built libraries. -You do not need him for library advice as much as for the duties -scheduled above. He needs advice about the special requirements of -this problem. Possibly previous ill-advised experience might leave him -stubborn in bad ways. - -“If it be practicable to engage an architect at the outset, it is the -better course,” and remember, “The most competent architect is not likely -to seek employment most aggressively.”—_Bernard R. Green._[135] - -“It is best to select the architect before the site is selected. His -advice will be useful. Commissions or librarians who have built can -suggest one.”—_Miss Marvin._[136] - -But the most important question in regard to an architect is, does he -belong to the school which exaggerates _Venustas_ in all building, or the -better school which accepts _Utilitas_ as the key to library problems? - -I heard President Faunce of Brown at a building committee meeting ask of -the architect whom they were “sizing up,” this question: “Do you believe -in planning the exterior or the interior first?” The answer came, prompt -and decided, “I want the interior fully planned first; in no other way -can I evolve appropriate architecture.” A year later, at another meeting, -President Faunce asked the architect, “How are you satisfied with your -library, now that you see it built?” “Very well,” was the answer. “I -ought to be, because I have never had a problem so thoroughly presented.” - -A similar question ought to be asked every architect before finally -engaging him. If he wants to plan the exterior first, he belongs to the -class of architects who ought to plan tombs, not libraries. Reject him, -however famous or influential or persistent he or his friends may be. - -=Base of choice.= It is wise, in the first place, to disregard pressure. -The best architects will rarely try to use it, or allow it to be used for -them. A dignified letter, with reference to work they have done, will be -all they would allow. Distrust activity in application. - -“Announcement brings letters of solicitation from architects or their -friends, and all sorts of intrigues. In private work, it is usual to -appoint the architect outright.”[137] - -If you have a satisfactory expert as a librarian or adviser, any -architect who has done good work will do, even if he has had no direct -experience with libraries. - -“The number of libraries an architect has built makes little -difference.”—_Marvin._[138] - -Prominence, though, is not necessary. A good authority already quoted, -says: “The best of architects, standing at the head of their profession, -have failed in practical library designing, some of them to a ridiculous -degree.”[139] We all could point out such men. - -Get an energetic, young architect for a small library; the large firm -must turn over details to a subordinate. - -“A local architect, if competent, may be better than one at a -distance.”—_Bostwick._[140] - -If you think it best to try to save on a library adviser and yet do not -fully trust the experience or the persuasiveness of your own librarian, -it will probably be best, especially in small buildings, to find an -architect who has already built satisfactory libraries, and who ought to -know at least how to avoid bad blunders. But here again do not take his -unsupported testimony to his experience. Make private and careful inquiry -of the librarians he has worked with, and those librarians who have had -to operate his buildings. - -“Look around, inquire about different men; make inquiries from those who -have worked with each. Select him before he has been allowed to make a -single stroke of the pen on the plans. You will work with him much better -from the beginning.”—_W. A. Otis._[141] - -Choose the man, with a good reputation on his own profession, who -has shown willingness, reasonableness and ingenuity in getting all -requirements satisfactorily packed inside a dignified exterior. - -“Take a man willing to listen to the librarian’s point of view.”—_W. R. -Eastman._ - -It is not impossible to do this. - -The American Institute of Architects, in their Circular of Advice, says -that “the profession calls for men of the highest integrity, business -capacity and artistic ability. Motives, conduct and ability must command -respect and confidence.” This is the type of man who will represent -architecture in your contest. See that the library champion is in the -same class. - - -A Word to the Architect - -Here seems to be a good place to slip in an aside to any architect who -chances on this book. - -You will see that the keynote of the volume is belief that the library is -more akin to a workshop than to Grant’s Tomb; perhaps akin to a literary -workshop, like a school, would be a more correct definition, and you -know how your profession grapples the schoolhouse problem, I have seen -many new schoolhouses through the country, and have noticed how many of -them are simple but effectively beautiful. All librarians believe that a -perfect library inside, can be made charming outside, through taste such -as has been shown in these schoolhouses. They ask architects to accept -their workshop theory rather than a monumental conception. - -The building committee are your real clients, not the librarian. To -their decision you must bow, even if you have to assume blame for a poor -inside. But if they give you a free hand and a library adviser, defer to -him. If he is not up to his job, if he is callow or antiquated or faddy, -be patient with him. With the tact your profession knows how to exercise, -interpret what advice he tries to give, supplement his failings with your -own study of the subject, and plan the best library possible under these -circumstances. So shall you win a crown of glory among librarians. - -But if they give you a mature and wise adviser, welcome him as a friend -and lend ear to his experienced advice. You will become a better -architect in one branch of your profession, he will broaden much in his, -and together you will advance both library science and architecture. - -If you are altruistic, there can be no better opportunity to serve the -public than by curbing your artistic ambition and devoting all your -training and ability to making this building a better library than has -yet been devised. - -If you thus plan truly from inside outward, I will predict that you -will satisfy the public and yourself far more than if you had thrust -an unwilling library into an inadequate shell, or had prostituted your -genius by forcing a false type of architecture on your helpless clients. - -As you must have gathered from glancing through this book, I am a -firm believer in the practical genius and taste of the best American -architects. I believe that they can create consummate beauty out of the -most unpromising conditions, and I hope you will thus grapple library -problems. - - -Which Should Prevail? - -=The Building Committee= chooses site, appoints adviser, selects -architect, defines scope of the library, is final arbiter of everything, -with appeal to the full board. Every point which remains in dispute after -conference among all the advisers, should be formulated in definite -questions, with clear reasons _pro_ and _con_, and submitted to the -committee. Except in a very small library, where one of the trustees -is virtual director in default of a skilled librarian, the building -committee can serve best by keeping their minds free for such decision, -if called for, on such presentation. The advocates, if unanimous, should -receive unanimous approval; if divided, the committee must decide on the -weight of the arguments presented. - -=The local librarian= will have to run the library after it is built, and -if he has sufficient sense and experience to know what he wants, he ought -to have his choice in any possible alternatives. - -=The library adviser=, as he has the wider range of experience, should -carry great weight with the local librarian, the architect, and the -committee. He can often point out more than one satisfactory way to reach -a desired end. When he and the librarian agree after discussion, as they -generally will, the architect should have very strong convictions before -opposing them. - -=The architect=, on points of construction, is supreme. Neither librarian -or adviser will want to oppose him here, although both may be able to -advise. When the plan is fixed, they must confide to him its clothing -in architectural form, and its execution. During planning it is wise -to consult him at every step, for his training, his experience, his -genius, will improve on many ideas, and will show ways of overcoming many -obstacles. Before he gets through, indeed, he will get to be very much -interested, and become something of an expert himself in library science. - -But the architect and librarian should not disagree. When a point -of difference arises, as it may, talk it over amicably, patiently, -thoroughly. The aim of all should be, to build a good working library. -When all the reasons are presented (here is where the librarian or -library adviser should be a clear and persuasive advocate), the architect -may come to see the matter in the same light. If not, he has got to -present more powerful arguments. Perhaps he can show the librarian -how he can gain his end in a more correct architectural way. If they -still disagree, each side will be ready to present its reasons to the -building committee, with odds in favor of the librarian. Champneys (an -architect)[142] acknowledges that “architects should not be considered -competent arbiters on questions of library administration.” But, if it -is a structural question, or a question of taste, the architect’s advice -ought to be preferred. - - -Architectural Competitions - -As to libraries, the American authorities seem unanimously opposed to -competitions. - -The American Institute of Architects at their 1911 convention, said: -“The Institute is of the opinion that competitions are in the main of no -advantage to the owner. It therefore recommends, except in cases in which -competition is unavoidable, an architect be employed upon the sole basis -of his fitness for the work.[143]” - -“Sketches give no evidence that their author has the matured artistic -ability to fulfill their promise, or that he has the technical knowledge -necessary to control the design of the highly complex structure and -equipment of a modern building, or that he has executive ability for -large affairs or the force to compel the proper execution of contracts. - -“I will add, that an architect’s established reputation and the -excellence of what he has already built, are far better proofs of -his ability to undertake a library, than any guess he can make in a -competition. Competition descends into a guessing match as to what will -please the committee.[144]” - -“The whole matter of employing professional men in this way is absurd. -The architect should be called in at the very commencement of the -work. His opinion is as much needed in the choice of a site, and the -first formation of the owner’s ideas, as in the preparation of working -drawings.”—_Sturgis._[145] - -The practically unanimous opinions of architects and librarians who -have written or spoken on building, are strongly against competition. -In an excellent paper read at the Waukesha Conference by an architect, -Mauran,[146] he said: “Appoint your architect. It is a popular notion -among laymen that a competition will bring out ideas, but I know of only -one building erected from competitive plans, without modification. Aside -from the _needless expense and loss of time_ entailed, a greater evil -lies in the well-proven fact that most architects endeavor to find the -board’s predilections.” (Instead of trying to work out a perfect plan.) - -“Avoid the competitive method.”—_E. N. Lamm._[147] - -“A plan that has nothing in its favor, and everything against it.”[148] - -“Of three methods, open competition, limited competition, and direct -choice by the board, the last is far the simplest, and much less -expensive.”—_Mrs. Elmendorf._[149] - -“Trustees are not likely to get what they want by competition.”—_W. R. -Eastman._[150] - -“After the requirements have been sent out to competitors, there can be -no more consultations between them and the librarian until the award is -made.”[151] (This cuts out the librarian just at the critical part of -planning.) - -“It is not usual or advisable for buildings costing less than -$75,000.”—_Marvin._[152] - -Out of twenty-two libraries included by Miss Marvin only two had -competitions. One library[153] reports: “It was the intention of the -board to choose by competition, but none of many plans submitted was -satisfactory. Committee finally decided on architect and worked with him.” - -“What little good there is in competitions is not to the advantage of -the client, but rather to the advantage of the architect. The young men -have a better chance to win, before their time. An architect directly -selected _grows up with the committee, educates them, and learns from -them_.”—_Edward B. Green._[154] - -“The committee had thought of having an architectural competition, but in -deference to the advice of the librarian and his adviser, they selected -an architect without competition, so that every step in planning, from -the outset, could be discussed from the standard of the architect, as -well as from that of the librarian. To this is to be attributed the -success of the building.”—_John Hay Library Report._[155] - -If any doubt remains, after reading these quotations, I will add that all -my study and experience for over thirty years, in many hundred concrete -cases, have led me to the profound conviction that the surest way to -spoil and stifle a library is to invite an architectural competition. I -have so great confidence in the talent and genius of American architects, -that I believe any one of them, true to the traditions of his profession, -would take the conditions presented by librarians, and out of them, work -up a library much more practical and far more beautiful than could be -ensured by any method of competition. - -If law, or public demand, or fear of assuming responsibility, prevent a -board of trustees from choosing an architect at the outset, they should -first choose an architectural adviser (see next chapter), whom they will -have to pay handsomely, as well as to pay premiums and prizes for the -competition (I see that the University of California laid aside $50,000 -for this purpose); and have him formulate the requirements, superintend -the competition, and assist in judging (“assessing” it is called in -England) the results. - -But I wish that he might be able to shut out from any award those -competitors whose plans would exceed the prescribed cost. I remember in -my callow days having gone to a friend who was a prominent architect, -and proposing to prepare joint plans in a great library competition then -impending. He laughed and said, “Yes, I would like to do it as a matter -of study, but we will not win a prize. Ours will doubtless be a fine -library inside, but there will be no librarian among the judges of award. -We will have a fine exterior, but we shall try to keep within the desired -cost. Some other architect will plan a larger and more florid and more -expensive building, which will fascinate the public eye so much it will -win the prize, and the donor will be asked for more money, which he will -meekly contribute.” My friend was right. Just this result followed. - -In the recent Springfield (Mass.) competition, each architect was -required to submit with his plans an estimate of their cubic contents, as -a basis for calculating how much they would cost. This was an excellent -precaution against just this danger. - -In England a competition is apparently accepted as a necessary evil.[156] -I cannot find anything on the subject in Burgoyne, but the architect -Champneys[157] says that the architect is in most cases selected by open -competition. He adds that this “gives openings to those whose abilities -would otherwise escape recognition,” and rather faintly concedes some -advantage in selection. - -“It is almost impossible to make instructions (in a competition) so -comprehensive that an architect can be taught this very special branch of -his art.”—_Champneys._[158] - -It should be also recognized that competitions are very costly and -delay work on a library several months. What is saved by not having a -competition would pay ten times the expense of getting the very best -library expert. - - -Judges of Competition - -The advising architect, necessary in case of a competition, and often -called in when another architect has been selected for a very large -problem, is generally taken from among the heads of architectural -departments of universities or technical schools, though one authority -suggests that sometimes a prominent architect in actual practice might -be a more up-to-date judge. As has been already said, he formulates and -guides the competition and acts as chairman of the jury to award prizes. -Sometimes more than one architect is asked to serve on this jury, with -unprofessional citizens of artistic taste. - -But very rarely is any prominent librarian, almost never a considerable -number of expert librarians, named for the jury. Here, however, they -ought to have especial influence. They can at least prevent bad blunders. -As a librarian who had recently served on such a jury confided to me, -“All we could do, of course, was to pick out the plans which had the -fewest faults from the library point of view.” The least a board of -trustees could do, it would seem, after handicapping their library by -a competition, would be to let expert librarians have a large share in -picking out the plan. But perhaps they would want utility too much, and -the real object of a competition is only outside show, of which the -librarian is not a better judge than the average man. - -If the trustees wish above all to have a good working library, they ought -to ask to serve on the competition jury, one prominent librarian who has -built, and one prominent librarian of some library of the grade and class -which is to be built, and give especial weight to their opinions. - - -Order of Work - -The building committee having been chosen, the librarian being in charge, -the adviser selected, the architect appointed, the cost provided for, and -the site chosen, it is time for planning to begin. - -The first step should be to inspect the site together, and let the -architect (without letting his mind anticipate details) say what form -of building would best suit site and neighborhood,—tall or low, broad -or narrow, four equal-sided, or front and rear, occupying whole lot, or -leaving skirts for air, light, and quiet. - -If the committee should approve his first impressions, the next thing to -do is for librarians to find the cubic contents that funds will allow -(see chapter on Cost[159]), get from the architect his idea of how -many stories there would better be, with the height of each (including -basement), and possible pitch of roof. Then, getting tentatively the -height of the building, divide the cube by the height, to approximate the -floor area. - -The next important question is, which shall be the main floor? The second -floor is sometimes considered; if the ground falls off rapidly, what is -basement on one front, and ground floor on the other, may be eligible. -(In comparing English with American plans and descriptions, remember that -their first floor is our second.) Almost invariably, the first or ground -floor will assert itself as the main floor, into which, in all buildings -but the largest, it will be desirable to dovetail as many departments of -active service as possible. - -Having already calculated the available area of the floor, you are -prepared to make a list of the rooms you want to get on it, and to define -the size of each. You will already have arrived at some prepossessions -about this, but before you finish planning you will probably have to -modify them considerably. To be thorough, it will be wise to make your -own list of the rooms needed for the kind and extent of work you want -to do, then look over a lot of plans, and perhaps read the printed -architectural requirements issued for libraries of your grade and class, -in order to be sure you have not overlooked any of your own needs. - -As you get to know the size of your delivery-room and main reading-rooms, -it is time to confer again with the architect about his general ideas as -to suitable proportions for building, whether it will have a distinct -front and rear or will require outside effect all around; and as an -element in that case, where you shall put the stack, if you have got to -have one. - -Then comes the most interesting part of planning, the putting together of -your picture puzzle. Mr. Foster of Providence actually cut out of paper -and grouped together his proposed rooms. I have found it better to get -the architect, with paper, pencil and foot-rule, and draw to scale many -successive sketches of each floor, assembling and transferring rooms, -working out the passages, and calculating stairs. As you proceed, the -architect will be evolving his exterior, and now, before he gets his mind -fixed, is the time for mutual concessions. - -When the rooms are fairly co-ordinated, their required furnishing has to -be plotted in, especially the shelving. How many books and readers, how -related, do you want in each room? Are wall-shelves better, or full floor -cases, shallow or deep alcoves, low floor cases, partitions, railings, -what not? Have you provided for full supervision and quick service -everywhere? - -The stack requires separate study. Is it necessary to have one? Where -shall it best be put,—along one side? at the top? at the bottom? or as a -projection from the building? As to details, see chapter on Stack. - -When the rooms have been settled and their requirements defined, the -architect’s special duties begin. He has to settle the necessary height -of rooms, the provision of sufficient light for each by day and by night, -the arranging provisions for heat and ventilation, not to interfere with -books or shelving, or tables or desks. All this before the exterior is -considered,—all spent in planning that interior which the exterior must -conform to. - -“Work on your plan, finish your plan. When that is perfect, the rest will -come.”—_Mauran._[160] - -Then you may take a month or two for the preliminary conferences -between the librarian and his adviser; a month or two for conferences -between them and the architect; a month or less for inspection of other -libraries. At some time during this process two trips may be taken to -other libraries, the first rather early, as soon as your ideas have taken -form enough for you to know what you want to look at; the other toward -the end, when your need of further information is fully defined. Where to -go, whom to take on your tour of inspection, will depend on what funds -you can spare. Details of furniture, location of lights, and so on, may -be deferred, to be taken up during building. A month or less is needed to -submit results to the committee. After their approval has been obtained, -the architect must prepare working drawings and specifications, invite -bids for work, wait two or three weeks for them, and even then you are -ready to break ground on your building in half the time and with half -the expense, for fees, traveling, and all, that a competition would have -required. - -=Extras.= One good result of this thorough study of every detail in -advance should be, that no new wants or serious omissions occur to you -when you come to build. - -But if you do not plan so thoroughly as to cover all contingencies, -expect to find something to be changed or added as you go on, confronting -you with those “extra charges” which often appall builders of dwelling -houses. Still if your oversights follow to plague you, your architect can -here help you with the contractor, and can generally find savings enough -in “perfectly good” alternatives in labor or material to balance the cost -of the extras. If they finally get ahead of you, and materially increase -the cost, either architect or librarian is at fault—someone did not plan -well ahead. - -=Model.= The last step of planning may well be the preparation by the -architect of a sketch-model in clay for the building committee. This -shows the proportions and visualizes all features far more clearly then -floor plans, elevations and sections on paper can do. If the sketch-model -can show both elevation and sections, it will bring to the librarian his -allocation of rooms in final review, and bring out to all concerned, -librarian, architect, committee and public, just how the building will -“work” and how it will look. - - - - -D. - -FEATURES - -_This Book contains considerations which affect the whole building. Note -especially Light, Heat, Ventilation._ - - - - -D. - -FEATURES - - -Site - -If the site is given by a donor, or chosen by some other authority, and -has been accepted by the board, the only thing to do is to make the best -of it. Adapt your plan to it, improve whatever opportunities it may -offer, and overcome its defects as best you can. - -If it is open to choice, there are often embarrassing conditions. Owners -of lots more or less eligible (usually less) are anxious to unload at -good prices, and besiege the board with importunities; or owners of real -estate not immediately eligible, exert all their direct and indirect -influence to get the library building in their district or on their -“side.” Even after the choice has been narrowed down to two or three -acceptable lots, and has been freed from “pull,” selection is difficult -because of different _pros_ and _cons_. - -The main consideration for central library or branch is accessibility for -the largest number of users. Retail centers, not so much geographical as -practical, well served by car lines, point out the proper neighborhood, -but main streets are often too noisy, and good lots on them are too -expensive and not easy to get. If there is a quiet street next back of, -or close to a main street, especially with an adjoining public square or -small park, it will furnish an ideal spot for a library. Good vistas of -approach afford opportunities for effect, and bring the library into view -and notice. - -Space all around the building, and adjoining streets on as many sides as -possible, give light, isolation from dangers of fire, more quiet, less -dust, than positions directly on a main street. - -A wholesale business section, whose occupants only come during business -hours of the day, is not a good location. Edges of vast open spaces are -not so good as actual centres of residence or of small retail trade to -which residents are attracted. - -If a site among high buildings must be chosen it would seem wise to build -the library high, with reading rooms up toward air and light. - -By all means try to foresee and provide for future developments as -they may affect immediate surroundings and future accessibility. The -neighborhood of schools is always good. Bear in mind that certain noisy -or smoky occupations are bad neighbors, and slums only suitable for -charitable work. - -A lot too high above the street grade may offer architectural advantages, -but is bad for public library purposes. Popular departments ought to be -directly at street grade, and the necessity of climbing steps hinders -rather than attracts readers. A lot sloping upward requires objectionable -and expensive approaches, one sloping sideways is unbalanced, but one -sloping backwards is often good, for it allows a light basement at the -rear, or a stack above and below the main floor at street grade. - -It goes without saying that a wet soil is to be avoided where books are -to be stored. - -In a large city a favorite site for the central library is on some -municipal square, near other public buildings. But in such a prominent -place, especial care is necessary to escape a heavy architectural style -which would darken the building, and divert cost from library facilities -to expensive material. - -In smaller cities and towns, better sites in proportion may be obtained. -Here, where land is cheap enough to allow more space, always provide for -growth and future extensions of the building. It has been advised to get -enough land for future development, even at expense of the first building. - -“The worst site is a deep one, of irregular shape, with only -one frontage. If offered, don’t buy, or even accept it as a -gift.”—_Burgoyne._[161] - -But a deep and irregular lot, with a possibility of light on all -sides, may not be unfavorable for a building with a stack at the rear. -Narrowness in a stack, if somewhat unfavorable to short lines of -communication with the desk, give possibilities of excellent daylight -everywhere. - - -Provisions for Growth and Change - -It cannot be too strongly urged that a chief caution in planning should -be to anticipate and provide for that rapid growth which may strike any -American community, large or small, urban or rural; and that development -or change of methods which will come even if there is no growth of -population. When or how or just where it will come, it is always -difficult to foresee. The tide, indeed, seems world-wide. Champneys -warns, “Forecast, if possible, and plan in advance. If not, it will be -hard to preserve in future a workable home.”[162] Van Name said at St. -Louis in 1889, “The present rate of library growth requires far larger -provision for the future, in space and in economizing space.” - -“Every library in America _must_ continue to grow.”—_Eastman._ - -“One cannot observe the rapid growth of libraries during the last half -century without being led to ask in wonder what is to be the result in -the future. There is a law affecting the growth of libraries not unlike -that of geometric progression. By the principle of _noblesse oblige_, a -library which has attained a certain size is called upon to grow much -faster than when it was small. It is difficult to foretell. For years -to come libraries will grow rapidly. Ingenuity will bring into use new -methods and new apparatus.”—_Fletcher._[163] - -“Libraries designed to serve the needs of decades to come prove too small -before they are fairly occupied.”—_Dana._[164] - -“The model building of today will be quite out of date -tomorrow.”—_Marvin._[165] - -Perhaps rate of growth cannot be calculated, but it can be shrewdly -guessed. It is hard to be too sanguine. Growth in American libraries has -oftener been underestimated than the reverse. In an established library -you can multiply recent annual growth by twenty-five, for the probable -life of the building, and subtract possible withdrawals. But moving -into a new building, and growth of the population served, will tend to -make needs for space increase in geometrical ratio rather than merely -arithmetical, and there are always gifts to be anticipated. So let the -sanguine members of your board reckon growth. - -=Exterior.= Provision can be made by buying a lot larger than you will -need at first. A plan can be drawn with future wings suggested, or more -stories, or an ell. This will require stronger walls, and study of -features which could be matched in making changes. - -In large libraries, use of sub-cellars, especially for stacks, can be -looked to, and sunken stacks, or at least subterranean caves for fuel, -can be arranged under that part of the lot outside the building, or even -in some cases under the street or an adjoining park. If the experiments -now making in various places are successful, this growth downward may be -almost as available as growth upward. But see “Stacks Underground,” and -“Stack Towers,” in later chapters. - -=Interior.= There are several ways for providing for changes inside. If -you have enough money, build largely, and space out. Provide more space -for books and readers than you can use at once. Make your floor-cases -movable, and set them wide apart, to be closed up later as required. -Set tables and chairs generously apart, and crowd them together when -otherwise you would have to turn away readers. Provide attic and cellar -so built and prepared for subsequent finish that they can be used to some -purpose when more rooms are wanted. - -That reminds me to say that a wise provision is to have as few rigid -partitions anywhere, as possible. If you must have any, make them so -light, even if sound-proof, that they can all be swept away when it -becomes desirable to change. - -“Plan a library so that it may be susceptible of inner development,” says -Dr. Garnett.[166] - -It is always well to plan your shelving so generously as to leave room -everywhere for many years’ growth, and so avoid necessity for early -rearrangement. - -In small libraries, if the book-rooms are built high enough, provision -can be made for a second tier of wooden or metal shelves above that first -installed. Better always leave them thus high in the projection, side, or -corner devoted to floor bookcases. - -With very large libraries interior provisions, except in leaving floors -or rooms unoccupied at first, and avoiding rigid partitions, will be -difficult. - -=Limitations.= In some libraries it is possible to set a limit for -desirable growth. For instance, the faculty of the Episcopal Theological -School in Cambridge, Mass., could say that they never should want more -than seventy-five scholars or 50,000 volumes.[167] In branch libraries -it is usual to decide in advance how many books are needed, and to keep -this number the same, by withdrawing as many volumes as are added from -time to time. Suburban libraries can reduce the normal limit of growth -by arranging with their neighboring urban libraries for a co-operative -and interloan system, or may unite with them in some such system of -segregating useless books in a common catacomb as has been suggested by -President Eliot. (See _Fletcher_.[168]) - -=File Your Plans.= Too often, plans for growth carefully made in -planning, have not been preserved. When need comes for them, perhaps -often when librarian and trustees have been changed, these provisions are -not remembered, or if faintly remembered have been laid away where they -cannot be found. The wise way is to file your plans away in the library -after using them, and include in the portfolio your provisions for -change, both card catalogued so fully that they cannot be missed. Even -if conditions have changed before alterations are demanded, the original -forecast will be found suggestive in making new plans. - - -Approaches: Entrances - -Where the lot is large enough, there will be room for simple landscape -gardening which can add greatly to the attractions and architectural -effect of the building, without adding largely to the cost. This is, -however, in the architect’s province. As is elsewhere suggested, the park -board or institution may assume or share the cost of such embellishment. - -=Outside Steps.= In small buildings, the nearer the main floor gets to -the street level the better. If the site is so high that there must -be more steps to surmount the basement, a few of these set inside the -portico or vestibule will prevent the building from being all stairs in -front. In larger buildings, flights of steps, however sightly they are, -are a hindrance to entrance or exit, just so many steps to be surmounted -in every visit to the library; as bad as an unnecessarily large -vestibule, or long corridor—effort and cost wasted. From a library point -of view they are all wrong. - -=Porticoes.= These are unnecessary for library use, and where economy is -an object, are objectionable. They spoil front light in the centre of the -building, where it is most needed. They give a heavy tone to the library, -and a suggestion of outgrown methods. If they must be, _utilitas_ -requires that some use should be found for them, and for the kind of -vestibule they require. In very large buildings, where architectural -effect is wanted, they offer an opportunity to concentrate it there, and -leave the rest of the outside walls to be treated for inside light and -convenience. Behind the columns, unheeding their shadow, are places for a -vestibule and rooms above which do not require much daylight. - -=Vestibule.= In libraries of average size only a small vestibule is -needed, and a lofty vestibule is a waste of overhead space. All that it -is needed for is to check drafts and exclude dust, and to give chance -for the stir of removing wraps. A vestibule is often the best place -for stairs up or down. It should be under supervision from the desk, -through glass. In a large library, behind a portico, it can be used as -a reception, exhibition, conversation, and waiting-room, being in a -position which need not separate departments, or usurp space more needed -for other rooms. - -“Compact central vestibules, from which all departments -open in plain sight from the entrance, are better than long -corridors.”—_Champneys._[169] - -=Front Door.= This is generally the main, often the only public entrance -and exit, and should be always under supervision; in small libraries, -from the desk; in large libraries, from special attendants, who may also -serve as information clerks, umbrella checkers, and special policemen. - -=A Revolving Door=, though expensive, serves some of the purposes of a -vestibule, or a storm door. - -=Other Outside Doors.= A separate staff entrance is often advisable, a -janitor’s door (usually to the basement) is necessary; separate doors -for the newspaper room, the children’s room, and some groups of allied -departments are needed in large libraries. In libraries of moderate size, -where there are no such doors, the municipal fire regulations may require -special emergency exits. - -=Swing all Doors Well and Wide.= Outside doors, and doors from rooms for -many occupants, should naturally swing out, for escape in case of fire or -panic. The swinging of every door is a matter for special study, for not -only passage, but wall space and convenience depend on it. And have every -door wide enough for the maximum audience to come and go through. As I -was shot into a crowded room in the New York Public Library recently by -pressure from a throng so insistent that it checked those who wanted to -get out, a librarian whispered in my ear, “Every doorway should be wide -enough to avoid such a mob as this.” - -=No Doors Between Rooms.= In fact, next to having a floor without -partitions, it is sometimes well to have only wide openings through -partitions, without doors. Doors are only necessary when drafts are to be -checked, noise is to be excluded, or passage to be discouraged. - -=Height of Doors.= Unnecessarily high doors are a waste; doors low enough -to make a tall man dodge are a nuisance; 6 feet 6 inches is about right. - -=Storm Doors.= The librarian of a very large library reminds me of -the necessity of storm doors for winter in our climate, and says that -architects seem unwilling to plan them. Certainly every architect of -every library, large or small, should include such a structure in his -plans, to harmonize in shape and color with the effect of the building. -In small libraries, it will be the only portico, or vestibule. In large -buildings, under a portico, it bars snow and weather and tempests -from direct invasion of the vestibule. Good taste can make such an -inexpensive structure sightly, but unless the architect foresees the need -and supplies the taste, some carpenter hastily summoned when the need -arrives, may spoil a fine entrance with an ugly excrescence. - - -Halls and Passages - -Too much space wasted in these and in entrances, is a bad fault -frequently found in libraries, but easily avoided in making plans. - -“Should be sufficient, but not wasteful. Redundant corridors show bad -planning.”—_Champneys._[170] - -The English Building Act prescribes a width of 3 feet 6 inches to 4 feet -6 inches, for from 200 to 400 persons likely to pass. Duff-Brown[171] -thinks they should not be less than four feet wide for “public traffic.” -And Champneys doubts they need exceed nine feet in width. - -Are these passages absolutely necessary for library purposes, in length, -width, and height, is the test to put. Can they not be omitted entirely? - -In small libraries, it is a merit to have all rooms open out of the -noisy space which must be left in front of the delivery desk. In larger -libraries, passage through reading-rooms is never allowable, and separate -entries are necessary. In very large libraries such passages can hardly -be avoided. In wings or ells, to utilize light for rooms on both sides it -may be necessary to have long corridors lighted on top floors above, on -other floors from transoms. - -The height of passages needs to be watched as keenly as their other -dimensions, for more than 6 feet 6 inches or 7 feet is a waste of space -which might in some way be utilized in rooms or on other floors. Nine or -ten feet, however, may be required for light, ventilation, or height of -stories. - - -Stairs - -Ornamental flights of stairs are usually wasteful and disjunctive, -especially in the centre of the building. “They are never used by anyone; -all go up in elevators.”—_Dewey._[172] - -See an excellent article by W. K. Stetson[173] criticising the Newark -Public Library. - -A good rule is to have just so many flights of stairs as may be required -by the probable use of rooms on each story, and to have them no wider or -more massive than passage demands. Stack stairways may be only two feet -wide; other service stairways not over three feet, which allows passing -of single users. Indeed, flights six feet or wider should have a central -rail, to keep climbers apart from descenders. When floors are much used, -two separate narrower flights, for which room can generally be found -symmetrically, will be better than one broader flight. - -No stairs should be slippery or have projecting obstacles to trip -climbers, or be too steep or high-set for old persons. - -=Treads.= Easy treads are essential to serve all comers well. 5½-inch -rise and 13-inch tread, will be generous; 6½ × 11, tolerable. Brooklyn -directions specified 4-inch risers. - -If any material is used which is, or will wear, slippery, be sure to -have some rubber or other stair-pad, well secured, so that even the most -unsteady climber cannot trip or slip. - -=Material.= Stone wears down unevenly, and all kinds of stone split and -fall in case of fire. Marble is slippery. Iron wears slippery. Wood -splinters. Concrete or stone, the treads covered with hardwood or rubber, -is probably best, all things considered. But in small libraries, hardwood -serves. - -=Handrails.= Dr. Billings sends warning that large, ornamental stairs, -outside or inside, should have some form of practical handrails, and -after trying to climb in winter the outside steps of the New York Public -Library, and Columbia University, I heartily concur with him. - -Indeed, bearing in mind the feeble men and women who have a right to -use a library, I plead for a “practical” handrail for all stairs. Many -flights have no rail at all; the more ornamental they assume to be, -the more dangerous they are. Many flights have only marble “rails,” -too massive for hand use. All “architectural” staircases are in fact -deterrents of use. - -=Landings.= More than a dozen steps are tiresome to most people, and in -long flights landings ought to be provided. If a seat can be provided on -each, it will be welcome to old persons. A window seat, in the windows -used to light flights of stairs, can be made a decorative and also useful -feature. - -=Circular Stairs.= About the most inconvenient, useless, dangerous, and -unnecessary feature which has come down to us from antiquity is the -corkscrew stair, which still persists—I saw one in a plan only yesterday. -It is inconvenient because only half of each tread is available. I -measured one recently in a library: the wide outside of each tread was -twelve inches deep, and it narrowed down to two inches at the central -post. The nine-inch width (about the least allowable for a stair tread) -was fifteen inches from the post, and only eight from the outside. The -usable part of the tread was eight inches wide, the wasted segment was -two-thirds of the width, and served only as a trap to stumblers. - -This dangerous and inconvenient futility was unnecessary, because a -straight stair, with short flights doubling on narrow landings, could -be planned to occupy no more floor area, with much greater practicable -width, and be infinitely more convenient and less dizzy. - -Try to carry an armful of books up or down such a flight, and remember -the lesson. A ladder would occupy less space, and be just about as useful -as a winding-stair. Why such a traditional inconvenience persists in -modern libraries is an enigma. - - -Stories and Rooms Generally - -=Height= of stories is a main factor in planning. The fewer and lower -they can be, bearing in mind full light and ventilation, the less cost -will go into unnecessary bulk in building. - -Tell the architect what rooms and floors you want, with definite area -and height for him to try to suit together. Never let him dictate what -dimensions you must pack the rooms into. - -In small libraries and in most branches, one story with practicable -basement, is the standard. The height of this story is suggested by -Miss Marvin as 12 feet, or better, 13 feet; or 16 feet if a second tier -of floor cases must be provided.[174] She very sanely says that higher -rooms are not necessary from any point of view, and this remark might be -extended to most rooms in most libraries. - -Where there is a stack, the desire to have as many floors of the building -as possible, coterminous with stack floors, determines the height of -stories at 14 or 15 feet, as the 7 or 7½-foot stack is chosen, and this -will make rooms whose heights, plus thickness of floors (unless some use -can be found for mezzanine rooms), are exact multiples of stack heights. - -In a larger library (but still small), a second story over part or the -whole of the main floor, can be lighted from above and be used for many -purposes. - -=Basement.= The height of a basement will depend on the uses contemplated -for it. An auditorium requires more height than small rooms for storage, -vault, or janitor service. Miss Marvin advises a height of 10 feet, so -that it can be used in any way wanted in future.[175] - -“_A failure to use it is a defect._” - -It must be absolutely dry, and fairly warm. - -“A well-lighted basement gives more dignity of elevation to a small -building.”—_Bluemner._[176] - -On a sloping site, a basement becomes ground floor, and a cellar becomes -basement, for part of the building, with dark cellars and sub-cellars for -the other part, which will come handy for heating plant, fuel, storage, -and other functions. As the stack can run up and down from the main -floor, such a site can be made useful in many ways. - -=Upper stories= become more and more difficult to use unless there are -elevators, which are costly to install and costly to run. In old houses, -coming as a gift, the upper stories can be used for storage, study rooms, -class rooms, trustees, and other departments infrequently needed. - -=The top floor=, where there are elevators, may be one of the most -useful stories, the most useful next to the ground floor, because the -possibility of good top light allows every square foot to be used. If -there are only three stories, the top may be used for many purposes -without elevators, if the stairs are easy and ample. The principal uses -are, for serious reading rooms, exhibitions, small study or class rooms, -historical rooms, special libraries or departments. - -=Use of Various Stories.= The assignment of rooms will be governed by the -exigencies and policy of the library. A careful study of the use to be -best made of the floors will be of vital importance toward economical and -effective administration. In case of doubt as to the size or location of -rooms, inspection of existing libraries of similar grade and class, and -study of plans, will be helpful to stimulate ideas. - -“It is a mistake to have the library on the second floor, at least the -reading room and circulating department, which should have easy access -and publicity.”—_Fletcher._[177] - -=Correlation of Parts.= Guides to arrangement will be consideration of -processes, relation of users, and convenience in all steps of use or -service. A recent English writer suggests arranging, in sequence from the -entrance, newspaper reading, magazine and light reading, delivery, and -quiet reference or reading rooms. - -One great desideratum is continuous flooring on each story, even into the -stacks, so that trucks can be rolled without jolt, and readers can pass -without the discomfort of two or three steps up or down, here and there, -as in many existing libraries. This irregularity of floor level is one of -the worst faults possible. - -=Mezzanine Floors.= Supposed architectural exigencies so often demand -stories of greater height than library uses require, that it is well to -have in mind what mezzanine floors can be interposed here and there, -and what rooms can be assigned to them. Many staff rooms (for instance, -stenographers’ and others not crowded), and many readers (_e.g._, private -students, small clubs, teachers, classes, debating teams) do not require -large or lofty rooms, and would be much better if they had only half the -height of the large rooms. Only light and ventilation may require much -height of walls, and even these only when many persons must use the same -room. - -=Not Thoroughfares.= By no means make any reading room a passageway to -any other room, or allow stairs to run up into it or up from it. Some -of the worst faults to be found in existing libraries lie just here. -Whatever increases movement in such rooms and disturbs students is a -library crime. - -=Attics and Cellars.= In old houses, the occupation of these unfinished -spaces requires ingenious planning. But attics furnish dry storage, -cellars dark storage, which can be utilized without expensive alterations. - -In new buildings a cellar is essential, as a foundation at least, but -may be glorified into a practicable basement without much cost; or may -be minimized to an air space in small buildings; or shared by air space -at one end and heating at the other. An attic is not so necessary, -except a shallow air space. But even shallow attics can be utilized for -storage-room by a trap door, and it is marvellous how much need of such -room will be developed after occupancy. - -If you have them at all, plan attics and cellars for some future use, -even if they are left unfinished for the present. I remember an early -experience of inspecting a library building with a view to alteration, -and finding the attic so weakly trussed, and the cellar so solidly -partitioned, that neither could be altered for improvement. Two-thirds of -the building were thus wasted, which could have been used if it had been -wisely planned. - -“A building should stand high enough on its foundations to give the -basement both light and dryness throughout.”—_Winsor._[178] - - -Walls, Ceilings, Partitions - -The exterior walls come mainly into the province of the architect, -subject to chastening by librarian and building committee as to material, -decoration, massiveness, and cost. “The ideal building has no breaks -or jogs and few corners.” The interior walls and ceiling have been -considered under the subjects of Height of Stories and of Coloring. Under -the latter head they materially influence illumination also. In the -decorative scheme they should harmonize with the woodwork and furniture. - -The walls and ceilings not only play a star part in the cheerfulness and -beauty of the building, but they materially affect the eyes and health of -the reader. On their coloring and the character of the reflection they -cast, largely depend the effectiveness of all diffused light, and the -best part of reading light. They form a subject of especially important -study. - -Panelled ceilings which are often planned for decorative purposes, -especially in large and lofty rooms, interfere injuriously with -reflection of light, by intercepting it with numerous shadows. - -All authorities agree that there be as few partitions as possible -in small libraries, where departments can be indicated, or readers -separated, by railings, cords, low bookcases, or screens of glass or -light material, which do not interfere with general supervision. - -Many rooms can be arranged with sliding or folding partitions, to be used -for larger or smaller audiences, as required. - -In large libraries, necessary partitions can be of such light -construction that they can be changed or removed at will. Some partitions -are essential; for instance, those of reading rooms to exclude noise, and -of music rooms to shut it in. - -All partitions should match the other coloring and style of rooms and -furniture, to produce a quiet and pleasing effect of harmony. - -“Buildings costing less than $10,000 cannot afford space for -partitions.”—_Eastman._[179] - - -Floors and Floor Coverings - -Floors should be substantial, durable, cleanly, dry, warm, noiseless, -slow-burning, and not slippery. - -Any uncovered floor will be noisy. - -Stone, tile, mosaic, and concrete are noisy. Glass and marble are -slippery. - -Hardwood, or softwood covered with linoleum or corticene, will answer in -most rooms and passages. - -Variations of cork, or cork on a solid foundation, are now common, -and have been found satisfactory. Invention is at work on this style -of floor, and may evolve something near perfection, if fairly cheap. -Linoleum wears badly, except in the best grades, and seems to be going -out of favor. - -The new Springfield (Mass.) library has sawdust concrete as a one-inch -base for a cork carpet. The St. Louis building just dedicated has wooden -strips over concrete to which a thick cork top is nailed. - -Carpets and matting, general or in strips, are very objectionable in -catching dust or mud, and difficult to clean off. - -Rubber mats or rubber tiling has been favored for floor-covering and for -stairs. - -_The Librarian_[180] reports from England, as follows:— - -“Stone, mosaics, and the like, are seldom used except in lobbies. - -“Plain boards do not wear well. - -“Wood blocks (oak or maple), rift-sawn and dressed (not washed), resist -wear, though noisy. - -“Good linoleum, cemented on boards, blocks, or concrete, resists wear. - -“Rubber flooring seems superb, but has not been tested here.” - -[Nothing is said about corticene or cork, so much used in America.] - -Several “floor dressings” are advertised, said to be of two general -classes—dust-fixers, or beeswax polish. - -Champneys[181] warns that angles of floor and ceiling with walls, and -all interior corners of walls, should be rounded or “coved,” for easy -cleansing. - -Miss Marvin[182] thinks that for a small library, plain cork carpet, of -the best and thickest quality, without pattern, is best, being durable, -noiseless and easily cleaned. - -Bostwick,[183] discussing various forms, and criticising each, says that -a sheathing of soft wood, covered with linoleum, leaves little to be -desired, though it sometimes rots, and that in various patent floorings -no trustworthy standard has been found. - -My own advice would be to watch developments, and take the matter up anew -with your architect, in view of his experience and inquiries, added to -yours. - - -Roofs, Domes - -Roofs also the architect ought to know all about, but don’t let him have -them project so as to darken the valuable top light of any windows. This -is a fault common in the bungalow type of small libraries. Whether they -are flat or have more or less slope is matter of cost and effect. But if -there is to be slope, except when there is to be a timbered roof in some -room underneath, have it ceiled and used as an attic, even if low. You -will not usually want an attic, but if the architect wishes the space, -ask him to make it available for any future needs. - -Of course, a tight roof is even more desirable in a library than in -most other buildings. Leaks are as bad as fire for books, and are -uncomfortable for staff and readers. But that is a matter for the -building expert. So with fireproofing, for the roof is the exposed part -and hardest to protect from sparks from neighboring conflagrations. In -wooden buildings especially, have some fireproof or very slow-burning -material for your roof: asbestos shingles, flat or corrugated tiles; or -better, some kind of the slates of various tints which will match your -walls; any of these will hold and extinguish sparks. - -A roof so built and lined with air compartments that it will be warm in -winter and cool in summer is a crowning merit. - -=Domes.= Many architects are fond of the effect of a dome, but its top -and bulb are of no use in a library, and the obsession of space below -balks compact plans in the centre of the building. Domes cover many an -impressive, and more or less drafty, reading room, but they waste bulk -which costs, and dislocate departments. - -If you see any views of libraries where domes are conspicuous you may -set them down as failures, however beautiful;—bad types to imitate; -their architects to be avoided. The only possible place suitable for a -dome, is in a very large library, to cover a central reading room, and -even there the space it must occupy ought to be very carefully studied -at the outset, to calculate whether so much open height is the best way -to utilize the cubic contents. It ought never be planned primarily as an -architectural feature, and thus imposed on library methods, unless they -are promoted by it, rather than hindered. - - -Alcoves, Galleries - -From England, where alcoves in old libraries are so fascinating to -travelers, I find this passage in _The Library Association Record_:[184] -“The alcove system should probably not be mentioned in an essay on modern -methods of book storage.” - -Oldest of library methods, the alcove even now lingers where it ought -not. As I have said,[185] it is an agreeable feature where solitude and -ease are allowable, but it is as much out of place in a public library as -lounges would be, wasting space, blocking supervision, delaying service, -deluding scholars with the illusion of isolation, and making their nooks -the convenient harbors for whisperers. If you must have them, have them -plain, and do not let them creep into your reading room in the guise of -architectural piers and cornices. - -“Alcoves oblige us to go twice as far as there is any need of. A large -part of the books might as well have been stored in a compact stack.”—_C. -A. Cutter._[186] - -“Privacy is marred when several readers occupy the same -table.”—_Fletcher._[187] - -“The alcove plan, obsolete and incompatible with further -progress.”—_Bluemner._[188] - -“Wasteful of space, impossible of supervision.”—_Champneys._[189] - -“The greater distance attendants must go, materially affects the service. - -“There is much discomfort to readers who go into an alcove to be out of -the way, and who are distracted by the passing to and fro. - -“Supervision from the counter is impossible.”—_Burgoyne._[190] - -And the new-old monstrosity of the early American type elsewhere -described[191]—may it never be revived,—the unholy marriage of alcoves -and galleries. - -Alcoves might be used not only in private or club libraries, but in -such rooms as Mr. Foster’s “Standard Library,” or the “Library of the -Masters,” Mt. Holyoke College, which may be regarded as cosy club-rooms, -in which easy chairs and footrests are not considered out of place. - -=Galleries= survive in the old world, and in old libraries with us, but -they have no friends in new libraries. They are better than high wall -shelving served by ladders. If less than 2 feet 4 inches wide, and if -approached by spiral stairs, they are nuisances to be abolished. - - -Light - -This is the most important topic in library planning. Other problems -considered elsewhere, the storage, handling and service of books, affect -economy and efficiency of administration, the future annual cost of good -service, more than lighting; but this touches the comfort and health of -both readers and staff. Whether the eyes of the public are weakened, and -the service they ought to expect from attendants is impaired, depends -largely on lighting. - -On the shape, size and position of the windows, therefore; on the -selection, arrangement and installation of the system of artificial -lighting, depends the solution of the question how can readers work? how -can their servants the staff work for them? how can both retain their -eyesight and health, best and longest? - -This subject calls for serious planning by architect and librarian, most -serious consideration by the building committee. - -Here is one of the points where the best is none too good, and where -expense should be considered last. Economy in first cost, economy in -running expenses, must be always borne in mind, but here surely is -another point where purely architectural features,—domes, columns, -approaches, marbles, ornament of all kinds,—should be sacrificed, rather -than convenience, comfort or health. - -I treat this matter at length under the subsequent heads of Light -Natural, Windows, and Light Artificial. - -=Health of readers and books.= I have hunted in vain for some exhaustive -discussion of the influence of electricity on health. I have found -observations on the effect of sunlight on the color of bindings; for -instance, Prof. Proctor’s Report of a Committee on Protecting Leather -from Light, in The Library Association Record,[192] where he says, “When -building a library a good transparent coloured glass may be employed -which will not only give an almost equal light when compared with white -glass, but will at the same time protect books from the evils of direct -light.” - -I have also found many cautions against heat on the head of readers from -unshaded gas or electric lights too near, but nothing on the general -subject of electricity as affecting either men or books. Experiments in -this direction are yet to be made. - -See an article in Library Notes[193] on “The Eyes of the Public.” - - -Light, Natural - -There has been so much difficulty in getting good light into all parts of -a library, and so much joy over the substitution of electricity for gas, -that there is some danger of daylight being ignored. Dewey[194] pictured -“a solid core of books with modern lighting,” and B. R. Green[195] -argued elaborately in favor of disregarding natural light altogether -under certain conditions. It is quite time someone championed God’s free -gift to man. For daylight, notwithstanding its occasional glare and its -temporary defects, is still the cheapest, the readiest, the cheeriest, -and the healthiest light for men and for books. - -Indeed, the modern advocates for substitutes seem so far to have spared -readers, and only included stacks in their enthusiasm. But I have not yet -entirely surrendered hope of stacks, and I have many sympathizers. The -late James L. Whitney was an excellent and experienced librarian. Not -long before his death, he and I were stumbling through the dark corners -of the stack in the library of which he was so long a faithful servant. -As we fell together, he turned and said impressively, “If you ever plan a -library, insist on having ample natural light wherever you can get it.” - -I quote Champneys[196] in support: “While the direct rays of the sun -are often sufficiently powerful to become an inconvenience to readers -and a source of injury to [the bindings of] books, yet such are _their -purifying properties_, that their total exclusion is not recommended.” - -The old monk-architects knew their business. In the earliest specimens of -monastic libraries, note a full-width window opposite each alcove. In the -library of the Sorbonne, Paris, in 1638, there was “plenty of daylight on -the desks from east and west, to fill the whole length of the room.”[197] - -Light should never be so admitted as to dazzle the eyes of readers, or -blind them while searching on the shelves for books, or reading at their -desks. The ideal direction to strike them is from behind, and from the -left, with no shadows falling on book or paper. - -Prismatic glass is recommended, to aid in throwing light into dark -places, like courtyards or cellars. Translucent glass (as used in the -Library of Congress) “sufficiently softens the rays of the sun in the -southerly windows.” - -“There should be abundance of daylight with least direct -sun.”—_Fletcher._[198] - -“Good, natural light is the first essential.”—_Marvin._[199] - -=Aspect.= In planning, the aspect of each room is very important. North, -as in studios, is the best aspect when direct light is always needed, -though it will be cold if without double windows in winter. East only has -direct light when it is apt to be most grateful, in the early morning -hours. South is apt to be hot and glary, though the sun is too high at -noon to strike far into the rooms; but west lets in slant or level rays -of hot and blinding light which needs screening. Which front to give a -room is matter varying with climates and localities, and needs special -study always. - -=Modifying Glare; Curtains.= To certain aspects, south and especially -west, direct sunlight brings unpleasant glare, and in summer intense -heat, so that it is really necessary to use shades or screens. -Bostwick[200] recommends that shades for large windows be double, either -up or sideways. In the Library of Congress all the shades in each stack -can be drawn or withdrawn simultaneously. This is often the arrangement -for high windows in large reading-rooms. - -It may be pointed out that good taste in choosing colors for shades will -do much toward allowable and very effective decoration in a library, -without added expense. - - -Windows - -These are features on which architect and librarian may lock horns. The -needs of the interior may call for different windows in every room. The -apparent needs of symmetry may demand uniform height of all windows in -each story outside. But proper planning requires settlement of the ideal -windows by inside considerations. When the architect comes to try the -effect of these in his façade they may not accord with any of his first -sketches. Then comes the tug of war. Can the windows be worked in as they -are? Can they be changed, and yet serve the same purpose? Can the height -of the stories be changed, the rooms be swapped around? Can a becoming -irregularity of exterior be devised? - -It will usually be found possible for an ingenious architect to overcome -apparently insurmountable difficulties, with surprisingly satisfactory -results, even to the architect. In a recent problem, I wanted certain -windows of certain dimensions. The architect did not see how they could -be made to comport with the prescribed style of the building. But he -would not despair, and after several attempts he devised windows which -fully satisfied both of us, and pleased our building committee. “Where -there’s a will, there’s a way,” even architecturally. Remember this when -you come to windows. Anyway, don’t allow them to be planned for purely -ornamental purposes. Insist that they properly light the rooms first, and -afterwards be made comely, if possible. - -“A library should have windows in abundance.”—_Bostwick._[201] Another -authority says you cannot have too many windows, or too large, even if -you have to screen them. “Ample, even excessive light should be admitted -to all reading rooms.”—_B. R. Green._[202] - -For small libraries, or those of medium size, the “box-frame sliding -sash” windows are best, and can be got machine-made. They can be -made tight, are easily managed, and furnish the simplest method of -ventilation, as is elsewhere described. - -In larger libraries there are various kinds used. Airtight, non-opening -windows have been advocated for stacks, to exclude dust and drafts (the -windows in the Library of Congress stack are of this kind), but they are -not much favored. French windows, pivoted at the side, or long windows -pivoted in the middle at top and bottom, will admit air freely in summer. -There are various patented devices to hold a pivoted window open just so -far as may be desired. - -Really the whole matter is for the architect, with the librarian’s advice -as to what is most wanted in each room. Light always, clear light, which -usually precludes stained glass, but may demand translucent or prismatic -glass. Ventilation, perhaps, which requires some way of opening the -whole or part of the window. Easy cleansing always, which also requires -ready opening, or a balcony outside. Due protection against fire, which -requires wire-glass. - -All windows in reading rooms should run up clear to the ceiling, for -ventilation, and because top light penetrates further. “One square foot -of glass near the ceiling admits as much light as ten near the floor. -Pointed Gothic windows are bad.”—_Burgoyne._[203] For the latter reason, -all windows in reading rooms should be square-topped (which shuts out -the Gothic style), and not overhung by eyebrows, nor should they have -thick sashes, bars, leads or mullions, which hamper light. Leaded glass, -especially in diamond or lozenge forms, is hard to clean. Clear, large -panes of good plate glass are best. Study use rather than ornament -everywhere, but most in windows. - -These suggestions as to school rooms might apply to libraries:— - -“The top of the windows is placed as near the ceiling as the finial will -admit. Transom bars should not be permitted.”—_Sturgis._[204] - -“Large sheets of glass rather than the art filagree work so often used, -which obstructs fifty per cent of the light,”—_Burgoyne._[205] - -With these essentials in mind look at the illustrations under this -head, or _passim_, in Sturgis’s Dictionary of Architecture, and see how -few of the picturesque windows there could be used for any reading or -administration room of a modern library. Either pointed or overhanging -tops, or heavy frames, or transoms, or mullions, or traceries, or leaded -panes, must be barred out by the architect who designs libraries. - -=High or Low.= If the windows must run to the ceiling, they have to be -high. How long they are to be, how low they extend, depends on the height -of the story and whether or not wall shelving is wanted below them. If -the library has more than one story and has a stack to limit the height -of stories to fourteen or fifteen feet, shelves all round the wall will -be wanted in many of the rooms. The shelves at extreme height should -only be eight feet to top of cornice, or could be any less height, down -to about four feet, that the exigencies require. The window can take up -as much of the remaining height of wall as needs of lighting demand. -This leaves some alternatives of length and width for the architect in -arranging his exterior. - -High windows above wall shelving are much used, as exterior views will -show. One consideration has occurred to me, which I have not seen -mentioned. In libraries where there is no window low enough to jump out -of, and only one entrance on a floor, where is the extra fire escape -usually demanded by municipal building regulations? - -=High or Low for View.= Some objection has been made recently to high -window sills in a library because only low sills allow a cheerful -outlook. I just put the alternative to a working girl, as a typical user, -and she said, “How could I read if I was watching a squirrel?” This seems -to put the matter in a nut-shell. Library windows are for light, not for -sight. In private libraries or in clubs, the cosy comfort idea can come -uppermost, but in the more practical rooms, especially in reading rooms -chiefly for reference use and study, I should get diffused cheer, so to -speak, from diffused light, and bar looking out of the window. As to the -working rooms, much the same view might be taken, but if a librarian or a -cataloguer pleaded for low sills and a cheery outlook, I might consider -the “personal equation,” and concede it. - -“In German schools, window-stools are set high, and the lower sash glazed -with ribbed glass, so that the pupils cannot look out.”—_Sturgis._ - -=Skylights.= From the plans I judge that flat skylights are more often -used in English libraries than with us. Much objection is made here about -keeping them tight and clean, and certainly leaks and grime are fearsome -in a library. But I have heard architects aver that skylights can be -made leak-proof, and if they can there are certainly many perplexities of -light they would relieve. - -“Top lights always should be double to stop direct sunlight and prevent -draughts. There is great trouble in making them rain-proof.... Large -squares of plate glass are better than small panes or leaded lights.... -Double windows are necessary where traffic is heavy.”—_Burgoyne._[206] -[This is a provision to deaden noise. In America, a double window is only -a protection against winter cold.] - -=Clerestories.= There is often this alternative, to “cabin” the skylight, -or set regular clerestory windows in the walls. This can be made a -beautiful feature, and if it does not add too much to the expense, and -if enough light can be got by them, in the proper spots, with provisions -for easy cleaning, they are certainly free from most of the objections to -skylights. - -[See effective clerestory windows in the “Concourse” of the Salem Public -Library.][207] - - -Light, Artificial - -But granting the superiority of daylight, it is available at the best for -no more than part of the library day. The thronged hours generally follow -a winter twilight, and sometimes range far into the evening. What light -is most cheery, the clearest, the healthiest, and the cheapest, for these -long hours of use? - -=Oil.= Very small libraries have little choice. They have to cling to -the old-fashioned oil lamp. But they are not so unfortunate after all, -for though filling and trimming and cleaning make trouble, no softer or -better reading light has been invented; and swinging argands can give -excellent diffused light, as many a country store will show. With a few -such lamps and an open wood-fire, no such cosiness and cheer can be -matched by a city library. - -You can manage good home-made shades to moderate the glare, from -home-made material—even from brown paper. It will be well to cling to oil -until you have no time to attend to the lamps. - -=Gas.= The next stage is acetylene gas, which can be had without a public -plant, and furnishes a steady and brilliant light. After it, comes -usually the regular gas stage of community development. If the gas plant -is good, the light may be good too, though its fumes are often hard on -lungs and books. If the plant is poor, better go back to oil. - -=Electricity.= But the use of electricity has become so general all over -the country, even in small towns, the light is so good, so safe, and -considering the advantages, so cheap, that you are likely to arrive soon -at the electrical stage, and remain in it permanently through the various -steps of your growth. It is unnecessary in these days, to warn against -defective installation; any architect should be able to arrange that; but -watch it carefully, in planning and as the contractors put their wires in. - -With either form of gas, or with electricity, the choosing and placing of -lights will be one of the most important of your joint problems. - -As far back as 1886, J. E. L. Pickering contributed a paper on the -electric light, to The Library Chronicle[208] which is so sound that it -is worth reading now—a generation later. - -=Location.= In placing your lamps of all kinds, do not think first of -symmetry or appearance, but try to find where the fewest bulbs, of the -kind you determine to use, will bring the best light most directly on the -places where it is wanted, with the smallest expense. - -The kinds of illumination required are:— - -=Diffused.= This is the general light in corridors and rooms, sufficient -for moving about, usually got from chandeliers, sometimes from wall -brackets. - -=Shelves and service desks.= In usual systems, these are lighted, the -desks by different kinds of fixed or hanging desk-lights, the shelves by -a goose-neck protruding at the top, from the cornice between every two -ranges. - -=Readers’.= Usually lighted by rows of lights, shades down the center of -the tables; or movable individual standards near the readers’ chairs, or -by hanging lamps, six or eight feet from the floor. - -=In stacks.= By bulbs at the ceiling of each desk, either hanging down, -or doubled up. - -=Colors.= As elsewhere noted, light colors in walls, ceilings, shelving -and furniture, aid any system of lighting by reflection. - -=Switches.= The location of switches is most important both for -effectiveness and for economy. - -=Systems.= I do not propose to discuss here all the systems of lighting -or makes of lamps and fixtures, but I wish to record a very deliberate -opinion as to the proper trend of experiments in library lighting. - -Seeing a book advertised on “Practical Illumination,” by Cravath and -Lansingh, I bought and have carefully looked it over. The seven pages it -gives to libraries have not helped me at all, but I have found on other -pages matter of interest. This, for instance:— - -“The object of artificial illumination is to enable us to see things.” - -“It is undoubtedly true that the eye is more comfortable when receiving a -moderate amount of light from all directions, _as it does in daylight_, -than when getting all its light from a bright page in a dark room.” - -“The ceilings and walls, if light in color, have considerable value as -reflectors, especially in small rooms.” - -[On page 7 is a table of percentages of light reflected from different -wall papers.] - -The scientific discussions of forms of bulbs, the material of reflectors -and the forms of shades, are very interesting. So is a series of -“demonstration room tests,” especially No. 11,[209] showing a fine -diffused light, thrown from a concealed bulb by a reflector at the -ceiling. - -“Even more important than the economic side of the subject is the -disastrous effect on the eyes caused by numerous common artificial -lighting arrangements.” - -“The ruin of eyesight now common with artificial light is due to the -fact that so few people understand the importance of the proper placing, -reflecting, and shading of artificial lights.” - -“In order not to injure or fatigue the eye, the following points should -be avoided:— - - Flickering light, - Glaring lights, - Glare reflected from paper, - Light from unusual angles, - Too little light, - Too much light, - Streaks of light, - Sharp contrasts of dark and light.” - -“In the lighting of desks there are five principal requirements:— - - The lamp should be out of the line of vision. - Have no regular reflection or glare from paper. - Have the light free from streaks. - Avoid too great intensity. - The light should be steady.” - [I add: Don’t get in your own shadow.] - -“The three reflectors best suited to lighting the shelves of the library -are the opal dome, the fluted opal cone, and the prismatic reflectors.” - -=Indirect lighting.= This is defined thus: “The lamps themselves are not -visible. They are placed in cup or vase or trough mirror-reflectors, from -which the light is thrown up towards the ceiling, to be thence reflected -down into the room.” - -Systems of this kind as used in libraries for all service except -in stacks—for diffused light, shelves, service desks, and readers’ -tables—seem to me to be most like natural daylight, and therefore best -unless too costly. - -The Report of Oculists and Electricians on the Boston Schools,[210] -reported against indirect lighting, believing that “the cost of current -to secure a proper illumination would be prohibitive.” They added, -however, that “No actual experiments were made with indirect lighting, as -objections to its use seemed so obvious as to render them unnecessary.” - -This was in 1907 (for schools) before the experiments in libraries -described below had been made. - -So far they seem successful. The Crerar Library has tried one for -two years. Mr. Andrews says in his last report (1912): “The indirect -system of lighting has been extended over the official catalogue and -the offices. Longer experience confirms the opinion that under suitable -conditions the system is the best for the prolonged use of artificial -light, although this is not always recognized by persons accustomed to -more concentrated illumination. For this reason it has been supplemented -to some extent in this library by table-lights in the reading-rooms.” He -writes me further, “It is undoubtedly more expensive, but it is in my -opinion also much better.” - -A similar system was installed in the John Hay Memorial Library at Brown -University a year ago. Mr. Koopman writes me (Apr. 18, 1912):— - -“Given rooms reasonably adapted for it I should call it the ideal library -system. - -“In our high reading-room [twenty-eight feet high], the conditions are -especially unfavorable owing to the deep panelling of the ceiling. But -if I were to choose afresh I might still prefer our present system; I -certainly should if I could have a flat ceiling [for maximum reflection -of light]. But for rooms of twenty feet in height and under I do not see -how for library purposes one could choose a different system; certainly -most rooms in libraries come within that range.” - -As the height of the ordinary room in a library need not be more than -twelve or thirteen feet; or, if it has to correspond with two stack -stories, 14 or 15 feet; Mr. Koopman’s commendation would hold for all -library rooms, except lofty halls. - -About the lighting of the lofty room, Mr. Charles A. Coolidge, architect -of the John Hay Library, writes as follows:— - -“I think the indirect method of lighting in the rooms where the ceilings -are not high, is very successful. It is only in the main reading-room, -where it made so many hanging fixtures, that I did not like the effect; -it is also expensive, as they have to use so many more lights. It does -not seem to me very cheerful there, and I think the effect would be -better if we had two chandeliers in the room at appropriate places where -they would give a general illumination, and would be high enough to keep -the light out of one’s eyes.” - -I hear that this system is also used in the new St. Louis Public Library -building, but have no report as to its merits. - -From these experiences, west and east, and from my own observations -of other systems in very many libraries, I am prepared to recommend -trial of indirect lighting; especially as encouragement of makers will -undoubtedly induce them to remedy any faults and develop all merits. For -diffused light it is enough, always and everywhere. For shelves, from -top to bottom, it is enough. For staff desks and for readers with strong -eyes, it is enough. Weak eyes, accustomed to concentrated light, may need -more; hence I take it the extra Crerar lamps. New patents are already -appearing. Mr. Andrews further says in his letter: “A combination of this -method with the direct system, called ‘semi-indirect,’ is used in the -City Club at Chicago.” - -It is even possible that the expense of installation and operation may be -reduced. - -=Fixtures.= Have these plain and substantial. If you do not try some -indirect system, but hold to direct lighting, do not surrender yourself -to the first or the most insistent agent. Urge your architect to a -deliberate study of lamps, their power, position, bulbs, and shading, and -indeed all their appurtenances and fixtures. - -Do not, in the first place, let the architect arrange the lamps for -picturesque effect. If he can make the lights ideal for service and -for readers, well and good; but get the utilitarian effect first; the -artistic afterwards, if you can. - -Again, do not accept too meekly the salesman’s or contractor’s or -architect’s selection of shades and fixtures. Watch, inspect, read -everywhere, and when you make up your mind clearly what is best for you, -insist on getting it. But avoid especially “art fixtures.” - -I have been especially warned not to use the ornamental chain pendant for -chandeliers, like that shown after p. 14 of the above mentioned Report of -Oculists. The slightest draft will twist them, and break the wires inside. - -And for desk or table electric reading lamps, use the movable and -self-adjusting kind, so that every reader can turn on his own light, and -arrange its angle as he chooses. - -_In General._ Very large libraries can perhaps economize by installing -their own electric plants, but get them outside the building if -possible, as the jar of the engines and their whir are disturbing. In -a group of municipal or university buildings, the library can get its -current from a common source. - -L. B. Marks, 103 Park Avenue, New York, has written a paper on “The -Design of Illumination in the New York Carnegie Libraries.”[211] In this -he advises consulting a specialist in every new problem. - -In fact, with the complexity of functions in a large library, the need -increases of seeking the advice of specialists on many points;—heating, -lighting, ventilation, stacks, fireproof vaults are subjects where -neither the librarian or the architect may know all the latest phases of -the subject, and really want skilled information. - -Champneys[212] recommends that oil lamps be kept lighted at stations all -over a library, lest sudden failure of the electric light plunge it into -darkness. - - -Heating and Ventilation - -Except far north, these look out for themselves fairly well. As winter -approaches, they ought to look out for each other. When you begin to plan -for artificial heat, you can plan for ventilation at the same time. - -In the smallest libraries, in wooded regions, wide fireplaces with wood -fires make cheerful if not very even heat, and excellent ventilation up -the chimney. In places where wood is scarce or dear, some sort of stove, -like those used in groceries, depots, or schools, is next called into -play. The interior view, for instance, of the Keene Valley Public Library -(in Eastman[213]) shows such a stove at the right. The floor plans show a -“wood-house.” In buying a stove, one of the makes with a jacket, on the -furnace principle, can combine heat and ventilation best. - -=Fireplaces.= We do not often use coal grates, but architectural features -common in our libraries are wood-fireplaces. The excuse for introducing -them is cosiness, cheerfulness, and ventilation. They are certainly cosy -when a fire is kept up, but tending them requires a deal of time, the -heat is rather irregular, the ashes are a bit blowy. Ventilation is no -better by fireplace than through any other aperture, unless some sort of -flame is kept up—a tiny gas-jet under the flue sometimes serves as an -irritant. As usually built they cost money; and they usually interfere -with wall-shelving which is needed. In small libraries with wall space -to spare, where wood is the cheapest fuel, it may be well to have a -fireplace with a fire tended by the townspeople; but in larger buildings -fireplaces are generally nuisances, to be banished to the trustees’ room, -if the architect wants one somewhere. - -Champneys[214] thinks “open fires are to be avoided in all public rooms, -because of unequal distribution of heat, of dust and noise, and of -labor.” This is undoubtedly true of soft-coal grate fires, such as they -have in England, but has Champneys ever seen the cleanly cheer of a -country fireplace, full of six-foot logs? Few of us can afford them even -in forest regions, but what an invitation such a glow offers in a rural -neighborhood! - -The next step beyond the stove would be the ordinary dwelling-house -hot-air furnace; doubled or reinforced by a small one, if the house is -a little too large to provide properly-gauged heat for all varieties of -weather by one furnace. - -During these smallest stages of growth, reliance for ventilation can at -first be placed on crevices, occasional opening of doors, and the open -chimney. - -=Window Bar Ventilation.= When these rudimentary means become inadequate, -the simple device of window bars (as I have found in my own house and -office for a generation past) will keep even the air of crowded rooms -freshened, without drafts. There are many patented devices embodying -this principle, but there is no need to waste money on them. The village -carpenter can saw out for every window a plain duplicate of the lower -bar, a quarter of an inch shorter, but beveled like it, to slip in easily -and tight. When the lower sash is lifted, this bar inserted, and the -sash shut close to it, there is a space above between the two sashes, -which at the same time lets out the foul air, and lets in the fresh, -without any perceptible draft. The only caution to be observed, even in -cold weather, is to put the bar on the leeward windows, away from those -against which the wind is blowing too strongly. This simple fresh air -system is very effective. Try it on one window anywhere, and see if you -do not like it. - -=The Next Method.= Next comes steam heat, very common, very -unsatisfactory, very cheap; with radiators, very ugly in a library, very -much in the way; requiring some scheme of admitting sufficient fresh air -regularly, and ejecting air that has been breathed. - -A low-pressure indirect hot water system gives the best heat, most easily -managed and properly combined with fresh air supply. The only reason that -it is not universally adopted is that steam boilers and radiators are -cheaper. Here, however, is one of the alternatives in library building -where the money available ought to be put into health and comfort rather -than into mere show. - -For ventilation, in the simpler forms of steam and hot-air heating, the -simplest, cheapest, and often most effective method is to take fresh air -by several inlets direct from outside, up under radiators, to be heated -by passage through them and let out into the room. - -In large libraries, some more effective system of heating, with forced -draft ventilation by blowers, fans or inducers, must be installed by the -architect under advice of competent engineers. The part of the librarian -in this stage of planning will be to get the building committee to take -the most effective method, rather than the cheapest, diverting to this -essential of health some of the funds which can be withheld from inside -or outside ornament. - -=Temperature.= One of the striking differences between England and -the United States is that in the standards of temperature, Champneys[215] -calls for 60° to 62° Fahrenheit for rooms, 56° for corridors. -Burgoyne[215] reports 50° in the stack at Strassburg. - -The A. L. A. Committee on Ventilation and Lighting takes as the standard -70° as a medium temperature for the circular inquiries it is making. -It is usually assumed that a lower standard may be set for stacks, and -places where attendants or readers move around rather than sit. Certainly -we try to keep our houses and offices and the reading-rooms of our -libraries 68° to 70°. - -=In General.= An article in “The Librarian,”[216] specifies five heaters, -thus:— - - 1. Open fire grates; cheerful but troublesome. - 2. Hot-water radiators; popular. - 3. Steam radiators. - 4. Gas or electric heaters; only for small rooms. - 5. Coal stoves; not desirable in libraries. - -=Thermometers.= Perhaps the architect can plan his heating apparatus -so cleverly, or your janitor can run the plant so watchfully, that an -equable and agreeable temperature can be maintained everywhere. Among -your fittings, however, do not fail to plan for plenty of thermometers as -indicators to be watched by the staff. Underheating promotes discomfort, -coughs, colds; overheating stupefies staff and readers. - -=Basic Advice.= In 1893 Dr. John S. Billings, now of the New York Public -Library, published an interesting and sensible volume on Ventilation and -Heating, in which, however, no special mention is made of libraries. I -quote some general remarks, which seem pertinent:[217]— - -“It is important that those who form and direct opinion on this subject -should look to it that the buildings which they plan, and especially -those in which numbers of men, women or children are to be brought -together, are so constructed and arranged _that no one shall poison -himself or others by the air which he expires_. - -“I do not mean by this that every man should aim to be an expert on plans -and specifications for ventilation, nor that he should rely on his own -judgment as to the best way to secure it, but that he should insist on -having it provided for, and should see that skilled advice on the subject -is obtained. - -“Among the first questions which the architect has to solve for -each building which he plans or constructs, in order to secure good -ventilation are the following:— - -“_First_—How much money shall be allowed to secure ventilation in this -case? - -“_Second_—Which of several methods should be employed to effect this, -taking into consideration the character and location of the building, and -the amount of funds available? - -“It is also the business of the architect to see that the builders do -not, in a spasm of economy or retrenchment, make a reduction in some -point which will affect the ventilation, _rather than cut off some of -the merely ornamental and comparatively useless decorative work of the -exterior_. - -“However much the architect may be inclined to let the owners have -their own way in planning their own residences; when it comes to public -buildings, it is his duty _not only to advise but to insist_ on proper -arrangements for heating, ventilation, drainage and plumbing. If it -be his misfortune to deal on such matters with ignorant committee-men -who with a limited appropriation persist in omitting, for, the sake of -cheapness, some of those points in construction which are essential -for keeping the building in proper sanitary condition, it is _his duty -as a skilled professional man to decline to have anything to do with -the matter_ rather than suffer himself to be used as a tool to execute -work which he knows will be dangerous to the health and life of his -fellow-citizens or of their children.” - -These are ringing words to be addressed to an architect. How much more -do they apply to the librarian who is the expert adviser not only as to -effective methods of work, but also as to the comfort and health of all -his staff and for all the public who are to use the building. - -A paper by Dr. Billings, on the special subject of Library Heating and -Ventilation, after his experience in New York, first in old buildings and -now in a new building, should be of very great value. - - -Plumbing, Drains, Sewers - -This is another group to be provided for satisfactorily before any money -is allotted to frills. The architect ought to be expert in all three -specialties; but a householder wants to know just what the architect is -going to do in building his house. The librarian is in this instance -the housekeeper, at least, and has not only a right, but a duty, of -inquisitiveness; for carelessness or mistakes on the part of draftsmen, -ignorance or worse on the part of workman, might seriously affect the -health of a large number of people. - -=Underdraining.= Is your lot dry down below the foundations of the -building? See to this before you start to build, for a damp basement for -a library leads to book-tuberculosis, if nothing worse. - -=Drains.= Gutters send a lot of water down from the roof, and unless this -is led away by tight conductors, leading into drains that are sure to -carry it off, the resulting moisture will gather along the foundations -and show on the inside walls. I have had experience and expense with this -trouble on my own premises. - -=Sewers.= In cities, drains and sewers usually combine in joint drainage. -Here you have to watch your own grounds, your neighbors’, and the town’s -connections; avoiding interference, and watching for loose joints, -careless workmanship, and downright dishonesty. Watch your architect, -watch the contractors. - -=Plumbing.= Be very careful that the water pipes do not run too near, or -behind or directly under or over the shelves. Bursting pipes threaten -damage and disaster to books. - -In indicating where you want your water-fixtures, remember that -unnecessary scattering entails unnecessary expense. Economy demands, and -efficiency rarely forbids, putting pipes in stacks up and down stairs, -one fixture under another, and all near chimneys or somewhere else safe -from freezing. - -=File plans.= As suggested under another head, keep your plumbing and -drainage plans separately, file them in a pamphlet plainly labelled and -catalogued. You may want in a hurry sometime to know just where every -pipe and drain can be got at easily. - - -Cleanliness - -=Prevention.= It has been suggested that library windows, especially -stack windows, be made tight, never to be opened; but the hermetically -sealed library does not seem to appeal strongly to the public. Dust can -be excluded by carefully planned vestibules, and by opening windows only -at certain times, and in certain winds, when dust outside does not drive -in. In many large libraries, methods of dust-absorption are provided -for air-inlets, and such excluders are common to all systems of forced -draught. - -=Inside Dust.= In addition to the dust that drives in from the street, -and that which rises from mud tracked in, there is some that is evolved -from certain book-bindings and from processes of handling, which has to -be kept down. Library housekeeping is a steady process. - -=Cleaners.= The old-fashioned sweeping and mopping with the old -implements, are not yet out-of-date, but there are many more or less -expensive patent sweepers, which are supposed to be dustless. Vacuum -cleaners have come to stay. Mr. Hodges of Cincinnati anticipated their -use in libraries years ago, and made an effective machine of his own. A -simple way is to open dusting ducts, in which books may be dusted while -all dust is blown away outside. But in a large enough library, it is now -wise while installing a stack, to have some system of vacuum standpipes -built in to reach every floor; and in any library some of the simpler -and more effective forms of patent sweepers or vacuum cleaners may be -provided and stored in basement, attic or closets. - -=Bowls and Taps.= Sinks with taps for filling pails are useful on all -floors, for scrub-women and for first aid in fires. They can easily be -combined with wash-bowls, thus avoiding multiplicity of fixtures. - -=Wash-bowls.= Using books is not always cleanly work, and both attendants -and readers often need facilities for washing their hands. Wash-bowls can -be concealed in closets or tucked into special cupboards in shelving, -where they are not obvious. There are too few of them oftener than too -many in a library. Consider the rooms there where staff or readers might -wish to wash their hands after handling dusty books. Frequent ablutions -would cleanse the users, and protect books. Children, sometimes adults, -come to the library with grimy hands, so that wash-bowls near entrances -may be welcome conveniences. But all bowls should be set where they can -be watched by one of the staff. - -“The library of the future will be found to contain lavatories -where every one wishing to use books will first have to cleanse his -hands.”—_Reinick._ See p. 222 _post._ - - -Protection from Enemies - -Blades in his “Enemies of Books” enumerates Fire, Water, Gas, Heat, Dust, -Neglect, Bookworms, Mice and other vermin [to which he might have added -book thieves, extra illustrators, mutilators and defacers]. - -Against the latter group, supervision is a deterrent. - -Gas is vanishing before the electric light. - -Neglect we cannot allow, or plead guilty to. - -Bookworms and vermin have not apparently worried our libraries as much as -those of the old world. They can hardly be guarded against in building, -except as we guard against moisture and filth. - -=Fire= is a great danger in our climate. There is some quality in the -atmosphere—some latent condition akin to electricity, which feeds -flames. We have concluded that limits of expense and considerations of -convenience render it impossible to make our buildings, or any part of -them, except the vault for valuables, absolutely fireproof. - -In view of the fact that books will always remain combustible, -and sensitive to injury from smoke and water, it is now generally -conceded that all we need aim at is isolation, slow combustion through -“warehouse-construction,” hollow walls, iron or steel shelving, and the -like. - -Outside iron shutters are considered clumsy, and not so good protection -as distance from other buildings. Inside iron doors are frequently -neglected, and tend to curl up in hot flames. Local fire regulations -sometimes require protected doors through partitions—for which -slow-burning wood, tinned, is preferred. These are often interposed -between the stack and the rest of the building. The stack can be made -more fireproof than the rest, without much extra expense. Its greatest -danger, shared with other parts, is from crossed electric wires. Against -these, careful installation by conscientious electrical experts is the -chief protection. - -Thoroughly fireproofing the boiler-rooms, ash-pit and waste-paper bin -is a protection any building can have, and in many cases these can all -be set outside. Heating-pipes can be kept from contact with woodwork or -books, and can be protected with asbestos or otherwise. - -=Material= is a great factor of danger or safety. Wood, unless treated -chemically, is more dangerous than iron or stone, but inside iron needs -protection from flame, lest it yield when most needed. In the San -Francisco fire, brick and terra cotta withstood heat better than marble, -granite, sandstone, or limestone.[218] - -The great use now made of concrete for floors, ceilings, partitions, and -walls renders modern buildings safer from fire, and is to be commended -especially in libraries. - -The roof is vulnerable and should be of non-inflammable material, -fireproofed if possible. Sparks blown from neighboring conflagrations, -lighting on an unguarded public building, give the greatest outside -danger. Tar roofs are said to be non-combustible, when properly -gravelled, but do not be too sure of them. Tile, slate, asbestos-shingles -should insure you. - -=Elevators.= These and lifts furnish in their shafts dangerous -draft-flues for fires starting below. If there is any way to provide -doors and trap-doors easily managed, to shut off every floor, one great -danger of spread of fire is removed. - -=Glass.= As outside shutters are objectionable, tough wire-glass, which -does not break easily from heat, will furnish a measurable protection -from outside fire, without materially diminishing light. Indeed it may -transmit or reflect light better than large panes of plate glass, which -shatter too easily. - -=Fire-buckets= on every floor, prescribed in many insurance regulations, -are not so necessary when there are water-taps handy everywhere, as -recommended above. Fire extinguishers, however, are not superfluous. - -=Standpipes.= In large buildings the local fire department can aid the -architect by suggesting the most effective location for service pipes -to command every corner of every room and passage most effectively and -economically. - -=Lightning.= Lightning rods, once deemed so essential, do not seem -popular now, but metal standpipes, and steel stacks, well-grounded, -would certainly serve to carry lightning down to the depth of permanent -moisture. I cannot hear that lightning has ever found stacks attractive. - -=Water.= Leaks are bad for books, and fussy for folks. Roofs and cellars -may let in moisture, and a library needs tightness in both. Unless it -is well constructed and tested at the outset, the leaks, the seepage -of a building are hard to find and to stop. No care and thought should -be spared concerning this insidious enemy, from choosing the site to -flashing the roof-tree. - -Since drafting this chapter, I am reminded by an article in Vol. I of -the “Library Association Record,”[219] of certain bookworms or grubs I -have found in old books from the damp shores of our gulf states. Mr. -Widman of St. Charles College is quoted as saying, “We see the time when -we shall have to burn part of our books to save the other part.” But I -find no suggestion as to any provisions in building which would check -such pests. Rigid exclusion of moisture from foundations and walls would -probably be the only palliative. - -I have noticed cloth bindings of books, especially public documents from -gulf states, badly eaten by roaches. - -William R. Reinick, Chief of Documents in the Philadelphia Free Library, -has printed results of experiments as to insects that destroy books, in -Scientific American Supplements of Dec. 24, 1910, and May 11, 1912. He -says:— - -“It has been stated that more books have been destroyed by small forms of -life than by fire and water combined.” - -“Heat, dampness, and dirt deposited in handling books, develop worms, -etc.” - -“Libraries keep many books in dark places, badly ventilated. Darkness, -damp air, and leaving books long undisturbed, favor propagation of small -forms of life.” - -“_Light and cleanliness_ are the two most important factors in preventing -the ravages of insects and also of fungi which grow upon and in books in -a damp, warm atmosphere.” - -While few libraries in our northern states have suffered from book -worms and the like, will it not be well to experiment before entrusting -rare books to sliding cases, or any books to dark central or especially -underground stacks? - -=Stacks.= There is one danger in many stacks. A wide space is left -between “deck” and shelves on each edge. The danger of dropping small -articles like pencils and pads is elsewhere spoken of, but do not such -unnecessary wide spaces increase the danger of fire from below and leaks -from above? - - -Fireproof Vaults - -But if it is deemed unnecessary to go to the expense of fireproofing the -whole building, it is certainly necessary for every library which has -valuable books, manuscripts, or records, to have some sort of a strong -room, proof against both fire, moisture, and ordinary book-thieves. This -should be large enough for present treasures and probable growth, and can -be treated as one of the luxuries of the building, where luxury can be -afforded. It need not rob any reading-room of light, but can be located -in a dark corner of the cellar or elsewhere which seems useless for any -other purpose. Unless watched, builders are apt to slight vaults, and -finish them rough, shabby, or damp. This is inexcusable, now that such -conveniences are common in banks, even in small towns. There must be -many expert and honest vault builders in every large city. For light, -ventilation and comfort refer to any “Safe-Deposit Vaults” below banks. -For absolute security read of the safety with which so large a quantity -of bonds came out of the Equitable fire in New York. When you allot your -bids, take the expert constructor of the firm contracting for the vault -into your confidence, and ask his advice about such late improvements as -need not increase his bid. He ought to want the advertisement of your -approbation as much as you want an excellent piece of work. - -A plain fireproof brick bin for waste paper and rubbish and one for hot -ashes are guardians against fire. - -A common safe will be enough for the account books and most essential -records of a small library which cannot afford a vault. If the floor is -made strong enough, it can be kept in a corner or a closet reserved for -it in the librarian’s or trustees’ room. - - -Central Spaces - -Large rectangular buildings have central spaces and one of the first -questions for the planners—indeed the key to the whole design—is “what -use shall we make of this space, leave it open, devote it to reading or -delivery, or occupy it by stacks?” - -=Areas= are often used to light basement windows, but they are apt to -catch rubbish and in winter to invite snowdrifts, which are difficult to -clean out. Where they must be used they are better if extended to form a -sort of moat, wide enough to be reached by a special flight of steps, for -use in cleaning, and lined with white stone or glazed brick to reflect -light into the basement. - -=Courtyards.= In large buildings, a large courtyard admits light to all -the interior walls, but is usually too wasteful of space. The interior -is generally used either for delivery, reading or stack; not solidly -occupying the whole available space; lighted from the top, and so shaped -as to leave small corner courtyards as shafts for light and air. If the -walls of these shafts are faced with glazed brick, they may light, very -effectively, inside rooms, passages and stairs. - -=Kept Open.= In the Boston Public Library, the central space was planned -for architectural effect, and left open. This arrangement, if the -interior walls had windows planned for light, rather than for effect, -would render both faces of all four sides of the building, available -for useful rooms; but as it is, adequate light is not given to rooms, -and thus is wasted. When attention was called to this waste, and to the -disjunctive effect which threw communications out to exterior lines, the -advocates of the scheme enlarged upon the opportunities it would give for -readers to carry books out there and read under the æsthetic effects of a -canopy which excludes direct light from the lower story, as the monks of -old are pictured as using their arcades. With this in mind I have often -peered out there from the staircase windows, but have never detected such -a reader. The present effect may please æsthetic visitors, but I doubt if -it could secure a vote from practical modern librarians. - -=Central Reading Room.= With the huge reading rooms of the Library of -Congress and the British Museum in mind, anyone can understand this use, -which is striking. Whether it is the ideal form for a reading-room is -more doubtful. It certainly, when high, wastes a deal of room in upper -space, not needed for light or ventilation, and it needlessly blocks -light which might render the inner fronts of the building useful for -various purposes. In this position of the reading or delivery room, the -corresponding stack would cross the rear, and perhaps range along the -sides of the rectangle. - -=Central Delivery.= Another use is for the main delivery, with generally -a lower roof than a reading-room would have unless obstructive. If light -for this is drawn from above it will be ample for enough floor shelving -to bring certain parts of the open-access books near to the desk and -catalog. - -=Stacks.= Sometime in the future, all the central space of a large -building may be given to a solid stack, from sub-cellars to roof, lighted -only by electricity, ventilated from above by forced draught, and opening -on reading and administrative rooms all around. - -But until this era of dark storage (which heaven forfend!) there is a -possibility of stacks in the form of cross-sections, or a Greek cross, -with corner areas for light and air, and feeding a smaller central room -for reading or delivery, or even feeding suites of reading rooms around -the perimeter after the fashion of the Library of Congress building. - -=Combination.= Still another use of the center space is possible (as -in the new Brooklyn Central Library plans): stories of stacks below, -delivery-room above, on the level with the ground floor of the building; -the reading room above that. - -=Dark Places.= There will inevitably come corners in every building where -full light cannot get in. Some faulty buildings are full of such corners. -Study the plans you find, to detect such faults and avoid them. When -your own plans, after all your care, disclose such spots of darkness, -think over your various needs and see if some use cannot be made of such -otherwise wasted gaps. There are some closets, even rooms, which do not -require any light, or require it so seldom that a flash of electric -light, now and then, will serve almost as well as daylight. For instance, -there is the book vault, the photographic dark room, many closets for -supplies, shelves for duplicates; heaters, coal bunks, ash and waste -paper bins, _et id genus omne_. All such that you can relegate to places -hopelessly dark, will leave so much more free daylight to be used. - -=Closets.= Closets in a library need not be as numerous as in a dwelling -house, but they are about as useful. Careful planning can get them in -where they are wanted without sacrificing space which can be used for -books or readers. For instance, rooms as you have to fit them into your -floor plans often have one dimension a bit too long. Some times, you -have a librarian’s room which seems rather to waste two or three feet -farthest from the windows. Make a closet of this, or a nook for drawers -and books. The next room is a thought too wide. Slice two feet off the -width into a row of cupboards or wardrobes. Show your ingenuity in such -refinements of planning. - -And every closet is much like every library. It is capable of, and it -deserves individuality. Instead of making a dozen closets alike, plan -a separate use for each, and lay out its drawers, shelves, cupboards, -books, wash-bowls, beforehand. This will save you steps and minutes -later, and reap the satisfaction of smooth service. - -=Store-rooms.= Store-rooms differ somewhat from closets—they are more -wholesale. They require much planning in detail. Do you want bins, open -shelving, or glass doors? Do you want hinged doors, or sliding? Do you -want bins or drawers below, and shelves above? Do you want the same -treatment all round and perhaps in the middle of the floor? Do you need -high shelves, or pigeon-holes, or pegs, or hooks? - -You must plan storage for stationery, material, labels. - -Closets of course, can be used for storage, in addition to other uses, -toilet, wraps, etc. - - -Lifts: Elevators - -=Lifts.= By this phrase are designated booklifts—for single volumes or -small lots, as distinguished from elevators to carry passengers and -boxes. Lifts are chiefly used in stacks, and will be considered under -that head. They are also needed between administration rooms on different -floors, as from the unpacking room to the catalog-room, and from the desk -or the stacks up to special reading rooms. - -For small libraries, hand lifts can be made to run easily. In larger -libraries, electric lifts save a deal of time, but these are more -expensive in first cost and cost of operation and repair. - -Champneys[220] says, “Line cages with leather or rubber. Attach clips for -papers.” - -=Elevators.= These are not at all needed in small libraries, and their -use should be postponed as long as possible as a library grows larger, -not only on account of initial cost, space required, and danger of -furnishing upward drafts in case of fire, but because of the treble cost -of running—power, manning and tinkering. They are one of the necessary -nuisances of large buildings. - -When used, they may be installed in dark inside corners, and should -so accommodate passage up and down that less space need be put into -staircases. They should open outside rather than inside rooms, even if -special corridors have to be provided. The stir of operation, entrance -and exit is very disturbing for staff as well as for readers. - -The necessity of installing an elevator marks a debatable and epochal -point in the development of a library. Indeed I have thought of -classifying buildings,—those which can get along without elevators; and -those that must have them. Here comes a great leap in the expense of -operation. - -The number of elevators in the building, their size, their position, -the system of operating them, all have an immediate bearing on annual -operating expenses, and in very large libraries need a vast amount of -special study and conference. - - -Mechanical Carriers - -Some jubilation has been expressed by librarians and architects over -the conquest of space through the aid of invention, but space and time -have not yet been entirely annihilated. Two hundred feet by carrier may -be shorter than a hundred by foot, but it is still twice as far as a -hundred feet by carrier, and in planning to use mechanical aids, it is -still necessary to remember that a straight line is the shortest distance -between two points. - -For small packages and small libraries, tubes (pneumatic propulsion or -exhaust) are the simplest contrivance for horizontal carriage, and they -will serve many purposes in larger libraries. - -In large buildings it is usually wise to provide some sort of machinery -from remote parts of the stack to the delivery desk, and also direct to -the reading-room floors; although the leading specialist on this subject, -Bernard R. Green[221] of the Library of Congress, warns that they should -only be adopted as a matter of necessity, for they require expenditure, -space and complicated machinery. There are forms to be studied in most -of the very large libraries, government, university and public. As every -new library building will probably devise some decided improvement in -tubes and carriers, I will not take space here to describe the different -devices now in use, but will advise very careful study of every problem -as it arises. Burgoyne[222] describes the Boston Public Library -System.[223] The Library of Congress underground system which has been -in continuous service satisfactorily since 1897, has also been very well -described in The Library.[224] - -It seems to me that the services I have seen are heavier, clumsier and -slower than is necessary, and that something of the ingenuity that has -been put into commercial cash-carrier systems might devise for libraries -book-baskets, run on wires, which would serve all purposes for single -volumes or small lots of books. Those now operating also suggest frequent -stoppages for repairs. “Carriers that turn corners are apt to get out of -order,” says Bostwick.[225] - -But at all events, no conveniences of machinery should serve as an -architectural excuse for separating or increasing distance between -departments. - -=Tunnels.= For passage from cellar of one building to another in groups; -or from one wing to another in the same building, underground passages -may be required. They are usually floored, ceiled and walled, with stone -or cement, but it has occurred to me that in some cases, large cast-iron -water pipes, well laid, would make a cheaper, tighter, stronger and -otherwise more satisfactory communication. For staff usage the height of -a small man is sufficient; for bulky boxes the size of a car running on -rails, and drawn by hand or by endless chain, would define the width, and -a slight additional height would allow for overhead hanging book-baskets. - - -Telephones and Tubes - -These are most necessary for quick work. All libraries with more than one -story, or even more than one room, can use speaking-tubes to advantage. -They are inexpensive, and are easily put in while building. If installed -at first, they need not cost much, and save many steps, if they be run -only from the librarian’s desk to the janitor. For larger libraries, they -can connect desk and stack, librarian and assistants, departments with -each other. In stacks they are very serviceable, placed next the lift -and running both to delivery desk and to janitor’s room. In still larger -libraries some form of house-telephone will speed and simplify service, -with an exchange desk, switchboard, and special operator. - -Consult the local telephone company about the different styles and -prices. You will perhaps be surprised to find how cheaply they can be set -and run, even as compared with a speaking-tube system. - -Dr. Richard Garnett recommends the telautograph for transmitting -inquiries and orders,[226] and also says,[227] “In planning large -libraries, it will be necessary to take mechanical contrivances into -account to a much greater extent than hitherto.” - -Less marble columns, fewer dadoes, and more tubes and telephones, would -ensure a better working library. - - - - -E. - -DEPARTMENTS AND ROOMS - -_In this Book suggestions are made as to location and equipment of every -room in a library. Note especially Stack-towers, Carrels, and Sliding -Cases._ - - - - -E. - -DEPARTMENTS AND ROOMS - - -PART I - -ADMINISTRATION ROOMS - -While books are the substance of a library and readers the object, how to -bring them together is the key to arrangement of the plan; therefore the -first consideration among rooms is here given to administration. - -Except as otherwise specified later, the working rooms ought to be put in -the center of the library, in order of processes for handling books and -serving readers, and ought to be in the most direct connection possible -with each other, with stacks and with reading rooms. Here centers good -planning. - -Always remember what economy lies in close connections, concentration, -and short distances. - -Every saving in communication may mean an attendant saved, and a smaller -pay-roll. - -“Ease and smoothness of administration are to further public service or -lessen expense.”—_Bostwick._[228] - -“They must be in sequence, so that books may be (1) received; (2) -catalogued; (3) prepared; (4) shelved, without jumping around from one -part to another.”—_Idem._[229] - -See excellent article by W. K. Stetson on centralized administration, 36 -L. J., p. 467. - -In his article on Library Buildings, in the U. S. Public Libraries -Special Report of 1876,[230] Justin Winsor pictures the preliminary -operations of preparing books for the reader—the first steps of -administration, as carried out in a large room, surrounded by stalls -connected by tramways for book boxes, and supervised by a superintendent -from a raised platform in the centre, who directs the successive -operations and operators, all under his eye. - -This arrangement persists, but except so far as it governs packing and -unpacking, is now usually separated into different rooms, all made parts -of a suite, connected either horizontally or perpendicularly, and served -by special lifts and elevators. - -Such rooms for a large library are here described in separate chapters. -In smaller libraries practically the same operations are compressed into -fewer rooms. - - -Trustees’ Room - -In very small libraries none is necessary; nor need one be set aside, as -the library grows larger, until other more necessary rooms are provided -for. The trustees as a body do not meet every day, and their committees -only meet an hour or so at a time, so that they can well use one of the -staff rooms whose occupants can temporarily get busy elsewhere, or use -special rooms only occasionally used. - -In growing libraries, when rooms have to be set aside for any purposes -which do not require constant occupation, any one of these can be -used for trustees. Their meetings, and those of their committees, are -generally held in late afternoon or evening, when it would not interfere -with intermittent processes or infrequent readers. It has always seemed -to me that a Local History room would be an excellent refuge for trustees -in a building where space had to be economized, especially as local -history is a proper function for a small library with either an active -librarian, or an active local society, or both. - -When the library gets larger, it is well to consider that the trustees -represent the public which owns the library. They are usually selected -with care for what is held to be the most honorable position in town. -They serve without pay. In character, in prominence, in responsibility, -in service, their board deserves prominent recognition in planning a -building. As they will use their quarters less often than staff or -readers use their rooms, they need not take up any space which is -desirable for active departments. They can be put anywhere in the -building where space can best be spared. But as they are sometimes -elderly men, they ought not to be expected to climb many flights of -stairs, and in buildings without elevators, should not have to go higher -than the second floor. - -In furniture and decoration, a deal of money has been wasted on trustees’ -rooms. They ought to have a cheerful, cosey, dignified and comfortable -room, but as no library ever has enough money for its actual needs, it is -willful and sinful waste to devise massive and costly furniture (usually -very uncomfortable) and splendid ornament, for the modest gentlemen (and -ladies) who will spend a few hours there every month. - -Good proportions, cheerful color, good natural and artificial light, -a warm carpet perhaps, a ceiling not too lofty, comfortable yet not -necessarily expensive furniture, with lockers or hat racks, even a -fireplace if the architect thinks it would add to the effect of the -room (here a fireplace would be most permissible); these will make an -apartment where trustees can be at their best, wise, sensible, never -contentious or captious. - -Even then, it does not seem necessary to set aside an otherwise useless -room entirely to a board which occupies it so seldom. Think if it cannot -be put to some special use, for clubs, or if that would desecrate it, to -housing some special collection not likely to be wanted at the hours of -board meetings. By all means shelve it round about—there is no decoration -in a library like books in good binding, even in bright cloth covers,—and -let it be one of the semi-public rooms, to be shown with pride; or -sparingly used by those readers or students who deserve to be ranked as -users with trustees. - - -Librarian’s Room - -Though the delivery room be the center of service, the librarian’s room -is the center of direction. Whether it should be close to the delivery -room or to any special department, depends first upon the size of the -library, then upon its class and methods. Sometimes it is thought well -for the librarian not only to be in close touch with his staff, but to be -accessible to the public. If he does not wish to use his time entirely as -an information clerk, a position may be assigned to him quite apart from -staff or public rooms, on any floor. Modern systems of tube or telephone -(which should always be liberally provided to keep all departments in -close call), will sufficiently overcome distance to enable him to summon -to his room anyone he wishes to see. Champneys even suggests an extra -exit as an escape from bores, if they succeed in getting in. - -Where his position is to be, in the building, it is for the librarian to -decide, provided the trustees approve him sufficiently to keep him to run -the new building. He is to run it, and he ought to have the place which -will let him run it most easily, according to the methods he may wish to -follow. No one else should compel him to go where he will be hampered by -any discomforts. - -As to arrangements and furniture, there will be needed such tables as -the size of the room may allow, such chairs as the occupant may require, -as well as enough for visitors, wardrobes for his clothes, closets for -his stores (see list of stores which may be needed in a stationery -cabinet—_Duff-Brown_[231]), private toilet room, a space (usually) for -a small fireproof safe for his and the trustees’ valuable immediate -papers, such wall shelving as he may require for his personal books and -bibliography, telephone and tube space handy to his seat, a keyboard for -keys, and enough free floor space for such revolving bookcases and such -floor cases as he may further require, not to forget passage room for -visitors. - -As to location, so as to arrangement, the librarian should here have a -free hand, however much he must yield his preferences elsewhere. It is -his room, and should be a part of his individuality. To allow this to -him, is the first and longest step toward good administration during the -whole life of the building. - -In England, a private residence is often provided in the building for the -librarian, but seldom or never in America. - -=Ante-room.= In a library of some size, a comparatively small room, or -even two or three low rooms are very much better for the librarian than -one large, high room. If there is an assistant librarian or private -secretary, he needs a separate room, and if there is to be a private -stenographer, she can share this outer room, and either part of it, or -still another room can be assigned to staff or public, waiting for their -turn of admittance. Indeed, a suite of three not very large rooms is -quite ideal, especially as many of the librarian’s impedimenta can be -distributed over the larger shelf and closet space available. - -=Heads of Departments.= In a large library with departments, each of -their heads should have his own little room or rooms, according to -his duties and the bulk of his records, close to the center or edge -of the groups of rooms he is to manage, with such tube and telephone -communication as will place him in close touch with the librarian, with -his inferiors, and with such other departments as he aids in serving. - - -Other Staff Quarters - -Staff work is divided by Bostwick[232] into,— - -_Administrative_, which would cover librarian, his assistants, and heads -of departments. - -_Contact with the public_, including those of advisory, educational, or -disciplinary duties. - -_Clerical_, subordinates in offices and catalog departments. - -_Buying and distribution_, including those engaged in preparing and -circulating books. - -_Care of Building._ - -This would indicate a group or number of rooms for each class, the -“administrative” (already treated) and “buying and distribution” somewhat -clustered, the “clerical” and “contact with the public” distributed among -the others, and the “care of building” generally centered in the basement. - -In addition to these classes or groups, a general room or rooms will be -needed in a large library for staff meetings, staff lectures and staff -training school. One large room should serve alternately for all such -purposes, especially if divided by sliding or folding partitions to make -of it either a large or small room as desired. Special audience or school -furniture is needed here. - - -Public Waiting Rooms - -These are not wanted in small libraries, where the space left in front of -the delivery desk will provide for casual visitors as well as for those -waiting for books. - -In large libraries, it is well to provide a place where visitors can rest -and have the privilege of talking, and where members of the staff may -see friends, if necessary. This is best near the main entrance. Indeed, -a vestibule demanded by the architecture can be utilized as such a room, -and if it can also be made a show room for book rarities and curiosities -in glass cases, a museum for statues, busts and portraits, and a general -porter’s hall and information office, it will justify its existence and -relieve the working rooms in the library of many embarrassments. Here, -also, may be bestowed grand staircases and all cumbrous architectural -features that cannot be wholly barred out. - -Such very public rooms, as distinguished from what might be called -service waiting rooms like the librarian’s ante-rooms and the space -left before the delivery desk for the applicants who have sent in slips -and are waiting for their books—are better outside of the partitions of -the working library. The latest plans for the Brooklyn central library -provide, on a triangular lot, for an apex which seems to fill this need -and some architectural features, without seriously infringing on working -or service areas. - - -Stenography Rooms - -=Staff.= Besides the private typewriter of the librarian, there will be -others in large libraries for heads of departments (indeed, wherever -there used to be a clerk or secretary, there must now be a machine), and -a number in the catalog suite, ranging up into the tens or twenties, as -more or less books are being put through various processes. These all may -be called staff stenographers. - -Even in libraries of moderate size, where there is a possibility of -gifts or other growth which will require special cataloguing, it is wise -to leave room in the cataloguing suite for extra stenographers, when -suddenly wanted. - -=Public.= There is also needed in large libraries, provision in private -study rooms for readers or authors, and some special rooms for public -stenographers on call, ready for extra staff or readers’ demands for -copying, dictation, or anything legitimately connected with the use of -books. Such rooms are among those to be placed on mezzanine floors or in -a special wing or corridor. Like music rooms, they ought to be built with -sound-proof or sound deadening floors, walls and ceiling; for readers who -are not dictating are often and excusably sensitive about the clicking of -others. - - -Place for Catalog Cases - -This chapter covers the space to be allowed in rooms for the catalogs -themselves. - -Very large libraries require whole rooms for catalogs alone, usually one -room for the general card catalog and another for the Library of Congress -cards. - -In all but very large libraries, card catalogs for the staff and for -the public must be provided for in some way. They can be separate, but -the form most economical of space is the double-ender set into the wall -between cataloguer’s room and delivery department, with drawers which can -be pulled out from either end. The obvious inconvenience is that they may -be wanted at both ends at once. Notwithstanding this, they are much used, -to save space if not labor. - -A nice problem in planning is the placing of card-catalog cases not too -far from the delivery desk, where they will not interfere with other -uses, and where they will get ample light. The most usual way is to set -them against partition walls, with space in front for a narrow table to -which drawers can be moved and rested during use. - -Another convenient arrangement is to make a sort of floor case, a wide -table in the middle of the floor, with catalog cases back to back on top, -leaving a ledge on each side and at the ends, where the table projects. - -Stools are used with these rather than chairs, mainly because they take -up less room and are not used for long periods. - -The English books speak of other styles of catalogs, but we use no other -form except (rarely) different kinds of printed catalogs, which are kept -loose on tables or desks. - -As to floor space required for catalog cases, see that heading later on. -Placing them is a nice and critical question of planning. - -Note that a Library of Congress card-catalog room separate is called for -by the Brooklyn Public Library.[233] - - -Cataloguing Room - -In small libraries, cataloguing has to be done in the librarian’s rooms -or at the delivery desk. In larger libraries one large room or a suite -of rooms is needed, and requires careful planning by an experienced -librarian. Ample light is naturally the first requisite. North light is -most regular and less glary, but is somewhat cold and cheerless. Large -windows, or what is practically one window along one side of a room, the -windows running up from the level of the tables clear to the ceiling, are -best. The working tables (better single or double desks perpendicular -to the windows) should occupy the window side, with service tables -(trestles will do) in the next space. Then floor cases for bibliography -and books in transit, also perpendicular to the light, and wall cases -beyond with a ledge, will conveniently furnish the room. If, as usual, -the different processes of handling books are performed in this room, -not only cataloguing proper, but selection, ordering, accessioning, -shelf-listing, collation, labelling, numbering, and marking or covering, -must be foreseen, in due succession. A lift at one end from the packing -room should bring the books, to follow the order of work, over bins, or -tables, or desks, or shelves, leading either to the delivery desk or the -stack. One room is often not enough—a suite of rooms is required, perhaps -up and down stairs. (Do not be tempted to use circular stairs; they are -criminal; see under that head, p. 177.) See the John Hay Library plans, -for a central “stack,” so to speak, of such rooms, planned for speedy and -economical service.[234] - -For order of work, see Winsor,[235] and Bostwick[236] who enumerates -other processes. This suite is a cosmos in itself, for which no architect -unadvised could possibly arrange. - -Even with an expert librarian to advise, the local librarian and the -local corps of cataloguers ought to be consulted, and their methods and -tastes should be heeded. An irritating incidence of light, an awkward -stretch or carry to the shelves, a clumsy arrangement of desk-surfaces or -window seats, might disconcert the best of cataloguers, and so far spoil -the building. - -See view of the cataloguing room in the Library of Congress, L. C. Report -for 1901, p. 224. - - -Delivery Room - -This is the department, under our American system, which in all libraries -should be on the ground floor, and as short a distance as possible from -the front door. In small libraries, it should be the center of the ground -floor space, where that whole floor, and the top or foot of such stairs -as there are, can be supervised by one attendant. Miss Marvin[237] -locates it approximately as 12 feet (minimum) from the door, 16 to 20 -feet “to the rear shelves,” but this of course depends on the size of the -building. - -Oscar Bluemner[238] thinks that the counter, the catalog, and applicants -need not take up more than 10 × 15 feet in a small library. - -In somewhat larger libraries the need of central location holds. The -book shelves are generally behind the desk, one reading room (or two -sober-reading rooms) on one side, another (or two where a certain amount -of stir and noise may be expected) on the other. The space in front, from -desk to door, should be planned for most of the stir and necessary noise, -except that of open shelves. If there is a small vestibule separated from -the delivery room by a glass partition, drafts and dust will be shut out, -and a space allowed for the flutter of entrance and exit, leaving the -space from door to desk for book applicants, querists, passage to other -rooms, catalog case, bulletins, waiting, and such other uses as may be -assigned to it. - -Champneys[239] warns that the space here should be calculated for the -maximum use at any time of day or evening, not for an average. Of course, -so noisy a room cannot be reckoned on for any kind of reading, although -if large enough such guides as directories, railway time tables, local -maps, etc., might be used here to advantage. - -Such a delivery desk should not be put in a room intended for study or -quiet reading, unless perhaps in colleges, where stir may be expected as -classes come and go every hour; but even here the entrances and exits -should be put where the delivery desk stir and catalog use are on one and -the same side, leaving the centre and other sides for readers, to be as -undisturbed as possible. - -In large libraries this delivery room can have more and roomier -facilities, such as settees for those waiting for books. In the -Providence Public, there is an Information desk on one side, a -Registration desk on the other, near the front door. It should still be -on the ground floor and not far from the outside entrance. More people -flock here than elsewhere, and the less tramping through corridors they -do, the better for them, the readers, and for the cleanliness of the -premises. When other rooms or passages open out of the delivery room, a -platform slightly raised for the desk will aid supervision. - -=Light.= To get a sufficiently central position for delivery room -and strong enough light on desk and catalog, seems to be, judging by -inspection of libraries and plans, an especially difficult problem; but -it should not be insoluble to a clever librarian and a bright architect. - -The English plans do not help us much with ideas, for their system is -herein different from ours. “Fewer people go to the lending department -than to the reading room,” says Duff-Brown,[240] while with most of our -American libraries all readers get to these rooms through or past the -delivery room. And in a “barrier lending library,” as Champneys calls it, -the counter is much longer than we use, even if there is no “indicator” -to elongate it. - -As the size, location and relative connections of the delivery-room -largely determine the convenience of the whole building, the shape, -capacity and practicableness of the delivery desk determine the -excellence of this department. See p. 348. - -Here the practical and ingenious librarian has his best chance in -planning. - - -Janitor - -The janitor in any library has important functions. In the smallest he is -the only assistant, and can be of great service to the lone librarian in -service, supervision and in substitution when she is away. In a library -of any size he is housekeeper, not only assisting in handling books, but -running the heating and lighting systems, superintending or performing -all services of cleanliness, and often acting as special policeman in -preserving order. He deserves a room of his own, even if it be a simple -one in the basement. In large libraries he has a small residence suite, -and is always on the premises as day janitor and night watchman. See -Bostwick, p. 284, where he advises janitor’s private residence in all -libraries except very small ones. But are janitor’s families always -germane? I should say, only in very large libraries is it best to provide -a janitor’s residence suite in the building. But in most libraries he has -a home elsewhere, with only an office in the library. In this case he -needs for himself only a table, tool bench, chairs, a closet for clothes -and brooms, a box for tools, and a snug toilet room. - -=Packing room.= Winsor[241] assigns this room to the basement, “a large -hall, with raised platform in the center for superintendent, with -stalls about the walls for successive processes, with rails running -past them for book trucks.” But most of the processes he describes -are now prosecuted near the catalog room or suite. The packing room is -located in some convenient part of the basement, directly under the other -administration rooms, with which it has direct communication by tubes -and lifts. It should have a separate door to a carriageway, and in large -libraries can have a package platform and freight doors opening out of -it, for loading and unloading boxes of books. - -The uses assigned to this room are generally packing and unpacking, -central provisions for cleaning, light repairing of books and furniture, -laying out for binder. Its furniture can be scant and simple: work tables -or trestles against any free wall space, trucks, an adjacent closet or -two, good windows on one or two sides, for light on processes, some -shelves for laying out books in transit. - -=Cleaning.= Here is a good central place for the paraphernalia of these -operations, brushes, pails, cloths, and the like, not forgetting closets -for the clothes of the scrubwoman. - -See Bostwick on Cleaning.[242] - - -Binding and Printing - -=Bindery.= Every library has to have a lot of repairing and binding -done. Is it better to have your own plant on the premises or to contract -to have it done elsewhere? E. R. N. Matthews[243] says that out of -forty-seven English libraries he inquired of, twelve had binderies. He -endorses the idea, having installed one at a new branch for his own -system, in a separate building, with plant he enumerates, bought second -hand for £50. - -In small libraries it is easy to decide; nothing except simple repairing -by the janitor can be done at home. Whatever has to be done from time -to time can be sent out on contract. In view of the space taken up, the -bulky and noisy machinery, the cost and trouble of selecting and storing -stock, the danger of labor troubles and fires, and the bad odors of -glues, the ownership of a bindery would naturally be put off until it -can be proved to be a great economy in time and money. Champneys,[244] -following Duff-Brown,[245] says that “Binderies are not required except -in very large libraries.” I say from considerable business experience, -save yourself cost, risk and trouble, by not trying the experiment. - -If you must have a bindery, a good place for it is the basement, in or -next to the packing room, where books are being handled. Some authorities -suggest the attic, but it seems to me that the quiet and top light of the -upper floor make it too valuable for finer purposes, to be spared for -such “base mechanical use.” - -Every sizable library ought to have at least a bindery repair-room or -nook for repair work in the janitor’s or packing room, where one or two -skilled workmen or girls of your own staff can do light repairs, pasting -and the like. But this is the limit of work in the building wisdom -requires you to provide for. - -See M. W. Straight, “Repairing Books.”[246] - -See E. R. N. Matthews, “Library Binderies.”[247] - -See H. T. Coutts, “The Home Bindery.”[248] - -=Printery.= So with printing. Very large libraries may have a complete -outfit, but, as Bostwick says,[249] “a library of any size may well have -a small outfit for printing letter heads, envelopes, cards, pockets, book -plates, etc.” This may be in the same room as the bindery down below. -If to be installed for the first time, and the librarian has not had -personal experience, a practical binder and printer should be consulted -as to space, light and fittings required. - -Miss Marvin writes to me, “I have liked a suggestion made by Mr. Doyle, -architect of the Portland (Or.) Public Library. He feels it a mistake -to plan for all administrative work and storage of books not frequently -used, in the central library, built on expensive land with no space -to spare.... I have never known a public library practical enough to -build a warehouse on inexpensive land near the edge of a town for the -storage of books, or the receipt of books on which clerical work is to -be done before distribution to the branches.... These details for school -collections, traveling library collections, and other clerical work, -as well as binding, repair, etc., had just as well be removed from the -central library, and the space there used for reading rooms and necessary -offices.” - -[See Matthews’ mention of a central bindery in a branch in England.] - -This is worth considering, provided the need of removal is urgent. There -are administrative questions to be considered, however, besides cost of -land or construction; such as service, care, carriage, etc. - -The larger the building, and the more stories, the more opportunity there -is, by exercising economy of space and cleverness of arrangement, to find -room there for these distributing functions, which are easiest controlled -under central supervision and close to the books. - -One thing I would never do—consent to such removal until every -superfluous architectural area, in vestibules, corridors, staircases, -etc., had been eliminated, and the building reduced to its lowest -possible denomination for necessary central work. - - -Room for Service of Branches - -In large libraries, room must be provided for laying out, shipping and -receiving books for branches, deliveries, traveling libraries and all -other kinds of outside activities. How much space these may require may -be inferred from the fact that the Travelling Library office of the New -York Public Library has a stock of fifty thousand volumes and seventeen -employees. - -It should either have direct shipping doors, or should open into the -packing room, with good access to the shipping facilities there. - -Besides tables, desks and shelving for the general use of superintendent -and clerks, with corner for telephones to the branches, etc., and to -other departments of the main library, there will have to be bins for -such dispatch service. As the books come here from the stack, nearness to -it, or some form of mechanical connection with it, will save much time. -Here, as in so many other departments of every new large library, is -opportunity for individual planning. - - See Winsor, P. L., 1876, 470. - ” Bostwick, L. J., 1898, p. 14. - ” L. J., 1898, Conf. 98, 101. - ” Cole, U. S. Ed’l Rept., 1892-3, Vol. 1, p. 709. - ” Wilson, R. E. P. L., 1901, p. 275. - ” Duff-Brown, pp. 350-356. - ” Sutton, C. W., 6 L. A. R., 67. - - -Comfort Rooms - -=Rest and Lunch.= In England always, and oftener here than formerly, -even in small libraries, a room or rooms are provided for the relaxation -of the staff. “Especially for women, humanity and a wise economy prompt -comfortable rest rooms, as they are not as uniformly in robust health, -and are more subject to sudden indisposition.”—(_Bostwick._[250]) In -view of the good these can do, in refreshing attendants, and keeping -them in the building, as well as the fact that such rooms can be tucked -into space not really needed for anything else, and also because of the -moderate expense of fitting them up, it seems a great pity to cut them -out of plans, as I have known building committees to do from false ideas -of economy. A room for rest and lunching, a tiny “kitchenette” adjoining, -with gas stove, one room if you can for men, another for women; or in -smaller libraries a common room for a library mess, will do a deal toward -infusing an _esprit de corps_ into the whole staff. A timely cup of tea -will soothe the nerves and stimulate the jaded to renewed vigor. This is -so much a matter of housekeeping that the advice of the ladies of the -corps can wisely be taken as to equipment, including store closet. They -can be trusted to get everything needed into little space, at little cost. - -See article in _Public Libraries_[251] on “Comfort in a Library,” where -it is said a room 6×6 can be made to serve. - -=Wraps.= As far as clothes are concerned, the staff have got to be given -cleanly and satisfactory places to leave hats, coats, umbrellas and -overshoes during working hours. These should be in the basement, or some -place not so far through corridors as to have much tracking of mud. If -they can be afforded, ventilated wardrobe cupboards, with a shelf above -low enough to hold the prevalent style of ladies’ hats, a box below for -rubbers, and interval enough between for a long wrap or fur coat, should -be provided for each person; private cupboards for all private rooms; -staff cupboards in the staff rest room, each one with lock. - -For the public, a convenient umbrella stand (automatic locks will improve -it), and rubber pigeon-holes near the entrance will prevent dripping -around. There are various makeshifts—racks for hats under chairs, coat -rails behind chairs, or at the end of tables (see Tables, p. 344, and -Chairs, p. 346) or hat racks in passages, and the like. In the larger -libraries, where coat rooms become necessary, they can be slipped into -narrow rooms under staircases or in passages near the vestibule. - -“Every reading room should have hooks or trees for coats and hats, and -stands for umbrellas.”—_Eastman._ - -“In small libraries coat rooms should open from the delivery room, -overlooked from the desk.”—_Marvin._[252] - -=Lavatory.= Need of frequent wash bowls on all floors has been spoken of -elsewhere. A common lavatory for women and a separate one for men, open -both to public and staff, is a great convenience, and may render fewer -separate wash bowls necessary,—a desideratum as far as cost goes, for -plumbing is a great expense, and part of planning is to concentrate and -reduce to a minimum “stacks” of plumbing. For this reason water fixtures -on separate floors should be superimposed rather than scattered. - - -Sanitary Facilities - -These must be furnished separately for men and women of the staff, but -whether or not they need be provided for the public is a question both -here and in England. Miss Marvin[253] is positive that public toilet -rooms are a great nuisance, and should be omitted always, at all events -from the main floor. Burgoyne[254] reports opinion divided, but thinks -them advisable where a separate attendant can be afforded. Is it not -mainly a matter of size and location? Large libraries must provide them -for large throngs; libraries of medium size must offer some refuge for -serious readers who have to spend many hours over their books; small -local or branch libraries, whose users live not so far away, may omit -them. The trouble and expense are against them, convenience and health -are in their favor. If the park board or public health authorities will -provide them somewhere near, the problem is solved. Where they can be -avoided in small libraries, and where children throng, much trouble of -personal oversight will be saved. If they must be installed, here is -certainly a problem to be solved in convenience, separation, and casual -supervision of entrances and exits. - - -Vehicles - -Automobiles can be ranged at the curb in front of the library; they lock -or care for themselves. Hitching-posts in rural districts will tether -horses. Bicycles, not so much in evidence as they were once, may be left -in racks in front, or in some place provided for them in lobby, or inside -the rear entrance in the cellar. - -In a large library, with courtyard, or even without, an inclined approach -to the basement is possible. In St. Louis it runs from one street corner, -down along a side of the building, then turns into an open underground -entrance to the basement. Such a passageway takes from the street the -library’s vehicles for branch service, etc., and if there is space -inside, and the surrounding streets are narrow, it might well give safety -for visitor’s vehicles. - -Duff-Brown[255] thinks bicycles are best housed outside. Champneys[256] -says, “don’t allow them in corridors.” - -In busy thoroughfares of large cities, or, indeed, in small cities in -this age of street Juggernauts, provision may well be made for safe -ingress and egress for decrepit readers near the curbstones. Some -forethought, taken by architect in conjunction with street-car officials, -would land many users in the new building without much of the flurry and -danger which often hovers over the approaches. - - -PART II - -BOOK STORAGE - -The several rooms will be treated separately, also different methods of -shelving. The phrase “book rooms” is not used herein as in England, where -book store or book room means only book storage, as distinguished from -staff rooms and reading rooms, but will include all kinds of shelving, -whether used for book storage only or combined with handling and reading. - -In an article on Book-storage by H. Woodbine in a recent number of -The Library Association Record,[257] he states the factors of past -development as,— - - 1. Economy of space. - 2. Economy of cost. - 3. Expansibility. - 4. Adjustability. - 5. Safety from fire. - 6. Protection of books (from pests, dirt, damp, etc.) - 7. Convenience in service. - -It is well to bear all these in mind when planning any library, though -I should put the last first, and add cleanliness. They would serve as -comprehensive tests of all kinds of shelving, wooden or metal; wall, -floor, or stack. They are such important details in library service that -I will take up the different forms of shelving in considerable detail. - - -Shelving, Generally - -General rules in shelving are: (1) No book should be above reach of hand -from floor. This means about 6½ feet (less in children’s rooms) or 7½ -feet to cornice, or top of top space. Don’t use steps or ladders, they -are obstructive and troublesome to use. - -(2) Uprights should not be more than three feet apart, to avoid sagging, -and weight in handling. Somewhat less is sometimes advised, never more. - -(3) All shelves should be of the same measurements and interchangeable, -for obvious reasons, throughout the library. Unadvised architects are -apt to fill nooks and spaces with shelving to suit. This may not be so -objectionable in fixed shelving, but is fatal with movable shelves. - -(4) Shelving should be movable as well as adjustable. Private libraries -and very small libraries can get along for a while with fixed shelving, -but when books of different sizes accumulate, and close classification is -adopted, movable shelving is necessary. - -(5) Edges and corners of shelves and supports should be rounded. If hands -or books strike sharp edges roughly, they suffer. - -(6) There should be no projections to catch clothing. Watch this, -especially in stacks. - -(7) In shelving or supports, do not leave projections to catch dust. This -is often a fault of carved end-uprights. - -(8) Have both upper and lower shelves accessible and well lighted -for easy inspection. Wherever there is ample room, use of only the -breast-high shelves is more convenient both for inspection and for -handling. - -(9) The old-fashioned ledge is not needed, except in a few instances. It -unnecessarily widens the aisle above, interfering with close storage. -Wide books can be stored elsewhere; and space to lay books down in -handling can be provided near by. - -(10) The average dimensions of shelves[258] are well settled by custom; -_e.g._, _Length_ (as above), not over three feet; _Depth_, eight inches, -except for special sizes of books (see later); _Thickness_; for wooden -shelves, ⅞ inch finished, (1 inch stuff, planed); _Interval_, Wood or -metal 10 inches (11 inches top to top of wooden shelves) for octavos and -duodecimos, though one advantage of movable shelves is the possibility of -variation if desired anywhere. - -(11) No doors of any kind are used in modern library bookcases, except -where dust is to be excluded from delicate books, or thieves are to be -excluded from rare books. Doors are an impediment to use. - -=Shelf-bases.= To save books in sweeping, a four-inch solid base is -usually provided in all lands of shelving. In unusually high shelves, -this base projects as a step, but it is unsightly thus, and just so much -as it projects it narrows the aisles and promotes stumbling. - -See _Fletcher_, Public Libraries.[259] - -=Fixed or Movable.= As stated above, fixed shelving is somewhat cheaper -and more easily made, and will serve well in very small libraries. In -setting up movable shelving a row of shallow holes an inch apart is bored -an inch from the front and from the rear edge of the inside uprights. -To support the shelves, projecting pegs of various kinds are inserted -in these holes at any desired intervals. There are several patents, the -most popular one being a metallic pin with shoulder, which may be turned -over for slight alteration of interval. Plain picture screw-eyes, with -the eyes turned flat, are favorites in some libraries, and are cheap. -Accuracy is necessary in boring the holes, and experiments are advisable -as to the fit and steadiness of the pins, so that the shelves will not be -liable to tip or fall. - -=Wood or Metal.= In small libraries there is no need at all of metallic -cases or shelving and it is absurdly wasteful to buy them too soon. -Wooden shelving is cheaper, easier put up by local builders, and though -it may occupy a trifle more space, is serviceable and strong enough until -superimposed stories of shelving become necessary. Even two stories of -wood can be easily managed. If you want more than two stories to use as a -stack, you must have iron or steel. There are, of course, many advantages -in metal when you have to come to it, though it is more costly. It saves -a certain amount of space; it does not obstruct light or ventilation so -much as thicker material; it is more fireproof; shelves are more easily -moved. - -Metal in stacks is universal in larger libraries in America, so is -wood in small libraries. In England wood seems much more used in large -libraries than with us. - -Hard wood is not necessary for shelving, the cheaper kinds of soft wood -will do, and are easier set. No backing is necessary in any form of book -case, except as a brace, or for appearance, or against a brick or stone -wall. - -“Use no paint, but varnish and rub thoroughly.”—_Poole._[260] - -“Few village libraries need spend money for steel shelving. It costs -twice as much as oak; four or five times as much as some woods. Wooden -cases are movable, steel not; with wood you can shift and add. You would -not prefer steel in your home.... For libraries of less than 30,000 -volumes, wood is better.”—_Eastman._[261] - -In planning small buildings do not let manufacturers lead you into -the expense of putting in metallic shelving or fixtures. Wood answers -every need as well, and often better, and is much cheaper. Miss Marvin -says,[262] “No stack should be included in a building costing under -$20,000.” I should put the limit higher, and say “No metallic stack -is either necessary or desirable while wooden wall shelving and floor -shelving will hold the books in the library.” - -=Ledges.= In the early wooden shelving for libraries, ledges, “counter -ledges,” so called from their being the height of an ordinary “counter,” -were considered essential. Dewey[263] says: “These have a double use. -They give a greatly needed shelf on which readers may lay books for -consultation or while reaching others, and for the pages in getting and -putting back books.” - -These ledges do not appear so much now in floor-cases or stacks. They -still survive, however, in wall-shelving. - -But they served serious needs in handling books and have been seriously -missed since they disappeared from use. See an article on a proposed -substitute in stacks, under the title “Carrel,” p. 286, later. This -feature might also be used with wooden floor-cases when lighted by “true -stack windows.” - -=Labels=, =Pins=, see articles in Library Notes.[264] - -=Head-room.= It is best not to build floor-shelving, even in low rooms, -quite up to the ceiling, but to leave some room over the tops of the -books on the top shelf for free ventilation. But Dewey said at the 1887 -Conference, “Why not leave it out—use all space for shelving, with -artificial ventilation?” This might apply to the head-room usually left -at the top of stack rooms. But how about heat? And in most libraries -there is no effective artificial ventilation or forced draft. And in many -rooms outside the stack, it will not be necessary to shelve quite up to -the roof. - -=Shelves High or Low.= The rule is, as stated, 7½ feet in height. In -many old libraries, and in a few newer ones, higher cases are used, in -order not to waste upper space in a high room, wherever this space is -not needed for ventilation or diffused light. This is very unfortunate -in inspecting or handling the books. To overcome the difficulty of -seeing and getting at the highest shelves, various forms of steps or -step ladders, or base steps and high handles on the uprights are in use -which can be investigated and adopted when occasion requires, as it never -should arise in a new building. If such shelving is inherited, or must be -used, it would be best to use these shelves, too high to reach by hand, -for storing sets of books or magazines rarely wanted. Or a gallery can be -built half way up to avoid the awkward use of ladders. - -As books to be inspected are best nearly opposite the eye of a reader -standing or sitting, live books would better not be stored on lower -shelves in any open-access cases. These shelves nearest the floor might -be used, therefore, for similar sets not often needed. - -Miss Marvin[265] advises uniform height for wall-shelving all over the -building. - -Low bookcases, “dwarf bookcases,” both in wall-shelving or floor cases, -are often used, for different reasons, especially to serve as partitions, -and have not the disadvantages of cases too high. In floor-cases, the top -can be used as a convenient ledge. In this form, low cases can be set -anywhere on the floor without seriously obstructing light, ventilation, -or supervision, and low cases can be used against the wall when high-set -windows are needed to throw light further across a room. - -=Unusual Shapes or Sizes of Books.= Minimos, (sizes under the ordinary -duodecimos) are so unusual that they can be shelved at the ordinary -intervals; and if a set or lot of such small books come together, movable -shelves can be closed together, without much waste of depth (or by -doubling back, with no waste). - -Folios and quartos occur in all libraries, in the smallest as books of -reference, like dictionaries and atlases; in larger libraries they may -come anywhere. Formerly, the lower shelves in all cases were made wider, -with a ledge above, but this made the aisles so much wider than was -necessary for shoulder room above, that ledges are not now much used in -floor-shelving or stacks. Instead, special shelving is provided not far -off on each floor, and slips or dummies put on the shelves to indicate -where the larger volumes ought to come in the regular classification, and -where they can be found when wanted. - -This special shelving is often put along the walls, but in late stacks -I have found it convenient at both ends of each story. The necessary -ledge can be widened without much sacrifice of space, into a shelf at -table height, which can be put to many purposes, part of it at one end -being cut into to give room for the stack stairs, which usually rob -either books or users of more room elsewhere. In other rooms, with -wooden shelving, there is almost always a convenient recess or end, -where quarto and folio shelving can be put without crowding the other -cases. Indeed, when designing a library building, one thing to watch for -is, where such shelving can be stowed away near at hand, with the most -economy of space. In floor-cases, wooden or metal, occasional large books -can be laid across two adjoining shelves. - -As to dimensions, Mr. Poole’s recommendations in 1876[266] still hold -good: a ledge about 34 inches high, with two shelves below, 18 and 16 -inches high for folios, 16 inches deep, and as many shelves as the case -will allow above, 12 inches high and 10½ inches deep. Burgoyne says,[267] -21 inches high for folios, 13 high for quartos. These are extreme. Dewey -recommends 12 × 10 inches for quartos; for folios just double octavo -measurement; large folios to be laid on their sides.[268] - -If movable shelving is installed, it will be possible to shelve the -exceptional books upright or flat, as their size and character requires. - -Burgoyne[269] advises padding flat folio shelves. The British Museum uses -cowhide; other libraries, canton flannel (bad) with falls. - -Elephant folios will require special roller shelves. - - -Shelves in Reading Rooms - -“The books most used should be stored around the walls of the -reading-rooms.”—(_Miss Marvin._[270]) This has been a common custom, -but Mr. Dana has suggested that such shelving is out of place in -reading-rooms. So H. T. Hare, in 8 The Lib. Asso. Record:[271] “The -placing of books around the walls wastes floor space otherwise available -for readers.” In this opinion I concur,[272] for the double reason that -it bars out just so many readers, and also it necessitates movement -which interferes with serious reading. As to the former objection, -take a room 30 × 40 with a perimeter of 140 feet, less say 10 feet for -doors, 130 feet net: If this is shelved all around, the shelving with -the usual ledge, and the three feet space in front of it needed for -access, inspection and passing, four feet in all, will take up 456 square -feet, out of a total area of 1200, nearly two-fifths. Without the wall -shelving, the room would hold tables for that many more readers—the use -for which it is intended. As to the latter consideration, to get at the -books every attendant fetching or returning or cleaning them, every -reader consulting them, has to pass before or beside or close back of -some other reader who is trying to abstract himself at a desk. If stored -somewhere else in floor shelving or in a stack close by, the books would -not take up more space, would be more accessible, and less in the way. - -If a serious reading room can open directly into an open-shelf floor of a -stack, no wall-shelving will be necessary. - -The second objection would, of course, not apply so much to rooms for -light reading where more or less motion and noise are expected, and less -serious study is usual. - -=Class and Study Rooms.= Here wall-shelving for reference books -permanently or class books temporarily required, and sometimes floor -shelving also, or a combination of wall-shelving with occasional -projecting cases, like shallow alcoves, opposite good light, will be -required. The purpose of each room defines its needs in arrangement and -shelving, as also in staff-rooms and all special rooms. In libraries of -sufficient size, each such room should have telephone connection with the -staff, and if possible separate lifts or corridor railway service. - - -Wall-Shelving - -The earliest book storage was in cupboards or alcoves, the latest is in -floor cases, but the persistent form between and even now is that of -shelving around the walls of rooms. Mr. Dana and I object to it around -reading rooms, but it now prevails, and perhaps it will still prevail -even there. Certainly it will always be serviceable in most of the -rooms of a small or large library. It was formerly continued even in -combination with floor-cases or stacks, but it is vanishing from such -book rooms to maintain its position sturdily wherever floors are not for -shelves, but for tables. - -In this form, the old-fashioned shelf-ledge survives, with folio or -quarto shelving, or sometimes cupboards or bins below, and narrower -octavo shelving above. The ledge is found serviceable in temporary -examination of books and for resting them in transit. - - “Every available foot of wall space should be utilized - for shelving, between the windows and under the - windows.”—_Marvin._[273] [But not unless light comes from the - other side. See below. And where there is steam heat, the space - under the windows is best for radiators.] - -Wall-shelving ought always to be opposite and not next to windows, -because direct light in the eyes blinds the reader so that he cannot -distinguish the books. But if light comes from both sides of the room, -both sides can have wall cases. - -=Closed Cases.= In private libraries and in some rare book collections in -public libraries, bookcases have locked sliding doors, either glazed or -with strong wire mesh (for ventilation), too small a mesh to slip books -through. - -It is better to back wall-shelving with wood whenever placed against -brick or stone walls, to protect the books from damp and stain. - -I have known buildings where the architect put a dado of expensive wood -around rooms where wall-shelving was to be put up at once or was sure to -come soon. This was, of course, a willful waste, as plain sheathing, to -serve as a back for the shelving, would have been far better. - - -Floor-Cases - -Floor-cases, as we use them, first appeared apparently in Leyden about -A.D. 1600.[274] Their use in America can be traced to the pressure for -space in the old libraries, just before the birth of the stack, which is -only floor-cases built up into stories. As the term “floor-case” is used, -it covers all bookcases set out from the wall across the floors, usually -in parallel rows perpendicular to the windows, but sometimes radial or -irregular. The cases are always double, back to back, their dimensions in -each front being just those of wall-cases. The backs are usually open for -light and ventilation, but are sometimes wired or wainscoted with wood. -If backs are not used in floor-cases, some bracing is needed to make them -rigid. The aisles between vary in width from three feet for service to -six feet for open access, though service is possible in narrower spaces -than three feet, and open access, with good light, does not absolutely -require six. It is recommended by the authorities that cases should not -exceed fifteen feet in length. Whenever longer rows are wanted, cross -aisles at about that interval should interrupt, so that an attendant or -reader should not have to walk too far if he needs to get quickly to the -other side of a case. - - -Radial Cases - -“In small libraries and branches, supervision is ensured by -placing floor-cases as radii of a semi-circle whose centre is the -desk.”—_Bostwick._[275] - -Duff-Brown[276] says that this method of shelving secures oversight and -ease of working. - -The advantages and disadvantages of this arrangement are well summed up -by Eastman,[277] who thinks it of doubtful value. - -In small libraries, when set symmetrically in a true semi-circle, radial -or concentric cases certainly have a pleasing effect. The building costs -more, either in semi-circular or octagonal form, than in rectangular -(more in stone or brick than in wood), and there is certainly waste of -space in the widening of the wedge-shaped intervals, which, however, can -be partially utilized by tables or short intervening floor-cases at their -widest part. - -This radial shelving has invariably, I believe, been built on the rear -of the building. In many lots it has occurred to me that putting it -in front, or on one side toward a street, could be made an agreeable -feature, and would do more than any other thing could do toward -attracting passers-by, and thus “advertising” the library far more -effectively than many publicity schemes recently suggested. - -As to supervision, I have seen in a recent discussion the reminder that -one person blocks the narrow end toward the desk, and effectively hides -disorder, mutilation, or theft beyond. - -Sometimes the projection from the building is rectangular, and the -shelving concentric, an arrangement likely to cast shadows. In some -American libraries long rows of slanting floor-cases, not true radii, -point toward the desk. So good a librarian as Mr. Wellman of Springfield, -has adopted this arrangement in a large rectangular room. See also the -Law Library at Rochester, N. Y. But does not this arrangement block -light rather than facilitate its penetration into the room to the lowest -shelves? I should doubt whether the advantage in supervision would -counterbalance this interference and the waste of space. Champneys[278] -(an architect) thinks there may be danger of “overestimating police -methods.” It seems to me that in sizeable rectangular rooms, supervised -entrance and exit at the desk, with rectangular arrangement of the -shelves either perpendicular to the deskline or even athwart the room, -thus trusting the public, would be better. - -In small libraries, as in branches, this arrangement is worth -considering, but should not be adopted, it seems to me, without -very careful balancing of arguments _pro_ and _con_. Economy in -construction and space and difficulties in enlargement are against; many -considerations of cheerfulness and usefulness are in its favor. Where the -library is so small, however, that only three or four floor-cases will -hold all its stock of books, these in a rectangular projection back of -the desk, will give most of the effect of the radial form, rather cheaper. - -Librarians who have operated both forms could give points to any one in -doubt, and many floor plans, English as well as American, with many -interior views, are accessible to show different arrangements. - -If adopted, it seems to me that the semi-circular plan with true radii, -is better than the octagonal or rectangular walls, with obliquely placed -floor cases. These may be arranged for good supervision, but their slant -disturbs one’s sense of symmetry. Besides, the basement beneath may be -devoted to a class or lecture room, for which such a semi-circular shape -gives good light and cheerful effect. - -The semi-circular plan has been adopted for alcove rooms in many places, -such as the Library of Parliament at Ottawa, Princeton University, and so -on, but these do not have radiating cases and need not be discussed here. - - -Shelf Capacity - -To calculate shelf capacity, it has been usual to take ten volumes to -a running foot, a figure which has been verified in some libraries. -But books vary in thickness in different kinds of literature, and the -exigencies of growth require gaps to be left in closely-classified -libraries, at the end of each subject. These facts have tended to vary -estimates, which do not now agree. In “Library Rooms and Building,” I -said,[279] “For these reasons, it is prudent to calculate about eight -volumes to a foot for octavos and under, and still less, say five volumes -to the foot, for reference books, law books, medical books, and other -bulky literature.” I have seen no reason since to change these figures -for estimates, though planners should bear in mind the different classes -and sizes of books to be stored in each room or on each case. - -The English authorities still set the average number of volumes to a -linear shelf foot rather higher, eight and a half to nine and a half for -lending libraries or fiction shelves. See also, “Stack Capacity.” - - -The Poole Plan - -This seems to be the best place to allude to the scheme which Dr. Poole -proposed as an alternative of the stack. As Fletcher says, the principal -objection to the stack plan was as to opportunities for readers to get at -the books on the shelves. To place readers and books in close contact, -Dr. Poole proposed dividing a building mainly into large rooms, in each -of which readers should have tables near the windows, while opposite the -windows the inner portion of the room should have floor-cases filled with -some special class of books. He got the chance to embody this idea in -the building of the Newberry Library of Chicago. As far as I know this -plan has not been adopted elsewhere as a whole, but every large library -since built has included rooms arranged more or less on this plan, which -is indeed the idea of the department library in a college; or special -rooms, such as Art and Patents, in a public library. So far as Dr. Poole -advocated his plan he furthered library efficiency and should deserve -credit and remembrance. - -“In the Providence Public Library, for instance, two-fifths of the books -are shelved outside of the stack.”—_Foster._[280] - -But the stack plan has “won out” as a system, and has established itself -as a factor in modern American library building. Further changes, -developments and improvements are doubtless coming, but so far as -administration and architecture are concerned, the stack must be reckoned -as the distinctive difference between libraries and other buildings. - -See description and criticism of the Poole plan, with vindication of the -stack system, in B. R. Green’s article in the Library Journal.[281] - -Dr. Poole was a sturdy fighter in his day, but he was an excellent, -practical librarian. If he had lived to see the stack as now improved, -and had also seen its combination with the department library or special -library in large buildings, I think he would have conceded the merits of -the new system. - - -Stacks - -=Generally.= These have been adopted in this country, in nearly all -libraries which have got beyond the size where floor cases will serve. -They come into use with us much earlier in the growth of a library than -in England, where they seem not so much in favor. - -The notion of the stack was first suggested by the modern revival in -America, about 1850, of the floor-case system, exemplified two hundred -years before in the Leyden University Library. The first modern mention -of this system I can find is Winsor’s description (1876)[282] of the -arrangement of his new Roxbury branch of the Boston Public Library. In -his description of the floor-cases, then only floor-cases, he suggested -the idea of providing for growth another story of superincumbent cases, -apparently of wood, with “dumb-waiters,” and “spiral stairs.” In 1877, -Winsor outlined plans for a similar shelving of several stories with iron -framework and iron floors.[283] About this time (Winsor left the Boston -Public Library and went to Harvard as librarian in 1877), the first -metallic stack (with wooden shelves) was developed and installed in the -addition to the Harvard library building. The idea seems due to Winsor, -the practical embodiment of it in full stack form to the architects -Ware and Van Brunt. The latter described it soon after in the Library -Journal,[284] saying, “I am in part responsible for it.” - -This pregnant idea, which, as developed, has done more to change library -administration and library architecture than any other device, was -evidently born in the brains of a librarian as a result of his thought -and experiments, and developed into practicability by good architects, as -all great problems of library building should be worked out. The original -stack contained all essential ideas, but great improvements in details -have since then been effected by librarians, architects, and constructors. - -Stacks were at first stoutly opposed by many librarians. As described -by Fletcher,[285] “The stack, as usually built, consists of a series of -iron bookcases [_floor cases_] running from bottom to top of a high room -divided at intervals of about seven feet [7½] by light [_iron_] openwork -or glass floors [_decks_]. The stack undoubtedly offers the most compact -storage of books with great ease of access to every part.” He then -enumerates the objections to the stack, the principal of which he thinks -is, “little or no provision can be made for the access of readers to the -shelves, the idea of the stack being that of a place to keep the books -when not in use.” - -Since the first stack was installed at Harvard, remarkably serviceable -even then as a new idea, some of our most inventive genius has been -constantly at work in trying to perfect the advantages of the system, -and overcome its acknowledged defects. Construction, ventilation, -heating, lighting, communications, ease of operation, have been gradually -improved, and recently Dr. Poole’s and Mr. Fletcher’s principal -objection, difficulty of use by readers, has been so greatly overcome -that a later chapter has been devoted to this subject. There are several -good patent stacks in the market, which deserve study and a chance to -submit bids in every new building project, large or small. - -The best method of planning is for the librarian to calculate how many -volumes he will have to provide for, and how large a stack he needs -(floor area, and number of “decks”); to lay out, with the assistance -of the architect, a floor plan for one story, with the number and -width of gangways he wants, and a specification of stairways, lifts, -folio-shelving, and other peculiarities. - -It is better not to wait for working drawings and specifications for -main building, or even for the stack shell (or building), but to ask -for two bids for a stack of size described, one for the cheapest form -and material each maker can supply, and another for the best form he -would recommend, with his cheapest price for that. This alternative -is suggested, because each make claims certain advantages over the -other, which might overbalance a difference in price. The invitation -to bid should reserve the right “to reject any bid for cause,” and -the final decision should be reserved for the building committee, -under recommendation of librarian and architect. The considerations -for determination can be: cost, strength, lightness, compactness, -adjustability, cleanliness (including lack of projections to catch dust); -convenience of stairs, lifts, floors; details of heating and lighting; -and pleasing design. - -After the bid has been assigned, and before the makers have begun on -construction, I advise calling their expert into consultation, and asking -him if he can suggest any change or improvement in any point which will -increase the usefulness of the stack, without increasing its cost. There -is such a keen competition between stack builders, that any of them would -welcome such a conference, in the hope of getting ideas from librarian or -architect which might help him improve his patent. - -The stack thus bid for is to be self-supporting, deriving its solidity -from its own uprights, without depending in any degree on the shell, with -which the architect will only cover it and protect it from the weather. - -=Location.= A stack may be installed inside the building; for instance, -all along the rear,[286] or side or front. A small stack is often a -feature of a large department room. But generally it occupies an ell or -wing of the building, of light construction, projecting from the rear, or -from one side. - -Where the building must face a noisy street there seems to be no reason -why the stack, rather than reading rooms, should not be located there. -Why could it not be designed, even if “true stack windows” would make it -look like an organ front, as a distinctive architectural feature? - -“The stack may be as refreshing a problem for the hard-witted architect -to struggle with as he is liable to meet. It may be that the reading -rooms will be within, shut off from every noise, and the stack arranged -along the exterior.”—_Russell Sturgis._[287] - -The reading room is now often put just over the stack, as a top-story, -separated from it by a solid floor, but connected with it by service -tubes, telephones and lifts. But in colleges, is it not better to use -such a location for seminar rooms, and in many libraries could it not be -used as part of an exhibition and special library or special study floor? - -=The Stack Shell.= That is to say, the addition in which the stack -is housed. As has been said, it usually projects from the rear (but -sometimes from the side) of the main building, as an ell or wing. It -can be of lighter, simpler and plainer construction than the rest, for -it needs no other strength than is necessary to support its own walls -and roof. Indeed, it has not yet been the victim of architectural -ostentation. On the exterior, true stack windows usually run up and down -the whole height, although they may be interrupted by cross sections at -the level of the floors or decks, or rather just above them. - -From recent experiments I have made in a stack, I am led to think that -here, as elsewhere, top light from windows is ten times more valuable for -penetration than bottom light, hence such a cross-section of wall, about -a foot wide, if it has any binding power, strengthens the wall, gives -space inside for heating pipes, or looks better, would not abstract any -illumination from the interior. Perhaps, however, the piers do not need -such binding. That is a question for the architect, and depends largely -on their construction. If they are re-enforced by iron or steel T-beams, -the piers need not be massive or be strengthened otherwise. - -Some authorities (Champneys,[288] for instance) recommend solid floors -every three decks, as guard against spread of fire, but this extra -expense, not needed for support, seems to me unnecessary as protection. - -The material of stacks must be iron, or better, steel, to support so much -weight. The construction, indeed, is much like that of a “sky scraper,” -whose steel frame stands alone, without help from the walls. - -=Use by Readers.= It does not seem either possible or desirable to plan -for continuous use of any space in stacks by readers. The temperature -both in summer and winter is usually not so equable as in other rooms. -The main object of the stack, which is book storage, is just so much -frustrated by surrender of shelf space to readers. But there is much -inconvenience in excluding them entirely. - -It is a hindrance to investigation to have to make inquiries, or -selections, through the medium of an application at a desk. A large -number of serious readers want to glance at all the books bearing on the -point they are investigating, often to “taste” books by dipping into them -here and there; and to make choice directly from the shelves, of books -they want to examine more thoroughly or copy from, to be carried to a -public or private reading room and used there undisturbed at leisure. -They want free access to the stack for ten minutes only at a time, but -they want it badly. See Fletcher.[289] - -“It is fortunate for those who have the use of a library if they -can be admitted to the shelves and select their books by actual -examination.”—_Cutter._[290] - -For this, several devices have been used. One is to leave the space in -stacks next to windows for tables and chairs, to be used by readers. “Or -alcoves on one side, as in Iowa College.”—(_Marvin._[291]) A variation -of this takes the form of “cubicles,” little glassed-in rooms next the -windows, as in the new Harvard Law School stack, or as proposed for the -Harvard University Library. But before using this form generally, it -would be better to calculate, first, how much space this will abstract -from the storage capacity of the stack; second, how much it affects the -penetration of daylight into the stack; third, how often any one reader -will want to use any one section of the library so long as to make this -arrangement worth while; fifth, the expense of construction and provision -of equivalent stack room elsewhere; and sixth, the problems of heating -and ventilation, for readers who require reading-room conditions. - -Another favorite device is to shorten the outer ends of ranges of -shelves, say by one three-foot section, in every other case on every -floor, where a tiny desk can be set into the range, with a chair or stool -underneath for the use of a reader. This furnishes room for reading but -_pro tanto_ less space for books. - -=Open Access Stacks.= Can wider aisles be left in stacks so that readers -may stand well back or stoop to inspect books, and pass each other -easily? Yes, stack cases five feet “on centres” will allow fairly free -movement, as this means 3-feet-6-inch or even 3-feet-8-inch aisles. But -no such width could well be allowed as is called for with open-access -floor cases, _i.e._, six feet clear between. The present methods of stack -construction would not apparently lend themselves well to wide spaces on -the ground floor and narrow spaces above, because the uprights would not -directly support each other. A building might have, indeed, two or more -different stacks, one open access for readers, the other close storage -for books, but this seems rather wasteful. Is there no way to provide, -in a stack which will give the maximum storage, some facility for such -inspection and handling as is needed both for staff and readers? - -=A Suggestion.= In reading “Clark’s Use of Books,” I came across an old -expedient of mediæval days which will give a good name for the device -I had already thought of. (See next section.) His quotation[292] is as -follows:— - -“In the north Syde, the Cloister was all fynely glazed. And in every -wyndowe iii Pewes or Carrels, where every one of the old Monks had his -carrell, severall by himselfe, and there studied upon there books. From -one stanchell of a window to another, and in every one was a deske to -lye their bookes on.” “These were devices to provide a certain amount of -privacy for literary work.”[293] - -=Carrels.= While thinking of this conflict between the desired use by -readers and the close storage which is the proper use of a stack, I -tried to find some wasted space which might serve the one use without -infringing upon the other. While searching I noticed that window ledges -were thus wasted. Look through Koch’s floor plans,[294] or any others, -and you will notice that window frames, usually set midway between the -outer and inner surfaces of the wall, were sometimes set flush with -the inner surface, thus leaving outside a window “stool” nearly the -full width of the wall. But why leave it outside where it would be only -useful for pigeon-roosts or flower-boxes, neither strictly necessary? -Why not set the window-frame flush with the outer wall and so leave the -whole ledge inside, both sill and stool? In the Salem Public Library -stack, as the architect saw no structural reason against it, this has -been tried. In each stack window on every floor a thin shelf has been -run across, table high. The setting back allows this shelf to be twelve -inches deep and three feet long without projecting into the aisle, and -without materially interfering with light. Set a stool near and here is -provision, close to the books, and without cutting into the stack, for -just as many choosers of books as there are windows on each floor. When -no readers need them, here is a ledge for attendants to use in assembling -or dispersing books. - -This device does not suit permanent reading, for which the stack is -not intended,—but why does it not perfectly meet the needs of casual -inspection, and choice? - -It has been gradually tried out. In the John Hay Memorial Library at -Brown, rather narrow window-shelves were tried; then wider sloping desks -at the Episcopal Theological School; and recently, the wider Salem -carrels, where the windows are set quite flush with the exterior of the -piers. - -There is still an opportunity for experiment and development. Is such a -shelf better, fixed or hinged? What would be the simplest form of hinging -and fastening? Is it better, in view of its temporary and intermittent -use, to have it at desk height, for a standee? How thin can it be, and -of what wood, cheapest and least liable to splitting? Might not metal -shelves, furnished with the stack, be better, and about as cheap? - -As finally improved with these carrels we could bring the whole stack -back to the narrowest intervals consistent with moving books, and thus -avoid resort to underground stacks and sliding cases, until much later. - -[Webster’s International Dictionary gives only the spelling “carol,” but -the old records call it “carrell.”] - -At Durham, the carrels were 2 feet 9 inches wide. At Gloucester there -were twenty carrels, each 4 feet wide, 6 feet 9 inches high, and 19 -inches deep.[295] - -The modern Salem Public Library carrel is wider than the one at Durham, -and about as high and deep as those at Gloucester Cathedral. - -=Stack Details.= _Dark Interiors_ are discussed elsewhere; having the -library built around a stack, to be lighted by electricity, open to -daylight only by way of the roof, and opening to outer corridors or -rooms on each floor. This is mainly an architectural problem, though its -administrative aspects would have to be considered by the librarian. - -_Height._ The height of each stack floor is generally set at seven feet -to seven and a half. I favor seven and a half, of the two, so that a tall -man need not stoop under the deck beams and electric bulbs. In order -to get the ground floor of building and stack coterminous, the lower -story of the stack must correspond with that of the building, which is -not usually higher than ten feet. As it is most convenient to have the -basement floors of stack and building also coterminous, the unusual -height, for this case only, may be accepted, and the inconveniently high -shelves used for some kind of slow or dead books. - -It is usual to leave several feet above the top shelves, just under the -roof, for ventilation. - -_“Broken” floors_ are used in some libraries, the Massachusetts State -Library, for instance; one stack floor being three and one-half -feet higher and the next one three and one-half feet lower than the -corresponding building floor, on the idea that it is easier to go up or -down half a flight than a whole flight, for anyone wanting to get books. -But isn’t the average the same? In this form, the very great convenience -of moving books by trucks is sacrificed, so that the almost universal -custom is to have the ground floor, and every second floor above, level -in the stack with floors in the building, thus fixing the height of the -latter at fourteen or fifteen feet, except the top floor, which is free, -and the basement, usually determined by other exigencies. - -The material used for “decks” may be openwork iron, marble, or more -usually translucent ground glass. - -The floor of the stack as well as of the building basement, is generally -cemented, with special provisions for excluding dampness. - -_Passages._ Those running lengthwise may be called gangways, those across -between cases, aisles. The number of gangways varies with the size and -use of the stack. Although it might be built without a center gangway, -and have one on each side, or only on one side—it would then be a very -narrow stack—the usual construction is to have a gangway about four -feet wide down the center, and one of less width (just enough to allow -passing around, say two feet,) at each outer end. But if it is desired -to have very close packing, these side gangways may not be necessary. In -building the new Salem stack, Mr. Jones decided that he could so run the -classification of the books from the center around back to the center, in -every aisle, that there would be little need of passing around the outer -ends, and he could omit them and so gain that much more for books. - -The center gangway may be any width desired, but should of course be wide -enough to serve as thoroughfare for men, book-trucks, and boxes. Although -four feet seems the average width, it varies from three feet to six feet -in existing libraries. Good, large windows on each floor should light -gangways at the far end. - -The length of aisles varies with the width of the stack building, though -limited by the belief that no bookcase should be more than 15 or 18 feet -long, which requires other gangways at that interval. The width of the -aisles has varied. The original Harvard width, 2 feet 4 inches, appears -to be the very narrowest which will allow passage of two persons, or -stooping to the lower shelves; 2 feet 8 inches is very common; 3 feet -is so roomy that the stack becomes convenient for limited open-access; -while 5 feet “on centers” (3′ 6″ or 8″ aisle) is the maximum in stacks at -present. - -Many stacks have wide intervals at the sides of the “deck” in each -aisle—so wide as to have to be wired to prevent books falling -through—“for ventilation, diffusion of light, and communication,” but -such wide spaces are not needed for light or ventilation, and are much -handier for dropping pencils than for passing books, so that I prefer -wider decks with small rims for protection, and much narrower spaces -along the cases. - -_Stairs._ Stack stairs need not be wide, for they are so short that two -people never need to pass. Two feet wide is enough. When first adopted, -circular stairs were used, as supposed to occupy less space, but they -were found to be inconvenient and dangerous, and since measurement has -shown that straight stairs need occupy no more space, the “cork screws” -have been entirely superseded. Eight-inch risers and 9-inch treads are -recommended by Champneys,[296] who thinks, by the way, 2 feet 4 inches -the right width, iron with rubber treads being the material. - -Stairs should be put in wherever they will be most convenient, and where -they interfere least with book storage and passing. One flight certainly -should be next the entrance on each floor, and one flight generally at -the other end. If they be set sideways in the folio shelving there, which -is not always all needed, they seem to interfere least. (See paragraph on -circular or winding stairs.) - -_Lifts._ Light lifts for single books, or few books at a time, are needed -for all stacks (See that title, on page 228.) In large libraries and high -stacks, elevators large and strong enough to carry trucks and boxes, are -also necessary. For lifts, hand operation will serve, or electricity; for -freight elevators, some sort of power is better. - -Every such carrier should run from basement to top, with opening on every -floor. A speaking tube should run beside it, with mouthpiece also on each -floor. - -_Ledges._ (See under Shelving, p. 265.) As a ledge on both sides of -each case would greatly narrow the aisles for passage and diminish the -capacity for storage, these have disappeared from the modern stack. -Their place has been taken in some stacks by sliding shelves (to be -drawn out when wanted), which do not appear to be entirely satisfactory. -But the need for some substitute, for the use of which Dewey speaks, -has suggested ledges for folio shelving on each floor and for the new -device of carrels, which may at least partially replace ledges without -diminishing storage capacity or easy passage. - -_Shelves._ The shelving of stacks follows the rules already described -under the title “Shelving,” except as dimensions are varied by the use of -steel, which is less bulky. Movable shelves also allow more variety in -intervals to suit the average size of books in any part of the stack. It -is usual to maintain the 10-inch height for intervals between shelves, -all over the stack, except as thus modified here and there to suit -exigencies and except for folio shelving at the ends (or sides) of each -floor. - -Different patents offer much choice in stack shelving. Avoid especially -projections, likely to catch dust or tear clothing or injure books. Test -very carefully all forms of “clutch” or detachable shelves. - -=Stack Lighting.= _Natural._ North light is the best, but the choice is -not often open. The location of the stack is determined usually by other -considerations than aspect. Unless it runs along the rear or side of the -main building; if it projects, that is, it will naturally have two sides -lighted, one of which in any location would have to be south or west, and -thus sunny. If wired glass is used as a protection against fire it will -be more or less opaque and thus will temper glare. Shades can, of course, -be used on the worst exposure, and some contrivance can be used, like -that at the Library of Congress, to work all these curtains at once to -save time. - -Overhead light will penetrate one glass floor of a stack fairly well, not -more.[297] - -“If daylight is on the whole better and more wholesome, as it is -certainly cheaper than electric light, then a well windowed stack room is -better than a dark one.”—_Russell Sturgis._[298] - -Light penetrates stack aisles effectively only about twenty feet, hence a -stack lighted on both sides may be forty feet wide, plus width of centre -aisle. - -_Artificial._ The best light is, of course, electricity, and here the -expert of the stack to be installed can give valuable advice. The -question of the location of the bulbs, their power, their direction -(transverse or perpendicular), their frequency, their wiring, their -switches, such questions must be determined. As a great deal might depend -on the particular structure of the stack, one bid for the stack, another -for the lighting, with specifications from each bidder, might be invited. - -Hand bulbs at the end of cords have not been found satisfactory. Various -devices have been used, but good systems of fixed lights (bulbs with -reflectors and shades), worked well by means of switches, have been -perfected. - -_Reflective Colors._ To help diffusion and local effectiveness of both -natural and artificial light, inner walls and the whole stack would -well be painted some agreeable light tint of enamelled paint. This is -a question of taste for the architect, with approval by librarian and -committee. - - -Stack Windows - -As stack windows must be high and narrow, they introduce a new and -imperative architectural feature on the exterior of the stack fronts. -The usual form is a continuous window from foundation to eaves. This -may, however, be broken for a foot up from every floor, by a cross band -of iron or stone, for effect or for any interior convenience, like -continuous hanging of steam pipes, without real diminution of daylight -inside, provided that the windows run quite to the ceiling in each deck, -to give full top light. If the windows are glazed with wire glass, they -will afford some protection from outside fire, and being opaque, would -temper the glare of sunlight. Factory ribbed glass is also used, as both -tempering and intensifying daylight. - -_True Windows._ To give full effect the piers between windows should be -only as thick as the depth of the double book cases, sixteen inches, -and directly opposite them. They have only to support themselves and -the roof, as the stack floors are independent and self-supporting. -Re-enforcement with a steel T-beam will render them stiff enough with -sixteen inch width, and even allow flaring from the windows to admit more -light. - -With this construction, each window can have the full width of the aisle -it fronts and be so framed and glazed as not to intercept any light, thus -throwing illumination as far as possible down the aisle, with oblique -rays from the side of the window to the other side of the aisle, reaching -both rows of books to the far end. - -This I call a true stack window. In looking over modern plans, you will -see that many libraries have them as to position, though the entire -available width is not always used. - -If you have Clark’s “Care of Books,” see how true the alcove windows were -in the Queen’s College, Cambridge, library as long ago as A. D. 1472. - -_Defective Windows._ In other stacks, you will find windows too short -(even if there is a cross band, it should not be more at the most than -eighteen inches in height, leaving a window on each deck, six feet full -down from the deck above), but oftener windows narrower than the aisle, -giving too little light to reach the inner ends of the cases. There is -no excuse for these. As has been said above, there is no structural need -to build the piers between windows wider than the book cases inside, -and just so much as they encroach upon the windows they commit the -unpardonable sin of darkening the stack. - -Many modern plans show this defect. - -_False Windows._ By these I mean windows which outside take the gridiron -stack form, but do not come truly and fully opposite every aisle inside. - -“The rear elevation of the New York Public Library plainly shows that the -architects wilfully omitted to place a window at the end of each aisle. -All the beauty of the elevation will not make good the want of light in -the lower floors of the stack.”—_Oscar Bluemner._[299] - -The falsity of this arrangement, which is found in many modern libraries, -lies in using an exterior scheme which does not meet inside conditions. -The excuse is that sufficient diffused light is provided for the whole -stack. But if this is true (which I cannot concede), any other equal -window area could be used in any other form, which would not give outer -promise of inward excellence. They are only a sham, and can therefore be -called false stack windows. - -=Heating.= The best form developed for stacks is by hot water or steam -pipes along the walls just above the floor of each story clear of the -books, with coils in the windows. Overhead pipes are very bad, as they -concentrate heat at the top of each story, where it is most oppressive to -those walking or working below. - -=Ventilation.= There should be an air space above the top shelves in a -stack. Good ventilation can be provided there by end windows and through -the side windows. Some writers have advised sealed windows so as to be -dust proof. In that case some system of forced draft would have to be -installed. - -The ventilation of a stack, where use by staff and public is only -intermittent, is perhaps not so important as that of reading rooms -constantly crowded, but the open construction and height of the stack -differentiate the problem rather than avoid it. - -=Underground.= In England, Burgoyne says[300] four stories is the rule. -But in America, every library builds its stack, in all dimensions, -according to its wants and space. Four-story stacks are common, but by no -means the limit. - -The impending exigencies of storage have not only brought suggestions of -dark stacks in the interior of a building, but they have already carried -stacks under ground. Even the Bodleian Library in England has installed -a two-story subterranean stack, mechanically lighted and ventilated, -under its front lawn. Plans are on foot for stacks many floors below -ground-level, to be lighted and aired by electricity. See p. 222. - -=Upward.= Ten “decks” is the maximum height now, but why is it not -possible to build further up into the air before we burrow under ground? -Are there any structural difficulties? Would it cost more to have a -“sky-scraper” stack than a dungeon? - -It is a question how underground cases will affect the books. It is -claimed that forced draft will avert the evils of dampness, but Dr. -Thwaites reports that he has found trouble from mould deposited on the -backs of books as the warmer air from the surface above comes into -contact with the cooler walls of the cellar. Would not books packed in -sliding cases, away from the moving air, be more apt to develop inside -rot and insects? - -It does not appear to me that cellars for book storage have got beyond -experimental stage. Some years of test seem needed to prove their perfect -availability. - -=Stack Towers.= B. R. Green says[301] “the stack might be in the center, -and rise from the roof as a tower. It would be a simple thing to make -a stack of twenty or more stories.” Why not? and why not so rise from -an ell, as well as from the center? Why not build it as a sky-scraper, -any number of stories upward, supporting itself, with a shell plastered -on the exterior? The structural objections would seem no greater in a -stack than an office building. The operating objections are surely no -weightier going up than going down. The daylight would be better, the -dampness less. It might be easier to flood cellars than towers, in case -of fire, but the certainty of water is even a worse foe to books than the -possibilities of fire. - -Why is not here a chance to develop a new type of architectural beauty? -If towers are fine features in churches and abbeys, why not in libraries? -Before digging catacombs for our books, why not set our inventive -faculties on hanging gardens of literature reached by elevators like the -levels of the Eiffel Tower? - -=Capacity.= Various ways of calculating capacity have been suggested, but -most of them disregard the fact that stacks vary in measurement, and only -two whose interior dimensions are exactly alike can be safely compared. - -Capacity of an average stack can be roughly calculated at twenty volumes -to a square foot on each deck. Thus a 30 × 40 stack, three stories high, -will hold about 72,000 vols. - -I prefer to calculate the capacity of every new stack independently, when -planning it. - -Taking folio shelving separately and adding its figures in later, I -take one floor by itself. It has so many double cases, such and such -length, on each side of the central gangway. One case 15 or 18 feet long, -multiplied by 2 for the two sides, and 7 or 8 for such shelves as the -librarian thinks he can use, then multiplied by 8 volumes to each foot, -will give the “practical capacity” in volumes for octavos and duodecimos. -Multiply by the number of cases on both sides, plus your calculation for -folios, and you have the capacity of that deck. Multiply again by number -of decks, and you have the practical capacity of the stack. - -If you wish to get the “full capacity,” as it is reported in many plans, -make your volume-multiplier ten instead of eight, or add twenty-five per -cent to your first calculation, which amounts to the same thing. But -eight to the foot is practically full capacity for closely classified -libraries, where frequent gaps must be left for growth, at the end of -each subject. - - -Sliding Cases - -We can wisely borrow from England the “sliding presses” which Dr. Richard -Garnett brought to the attention of the Library Association of the United -Kingdom at its annual meeting of 1891, having previously described them -in Dewey’s Library Notes and elsewhere in 1887. - -Adapted from the Bethnal Green library in 1886, they were put on trial in -the British Museum in 1887, and have since been in operation, regarded -apparently as an invention quite as valuable as the stack appears to -us. “I think enough has been said,” to quote Dr. Garnett’s words, “to -convince librarians of the expediency of taking the sliding-press, or -some analogous contrivance, into account in plans for the enlargement of -old libraries, or the construction of new ones.” - -The British Museum press is described as “an additional bookcase hung -in the air from beams or rods projecting in front of the bookcase it is -desired to enlarge, working by rollers running on metal ribs, and so -suspended as not to touch the ground anywhere.” In other words, it is a -movable bookcase parallel to a fixed case, and sliding to and from it by -wheels above. It may be distinctively called a hanging case or press. It -is better suited to the arrangement of aisles and construction of floors -in the British Museum than to most American libraries, and so far as I -know has not been copied here. - -[See illustration in Library Notes,[302] and also in Burgoyne.[303]] - -Another double press used at the Museum is called by Dr. Garnett the -pivot press. It is apparently a second case, kept front to front close -to the fixed case and swung out from it when wanted, by a door-motion -hinged on a perpendicular pivot; overhung, I gather, at the Museum, but -elsewhere running by wheels on metal semi-circular tracks laid on or -in the floor. Such were early experiments in Trinity College, Dublin, -twenty-five years ago. These might be called folding bookcases. They have -not yet been copied in America. - -A third kind of movable bookcase, which may more properly be called -the sliding case, is used in the Patent Office Library, London. This -apparently also swings from the top. Duff-Brown[304] describes it: “These -presses are swung closely side by side, and drawn out, one at a time, as -required.” He does not say drawn out endwise, however. - -This idea is developed in The Librarian[305] by James Lymburn, who -suggests “a store-room of any length, 22 feet wide by 35 feet high, in -three stories, lighted from the roof through iron grating floors; with -center passages of 9 feet, and sliding cases 6 feet long, closely packed -in on each side.” He calculates that such a room 40 feet long would hold -100,000 volumes; its advantages being close storage and shelter from dust -and sunlight. - -See for illustration, Champneys.[306] - -Jenner, in the Library Chronicle,[307] claims for the sliding case these -merits: Cheapness, as compared with enlarging the building; possibility -of gradual installation as needed; nearness to other shelves in a -classification; absence of obstacle to light(?) or motion. - -I have also received from a dealer in Oxford, England, a small pamphlet -hinting at rather than describing, a room laid out after Lymburn’s idea. -The pamphlet calculates it will save about half the space taken by stack -storage. These cases, and Mr. Lymburn’s, are evidently double. - -See also H. Woodbine in The Library Association Record.[308] - -_Per contra_, H. M. Mayhew says in The Library,[309] “The drawback of the -ordinary sliding or hanging or extension case is the difficulty of moving -so great a weight whenever one book is wanted.” - -I cannot figure out much from these English descriptions about problems -of mechanism, repairs, lighting, or cleaning. - -In America, the general idea of sliding cases has been discussed since -Dr. Garnett’s description of the British Museum device in Library Notes, -and since Mr. Gladstone called attention to it in the Nineteenth Century -of March, 1890. - -Mr. Gladstone describes what he calls these “book cemeteries” thus, as he -has seen the “tentative and initial processes”:— - -“The masses represented by filled bookcases are set one in front of the -other, and in order that access may be had as required, they are set on -trams inserted in the floor (which must be a strong one), and wheeled off -and on as occasion requires.” - -The masses which he thinks ought first “be selected for interment” are -Hansard’s Debates, the Gentleman’s Magazine, and the Annual Register. - -So far as I know only two trials of this idea have been made here; -several years ago by Dr. Little at Bowdoin College, more recently by Mr. -Lane at Harvard University. Both of these are wooden single cases, side -by side, pulled out by the end, and locked or lockable. Both slide, not -hang. - -Mr. Lane has now a line of twenty-three in a row, sliding on ball-bearing -wheels at the bottom, which in turn run on rails countersunk in the -floor. At the top, the cases are held erect and guided, but not -supported, by small wheels along the sides of a T-rail. He uses his -cases entirely for rare books in an exhibition room on the ground floor, -and finds them very satisfactory for the purpose, although he utters -a warning that provision should be made for free access to all the -mechanism, which occasionally needs repair. - -Dr. Little submitted a paper describing his cases to the A. L. Institute -at its New York meeting in 1911. By reference to a photographic view -accompanying I see that he has a double-decker,—two stories of five -single wooden cases each; each case “about six feet high and three feet -long.” “These cases can be made of either wood or metal, for either -octavos or quartos, supplied with either fixed or movable shelves.” [At -Harvard the middle shelf is fixed as a brace, the others are movable.] -“They must be mounted _at the center of the base_ on small ball-bearing -trucks which run on metal rails sunk in the floor. Their tops are at the -same time guided and kept securely in place by a slot and a T-iron, -the friction against which is reduced to a minimum by rollers, placed -horizontally. If properly constructed and placed upon level rails, a -slight pull with one hand will bring one forth. The increased storage is -estimated at 100 per cent.... We also have the Patent Office Gazette on -six wooden sliding cases like these, on either side of the door of the -room in which they are stored.... This method of storage is especially -economical in case a depository library desires to keep its sheep-bound -set of Congressional Documents as a unit, arranged by their serial -number.... The cost of these cases and their installation varies greatly -with the material, finish and location. My first cost less than $15 -each, my last about twice that amount.” - -I suppose Dr. Little means this for the cost of each separate bookcase, -fully equipped and mounted. Mr. Lane’s figures I have not been able to -put my hands on. - -So far for the statement of facts. I must confess to having approached -the subject with some prejudice against the mechanism of these cases, -founded on an experience of sliding doors in dwelling houses, which slide -or not, as they feel like it, and whose machinery is most difficult to -get at and repair. But machinery can be got under control by mechanics. I -yield my prejudices in view of the evident advantages of this system, and -am prepared to make definite suggestions as to its use in future repairs -or building in this country. - -In alterations of those architectural extravagances which have wasted -so much perpendicular capacity in high rooms and corridors, I see a way -to use the style of cases experimented on by Dr. Little and Mr. Lane, -rather than any of the English styles. Either as a single story along a -wall anywhere, or in the double story style, swung out anywhere on the -vacant floor of any room or any unnecessarily wide corridor, there will -be relief in the storage of any books not required for open access or -frequent reference;—as Dr. Little says, “for compact storage of less used -books.” - -In planning new buildings I hardly think it would be necessary to set -up such cases at first, except perhaps in the case of rare books as at -Harvard, where locked cases and protection from sunlight were wanted, -with infrequent access; or in equipping rooms for rapidly growing sets, -such as Congressional or State Documents, Patent Office Reports, sets -of periodicals or publications of societies, or any similar sets whose -titles and volume numbers can be labelled on the ends of the cases; or -for “dead” books. The Oxford pamphlet sketches a room somewhat after the -“Poole plan,” equipped with tables and chairs toward the windows and a -row of sliding cases along the blind wall opposite the window light. This -seems to me good for many departments. - -But except in rooms evidently adapted to such treatment, I would not -install sliding shelves anywhere, but would most certainly leave space, -in a perfectly dry basement if nowhere else, for possible future -installation whenever need may arise. - -One reason for this postponement is this: that several details must be -studied, experimented on, and perfected before fully equipped rooms of -this kind can be considered as tried out and permanently satisfactory. -Lymburn’s scheme seems good, but the plans presented by Champneys and the -dealers do not work out well on examination as regards space, light or -handling. I suggest as problems to be investigated,— - - Smooth and sure working of the mechanism. - Easy access to top and rear for repairs. - Access for cleaning and ventilation. - Incidence of weight (this is not even on floors as in a stack; - but is moving, as on bridges). - Lighting (most important) on each face of each case. - Floors sure to remain true. - Width of center aisles for all emergencies. - -See Bookworms, p. 222. - - -PART III - -READERS’ ROOMS - - -Reading Generally - -F. B. Perkins[310] divides reading into three classes: Entertainment, -Acquisition of knowledge, Authorship. This epitomizes our American -division of reading rooms. - -What I shall call the light-reading room will provide for all who drop -in at a library to pass a quiet, restful, recreative half hour, a very -large proportion of readers. They are attracted by the lighter magazines, -the illustrated weeklies and monthlies, and books into which they can dip -pleasantly for a few moments. This is generally known as the periodical -room. - -The serious reading room, usually called _the_ reading room, is intended -for such readers as get books from the shelves to study or read earnestly -and long, or are preparing themes, papers, newspaper articles—even (when -there is slender provision of separate study rooms) where they are -writing books. - -I would add a fourth use of a library—perhaps the commonest—as it helps -all other classes, that is, what we call reference use. (In England where -the reference library and its reading room seem to cover all reading of -books in the library as distinguished from magazines and newspapers, -this is called quick or ready reference.) A separate reference room -or separate corner of the reading room near the door holds all the -books to which visitors look for scraps of information, but never read -consecutively. - - -Serious Reading Room - -By this phrase I mean the room for serious readers who want quiet, but -do not need separate rooms. The English seem to call this the reference -room, a name I apply only to their “quick” or “ready reference” room. -Their “reading room” I call in this work periodical room, in which books -for light or “half hour” reading in the library may be shelved. - -This main or general reading room is usually on the ground floor in -smaller libraries, but may be relegated to the second or the top, or -indeed to any other convenient floor, accessible by elevators and in good -communication with the stack. - -In libraries where there is space for it on the ground floor, it can be -supervised and served from the central delivery desk, but when elsewhere, -it must have a separate desk and service. - -In the largest libraries it often occupies a central position and a -circular form. With a lofty open dome above, it is an impressive feature, -but wastes space which might be utilized otherwise, and it is said to be -more or less drafty and hard to heat evenly. - -Position at the top as at the New York Public Library, has great -advantage in light without waste of space, or superfluous loftiness. If -over the stack (though the supporting walls have then to be stronger than -usual) it has the advantage of short and straight lines to the books, and -is said to lend itself to enlargement for readers and books _pari passu_. -Good elevator service is a requisite in this form. “I incline more and -more to the reading room on top of the building, especially in a large -city.”—(_Dewey._[311]) So Andrews, at the same Conference. He also said, -“I believe in the single reading room [as compared with the Newberry or -Poole’s plan] in a public library as a saving in trained assistants, and -because it is impossible to classify readers in rooms as you do books.” - -“Plain outlines are best. Recesses, alcoves, bay windows and nooks -are difficult of supervision and spoil the public character of a -library.”—_O. Bluemner._[312] - -The main requisites of a reading room are quiet, privacy, light, good air -and space. - -=Quiet.= This means not only regulations against conversation, but -various physical conditions. For instance, absence of stir or motion; -exclusion of such magazines as are merely looked over with fluttering of -leaves; exclusion from the shelves (if there must be shelves around the -walls) of books frequently wanted by readers and attendants; (reference -books, class books, new books and others inviting frequent examination, -should be put on the side or in a corner near the entrance, concentrating -stir there;) noiseless floors; echoless walls and ceilings; exclusion of -outside noises; no stairs directly into or out of the room; no passage -through to other rooms. - -=Privacy.= This requirement can be met by the proper provision and -arrangement of the furniture, which will be further treated under the -head of Tables. The former method was to use almost exclusively large -open tables, seating ten or more, or tables with lengthwise and crosswise -partitions, setting aside bins or stalls like voting booths to shut out -distracting sights. The large plain tables are not now in favor, the -tendency being toward tables for six, four, two, or even one. See floor -plans and interiors of libraries in Koch and elsewhere. - -=Light.= Light falling from the left, shaded from the eyes, focussed on -the table in front of the reader on the book he is reading there, or the -paper on which he is writing, is desirable. If the room is lofty, windows -high in the walls, carefully shaded from glare, are out of range of -reader’s eyes. If lower, as most rooms are, the table seats should be so -disposed if possible as to give each reader light from the left. - -The question of artificial light is discussed elsewhere. The best of high -lamps for diffused light, of side lights and of hanging lamps to light -readers, is a special study for the architect. As readers have varied -eyesight, individual table lights, adjustable and severally operated are -best on the whole, but the wiring of each table fixes its location so -that it cannot be moved in cleaning or re-spacing. Bulbs hanging about -eight feet from the floor are much used. - -=Good Air.= This is as important as it often is unsatisfactory. Bad air -interferes more than anything else with clearness and concentration -of thought. Mr. Ranck of Grand Rapids is now chairman of an A. L. A. -Committee on this subject. He writes me: “Personally, the more I have -looked into it, the more I am convinced that the physiological side -is most difficult, not the mere keeping down the amount of carbon -dioxide. I am inclined to think it will be necessary to make a number -of experimental tests to determine these points.” The report of this -committee will be interesting. - -Meanwhile, the best thing to do is to get a report from recent buildings -as to their methods, and the success of each. Evidently the problem -varies with the size and situation of the room and the method of -heating, including heat from artificial light. - -If perfect ventilation could be installed, crowded tables would not be -quite so bad. - -=Space.= H. T. Hare, an architect, in a recent number of the _Library -Association Record_,[313] writes: “Almost all our public libraries are -too closely packed for comfort, health and movement. A fifty per cent -increase in floor space would not be at all extravagant.” - -If there is money to spare, this might be desirable, but unfortunately -few libraries, large or small, have funds enough to allow luxuries. The -spacing of seats must be as close as health and convenience will permit. -It is generally agreed that for serious reading, which may require room -to spread books open and to lay manuscripts beside them, 25 square feet -are ample, 20 square feet sufficient, 16 square feet rather a crowded -minimum, to include chair, table and passage-ways. - -As to size, Duff-Brown[314] suggests finding the _daily_ average of -readers and plan for one quarter of this daily attendance at any one time -during the day, as sufficient space to allow. - - -Reference Room - -As already said this is a very useful room, or section of a room; indeed -it might even be put in an anteroom or vestibule, to include such books -as will be used for quick consultation, but never for reading. It should -be for the openest and speediest access. As Spofford specifies,[315] -“It would include encyclopædias, dictionaries, glossaries, etc.,” -or according to Fletcher,[316] “general and special encyclopædias -(such as music, fine arts, mechanics, geography, classical, Biblical, -biographical, etc.)” Dr. E. C. Richardson[317] lays down that “at least a -small selection of the best reference books should be accessible to the -public.” - -“Place as little hindrance as may be to the busy man who runs in to -glance at the dictionary, directory, or time-table.”—_Bostwick._[318] - -This room need not be as large as either of the other reading rooms, but -it should be most accessible, near the front door, near the desk, near -the catalog. It should have wall shelving for large and small books, -drawn under specifications by the librarian, for just what volumes he -wants to display there. Revolving bookcases are convenient here. This is -especially the place for the old-fashioned ledge, and for a few narrow -tables like those used in front of a catalog case, with small, light -chairs or stools; just as little furniture as would be needed for taking -down a volume at a time to glance at, or to take brief notes from. How -many it should accommodate at once depends on the library and its use. It -will be wanted, in brief visits, by very many of the visitors, down even -to the children of the higher grades of the schools. - -Although one of the most important departments of large or small -libraries, it is not the place for high walls or architectural ornament. -It should have especially good light at all points day and evening, for -the type of many reference books is so small as to try the eyesight at -its best. - -If there is not space in the building for a separate room, put it, if -possible, in the same room with open-access shelves, or the magazines, -or in a corridor, where there is already some confusion; for the use -of reference books is a distraction to serious reading anywhere near. -If they must be put in the reading room, give the reference books a -stretch of shelving or a corner near the entrance and desk, so that their -consultation will leave serious readers afar off and undisturbed. - -Might not a good arrangement of a reference room be on the window side -of the delivery or open-access room, with broad alcoves opposite the -light, and with a good ledge under the windows; or just with floor cases -perpendicular to the windows, spaced wide like open-access shelves, but -having old-fashioned ledges to help consultation of reference books? Here -is opportunity for ingenious planning. - -=Standard Library.= Mr. Foster’s plan of a Standard Library room at -Providence has something to commend it from an educational or didactic -point of view, but it would hardly be much missed by the public. In new -buildings where all available space is in demand for more imperative -needs, I doubt if I should include such a room, unless already adopted as -part of the policy of the library. If it is, however, to be included it -should have an architectural dignity—not necessarily splendid—to conform -to its purpose. Why might not this be combined with the trustees’ room? -The bindings of the books would adorn the walls, and make the room a -worthy meeting place of the board at evening, without interfering with -what I imagine is not an eager or crowded use by the public during the -day. - -Or, if its object be not quiet reading, but to bring the books -prominently to notice, to exhibit them, why not treat it as an open -access or club room, open to conversation? Would not this further its -primary object, attract visitors, and promote taking these volumes home -or into quiet reading rooms to read? - - -Light-Reading Rooms - -=Half-hour reading.=[319] This is generally called Magazine or Periodical -room in our libraries, but I should include in it some provision for -casual reading of books also. In 1903 I suggested at an Atlantic City -Conference, shelving in such rooms for a class of books every library -owns, but usually scatters under various classifications, although their -common purpose is for episodical or temporary entertainment, such as is -known as “half-hour reading.” On this shelving I advocated placing a good -selection of the best short stories, readable essays, anthologies, brief -poems, humor, and so on, to be read in the room, just as magazines are -used, for such pastime as the reader’s time will afford. - -“Three-quarters of the readers are destitute of literary culture, but -need recreation and pastime.”—_Winsor._[320] - -My suggestion then evoked interest, but I do not know that it has -been acted on anywhere. I renew it here as a use for wall shelving in -periodical rooms for new buildings, and in concentrating there all -recreative reading. In this light-reading room a certain amount of -movement and noise must be expected, which will not much annoy the -readers there. The coming and going of visitors whose stay must be brief, -the handling of magazines or books, the turning of pages, the rustling of -newspapers, perhaps the murmurs of children over illustrations, are to be -expected. Here such wall shelving as has been suggested would not be out -of place. - -=Periodicals.= Here are kept such few local and metropolitan newspapers -as are taken by the average library. Magazines and weeklies either -lie freely on large flat tables or are kept for open access in wooden -pigeon-holes or pockets against the walls without intervention of any -attendant, or are kept behind a counter to be issued by a special -attendant on call. Where there are many readers and a large number -of serials, experience has shown that it is better to keep them in -pigeon-holes behind a counter, to be delivered by an attendant. - -“Where not a large number of periodicals is taken, they are usually -placed on tables without a special attendant.”—_Poole._[321] - -The furniture of the room and its arrangement will depend on which system -is to be used in the library. This should be settled in advance. - -The chairs used here should be strong, but light; rubber-tipped so as to -be noiseless when moved. Except in looking at illustrated papers, readers -may prefer to hold octavo magazines, or books, in their hands, turning -their chairs back or side to the light, in the easiest posture. Arm -chairs for such use would be appropriate. - -It is not supposed to be necessary to allow so much floor space for each -reader in such rooms. Duff-Brown[322] considers 12 square feet enough in -England, but our usage in America is 16 square feet, which is better for -elbow room, passage and ventilation. - -“In rooms for magazine reading, there should be more room for chairs than -tables.”—_Champneys._[323] This seems good advice, unless the periodicals -are to be laid loose on the tables. - -It is often the custom to put reviews and other serious magazines in the -reading room, leaving all the popular or recreative serials in the room -for light reading. - -There are frequent articles in English library journals about arrangement -of magazines, but I find nothing among them which seems to improve on -methods generally understood here. See Duff-Brown.[324] - -“A really effective system, of displaying periodicals is about as -difficult to find as a first folio Shakespeare.”—_Burgoyne._[325] - -The few newspapers taken are generally mounted on sticks and hung from -racks, though I have seen them left loose on tables. - - -Newspaper Room - -In English libraries this department seems prominent in all buildings, -large and small. “The English newsroom is generally the largest and most -convenient room in the building.” In America, a few newspapers are kept -in the light-reading room, but only large public libraries have separate -rooms for newspapers. Where a considerable collection is kept, a large -room will be required, with single sloping desks against the walls or -double desks on the floor, with or without stools; or sometimes the -papers are hung on the hooks of racks, and used at tables (with chairs) -close by. - -The newspaper room may be put in the basement with a separate entrance, -as its use and supervision are generally separate from other uses of the -library. - -“Newspaper and magazine rooms should not be too large; two 30 × 50 -are much less noisy than one 50 × 60, less draughty and easier to -ventilate.”—_Burgoyne._[326] - -The opinion expressed by Dr. Poole in the United States Public Library -Report of 1876,[327] “It is thought in some libraries that the expense -of newspapers could be better applied to some other purposes,” seems to -be echoed in recent discussions in England. See The Library Assistant, -Vol. 4.[328] A moderate view advanced at one meeting was this: “It is -exceedingly doubtful whether a newsroom is justified in towns with a -population under 45,000.” The matter is well summed up in the Library -Association Record.[329] Reading the debates, and weighing the arguments -_pro_ and _con_, does not lead one to recommend planners of American -libraries to provide more space for newspapers than it is customary to -allow with us: a rack or two in small and medium libraries, for local -papers and one or two metropolitan journals, but no separate newspaper -rooms except in the public libraries of large cities. Even there, I -imagine their use is more for reference and information than it seems to -be in England. Champneys[330] calls the newspaper reader “a professional -loafer.” - -However, “In libraries where the newspaper room is somewhat inaccessible, -there is little annoyance from the tramp element. Branch library reading -rooms in New York City, put on the third story for lack of sufficient -space below, are almost entirely free from tramps. People willing to -climb to that story really want to read.”—_Bostwick._[331] - -This fact is worth noting in planning large libraries. - - -Children’s Room - -This department, now considered a cardinal necessity in all libraries -great or small, is a development of the last generation. No special -rooms were devoted to this purpose before 1890. “Today it is tending -to be a practically separate library, with its own books, circulation, -catalogues, statistics and staff.”—(_Bostwick._[332]) So great a success -has it become, that a library without special provision for children -would now be a curiosity. - -In the smallest libraries, with only one room, separate tables and -shelves are set aside for children. As libraries grow in grade, separate -rooms are provided with special attendants as well. Here the shelving, -tables and chairs are lower, often of two or three suitable sizes. - -The idea at the outset was to segregate children so that their motion -and chatter should not annoy adults who were using the library; now the -notion is entirely educational, to catch and interest young children, -so that they will continue to use the library as they grow up. There -are even separate rooms for smaller tots, on the kindergarten idea of -attracting them with pictures before they begin to read. This purpose is -furthered by having suitable pictures on the walls. Rooms are also fitted -up for small audiences to whom stories are read or told. - -Although children are only expected for a few hours every day, they are -apt to swarm at those hours. The room or rooms so used ought to be at -the same time homelike, cozy, attractive, and also well ventilated. The -ground floor is the best place, though the basement has often to be -used, in default of room above, and children have been sent up one flight -of stairs, because they are better able to climb than adults. The stairs -and hand rails should in this case conform to children’s stature. If they -can be shut off from the reading room by sound-proof partitions, quiet is -preserved for the readers. Children are apt to be restless and murmurous -if not noisy. “Children do not mind noise and crowding; adults do.” In -large buildings separate entrances are provided for children. - -Special reference rooms are even provided in some libraries, and in the -largest buildings teachers’ rooms adjoin, so as to bring all school -influences into the same suite and system. - -Bostwick[333] advises (why?) that shelving should be confined to the -walls if possible. - -In planning, the librarian should determine the scheme he will adopt for -treating this problem, and a room or portion of a room or a suite of -rooms should be assigned and fitted after the latest and most approved -manner. - -Discussion is still active, and new methods are developed yearly with -constantly improving conveniences. - -In England this movement appears to be viewed with some distrust. -Duff-Brown[334] speaks of “the epidemic raging in the United States.” But -he devotes four paragraphs to it, and Champneys[335] three pages. The -latter, quoting Clay’s School Buildings, gives an interesting formula of -heights of seats and tables for children of different ages, though he -thinks it difficult to get the small children to use low tables and the -reverse. He also specifies the need of low hand rails for children on -stairs; even two rails, one for adults, one for children. - -See Marvin, pp. 12, 17, 18; Dana, Lib. Pr., 167; Bostwick, 78, 85; L. J. -1897, p. 181; Conf. 19, 28; 10 P. L. 346. - - -Women’s Rooms - -The separation of boys and girls, usually by a low hand rail, is favored -in children’s rooms, by obvious parallelism with school customs, but the -separation of men and women into different rooms has never been common in -America, although separate tables are sometimes assigned to “the use of -ladies.” But no “woman’s room” is a necessity to consider in planning. -In England it has been different. Duff-Brown[336] reports eighty women’s -rooms among over four hundred public libraries there, but he pronounces -them unnecessary. Champneys[337] also thinks them “an indifferent -success.” “Experience has proved that a separate room for women is -unnecessary.”—(_Burgoyne._[338]) If that is the verdict where they have -been extensively tried, there seems to be no good precedent for wasting -space on them in American libraries. - -In various discussions of this subject, it has been stated that women -sometimes use tables set aside for them, but not special rooms, and that -such rooms require closer supervision, because the few who use them are -more apt to mutilate or deface books and periodicals than any other class -of readers. - - -The Blind - -See Bostwick’s chapter on “Libraries for the Blind.”[339] - -“Books for the blind are handled by a public library in much the same -way as those for the seeing. It is common to have a separate department -or suite of rooms, but this is not necessary.... Owing to the size of -the books, shelving for them is of unusual depth.... Free access to the -shelves is as valuable to a blind reader as to one who has the use of his -eyes.” - -“The question of space will arise in many places. No space could, -however, be devoted to a more humane and valuable purpose than the -storage of books for the blind, and every encouragement and support -should be given to the movement.”—_Duff-Brown._[340] - -Because of the space required, very careful consideration should be given -by the building committee as to how much space the conditions of their -community will allow them to give to such special wants. If they decide -to have rooms for the blind, these ought to be, if possible, near an -entrance from the street level. In regard to dimensions, shelving, etc., -the librarian would best inquire of some library of the same grade and -class. Experience is the best teacher, and the local treatment of this -subject must be defined and specially planned for. - - -Special Rooms - -Small libraries have no space for differentiation. One room, or a few -rooms, must be divided by rails, low bookcases, or glass partitions, into -the functions they can manage to separate. But as a library enlarges, -and grows to other stories, it finds many advantages in segregating -different classes of books and readers, thus approaching Dr. Poole’s plan -of separate reading rooms, or the department plan in universities. Even -before any such activities have grown enough to occupy a full room, any -space in a new plan which can be spared may well be marked “unassigned.” - -Some of these rooms are used in all public libraries of all sizes except -the smallest; some of them are desirable in many other classes of -libraries. - -These rooms, in about the order of need, as libraries grow, are,— - - (1) Local Literature, - (2) Study, - (3) Classes, - (4) Patents, Science, Useful Arts, - (5) Public Documents, - (6) Art: Prints, - (7) Music, - (8) Maps, - (9) Education, - (10) Lectures, - (11) Exhibitions, - (12) Pamphlets, - (13) Bound Serials, - (14) Special Collections, - (15) Information, - (16) Conversation, - (17) Unassigned. - -These rooms, except Information, do not demand ground-floor space, -but can be assigned to upper floors. In a large library, they will be -accessible by elevators anywhere; in a two-story library, or even in -one of three stories with easy flights of stairs, the fewer readers who -want to use them may be asked to climb rather than the larger throngs of -general readers or borrowers of books. - -=Local Literature.= I take up this first, because even a very small -library may begin a collection, if only part of a shelf can be given -to it. “In a small place,” says Bostwick,[341] “the library may go -as far in such directions as its resources warrant, and even without -financial ability, it may stimulate sufficient interest to secure -volunteer helpers.” If you have or can get to look at Duff-Brown,[342] -see his specification of the books, etc., a library may include in a -“local collection.” Everything local in the way of printed matter, is -his summary. See a series of articles in The Library Asso. Rec., Vol. 7, -1905, pp. 1 to 30, and Vol. 13, p. 268. This is an English example well -worth following. - -A local collection may include, besides books and pamphlets, maps, -prints, even pictures, for which hanging space will be needed on the -walls. Indeed, if a local antiquarian society can be drawn in as -assistant handlers and curators, such a collection may assume a museum -phase, and may need low bookcases for books, with ledges above for models -and busts, cupboards for pamphlets and small objects, even glass cases -for relics. It should have floor space for visitors before all these -cases, and a large table and chairs for committee meetings. It is one -of the rooms which might be shared by the trustees where accommodations -are restricted. There is ample opportunity for special planning in such -a room, in accordance with the policies of the administration of the -library. - -=Study Rooms.= Here again the smallest libraries cannot spare special -facilities. All users must share the limited space available. But -when they get beyond the one-room or one-floor stage, some corners or -intervals between other departments, or ends of corridors, or mezzanine -rooms, might be found for private rooms, to be used for individuals, -either alone or with one scribe or typewriter. Even in small towns, -there are cultivated citizens, or professional people, or teachers, or -reporters, even authors, who wish to use books, and prepare manuscripts -alone, and can safely be trusted to do so without supervision. How great -a service such rooms might do in any American community, I do not think -is generally recognized. - -“It is the library alone that can furnish inventors, investigators, -and students of all kinds the opportunity to forestall wasteful -effort.”—_Bostwick._[343] - -For individuals, such rooms can be small, and low, of almost any form, -simply furnished with one small table and two chairs, with shelves at one -side or end for a few books, and one window, not necessarily large, but -giving good light on the table. - -“A large room with stalls, or a series of small rooms with shelves, for -students making protracted investigations and needing to keep books -several days.”—_Winsor._[344] - -Duff-Brown, however, thinks that students’ rooms only establish another -“privileged class,” and make further demands upon the staff for service -and oversight. - -=Rooms for Classes.= In close connection with the last idea (indeed rooms -might be interchanged for use either several and collective), are the -many classes, clubs, associations, etc., in the community so closely -connected with the use of books that the library ought to offer them -whatever hospitality its space can afford. - -“The modern public library is the helpful friend of scientific, art, -and historical societies, of the educational labor organizations, of -city improvement organizations, of teachers’ clubs, parents’ societies, -and women’s clubs. At the library should be rooms suitable for their -gatherings.” - -“One of the most important things in a library of any size is a room -where a class can be met by their teacher, and not interfere with the -regular work of the library.”—_C. A. Cutter._[345] - -“Study clubs, reading circles, extension teaching, and other allied -agents.”—_Dewey._ - -See liberal and well-lighted group of “seminar rooms” in the Wisconsin -State Historical Society plans.—_Adams._[346] - -In a paper by Arthur E. Bostwick (which I happened upon in an English -periodical[347]), there is this interesting account of the various -uses of rooms in branch libraries at St. Louis: “Each has an assembly -room _and one or more club rooms_, which are loaned free to any -organizations desiring to use them for intellectual advancement, or for -legitimate forms of recreation, such as women’s clubs, chess clubs, -groups of working men, socialists, classes in literature and philosophy, -self-culture, and reading circles, art or handicraft societies, athletic -clubs, dramatic clubs, military organizations, ecclesiastical bodies, -the Boy Scouts, high school alumni, English classes for immigrants, D. -A. R., etc.” I imagine that most trustees would draw the line far short -of the “etc.,” but the list indicates to what length libraries are going -on social and sociological lines, for which provision must be made in -building. - -Rooms for this purpose may be plainly painted and plainly furnished, but -should be adequately high, especially well ventilated and made cheerful -by color and light. How to define their sizes would be a matter for the -local librarian to guess at, with his line of activities well mapped out. -Where so much work beyond mere reading is to be done, there should be -at least one sizable lecture room (the basement would do), one or more -large rooms divisible by screens into several smaller rooms, and as many -smaller rooms with sound-proof provisions as space would allow. - -=Patents, Science, Useful Arts.= In industrial communities a room or -suite of rooms for the literature of science and the useful arts, -including sets of English and American patent specifications, will be -found useful. Winsor[348] emphasized the necessity of providing for rapid -growth in this department, at that time “150 large volumes a year.” - -A small library may properly shelve such scientific books as would -especially benefit its working constituency, but could not think of -patent reports. This is a luxury for the large libraries only, with -present and prospective space to spare. Floor space is necessary for -readers, with tables large and plentiful enough for many large volumes -and plates outspread. Shelf room is needed around the walls or in -alcoves, on the ground floor for the octavos, above for the larger books. -Where the stories of the building have been already made lofty (it would -not be necessary to have them lofty for this room alone), a favorite form -has recurred to the first American “typical plan,” to have around the -walls tiers of alcoves and galleries combined, about the only place this -discredited arrangement survives. - -Where the height of stories does not invite this form, such rooms can -well take a frequent law library phase, with tables near front windows -and combinations of wall shelving and wall cases opposite the windows, -narrow alcoves as it were, for book storage, but not for readers. - -Here seems an excellent opportunity to install some form of the new -sliding cases, say a row of such cases along an inner blind wall, with -tables and chairs toward the windows. - -=Public Documents.= “Pub. Docs.” are a burden on all libraries. They -are the first gift to small village libraries, the accumulating gifts -to growing libraries, the incubus on large libraries, and yet all feel -obliged to keep at least part of them. Some of the national and state -publications are very valuable, when distributed throughout the classes -to which they belong; but of the large mass of records which ought to be -preserved somewhere, what shall be retained, and where shall it be kept? - -“Do not waste time, in the early days of the library, in securing public -documents, save a few of purely local value. Take them if offered and -store them.”—_Dana._[349] - -See the sensible suggestions of Bostwick:[350] “Government documents -are a bugbear to many libraries.... We have some getting more than they -want, others that have to buy them. The library of moderate size, not a -repository, is inclined to disregard all government publications, which -is a pity. The large library will shelve everything.” - -A serious problem in planning is where to stow this superfluity without -interfering with essentials. - -In an old house closets, upper stories and dry cellars can be fitted -with fixed wooden shelving (for the sets are of uniform or similar -sizes), some for octavos, some for quartos. New buildings may have a -room or rooms assigned almost anywhere out of the way, even in the -center of cellar or attic, with only artificial light. If the original -or duplicates of the most important volumes are shelved under subjects -elsewhere, the use of pub. docs. will be so infrequent that their -location is a subordinate question. - -How much space to assign is a question that depends on the circumstances -and policy of the library; for instance, whether it is keeping United -States, state and foreign government issues; or only one or part of one. -In a small library a closet or an obscure corner will do. In a larger -library, a dry part of the basement or cellar is enough. In a very large -library, wherever space can be best spared. - -Here again sliding cases may come into play. - -How much space this literature may occupy is indicated in the L. C. -Report of 1901,[351] which states that there were 87,654 volumes under -this head in the Library of Congress at that date, besides 12,442 state -“Session laws.” - -=Duplicates.= A room for laying aside duplicates is needed in all -libraries large enough to have them. It needs as much rough wooden wall -or floor shelving as the number or prospective number of duplicates -demands, and can be put in cellar, basement, attic, or in any place not -needed by the more active departments. It is one of the rooms that do -not absolutely need good natural light, because it is not to be used by -readers or the public. - -There should, however, be space enough for ready access to the books -by attendants, and light enough for inspection. If there is to be any -attempt made at systematic and continued exchange of duplicates with -other libraries, this space and light will be more needed than if storage -only is required. - -As handling, access and inspection may be required at any moment, this -class of books seems hardly adapted to sliding-case shelving. - -=Art.= Small libraries cannot spare a separate room for this literature. -But in many buildings in æsthetic communities of no great size, an “Art -Room” is set aside before other extra departments attain the dignity of -separation. Often a suite of rooms is assigned to the ornamental arts, -Art, Prints and Photographs, Architecture, etc. Here, if anywhere, some -elaboration in cases, shelving and furniture, in harmony with the motive, -is excusable. The rooms surely should be most attractive in form and -color. The bindings in themselves of books of these classes are usually -decorative. - -An unusual proportion of the shelving should be designed for large -quartos and folios, to be laid flat and handled with care; part of the -shelves, at least, with rollers. - -Glazed bookcases preserve valuable books from dust and grime. Sliding -doors leave them accessible. Large tables or desks or sloping ledges, -with specially good light, are needed. - -The location of such rooms should be prominent. No space can usually be -spared on the ground floor, but a second floor, with simple, dignified, -easy stairs, is an excellent location, and the top floor superb, as it -allows good top light without interfering with wall space for shelving -and engravings above. Especially is this floor appropriate, if its center -is allotted to an exhibition room on whose walls or in whose cases public -exhibitions of the library’s artistic prints and portfolios can be -occasionally held. - -=Prints.= Bostwick[352] says, “A department of the public library that is -increasing in interest, and that may be said to be partly art collection, -partly repository of useful information in pictorial form, is the print -department.... Such collections are of value” (to eight specified classes -of readers). - -This use should be considered in planning an art room or suite. - -See fine photographic view of the Division of Prints in L. C. Report -1901,[353] which will suggest ideas of arrangement. - -=Public Photographing.= “In connection with such a suite, in libraries -where visitors are allowed to make copies, a small room fitted for -photographing, with an adjoining dark room, would be a convenience. -In the largest libraries copies might be made for users at their -cost.”—_Burgoyne._[354] - -Bernard R. Green writes me, from the Library of Congress, “Be sure to -emphasize conveniences for photographing and other processes of copying.” - -Dr. Garnett in Essays on Librarianship[355] argues that every first class -library should have a department to reproduce books and manuscripts by -photography, managed by an expert on permanent salary, with a complete -equipment. - -Burgoyne, in The Libr. Asso. Record,[356] wishes for public use in large -libraries “a room say 10 × 15 with north light, for making photographic -copies of prints and plates so that valuable books need not be taken from -the premises.” - -=Music.= Small libraries cannot afford a separate room for this use. -Such provision as is necessary can be made in the open access rooms or -near the desk. Bostwick remarks[357] that music is more valuable for -circulation than for reference, sheets of music, and collections, being -usually in quarto or small folio size. Duff-Brown advises[358] that it -be shelved with uprights only eighteen inches apart, so that volumes or -pieces will support each other. - -As the collection assumes an important size, and includes sets of opera -scores and assembled works, it may be given a separate room, or two small -rooms, with special wall shelving. It has become somewhat usual, in large -libraries, to put a piano here for trying scores, and phonographs for -repeating them. When this is done, the room or one of the rooms should, -of course, have perfectly sound-proof partitions, to shut off sound from -other departments. - -Provision of some kind must be considered for pianola rolls and -phonographic records. - -This department may well be assigned to an upper floor. It should, of -course, provide shelving for the literature of music. - -=Maps.= Any small library may have atlases, for which special shelving -must be provided. An economical provision can be made by putting flat -shelving under the table holding the catalog case. - -A separate room for this branch of literature, which includes bound -volumes, loose sheets, wall charts, globes, etc., is set aside only in -large libraries. It cannot be expected on the ground floor, but might be -on the same floor with Art, as it requires similar height, arrangement, -light, and access. - -Maps are kept in three forms, as in volumes (either coming in atlases, or -bound up by the library) or in loose sheets or on rollers. For volumes, -sliding, flat, and upright shelving will provide suitable stowage. -For sheet maps or charts, large, shallow wooden drawers in dust-proof -cases, sometimes with wooden flaps in front, are usual. Patent metallic -map-cases are better, but more expensive. A high room affords wall space -for such charts as can be read at a distance, and are frequently used. -Wall space from the floor up should be reserved for hanging maps. Andrews -and others recommend Jenkins’ Map Roller. For using maps in any form, -large tables in the centre of the room (trestle tables will do, to be -brought in when wanted), and sloping desks or ledges under the windows, -may be provided. - -As sufficient space for this department is often hard to spare, a good -location for it is at the end of a corridor. Here doors can be omitted, -and the corridor space can be taken into the room. The corridor wall -opposite windows is a fine place for hanging maps; the floor of the -corridor, for globes and the like. - -See C. W. Andrews,[359] Windsor,[360] Bostwick,[361] Duff-Brown,[362] -Champneys,[363] The Library Assistant, Vol. 8.[364] See also a fine view -of the Library of Congress map room in their 1901 report.[365] To show -how important a department this may become, and what room it may occupy, -take note that the Library of Congress has 2,600 atlases and 57,000 maps -and charts. - -=Education.= This is an important subject in large libraries, and may -even demand a separate room in smaller grades where there is much school -work done. - -A simple room of moderate size and height, simply furnished, with wall -shelving or floor cases for pedagogic literature will answer all purposes -for teachers, committees and interested citizens. - -Its position would best be near the school or children’s department, -using the same entrance. - -It might also be used for teachers with classes, for laying out and -sending out books to schools, or for a school reference department. - -Indeed, as all Art rooms may properly be grouped together and assigned to -the same floor, all rooms connected with children, schools, teachers, or -education should be shared, or grouped together with a common entrance, -corridor, or stairway. - -=Lectures.= There seems to be a difference of opinion in this country as -to the necessity or even the advisability of giving up space to assembly -rooms or lecture rooms. - -“In a small building an assembly room is a nuisance,” says Bostwick.[366] -See, however, his enumeration quoted under Rooms for Classes,[367] of the -uses to which an assembly room has been put in a St. Louis branch. - -In England, lecture rooms among progressive libraries are considered -essential.[368] - -It seems to me that a part of the basement, in all buildings which have -basements, can generally be spared for a fairly large room to be put to a -variety of uses, which even if not directly germane to the use of books, -are proper work for a neighborhood club, which is what the modern small -or branch library is coming to be. A fine room can be made under radial -bookcases. - -It is not necessary, or wise to have a sloping floor such as is used -in colleges or public halls; too much height would be wasted by the -slope. Nor need the platform be large or high;—a foot high, enough for -store-room under it, through trap doors, for such extra camp chairs as -are needed for audiences; with enough light, removable tables, and light -chairs for all uses to which the room might be put; a dead white wall -back of the platform, and such arrangements as would allow stereopticon -exhibitions; effective ventilation for a full room, even with the low -ceilings of a basement, and you have provision for many needs of a small -library. In larger buildings larger rooms may be provided, but always -such as could be used in various ways, at different hours of day or night. - -Six square feet, Duff-Brown[369] and Champneys[370] consider enough -to allow for every auditor, including seats, gangways and platforms. -Marvin[371] says the same, but does not include platform. - -For the use of audiences, while the rest of the library is working, there -should be a separate outside door or wide door into a corridor directly -communicating with the outside. - -As such rooms are not so much used for reading, and are not high in the -walls, light fixtures need not be so numerous or powerful. - -=Exhibitions.= Where funds are scant, I doubt whether it is best to -provide an art gallery for permanent or occasional exhibitions of -pictures, with the necessary disposition of lights. But in sizable -buildings, a large room can be spared for exhibitions directly or -indirectly connected with books, and such a room can be so fitted up as -to receive busts, statues and pictures presented to the library. - -The center of the top floor of the main building offers an excellent -position for a large room for exhibition purposes, with daylight from the -roof. If suitable wall material and covers are provided as background -for pictures, with picture mouldings and with glass cases for the floor, -it is ready for showing specimens of printing or binding, rare books, -manuscripts, or prints and engravings. - -As such an apartment would not be used for reading, it may be a common -corridor for many rooms opening around it, which are devoted partly -to exhibition, partly to consultation; for instance, art, music and -maps. Thus arranged, the top floor would segregate many functions which -elsewhere might interfere with the quiet of readers; and would provide -most agreeable conversation facilities. - -=Pamphlets.= In many libraries gifts of pamphlets are received, which -cannot be separately catalogued at once. It is sometimes necessary to let -them accumulate until time is found to assort them, decide what to keep -and what to give away, what to bind and what to file in pamphlet boxes. -In small libraries they can be kept temporarily in closets. In large -libraries they often assume such bulk as will fill a room. Their stay in -this form is so temporary that the room assigned can be remote (in the -attic, for instance, of an old house), and very plain, not even finished, -except for such light as will be needed in sorting and such heating as -will keep workers comfortable. - -Trestle tables, kitchen chairs, rough fixed wooden wall or floor -shelving, will answer all purposes, and save money for use elsewhere. -When the pamphlets are boxed or made ready for binding, they need not -return here, but may find their places elsewhere in the stack or special -rooms. - -=Bound Serials.= Except a few serials which cover only special subjects, -these are usually kept together, for general magazines in use are -somewhat like encyclopædias. They are perhaps more readable, but are -not often used for reading; rather for reference through Poole and other -indexes. In any considerable collection they occupy so much shelf room -that they will soon fill a large room by themselves, and they are so kept -in many libraries. In the Library of Congress there are 123,805 volumes -of bound periodicals, 68,127 of them “general.”[372] If placed in the -stack, the basement is a good assignment for them, for various reasons. -If they are to have a room elsewhere it can be anywhere available; -with wooden floor cases (movable shelves) and plain walls and ceiling -so colored as to reflect light. As they are often heavy and awkward to -handle, and as readers may want to give them a first examination on the -spot, tables at one side of the room and carrels in the windows will -facilitate use. - -Sets of society publications are often kept in the same room with these -serials. - -=Bound Newspapers.= These require different storage. Small libraries -will have to keep what they get, as they keep atlases and other folios. -Growing libraries which have fireproof vaults will want to keep valuable -local files there. Larger libraries with many newspapers must settle just -how to keep them. It is not wise, even not possible, to set such heavy -folios on end; they must be kept flat on the shelves. At first, economy -may require using plain wooden shelves of special measurements, laying -two or three folios on their sides on each shelf. But if there is much -use of the papers, handling them in this way is difficult for readers -and injurious to the folios. As soon as money can be spared, proper -conservation and convenience require metallic roller shelves, which -specialists will furnish. Those in the Massachusetts State Library have -been found very satisfactory. - -Champneys[373] advises “very rough and ready storage; special rooms with -open racks; magazines around the walls, newspapers in the center.” - -=Special Collections.= “Large libraries are apt to receive gifts, to be -kept apart, either from direction or policy.”—(_Winsor._[374]) “A large -library never has enough rooms for them.”—(_Poole._[375]) Fletcher[376] -speaks of the numerous gifts to libraries to buy books in some special -department, giving a list of eighty-two subjects of such benefactions, -with the names of recipient libraries, summarized from Lane and Bolton’s -Harvard Bibliographical Contributions. The Library of Congress Report -of 1901[377] gives a list of over one hundred and fifty subjects for -separate rooms. Duff-Brown[378] mentions many English special collections. - -Where the donations or bequests are generous, it is customary to set -aside separate rooms named for the donor, to books thus given. As -such libraries are not often for popular reading, but are used mainly -by special students, they may be assigned to upper floors. Gratitude -suggests that they be treated more ornately than the stack, or the -general reading rooms, and in such suites, indeed, there is opportunity -for an artistic architect to get noble effects without extravagant -expenditure. Wall shelving is appropriate, or even alcoves, for their -idea is like that of private or club libraries. Floor cases or special -stacks of less severe plainness than must be used elsewhere, are needed -as the collections become so large as to require close packing. - -The local librarian can tell how many such rooms are needed for the -collections already set aside, but how many to anticipate in building -is hard for anyone to say. Rooms or floors may be reserved, and marked -“unassigned,” but experience shows that such spare spaces are usually -wanted for some growth before the new building is completed. - -=Information.= In small libraries there is some attendant at the -general delivery desk who can answer miscellaneous questions. In larger -libraries, this duty is often assigned to one of the staff occupying a -separate desk near the delivery or the public catalog, or supervising the -reading room. In large libraries the Providence example is good, where a -counter on one side of the large delivery hall is set aside for this use, -with its special collection of reference books handy. Only in very large -buildings is a separate room necessary and even then it will generally -be better to use a small room near the vestibule, or a nook, or niche or -counter, wherever most convenient for the public to inquire and where it -interferes least with other uses. - -=Conversation.= Strict quiet is so necessary in reading rooms, and -talking has to be discouraged so much in most of the building, that a -large library ought to have some place when staff or visitors can be -allowed a chance to talk when they must. Corridors are usually free from -restraint, but it is not often possible to find seats there, or secure -privacy. Vestibules and lobbies, however, are never needed for reading, -and even if used for exhibitions, can allow more or less comfortable -seats, so arranged in window nooks or recesses as to afford quiet corners -for conversation. The crossing of corridors, or room under a dome (if -such an architectural misfortune happens) can be utilized for this -purpose; indeed, any vacant spaces on the floor plans, such as abound -in many buildings, can be used for exhibition, decoration, information, -conversation, even perhaps for smoking,—any diversions outside of reading -which readers might like. - -Miss Marvin[379] wants, even in small libraries, “a room in which -conversation may be allowed, for the use of committees and for adults who -meet at the library by appointment.” - -“Conversation rooms,” says Champneys,[380] “may certainly be introduced -in large libraries, and their presence has the advantage of being a -continual reminder that conversation is not permitted in the reading -rooms. In small libraries ... the addition of a large room which can be -used for committee meetings, lectures, exhibitions, and a variety of -other purposes, cannot but be recommended.” - -In other words, talk can be allowed in lecture or exhibition rooms. - -Staff talk is well provided for in any library in the staff work and rest -rooms. Subdued talk about books might be allowed in reference rooms or -open access rooms. This, with freedom to talk in halls and vestibules, -may preclude necessity for a separate conversation room even in large -libraries. - -=Unassigned.= Notwithstanding this list of special rooms required, -including most of the uses which can be foreseen, there is always -opportunity in a progressive library, for more space still to be used, -either in enlarging departments, or in establishing new ones. In -planning, the wise way is to include specific assignment of space or -rooms to all existing departments, and such others as seem to be on the -lines of probable development, but also to get more room still, to be -marked “unassigned.” It will be taken up sooner than anyone anticipates. -Indeed, as has been already said, there are many instances, where the -spare space left “unassigned” in planning has been claimed even before -the building is finished. - -Instead of having lofty rooms, it is always best to divide the height -of a library into as many floors as possible, making none loftier -than actual use will require for light and ventilation. Never allow -superfluous height of rooms or stories for architectural effect, outside -or inside. Only by watching and limiting waste of space, in breadth, -length or height, can you get the maximum of opportunity out of money -you spend, or be able to get either all the departments you want or -unassigned room additional. - -If basement or cellar is not all taken up with your assignment of -departments and rooms, underdrain and line the foundations carefully, and -provide for such future features as duplicates, public documents, or rows -of sliding cases for close packing of less used books. - - -PART IV - -FURNITURE AND EQUIPMENT - -I have mentioned these already under different headings, where they -materially affected the size, shape, lighting, or situation of rooms. -I shall not go into an enumeration or description of different outfit, -because there are so many specialists, so many tastes, so many systems -in different libraries, that selection of the latest and best devices -offered by dealers accessible to the librarian is very easy. But a few -general remarks on one or two articles, may properly be included in a -general discussion on planning. - -In the first place, never allow the furniture, fixtures or fittings -to be chosen primarily for architectural effect, but for special use -and fitness in every detail. In material, in shape, in hue, have them -harmonize with the surroundings, for in such harmony lies the most -effective and the least expensive beauty. Here, the taste of the -architect can be of the utmost assistance. But, if possible, bar out what -has been called “architectural” furniture, even if money can be spared -for it. Heavy show-pieces, hard to move, hard to use, inconvenient, -uncomfortable, wasteful of space, are an abomination in any library. - -As to proportion of expenditure, Duff-Brown[381] allows eighteen per cent -of total cost for fittings and furniture. He suggests, however, that -fittings which are fixtures should be counted as part of the permanent -structure. Perhaps this qualification explains the different estimate of -Champneys,[382] who allows only ten per cent for furniture. - -Bostwick[383] also recommends that fixtures be included in the general -contract, and movables (which he specifies) be bought separately. He -makes an excellent suggestion, that where this is done, a piece of the -material to be matched, in its finished form, be sawed in two, and one -piece handed to each contractor, so that the furniture and fixtures will -match exactly. How important this is will be realized at many libraries, -where the tint of fittings meant to match, often “swears.” - -Miss Ahern, editor of Public Libraries, writes to me, in answer to an -inquiry:— - -“I believe in putting technical equipment outside the lines of library -building and architecture. A builder cannot make it as well as a -specialist in library equipment.” - -My experience leads me to endorse her advice most heartily. I would say -further, what she probably modestly refrains from saying, on account -of her business connections, I would get the catalogues of The Library -Bureau, ask and take their advice, and give them the preference where -their prices are as low. I say this (I have not even an acquaintance -with their present management) because theirs was the first attempt to -serve libraries on this line intelligently, and I have understood that -many years of altruistic experiment, advised by good librarians, were -spent before they even met their expenses; so that their services merit a -reward. - -Miss Marvin[384] gives a “Typical List of Furniture” for a small -building, with prices ruling in her section at the time she wrote. She -fears, however, that she may have erred toward too great economy, “cheap -furniture being unsightly as well as unprofitable as an investment.” - -One matter apparently often forgotten in planning is the matching or -contrasts of color, furniture as well as woodwork, shelving, and walls -and lamp shades. Not only is the general cheer and comfort of the library -secured by harmonious environment, but eyesight is deeply concerned in -soft and soothing effects. Here observation and taste may effect wonders -in planning for both “utilitas” and “venustas.” - - -Tables - -These deserve a separate chapter; they are used everywhere. - -“Good, plain, solid,” epitomizes Champneys.[385] - -“Use small tables and light chairs instead of the large heavy tables and -‘artistic’ chairs, conformed to the style of the building, but awkward in -use.”—_Fletcher._[386] - -“The old style of long tables is now thought cumbersome,” says -Bostwick.[387] This I endorse, though architects prefer large tables in -large rooms, as more in proportion. He advises small, rectangular or -circular tables for not more than six readers each. I doubt the circular -in libraries where space is scant. They waste room. - -“Should not be too long, or if double not too narrow.”—_Duff-Brown._[388] - -“Tables for four give readers a feeling of privacy.”—_Eastman._ - -For this reason I rather incline to slightly sloping desks for two, like -school desks, in reading rooms; all facing one way; all with a low back -and sides, with a fillet at the front, to keep books and papers from -falling; with extension slides or trough drawers for open books at each -side of each reader. This form, it seems to me, combines a minimum of -space for desk and passages, with a maximum of convenience and seclusion -for readers. In the hours when the room was not thronged, there would -be a desk to a reader. If the desks were rightly faced and the windows -and lamps well arranged, no reader need have direct rays of light in his -eyes, nor dazzling reflection from his paper. - -As regards height of tables and space to a reader, see Eastman,[389] -Marvin,[390] Bostwick,[391] Champneys,[392] Duff-Brown[393] and -Carr.[394] They differ slightly, and each librarian would best experiment -and judge for himself. - -The British Museum has a kind of voting booth for each reader, with 4 -feet 2 inches width of desk, high back and side screens for privacy. -Cornell has something similar, but most libraries cannot afford so much -space or such provisions for privacy. - -Polished tops for tables (glass tops are sometimes inset) promote -cleanliness, but are apt to give dazzling reflections of light. - -One general caution echoed by many authorities warns against bottom cross -rails between table legs. The scraping of readers’ feet against them is -noisy, drops mud on the floor, and soon wears down the rails. - -Many libraries have umbrella racks at the end of the tables, and here -the owners can certainly have an eye on them. But if a coat room cannot -be provided with an umbrella stand, cannot such a self-locking rack be -placed in a lobby, as is seen in many restaurants? - -Umbrellas are damp and unsightly as neighbors, and they occupy space -readers might use. - -“Readers’ tables should invariably have hinged flaps for writing, and -slides to be drawn out to enlarge book space. - -“There should be standing desks also.”—_Edwards_, Free Town -Libraries.[395] - -Perhaps there was a demand by readers for standing desks in England forty -years ago when Edwards wrote, but few people want to stand now in America -while reading or writing. A fixed standing ledge against any vacant -stretch of wall near directories, dictionaries or the like, might be a -convenience. - - -Chairs - -Chairs are an important element in comfort. Strong enough for rough and -constant use they must be. Graceful, or at least not ungainly, they ought -to be and in most libraries they cannot be superfluously large. Indeed, -there are many places where room can be saved by using stools, even fixed -revolving stools. In some places armchairs (simple, not upholstered) will -make readers more comfortable. For instance, in places where they can -take up a book or magazine while reading and lean on the arms. Where a -table is used to lay the book on, armchairs are not necessary, and they -always need more room than plain chairs. - -For a small library, the simplest kind of strong, bent-wood chairs -suffice. Wood “saddle” seats, or rattan, are recommended rather than any -upholstery, in larger libraries. To prevent noise, rubber tips to shoe -the legs—the kind that screw in rather than slip on, are recommended. - -Where there is no special coat room, hat racks underneath and such -wire coat racks on the back, as are often used on theatre seats, are -conveniences. Mr. Foster has these in the Providence Public Library, but -he tells me they are not much used. - -Chairs look better if they match each other, the tables, and the -shelving, in material, style and color. - -In planning it is wise after you have decided how many seats you want -in each room, to have the architect sketch a floor plan and draw in -shelving, tables and chairs, allotting to all the space which experience -has taught is required for each reader in each room, as you intend to -run it; and then carefully study the positions of the furniture and the -dimensions of all the passages, checking results by examination of plans -and visits to libraries which you think are satisfactory, until you are -satisfied that you have reached the maximum of convenience with a minimum -waste of space. A few hours’ time spent in this apparently trivial matter -may mean much in ease of administration for years to come. - - -Delivery Desks - -In the very small library, where every expense must be watched, all the -furniture may have to be of common shapes and material, such as can be -bought at the nearest furniture store. But as soon as any necessary -luxury can be afforded, build or buy a specially designed charging and -delivery desk, for this is the center and heart of almost all libraries -of any size or any class. Do not have it built by a local carpenter, but -wait until you can buy it from an experienced cabinet maker, or better, -from a first-class library fittings expert. Study catalogs and plans to -see what comes nearest to your needs and methods. If you find within your -means a model which entirely suits you, get it. But if using of that or -other makes of desks, or trying your own methods, or suggestions of other -librarians, have led you to think that some modifications would suit -better, it will not cost much more to have them made in the style which -otherwise pleases you. Indeed, if your wants are wise, you will find -that a dealer may meet them without extra charge, in the hope that his -desk will thus commend itself to other librarians. Only by this gradual -study put into form by clever librarians, can the ideal desk be gradually -evolved. - -See articles in the Library Journal, 19, 368; 21, 324; 22 (Conf.). - -See dimensions, Carr, 18 L. J. 225, Duff-Brown 105. - -From the foregoing remarks on points of contact between library and -public it will be seen that many of these are localized at a single -point—the loan desk. “This point may be regarded as the heart of a public -circulating library.”—_Bostwick._[396] - -“_It may happen that the position and size of this desk may -determine in conspicuous particulars the character of the whole -building._”—_Idem._[397] - - -Catalog Cases - -As the card system has been so universally adopted in America, and worked -out to such standards of size that the most convenient makes, dimensions -and sizes of cases for every grade of library are kept in the market in -all large cities, there is no need of describing them here. But I would -make some suggestions as to how they may influence planning. - -Cases for small libraries may not need a special base, but can be used -on any table, flat desk or ledge. As the library grows, it needs more -cases, and a special base, such as all makers furnish, may be wanted. -As cards, like books, are more easily used when they can be seen by the -reader without craning or stooping, their increase is better met by -broadening than by piling up, until wall space fails. In the first form -of base used, it is better to utilize the space under the table, not so -much in the cupboards or open spaces suggested in some catalogs, as in -the upright or flat shelving of the quartos or folios (such as atlases) -not handled so often as to interfere seriously with use of the cards, the -primary purpose of the cases. This space beneath should certainly be put -to some use wherever space is precious. - -One form of catalog case frequently used is double-faced, set in the -partition between the delivery room and the cataloguer’s room, the -drawers pulling both ways, so that they can be used alternately in either -room. - -In planning, the first thing is to calculate how many cards, drawers -and cases are needed for the number of books now in the library, and -the annual increase probable, for at least ten years ahead; better -twenty-five years, if there is wall or floor room which will be vacant -that long. Then comes the very important decision, vitally affecting -the size of the room, perhaps its location, and the disposition of the -windows and lights; namely, where is the best possible location for the -catalog, considering accessibility, supervision and help? Provision for -growth can be lateral or up and down, or both. When the drawers get to be -more than three or four in a tier, some provision must be made in front -of or beside them for a ledge or narrow table on which they can be laid -when taken out for inspection. In small libraries the combined catalog -case and atlas rack can be built so that the table will form a ledge on -all sides, for this use, without other provision. - -Good location and light for the public catalog make one test of the -excellence of your plan. - - -Bulletin Boards - -One thing often forgotten in planning is to leave available wall space -where necessary bulletins can be hung and easily read,—a practical detail -not always seen by the artistic eye. Everyone has seen dome and rotunda -libraries, all columns and no wall. - -In planning, however, it is not hard to assign opportunities in spaces -sufficiently well lighted, but of no use otherwise, for hanging bulletin -boards, or so treating walls as to serve that purpose without special -boards. Lobbies, vestibules, corridors, stairways, spacious delivery -rooms, even railings outside, invite such use. In England, want-lists are -cut out from the daily papers, mounted on boards, and thus hung outside -the library for inspection by the unemployed. - -Places for bulletins should also consider—they do not always—near-sighted -people, and the undersized. Even in such unprosaic matters, careful -planning in every phase can promote the usefulness of the library. I -remember being shown about a new dome library in the west, where the -librarian turned in distress and asked, “Do tell me _where_ I can put -up my bulletins or lists.” The only thing I could suggest was that she -should get her architect to design a Parisian kiosk, to be set in the -centre of the useless floor space, under the wasted heights of the dome; -and use the exterior of the kiosk for bulletins, the interior for the -brooms, for which no closet had been provided. - -Miss Marvin[398] suggests spaces over radiators, shelves, periodical -cases, and book bins. An ordinary screen, like those used in bar-rooms -in any “wide-open” town, placed in the center of vestibule or hall would -offer two sides for lists and bulletins posted at any convenient height. - -If you have seen how masts going up through the cabins of river boats or -coasters are backed with mirrors, you have a hint where to put bulletin -boards in buildings on which columns have been inflicted. - - -Other Fittings - -These vary so much with the grades and classes of libraries, they change -so much as inventions are made from time to time, that I go into no -further details here, but advise librarians who build to examine each -item they want to use, in the light of the last improvements and the -experience of fellow-librarians. - -[Burgoyne gives thirty-two pages, illustrated, to English devices.] - -Clocks, thermometers and barometers are especially recommended by -Duff-Brown.[399] Clocks (noiseless) will be useful in many rooms, also -thermometers, but we do not watch barometers so much in the United States -as our English cousins do. - -A page in your note book devoted to furniture and gear, when you start -out on a reconnoissance among other libraries, will fix many fleeting -impressions which may come into use later. - -And in your trips may sharp eyes and keen common sense travel with you! - - - - -F. - -APPENDIX - -_In this Appendix are printed quotations from the outlines for planning -two of the largest of recent libraries, both public._ - - - - -F. - -APPENDIX - - -CONCRETE EXAMPLES - -By permission of the librarians of the New York Public Library and of -the Brooklyn Public Library, I print here extracts from their respective -“Terms of Competition” (already printed in pamphlet form) for the -building just completed, and “General Suggestions to the Architect” for -the building soon to be erected. The latter, hitherto unpublished, is -very full, and is cross referenced and annotated, therefore likely to -prove especially helpful. - -I thus present practical details of the planning of two large recent -American library buildings, in the hope of throwing a fresh light on the -problems I have treated. - -It will be noticed that one of these libraries was built after an -architectural competition; the other has been planned, and will be built, -after the method preferred in this book, selection of the architect at -the outset, without competition. - -Librarians, architects and building committees about to plan a very large -library may review their subject in these summaries; and those engaged -in less extensive plans may select the rooms and combinations which meet -their own needs. - -The side headings and italics are mine. - - C. C. S. - - -TERMS OF COMPETITION - -THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY - -Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations. - -=Plan of Competition.= In May, 1897, the Committee announced that it -proposed to obtain plans by means of two consecutive competitions. An -open competition was to be first held. The Committee was then to choose -from the authors of the twelve most meritorious sketches certain of the -competitors, not more than six in number; and the persons thus selected, -with not more than six other persons or firms thereafter to be named by -the Committee, were to be invited to take part in a second restricted and -paid competition. - -=Cost and Jury.= Each of the competitors will be paid $800, as the -estimated cost to them of the drawings required. - -The drawings will be judged by a jury of seven persons consisting of -three practising architects to be selected by the competitors themselves, -three members of the Board of Trustees to be hereafter named by the -Board, and the Director of the New York Public Library. - -=Experts.= The Trustees also reserve the right of appointing consulting -engineers to whom all construction drawings and all drawings relating -to heating, ventilation and electrical apparatus shall be submitted for -approval before they are carried into execution. - -=Plans to File.= The architect shall furnish to the Trustees, upon -completion of the building, a full set of drawings exhibiting all -essential particulars of its design and construction, for future -reference. - -=Light.= All rooms used by the public or for clerical purposes must -have as much daylight as possible. The windows should run nearly to the -ceilings, and in the reading rooms should not come within five feet of -the floor. They should be large and little obstructed by framework. - -The book stacks also should receive as much daylight as possible; but it -is not expected entirely to dispense with the use of artificial light in -the book stacks. - -=Heat and Air.= The building should be heated by steam applied in part -through hot water, and at least 1,500 cubic feet of fresh air per person -per hour, for all occupied rooms must be warmed, introduced and properly -distributed by mechanical means, and flues must be provided of such size -that a velocity of 6 feet per second will furnish the above amount. - -=Material.= The floors in the main halls, corridors and exhibition rooms -are to be of marble, tile or mosaic; in the Trustees’ and Director’s -Rooms of wood or parquetry; and in the book stacks of white marble slabs. -In the Reading Rooms and Administration Rooms the floors may be of brick -or concrete, as they will be covered with a thick cork carpet or other -noiseless material. - -The building must be thoroughly fireproof. - -For the purposes of this competition it is to be assumed that the -building will be constructed of masonry, except the book-stacks; that -the so-called skeleton construction of iron will not be employed; and -that the external walls will be faced with Indiana limestone—although, as -hereinafter stated, that material may not be finally adopted. - -The Trustees are advised that the majority of librarians regard brick as -the best material from a practical point of view, and the competitors are -invited to say whether in their judgment it can be so used as to secure -for this building the dignity and monumental character that is desired. - -It is believed that ample opportunity will exist for architectural and -decorative effect; but it is desired that the Reading Rooms at least -should be plainly treated. - -=Tentative Plans.= In instituting, in the month of May, a Preliminary -Competition under substantially the same requirements, the Trustees -submitted a set of diagrams showing a tentative arrangement which was -suggested as a possible solution of the problem, but one for which they -entertained no special prepossessions. The important features of the -interior as there shown, placed the main reading rooms on the third -floor, and the book-stacks immediately below them along the west front -of the building. This plan, which embodied the results of considerable -study, has since then been subjected to the critical examination of -the leading librarians of the country, and has also been carefully -reconsidered by the Committee and their professional advisers in the -light of the abundant illustration afforded by the plans submitted in the -Preliminary Competition. - -=Details.= The Lending Department must be distant from the reading rooms, -and must be provided with easy and direct access from the street. The -Children’s Room, and the Periodical and Newspaper Rooms, must be provided -with similar easy access and should probably be on the first floor. The -Accession Department must have direct communication with that portion of -the main stack which is on the same level, and also with the catalogue -room—either directly or by means of a lift. The delivery desk in the -public reading rooms must be central and so situated as to overlook each -of the large public reading rooms. The machinery for bringing books from -the stacks must be as direct and simple as possible. - -=Stacks.= The book stacks occupy two stories and the basement and have -the Reading Rooms in a third story above them. This arrangement gives -the Reading Rooms the maximum amount of light, brings the stacks into -easy and direct communication with them, and allows of the extension of -the building towards the west at some future day, by enlarging both the -stacks and the Reading Rooms simultaneously and proportionately, with a -comparatively small enlargement of the portions of the building devoted -to administrative and other uses. - -=Working-rooms.= The administration is concentrated on the south side of -the building. A private entrance for the use of employees is provided, -and also a driveway from the street to admit of the passage of carts -containing books or stores. The boilers, engines, dynamos and coal vaults -are placed outside of the building and below the level of the 40th -Street sidewalk. In the basement near the driveway are the storerooms, -book-bindery, printing room, and rooms for packing and exchanging books -and for issuing them to branch libraries. Above are receiving rooms for -books, accessions department, cataloguing room, and order and checking -department. Between the administrative part of the building and the part -open to the public, come the rooms for the Director and the Trustees. - -In the basement, near the Forty-second Street entrance, which will be -approximately on a level with the sidewalk, is the delivery room for the -Lending Department, running up into the first story. It is next to the -book stacks, and occupies the lower part of the northern area or open -court, and is lighted from above. - -=Floors.= The different floors of the building are to coincide with the -level of the floors of the book stacks. The floors of the book stacks -are to be seven feet and six inches apart, from top to top. The basement -and second stories of the building will accordingly be fifteen feet in -height, from floor to floor, being two stacks high; and the first story -will be twenty-two feet and six inches, or three stacks in height. -The smaller rooms in the first story may have rooms over them in a -mezzanine. The floor of the basement story will be a step or two above -the 42d Street sidewalk at the entrance. - -=Conditions.= The arrangement of rooms in the basement on the southwest -corner, above indicated, permits the packing and ready distribution of -books for the lending branches to be hereafter established. The central -portion of the basement between the two courts affords a suitable -location for the ventilating machinery of the building. The special -reading rooms for students on the second and third floors, while in easy -communication with the main stack, are removed from the main reading -rooms and from the portion of the building most frequented by the public. -The main reading rooms on the third story are removed from dust and -noise, and enjoy the best form of light from above. _It is considered -preferable not to have the rooms very lofty_, and the skylights should -be large so as to diffuse the light as much as possible. _Domes are -accordingly not desired._ - -=Stack Light.= The arrangement of the stacks affords a reasonable amount -of light, and does not make the stacks wholly dependent on artificial -light, which will be expensive and in other respects objectionable. - - -SCHEDULE OF ROOMS. - -A. - -Reading Rooms Freely Open to the Public. - - I. Main Reading Rooms. In the main public reading rooms space - for at least 800 readers will be required, with an allowance of - 30 sq. ft. per reader, exclusive of space required for catalogs - and reference shelving, or about 26,800 square feet in all. - - This space should be divided into three rooms, so arranged that - only one need be used at a time, but that all can readily be - served from one delivery counter, which should be central and - close to the main stacks. - - There should be at least 3,500 feet (linear) of shelving for - free reference books in these rooms and the Card Catalogue, - occupying at least 150 sq. ft., must be provided for near the - delivery desk. - - In all the reading rooms and wherever else it is required, - shelving must not be more than seven shelves in height. - This gives seven feet of shelving for each running foot of - wall-space. Where there is not enough wall-space for the amount - of shelving called for, stacks of double shelves, back to back, - may be employed, either projecting from the walls, or standing - free in the room. - - The ceilings of the reading rooms should be kept as low as is - consistent with pleasing proportions. There should be no waste - spaces to be heated and kept clean. - - It is not desired that these reading rooms should be show rooms - so as to attract sight-seers. - - II. Periodical Room, 4,000 sq. ft.; 1,500 linear feet of - shelving. This room must be upon the first floor. - - III. Newspaper Room, about 4,000 sq. ft. area, on first floor. - Store room for bound newspapers adjacent, either in main stack - or separate room. - - IV. Patents Room, 2,500 feet of shelving; 25 readers, 3,500 sq. - ft. - - V. Public Document Rooms, 4,000 sq. ft. - - VI. Children’s Room, 4,000 sq. ft.; 1,000 feet of shelving; 80 - readers. - - VII. Library for the Blind, 800 sq. ft.; 20 readers; 225 feet - of shelving; on first floor. - -B. - -Reading Rooms for Scholars and Special Students. - -(Admission by card.) - - VIII. Special Reading Rooms, 5 or 6 rooms, each with 1,000 to - 1,500 feet of shelving; and from 1,800 to 2,000 sq. ft.; on - second and third floors. - - IX. Manuscript Department, 1 store room, 800 sq. ft.; 1 reading - room for 6 readers, 340 sq. ft.; 1 librarian’s room, 340 sq. ft. - - X. Music Room, 1,600 feet of shelving; 800 sq. ft. - - XI. Bible Room, 1,000 feet of shelving; 800 sq. ft.; 6 readers. - - XII. Map Room, 1,000 sq. ft. - - XIII. Special Work Rooms for special students, 8 rooms, each - 150 sq. ft. with 100 linear feet of shelving. - -C. - -Lending Department. - - XIV. Lending Delivery Room. Delivery counter at least 60 feet - long; seats for 150 waiting; 2,000 feet of shelving; catalog - space; bulletin boards; about 16,000 sq. ft. Small reference - collection here. - - The stack of books in this room should be close to the main - stack, and have machine communication with the delivery desks - in the main reading rooms. Basement floor. - -D. - -Exhibition Rooms Open to the Public. - - XV. Picture Gallery, 5,000 sq. ft. (The Lenox Gallery is 40 ft. - × 56 ft.) - - XVI. Stuart Collection Room, 5,000 sq. ft., must be on same - floor with the Picture Gallery and with easy access to main - Reading Room. - - XVII. An Exhibition Room for the History of Printing, etc., - 4,000 sq. ft. May be on the first story, and some smaller rooms - for the same purpose may be provided on the third story. - -E. - -Administrative Rooms not Open to the Public. - - XVIII. Trustees’ Room, 800 sq. ft., near the Director’s rooms, - with a large safe for the Secretary, and open fireplace. - - XIX. Director’s Rooms. 1 office, 900 sq. ft.; 1 private room - with lavatory, 600 sq. ft. Near to Trustees’ Room; also to - Order Room. Open fireplaces. - - This must come between the Public and the Administrative part. - - XX. Order Department, 2,600 sq. ft.; 300 feet of shelving. - Between Director’s Office and Cataloguing Room. - - XXI. Cataloguing Room, 2,800 sq, ft.; 1,000 feet of shelving. - To connect easily with Order Room, Receiving Room, Accessions - Room and Stacks and Printing Office. Cloak Room and Lavatory - for Women appended. - - XXII. Accessions Department, 1,800 sq. ft.; 150 feet of - shelving. To connect with Cataloguing Room and with Stacks. - - XXIII. Receiving and Checking Room for Books, 1,500 sq. ft.; - 600 feet of shelving. To connect with Packing and Delivery - Rooms, and with Cataloguing Room, by elevator. - - XXIV. Packing and Delivery Room, 500 feet of shelving. On - driveway; easy connection with Receiving Room and with - Duplicate Room; also with store-room for boxes in cellar. 3,600 - sq. ft. - - XXV. Duplicate and Exchange Room, 50 ft. × 60 ft.; 3,000 sq. - ft.; 4,000 linear feet of shelving; may be in base of stack. - Easy connection with Packing Room. - - XXVI. Main Stack Room for 1,500,000 Volumes; 187,500 linear - feet of shelving. This amount of shelving (allowing for proper - ventilating arrangements and dust tubes) can be contained in - six tiers of stacks, each tier being 240 ft. × 75 ft. with - 5-foot corridor all around, 5-foot corridor on long axis, and - 15-foot corridor on short axis, straight stairs at ends and at - centre. Stacks 5 ft. between centres, 7 ft. 6 in. in height; - ends of stacks 5 ft. from windows. - - XXVII. Binding Department. 2,400 sq. ft., with Stock Room 250 - sq. ft. Furnace flue required. - - XXVIII. Printing Office, 1,200 sq. ft. Stock Room, 200 sq. ft. - Furnace flue required. - - XXVII and XXVIII to be on south front, next each other, with - small dumb waiter connection with Cataloguing Room and separate - chimney flues. - - XXIX. Business Superintendent’s Office, 400 sq. ft., two rooms, - safe in one. - - XXX. Photograph Rooms 500 sq. ft. Top floor. Skylight to North. - Dark room. Printing room. - - XXXI. Lunch Rooms, one for boys and attendants; one for - librarians and assistant librarians, etc. Basement, 800 sq. ft. - Chimney flue. - - XXXII. Class Room, to seat about 150; 850 sq. ft. To be near - the Director’s Room. - - XXXIII. Stock and Store Room, general. 400 sq. ft. - - XXXIV. Eight or Ten Rooms, of about 200 sq. ft. each, for store - rooms and special work rooms = 1,600 sq. ft. One for scrub - women. - - XXXV. Central Telephone Office for the house. - - XXXVI. Engineer’s Department. Boiler rooms; Dynamo room; - Work-shop; Engine room; Living rooms for Janitor—30,000 sq. ft. - - XXXVII. Boilers, Engines and Dynamos to be outside the - building, in vault about 120 ft. × 40 ft., south of building - and near its S. W. corner, with coal vaults extending beneath - sidewalk. - - XXXVIII. Dust Tubes and Closets, with electric fans; to be - arranged in stacks, and for open reference shelves. - -F. - -Miscellaneous. - - XXXIX. Two Reception Rooms. One for staff, 600 sq. ft. One for - visitors, 600 sq. ft. - - XL. Women’s Room, 200 sq. ft., with lavatory, on third floor. - - XLI. Two Cloak and Parcel and Bicycle Rooms, 600 sq. ft. each, - near Forty-second Street entrance. - - XLII. Public Telephone Room, 60 sq. ft. Main Hall. - - XLIII. Public Lavatories and W. C. Two in the Basement and two - on the 3d Floor. - - Staff lavatories and W. C. are to be provided, two in basement, - four on second floor. - - There must be wash-stands in or near children’s room, - cataloguer’s room, packing room and receiving room, arranged on - the main lines of plumbing. - - XLIV. Elevators, two or more, for use of public in Main Hall. - One in Administrative portion. Book lifts. - - -BROOKLYN PUBLIC LIBRARY CENTRAL BUILDING. - -GENERAL SUGGESTIONS TO THE ARCHITECT. - -=General.= These suggestions are intended for the purpose of assisting -the Architect in working out his plans, and in no way to hamper him. It -is possible the Architect may find a different arrangement of rooms more -suitable to the building which he plans, and while it is desirable that -he conform as nearly as possible to the suggested arrangement it is not -necessary to follow it closely. - -=Estimates.= In submitting preliminary plans the approximate cost in the -shape of estimate from at least three reputable builders should be given -exclusive of heating, lighting, ventilation, book stacks and all fixed -furniture. - -=Guides.= The number of stories should include sub-basement, basement, -and as many stories above the ground as will comport with the Memorial -Arch and surrounding buildings, providing at the same time adequate -capacity for the needs of a Central Library Building. Your attention is -called to the report of the Consulting Architect, Prof. A. D. F. Hamlin -to the Central Building Committee under date of March 25, 1905; and of -the reports of Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., made to the Brooklyn League -under date of October, 1905, and of Messrs. Carrere and Hastings to the -Mayor of New York, under date of November, 1905, and _the comparative -table of accommodations of various library buildings as prepared by -the Brooklyn Public Library._ All these documents should be studied -preliminary to the preparation of plans. - -=Requisites.= _Architectural effect should be subordinate to utility -and convenience._ Consideration should be given to the probabilities of -extensions to the building. - -The prime essentials for the library building are light and ventilation. -The building should be lighted on all sides by natural light. Walls which -face open courts should be of light colored material. - -The building should be thoroughly fireproof. - -The whole building is to be piped and wired for both gas and electric -lighting. - -The decoration of the reading rooms should be very simple. - -Wall space should not be occupied by heating pipes. - -All halls and stairways should be ample and well lighted. - -The dimensions given may be considerably varied provided they are not -materially reduced. All rooms should be so planned as to provide wall -shelving 3 feet in the clear without loss of space and without any -architectural obstruction. - -Grouping of Rooms According to Use. - - (_a_) Public rooms. - (_b_) Work rooms. - (_c_) Executive rooms. - (_d_) Stack. - (_e_) Mechanical service. - -A. PUBLIC ROOMS. - - Children’s room. - Delivery room (Circulation Dept.). - Registration room. - Reading Rooms - (_a_) Reference. - 1. General. - 2. Statistical Dept. - 3. Patents. - 4. Music. - 5. Art books. - 5_a_. Bell collection. - 6. Manuscripts. - 7. Maps. - 8. Public documents. - 9. Restricted and rare books. - 10. Prints room. - 11. Photograph room. - (_b_) Periodicals. - 1. General. - 2. Scientific. - 3. Store room for unbound back numbers. - 4. Bound magazines—or space in stack. - 5. Newspapers. - Public catalog. - Club rooms. - Study rooms. - Auditorium or Exhibition room. - Lunch room (Restaurant). - Public reception. - Stenographer. - Telephone. - Writing and copying rooms. - Coat room. - Toilets. - -B. WORK ROOMS. - - Superintendent of Building’s office. - Engineer’s rooms. - Janitor’s rooms. - Janitor’s living rooms. - Scrub women’s rooms. - Binding. - Repair room. - Printing plant. - -Work Rooms (staff). - - Supply Department. - Store room for supplies. - Book Order Department. - Packing room. - Delivery stations room. - Apprentice class room. - Cataloguing Department. - Library of Congress Card Catalog room. - Traveling Libraries Department. - Interchange Department. - Foreign Book Department. - -Work Rooms (Special Rooms for Staff). - - Two lunch rooms. - One staff sitting room. - One staff meeting room. - Butler’s pantry, kitchen, etc. - -C. EXECUTIVE OFFICES. - - Trustees’ room. - Committee room. - Librarian’s Public office. - Librarian’s Private office. - Librarian’s Secretary’s office. - Stenographer’s room. - Assistant Librarian’s office. - Supt. of Branches office. - Finance Department. - Offices of the Superintendents of Cataloguing, Children’s, - Traveling libraries, Supply Department, connected with - their respective departments. - -D. STACK. - - Stock room accommodations for books purchased and unassigned. - Storage room for little used books. - -E. MECHANICAL SERVICE. - - 1. Public telephone. - 2. Interior telephone. - 3. Book carrier. - 4. Pneumatic tubes. - 5. Elevators. - 6. Book lifts. - -SUGGESTED FLOOR ARRANGEMENTS AND DIMENSIONS OF ROOMS. - - By a proper grouping of rooms it may be possible for one - attendant to temporarily supervise several rooms. - -Stack. - - An allowance of 10,000 sq. ft. on each floor will provide - accommodation for 1,600,000 volumes. - -Separate Building or Sub-Basement. - - Heating, ventilating and lighting plant. - -Basement. - - Janitor’s work room 300 sq. ft. - Engineer’s room (office) 300 ” - Engineer’s work room 400 ” - Scrub women’s room 300 ” - Store room for supplies 1,000 ” - Bindery 5,000 ” - Printing plant 3,000 ” - Auditorium or Exhibition Room 4,500 ” - -------------- - 14,800 sq. ft. - -Ground Floor. - - Book Order Dept 3,000 sq. ft. - Supply Dept 2,500 ” - Packing room 1,500 ” - Delivery Station room 1,000 ” - Repair room 1,200 ” - Library for the Blind 2,000 ” - Supt. of Building—office 500 ” - Coat and parcel room 600 ” - Public telephone room } { 300 ” - Public reception room } combine { 300 ” - Telephone switch board 200 ” - Public toilet rooms 700 ” - Private toilet rooms 700 ” - Lockers for 200 employees 600 ” - Newspaper reading room 2,500 ” - -------------- - 17,600 sq. ft. - -Main or First Floor. - - Children’s room 5,000 sq. ft. - Delivery room (open shelves) 3,000 ” - Executive offices 4,900 ” - Trustees’ room 900 sq. ft. - Committee room 400 ” - Librarian’s public office 400 ” - Librarian’s private office 500 ” - Librarian’s Secretary’s office 400 ” - Stenographers’ room 600 ” - Assistant Librarian’s office 400 ” - [400]Supt. of Branches office 300 ” - Finance Department 1,000 ” - Reading rooms—Periodicals 4,000 ” - Reading rooms—Scientific periodicals 400 ” - Reading rooms—Store room for unbound back numbers 600 ” - -------------- - 17,900 sq. ft. - -Second Floor. - - Reference room 10,000 sq. ft. - Special reference rooms as follows:— - Statistical Dept. 800 sq. ft. - Patents room 2,500 ” - Map room 1,500 ” - Public documents room for readers 1,200 ” - Restricted and rare books 400 ” - Public catalog 1,500 ” - Public writing and copying rooms 800 ” - -------------- - 18,700 sq. ft. - -Third Floor. - - Music room 1,500 sq. ft. - Prints room 800 ” - Art book room 2,000 ” - Manuscripts 800 ” - Photographic room 400 ” - Photographic dark room 120 ” - Apprentice class room 2,500 ” - Staff meeting room 1,000 ” - Bell collection 1,200 ” - Study and club rooms (3 or 4) 1,200 ” - Cataloguing Dept. 5,000 ” - Library of Congress Card Catalog room 1,000 ” - Traveling Library Dept. and Interchange 600 ” - -------------- - 18,120 sq. ft. - -Mezzanine Floor. - - Staff sitting room 600 sq. ft. - Two lunch rooms:— - One 400 ” - One 800 ” - Pantry and kitchen - Public restaurant 900 ” - ------------- - 2,700 sq. ft. - -Fourth Story (if any). - - Janitor’s living rooms 1,500 sq. ft. - -Totals. - - Prof. A. D. F. Hamlin has estimated that the available ground - space for the building might vary according to different types - of building from 31,250 sq. ft. to 44,600 sq. ft. Our estimate - of the space required, including rooms, halls, etc, and stack - is about 36,630 sq. ft. - - (Above basement):— - Ground floor 17,600 sq. ft. - Main or first floor 17,900 ” - Second floor 18,700 ” - Third floor 18,120 ” - Mezzanine floor 2,700 ” - Fourth floor 1,500 ” - --------------- - 76,520 sq. ft. - Stack—4 stories of main building 40,000 ” - --------------- - 116,520 ” - Add for halls, stairs, walls, vaults, toilet - rooms, etc. 30,000 ” - --------------- - 146,520 sq. ft. - Average per floor (4) 36,630 ” - - -ALPHABETICAL ARRANGEMENT OF ROOMS. - -Under each room is given the purpose and best arrangement in relation -to other rooms. The list also includes such headings as “Furniture,” -“Shelving,” etc. - -=Accession Department, see Cataloguing Department.= - -=Apprentice Class Room.= For students who are taking the training -course in the library preparatory to admission to the library service. -Accommodations should be provided for one hundred students. - -Need not be considered in relation to other rooms, and may be placed on -top floor or wherever convenient. - -The room might be divided into sections by sliding partitions so that a -part or the whole could be used either for class work or for entrance and -promotion examinations, and should be planned as a regular school class -room containing such necessary appliances as desks, chairs blackboards, -etc. - -A sufficient number of lockers should be provided in a dressing-room near -by. - -If the room is not divided as mentioned above, a study room containing -a working collection of library literature would make study possible by -members of one class while another class is in session. - -=Art Book Cases, see Furniture, Art Book Cases.= - -=Art Book Room.= All the large heavy books belonging to the Art Book -Collection will be placed here in cases or on shelves. - -There should be accommodation in this room or a nearby stack for 15,000 -volumes. - -If an Exhibition Room is not provided the Art Book Room together with the -Photographs, Music and Manuscripts Rooms, might be connected so that when -desired they could be converted into an Exhibition Room. - -If convenient the Art Book Room should be near the Reference Room. - -If located on different floors, the Art Book Room and Photographic Room -should be connected by a large size book lift. - -=Auditor’s Office, see Finance Department.= - -=Auditorium.= It is a question whether in view of the nearness of the -Brooklyn Institute the Library should provide an auditorium. If so, it -should be capable of being turned into an Exhibition Room, which see. - -It is probable that a seating capacity of 400 or 500 would be sufficient, -although it may be thought best to provide for 1,500. - -If arranged so as to be used as an Exhibition Room it might be -sub-divided by movable partitions. - -It should be provided with lantern and screen. - -This hall should be used for literary purposes only. - -May be placed on top floor or basement. If the latter, there should be an -outside entrance, and also one from the library proper. - -=Automatic Book Carrier, see Book Carrier.= - -=Back Numbers of Magazines, see Periodical Reading Room.= - -=Bell Collection.= A collection of 12,000 volumes given by Mr. James A. -H. Bell on the conditions that it should be in a separate room, and that -the books should be for reference purposes only. - -Need not connect with any other room. - -=Bells.= Connection might be made from some of the rooms, such as -Librarians’, Delivery, Reference, with the janitor and engineer. - -There should be outside door bells so arranged that the current to same -may be turned off or on. Switches to be under lock and key inside the -building. - -=Bicycle Room.= A small space is probably all that will be necessary, and -it is a question whether racks outside, or inside the building on ground -floor would not serve the purpose. - -=Bindery.= A room should be provided large enough to hold heavy machinery -and to enable the library to have its own binding done within the -building, although it is not at all certain whether it is not more -economical to give the use of the room to some binder and arrange with -him to do the work at so much per volume. - -Should go in the basement near the Repair Room. - -If all binding is not done by the Library, the Repair Room if made larger -will accommodate the necessary machinery for what is to be done, and -should be so constructed as to bear the weight of heavy machinery. - -=Blind Department, see Library for the Blind.= - -=Boiler Room, see Heating Plant.= - -=Book Carrier.= A noiseless device for carrying books from the Book Stack -to the Delivery Desks in the - - (_a_) Reference Room. - (_b_) Delivery Room. - (_c_) Periodical Reading Room. - (_d_) Children’s Room. - (_e_) Delivery Station Room. - (_f_) Wherever rooms are indicated as near Stack and cannot be so - placed the carrier might be used. - -A very successful carrier made by the Lamson Store Service Co. is said to -be in use by the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. The Library of Congress -and Boston Public Library also have carriers. - -=Book Order Department.= Including the Ordering and Receiving -Departments. Orders for books are sent to this department and forwarded -to the publishers. Books are received from the same source, unpacked, -checked with the bill, etc., before they go to the Cataloguing -Department. A part of the room should be arranged as a Receiving Room -where the cases of books could be unpacked. - -It should be on the ground floor near the Packing Room and the depository -sections of the Stack which contain the stock of unassigned books -(20,000 volumes) and the little used books (30,000 volumes). It should -be connected with, but not necessarily adjacent to, the Cataloguing -Department, with which it might be connected with a freight elevator, so -that truck loads of books can be quickly transferred. - -A small office or office space for the Superintendent should be provided. - -=Bound Files of Newspapers, see Newspaper Reading Room.= - -=Bound Files of Magazines, see Periodical Reading Room.= - -=Branches, Superintendent, see Executive offices.= - -=Building Superintendent’s Room.= An office for the Superintendent of the -building should be provided near the entrance on the ground floor. - -=Building, Size of.= Inasmuch as the plot is surrounded by broad open -spaces the building may be brought much nearer the lot line than would -otherwise be desirable. Unnecessary space should not be given to halls -and corridors, although these should be ample. - -The size of the Reference and Reading Rooms may be increased if there is -any additional space available. - -=Card Cases, see Furniture—Card Catalog Cases.= - -=Cataloguing Department (Official).= Books for all branches of the -library as well as all departments and the Central Library are -accessioned, and catalogued by this department. - -Space should be allowed for at least fifty employees. It may be on -the third floor. It should connect with the Book Order Department as -indicated, and be located near Traveling Libraries and Interchange -Departments. - -An office or office space should be provided for the Superintendent of -the department. - -The freight elevator might open into a small room or hallway adjoining -the Cataloguing Department instead of opening directly into the room -itself. - -The room should, if possible, be so planned that there will be good light -on both sides so that desks may be placed on both sides of the room. - -The space allotted to the department may, if necessary, be divided into -two connecting rooms, one of which would contain some thirty typewriting -machines. - -Alcoves formed by book cases might be placed on one side of the room to -separate the desks of the typewriters from each other. - -Space must also be allowed for card catalog cases for 2,000,000 volumes. -These may be placed back to back and form a sort of partition through the -middle of the room. - -=Cataloguing Department—Library of Congress Depository Catalog.= The -cards of the Library of Congress Catalog are filed in Catalog Cases in -this room and the Catalog must be accessible to the public, and should -adjoin the Official Cataloguing Department. Provision should be made for -at least fifty catalog cases in addition to table, desk, chairs, etc. - -=Catalog Room (Public).= Contains a catalog of all books in the Library -system printed on cards, and arranged similar to those in the Official -Catalog Department. It would be used by the public and should be near the -Reference Room so that the Reference Librarian could use and supervise it. - -If possible it should be accessible for the Delivery Department and -Official Cataloguing Department. Space should be provided for the same -number of cases as in the Official Department. These cases could be -placed against the walls or in rows. - -=Charging Desk, see Furniture—Delivery Desk.= - -=Check Room, see Coat and Parcel Room—Public.= - -=Children’s Room.= A room for the use of the juvenile borrowers of the -library. All juvenile books will be charged and discharged in this room. -Provision should be made for seating about two hundred children. The -total space allotted for this department may be divided so that there -will be an office for the Superintendent (who has charge of the work with -children), a small room to contain a selected collection of juvenile -books which may be consulted by teachers, parents, etc., and the reading -and delivery room for children. A portion of the latter might perhaps be -partitioned off for reference use. Plenty of room should be provided for -this purpose. - -This department should be situated near the Delivery Room of the library, -and if possible, connect directly with the Open Shelf Room of that -department. - -The entrance to this room should be similar to that at the Pacific -Branch Library, _i.e._, two doors, one for entrance and one for exit, -with a seat for visitors and a railed space where they may stand without -interfering with the children who use the room. - -If possible, this room should be easily reached from the street without -stairs or with but few. The entrance, however, should not be _directly_ -into the room. - -=Circulation Department, see Delivery Department.= - -=Cleaner’s Room.= A room near janitor’s with lockers, cupboards, etc., in -which clothes, pails, mops may be kept. - -=Cleaning Device, see Vacuum Cleaning Apparatus.= - -=Closets.= Closets or cupboards for the storage of supplies, etc., should -be provided in the various departments and work rooms. - -Closets for janitor’s brooms, mops, etc., together with a sink should be -located on each floor. - -=Club Rooms, see Study Rooms.= - -=Coal Bins.= Coal bins of 200 tons capacity should be provided. - -=Coat and Parcel Rooms, Public.= A room should be provided where coats, -parcels, umbrellas, etc., may be checked. - -This should be located near the main entrance. - -If the auditorium is placed on the top floor a similar room should be -located near it. - -=Committee Room, see Executive Offices.= - -=Copying Room, see Writing and Copying Room.= - -=Cork Carpet, see Floor Covering.= - -=Dark Room, see Photographic Room.= - -=Delivery Department.= From this room the books for home use would be -circulated, and borrowers would be allowed free access to the shelves. - -This room should be easily accessible from the street without any, or, -with but few stairs. - -It might connect with the Children’s Room, but it is not necessary that -it connect with the Reference and Reading Rooms. - -A collection of possibly 35,000 volumes of the most popular and standard -books should be placed in a room arranged with wall shelving and stacks -something like our branch libraries. This will not prevent readers from -having access to other books under restrictions. - -Space should be provided in this room for a Registration Desk with a -possible provision for a Union Register of all borrowers in the system. - -=Delivery Desks, see Furniture—Delivery Desks.= - -=Delivery Station Room.= The library system may, in the near future -be extended, by the establishment of delivery and deposit stations -throughout the city at which places borrowers may leave books in the -morning and receive others later in the day. The books so left will be -sent to the Central Library to be exchanged and a room should be provided -where this work can be done. - -This might be near or part of the Interchange Department, although this -arrangement may not be feasible, as it is desirable that the Interchange -Department should be located near the Cataloguing Department so that the -Catalog may be consulted by it, and the Delivery Station Room should be -on the ground floor to facilitate the handling of boxes, etc. - -=Depository Stock, see Stack Depository.= - -=Driveway.= A driveway for teams should run through from Flatbush avenue -to Eastern Parkway and into the court, if one is contemplated. The -Packing, Delivery Station and Book Order Department should open directly -upon the driveway. If these are below the street level, a movable -platform should be provided. - -=Dust Flues.= Unless the vacuum cleaning apparatus is installed, dust -flues and compressed air with openings on each floor of the Stack and in -the principal rooms in the main building may answer all purposes. - -=Elevators.= Elevators should run from the basement to the top floor. -Two passenger elevators for the public, and one for the staff should be -provided. A freight elevator large enough to hold two or three trucks -(such as used at Montague) at a time will be needed. This elevator may -open into a hallway or room adjoining the Cataloguing Department if such -an arrangement works out better. - -Book lifts should also be generously distributed. - -If the auditorium is on the top floor one elevator should be so situated -as to be convenient for those using the auditorium. - -=Employees, see Staff.= - -=Engineers’ Club.= It is a question whether a meeting room should be -provided for the exclusive use of this particular club, although it seems -desirable that a place should be provided where this and clubs of a -similar nature could hold meetings from time to time. - -If a meeting room is provided for the Engineers’ Club it should be -adjacent to the Stack where books of a scientific nature are stored. - -=Engineer’s Rooms.= There should be two connecting rooms for the use of -the Chief Engineer; one to be used as an office, possibly containing -closets for the stowing of supplies; and the other to be equipped as a -work room with work bench, forge, anvil, etc. - -These rooms should be separate from the Boiler Room. - -=Entrances.= Should be provided on the front and sides of the building -for the public, and one in the rear for freight, etc. - -A separate entrance should also be provided for the Staff. - -=Executive Offices.= This suite of offices consists of the following -rooms:— - - Trustees’ Room. - Committee Room. - Librarian’s Public Office. - Librarian’s Private Office. - Librarian’s Secretary’s Office. - Stenographers’ Room. - Assistant Librarian’s Office. - Supt. of Branches.[401] - Finance Department (Here or on top floor). - -The rooms in this group might be arranged similar to the offices in large -business houses with a central waiting room. - -The Trustees’ Room and Committee Room should adjoin and be connected -with large folding doors. There should be an ante or waiting room. Also -lockers, hat boxes, etc. Toilet and Bath Room should also be provided, as -at Boston. - -The Librarian’s Private Office should connect directly with the Trustees’ -and Committee Rooms. - -The Librarian’s Public Office might also serve as a waiting room for the -Trustees’ and Assistant Librarian’s Offices. - -The Librarian’s Room should be easily accessible to the public and as -near as many departments of the library as possible. - -=Exhibition Room, see Auditorium.= - -This room might be made by so arranging certain rooms, such as the Art -Book, Manuscripts, Music, Photographic Rooms, etc., that they could -be converted into an exhibition room at any time. (This is the better -arrangement). Exhibitions of books, manuscripts, prints, etc., would be -held in this room. - -=Finance Department, see also Executive Offices.= - -This is intended for the offices of the Treasurer and his assistants. -Space should be provided for three or more clerks, with possibly a small -separate room for the Treasurer. - -A vault should be located in this department for the storage of -documents, bills, etc. - -This need not be a part of the Executive Offices, but may be located on -the top floor. - -=Fine Arts Room, see Art Book Room.= - -=Fixed Furniture, see Furniture.= - -=Floor Covering.= Rubber or cork carpet may be used, but these should not -be put over tiling. - -=Floors.= The kind of flooring for each room should be indicated by the -Architect. _Noiseless_ floors should be placed in all public rooms. - -=Floors, Height of.= Floors of the main building should coincide with the -level of the floors of the book stack, making the height about 15 feet or -two stacks floors high, or in that proportion. - -Floors in the Stack Building should be 7½ feet between centers, and -should connect with the floors of the main building. - -=Foreign Book Collection.= The collection of books in foreign languages -for distribution among the branches would be located on one of the floors -of the Book Stack, preferably that nearest the office of the Interchange -Department. Provision should be made for about 35,000 volumes. - -=Furniture—Fixed and Movable.= Specifications for the furniture required -will be furnished later. - -=Garage.= A room of about 400 square feet should be provided for the -storage of library automobiles and equipped with machinery to charge -electric vehicles. If space permits, it might be advisable to arrange -a part of this room for the convenience of automobilists who use the -library. - -=Heads of Departments, see Superintendents of Departments.= - -=Heating Plant.= As this plant cannot be located in a separate building -it should be as nearly isolated as possible. It should be so constructed -that there will be ample room for the handling of all tools, especially -while working at the boilers. - -=Height of Floor, see Floors, Height of.= - -=Information Desk.= Space should be provided for an information desk -if possible near the main entrance, or near the Reference and Delivery -Departments, if they are quite near together. - -=Interchange Department.= This department, which has charge of the -interchange of books among the branches, should have an office for -superintendents and assistants near or connected with the Traveling -Libraries Department. - -It should also be near or easily connected with the Official or Public -Catalog and the Book Stack. - -=Janitor’s Living Rooms.= It is desirable, if space permits, that five or -six living rooms similar in arrangement to a small apartment be provided -for the janitor so that he may be in the building at all times. - -These rooms should be located on the top floor. - -=Janitor’s Rooms.= A work room containing lockers, and closets for the -storage of necessary tools should be located in the basement for the use -of the janitor. An office for his use might also be provided. - -These rooms should be near the Stock and Store Rooms and the Supply -Department. - -=Lavatories, see Toilets.= - -=Lecture Room, see Auditorium.= - -=Librarian’s Office, see Executive Offices.= - -=Librarian, Assistant, see Executive Offices.= - -=Library for the Blind.= This is intended for the use of the blind -readers and their guides. Provision should be made both for the delivery -of books for home use, for reading in the library and for “readings.” A -small lecture room separated from the Delivery Room should be provided -for the latter purpose. - -The blind borrowers would be registered at this department rather than at -the General Registration Desk. - -The best location for this department is on the ground floor, although -it may be placed on the top floor. It should be located near a stack -accommodating 15,000 volumes. - -This is perhaps the one department of the library which might, if -necessary, be located at some branch, possibly Montague—instead of in the -Central Building without affecting seriously other departments. - -=Library of Congress Cards, see Cataloguing Department.= - -=Lighting Plant.= Even if the library does not install its own lighting -plant, space should at least be provided for it in the sub-basement. - -Wherever table lights are used as probably in the Reference and -Cataloguing Departments, they should be movable and so arranged that they -will not get in the way of readers’ feet. - -So far as possible, general illumination is better than individual lights. - -=Little Used Books, see Stack—Depository.= - -=Lockers.= Clothing lockers, open and well ventilated, with shelves for -hats, should be abundantly provided. - -Lockers for men and women should be located near the staff entrance, and -in addition, a few lockers should be provided in each department. - -The lockers should also be near the service elevator. The quarters might -be divided so to partially separate men, women, boys and girls. - -=Lunch Room for Staff, see Staff Lunch Room.= - -=Lunch room—Public, see Public Restaurant.= - -=Magazine Room, see Periodical Reading Room.= - -=Main Reading Room, see Reference Room.= - -=Manuscript Department.= Room where valuable manuscripts would be kept. -It might be near Map or Art Book Room and form one of the latter suite. - -=Map Room.= Provision should be made in this room for the convenient -handling of maps of various sizes and kinds. - -This should be near the Reference Room for the sake of supervision. - -=Mechanical Service and Equipment, see Book Carriers, Telephones, etc.= - -=Music Room.= Provision should be made here or in a nearby Stack for -15,000 bound volumes of books about music, and for the musical scores -which will be placed flat on shelves or in drawers. (It might form one -of the suite with the Art Book Room, etc.) The circulation of books from -this department might be from the room itself rather than from the Main -Delivery Desk. - -Adjoining should be a piano room with thick walls to deaden sound. - -=Newspaper Reading Room.= If out-of-town newspapers are supplied a larger -room will be needed than as though only local papers are taken. (It is -a question whether it is best to supply local papers at all). In any -event the papers will be in newspaper files on regular racks placed on -the walls or separate stands. No shelving (unless for local papers) need -be provided here, but in an adjoining room the back numbers will be made -accessible. - -This room should be on ground floor with separate outside entrance if any -papers are taken. - -The bound volumes of newspapers take up much room and ample space -should be provided in adjoining Stack so that they might be placed flat -on roller shelves and provision made for 5,000 volumes and growth for -twenty-five years. - -=Open Shelves, see Delivery Department.= - -=Order Department, see Book Order Department, see also Supply Department.= - -=Order and Receiving Room, see Book Order Department.= - -=Packing Room.= Books are received here from the Cataloguing Department -and sent out to the Branches. - -It should be on the ground floor near the Book Order and Supply -Departments and contain bins for at least forty branches, so that when -books and supplies are to be sent out they may be placed in specific -places preparatory to being shipped, and thus facilitate the distribution -of everything to branches. - -The bins might be on rollers or tracks unless it is found better to make -them permanent and use ordinary trucks around the room. - -=Parcel Room, see Coat Room.= - -=Patent Room.= All reports and specifications relating to American and -foreign patents belong in this room or adjoining Stack. - -It should be near the Reference and Public Documents Rooms. - -Provision should be made in the room itself for seventy-five or one -hundred readers, shelving for the most used volumes, and near a stack -to contain 20,000. Many of the specifications will be laid flat. Boston -seems large enough if sufficient stack space is provided. - -=Periodical Reading Room.= The current magazines will be placed on tables -and racks, and the bound volumes of periodicals would be used in this -room as well as in the Reference Room. It should therefore be near stack -with capacity of 50,000 volumes for bound periodicals. The room should be -connected with or under the Reference Room, with stairs connecting. - -If found best to locate this room elsewhere it may be placed near -newspaper room and made accessible from street. - -A room adjoining would have shelves and cases for the unbound back -numbers as in Newark. - -=Photographic Room.= A place for taking pictures, consequently a “dark -room,” should adjoin. - -It might be in attic or one of the Art Book suite, but in any event -should be connected with Art Book Room so that large books may be easily -conveyed by lift or otherwise from one to the other. Provision should be -made for the storage of photographs. It should be well lighted as the -walls may be used for the exhibition of pictures, etc. - -The “dark room” should have plenty of storage space for slides and -negatives. - -=Plot, see Site.= - -=Pneumatic Tubes.= Most liberal provision should be made for -communicating between Delivery Rooms, Departments and Stacks. (See also -Book Carrier). - -=Printing Plant.= It is a question of policy whether a large or small -plant should be installed. If former, there will always be trouble with -labor unions, etc. Provision should at least be made for a few small -presses to do such necessary work as printing bulletins, lists, catalog -cards, etc. - -=Prints Room, see Art Book Room.= - -=Public Catalog, see Catalog—Public.= - -=Public Documents Room.= It is intended to provide for perhaps fifty -readers and have a near Stack accommodation for all public documents, -both national and state. This room might be near the Patents Room and -Reference Room. - -=Public Reception Room.= Part of Public Telephone and Public -Stenographer’s Room might adjoin an “Emergency Hospital,” as suggested by -Dr. Backus. - -=See also Writing and Copying Room, Public.= - -=Public Restaurant.= If this could be provided for in connection with -staff lunch room it would be desirable so that all-day students could -obtain lunch. - -=Public Telephone, see Telephone, Public.= - -=Public Toilet Rooms, see Toilet Rooms, Public.= - -=Radiators.= These might be placed inside the walls _without taking up -room or shelving space_, but of course accessible by taking out division -of shelving, or radiators might form a base 10 inches to 14 inches from -floor under book cases—if not too hot. - -=Rare and Restricted Books Room.= Here would be kept the precious books. -It is essential that the vault run through this section. Rare books and -prints would be preserved and displayed here. - -It should possibly be part of Art Book suite. - -=Reading Rooms, see Reference Department and under different headings, as -Periodical Reading Room, Technical and Scientific Periodical Room, etc.= - -=Receiving Room, see Book Order Department; see also Packing Room.= - -=Reception Room, see Public Reception Room.= - -=Reference Department.= This room will serve for general and reference -purposes, access being had to as many of the departments and special -collections as possible. For the sake of convenience and supervision the -special collections might be grouped around this room. - -It should be on the second floor, with large windows to about 4 feet -of the floor. Seating capacity for from 450 to 600 readers should be -provided. It may be found easy to place this room on the top floor with -light from above, although such an arrangement does not seem desirable. -This will be the largest room in the building. - -The public catalog should be near by so that it might be used and -supervised by the Reference Librarian. - -A delivery desk must also be provided on the same floor as the Reference -Department so that the serious student may have books used by him in -the Reference Department charged without being obliged to go into the -Delivery Department. This desk may be located in the Reference Room, or -it may be possible to locate it in the Public Catalog Room so that the -orders of those consulting the Catalog may be sent directly to the Stack -and the book be delivered to the borrower in that room. If the Public -Catalog room is on the same floor as the Reference Room the books from -that department could be sent to the Delivery Desk in the Public Catalog -Room. - -It is desirable to use the same Delivery Room for charging books from -both Reference and Delivery Departments. - -=Registration Room.= This is where the record of the individual is kept. -If on Brooklyn plan only a few cases will be necessary, but if on Boston -plan where there is a Central Registration more space will be necessary. - -In any event it should be in or near the Delivery Department. - -=Repair Room.= This is where books are repaired by the staff. It should -be in the basement and near the bindery, and better connect with it. - -=Repository for Little Used Books, see Stack Depository.= - -=Restaurant, see Public Restaurant.= - -=Restricted Books, see Rare and Restricted Books.= - -=Roof.= Avoid skylights as much as possible, as the best of them will -leak. - -=Rubber, see Floor Covering.= - -=Safes, see Vaults.= - -=Scientific Periodical Room, see Technical and Scientific Periodical -Room.= - -=Screens.= Window screens should be provided to exclude dust, flies, -mosquitoes, etc. - -=Service Stairs, see Stairs.= - -=Shades.= Should be provided for all windows. - -=Shelving.= It seems best to leave the matter of shelving for the -different rooms until a conference can be had with the Architect -regarding the dimensions and location of the different rooms. - -=Site.= The site is a quadrilateral, measuring 69 feet 8 inches on the -Plaza, 332 feet on the Parkway, 486 feet 0 inches along the Reservoir -fence and 498 feet 4 inches along Flatbush avenue. - -=Special Collections, see Bell Collection, Manuscripts, Rare Books, etc.= - -=Special Study Rooms, see Study Rooms.= - -=Stack.= Accommodations should be provided for 1,500,000 or 2,000,000, -as suggested by Prof. A. D. F. Hamlin. Estimates may be based on an -allowance of eight volumes to the running foot, except where reference -books and art books are to be shelved, when not more than six volumes -should be allowed. It should be in the rear of building if natural light -is desired or in the _centre_ if electric light can be provided. In -the latter case all of the outside space could be utilized for rooms. -Attention is called to the fact that Boston, New York and the John Crerar -Library, Chicago, have found artificial light for stacks sufficient. - -It goes without saying that this of all parts of the building should -be fireproof, with emergency fireproof doors between this and the main -building. - -Each stack story will be 7 feet to 7½ wide, in the clear, the architect -to name, when submitting the plans, the particular stack to be used. No -stack should be more than 7 feet high, 9 or 12 feet long; 8 inches deep, -if single, or 16 inches deep if double, back to back; 12 inches if -reference. The aisles should be 3 feet wide, with side aisles 3 to 4 feet -wide along the walls. - -Provision should be made for the maximum capacity indicated and the -Architect should show how the stack could be extended to serve for double -the capacity. - -Under shelving will be indicated the _wall capacity_ desired. - -=Stack—Depository.= When opportunity offers, purchases of books are made -from second-hand dealers and others even if not needed at the time. A -stock in trade is thus formed and orders received from Branches are -filled here whenever possible. These books may be stored in the Stack -near the Book Order Department, and accommodation should be provided for -35,000 volumes. - -Books seldom called for or little used should also be housed in the -Depository Stack. Space should be provided for 30,000 volumes. - -The Depository Stack might be placed underneath the street level as has -been done in Vienna. At least three stack floors could thus be obtained. - -=Staff Rooms.= Under this head should be included all rooms, other than -work rooms, used by the Staff. It is likely that 150-250 employees will -have places in the Central Building, and it is essential that adequate -provision should be made for male and female adult employees, messengers, -(boys and girls) janitors, cleaners, etc. - -A separate entrance should be provided for the staff and lockers for -their use as indicated under that heading. - -The following rooms should be provided, Staff Lunch and Sitting Rooms, -with butler’s pantry and kitchen, and a special room for meetings of the -Staff. These may be located in a mezzanine floor or be placed in the -basement or top floor. They should, however, be so situated as to be -easily accessible from as many departments as possible so that assistants -will not waste time in going to and fro. Private stairs may be provided -as in the Newark Public Library. - -=Staff Lunch Room.= If possible the Lunch Room should be divided so -that the Superintendents of Departments could lunch together without -interfering with the scheduled hours of the balance of the Staff. - -Such an arrangement would make it possible for the Superintendents of -Departments to discuss library problems while at lunch. - -If two Lunch Rooms are provided a large butler’s pantry should adjoin -each room. These would contain cupboards, closets, sinks, refrigerators, -gas stoves, china closets, etc., so arranged that each assistant could -have her own things. - -If a Public Restaurant is planned, the kitchen of that might be connected -with the Staff Rooms so that the Staff as well as the public might be -served from it. - -=Staff Meeting Room.= Here the members of the whole staff would meet -once a month for the regular business meetings, and possibly oftener, to -talk over matters pertaining to the interests of the institution. The -attendance might be from 100 to 200. - -Possibly these meetings could be held in the Apprentice Class Room. If -a separate room is provided it should be in combination with the other -Staff rooms. - -=Staff Sitting Room.= A comfortable place for the assistants to rest in -after lunch should adjoin the Lunch Rooms. The Sitting and Lunch Rooms -should be so connected that the three could be thrown into one. - -The Sitting Room would also be used in cases of temporary illness, and -should have couches and ordinary medical appliances. - -=Stairs.= None should be circular. This point cannot be too emphatically -indicated. - -So far as possible all stairs should be _inside_ the building. - -Easy risers—possibly not more than 4 inches are desirable. - -Separate stairs should be provided for Staff, and when possible the -different departments should be connected by private stairway, this -to insure easy and quick communication between different floors and -departments. - -=Standard Library.= This consists of a collection of the best books as -introduced by Mr. Foster of the Providence Public Library. It would -contain books in best editions which would be recommended for purchase by -private buyers. It could be placed in one of the study rooms or better in -Reference or Delivery Room, but it should be capable of supervision. - -=Statistical Department.= This forms one of the Special Reference Rooms -where books on statistics, economics, etc., would be shelved. - -=Stenographer’s Room, Public.= For the use of those who wish to dictate -letters or addresses. - -It might be near the Public Telephone or Writing and Copying Room. - -=Stenographers’ Room (Official), see Executive Offices.= - -=Stock Room (Books), see Stack, Depository.= - -=Stock Room (supplies).= The ordinary Branch supplies such as printing, -stationery, brooms, soap, etc., are bought in quantities and stored at -the library. Branch “wants” are thus quickly and cheaply supplied. - -It could be under or near the Supply Department (which see). - -Closets, cupboards and shelving in plenty, with special arrangement as to -“bins” provided. - -=Storeroom (supplies).= This is intended for brooms, pails, etc., used by -janitor about the Central Building. It is not the same as the Stock Room -where supplies for the whole system are kept, but may be near it. Several -closets for such purpose should also be placed on each floor. - -=Storeroom for Little Used Books, see Stack, Depository.= - -=Study Rooms.= These are for classes or individuals studying particular -subjects, and who need quiet and seclusion. Sometimes it will be used by -literary societies like a Browning Club, Shakespeare Club, etc. - -They should be adjacent to and form a part of the Reference Room. -Although only three or four are mentioned more can be used, and they -might be larger or smaller than dimensions given. - -=Superintendents of Departments.= They are Superintendent of Cataloguing -Department, Superintendent of Children’s Work Superintendent of Book -Orders, Superintendent of Supplies. - -The Architect suggests that these might be grouped as in a business -house, with central waiting space and with access to each other. Perhaps -a better plan would be to have the office of each Superintendent near his -own department. - -The office of the Superintendent of Branches would be connected with the -Executive suite. - -=Supply Room, see Stock Room (supplies).= - -=Supply Department.= The Superintendent of this Department makes the -purchases for all the branches and must therefore meet buyers as well as -Branch Librarians. There should be an outer and inner office. A store -room should be provided on this floor for the storage of stationery, etc. -This department should have outside entrance so that teams could deliver -goods direct. - -=Technical and Scientific Periodical Room.= Will contain current -scientific periodicals and should have bound volumes (20,000) of same on -shelves in room or in stack nearby. - -It might be near Reference Department or the Periodical Reading Room. - -=Telephones, Official.= Long distance telephone, with switch board should -be installed also a complete system connecting all departments. - -=Telephone, Public.= Booths for the use of the public should also be -provided. - -The switch board for both the public and official telephones may be the -same and this may be located in the Public Reception and Telephone Room -on the ground floor, or the switch board of the Official Telephone may be -located in the Repair Room. - -=Toilets.= Ample provision should be made for public and private toilets -for both sexes, but the public toilets should be at a distance from any -outside public entrance. Private toilets should be on each floor, and for -Trustees and Librarian. An attendant will be needed in each public toilet -room. - -=Traveling Libraries Department.= Cases of books are sent from here to -schools, shops, societies, clubs, etc. An office for the Superintendent -of this department and his assistants should be located near the -Interchange and Foreign Book Departments. Stack accommodations for 50,000 -volumes should adjoin the office. It should also be near the freight -elevator. - -=Treasurer’s Office Department.= Space should be provided for Treasurer -who is a member of the Board of Trustees. - -=Unpacking Room, see Book Order Department, also Supply Dept.= - -=Vacuum Cleaning Apparatus.= The building should be equipped with the -best cleaning system. - -=Vaults.= Various records such as those of the Board, Librarian, -Accession Books of Cataloguing Department, expensive and rare books and -manuscripts would be kept in the vaults. - -They should be at least 8 × 10 feet in the clear and extend from the -basement to the top with openings on each floor into such rooms, if -possible, as Trustees’, Librarian’s, Cataloguing, Art Book, etc. - -=Ventilation, see also Heating.= - -The most perfect system of ventilation should be introduced and ought to -be both direct and indirect. Particular attention should be paid to the -Reference Department, Delivery Department, Children’s Room, Periodical -and Newspaper Reading Rooms and Stack. As it cannot be in a separate -building it, as well as the Heating Plant, should be in sub-basement. - -=Water Supply.= If there is likely to be trouble from low pressure an -engine should pump water into a tank placed on the roof. Hot and cold -water for cleaning should be liberally supplied on each floor for janitor -service and for staff. - -=Windows.= In the Stack they should start from the ceiling and go to the -floor and be placed opposite every aisle. - -In the main rooms they need not come within 5 feet of the floor unless an -exception is made in the Trustees’, Librarian’s, Reference and Periodical -Reading Rooms, and Study Rooms. - -In the Cataloguing Department they should begin 4 feet from floor and -extend to ceiling. - -=Work Room, see Repair Room.= - -=Writing and Copying Room (public).= This is a place where readers may -use ink and copy from books, or do general writing. - -It may be near Stenographers’ room or Reference Department, although the -latter seems to be the best placed. - - - - -FOOTNOTES - - -[1] Essays in Libr. p. 280. - -[2] p. 47. - -[3] p. 21. - -[4] See p. 286. - -[5] p. 6, No. 1, Vol. 9, Arch. Rev., Boston, Jan. 1902. - -[6] p. 170. - -[7] p. 10. - -[8] Libr. Construction, p. 4. - -[9] Burg. 138: 11 L. J. 360. - -[10] p. 40. - -[11] p. 1. - -[12] 6 L. J. 131. - -[13] 13 L. J. (1888), 276, 332. - -[14] p. 9. - -[15] J. C. Dana, Library Problems. - -[16] L. J. May, 1902. - -[17] p. 136. - -[18] 2d Int. Libr. Conf. 106. - -[19] Burg. viii. - -[20] 6 P. L. 602. - -[21] 6 P. L. 200. - -[22] p. 1. - -[23] Feb. 1, 1912, quoted in 37 L. J. 141. - -[24] 31 L. J. Conf. 62. - -[25] 136. - -[26] p. 271. - -[27] p. 5. - -[28] p. 9. - -[29] 24 L. J. Conf. 23. - -[30] 30 L. J. Conf. 61 and 10 P. L. 402. - -[31] Sturgis, Vol 2, col. 752. - -[32] 3 P. L. 240. - -[33] 3 P. L. 115. - -[34] Sturgis, Vol. 2, col. 783. - -[35] 27 Nineteenth Century, 394. - -[36] 30 L. J. Conf. 250. - -[37] 30 L. J. Conf. 248. - -[38] p. 193. - -[39] Stanley, 14 L. J. 264. - -[40] 32 L. J. 266. - -[41] Id. 273. - -[42] Quoted 15 P. L. 432. - -[43] p. 110. - -[44] P. L. 1876, 477. - -[45] p. 13. - -[46] p. 2. - -[47] p. 73. - -[48] 24 L. J. Conf. 153. - -[49] 6 The Libr. Asso. Rec. 67. - -[50] 5 The Libr. Asso. Rec. 501. - -[51] Chap. XVIII. p. 233. - -[52] 28 L. J. 113. - -[53] 25 L. J. 105. - -[54] 37 L. J. 135. - -[55] P. L. 1876, p. 466. - -[56] Idem, p. 479. - -[57] 6 P. L. 203. - -[58] p. 270. - -[59] 31 L. J. Conf. 62. - -[60] 26 L. J. Conf. 41. - -[61] p. 48. - -[62] p. 32. - -[63] p. 134. - -[64] p. 84. - -[65] See later, p. 143. - -[66] p. 2. - -[67] P. L. 1876, p. 407. - -[68] 23 L. J. Conf. 23. - -[69] May, 1900. - -[70] 26 L. J. Conf. 45. - -[71] 3 P. L. 336. - -[72] p. 48. - -[73] p. 81. - -[74] Vol. 2, p. 231. - -[75] 8 P. L. 206. - -[76] 3 P. L. 336. - -[77] 8 The Libr. Asso. Record 178. - -[78] 26 L. J. Conf. p. 41. - -[79] 6 P. L. 602. - -[80] 17 L. J. 125. - -[81] p. 6. - -[82] p. 8. - -[83] P. L. 1876, 484. - -[84] 36 L. J. 189. - -[85] 1 Library Notes, 177. - -[86] p. 139. - -[87] pp. 89-92. - -[88] p. 10. - -[89] p. 141. - -[90] Vol. 4, p. 83. - -[91] $400,000 to $250,000. See 33 L. J. 428 and 442. - -[92] pp. 59, 102. - -[93] 14 L. J. 264. - -[94] p. 286 of this volume. - -[95] L. P. p. 15. - -[96] 26 L. J. Conf. 43. - -[97] p. 133. - -[98] p. 101. - -[99] p. 137. - -[100] p. 257. - -[101] Int. Conf. (1907) 106. - -[102] p. 137. - -[103] Clark, p. 41. - -[104] p. 205 of this volume. - -[105] p. 7. - -[106] p. 16. - -[107] Vol. 3, col. 673. - -[108] 8 P. L. 203. - -[109] Vol. 3, col. 913. - -[110] p. 56. - -[111] p. 357. - -[112] p. 143. - -[113] See Edwards, p. 313. - -[114] 3 P. L. 375. - -[115] 27 L. J. Conf. 204. - -[116] 6 P. L. 602. - -[117] 3 L. P. 3. - -[118] p. 45. - -[119] Hints for Small Libraries, 4. - -[120] P. L. 1876, 477. - -[121] 14 L. J. 159. - -[122] p. 85. - -[123] 31 L. J. Conf. 53. - -[124] 25 L. J. 678. - -[125] 31 L. J. Conf. 3. - -[126] p. 45. - -[127] p. 81. - -[128] Fletcher, _Intr._ - -[129] 26 L. J. Conf. 45. - -[130] 19 L. J. Conf. 96. - -[131] 19 L. J. Conf. 96. - -[132] P. L. 1876, 484. - -[133] pp. 45, 85. - -[134] 31 L. J. Conf. 3. - -[135] 25 L. J. 682. - -[136] p. 8. - -[137] 29 L. J. 413. - -[138] p. 8. - -[139] 31 L. J. Conf. 53. - -[140] p. 273. - -[141] 8 P. L. 205. - -[142] p. 2. - -[143] Architectural Competitions: a circular of advice, 1911, pp. 4, 5. - -[144] 26 L. J. 865. - -[145] Art Competition, Vol. 1, col. 657. - -[146] p. 26 L. J. Conf. 91. - -[147] 6 P. L. 610. - -[148] 7 P. L. 113. - -[149] 19 L. J. Conf. 96. - -[150] 26 L. J. Conf. 39. - -[151] Bost. 273. - -[152] p. 7. - -[153] p. 59. - -[154] 6 P. L. 601. - -[155] 34 L. J. 205. - -[156] See Duff-Brown, p. 85. - -[157] p. 120. - -[158] p. 120. - -[159] p. 103. - -[160] 26 L. J. Conf. 45. - -[161] 6 Libr. Asso. Record. - -[162] p. 135. - -[163] pp. 115 and 120. - -[164] Lib. Prob. 4. - -[165] p. 5. - -[166] p. 279. - -[167] 37 L. J. 135. - -[168] 116 _et seq._ - -[169] 127. - -[170] p. 104. - -[171] p. 87. - -[172] 30 L. J. Conf. 240. - -[173] 36 L. J. 467. - -[174] p. 10. - -[175] p. 10. - -[176] 3 P. L. 336. - -[177] P. L. 1876, 406. - -[178] P. L. 1876, p. 475. - -[179] p. 84. - -[180] Vol. 1, p. 93. - -[181] p. 7. - -[182] pp. 13, 14. - -[183] p. 288. - -[184] Vol 12, p. 446. - -[185] p. 48. - -[186] 16 L. J. Conf. 104. - -[187] p. 74. - -[188] 3 P. L. 40. - -[189] 96. - -[190] p. 12. - -[191] p. 13. - -[192] Vol. 8, p. 642. - -[193] Vol. 1, p. 288. - -[194] 30 L. J. 249. - -[195] 31 L. J. Conf. 54. - -[196] p. 10. - -[197] Clark, 165. - -[198] p. 48. - -[199] p. 15. - -[200] p. 286. - -[201] p. 285. - -[202] 25 L. J. 683. - -[203] p. 26. - -[204] Article, “Schools.” - -[205] 8 Libr. Asso. Record, 182. - -[206] p. 26. - -[207] L. J. June, 1912. - -[208] Vol. 3, p. 173. - -[209] After p. 138. - -[210] p. 13. - -[211] 34 L. J. 16, 106. - -[212] p. 21. - -[213] p. 87. - -[214] p. 24. - -[215] p. 24 _et seq._ - -[216] Vol. 1, p. 91. - -[217] pp. 20, 21, 22, 23. - -[218] Geo. T. Clark, 12 P. L. 256. - -[219] p. 369. - -[220] p. 29. - -[221] 25 L. J. 679. - -[222] p. 250. - -[223] See L. C. Report 1910, p. 355. - -[224] 2d Ser. Vol. 2, p. 285. - -[225] p. 284. - -[226] Ess. in Librarianship, p. 253. - -[227] _Ibid._, p. 271. - -[228] p. 84. - -[229] p. 28. - -[230] Part 1, p. 467. - -[231] p. 281. - -[232] p. 192. - -[233] See Appendix. - -[234] 34 L. J. 205. - -[235] Pub. Lib. 1876, p. 469. - -[236] p. 193. - -[237] p. 10. - -[238] 3 P. L. 240. - -[239] p. 70. - -[240] p. 95. - -[241] P. L. 1876, p. 469. - -[242] p. 289. - -[243] 8 Libr. Asso. Rec. p. 73. - -[244] p. 107. - -[245] p. 289. - -[246] 5 P. L. 88. - -[247] 8 Libr. Asso. Rec. p. 73. - -[248] L. W. p. 233. - -[249] p. 219. - -[250] p. 201. - -[251] Vol. 10, p. 237. - -[252] p. 10. - -[253] p. 15. - -[254] p. 19. - -[255] p. 112. - -[256] p. 103. - -[257] Vol. 12, p. 453. - -[258] See elaborate article by Dewey, 2 Lib. Notes, p. 100. - -[259] pp. 49, 50. - -[260] P. L. 1876, 487. - -[261] 26 L. J. Conf. 42. - -[262] p. 9. - -[263] Library Notes, pp. 107 (cut), 117. - -[264] Vol. 1, pp. 132, 134. - -[265] p. 16. - -[266] P. L. 1876, p. 487. - -[267] p. 42. - -[268] 2 Lib. Notes 105. - -[269] p. 50. - -[270] p. 12. - -[271] p. 151. - -[272] 14 P. L. 134. - -[273] p. 17. - -[274] Fletcher, p. 10. Clark, p. 170. - -[275] p. 279. - -[276] p. 94. - -[277] 26 L. J. Conf. 42. - -[278] p. 64. - -[279] A. L. A. Tract No. 4, p. 16. - -[280] 23 L. J. Conf. 17. - -[281] Vol. 25, p. 680. - -[282] P. L. 1876, p. 467. - -[283] 2 L. J. 31. - -[284] 4 L. J. 295. - -[285] p. 41. - -[286] See Koch, pl. 46. - -[287] Quoted 6 P. L. 609. - -[288] p. 66. - -[289] p. 76. - -[290] P. L. 1876, p. 526. - -[291] p. 99. - -[292] Clark, p. 90. - -[293] Clark, p. 99, (with cut). - -[294] See pl. 14, front windows. - -[295] Clarke, pp. 96, 98. - -[296] p. 66. - -[297] See B. R. Green, 25 L. J. 680. - -[298] Brochure Series, Nov. 1897, p. 169. - -[299] 3 P. L. 76. - -[300] p. 43. - -[301] 25 L. J. 680. - -[302] Vol. 2, pp. 97, 99. - -[303] p. 66. - -[304] p. 121. - -[305] Vol. 4, p. 241. - -[306] pp. 39, 67, 68. - -[307] Vol. 4, p. 88. - -[308] Vol. 12, p. 453. - -[309] Vol. 7, p. 10. - -[310] P. L., 1876, 238. - -[311] 30 L. J. Conf. 249. - -[312] 3 P. L. 284. - -[313] Vol. 8, p. 149. - -[314] p. 83. - -[315] P. L. 1876, 688. - -[316] p. 75. - -[317] 18 L. J. 254. - -[318] p. 66. - -[319] See Symposium, L. J. 1894 Conf. 42. See H. P. James, L. J. 1896 -Conf. 49. - -[320] P. L. 1876, 431. - -[321] P. L. 1876, p. 484. - -[322] p. 409. - -[323] p. 45. - -[324] p. 382. - -[325] 4 Lib. Asst. 197. - -[326] 2d Int. Lib. Conf. 1907, p. 103. - -[327] p. 484. - -[328] pp. 157, 168, 169, 226, 233. - -[329] Vol. 12, pp. 336, 337. - -[330] p. 130. - -[331] p. 68. - -[332] p. 78. - -[333] p. 94. - -[334] p. 390. - -[335] p. 89. - -[336] p. 387. - -[337] p. 88. - -[338] 8 Lib. Asso. Record, p. 179. - -[339] p. 316. - -[340] p. 158. - -[341] p. 306. - -[342] p. 153, § 186. - -[343] p. 66. - -[344] P. L. 1876, p. 471. - -[345] 16 L. J. Conf., no. 104. - -[346] p. 192. - -[347] 13 Libr. Asso. Record, 206. - -[348] P. L. 1876, 471. - -[349] L. Pr. 48. - -[350] p. 71. - -[351] p. 327. - -[352] p. 308. - -[353] p. 270. - -[354] p. 94. - -[355] p. 234. - -[356] Vol. 8, p. 184. - -[357] p. 71. - -[358] p. 155. - -[359] 8 P. L. 22. - -[360] 35 L. J. 509. - -[361] p. 69. - -[362] p. 158. - -[363] p. 42. - -[364] p. 188 _et seq._ - -[365] p. 263. - -[366] p. 28. - -[367] p. 325, _ante_. - -[368] Champneys, 101. - -[369] p. 409. - -[370] p. 131. - -[371] p. 10. - -[372] L. C. Rept. 1901, p. 326. - -[373] pp. 69, 38, 43. - -[374] P. L. 1876, 470. - -[375] 11 L. J. Conf. 361. - -[376] pp. 138, 143. - -[377] p. 292. - -[378] p. 154. - -[379] p. 12. - -[380] p. 102. - -[381] pp. 408, 105. - -[382] p. 116. - -[383] p. 291. - -[384] p. 19. - -[385] p. 46. - -[386] 13 L. J. 339. - -[387] p. 295. - -[388] p. 129. - -[389] 30 inches. - -[390] pp. 10, 18. - -[391] p. 295. - -[392] p. 47. - -[393] p. 129. - -[394] 18 L. J. 225. - -[395] p. 45. - -[396] p. 54. - -[397] p. 291. - -[398] p. 18. - -[399] p. 113. - -[400] Other Superintendents provided in the space allotted department. - -[401] The offices of the other superintendents are directly connected -with their respective departments. - - - - -INDEX - - - Acetylene gas, 201. - - Adams, Herbert B., cited, 59, 96, 130, 325. - - Administration rooms, 64, 233, 361. - - Advice, free, 145. - - Ahern, Mary Eileen, 342. - - Air, 308, 360. - - Alcoves, 7, 13, 48, 49, 55, 57, 61, 189. - - Alterations, 73, 99. - - Altering new buildings, 74. - - Amateurs dangerous, 120. - - Ancient History, 4, 13. - - American Institute of Architects, 145, 149, 154. - - American Library Association, 14, 15, 96. - - A. L. A. Com. on Ventilation, etc., 212, 308. - - A. L. A. Tract No. 4, 36, 38, 41, 277. - - American Library Institute, 302. - - Andrews, Clement W., 205, 207, 307, 332. - - Annual outlay, limiting, 104. - - Annual Register, 301. - - Ante-room, librarian’s, 240. - - Antiquarian libraries, 59. - - Apprentice class, 373. - - Approaches, 172. - - Arabs, 7. - - Architect, Dedication, 32, 146, 150, 153, 213. - - Architectural competitions, 154. - - Architectural Review, 10. - - Architectural styles, 117. - - Architecture, 29, 31, 119, 329. - - Areas, 224, 373. - - Art galleries, 72. - - Art rooms, 329, 333, 374. - - Asinius Pollio, 4. - - Aspect, 194. - - Assyria, 3, 8. - - Astor Library, N. Y., 13, 131. - - Athenæums, 49. - - Attics, 182. - - Auditorium, 374. - - Augustus, 4. - - Automobiles, 260. - - - Barometers, 354. - - Basement, 40, 180, 340. - - Begin early, 100. - - Belden, Charles F. D., 37. - - Bells, 374. - - Benedict, Saint, 7. - - Bernardiston, Mass., P. L., 41. - - Bethnal Green (Eng.) L., 299. - - Bibliothèque St. Geneviève, 15, 92. - - Bicycles, 260, 375. - - Billings, Dr. John S., 177, 212. - - Binding, 253, 375. - - Birmingham (Eng.) P. L., 98. - - Blades, Wm., 219. - - Blame for faults, 35. - - Blind, The, 321, 381. - - Bluemner, Oscar, 39, 40, 89, 93, 131, 136, 180, 189, 248, 295, - 307. - - Bodleian L., Oxford, 9, 10, 296. - - Bolton, C. K., 337. - - Bookcases, closed, 272. - dwarf, 267. - radial, 274. - rolling or sliding, 75, 299. - - Book Order Department, 375. - - Book storage, 261. - - Books of odd sizes, 267. - - Bookworms, 219. - - Boston Herald, 15. - - Boston Public Library, 13, 15, 32, 92, 96, 114, 224, 230, 280. - - Boston School Doc. No. 14, 1907, 115, 205, 207. - - Boston Transcript, 88. - - Bostwick, Arthur E., cited, 17, 27, 35, 65, 68, 70, 80, 148, - 155, 186, 194, 197, 231, 235, 241, 247, 251, 252, 254, 256, - 257, 274, 310, 317, 318, 319, 321, 323, 324, 325, 327, 330, - 331, 332, 333, 342, 344, 345, 349. - - Bowdoin College Lib., 75, 301. - - Bowerman, George F., 75. - - Boxford, Mass., P. L., 41. - - Branch libraries, 67. - - Branches, service of, 256. - - Branford, Conn., P. L., 131. - - Brick, 41. - - Brigham, Johnson, 57. - - British Museum, 3, 10, 225, 268, 299, 301, 345. - - Brochure Series, cited, 293. - - Brookline, Mass., P. L., 105. - - Brooklyn, N. Y., P. L., 69, 176, 226, 242, 367. - - Brown, Jas. Duff—_see_ Duff-Brown. - - Brown University Library, 105, 156, 205, 246, 287. - - Buckland, Mass., P. L., 41. - - Building Acts, English, 175. - - Building committee, 35, 136, 152. - - Bulletin boards, 352. - - Burgoyne, F. J., cited, 23, 25, 27, 92, 93, 95, 98, 114, 157, - 167, 190, 197, 198, 200, 230, 259, 268, 296, 299, 315, 316, - 320, 330, 354. - - Business libraries, 52. - - - California, University of, 156. - - Canfield, Dr. James H., 60, 134. - - Canterbury, The Prior’s Chapel, 8. - - Capacity of shelves, 277, 298. - - Carnegie, Andrew, 15, 38, 67, 102, 131. - - Carr, Henry J., 88, 139, 144, 345, 348. - - Carrels, 6, 61, 107, 286. - - Carrere and Hastings, 367. - - Carriers, mechanical, 62, 118, 230, 375. - - Catalog cases, 64, 244, 350, 377. - - Cataloguing rooms, 246, 376. - - Ceilings, 183. - - Cellars, 40, 182, 328. - - Central spaces, 224. - - Century Dictionary, 29. - - Chairs, 346. - - Champneys, A. L., cited, 13, 22, 27, 85, 86, 92, 95, 103, 113, - 114, 115, 153, 157, 173, 175, 186, 189, 193, 208, 210, 228, - 239, 249, 253, 260, 275, 284, 291, 300, 304, 314, 317, 319, - 320, 332, 333, 334, 337, 339, 341, 344, 345. - - Change, provision for, 166. - - Chicago World’s Fair, 118. - - Children’s room, 318, 377. - - Christiania Fjord, 23. - - Christ’s Hospital, London, 8. - - Cincinnati Public Library, 71. - - Circular stairs, 177. - - Cistercians, 7. - - City Club, Chicago, 207. - - Clairvaux, 8. - - Clark, George T., cited, 220. - - Clark, John Willis, cited, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 115, 194, 273, - 286, 295. - - Class rooms, 270, 324, 333. - - Classes of libraries, 37, 47. - - Classical style, 117, 118. - - Claude & Starck, 30. - - Clay’s School Buildings, cited, 319. - - Cleaning, 217, 252. - - Cleanliness, 217. - - Clerestories, 200. - - Clocks, 364. - - Closets, 226, 377. - - Club libraries, 47. - - Coat rooms, 257. - - Cole, George Watson, 256. - - College libraries, 61. - - Color, 115, 203, 293. - - Columbia University, 177. - - Columns, 109. - - Comfort rooms, 257. - - Competition, New York, 359. - - Competitions, architectural, 86, 90, 154. - - Competitions, judges of, 158. - - Concentric cases, 274. - - Concourse, 200. - - Concrete, 38, 42, 220. - - Concrete examples 357. - - Conflicts, 32. - - Congress, Library of, 194, 195, 197, 225, 226, 231, 247, 292, - 328, 330, 332, 336, 337. - - Congressional Documents, 302. - - Contests, 34. - - Conversation rooms, 338. - - Coolidge, Charles A., 147, 206. - - Copying blindly, 92. - - Cornell University Library, 345. - - Cornices, 109. - - Correlation of parts, 181. - - Cost, 102, 104. - - Cost of running, 85. - - Cotgreave, Alfred, cited, 95. - - Courtyards, 224. - - Coutts, H. T., 254. - - Cravath and Lansingh, cited, 203. - - Crerar Library, Chicago, 205. - - Crunden, Frederick M., cited, 126. - - Cubic contents, 103. - - Cubicles, 285. - - Curtains, 194. - - Cutter, Charles A., 92, 189, 285, 325. - - Cutting down cost, 104. - - - Dampness, 8. - - Dana, John C, cited, 17, 65, 98, 99, 107, 269, 271, 319, 327. - - Dark Ages, 77. - - Dark places, 226. - - Dark stacks, 295. - - Darlington, Wis., P. L., 30. - - Decoration, 114. - - Delassert, 11. - - Delivery desk, 248, 348. - - Delivery room, 248, 225, 378. - - Delivery station room, 378. - - Department libraries, 60, 61. - - Departments, 233. - heads of, 240. - - Development, 10. - - Dewey, Melvil, 68, 176, 193, 263, 265, 266, 268, 307, 326. - - Dial, Chicago, 28. - - Diffused light, 115. - - Domes, 75, 109, 187. - - Donors, 130. - - Don’t build too soon, 99. - - Don’t put off too long, 100. - - Doors, 173, 174. - - Doyle, ——, 254. - - Drains, 215. - - Dry-rot deadening, 121. - - Duff-Brown, James, cited, 10, 11, 27, 85, 91, 95, 103, 113, - 137, 139, 141, 143, 157, 175, 239, 250, 253, 256, 260, 274, - 300, 309, 314, 315, 319, 320, 321, 323, 324, 331, 332, 334, - 337, 341, 344, 345, 348, 354. - - Duplicates, 328. - - Durham, 6, 288. - - Dust, 217, 219, 379. - - - Eastman, Wm. R., cited, 36, 38, 43, 84, 85, 93, 95, 96, 97, - 112, 149, 155, 184, 209, 258, 265, 274, 344, 345. - - Economy of expert advice, 87. - - Economy paramount, 83. - - Education, 332. - - Educational libraries, 60. - - Edwards, Edward, cited, 13, 130, 345. - - Electric light, 202. - fixtures, 207. - switches, 203. - systems, 203. - - Elevators, 220, 228, 291, 379. - - Eliot, President, 171. - - Elmendorf, Theresa West, 142, 155. - - Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.; cited, 22. - - Endowed libraries, 65. - - Enemies of books, 219. - - Engineer, 379. - - England, 77. - - Enlargements, 73. - - Entrances, 172. - - Epilogue, 404. - - Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass., 170, 287. - - Equipment, 341. - - Escorial, 8, 10. - - Evolution of library buildings, 3, 90. - - Exceptional cases, 71. - - Executive offices, 369, 379. - - Exhibitions, 334, 364, 380. - - Expert advice, 87. - - Experts, 359. - - Experts’ fees, 86. - - Exterior growth, 169. - - Extras, 162. - - Extravagances, 86. - - - Faults to be looked for, 109. - - Faunce, Dr. W. H. P., 147. - - Features, 163. - - Fees, architects’, 144, 145, 161. - - Fees, library advisers’, 145. - - File your plans, 171, 216, 359. - - Fire, 219. - - Fire buckets, 221. - - Fireplaces, 209. - - Fireproof vaults, 223, 390. - - Firmitas, 20. - - Firmitas, Utilitas, Venustas, _Title_, 19. - - Fittings, 354. - - Fixtures, electric, 207. - - Fletcher, Wm. I., cited, 10, 27, 65, 66, 85, 88, 91, 130, 141, - 169, 181, 189, 194, 263, 273, 278, 281, 285, 337, 344. - - Floor arrangements, 370. - cases, 273. - coverings, 185. - - Floors, 185, 361, 380. - - Folding press, 300. - - Folios, 267. - - Forecasting the years, 16. - - Foster, Wm. E., 88, 154, 190, 278, 311, 346. - - Fourth floor, 372. - - France, National Library of, 11. - - Frankness among librarians, 110. - - Free advice, 137. - - Freetown, Mass., P. L., 41. - - Fresh air, 108. - - Front door, 173. - - Furniture, 341. - - - Galleries, 189. - - Garage, 381. - - Garnett, Dr. Richard, cited, 3, 40, 170, 232, 299, 300, 301, - 330. - - Gas, 201, 219. - - Genealogical libraries, 59. - - Gentleman’s Magazine, 301. - - Gladstone, Wm. E., 47, 301. - - Glare, 194, 201. - - Glass, 198, 221. - ribbed, 294. - - Glasgow (Scot.), 98. - - Gloucester Cathedral, 288. - - Good advice, 139. - - Government libraries, 56. - - Grades of libraries, 36. - - Grandeur, 22. - - Grant’s tomb, 150. - - Grecian style, 118. - - Green, Bernard R., 139, 147, 193, 197, 230, 279, 297, 330. - - Green, Edward B., 25, 97, 134, 156. - - Ground floor, 371. - - Growth, limitations on, 170. - provision for, 169. - - - Half-hour reading, 313. - - Hallam, ——, 141. - - Halls, 175. - - Hamburg, 23. - - Hamlin, Prof. A. D. F., 34, 84, 367. - - Handrails, 177, 319. - - Hansard’s Debates, 301. - - Hare, H. T., 269, 309. - - Harvard College, 23, 126. - - Harvard Law School, 285. - - Harvard Univ. Lib., 12, 21, 280, 281, 285, 290, 301, 303. - - Head room, 266, 307. - - Health, 192. - - Heat, 108, 219, 360. - - Heating, 209, 296, 381. - - Historical libraries, 56, 58. - - History, ancient, 4. - dawn of, 3. - mediæval, 6. - modern, 10. - - Hodges, N. D. C, 217. - - Hot water heating, 211. - - - Ideal in planning, 79. - - Illumination, N. Y., 201, 208, 382. - - Indirect lighting, 204. - - Information Room, 249, 338, 381. - - Institution, The, 133. - - Institutional libraries, 49, 50. - - Interchange department, 381. - - Interior growth, 169. - - International Library Conference, cited, 39, 316. - - Introduction, 1. - - Ireland, 7. - - Irrepressible conflict, 25. - - Isadore, Bishop of Seville, 115. - - - Jackson, Annie B., 73. - - James, Hannah P., 313. - - Janitor, 251, 381. - - Jenner, Henry, 300. - - Jevons, Stanley, quoted, 126. - - John Crerar L., Chicago, 205. - - John Hay Library, Brown Univ., 105, 156, 205, 246, 287. - - Jones, Gardner M., 290. - - Judges of Competitions, 158, 359. - - Judgment of the public, 127. - - - Keene Valley, N. Y., P. L., 209. - - King’s College, Cambridge, 12. - - Koch, Theodore W., cited, 16, 43, 95, 283, 287, 308. - - Koopman, H. L., 205. - - - Lamm, E. N., 155. - - Lane, Wm. C., 301, 302, 303. - - Lane and Bolton, 337. - - Lavatory, 258. - - Law libraries, 54, 58. - - Lectures, 333. - - Ledges, 263, 291. - - Leeds (Eng.) P. L., 98. - - Leipsic, 23. - - Leopoldo della Santa, 11. - - Leyden, University of, 10, 273, 280. - - Librarian, The (magazine), cited, 92, 95, 185, 212, 300, 301. - - Librarian’s room, 239, 371, 379. - - Library, The (magazine), cited, 231, 301. - - Library Adviser, 143, 152. - - Library Architect, 42. - - Library Assistant, The (magazine), cited, 104, 315, 316, 332. - - Library Association of the United Kingdom, 299. - - Library Association Record, cited, 67, 93, 144, 167, 189, 192, - 198, 221, 253, 254, 256, 261, 269, 301, 309, 317, 320, 323, - 325, 330. - - Library Bureau, 96, 139, 342. - - Library Chronicle, cited, 300. - - Library Journal, N. Y., cited, 14, 15, 21, 28, 34, 39, 57, 58, - 61, 63, 67, 69, 74, 84, 85, 88, 89, 93, 97, 99, 105, 112, 134, - 139, 141, 142, 144, 147, 148, 154, 155, 156, 161, 176, 189, - 193, 197, 200, 208, 235, 256, 265, 274, 278, 279, 280, 292, - 297, 307, 310, 313, 319, 325, 332, 337, 344, 345, 348. - - Library of Congress—_see_ Congress. - - Library Notes (magazine), cited, 99, 192, 263, 265, 268, 299, - 301. - - Library science, 17, 27. - - Library World, cited, 254. - - Life of a library building, 97. - - Lifts, 220, 228, 291, 379. - - Light, 108, 109, 191, 201, 249, 308, 359, 382. - artificial, 201, 382. - natural, 193. - reflected, 115, 203. - - Light-reading room, 305, 313. - - Lighting, indirect, 204. - - Lightning, 221. - - Little, George T., 75, 301, 302, 303. - - Local history, 237. - - Local librarian as expert, 141, 152. - - Local literature, 323. - - Lockers, 382. - - Lunch rooms, 257, 387. - - Lymburn, James, 300, 304. - - - Magazines, 313, 314, 383. - - Magnusson, 11. - - Main floor, 371. - - Manchester (Eng.) P. L., 98. - - Manuscripts, 382. - - Maps, 331, 382. - - Marble, 23. - - Marks, L. B., 208. - - Marston’s Mills, Mass., P. L., 41. - - Marvin, Cornelia, cited, 30, 36, 38, 42, 43, 89, 95, 96, 97, - 103, 105, 116, 147, 148, 155, 169, 179, 180, 186, 194, 248, - 254, 258, 259, 265, 266, 269, 271, 285, 334, 339, 342, 345, 353. - - Massachusetts Report of 1899, cited, 40, 41, 95, 130. - - Massachusetts State Library, 289, 336. - - Material, 23, 61, 117, 177, 220, 360. - - Matthews, E. R. N., 251, 253, 255. - - Mauran, John L., 89, 141, 155, 161. - - Mayhew, H. M., 301. - - Mazarin, Cardinal, 9. - - Mechanical carriers, 62, 118, 230, 375. - - Mechanical service, 370. - - Mediæval history, 6. - - Medical libraries, 52. - - Mendon, Mass., P. L., 41. - - Mercantile libraries, 49, 71. - - Merton College L., Oxford, 7. - - Mezzanine floors, 181, 372. - - Mice, 219. - - Middle of blocks, 87. - - Minimum buildings, 52. - - Model of plan, 162. - - Moderate and medium libraries, 44. - - Modern history, 21. - - Monasteries, 6, 9. - - Mt. Holyoke College L., 190. - - Museums, 72. - - Music, 331, 382. - - - Neglect, 219. - - Never copy blindly, 92. - - Newark P. L., 176. - - Newberry Library, Chicago, 11, 278, 307. - - New York branch libraries, 69, 71, 208, 317. - - New York P. L., 174, 177, 212, 256, 295, 306, 359. - - Newspapers, 316, 383. - bound, 336. - - Nineteenth Century (magazine), cited, 47, 301. - - North Adams, Mass., P. L., 73. - - North Carolina University L., 12. - - North Scituate, Mass., P. L., 41. - - - Oil lights, 201. - - Olmsted, F. L., Jr., 367. - - Order of work, 159. - - Ornament, 109, 114, 128. - - Otis, W. A., 93, 117, 149. - - Our own era, 13. - - - Packing room, 251, 383. - - Pamphlets, 335. - - Panelled ceilings, 183. - - Parliament, Library of, Ottawa, 276. - - Partitions, 183. - - Passages, 175. - - Patent Office Gazette, 302, 303. - - Patent Office Library, London, 300. - - Patents, 326, 383. - - Patton, N. S., cited, 25, 63, 80, 139. - - Periodicals, 313, 314, 335, 383. - - Perkins, F. B., 305. - - Personnel, 123. - - Philadelphia P. L., 67. - - Photographic room, 330, 365, 372, 384. - - Photographs, 330, 374. - - Pilgrims, 11. - - Pisistratus, 4. - - Pite, Beresford, 24, 114. - - Pivot-press, 300. - - Place among buildings, 128. - - Plan inside first, 90. - - Plans, American, 95, 96. English, 95, 96. - examining, 94. - filing, 171, 216, 359. - - Plumbing, 215. - - Plummer, Mary W., 137. - - Pneumatic tubes, 384. - - Points of agreement, 13, 15, 16, 90. - - Poole, Dr. Wm. F., 11, 65, 80, 92, 99, 138, 143, 268, 314, 316, - 322, 337. - - Poole’s Index, 336. - - Poole plan, 11, 278, 304, 307, 322. - - Popular Science Monthly, cited, 63. - - Porticoes, 109, 172. - - Portland, Ore., P. L., 254. - - Present, The, 16. - - Princeton University, L., 276. - - Principles of planning, 77, 79. - - Printing, 253, 254, 384. - - Prints, 329, 330. - - Prismatic glass, 194. - - Privacy, 189, 307. - - Private libraries, 47. - - Problem always new, 89. - - Proctor, Prof., 192. - - Professional libraries, 51. - - Proprietary libraries, 49. - - Protection from enemies, 219. - - Providence P. L., 190, 249, 278, 338, 346. - - Provincetown, Mass., P. L., 41. - - Ptolemy Philadelphus, 4. - - Public, The, 125. - - Public Documents, 57, 327, 384. - - Public judgment, 140. - - Public libraries, 65. - - Public Libraries (magazine) cited, 25, 39, 40, 63, 65, 80, 89, - 93, 97, 99, 134, 143, 149, 155, 156, 180, 181, 189, 220, 248, - 254, 256, 257, 269, 283, 295, 307, 332. - - Public Libraries 1876, cited, 80, 88, 138, 182, 236, 247, 251, - 256, 264, 268, 280, 285, 310, 313, 314, 316, 319, 324, 326, - 337, 342. - - Public photographing, room, 330, 365, 372, 384. - - Public waiting rooms, 242. - - Puget Sound, 23. - - - Quartos, 267. - - Queen’s College L., Cambridge (Eng.), 295. - - Quiet, 307. - - - Radcliffe Library, Oxford, 11. - - Radial cases, 274. - - Radiators, 211, 384. - - Ranck, S. H., 39, 308. - - Rare books, 272, 302, 385. - - Reading, light, 313. - serious, 306, 363. - - Reading-room, 62, 305, 362. - - Reading-rooms, central, 225. - shelves in, 271. - - Redwood Library, Newport, 11. - - Reference room, 310, 385. - - Reformation, 9. - - Registration, 385. - - Reinick, Wm. R., 222. - - Report of Oculists, etc., 115, 205, 207. - - Rest rooms, 257. - - Restaurant, 372, 384. - - Revolving bookcases, 310. - - Revolving doors, 173. - - Richardson, E. C., 310. - - Richardson, Henry H., 14. - - Rochester, N. Y., Law Lib., 275. - - Rochester, N. Y., P. L., 88. - - Rolling cases, 299. - - Roof, 109, 187, 220, 386. - - Rooms, 179, 233, 362. - - Rooms, alphabetical list of, 373. - public, 362, 368. - work, 369. - - - Safes, fireproof, 223. - - Saint Charles College, La., 222. - - Sainte Geneviève Bibliothèque, 15, 92. - - Saint John’s College, Cambridge (Eng.), 9. - - Saint Louis Public Library, 71, 185, 206, 260, 325, 333. - - Salem, Mass., P. L., 74, 200, 287. - - Sanitary facilities, 259. - - School libraries, 60. - - Schoolhouse, 31. - - Schuyler, Montgomery, 118. - - Science, 326. - - Scientific libraries, 51. - - Scituate, Mass., P. L., 41. - - Second floor, 372. - - Selecting an architect, 146. - - Seminar rooms, 60, 62, 63. - - Serial sets, 335, 383. - - Serious reading room, 306. - - Service, 112. - - Sewers, 215. - - Shelf capacity, 277, 311. - bases, 263. - ledges, 265. - - Shelves in reading rooms, 269. - - Shelving, fixed or movable, 263. - generally, 262. - high or low, 266. - wall, 271. - wood or metal, 264, 282. - - Site, 128, 163. - - Size, 102, 104. - - Sizes of books, 267. - - Skylights, 199. - - Sliding cases, 75, 299. - - Small library buildings, 38, 42, 59. - - Social law library, Boston, 54, 55. - - Sorbonne, Library of, 194. - - Southwick, Mass., P. L., 41. - - Space, 309. - - Special collections, 337. - - Special libraries, 52. - - Special rooms, 322. - - Specialists, 208. - - Spirit of planning, 79. - - Springfield, Mass., P. L., 157, 185, 275. - - Stack, 14, 45, 46, 61, 161, 222, 225. - aisles, 289. - broken floors, 289. - capacity, 298. - carrels, 286. - dark, 288. - details, 288. - lighting, 292. - location, 283. - open access, 286. - shell, 283. - shelves, 292. - stairs, 176, 290. - towers, 297. - use by readers, 284. - windows, 294. - - Stacks generally, 280, 361, 370, 386. - - Stacks underground, 296. - - Staff quarters, 241, 243, 387. - - Stair landings, 177. - treads, 176. - - Stairs, 109, 176, 290, 388. - winding, 177, 246, 298. - - Standard Library, 190, 311, 388. - - Standpipes, 221. - - Stanley, ——, 61, 105. - - State libraries, 56. - - State library commissions, 137. - - Steam heat, 211. - - Steel construction, 18, 29, 45. - - Stenographer’s rooms, 243, 388. - - Steps, outside, 172. - - Stetson, W. K., 176, 235. - - Store-rooms, 227, 388. - - Stories, 109, 179. - - Storm doors, 174. - - Stoves, 207. - - Straight, Maude W., 254. - - Study of libraries, 94. - - Study rooms, 69, 270, 324, 363, 388. - - Sturgis, Dictionary of Architecture, cited, 39, 44, 117, 118, - 154, 198, 199, 283, 293. - - Suburban libraries, 70. - - Superintendents, 389. - - Supervision, 113. - - Supplies, 389. - - Sutton, Charles W., quoted, 67, 256. - - - Tables, 344. - - Tact, 81. - - Taj Mahal, 132. - - Talk, 339. - - Taps for cleaning, 218. - - Taste, 81. - - Telautograph, 232. - - Telephones, 62, 232, 389. - - Temperature, 212. - - Templeton, Mass., P. L., 41. - - Third floor, 372. - - Theological libraries, 52. - - Thermometers, 212, 354. - - Thoroughness, 81. - - Thrift, 81. - - Thwaites, Dr. Reuben G., 297. - - Time to build, 99. - - Todd, David P., 141. - - Toilet rooms, 259, 390. - - Top floors, 71, 180, 320. - - Traveling libraries, 256, 390. - - Trinity College L., Cambridge (Eng.), 9. - - Trinity College L., Dublin, 10, 300. - - Trustees, 134. - election of, 126. - room, 237. - - Tubes, Speaking, etc., 62, 232, 384. - - Tunnels, 231. - - - Umbrellas, 345. - - Unassigned rooms, 339. - - Underdraining, 215. - - U.S. Educational Report (1892-1893), 256. - - U.S. Government libraries, 56. - - U.S. Navy Dept. library, 24. - - U.S. Public Libraries—_see_ P. L., 1876. - - U.S. Supreme Court building, 56. - - University libraries, 60, 75. - - Unusual sizes of books, 267. - - Use, Utilitas, 21, 27. - - Useful arts, 326. - - Utilising every inch, 82. - - Utley, H. M., 39. - - - Van Name, Addison, 168. - - Vatican library, 5, 47. - - Vaults, 223, 390. - - Vehicles, 260. - - Ventilation, 108, 197, 209, 296, 308, 390. - by window-bar, 210. - - Venustas, 22. - - Vermin, 219. - - Very large buildings, 45. - - Vestibules, 173. - - Visits to libraries, 94. - - Vitruvius, 19, 20. - - - Waiting rooms, public, 242. - - Wall shelving, 271. - - Walls, 183. - - Ware and Van Brunt, 280. - - Warehouse for work, 253, 254. - - Wash-bowls, 218. - - Washington, George, quoted, 125. - - Waste of space, 109. - - Water, 219, 221, 390. - - Webster’s Dictionary, 288. - - Wellman, Hiller C., 275. - - Westbury, Mass., P. L., 41. - - West Tisbury, Mass., P. L., 41. - - What conflict is possible? 32. - - What contest is likely? 34. - - Where does the library come in? 31. - - Where lies the blame? 35. - - Which should prevail? 152. - - Whitney, James L., 193. - - Whittington, Sir Richard, 8. - - Widman, ——, 222. - - Wilson, R. E., 256. - - Winding stairs, 177. - - Window bar ventilation, 210. - - Windows, 109, 196, 390. - false, 295. - true, 294. - - Windsor, P. L., 332. - - Winsor, Justin, 80, 92, 120, 247, 251, 256, 280, 313, 324, 326, - 337. - - Wisconsin Historical Society, 59, 325. - - Wise election of Trustees, 126. - - Wolfenbüttel Library, 11. - - Women’s rooms, 320. - - Wood as fuel, 209. - for building, 23. - - Woodbine, H., 261, 301. - - Workshops, 31. - - Wraps, 257. - - Wren, Sir Christopher, 9. - - Writing room, 391. - - - Y. M. C. A. libraries, 50. - - - Zutphen (Holland), 8. - - - - -Epilogue - - -The outline sketched in this volume should suggest, even to skimmers,— - -That the business of planning a library is specific, technical and -minute;— - -That it is like the planning of other useful structures which can be -spoiled by blunders of ignorance, or by sins done in the name of art;— - -That it is folly to leave such serious work to tyros or dabblers,—even to -architects who are amateur librarians;— - -That a committee can direct, an architect can construct, but only a wise -and mature librarian can plan a library where the staff can work, and -where the readers can see, think and breathe. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO PLAN A LIBRARY BUILDING FOR -LIBRARY WORK *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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Soule</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: How to plan a library building for library work</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Charles C. Soule</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: February 14, 2021 [eBook #64560]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Charlene Taylor, Adrian Mastronardi and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO PLAN A LIBRARY BUILDING FOR LIBRARY WORK ***</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_i"></a>[i]</span></p> - -<div class="front-matter"> - -<div class="lined"> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Useful Reference Series No. 7</span></p> - -</div> - -<h1>How to Plan a<br /> - Library Building<br /> - for Library Work</h1> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_ii"></a>[ii]</span></p> - -<div class="prelude-container"> -<div class="prelude"> -<h2 class="nobreak">Prelude</h2> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Every public building should express, with dignity</div> - <div class="verse">Its individual type, use, place, and era.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">A library is a prominent public building</div> - <div class="verse">As practical and technical as a schoolhouse;</div> - <div class="verse">A workshop for the future, not a relic of the past.</div> - <div class="verse">Seldom rich enough for its needs, it abhors waste.</div> - <div class="verse">Change and growth will soon supplant it.</div> - <div class="verse">Build it for use, not show; for now, not for ever:—</div> - <div class="verse">Tastefully, tactfully, thriftily, thoroughly.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">To plan it, find an able librarian,</div> - <div class="verse">To construct it, get a skillful architect,</div> - <div class="verse">To control both, choose a wise committee.</div> - <div class="verse">These three, by patient study and debate,</div> - <div class="verse">Can satisfy taste without sacrificing use—</div> - <div class="verse">Achieving complete and felicitous success.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="front-matter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_iii"></a>[iii]</span></p> - -<p class="titlepage larger">HOW TO PLAN<br /> -A LIBRARY BUILDING<br /> -FOR LIBRARY WORK</p> - -<p class="titlepage">By CHARLES C. SOULE<br /> -<span class="smaller">A.B. Harv. 1862</span></p> - -<p class="titlepage"><i>Firmitas, Utilitas, Venustas</i></p> - -<p class="right">—<span class="smcap">Vitruvius de Architectura</span></p> - -<p class="titlepage">BOSTON<br /> -THE BOSTON BOOK COMPANY<br /> -1912</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_iv"></a>[iv]</span></p> - -<p class="titlepage smaller"><span class="smcap">Copyright, 1912<br /> -By CHARLES C. SOULE</span></p> - -<p class="titlepage smaller"><i>The Riverdale Press, Brookline, Boston, Mass.</i></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_v"></a>[v]</span></p> - -<p class="center larger gothic">To<br /> -The Architect<br /> -who is the Librarian’s best friend<br /> -when they plan together<br /> -a sound, useful and beautiful building<br /> -this volume is inscribed</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_vi"></a>[vi]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_vii"></a>[vii]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">EDITORIAL PREFACE</h2> - -</div> - -<p>Of the author of this volume it was said by -President Hill at the 1906 A. L. A. Conference, -“he has given the subject of Library Architecture -more thought and attention, probably, -than any other member.”</p> - -<p>Mr. Soule is well known to older librarians. -To introduce him to a younger generation and -to architects, we would say that although he is -a publisher and bookseller, and not professionally -a librarian, he has had an effective training in -library science. He joined the American Library -Association in 1879, became at once a working -member, has attended twenty Conferences, and -has been elected to office, as follows:</p> - -<ul> -<li>1888-1899—Trustee of the Brookline (Mass.) Public Library.</li> -<li>1890-1908—Publishing Board, A. L. A.</li> -<li>1890—Vice-president.</li> -<li>1893-1896, 1900-1905—Member of the Council.</li> -<li>1894-1906—Trustee Endowment Fund.</li> -<li>1906-1912—Member of the Institute.</li> -</ul> - -<p>In 1890, when a prominent trustee had been -quoted as saying, “it was no use consulting -librarians about building, for no two of them<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_viii"></a>[viii]</span> -agree on any one point,” he wrote, and the 1890 -Conference unanimously adopted, “Points of -Agreement among Librarians on Library Architecture.”</p> - -<p>In 1892 he published in the Boston press an -exhaustive series of nine letters, taking the side -of the librarians of the country against what -they thought to be radical errors in the management -and building of the Boston Public Library.</p> - -<p>In 1901 he wrote the article “Library,” for -Sturgis’s Dictionary of Architecture.</p> - -<p>In 1902 he wrote the A. L. A. tract on -“Library Rooms and Buildings.”</p> - -<p>For forty active years in business as a bookseller, -he has handled and issued books.</p> - -<p>For over thirty years of membership in the -A. L. A. he has been intimate with leading -librarians.</p> - -<p>In the Boston controversy, he felt obliged -to investigate thoroughly every point he criticized -on behalf of the librarians.</p> - -<p>When elected as a trustee in Brookline he -found a very conservative board at the time the -new developments of library progress were -slowly gaining ground, and had to go to the bottom -of every new method before the board -could be persuaded to try it.</p> - -<p>During the last five years Mr. Soule has frequently -been called on as an expert, and has -been through all the detail of building problems -of several different grades.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_ix"></a>[ix]</span></p> - -<p>All this educated him in such a school of experience -that Mr. Dewey thus spoke of him at -one of the A. L. A. Conferences: “When people -ask who are the most active and efficient librarians -in America we are almost sure to name two -or three men who are not librarians at all; for -instance, R. R. Bowker and C. C. Soule.”</p> - -<p>After such experience, we can commend what -the author has to say, to respectful attention.</p> - -<p>Illustrations have been suggested, but have -not been included in this volume lest they should -increase the bulk and price too much. If they -are asked for, we will issue a separate volume -of illustrative plates.</p> - -<p class="right">FREDERICK W. FAXON,<br /> -<i>Editor Useful Reference Series</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_x"></a>[x]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xi"></a>[xi]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">AUTHOR’S PREFACE</h2> - -</div> - -<p>On being asked to write on “Library Architecture” -for this series I hesitated, knowing -little about the subject except as applied to the -insides of libraries. But on this limited branch -I have had some experience which I am willing -to embody under the narrower title finally -chosen, for the benefit of librarians, architects, -and building committees. I even venture to -hope some chapters may get to the notice of -trustees, donors, and other citizens interested -in libraries.</p> - -<p>The themes of this volume are:</p> - -<ul> -<li>Preëminence of utility over display.</li> -<li>The practical nature of library work.</li> -<li>The importance and variety of its details.</li> -<li>Their differentiation from other kinds of work.</li> -<li>The vital need of consulting library experts.</li> -</ul> - -<p>The treatment adopted is, to cover every -point and touch on every detail involved in -building a large library of any class. I hope -that readers interested in lesser libraries, even -those of small grades, may be able to pick out -hints to help them, or at least to look ahead -to growth and larger problems yet to come.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xii"></a>[xii]</span></p> - -<p>I have not undertaken to discuss methods of -library work, and only allude to them so far -as they affect construction. Nor have I undertaken -to recommend specific makes of furniture -or fittings, although I have felt free in a -few instances to suggest principles which should -govern selection.</p> - -<p>I have not trusted entirely to experience or to -advice received from librarians and architects; -but wishing to treat thoroughly so momentous -a subject, I have spent six months in search -through all authorities in England as well as -in America, including back volumes of the library -periodicals. I did not expect to get much -help from England, where methods differ from -ours, but I find the transatlantic writers are -so thoroughly in accord with us as to the need -of expert advice in planning, that I have cited -their views copiously.</p> - -<p>To all these sources, and to countless friends, -I am so indebted for suggestions and advice -that I look on myself as an editor of professional -opinion, rather than as an original author. -But I assume responsibility, while rendering -sincere thanks to all authorities quoted or unquoted.</p> - -<p>Within the limit of one volume it has been -possible only to sketch principles without describing -details under every subject as in a -manual. I have been asked to illustrate this -volume with views and plans, but the publishers<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xiii"></a>[xiii]</span> -find that this would double its size and price. -They have therefore decided to wait and test -the actual demand by inquiry. If enough purchasers -wish a second volume, one will be issued.</p> - -<p>For my general principles I expect endorsement -from all librarians. As to details, I do -not ask so much for endorsement as for criticism—not -mere fault-finding, but helpful constructive -criticism, pointing out something better -than is herein advocated. If interest and -discussion are stimulated, and library science -is thereby in any degree advanced, I shall feel -that my work has not been wasted.</p> - -<p class="right">CHARLES C. SOULE.</p> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">Brookline, Mass.</span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xiv"></a>[xiv]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xv"></a>[xv]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">WORKS CITED</h2> - -</div> - -<table summary="List of works cited"> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td></td> - <td class="smaller nw">Abbreviation</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Adams, Herbert B.</td> - <td class="nw">Adams</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Public Libraries and Popular Education.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">Albany, N. Y., 1900.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Billings, Dr. John S.</td> - <td class="nw">Billings V. & H.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">On Ventilation and Heating. </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">New York, 1893.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Boston School Document No. 14.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">See Report of Oculists.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Bostwick, Arthur E.</td> - <td class="nw">Bostw.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">The American Public Library.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">New York, 1910.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Brochure Series of Architectural Illustration.</td> - <td class="nw">Brochure.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Vols. 1-9.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">Boston, 1895-1903.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Brown. See Duff-Brown.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Burgoyne, F. J.</td> - <td class="nw">Burg.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Library Construction, etc.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">London, 1897.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Champneys, A. I.</td> - <td class="nw">Champ.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Public Libraries.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">London, 1907.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Clark, John Willis.</td> - <td class="nw">Clark.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Care of Books.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">Cambridge (Eng.), 1901.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Cotgreave, Alfred.</td> - <td class="nw">Cotgr.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Views, etc., of Public Libraries.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">London, 1901.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Cravath & Lansingh.</td> - <td class="nw">C. & L.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Practical Illumination.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">New York, 1907.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xvi"></a>[xvi]</span>Dana, John Cotton.</td> - <td class="nw">Dana, L. Prim.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Library Primer.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">Chicago, 1910.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Dana, John Cotton.</td> - <td class="nw">Dana, L. Prob.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Library Problems.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">No date.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Duff-Brown, James.</td> - <td class="nw">Duff-Brown or D. B.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Manual of Library Economy.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">London, 1907.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Eastman, William R.</td> - <td class="nw">Eastm.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Library Building Plans.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">Albany, N. Y., 1906.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Edwards, Edward.</td> - <td class="nw">Edw.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Free Town Libraries.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">London, 1869.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Fletcher, William L.</td> - <td class="nw">Fletch.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Public Libraries in America.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">Boston, 1894.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Garnett, Dr. Richard.</td> - <td class="nw">Garnett.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Essays in Librarianship, etc.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">London, 1899.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>International Library Conference (Second).</td> - <td class="nw">Int. Lib. Conf.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">London, 1907.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Koch, Theodore W.</td> - <td class="nw">Koch.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Portfolio of Carnegie Libraries.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">Ann Arbor, Mich., 1907.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Librarian (The).</td> - <td class="nw">Libn.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Vols. 1-2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">London, 1910-12.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Library (The).</td> - <td class="nw">Libr.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">I, vols. 1-10; II, 1-10; III, 1-3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">London, 1889-1912.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Library Assistant.</td> - <td class="nw">Lib. Asst.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Vols. 1-9.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">London, 1898-1912.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Library Association Record.</td> - <td class="nw">Lib. Ass. Rec.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Vols. 1-14.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">London, 1899-1912.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xvii"></a>[xvii]</span>Library Chronicle.</td> - <td class="nw">Lib. Chron.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Vols. 1-5.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">London, 1884-1888.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Library Journal.</td> - <td class="nw">L. J.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Vols. 1-37.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">New York, 1876-1912.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Library Notes.</td> - <td class="nw">Lib. No.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Vols. 1-4.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">Boston, 1887-1898.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Library World.</td> - <td class="nw">L. W.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">14 vols.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">London, 1898-1912.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Marvin, Miss Cornelia.</td> - <td class="nw">Marv.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Small Library Buildings.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">Boston, 1908.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Massachusetts Free Public Library Commission:</td> - <td class="nw">Mass. P. L. 1899.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Ninth Report.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">Boston, 1899.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Public Libraries.</td> - <td class="nw">P. L.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Vols. 1-17.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">Chicago, 1896-1912.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Public Libraries in the United States.</td> - <td class="nw">P. L., 1876.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Special Report, Superintendent of Education. Part 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">Washington, 1876.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Report of Oculists and Electricians.</td> - <td class="nw">Bost. Sc. Doc. No. 14.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">School Board Document, No. 14.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">Boston, 1907.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="new-row"> - <td>Sturgis’s Dictionary of Architecture, etc.</td> - <td class="nw">Sturgis.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">New York, 1901.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xviii"></a>[xviii]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xix"></a>[xix]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">CONTENTS</h2> - -</div> - -<table summary="Contents"> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdpg smaller">Page</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc"><b>Book A—Introduction</b></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#BOOK_A">1</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Evolution of Library Building</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-1">3</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Dawn of History</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-2">3</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ancient History</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-3">4</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mediæval History</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-4">6</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Modern History</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-5">10</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Our Own Era</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-6">13</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Forecasting the Years</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-7">16</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">The Present</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-8">16</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">The Next Quarter Century</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-9">16</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><i>Firmitas</i>, <i>Utilitas</i>, <i>Venustas</i></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-10">19</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><i>Firmitas</i></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-11">20</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><i>Utilitas</i></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-12">21</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><i>Venustas</i></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-13">22</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Is There an Irrepressible Conflict?</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-14">25</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Library Science</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-15">27</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Architecture</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-16">29</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Where does the Library Come in?</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-17">31</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>What Conflict is Possible?</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-18">32</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>What Contest is Likely?</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-19">34</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Where Lies the Blame?</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-20">35</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Grades and Classes</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-21">36</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Small Library Buildings</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-22">38</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Minimum</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-23">38</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Small</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-24">42</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Moderate and Medium Libraries</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-25">44</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Very Large Buildings</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-26">45</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Classes of Libraries</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-27">47</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Private and Club</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-28">47</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Proprietary, Institutional</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-29">49</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Professional</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-30">51</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xx"></a>[xx]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Scientific</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-31">51</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Medical</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-32">52</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Theological</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-33">52</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Special and Business</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-34">52</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Law</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-35">54</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Government and Historical</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-36">56</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>National</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-37">56</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>State</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-38">56</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Historical</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-39">58</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Antiquarian</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-40">59</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Educational</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-41">60</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">School</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-42">60</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">College</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-43">61</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">University</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-44">61</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Public</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-45">65</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Central</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-46">65</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Branch</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-47">67</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Suburban</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-48">70</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Exceptional Cases</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-49">71</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Middle of Blocks</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-50">71</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Top Floors</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-51">71</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">With Museums or Art Galleries</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-52">72</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Alterations and Enlargements</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-53">73</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Altering New Buildings</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-54">74</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc"><b>Book B—Principles</b></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#BOOK_B">77</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Spirit of Planning</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-55">79</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Taste, Tact, Thrift, Thoroughness</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-56">81</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Economy Paramount</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-57">83</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Economy of Expert Advice</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-58">87</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Problem Always New</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-59">89</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Plan Inside First</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-60">90</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Never Copy Blindly</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-61">92</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Study other Libraries</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-62">94</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Life of a Library Building</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-63">97</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxi"></a>[xxi]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Time to Build</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-64">99</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Size and Cost</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-65">102</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Cutting down Cost</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-66">104</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Open Access</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-67">107</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Light, Warmth, Fresh Air</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-68">108</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Faults to Look For</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-69">109</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Frankness among Librarians</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-70">110</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Service and Supervision</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-71">112</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Decoration, Ornament</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-72">114</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Architectural Styles</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-73">117</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Amateurs Dangerous</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-74">120</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry-rot Deadening</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-75">121</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc"><b>Book C—Personnel</b></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#BOOK_C">123</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Public</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-76">125</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Place of the Library Among Buildings</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-77">128</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Donor</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-78">130</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Institution</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-79">133</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Trustees</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-80">134</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Building Committee</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-81">136</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Free Advice</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-82">137</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Local Librarian as an Expert</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-83">141</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Library Adviser</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-84">143</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Selecting an Architect</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-85">146</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>A Word to the Architect</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-86">150</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Which Should Prevail?</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-87">152</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Architectural Competitions</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-88">154</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Judges of Competition</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-89">158</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Order of Work</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-90">159</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc"><b>Book D—Features</b></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#BOOK_D">163</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Site</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-91">165</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Provision for Growth</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-92">168</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Exterior</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-93">169</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Interior</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-94">169</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxii"></a>[xxii]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Limitations</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-95">170</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Approaches, Entrances</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-96">172</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Halls and Passages</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-97">175</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Stairs</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-98">176</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Stories and Rooms</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-99">179</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Walls: Ceilings: Partitions</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-100">183</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Floors and Floor Coverings</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-101">185</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Roofs: Domes</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-102">187</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Alcoves: Galleries</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-103">189</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Light</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-104">191</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Light, Natural</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-105">193</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Windows</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-106">196</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Light, Artificial</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-107">201</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Indirect Lighting</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-108">205</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Heating and Ventilation</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-109">209</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Plumbing, Drains, Sewers</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-110">215</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cleanliness</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-111">217</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Protection from Enemies</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-112">219</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fireproof Vaults</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-113">223</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Central Spaces</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-114">224</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Lifts and Elevators</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-115">228</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mechanical Carriers</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-116">230</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Telephones and Tubes</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-117">232</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc"><b>Book E—Departments and Rooms</b></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#BOOK_E">233</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Part I.—Administration Rooms</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-118">235</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Trustees</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-119">237</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Librarian</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-120">239</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Other Staff Quarters</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-121">241</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Public Waiting</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-122">242</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Stenographers</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-123">243</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Place for Catalog Cases</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-124">244</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cataloguing Rooms</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-125">246</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Delivery</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-126">248</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Janitor</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-127">251</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Binding and Printing</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-128">253</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Branch Service</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-129">256</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxiii"></a>[xxiii]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Comfort</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-130">257</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Sanitary Facilities</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-131">259</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Vehicles</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-132">260</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Part II.—Book Storage</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-133">261</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Shelving, generally</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-134">262</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Shelves in Reading Rooms</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-135">269</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Wall-shelving</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-136">271</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Floor Cases</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-137">273</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Radial Cases</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-138">274</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Shelf Capacity</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-139">277</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Poole Plan</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-140">278</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Stacks generally</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-141">280</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Stack Shell</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-142">283</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Use of Stack by Readers</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-143">284</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Carrels</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-144">286</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Stack Details</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-145">288</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Stack Lighting</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-146">292</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Stack Windows</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-147">294</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">True</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-148">294</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Defective</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-149">295</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">False</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-150">295</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Stack Heating and Ventilation</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-151">296</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Stacks Up and Down</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-152">297</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Stack Towers</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-153">297</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Stack Capacity</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-154">298</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Sliding Cases</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-155">299</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Part III.—Readers’ Rooms</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-156">305</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Reading generally</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-157">305</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Serious Reading</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-158">306</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Reference</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-159">310</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Light Reading</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-160">313</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Half-hour Reading</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-161">313</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Periodicals</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-162">314</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Newspapers</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-163">316</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxiv"></a>[xxiv]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Children</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-164">318</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Women</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-165">320</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Blind</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-166">321</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Special Rooms</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-167">322</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Local Literature</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-168">323</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Study</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-169">324</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Classes</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-170">324</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Patents, etc.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-171">326</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Public Documents</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-172">327</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Duplicates</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-173">328</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Art: Prints, etc.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-174">329</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Maps</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-176">331</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Music</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-175">331</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Education</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-177">332</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Lectures</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-178">333</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Exhibitions</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-179">334</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Pamphlets</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-180">335</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Bound Periodicals</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-181">335</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Collections</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-182">337</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Information</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-183">338</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Conversation</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-184">338</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Unassigned</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-185">339</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Part IV.—Furniture and Equipment</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-186">341</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tables</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-187">344</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Chairs</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-188">346</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Delivery Desks</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-189">348</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Catalog Cases</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-190">350</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Bulletin Boards</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-191">352</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Other Fittings</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-192">354</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc"><b>Book F—Appendix</b></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#BOOK_F">355</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Concrete Examples</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-193">357</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>N. Y. Public Library. Terms of Competition</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-194">359</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Brooklyn. Suggestions to Architect</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#subhead-195">367</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc"><b>Index</b></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#INDEX">393</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_A">A.<br /> -<span class="smaller">INTRODUCTION</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span></p> - -<div class="front-matter"> - -<p class="center"><i>In this Book</i></p> - -<p class="center"><i>A cursory glance through history fails to -throw much light on planning -a modern library.</i></p> - -<p class="center"><i>The motto of this work is elucidated.</i></p> - -<p class="center"><i>The possibility of differences between -librarian and architect -is discussed.</i></p> - -<p class="center"><i>And brief remarks are made about -grades and kinds of libraries.</i></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">A.<br /> -<span class="smaller">INTRODUCTION</span></h2> - -</div> - -<h3 id="subhead-1">EVOLUTION OF LIBRARY BUILDING</h3> - -<p>[For the first chapters of this book, I am largely indebted -to an interesting and scholarly volume by John -Willis Clark, entitled “The Care of Books,” published -in the year 1901 at Cambridge, Eng. I am emboldened -to quote from it by noting how much later books and -cyclopedias rely on it as their chief authority, and I commend -to all readers both text and illustrations of this -fascinating work.]</p> - -<h3 id="subhead-2">The Dawn of History</h3> - -<p>No precedents of buildings or fixtures loom out of the -farthest past. Archæological excavations have found -relics of libraries in early ruins, libraries of baked clay -tablets, evidently once housed in separate rooms on -upper stories of palaces or temples. This literature -must have seemed imperishable. There were no fading -inks, no crumbling paper, no danger from moisture -or worms. But an older foe, still threatening libraries, -lurked in that brick era of literature. Fire, both worshiped -and feared, was finally fatal. Fire following -conquest attacked the oldest libraries and dropped them -in shattered fragments into prehistoric cellars, to lie -for centuries awaiting exhumation. But even as now -resurrected, they tell no tales of their housing or shelving -or circulation. It would seem hopeless to grope among -these shards for lessons in library science. And yet -Dr. Richard Garnett<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> deduced from an Assyrian hexagonal -book tablet the idea of hexagonal bookcases for -the British Museum.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-3">Ancient History</h3> - -<p>In the early days of Egypt, Greece, and Rome, libraries -of papyrus and parchment rolls, stored on shelves, -in pigeon-holes and in chests, were collected, at first by -sovereigns, then by nobles, then by scholars. For centuries -they occupied rooms in palaces and in temples. -These rooms were only places of storage. Other rooms, -or oftener colonnades, served for reading. The distinction -between book rooms and reading rooms thus -appeared at an early date.</p> - -<p>The first mention of a separate library building is -made in Egypt in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus, the -third century B.C. Two centuries before, Pisistratus, -in Greece, had established a public library, whether or -no in a house of its own is not noted. About 40 B.C., -Asinius Pollio seems to have built the first library building -in Rome. Augustus soon built two more, and thereafter -public libraries and private library rooms abounded. -In the fourth century A.D. there were twenty-eight -“public libraries” in Rome. Although these were undoubtedly, -while “public,” used mainly by scholars, -having few of the functions which so highly diversify -and differentiate modern public libraries, their buildings -must have begun to assume some common arrangement -which would tend to constitute a type. I am unable -to reproduce, however, any clear picture of the architecture -of these first buildings.</p> - -<p>As to fixtures, Mr. Clark sums up a chapter:<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> “Unfortunately -no enthusiast of those distant times has -handed down to us a complete description of his library,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span> -and we are obliged to take a detail from one account, -and a detail from another, and so piece the picture -together for ourselves. What I may call the pigeonhole -system, suitable for rolls only, was replaced by -presses which could contain rolls if required, but were -especially designed for codices (the first phase of parchment, -in the modern book form). These presses were -sometimes plain, sometimes richly ornamented. The -floor, the walls, the roof were also decorated. As the -books were hidden in the presses, the library note was -struck by numerous inscriptions, and by busts and portraits -of authors.”</p> - -<p>This Roman conception of a library prevailed during -the dark ages and has survived to our own time in its -most sumptuous form, embodied in the Vatican library, -whose interior has so often been represented in photographs -and engravings.</p> - -<p>With the close of the western empire, in <span class="allsmcap">A.D.</span> 476, the -ancient era of libraries may be said also to close without -any lessons to us as to building.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-4">Mediæval History</h3> - -<p>Thus far libraries were gathered and cared for by -monarchs, princes, or prominent citizens. With the -growth of Christianity literature fell to the care of the -ecclesiastics. Their earliest collection, of which record -remains, was shelved in the apse of a church. About -<span class="allsmcap">A.D.</span> 300, monastic communities began to cherish church -literature. Existing records all indicate that cloisters -were the first Christian libraries, perhaps because all -the monks could assemble there. What few precious -manuscript volumes the laborious brothers had fashioned, -with others given or bought, were stored on shelves or in -“presses” on the inner walls. The readers either took -the books to their cells, or read them by the light of the -windows in the outer wall. There were the reading -room, the book room, and the lending room, all in one -long, well-lighted cloister. Later, as more manuscripts -accumulated, they were stored at first in niches in the -wall, then in adjacent closets or small windowless rooms. -Readers still studied by the best light. To follow Clark’s -quotation:<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> “On the north syde of the Cloister (at Durham) -in every window were ... Pews or Carrels where -every Monk studyed upon his books. And in every -Carrel was a deske to lye their bookes on.”</p> - -<p>Elsewhere it is explained that each window was in -three parts, with a carrel from one stanchell of the -window to another.</p> - -<p>This use of windows suggested to me a new convenience -for research in our modern “stack,” which is -described in a later chapter as the “stack carrel.”<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span></p> - -<p>The growth of libraries slowly followed the development -of monastic orders. The systematic care and use -of books began with the precepts of S. Benedict in the -sixth century, followed by similar rules in other brotherhoods. -At the same time secular libraries and library -buildings were devastated by the barbarians, while the -Arabs, who developed large libraries, appeared to have -housed them in mosques, so that library building science -slumbered through the Dark Ages.</p> - -<p>In the sixth and seventh centuries learning followed -the first steps of Christianity into the British Isles. -The earliest English “library movement” began in the -monasteries of Ireland and Great Britain.</p> - -<p>From that era onward, libraries all over Christianized -Europe grew with the prosperity of religious brotherhoods. -Of progress toward building, however, there is -little record until the Cistercians moved theirs from the -cloisters to other rooms in their monasteries, although -some use of cloisters elsewhere lingered until the beginning -of the seventeenth century. These rooms were at -first directly over the cloisters, where alcoves first appeared, -on the window side only. Still later libraries -were assigned to the upper stories of separate buildings, -the first put to this use since the time of the Cæsars -in Rome.</p> - -<p>These first mediæval libraries, of which several pictures -are preserved, send to us the precedent of ample -and aptly applied daylight admitted through long windows -directly into each alcove. The exteriors remind -us of our stack rooms. This arrangement of library -rooms passed by imitation in the fourteenth and fifteenth -centuries from the monasteries to the colleges, and still -survives in the older libraries of Oxford and Cambridge,—for -instance, Merton College, a long, narrow room with -bookcases between the windows, at right angles with -the walls, forming well-lighted alcoves.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span></p> - -<p>All of the earliest library rooms were long and narrow. -Clark has preserved the measurements of several thus:—</p> - -<p>A.D. 1289. Zutphen (Holland): A solid building -separated from others (in case of fire): 120 feet long, -36 feet broad: 19 uniform windows east and west, -“that plenty of daylight might fall upon the desks and -fill the whole length and breadth of the library.”</p> - -<p>A.D. 1422. The Franciscan House in London, -“Christ’s Hospital” (the first building in England built -expressly for a library?) founded by Sir Richard Whittington; -129 feet long by 31 feet broad, with 28 desks -and 28 double settles.</p> - -<p>A.D. 1508. At Canterbury: the library over the -Prior’s Chapel was 60 feet long by 20 feet broad, and -had 16 bookcases, each 4 shelves high.</p> - -<p>A.D. 1517. At Clairvaux: in the cloister are 14 -studies, where the monks write and study, and over it -the new library, 180 feet long by 17 wide (probably -this narrowness followed the shape of the cloister) with -48 benches, “excellently lighted on both sides by large -windows.”</p> - -<p>It will be noted that these bookshelves were about -four feet “on centers,” and that great emphasis was laid -on ample daylight.</p> - -<p>From the thirteenth century comes this warning for -us—“the press in which books are kept ought to be -lined inside with wood that the damp of the walls may -not moisten or stain them,” which is singularly like a -caution in a recent American manual against leaving -unpainted brick walls at the back of wall cases.</p> - -<p>It seems singular that wall shelving, which was certainly -used in Assyrian libraries and in the classical -period, disappears in the monkish era and yields to -“presses” or closed bookcases; to appear as a new device -in the library of the Escorial in Spain in the year 1583.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span> -Sir Christopher Wren thought so much of this feature -that he followed it in Trinity College (Cambridge) -library in 1695, saying, “The disposition of the shelves -both along the walls and breaking out from the walls -must prove very convenient and gracefull: A little -square table in each cell with two seats.”</p> - -<p>The fifteenth century had been a library era throughout. -In the sixteenth came the Reformation, which -swept away “papistical” libraries. More than eight -hundred libraries of monastic orders, in England alone, -were dispersed or destroyed by this iconoclastic whirlwind. -In 1540 the only libraries left were at Oxford -and Cambridge and in the cathedrals. But at the -same time, the invention and rapid spread of printing -had superseded the slow processes of making manuscript -books, and had opened a new life for libraries. -The first library built under these new conditions was -that of St. John’s College, which brought over from the -monastic and early college era the alcove arrangement.</p> - -<p>The renaissance of wall shelving spread rapidly. -Compared with the chaining of books to the shelves, -which it superseded, it was an open-access reform. -To quote Cardinal Mazarin’s library motto, “Publice -patere voluit.” It was quickly followed in France, -but more slowly in England. In 1610 this form of -shelving with a gallery was adopted in the Bodleian -Library at Oxford (see illustration on p. 275 of Clark), -the progenitor of our first distinctive American library -interiors, now discredited and almost abandoned.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-5">Modern History</h3> - -<p>From the beginning of the seventeenth to the middle -of the nineteenth century, there is little to chronicle in -the evolution of the library building. What libraries -were built or altered followed either the monastic-collegiate -alcove style, or the Escorial-Trinity wall -shelving and gallery, or both. The best illustrations of -libraries of this era are still extant at Oxford and Cambridge. -A view of what he calls the oldest example of the -combination of high wall shelving broken by a gallery, -with the older fashion of alcoves, as they still exist at -the Bodleian Library at Oxford, is shown by Duff-Brown -on p. 2. A fine specimen may be seen at Trinity -College, Dublin, interesting because of two modern -attempts to burst the confines of old walls: first, as shown -in the traces of sliding cases long antedating those of -the British Museum; second, in the two-story wooden -stack recently installed and already outgrown, in the -cloisters below the library, which were originally open -but were glassed in to protect the stack. (See illustrations, -reproducing photographs taken by the author.<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>)</p> - -<p>The first appearance of the floor case, the precedent -of the modern stack, appears in the library of the University -of Leyden in 1610, of which a large illustration -is given by Clark<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> and a smaller one by Fletcher.<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> Here -is seen the utilization of the whole floor of a book room -through parallel cases evidently open to access, although -the books are all chained. The library is lofty and the -shelves lighted not directly from stack-windows, but<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span> -by chapel windows high in the wall, which appear to -fill the room with ample diffused light. Some of the -“broad-brims” pacing the floor may have been our -Pilgrim ancestors, who, for the ten years subsequent to the -date of this picture, were living at Leyden and frequenting -the University.</p> - -<p>The Radcliffe Library at Oxford, designed in 1740, -seems to be the earliest example in England of a circular -reading room lighted from the roof. This is said -to have been suggested by the central reading room of -the old Wolfenbüttel Library, built about 1710.</p> - -<p>“The first architect,” says Duff-Brown<a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> “to plan a -library which in any way meets the modern requirements -of giving ample accommodation was Leopoldo -della Santa, who in 1816 published in Florence a -quarto pamphlet, which is an attempt to construct a -library building entirely from an utilitarian point of -view.” The plan, which Brown reproduces, suggests -Dr. Poole’s plan which was embodied in the Newberry -Library of Chicago.</p> - -<p>In 1835 Delassert proposed for the French National -Library a circular plan of building, which perhaps -suggested the present reading room of the British -Museum. In 1885 Magnusson proposed an unending -whorl as a good form for a growing library.<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p> - -<p>While English libraries, and those of the continent, -were developing these phases of old types, separate -library buildings began to appear in America. The -first one actually erected for library occupation still -remains in use,—the Redwood Library of Newport, R. I., -built in 1750. The main room is a hall 37 × 26 feet, -19 feet high, with two lean-to rooms at the sides. A -massive portico gives an impressive front, but cannot -be said to found a distinctive library style.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span></p> - -<p>Our early proprietary associations and parochial libraries -were stored in public buildings, or in buildings with -no peculiar features. The school district libraries established -by the state of New York in 1835, and similar -libraries founded soon after in other states, seem to have -been stored in schoolhouses, though intended for public -use. The state libraries, first established as early as -1773, were deposited in the State Houses. The Young -Men’s libraries of the early period were kept in rented -rooms, or at best in rented houses. No special phase -of library buildings was developed until about the -middle of the nineteenth century, when colleges began -to build. Gore Hall at Harvard (1841) was modeled -after King’s College Chapel at Cambridge, Eng., and -was even at that date said to be “ill adapted to the -purposes of a library.” The University of North Carolina -“erected” in 1850 a library in the form of a Greek -temple, with hall 84 × 32 feet, 20 feet high. These -essays at importing styles certainly developed no -models worth imitation, but nevertheless they were -imitated.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-6">Our Own Era</h3> - -<p>Our own “library age” may be said to date from the -middle of the nineteenth century. The parliamentary -investigations which led to the first English library act -in 1850, and the organization of the Boston Public -Library with us in 1852, mark the beginning of the modern -library movement. I will not try to trace the gradual -evolution of library buildings abroad. I do not know -enough about it to handle the subject well. I find, -however, in Edwards’ Free Town Libraries,<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> London, -1869, a prototype of our own “Points of Agreement -among Librarians on Library Architecture.” But as -late as 1907 an English architect (Champneys<a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>) says -that “the examples of what a library building should -not be are out of all proportion to those which are -worthy to be followed.”</p> - -<p>In America, building developed with the library -movement, at first getting rather ahead of it. Indeed, -there were few experienced librarians to direct it, and -even these were mainly the old style conservators and -bibliographers. The topic of building does not appear -in the discussions of the library conference in 1853. -The architects had to develop a precedent. The first -distinctive type to appear was adopted in the Astor -Library in New York (1853) and followed in the Boston -Public Library dedicated in 1858. The exterior of the -building had no peculiar features, but the interior was -distinctly a type to be outgrown. The main room was -a lofty hall, surrounded by galleried alcoves reaching -to the ceiling, storing the books, while the readers<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span> -occupied the floor, into the middle of which the main -stairway arose among the tables. This impressive but -wasteful interior was copied in large cities throughout -the country, and was referred to in contemporaneous discussion -as the “conventional style.” As it was tested in -operation, and as its defects both for storage and administration -became evident, the library profession, then -getting together, unanimously condemned it. At the -Cincinnati Conference of 1882, the A. L. A. resolved -that “the time has come for a radical modification of -the prevailing style of library building, and the adoption -of a style better suited to economy and practical -utility.”<a id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> At first there was no agreement on a successor. -Richardson, the great architect, developed a -library type which was severely criticized by librarians.<a id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> -But in the rapid growth of libraries, the problem of close, -economical and accessible storage of books became acute. -How could these accumulating masses be stored and at -the same time used? The solution came in the “stack,” -at first fiercely fought by conservative librarians, but -now so universally accepted as to form the distinctive -feature of modern American library architecture.</p> - -<p>In 1876 an impetus was given to library science, including -building, by the government report of that year -on libraries, and also by the formation of the American -Library Association. The annual meetings of the Association, -its discussions, the studies and reports of its -committees, the formation and activity of state, city, -and other local library associations, the establishment -of library schools, have all tended to build up a consensus -of opinion on important topics which has been recorded -in the library journals, and has slowly but surely impressed -itself on architects, on the public, and, not least -of all, upon building committees.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span></p> - -<p>A special impetus toward union among librarians was -the controversy which arose over the building of the -second Boston Public Library. The importation of its -exterior design from Paris, and the attempt to build up -an interior for it without any consultation with librarians -either local or national, seemed such a marked -snub to the profession just becoming conscious of power -and unity, that it aroused renewed attention to the -proper planning of library buildings. A trustee of the -library having stated in public that “it was no use to -consult librarians, for no two of them agreed on any -point,” the American Library Association endorsed unanimously -at its next conference the paper on “Points of -Agreement on Library Architecture,” which has since -been the accepted basis of all satisfactory plans. A -series of nine letters to the Boston <i>Herald</i>, criticizing -the building and the library management (republished -in 17 L. J.), vindicated the library side of the controversy -and brought about a change of management. And -yet this façade of the library Ste. Geneviève in Paris -has been repeated “with monotonous poverty of invention,” -says an architect, in the mistaken belief that a -building once labeled a library is a praiseworthy model -to be copied.</p> - -<p>Another spur to library building during these last -years has been the Carnegie gifts. Their number and -wide range, furnishing at the same time an incentive -and a climax to both private beneficence and public -liberality, finally convinced architects that in library -buildings of all sizes and various purposes they had a -theme worthy of their best work and highest genius. -Mr. Carnegie’s first Public Free Library was founded in -1889, less than quarter of a century ago. Up to March, -1911, he had given funds for 2062 public and 115 college -libraries.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-7">Forecasting the Years</h3> - -<p>This rapid sketch has gleaned the records to show -how the housing of libraries has grown through centuries -toward a rapid development in our own age.</p> - -<p id="subhead-8"><b>The Present.</b> In looking back through the last sixty -years, indeed through the last quarter-century, we contrast -twenty-five years ago with the present time. We -cannot fail to be satisfied with the advance in rational -building. We know better what we want; we are called -more into consultation with our trustees as to what is -wanted; our opinions are listened to with respect by -the architects. If every building is not as perfect as -we could wish, how much larger is the proportion of -serviceable libraries; how much smaller is the number -of stately failures? Turn over the plans in Koch’s -portfolio of Carnegie Libraries. See how much better -is the average interior, how much more satisfactory the -fenestration and proportions of the average exterior. -In the “Points of Agreement among Librarians,” adopted -as our chart in 1891, it was stated that “very few -library buildings erected during the previous ten years -conformed to all, and some of them conformed to none, -of these axiomatic requirements.” Could we not say -now that nearly all library buildings erected since 1891 -conformed to most and many to all of what have -seemed to us the requisites of construction?</p> - -<p id="subhead-9"><b>The Next Quarter Century.</b> What has the future -in store for us?</p> - -<p>In the first place, a swarm of buildings. Private -beneficence, already aroused and stimulated, will continue -for at least another generation even after Carnegie<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span> -shall pass on to his reward. Public opinion in a -large part of our country has come to believe in the -library as it believes in the schools. Small libraries will -follow railway stations into all growing and ambitious -towns. Communities now inert will awake and, as -instruments for good, demand libraries to stand beside -their churches. The buildings of today will soon burst -their bounds in the flood of library progress, and require -enlargement or replacement.</p> - -<p>The colleges will more and more recognize the relations -of libraries to instruction and the relations of the -building to the library. Large cities will experiment -with large library buildings as the crown of their educational -system.</p> - -<p>Library science also will still progress ahead of its -building problems. Where its developments are to end -no one can foretell. What Bostwick<a id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> defines as the chief -modern features of American libraries—freedom of -access, work with children, co-operation with schools, -branch libraries of all kinds, all such expanding activities—are -sure to spread still further on the lines of social -science, industrial education and good citizenship, reaching -out, as Mr. Dana says, for the mechanic and the -artisan.</p> - -<p>In building there will be serious problems to be -worked out. To college libraries will come the great -question of the economical and effective distribution of -department libraries. In all large libraries the problem -presses of how to store closely and still handily the -masses of accumulating books; underground stacks, -central artificially lighted book rooms, sliding presses, -mechanical carriers. In all large centers are impending -the enormous warehouses<a id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> of the future for dead or -moribund books, literary tombs or morgues.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span></p> - -<p>I see another question impending,—Cannot modern -methods of steel construction help out the city problems -of light and congestion? Is the massive masonry, which -has made such dungeons out of most of our public buildings, -necessary for libraries? In view of the universal -opinion among librarians that every building will have -to be changed, enlarged, or replaced within a short -generation, in view of the fact that thick walls kill the -light needed for readers, that masonry partitions hinder -change, may not the structure that makes our modern -stores and office buildings so light, cheerful and airy, -be in some satisfactory way applied to our large -libraries?</p> - -<p>Of one thing we may be fairly sure. Intelligent alliance -and the friendship of mutual respect between -librarians and architects will so carry conviction to -trustees that our buildings of the near future will seem -workable to librarians, satisfactory to architects, and -noble to the public.</p> - -<p>For the remoter future our successors must plan. We -do our share if we pass on to them bettered methods -and finer buildings.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-10">Firmitas, Utilitas, Venustas</h3> - -<p>The motto I have chosen for this work is the maxim -embodying three essential qualities in building, as given -by Vitruvius, the leading authority in his profession, -in his work “De Architectura Libri Decem” issued over -nineteen hundred years ago at the highwater tide of -the classical style of architecture which some of his modern -successors have copied too blindly, forgetting that -the conditions of our <i>firmitas</i> and <i>utilitas</i> have essentially -changed and modified the twentieth century <i>venustas</i>.</p> - -<p>Even at that age, note the order in which the author -arranged his attributes. <i>Venustas</i> last, even in that -era of magnificent architecture.</p> - -<p>A fair translation of the motto would be stability, -usefulness, loveliness.</p> - -<p>The second essential is the one as to which the librarian -is peculiarly qualified to speak, and of which he is -the especial champion, but he is greatly interested in -the two other attributes for which the architect is -more directly responsible, and perhaps the librarian can -help even here by suggestions.</p> - -<p>He can certainly serve throughout the processes of -planning, in keeping, always and everywhere, all concerned -to the spirit of this classical architectural precept -so well rendered by the homely Anglo-Saxon adage, -“Use before beauty.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-11">Firmitas</h3> - -<p>In the first place safety and strength of construction -must be essentials to everyone of the interested parties, -and must be planned for and closely watched by the -architect.</p> - -<p>I was first attracted to the apothegm of Vitruvius by -the second item, but on dwelling on the subject I am -not so sure that the first is not quite as apposite. In -considering the Latin synonyms, I noticed that <i>firmitas</i> -had been used rather than <i>soliditas</i>, and on pondering -definitions in a lexicon, I found this under the head of -<i>firmitas</i>—“the quality of the <i>firmus</i>;” and under the -head of <i>firmus</i>—“strong, proper, suitable, fit.” Thus -Vitruvius builded better than he knew for modern -library building, and voted from the golden age of -classic architecture two to one against <i>venustas</i> in a -library building.</p> - -<p>The librarian should constantly bear in mind first cost, -and cost of care as well as of administration. There -may be a choice between equally strong materials and -methods of construction. There may be choice as to -use of walls, floors, windows, partitions, lights, heaters. -In all these points affecting construction his watchfulness -should be constant and his practical advice should -have weight. He must warn also against unnecessary -heaviness and rigidity, and any methods which would -hamper changes or needlessly outlast the probable -life of the building. Massiveness is not now essential -to strength, and in a library building is a detriment.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-12">Utilitas</h3> - -<p>Here naturally the librarian must have pre-eminence. -While the architect may well correct inexperience in construction, -and may chasten poor taste in ornament, he -and the building committee ought to defer to the librarian -on all questions of administration, and only oppose -or override him where he is clearly unripe, “faddy” or -wrong. Certainly, in planning, the architect should -try patiently to meet all needs of storage or service as -presented by competent authority. Here is the core -of the problem: by the test of usefulness this particular -building is to be judged a success or a failure.</p> - -<p>But the librarian should be sure rather than obstinate. -While he must be clear what he wants to do, he should -remember that there may be several ways of doing it. -If he is really an intelligent as well as an expert librarian, -he will often find in the architect a helpful inventiveness -to which he should yield an equal adaptability. Some -of the best library ideas are an architect’s development -of a librarian’s idea;—witness the stack.</p> - -<p>As to a union of use and beauty, I would quote the -Alumni Committee on the Harvard University Library:<a id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> -“Not only should the new library be as perfect in plan -and equipment as a wise and generous expenditure can -make it, it should also, avoiding any display of costliness, -possess a beauty and dignity of its own, both within -and without, that it may be a constant source of pleasure -and inspiration to all who use it.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-13">Venustas</h3> - -<p>I was first tempted to translate epigrammatically -strength, use, show, but show seemed just the effect -to avoid, although the <i>venus</i> suggested it. The lexicon -defines the meaning of <i>venustas</i> as loveliness, beauty, -charm; and I take it beauty—plain beauty—is what -we most wish to see in a library building.</p> - -<p>“While it is undeniable that the more directly utilitarian -requirements should take precedence, æsthetic -treatment of a library building is no unimportant -matter. A building which is a work of art is a -powerful educational factor; a dignified structure commands -respect; an attractive exterior and pleasing -interior attract toward use of the building.”—<i>Champneys.</i><a id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p> - -<p>The eleventh edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, -in its article on Architecture, says this: “The end of building -is convenience, the end of architecture as an art is -beauty, grandeur, unity, power.” “The most important -qualities (it continues) are size, harmony, proportion, -symmetry, ornament and color.” Of these, size will -depend mainly on the scope of work of the library, and -on the funds available. Ornament in a library is a -questionable beauty. The other qualities are possible -even in a small and inexpensive building. For harmony -and proportion, the architect may well be allowed -choice at the outset as to what general form of building -would best suit the site, and accord with the -environment.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span></p> - -<p>I should add to the elements of beauty, material. -In this the next choice after cost, should be appropriateness -and possibilities of dignity and quiet beauty. -Nor need the material be expensive. Expense does not -always promote beauty; it often ensures ugliness. A -good rule to follow is to take “the wine of the country,” -as it were,—the stone of the state. Not necessarily -stone, either. Unless in large libraries, why is not wood -good exterior material, if the life of the building is likely -to be only twenty-five years? Wood is a fine material -for a small building, lending itself to easy alterations -or repair, and capable of great beauty. Whoever has -had the fortune to sail on Christiania Fjord or Puget -Sound has brought away, as pictures of loveliness, a -memory of the beautiful villas of those forest-rich shores. -Even re-enforced concrete, with its vast possibilities -of ugliness, has also possibilities of beauty: witness -the business section of Leipsic, and the residence quarter -of Hamburg. The different sections of America have -various handsome and durable building stones. And -every section is near enough to clay to have good brick,—by -far the most sensible, and in good hands the most -beautiful material for library building. Did you ever -see the buildings of Harvard University? If so, you -retain now in memory, not so much the gray granite -of the library, as the soft, homely, beautiful, wholly -satisfactory atmosphere of old Holworthy. If you can -escape the bilious brick which just at present is considered -æsthetic, and the other brick which exudes soda-blotches, -and get the good old-fashioned kind which mellows to -a ripe old age, you will please a large constituency.</p> - -<p>As to marbles, if they are cheaper than stone or brick, -all right. But if additional expense for marble will -cripple or dwarf a single feature of convenience or -service, I would fight it to my last breath. Perhaps -I am prejudiced, by an early experience. Being in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span> -Washington some years ago, I wandered into the new -Navy Department Building. Asking to see the library -I was shown to a lofty, bare room paneled in marble -from floor to ceiling. “Here you see specimens of all -the marbles of the world, brought by vessels of the -navy direct from their quarries,” said the custodian. -“But where are the books to be?” I queried. “Oh, the -books!” he answered, rather contemptuously; “in here;” -and he showed me two slices of space, just the length -of the main room, shelved on both sides thirty feet high, -lighted only by a tier of single windows at one end, and -each space only eight feet wide. Since then, marbles -outside or inside a library have been associated for me -with vulgar show, not with appropriate <i>venustas</i>.</p> - -<p>As to the quality of grandeur, I am not sure that it is -even appropriate to a library. Is it not some such -effect that many architects have aimed at in our bad -part? It seems to me that Beresford Pite was right in -saying:<a id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> “A regard for symmetrical purpose, a largeness -of proportion and form, simplicity of detail, and -great restraint and refinement of moulding and ornament, -are qualities characteristic of a library, internally -as well as externally.... Libraries of all buildings -should be freed from the trammels of a merely archæological -architecture. The architect of the present day is -apt to rely too simply on precedent.” Yes, witness -some of our Greek temple libraries in new America.</p> - -<p>After all, the material to be used on the exterior is -largely controlled by the limit of funds and is a matter -for the architect rather than the librarian, unless he -thinks the cost of the outside will stunt his -accommodations.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[25]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-14">Is There an Irrepressible Conflict?</h3> - -<p>In the future must we face a continuous conflict -between the architect and the librarian? Is it true, as -was once said, that the architect is the natural enemy -of the librarian? Was Dr. Garnett right when he said,<a id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> -“Hence a continual conflict between the architect who -desires a handsome elevation and the librarian who aims -at practical convenience?” Yes and no. No, certainly, -if we mean the word enemy in any but a Pickwickian -sense. No, certainly, if we expect a bitter fight and bad -feeling. But if we substitute the word “contest” for -“conflict,” if we look forward to eager but friendly -struggles, like athletic contests between colleges,—yes, -certainly yes. If both sides are striving for the -fine aims of Vitruvius, which I have taken as a motto—<i>Firmitas, -Utilitas, Venustas</i>—there will be nothing but -the amity and mutual respect of brotherly rivals. There -will not at first be full accord as to any one of the three -points. Sound construction, yes: but must that necessarily -be the construction of precedent? Use, yes: -but just the phases of use as seen by the untrained eyes -of that particular librarian? Beauty, yes: but exactly -the beauty of any conventional style?</p> - -<p>“I do not believe there is a conflict between the -librarian or the committee, and the architect. There -is a common meeting ground.”—<i>E. B. Green.</i><a id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p> - -<p>“The hostility between beauty and utility is often -more apparent than real.”—<i>Patton.</i><a id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[26]</span></p> - -<p>There will inevitably be differences, at first, even -among consulting librarians. Get together! Let librarian -and architect compare views until they find some -way of satisfying both, then present a united front to -the building committee. If, however, they cannot -agree, formulate their difference clearly and present it -to the committee for decision, as business trustees often -present doubts as to their trust, in a friendly suit before -a court.</p> - -<p>But remember that it is a contest, and have the -library side presented as ably as the architect’s.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[27]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-15">Library Science</h3> - -<p>Modern library science is yet in its adolescence as -compared with architecture, but it is a robust youth. -It already knows definitely what it wants, and what -it does not want. For guidance, it has a copious -literature of first instance, scattered through various -pamphlets and four score back volumes of periodicals. -It is beginning to have a literature of last instance, -in book form, like Duff-Brown in England and -Bostwick in America; and even a formal literature -about library buildings, Burgoyne and Champneys -abroad, and now this volume here. It is very satisfactory -to see how these three-thousand-miles-apart -authorities agree. There are still differences of method -to provide material for debate at the next international -conference, but we are close enough together on principles, -at least, to convince any doubting Thomas that -there is a library science to govern library building.</p> - -<p>And in building there is the greatest need of further -developing library science. As Fletcher says in his -preface:<a id="FNanchor_22" href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>—</p> - -<p>“One need not visit all the libraries of the country -to become painfully convinced that want of adaptation -to use is by no means infrequent. With regard to buildings, -Lord Bacon’s judgment seems very safe: ‘<i>Houses</i> -are built to live in, and not to Looke on: Therefore let -Use bee preferred before Uniformitie.’ If this is true -for houses, then <i>a fortiori</i> for libraries.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[28]</span></p> - -<p>But the main reliance of architects and building committees -should be the living interpreter, the experienced -librarian who can expound, apply and extend the written -word. Here is embodied library science face to face -with us, to supplement every chapter of this book by the -latest developments; to explain apparent anomalies -and inconsistencies; to differentiate essentials from non-essentials; -to concede where concession is possible; and -to maintain with conviction the requirements to which -the architecture of tradition must yield.</p> - -<p>Nor are the books closed with this volume. As a -writer in “The Dial,”<a id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> says: “The history of Library -Science is not closed. There remain an indefinite number -of interesting chapters still to be written which are -not unlikely to prove even more significant than any -that have gone before.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[29]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-16">Architecture</h3> - -<p>Architecture, on the other hand, is a very mature -science. It is ages old, with a voluminous literature -from Vitruvius down, with many learned and skillful -votaries, who have thorough technical education. Indeed, -to a layman it seems a bit too much fettered by -education and precedent. But it has to tackle all -sorts of jobs from temples to stables, and it is very -much alive to modern progress. Witness its triumphs -with “skyscrapers,” steel construction, and re-enforced -concrete. It has an almost encyclopedic training and -can deal with all problems of itself, if required. But -for perfect work it needs a very clear and thorough -statement of the technical requirements of each problem. -Give him full information, and any good architect can -do good work.</p> - -<p>The Century Dictionary defines Architecture as combining -the requirements of (1) use and convenience, -(2) constructive necessity and fitness, (3) artistic -excellence.</p> - -<p>For buildings that are more practical than decorative, -the first is paramount, and it is on this point alone that -the librarian is qualified to speak with authority. The -other two-thirds—the larger part of the building—he -must leave to the architect. If all three points are -combined in the result, the architect should have two-thirds -of the credit, and if his library advice has been -defective, he should have the whole. And what does -he get in return, on a small building, except <i>kudos</i>? -Did you ever think how small a money reward he gets? -A lawyer or a surgeon may take, in a difficult case, all<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[30]</span> -the client or patient has in the bank or can borrow. But -an architect, no matter how difficult his problem, and -how much he has to work it out for himself with incompetent -help, is limited to a percentage suggested beforehand -by a schedule of fees. For instance, Miss Marvin -gives views and plans of a $10,000 library at Darlington, -Wis., built by Claude & Starck of Madison, which -she says meets perfectly the needs of a small library with -one slight exception. She reports the architects’ fee to -have been $379.85. For this they had to spend time -and thought on the plans, studying library science as -applied to that particular problem. They had to have -many sittings with librarian and board. They had -to pay draftsmen for elaborating several sets of plans. -They had to prepare specifications, invite, examine and -allot contracts, watch all the material that was put in -and all the work that was done. Were they overpaid? -In fact, were they fully paid for their work unless they -acted as their own draftsmen? All they really got out -of the job was the satisfaction of good work done, and -a certain amount of reputation, which I am glad to -help by this mention.</p> - -<p>When an architect does such good work as this, as a -result of giving proper consideration to the real needs -of the library, he surely ought to have credit for it, -and all librarians who know about it ought to give him -thanks and wide public praise.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[31]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-17">Where does the Library Come In?</h3> - -<p>Architecture, as I have said, deals with a wide range -of subjects, from the pure idealism of tombs, monuments -and memorial arches, to the pure realism of -twentieth century workshops. The former are, so to -speak, all outside, and proper themes for competition. -The latter are nearly all inside, to be worked out by -careful and special study of their uses.</p> - -<p>Where, in this wide circle, does the library come in? -All librarians will claim, and most architects will allow, -that it lies very near the workshop; as near it surely -as the schoolhouse. It certainly needs careful study and -adequate expert advice.</p> - -<p>The tombs, monuments, and memorial arches, are -rich subjects for architectural taste and ornament,—for -<i>venustas</i>.</p> - -<p>For workshops, for schoolhouses, ornament is inappropriate. -Good taste, shown in proportion, lines, -color, material, is still demanded, but they belong -clearly to the domain of <i>utilitas</i>.</p> - -<p>The library comes, beyond doubt, in the latter group. -There is a vast range of buildings between, more or less -proper subjects of decoration and ornamentation.</p> - -<p>But the library should incontestably be assigned to -the utilitarian extreme.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[32]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-18">What Conflict is Possible?</h3> - -<p>Are there any points where architect and librarian -may clash? There will be many points of course where -they will differ at first, and have to get together through -argument. But are there any influences toward a deadlock?</p> - -<p>On the part of the librarian there should be no -prejudice. If he be immature, or conceited and opinionated, -and only half informed, he may not deserve to -win in such a contest of ideas, but his bias at all events -would be professional, not selfish.</p> - -<p>On the side of the architect, however, might there not -be some bias? In the first place, professional bias toward -some style he has got his mind set on? He may be -too willing to sacrifice <i>utilitas</i> to <i>venustas</i> on this account. -During the Boston Public Library discussion, an architect -wrote to a daily journal: “Library buildings should -be treated as monuments, not as workshops, and must -be made beautiful even at the sacrifice of utility.” -But if any architect or any trustees now have such views, -the building committee is to blame if it employs him, or -even admits him to a competition.</p> - -<p>In two points, however, selfish considerations might -bias an architect, if he were poor or ambitious. In the -first place his remuneration is by percentage on the total -cost. The more his client spends, the more pay he gets. -This situation conflicts with economy. In the second -place, his reputation and his future prosperity depend -not so much on librarians as upon the general public, -which admires size, costly material, decoration, show.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[33]</span> -Witness the constant reappearance in magazines of the -worst libraries as examples of good architecture. Marching -with his own artistic temperament, this conflicts -with economy, utility, and simplicity.</p> - -<p>As to the danger of such a conflict, I personally have -little fear, if some care is taken in selecting the architect. -I know many of the profession. All of them I -believe would spurn the first temptation, as they would -an open bribe. Some of them might be influenced -insidiously by the second, under the guise of Pure Art. -But if shown by an expert librarian, worthy of belief, -that any architectural beauty would tend to cripple -the work of the library, I believe that every one -would yield his views promptly and willingly. Indeed, -on the first point, I have known an architect to -sacrifice his own interest knowingly.</p> - -<p>See anecdote at the bottom of <a href="#Page_131">p. 131</a> proximo.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[34]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-19">What Contest is Likely?</h3> - -<p>Putting aside any question of such serious conflicts, -are there any differences to be expected? Why not -leave it all to the architect, with what information he -can get from the local librarian? There are a number -of points to be settled both in the interior plan and -about the exterior as affected by the interior. The -question, for instance, of the best size and collocation -of rooms, and height of stories, for effective and economical -administration. The questions of shelving and -furniture, always differing somewhat from previous -problems. Such questions as ornamental fireplaces and -massive furniture, and ornamental as against effective -lighting. Questions as to the irreducible minimum -of entrance halls, passages and stairways. All these -on the interior:—on the exterior, the height of the -basement, the height of the front steps, the height of -stories and the arrangement and shape of windows, -expense of material and decoration as against more -space and better facilities inside. All these questions -are open to honest difference of opinion between a -librarian and an architect whose motives and ends are -the same. And the architect with preconceived ideas, -and a bias toward architectural effect, ought to have library -views explained to him by some librarian who is his -equal in experience, education, ability and personality.</p> - -<p>The conditions have bettered in recent years. “The -librarian’s ideal and the architect’s ideal, years ago -wide apart, are today coming closer together. Full -comparison of views may lead to agreement.”—<i>Hamlin</i> -(architect).<a id="FNanchor_24" href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[35]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-20">Where Lies the Blame?</h3> - -<p>Where should the blame of bad buildings rest? -Sometimes, certainly, on the architect. Perhaps he is -incompetent, perhaps he has been wilful. Champneys -(an architect himself) says of the English situation: “In -many cases architects have wilfully sacrificed utility to -æsthetic considerations.”<a id="FNanchor_25" href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> And so often in America. -I have recently heard of an architect chosen to build -a library with only a limited fund available, calling for -twenty-five per cent more money for more expensive -material, before he had begun to lay out the interior. -Here the blame should rest on the architect, unless he -acted under positive orders from the committee.</p> - -<p>But the architect is not always to blame. Sometimes -the librarian has not been strong enough or has not had -enough experience to guide him aright. Sometimes a -“faddy” librarian has led him to adopt features which -the profession generally disapprove. More often the -building committee have left the problem to the architect -without proper instructions, or have actually -instructed him to disregard librarians’ advice, and to -make the building showy at any sacrifice of use.</p> - -<p>The board of library trustees, not the librarian, is -the architect’s client, whose instructions he must obey. -In many cases the parties in fault have been the -trustees, or ultimately the public. “The worst possible -combination is that of board and architect, the librarian -being ignored.”—<i>Bostwick.</i><a id="FNanchor_26" href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p> - -<p>So do not blame the architect for a poor, clumsy, -extravagant building, unless you can surely place the -responsibility on him.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36"></a>[36]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-21">Grades and Classes</h3> - -<p><b>Grades.</b> In dealing with libraries, it will be well to -grade them by size, or rather by cost, which will accomplish -the same end; and to arrange them by scope.</p> - -<p>Any grades must be arbitrary, but as some attempts -at distinguishing small from large have already been -made, rather loosely, I will try to group them as I think -they can be treated. Thus:—</p> - -<ul> -<li><i>Minimum</i>, those costing under $5,000.</li> -<li><i>Small</i>, those costing from $5,000 to $20,000.</li> -<li><i>Moderate</i>, those costing from $20,000 to $75,000.</li> -<li><i>Medium</i>, those costing from $75,000 to $300,000.</li> -<li><i>Large</i>, those costing from $300,000 to $1,000,000.</li> -<li><i>Very large</i>, those costing more than $1,000,000.</li> -</ul> - -<p>Miss Marvin<a id="FNanchor_27" href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> seems to hint at $3,000 as the limit -for very small libraries, but I note that $5,000 is a more -frequent limit for Carnegie gifts, so I follow that guide.</p> - -<p>The next grade I limit to $20,000, on a suggestion -from Miss Marvin<a id="FNanchor_28" href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> that it is unwise to attempt a two-story -building for less than that sum. The third limit, -also, I assign because Miss Marvin says that it is unusual -and unadvisable to have an architectural competition -for buildings of less cost than $75,000. The other groups -are deduced from my own experience.</p> - -<p>I shall deal with only two of these groups at length, -“Minimum” and “Very Large.” The very small, or -“minimum” libraries are adequately dealt with by Miss -Marvin, Eastman, and A. L. A. Tract No. 4. See, -however, later under the heads of Plans, and also paragraphs -under all heads which fit small libraries.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37"></a>[37]</span></p> - -<p><b>Classes.</b> Arranging libraries according to their scope, -I classify them thus:—</p> - -<ul> -<li>Private.</li> -<li>Club.</li> -<li>Proprietary.</li> -<li>Institutional.</li> -<li>Professional.</li> -<li class="isub1">Scientific.</li> -<li class="isub1">Law.</li> -<li class="isub1">Medical, theological.</li> -<li class="isub1">Special business.</li> -<li>Government.</li> -<li>State.</li> -<li>Historical and antiquarian.</li> -<li>University.</li> -<li>School.</li> -<li>Public.</li> -<li class="isub1">Branches.</li> -<li class="isub1">Suburban.</li> -</ul> - -<p>Of these, I will treat Private and Club libraries in one -chapter, Proprietary, Institutional and Professional in -another, Government, State and Historical in a third, -University, College and School in a fourth. To Public -Libraries I will devote a separate chapter. “Branch” -and “Suburban” I will consider in my chapter on Public -libraries. To some one of these classes any collection of -books may be assigned; any collection, that is, which -might require separate treatment in this volume.</p> - -<p>Mr. Belden, chairman of the Mass. Public Library -Commission, writes me of the especial need of suggestions -for small libraries, “which are springing up like mushrooms, -most of them very poor specimens of what a -good small library should be.... Trustees in small -libraries are usually better planners than the librarian.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38"></a>[38]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-22">Small Library Buildings</h3> - -<p id="subhead-23"><b>Minimum.</b> For this grade of very small libraries -having, on the Carnegie ten per cent basis, not much -more than $500 a year to spend, there would seem to be -still need of a special manual. Eastman has only two -illustrations and Miss Marvin only one, in this grade, -most of their plans being far more costly. In A. L. A. -Tract No. 4, I gave about ten pages which would be -especially useful to very small libraries. Eastman and -Miss Marvin place the limits of a small library much -higher than I do. It seems to me that a library—perhaps -not the very smallest, but certainly one that could -spare $10,000 for building—would know at least where -to go for advice. But the minimum grade librarian -would be apt to be an amateur or a novice, and her -board would hardly know much about libraries or library -personnel. To them clear, succinct, systematic suggestions, -illustrated by just such views, floor plans and -statistics as Miss Marvin has given, would be a very -great help, especially in new and isolated communities.</p> - -<p>If she, with Mr. Eastman’s assistance, could compile -another manual or tract, confined to libraries which -especially need specific advice, cannot afford to pay for -it, and are situated at a distance from any experienced -librarians, I think they would do very great good. Such -libraries may even copy model plans if thus carefully -selected and commended.</p> - -<p>To condense here a few principles,—it is best to rent an -inexpensive room and furnish it very simply, until the -trustees have felt their way, know what to do and have -say a thousand dollars in sight to build with and enough<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a>[39]</span> -funds to run a building. But “it is desirable to get a -library out of rented quarters as soon as possible.”—<i>Utley.</i><a id="FNanchor_29" href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p> - -<p>“A building is a good thing; it makes the library -mean more to the public. Build to save light and coal, -build to save work in keeping neat and clean, build to -allow for growth, build so that one person can control -and do all the work.”—<i>Ranck.</i><a id="FNanchor_30" href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p> - -<p>“A plain one-story wooden building built on posts, -with only one room, heated by a stove, lighted by oil -lamps, very simply lined with wall shelving, furnished -with the plainest of tables and chairs, will do at first.”<a id="FNanchor_31" href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p> - -<p>“The public library in a small town is usually its only -intellectual center.”—<i>O. Bluemner.</i><a id="FNanchor_32" href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> And it may become -its pleasantest social center.</p> - -<p>The first development would be to a one-story, one-room -building on foundations, but not with finished -cellar or basement. Perhaps a fireplace could be added, -with more and better furniture and shelving, so planned -that different corners and separate divisions of shelving, -still under control from a central desk, could begin the -rudimentary divisions of a library; reference, light -reading, children. Serious reading would have to be -postponed, or pursued under difficulties.</p> - -<p>The next stage would still be confined to one open -main floor, to be under one central supervision, built on -the trefoil plan, center and two wings, in three rooms, -or rather three parts of one room, divided by cords, rails, -glass partitions or low bookcases. To this could be -added at the back another projection, to be used as the -reference library, or for open shelves. “In the trefoil -plan, the end wall of the book room at the back might -well be all glass, with no windows at the sides. This<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40"></a>[40]</span> -would be very easy to extend.”—<i>O. Bluemner.</i><a id="FNanchor_33" href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> Up to -this time, no provision need be made for a private room -for the librarian.</p> - -<p>But about this stage it is time to think of a raised -cellar or basement, which will about double the available -floor space and begin to allow division into departments, -the first increase of force being a janitor who -can act as supervisor of the lower rooms.</p> - -<p>Soon after this a regular trefoil building can be erected -with practicable basement, with the introduction of -two small rooms at the inner corners of the back ell, -where they need not block light from any room.</p> - -<p>From this on to a two-story building with stairs, there -are many alternatives, and no regular style of building -can be prescribed.</p> - -<p>When a town has no adviser at hand, it can apply -to the state library commission, or if there is none in the -state, to the nearest state commission, which at least -can advise from what librarian it can get good advice.</p> - -<p>Most of the very small libraries described in the 1899 -Report of the Mass. Free Public Library Commission -occupy a room or rooms in schoolhouses, town halls, -churches, the librarian’s house, or public blocks. The -smallest grade of separate library buildings seem to me -more uniformly appropriate and beautiful than many of -higher grades.</p> - -<p>As I drive about seashore and mountain resorts and -through small country towns, I see many beautiful little -library buildings, usually closed at the time I pass, so -that I cannot inspect the interiors. In the 1899 Report -of the Mass. Free Public Library Commission, I find -descriptions of several low-cost library buildings. For -instance:—</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a>[41]</span></p> - -<table summary="Low-cost library buildings"> - <tr> - <td><i>Old buildings bought</i>:</td> - <td>Westbury</td> - <td>cost</td> - <td class="tdr">$100.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Boxford</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">360.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Scituate</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">700.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Mendon</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">1,000.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>West Tisbury</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">1,063.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><i>New wooden buildings</i>:</td> - <td>Marston’s Mills</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">425.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Freetown</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">1,500.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Provincetown</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">3,000.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>North Scituate</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">3,000.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Southwick</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">3,000.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><i>New brick buildings</i>:</td> - <td>Bernardiston</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">2,000.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Buckland</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">2,500.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Templeton</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">2,500.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="noindent">with several others costing less than $5,000 and many -costing $10,000 or less. Of some of these, exterior -views are given in the report. I should much like to see -interior views, floor plans, full statistics and comments -of local librarians.</p> - -<p>In A. L. A. Library Tract No. 4 I said, and still think, -that—</p> - -<p>“A rough, unpainted, cellarless, one-room wooden -building could be put together for say $250, and can -be fitted up and made comfortable in all weathers for -as much more.</p> - -<p>“From $1,000 to $2,500 will pay for a tasteful wooden -building amply sufficient for a library of not over 5,000 -volumes.</p> - -<p>“$2,500 to $5,000 will erect a similar building, to -hold 10,000 volumes or more.</p> - -<p>“From $10,000 up will provide for a brick building, -and from $15,000 up a stone building for growing libraries -of 15,000 volumes or more, with the varied functions -that such a collection implies.”</p> - -<p>These figures are only an approximation and will vary -in different sections, with prices of material and labor, -but they will do for rough guess to start with.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42"></a>[42]</span></p> - -<p>The only comments in Miss Marvin’s pamphlet which -seem specially to apply to this grade are these:—</p> - -<p>“A building costing $3,000 or less cannot have library -rooms in the basement.” (p. 5.)</p> - -<p>“A $5,000 building usually consists of one large well-lighted -room, with basement for storage and workrooms.” -(p. 5.)</p> - -<p>“Small buildings will be the same as the $10,000 buildings -in the points of light, shelving, etc.” (p. 5.)</p> - -<p id="subhead-24"><b>Small Buildings.</b> But the grade from $5,000 to -$20,000, which probably will include a large majority -of American libraries, would be apt to be more sophisticated, -to have a bright and even a trained librarian, and -one or two practical trustees who could seek advice -intelligently, get at similar libraries in their neighborhood -or state, pick out a good architect, and not need -precedents quite so much. Their problems are much the -same as those of larger libraries. Their need of features -looking towards economy of administration and effectiveness -of supervision with a small force would be -greater; but they would begin to have many of the -essential functions of larger libraries; especially, in our -rapidly developing communities, the interior and exterior -provisions for growth which require such intelligent -forethought and careful planning. Whatever may be -thought of larger problems, here is the place for an -experienced library architect, one who has already built -a small library which stands the test of use, some clever -and sympathetic young architect, perhaps, who has -already shown his skill as a builder and his taste -as a designer, but who is not too busy to give -some of his own time to the task. With such an -architect, thoroughly commended by librarians who -know his work, there may not be need of a paid -library expert.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43"></a>[43]</span></p> - -<p>Koch gives illustrations of ten library buildings in -this grade, besides several branch libraries whose cost -is not stated. Miss Marvin gives twelve illustrations -in this grade; Eastman ten.</p> - -<p>In this “small” grade would come many branches -and many suburban libraries.</p> - -<p>Some English plans show a two-story head-house, -with a one-story extension to the rear, lighted from the -roof. Why would not this plan work well on narrow -and deep city lots?</p> - -<p>Since writing the above, I have had a letter from Miss -Marvin, from which I quote, “I should like to suggest -that you advise small libraries to consider their state -library commissions as their official advisers in the -matter of building. They could help in detail work, -pass upon their plans, and above all prepare the instructions -for the architect before he begins to draw. Out -in our part of the country in smaller towns, there are -very few competent architects, and a great many -beginners, who do not ask or expect instructions from -the library boards. They simply draw pictures of their -ideas of interiors and exteriors of libraries.”</p> - -<p>See Light, artificial, <a href="#Page_201">p. 201</a>; and Ventilation, windows-system, -<a href="#Page_210">p. 210</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44"></a>[44]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-25">Moderate and Medium Libraries</h3> - -<p>Buildings to cost anywhere from $20,000 to $1,000,000 -present much the same kind of problems, varied more by -class than by cost, but growing more complicated, of -course, with increased size and scope.</p> - -<p>To quote again:<a id="FNanchor_34" href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></p> - -<p>“As a library grows, the rudimentary divisions still -prevail, sub-divided according to special needs, such as -<i>Separation of books</i>, as under art, music, patents, etc; -<i>Separation of work</i>, as librarians, delivery, janitor, etc.; -<i>Separation of readers</i>, as adults, children, serious and -light reading, etc.”</p> - -<p>The architect’s special parts of the problem, construction -and exterior, grow rather less than the librarian’s. -The latter’s problems increase with the number of departments -and rooms, The principles remain substantially -the same, but their application to the relations of -books, administration and readers requires more study. -The necessity for special experience and maturer judgment -becomes greater and greater, and the librarian’s -side of consultation needs strengthening with every -thousand cubic feet of size to be apportioned rightly. -With increased size the diversities of use between different -classes of libraries become more technical and intricate. -Unless the local librarian is expert and mature he needs -an able and experienced adviser to be able to hold his -own with the architect, who will wish his problem more -thoroughly and authoritatively presented as it becomes -more complex.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45"></a>[45]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-26">Very Large Buildings</h3> - -<p>The buildings to cost over a million dollars are likely -to be in the state, public or university classes. Some -of their peculiar phases will be discussed under those -heads. The features they have in common are size, -material and construction, entrances, stack, relation of -stack to reading rooms, underground stories, stairs and -elevators.</p> - -<p>Material and construction are perhaps the most -problematical. As has already been questioned, must -libraries be of solid stone construction like most of our -recent public buildings? Must they be gloomy dungeons -like our typical custom-houses? One objection to massive -and imposing build is the burden of shade imposed -on the inside rooms and corridors by thick walls, deep -window embrasures, rows of columns, porticos and -overhanging cornices. Can they not be given sufficient -dignity and yet be of modern steel construction, like -our business blocks that are so light and airy? Or, if -an imposing front be necessary, why not plan it with -columns, portico and approaches, as a mere façade to -mask three other exterior walls and partitions of light -construction? One important consideration toward this -end is the belief of librarians that every building may -require alteration, enlargement, possibly replacement in -less than a generation, and ought not therefore to be -too solid.</p> - -<p>Why not put the stacks on the front and sides, thus -giving a light construction tone to the building?</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46"></a>[46]</span></p> - -<p>If such a daring experiment could be made for a very -large library, it would lead to omission of impressive -outside stairs and rows of useless columns, which often -incumber entrances and largely increase the cost of -library buildings.</p> - -<p>The stack, still in the course of development in smaller -libraries, must be studied as the principal problem in a -very large library.</p> - -<p>Room to store enormous and continually enlarging -stocks of books will be required. Where to put the -reading rooms is a minor problem, the chief query -being where to give them the best daylight, either outside, -or on courtyards, or under the roof; to leave ample -space for them, not too far from books and administration -rooms. Could a large enough stack be built on -what might be called the daylight fronts and the daylight -stories? The question of dark, central or underground -stacks will be discussed in a separate chapter. -It is only outlined here as one of the chief problems of -the very large building.</p> - -<p>Elevators and mechanical carriers, house telephones -or speaking tubes will furnish larger problems the -larger the building is to be.</p> - -<p>Inside stairs and passages, just large enough, no -larger, than will be required for use, and so carefully -placed as to unite, rather than separate, departments of -the library, will in themselves be a special study both in -service and in economy of space and cost. The more -unnecessary cubic space, width, length and height, you -waste on them, the more your library will cost to build, -and the more will be the annual expense of caring for -it and of repairing it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47"></a>[47]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-27">CLASSES</h3> - -<h4 id="subhead-28">Private and Club Libraries</h4> - -<p><b>Private libraries</b>, while a frequent problem for architects -(in the United States there were over a hundred -thousand in 1870, averaging 250 volumes to a library, -according to the ninth census) have not much to interest -librarians, who are seldom called in to run them. A -private library is oftenest a more or less casual collection -for the use of the owner and his family. Occasionally -it expresses some special taste in reading or -collecting. But whatever it includes, it is at the same -time a store room and a reading room for a very few -persons, as it was in old Roman times, so that it would -be fitting for the architect to take the old Roman tone -in its treatment, the tone of the Vatican library in miniature. -Wall shelving, open or glassed cases, carvings, free -decoration, busts above the bookcases, friezes, whatever -he thinks appropriate and cozy, may be used in it.</p> - -<p>Gladstone in his interesting article on “Books and -the Housing of Them”<a id="FNanchor_35" href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> describes an arrangement for -twenty thousand volumes (evidently his own library) -“all visible, all within easy reach, in a room of quite -ordinary size.” He sketches a floor plan of shallow piers -or alcoves all around a room 20 × 40, with most of the -centre left open for furniture. This plan is worth looking -up by an architect charged with planning so large -a private or club library.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48"></a>[48]</span></p> - -<p><b>A club library</b> is only an extension of the private -library idea, to be used by many men rather than by a -few. Here the tone may be the same, varied perhaps -by the first formal monastic features.</p> - -<p>Here alcoves might well be used, with no rigid steel -stacks, but handsome wooden shelving.</p> - -<p>Just few enough men could find quiet seats, with books -all around them, a cozy window seat with a leaded -window to look out of, not too many other readers or -busy attendants to disturb their quiet by hunting books -on the neighboring shelves.</p> - -<p>A private or club library is a good subject for an architect -to exploit, taking beautifully bound books as the -key to his ornamental treatment. Quiet, artistic lights -are appropriate, rich old woods and decorative rugs; -everything that is taboo in a public library. The keynotes -should be rest, comfort, literary cosiness, private -proprietorship; if anything more, refined hospitality -to personal friends.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49"></a>[49]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-29">Proprietary, Institutional</h4> - -<p><b>Proprietary.</b> By these I mean what might be called -literary clubs, owned in shares, and supported by dues, -like Athenæums. Most of these combine some of the -features of club libraries, and the reference and circulating -functions of public libraries. Their constituency -is smaller, however, more select, and usually has a -higher degree of literary taste. In building, they will -usually need rather more of the home or club atmosphere -than other classes of libraries, and much less -supervision. Here, for instance, the alcove and the -window-nook might properly be used in reading rooms. -The readers would be fewer, even in busy hours, and -more homogeneous, so that a nervous man might pre-empt -an alcove or a window seat and remain for hours -comparatively undisturbed by either attendants or by -other readers. Such societies will rarely build until -they have a stable membership, many books and an -accomplished librarian. From him the architect can -learn the characteristics and habits of the members, and -can begin planning by studying the features that will -please them. As to the shelving of books, the administration -and delivery, their problems will be much like -other libraries, with perhaps more open access, especially -to the new books for circulation.</p> - -<p>The old-fashioned Mercantile Library, of which some -survive in vigor, is similar in support, but more democratic -in membership, and ought to be treated architecturally -more like a public library, without children’s -rooms or such social science features.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50"></a>[50]</span></p> - -<p><b>Institutional.</b> Under this group I would include -the libraries of endowed or charitable societies, such as -Young Men’s Christian Associations.</p> - -<p>If these are wealthy enough, they might have separate -buildings or wings or stories for library use. Usually, -however, they can only afford to set aside rooms or -suites in buildings largely devoted to other purposes,—offices, -class rooms, lectures, gymnasium. In such case, -the library should be carefully planned to give it the -best frontage and light.</p> - -<p>Where there can be ample, and if possible separate -elevator service, the upper floors, with some light -through the roof, would probably offer the best opportunities. -Rooms elsewhere in the building would give -club facilities, so that feature of proprietary libraries -might be omitted. The usual storage for books and good -reference and light-reading-room facilities should be -provided. If teaching is prominent in the plan of the -institution, something like seminar rooms in colleges -might be planned near the library, and private rooms for -teachers and advanced students.</p> - -<p>The administration of the library would probably be -separate from that of other departments. The library -might then be shut off from the rest of the building -by sound-proof partitions, opening from a main corridor -or from stairs and elevator, so as to be quiet and complete -in itself.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51"></a>[51]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-30">Professional</h4> - -<p>This group might be sub-divided into scientific, -medical, theological, law, and special or business; each -requiring individual treatment and the advice of a -librarian of mature experience in just that specialty. -Here again the library will often be housed only in a room -or a suite of rooms, to which should be assigned the best -possible situation in the building, bearing in mind -quiet, light and easy access. The users will be so select -and responsible that they can be allowed full access -to the shelves. Their use will be like that of professors -or graduate students in a university. Wall -shelving around rooms in which there are tables for -readers; or where many books have to be assembled in -one room, shallow alcoves and wall shelving opposite -good light with tables near the windows; would be suitable -arrangements for such rooms, with a minimum of -service and supervision, and of florid ornamentation. -Where a separate building is possible, other features -might be added. Then, of course, general considerations -would apply as to storage of books, administration -and accommodation of readers.</p> - -<p id="subhead-31"><b>Scientific.</b> These would probably be libraries of -separate or affiliated societies, in a building with club -features; really specialized club libraries, for members -only. They would be reference libraries almost entirely, -without much circulation. Alcoves and wall shelving -would be appropriate, with tables and racks for professional -periodicals, and facilities for writing, without -much probability of a great rush at any one time.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52"></a>[52]</span></p> - -<p id="subhead-32"><b>Medical.</b> These would have much the same use as -scientific, much the same quarters, much the same -treatment. They would generally be larger, often with -separate buildings. Special thought would have to be -given to periodicals, the current numbers and back sets -of which form a large proportion of the literature of this -profession.</p> - -<p>There were only thirty medical libraries listed in the -government report of 1876, and very few of these appeared -to have separate buildings. It would seem -appropriate, in this class, to have a museum in the same -building as the library, to illustrate the professional -literature graphically.</p> - -<p id="subhead-33"><b>Theological.</b> The majority of such libraries would -be attached to schools or colleges and partake of the -treatment of departments in universities. There are a -few large general theological libraries, however, with -separate buildings. Quiet study, open access, slight -supervision, inexpensive service, are their requisites. -In theological schools it may be desirable to have class -rooms near the library.</p> - -<p>Separate rooms for quiet reading and writing would -always be a convenience, if funds allow.</p> - -<p>Where much attention is paid to the older literature -of theology, a special provision of shelves for folios and -quartos would be required.</p> - -<p id="subhead-34"><b>Special and Business.</b> As these libraries have -recently formed a separate society or section of the -American Library Association, they evidently have -unique subjects to discuss, but few of them have attained -the dignity of separate buildings.</p> - -<p>They generally have to content themselves with a -suite of rooms. Each one has its individual character, -and can be ranked perhaps in the scientific and professional<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53"></a>[53]</span> -classes, except that any one library will probably -have a more restricted group of readers, consisting of -the partners and employees of the maintaining firm or -establishment.</p> - -<p>If the problem of providing such rooms comes to an -architect, he should get instructions from the proprietor -and librarian as to its special needs in shelving and -other facilities.</p> - -<p>In Chicago especially, where part of expense of such -libraries is sometimes assumed by the Public Library, -they cover a wide field of usefulness and assume proportionate -importance.</p> - -<p>Their number seems likely to increase rapidly as large -firms differentiate, become wealthy, and can use technical -libraries for the solution of manufacturing and -commercial questions arising so frequently in every-day -business that time and expense can be saved by -having their own books handy instead of getting them -from more public libraries.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54"></a>[54]</span></p> - -<p id="subhead-35"><b>Law.</b> Literature of this class has such a peculiar use that -law libraries need separate treatment and merit a special -chapter. They are sometimes small, as county law -libraries; or large—law-school, bar, city, state. They -will usually be assigned to rooms in state capitols, city -halls, or court houses, and trustees should exert early -and strenuous efforts toward getting good and adequate -locations assigned to them.</p> - -<p>With good elevator service, it is certain that a whole -top floor of the building, or the top floors of a roomy -wing, will give the quietest, lightest, and most commodious -quarters.</p> - -<p>As both the study and practice of the law largely rest -on precedents, the books which are most frequently -cited have to be shelved close to ample table or desk -facilities.</p> - -<p>No matter how ample these are, every seat is apt to -be filled during the busy hours of the day.</p> - -<p>Lawyers like to look up, pick out, and themselves take -to their desks, the books they want to use, and therefore -there should be open access to all the shelves.</p> - -<p>Alcoves are proper here, but more for extending shelf -room—really wide open-access floor cases—than for -study, which is better at tables.</p> - -<p>Space enough is desirable on the main floor for all -the books in common demand and for most of the -readers.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55"></a>[55]</span></p> - -<p>The quarters recently obtained by the Social Law -Library in the new extension of the court house in Boston, -though not especially erected for the library, are -very satisfactory. They comprise a long, lofty room, -thoroughly lighted from high windows, with wall and -alcove shelving opposite the light; with gallery possibilities -for future growth; an opening to the main story -of a stack; and a few rooms for hearings and quiet -brief-making. The alcoves are wide enough for passing, -but not for study at table. The long tables occupy that -half of the length of the room which adjoins the outer -wall and have ample diffused rather than direct daylight -from windows high up in the wall.</p> - -<p>One thing the Boston Social Law Library could not -obtain space for, and which would be very desirable, -is a sufficiency of private study rooms. In planning for -the library, a circular with questions was sent to several -large law libraries. One question was, “How many -private rooms could you use?” All answers called for -several rooms; one librarian would like to have fifty.</p> - -<p>The tendency in all libraries is toward ample opportunities -for quiet study, but in law libraries, authors, investigators, -makers of briefs, especially need privacy and -abstraction.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56"></a>[56]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-36">Government: Historical</h4> - -<p id="subhead-37"><b>U. S. Government.</b> Libraries for the United States -government are generally located in the national capitol. -One has a separate building, the Library of Congress. -The others are attached to the Departments and housed -in the Department Buildings.</p> - -<p>They may be treated much as law libraries are; -indeed a large part of each of them constitutes a law -library. Set aside for them well-lighted rooms with -a good aspect, in a quiet part of the building. If the -rooms are as lofty as the floors of the ordinary department -building require, arrange for a two or three-story -steel stack. There will be limited service to be provided -for, limited circulation, and a rather limited -and well-defined storage.</p> - -<p>A special problem may soon come, in the form of -legislation for a Supreme Court building, which must certainly -provide for the consultation library of the Supreme -Court, and perhaps for a great part of the Congressional -Law Library. In the first instance, the collocation of -court room, consultation room, judges’ private apartments, -and library, will have to be carefully studied. -If the main law library is to come to the new building, -it will preponderate architecturally, with the necessary -reading and study rooms for the bar. Strong common -sense, and able library and juridical advice, will be required -to avoid smothering the very definite uses of such -a building in architectural embellishments.</p> - -<p id="subhead-38"><b>State.</b> Each state in the American Union has -at least one “state library” at the capital, usually in the -capitol, maintained at public charge primarily for the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57"></a>[57]</span> -use of state officers, legislators and courts. Latterly -they have become also central reference libraries for -schools, colleges and citizens throughout the state, and -traveling library centers, requiring special facilities for -these services. They also require storage for public -documents—very near dead literature, fit for close -and perhaps dark storage. The growth of state libraries -is phenomenal, largely from exchange of documents -with other states and the United States, an immense and -rapidly increasing literature (quadrupling every twenty-five -years) which must be shelved in some form.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“There must be a division of a state library into law, -documents, and miscellaneous, with a separate building -for law and documents.... I am inclined to see the -ideal state library as a great warehouse building. I -want a dignified, simple, fireproof building; with heat, -light, ventilation, conveniences for work, the very best -that can be made, and without a dollar for elaborate display.”—<i>Johnson -Brigham</i>, State librarian of Iowa.<a id="FNanchor_36" href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></p> - -</div> - -<p>In building new state capitols, and in replacing old -ones, there is considerable work ahead. In such an -impressive and dignified building as the people want, -the real needs of departments of the government, especially -of the library, get scant consideration. To the -library is often assigned some part of a prominent -wing whose features, height of stories, size and arrangement -of windows, style of shelving and furniture, are -largely governed by supposed exigencies of the exterior, -developed before the interior has been planned. It will -require superhuman effort on the part of librarian to -get model library quarters into such environment, but -tact, early work, and persistence can often ameliorate -conditions. Galleries and alcoves you will probably -have to accept and do the best you can with, but it is<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58"></a>[58]</span> -open to some daring architect to build a stack in full -sight, occupying the back half of the inevitable high -room, with stack windows on the outside, giving an organ -tone to the façade, and an open stack front within to -give a similar tone to the interior.</p> - -<p><b>Separate Library Buildings.</b> Large states have -already begun to give separate buildings to their general -or at least to their law libraries (see <a href="#subhead-35"><i>Law</i></a>). Such a -segregation is to be commended, if space and money can -be afforded, for here the library problems can be -treated without prejudice, unhampered by traditions -of American State Capitol Architecture.</p> - -<p>“I am sure I would never put the State Library in the -Capitol. The number of books the state legislature and -officers use is very limited.”—<i>Dewey.</i><a id="FNanchor_37" href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p> - -<p>Simple construction, appropriate fenestration, interior -planning beforehand with definite purposes, disregard -of outside flights of steps and porticos, compression -of inside passages to a minimum, quiet and restful -shape and coloring, may yet produce buildings both -useful and beautiful, which people of taste will come -thousands of miles to see. Here is a fertile field for state -librarians, state commissions, and talented architects.</p> - -<p id="subhead-39"><b>Historical.</b> Though not always on the same grounds -as the state library, most such libraries are situated at -the capitol, and have similar characteristics. They -ought surely to have dignity and nobility of style, as they -have in subject. They are entirely reference libraries, -and should have preponderant accommodations for -students and investigators, but in proportion to their -size they have needs as to storage of books and for -readers, very like those of other reference libraries. So far -as they include antiquities, they need museum rooms and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59"></a>[59]</span> -corridors in their buildings, usually assembly and lecture -rooms, and always large fireproof safe rooms or vaults.</p> - -<p>See full floor plans of the Wisconsin State Historical -Society Building.—<i>Adams.</i><a id="FNanchor_38" href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></p> - -<p id="subhead-40"><b>Genealogical and Antiquarian.</b> So far as libraries -are called distinctly antiquarian rather than historical, -the museum function increases. Antiquities, even -strictly literary, require different treatment from books. -Glass doors for larger wall cases, glass cases for manuscripts -and incunabula, merit wider corridors and rooms -of different proportions, with different lighting. There -must be more screens and free wall room for maps, -engravings and pictures. There must be different service -and supervision.</p> - -<p>Genealogy has become such a favorite fad, and has -so many societies which foster it, that separate space, -perhaps separate buildings, will have to be provided for -it. The features of such buildings, however, need have -no marked distinction from historical and antiquarian -libraries.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60"></a>[60]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-41">Educational</h4> - -<p>The library needs of all these educational institutions -are similar. It has been said that there are three -classes to be considered,—professors, graduate or advanced -students, and undergraduates.</p> - -<p>The ordinary youthful students do not get much time -for general reading and do not need unrestricted access -to all the shelves. If they can get at general and special -reference books, their own text-books, and the books -recommended by their instructors, it is all they want.</p> - -<p>The professors and teachers, however, and to a certain -extent advanced students, may wish to browse anywhere, -and can be trusted to go anywhere. They want facilities -for examining and selecting books in the stacks, they -want quiet rooms to take books to (perhaps several books) -where they can read, copy and write.</p> - -<p>The professors want department and “<i>seminar</i>” rooms, -shelved sometimes for permanent sub-libraries of their -own technical books, always for books of present use -in their daily classes. They also like to have individual -rooms for study, and for their records.</p> - -<p>The relation of these rooms to the general library is -the peculiar and pressing problem of scholastic library -building. Dr. Canfield said that the question, shall departmental -libraries be included in the building of the -general library? has not two sides, but a dozen.</p> - -<p id="subhead-42"><b>School Libraries.</b> These should not perhaps be -treated here, as they rarely, perhaps never, have separate -buildings. But as schools rise in grade, or are grouped -in large buildings, their libraries may attain size and -individual character, and the rooms assigned to them<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61"></a>[61]</span> -need careful planning. Good light first, with cheerful -aspect; an accessible central position; wall shelving, -combined perhaps with shallow alcoves opposite windows; -spaces and tables for teachers and for scholars of different -grades; a central space for general reference books, -an attendant, and what passing to and fro is necessary; -as good artificial light as the classrooms,—these would -seem obvious desiderata.</p> - -<p id="subhead-43"><b>College.</b> Colleges and universities vary little except -in size, and perhaps in the proportion advanced investigation -and large departments bear to prescribed undergraduate -study.</p> - -<p>Rather open stacks, with carrels, would be preferable -in a college; a good general reading room, or a suite of -rooms slightly differentiated; nooks and private desks, -with a private room or rooms for professors; wall shelving -in professors’, class or seminar rooms, with shallow -alcoves or floor cases at end of rooms for possibilities -of enlargement.</p> - -<p>Simple, central, inexpensive administration, with tubes -or telephones to different rooms and departments; a -central position in the college group or building, ample -provision for growth, as gifts come in—these points -suggest themselves.</p> - -<p>At the St. Louis Conference in 1889, a suggestion was -made that inasmuch as the library is the heart of a -university, it should be given a central position from -which the other buildings should radiate.<a id="FNanchor_39" href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></p> - -<p id="subhead-44"><b>University.</b> Many universities are so large that -most of their problems have been suggested in the -chapter on Very Large Libraries.</p> - -<p>Here the question of seminar or department libraries -becomes acute. In some respects it is analogous to that of -branches to a public library, but it is far more complicated.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62"></a>[62]</span></p> - -<p>How many departments are to be provided for; how -far can they be served from the main library; if they -are to have separate libraries, how large should these -be; do they need permanent libraries, or only books sent -from time to time; how far shall they duplicate the -contents of the central library; how far shall they have -department librarians under control of the general -librarian? All these questions affect the planning of -buildings.</p> - -<p>Law and medicine generally have separate buildings -and separate administration. As to other departments, -systems vary in universities. Indeed, no two seem to -have the same system. The one adopted at Brown is -simple, inexpensive, efficient. This assigns all the departments -to a separate building, not far from the central -library, and connected with it by telephone, tunnel, -and mechanical carrier. This building has a central -room for one attendant. Round him are grouped the -reference books needed by all departments, and any -professor, through him, can call books at will from the -delivery desk at the main library. In this arrangement -each department can have its own shelving, and its -head can have an adjoining private room, with convenient -storage for his own books and papers.</p> - -<p>A system, some variety of which seems common, provides -wings or galleries on various floors for the seminar -rooms, more or less conveniently served from the main -library.</p> - -<p>Other universities have their departments dotted -around the grounds, wherever they happen to have been -placed from time to time, without apparent reference -to the library, and served from it only by messenger.</p> - -<p>Others have seminar rooms built in various forms -near the library building, with bridges or arcades between, -by which they have access to their own branch of literature, -stored in an adjacent part of the library.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63"></a>[63]</span></p> - -<p>Others again have rooms fitted more or less cleverly -into the body or corners of a general stack. A very -convenient location would be a special seminar -story over the stack, with both top and side light, -which would allow a large number of rooms of any -required sizes.</p> - -<p>Without the seminar complication, Mr. Patton<a id="FNanchor_40" href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> is -perhaps right in saying that the college library presents -a simpler problem than the public library, for it has less -circulation, and no children to deal with; but with it, -especially on a large scale, this is one of the most perplexing -puzzles of library planning.</p> - -<p>Mr. Patton also suggests<a id="FNanchor_41" href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> that the best location for -a college library is one that does not require architectural -façades on all sides, and that a slope backwards has -advantages. The same may be said of many other -kinds of libraries.</p> - -<p>In a recent number of the <i>Popular Science Monthly</i><a id="FNanchor_42" href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> -it is suggested that a university might be built in a -compact group, with a common façade, as beautiful -as possible; offices and lecture rooms to be directly -behind this show front; the library occupying a -central position further back, flanked by the departments, -all connected and all built on “the unit -plan” for easy enlargement sideways, endways, up, -or down.</p> - -<p>In recent projects, there seems to be a tendency toward -schemes for a college group, evolved evidently not from -the use of the several buildings, but from desire for architectural -harmony. Those interested in the library should -strive to have it omitted from any such general scheme, -and relegated to any modest position in the background, -where its details could be worked out without any such -exterior bias.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64"></a>[64]</span></p> - -<p>The position of the general reading room is another -major problem. In a small college it can be put, as a -single room or a suite, almost anywhere within easy -reach, near the main entrance, and preferably on the -main floor. In a large university a one-story ground -floor room in the center of the building, just back of the -main entrance, not too high (lest the roof cut off too -much light from the lower windows of the wings opening -on the courtyard), would seem to be a good location.</p> - -<p>Administration rooms, as in other libraries, should be -central, well lighted, suitably collocated, and quiet. -The delivery desk would better be separate from the -reading room, unless it could be combined with the -service desk in that room, and so placed toward -the entrance end or side as not to let the stir and -noise disturb readers.</p> - -<p>Where to put the catalog cases adjoining both departments, -with good light, is usually another puzzle -inviting study.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65"></a>[65]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-45">Public Libraries</h4> - -<p>“For the American people the library of the future -is unquestionably the free public library, established -with private or public funds, and maintained wholly -or in part at public expense under municipal control.”—<i>Fletcher.</i><a id="FNanchor_43" href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p> - -<p>“The ‘public library’ is established by state laws, supported -by local taxation and voluntary gifts, and managed -as a public trust. It is not a library simply for scholars, -but for the whole community, the mechanic, the laborer, -the youth, for all who desire to read, whatever be their -rank or condition in life.”—<i>William F. Poole.</i><a id="FNanchor_44" href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></p> - -<p>“The library of the immediate future for the American -people is unquestionably the free public library, brought -under municipal ownership and control and treated as -part of the educational system.”—<i>Dana, L. P.</i><a id="FNanchor_45" href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></p> - -<p>The building of the public library must recognize and -serve these noble aims. The idea of public libraries is -as old as Rome; their aims are essentially modern in -their democracy.</p> - -<p>“Modern ideas of the functions of a public library -are,—lending books for home use; free access to the -shelves; cheerful and homelike surroundings; rooms for -children; co-operation with schools; long hours of -opening; the extension of branch-library systems and -traveling libraries; lectures and exhibits; the thousand -and one activities that distinguish the modern library -from its more passive predecessor.”—<i>Bostwick.</i><a id="FNanchor_46" href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66"></a>[66]</span></p> - -<p id="subhead-46">The impulse of these ideas should be practically felt -in the planning of buildings. Precedents, models, the -fetters of architectural style, must be thrown aside -where they impede or hamper progress. Architecture -must march side by side with Library Science, should -even lead it and show it the most effective ways to work -out the new idea.</p> - -<p>In the first place, “cheerful and homelike surroundings” -do not accord with lofty rooms, vast halls, and heavy -architecture; and dazzling decoration must not repel -the man in a working suit.</p> - -<p>Popular features should not entirely banish books and -accommodations for students. “Every public library -should be a library of study. Besides professional scholars -and teachers, even authors or editors among residents, -there are students in the higher schools, university -extension students, members of literary clubs, cultivated -college graduates, lawyers, clergymen, who should find -congenial facilities in a building meant for the whole -community.”—<i>Fletcher.</i><a id="FNanchor_47" href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></p> - -<p>On the other hand, it would be a shame to let such -serious reading and literature crowd out any popular or -educational features, or take an undue share of the -construction or maintenance funds.</p> - -<p>What should be especially planned for, is inviting and -cozy provision for the ambitious young men or women -who want to educate themselves either by general -reading, or by the special literature of their occupation -in life; and for the tired women whether housekeepers, -workers or idlers, who can find in books or -magazines or papers relaxation and recreation from -their home burdens.</p> - -<p>Children’s rooms, now always a principal feature to -be planned, will have a separate chapter.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67"></a>[67]</span></p> - -<p id="subhead-47"><b>Branch.</b> The branch library, as distinguished from -distributing or delivery stations, has its own building, -and deserves as careful study as the main library in a -small city. Branches vary from merely local stations -relying on main libraries for most of the administrative -work, to branches practically independent. The problem -of branch libraries has come into prominence recently, -especially since Carnegie has made so many gifts in -this direction. Most of them fall into the “small” -grade, but in large cities many rise to the “moderate” -and even “medium” figures. One branch library in -Philadelphia, with special endowment, cost $800,000, -but that is very exceptional.</p> - -<p>The first question is site. Good authorities say that -there ought to be branches about a mile apart; one, that -is, within half a mile’s walk of any family. Crunden -says,<a id="FNanchor_48" href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> “The ideal would be to have a branch library as -often as we have a public school.” The average constituency -of branches in Great Britain is said to be -60,000. In this country it has been suggested that -there ought to be one for every 40,000 dense population, -or one to 25,000 in opener districts. But there can be -no invariable rule. Circumstances differ as well as -available funds.</p> - -<p>Chas. W. Sutton of Manchester, in an article on -branch libraries,<a id="FNanchor_49" href="#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> summarizes:—</p> - -<p>“There should be a lending library for every 40,000 -in close populations, 25,000 or 30,000 in scattered -communities.</p> - -<p>“Placed on car lines in the thick of the population.</p> - -<p>“Not more than a mile apart.</p> - -<p>“Never more than 15,000 volumes in stock.</p> - -<p>“A majority consider 10,000 volumes a great sufficiency -even in a large city branch.<a id="FNanchor_50" href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68"></a>[68]</span></p> - -<p>“No library with less income than $7,500 should -try branches. It would be cheaper to pay borrowers’ -carfares to and from the main library.”</p> - -<p>See <i>Bostwick</i>, “Branches and Stations.”<a id="FNanchor_51" href="#Footnote_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></p> - -<p>A good general rule is to watch neighborhoods, especially -outlying districts, and notice where schools or fire -department buildings are demanded, and where little -groups of local stores spring up. These groups usually -form in the most accessible localities in new districts. -It has been said that branches in residence quarters -are more used than those in business centers. This -is undoubtedly true of business sections in large -cities, but, nevertheless, even locations in residence -quarters should be chosen for ready access, and -ready access with local demands has already selected -such locations for stores in smaller places. A lot -near a schoolhouse is always good: it is handy for -the children.</p> - -<p>Like other small libraries, branches have to be planned -for easy supervision and economical service, hence, all -departments should be on one floor, with high basement, -if possible, for janitor, heating, toilet, and possible social -service functions, like classes and lectures. Provide for -delivery, a few quick-reference books, and a limited -stock of books to be lent.</p> - -<p>The number of books to be shelved will vary with the -constituency, from 2,000 to 15,000 volumes—the fewer -the better. When once settled, no growth need be provided -for, as disused books can be sent back to the central -library from time to time, to make place for new -books. Nor will administration grow largely. But -growth in the parts allotted to different kinds of reading, -to children, and to social service functions must be provided -for, inside the building preferably.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69"></a>[69]</span></p> - -<p>Corners, or railed-off parts of rooms, will separate -periodicals and other light reading from children, reference -books and delivery desk. Readers should be able -to choose books and help themselves by absolutely open -access, to minimize cost of service. Very little provision -need be made for serious readers, who can be -referred to the central library. If any cataloguing is -to be done at the branch, a librarian’s room must be -provided. If not, and there is only one attendant, an -enclosed delivery desk is enough, and the space usually -taken up by a librarian’s room can be given to books or -readers.</p> - -<p>The conditions in city branches will be very similar -to those in small towns, with perhaps less of the neighborhood -club, and more of the social service idea, without -any problems of increased storage of books, and with -more difficulties in foreseeing changes.</p> - -<p>As to cost, a report to the city of New York recommended -$5,000 for small branches, and up to $10,000 -for large ones. But in Brooklyn and other cities, separate -branches for sections as large as, and situated like, -suburban towns, have cost as high as $150,000.</p> - -<p>A very interesting case of establishing several branches at -once may be found in a description of the Brooklyn plan.<a id="FNanchor_52" href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a></p> - -<p>In New York city, to get more branches than could -be afforded in buying expensive sites, and to get them -where they were wanted, single buildings in the midst -of blocks have been taken.</p> - -<p>In England, many of the newer branches include -“social center” functions, not only ladies’, boys’, ratepayers’, -conversation, and attendants’ tea rooms, but -even in one case a restaurant, which is expected “to -provide a large share of the cost of maintenance.”</p> - -<p>See <i>Bindery</i>, <a href="#Page_253">p. 253</a>.</p> - -<p>See <i>Bostwick</i>, under Rooms for Classes, p. 325, <i>prox.</i></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70"></a>[70]</span></p> - -<p id="subhead-48"><b>Suburban.</b> Suburban libraries differ on the one -hand from country libraries in remote regions, and on -the other from branches in cities. They are near enough -for “team work” with the library system of the city -in whose suburbs they lie, but they serve an independent -community, often jealous of its privileges. They -have not quite the problems of growth of the country -library, because they can have an inter-library loan -system with the city libraries, or can arrange to refer -to them many inquirers and students. This possibility -may limit the size and expense of their buildings, and -the necessity of providing for unlimited growth.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71"></a>[71]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-49">Exceptional Cases</h4> - -<p id="subhead-50"><b>Middle of Blocks.</b> Occasionally, as with the present -Cincinnati Public Library, and with the New York -City branch libraries, circumstances require the location -of the building in a block. Of course this necessity -is a handicap. The problem of giving all the departments -good positions and full light is difficult when there -is space all round the four walls, but when both side -walls are blank, ingenuity is required in providing all -the requisites for every department. Natural light -everywhere is impossible, and artificial light must be -largely relied on. Whatever features (like closets and -stairs where there are no books to be picked out or -read) can be assigned to the middle or waist of each -floor, will leave more chance for front and rear use of -clear daylight. The top floor can be all utilized with -top light. A light well from the center of the roof will -mitigate the dimness of illumination on staircases and -entries. The experience of New York is valuable for -such problems, and would doubtless be freely available. -But it is a good rule to avoid such locations, if possible.</p> - -<p id="subhead-51"><b>Top Floors.</b> Exigencies of income may require a -Board to rent part of their building, as in the case of -many of the “Mercantile” libraries which still survive. -While the St. Louis Public was a school-board library, -it had this experience. In these days of roomy and rapid -elevators, such a necessity is not so bad as it seems, -especially if one or two rooms in a public library could -be left on the ground floor. At the top there is usually -good air, comparative quiet, coolness, and light, even -in smoky cities. Modern methods of construction carry<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72"></a>[72]</span> -great weights safely, and it is possible to plan service -and reading rooms on the top floor with one or two-story -stacks beneath, giving fine accommodations with -good business suites earning income, on floors beneath. -Separate elevators for business and for library purposes -are, however, essential.</p> - -<p id="subhead-52"><b>Museums or Art Galleries in Same Building.</b> -There is so rarely enough money available to allow -as much room as the library wants, and there is -usually so much friction in operating more than one -institution under one roof, that while there is general -belief in the value of museums and galleries as public -undertakings, there is great unanimity among American -librarians that they are better apart. Few librarians -with us have the training which would fit them to -undertake the superintendence of such different departments, -and fewer still would like to be superintended -by a musician or scientist. Yet, if together in one -building, there should be one superior officer for all, even -if he be called only custodian. The difficulties of planning -a building to provide properly and amply for more -than one of these three functions are just three times -the puzzle of planning for one. Where a city wants to -try it, or a donor insists on it, it is far better to plan -a group of three buildings on one large lot, with such -connection by arcades as would give a pleasing architectural -bond, without shutting out any light, at least -from the library.</p> - -<p>Those who are interested in such combinations are -referred to the English library books and magazines, -<i>passim</i>. The union of libraries and museums in England, -indeed, is so common as to be recognized in the Library -Acts. If art or other exhibitions are a feature of the -library management, they can be provided for as suggested -under the head of exhibitions elsewhere.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73"></a>[73]</span></p> - -<p id="subhead-53"><b>Alterations and Enlargements.</b> Often existing -residences or halls are presented for library use. The -proverb, “Never look a gift-horse in the mouth,” -does not apply in such cases. The gift building ought to -be examined all over by experts—an expert librarian -and an architect, if possible—before it is accepted. -It will often be found to cost more for alteration, before -the old building can be quite suited to library purposes, -than a plain but satisfactory new building would cost. -Certainly it is unwise to hamper library efficiency out -of a sentimental regard for a donor, alive or dead.</p> - -<p>If the building is found susceptible of inexpensive -alterations, which would render it entirely suitable for -such work as the library wants to do, it will evidently -be unwise to trust the task to an architect, inexperienced -in library alterations, or even to the advice of an immature -librarian. Here, if ever, is there need, from -the side of economy as well as the side of utility, of a -wise library expert, for fear of making a botch.</p> - -<p>So in making alterations in an old library building -which requires enlargement, do not accept the hasty -suggestions of even the most ingenious and confident -trustee, or the prentice plans of a callow librarian or a -young architect. Get the best plan you can secure -from the best authorities. The best will be none too -good for you. Justice to your successors and to the -next generation requires the utmost care in piece work.</p> - -<p>See an article by Miss Annie B. Jackson,<a id="FNanchor_53" href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> on items -and expense of alterations at North Adams, Mass. -The repairs there proved to outrun the estimate.</p> - -<p>When you get your tentative plans and your rough -estimates, get also a rough estimate for a new building. -You will often be surprised to find how near the cost of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74"></a>[74]</span> -alterations will come to that of building. If it turns -out so, better wait and get your ideal rather than patch -up a makeshift.</p> - -<p>But if, after deliberation, you vote to alter, there is -one wise end to aim at, that is, to spend as small a part -of your available funds for mere alteration, and as large -a part for features which could be utilized later for a -permanent building, as may be possible. Witness, for -instance, the recent experience of the Salem Public -Library.<a id="FNanchor_54" href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> They had pressing need of more room, but -could use only $70,000 for changes, not enough for such -a new building as they wanted, or could afford while -they had a perfectly sound old residence to use. But -by ingenious planning, they have been able to get a -stack with an administration head house, to which they -can add later a main building when they need further -enlargement. They have spent a minimum in temporary -changes on their old dwelling-house, and have -besides retained enough money to build a branch library.</p> - -<p id="subhead-54"><b>Altering New Buildings.</b> It is not only old buildings -that need altering. Too frequently a good librarian, -alive to progress, and faced with the problems of -growth, finds himself promoted to a beautiful building -of such recent erection as to be financially exhausted, -and indisposed to spend money in necessary additions -or alterations. The question confronts him, how get -more room with the least cost?</p> - -<p>In this fix, he will first look inside and see where he -can house more books, more readers, more attendants. -Here shortcomings of the architect may perhaps afford -him at least temporary relief. The most likely fault he -finds will be wasted space, perpendicularly or laterally. -Two faults are bad; they cannot even be converted into -virtues. These are domes and ornamental staircases.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75"></a>[75]</span> -Domes, to be sure, can be circled with galleries to which -unused books can be sent—a very brief palliative. -And elevators or lifts may be cut into stairs. But such -makeshifts will not serve.</p> - -<p>More opportunities may be discovered in spacious -vestibules, in wide corridors, in lofty stories. The vestibules -and corridors can be narrowed to simply useful -width, and their exuberance partitioned off into rooms. -Mezzanine floors can also utilize waste upper spaces.</p> - -<p>If money cannot be found for partitions and floors, -for iron and wood and paint, I see a good use for sliding -cases, in the form Professor Little has at Bowdoin—just -two or more stories of this contrivance, set out in -the corner or at the side or in the middle of any useless -stretch of floor.</p> - -<p>Tables and chairs can invite an overflow of readers -in any space not needed for passage; temporary wooden -shelving can be set against any corridor wall; administration -desks can be protruded into any architectural -waste. When you go to Washington, see what Mr. -Bowerman has done at the Public Library there.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76"></a>[76]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77"></a>[77]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_B">B.<br /> -<span class="smaller">PRINCIPLES</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78"></a>[78]</span></p> - -<div class="front-matter"> - -<p class="center"><i>This Book groups together -rather loosely, important considerations -which as said at the bottom of <a href="#Page_90">page 90</a> -ought to be reiterated and hammered -into the consciousness -of all concerned.</i></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79"></a>[79]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">B.<br /> -<span class="smaller">PRINCIPLES</span></h2> - -</div> - -<h3 id="subhead-55">SPIRIT OF PLANNING</h3> - -<p>Every new library building should be thoroughly -planned with a view to its class, scope, size, funds, site, -environment, experience, and cost of administration. -True economy begins with a good plan. Not only -present cost but future annual costs depend on it.</p> - -<p>The main thing in beginning to plan, even in the first -consideration of building, is to set your ideal high. If -your funds are not yet provided do not take it for granted -that they will be meagre. Study the scope of your -library, look hopefully into its future. What work -should it do now; what growth should it get in the next -twenty-five years? What size and area are needed to -meet your utmost possibilities in that time? Consider -first only the essentials—they will be costly enough. -When you have made careful calculation of actual needs -(and nothing else) ask your donor, town or institution -for what would cover them. Do not at first include -expensive material or ornament. If the body that is to -pay requires elegance, calculate cost of this and present -it as a separate question.</p> - -<p>Set your ideal of utility high, and ask enough to cover -it. If you cannot get it, then and not till then will be -time to decide what to surrender.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80"></a>[80]</span></p> - -<p>If the amount to be spent is already fixed, still study -ideals first. Can we get all the requisites for this library -within that sum? If it is evidently impossible; if building -thus would stifle usefulness or stunt growth, ask -for more. But if you cannot get it, or if you think the -appropriation can be made to cover the work, the ideal -to aim at is to pack into the building ample accommodation -for every function you will need to cover.</p> - -<p>Above all, make these calculations ahead. When the -sum is finally fixed, resolve to plan so carefully that the -final cost will come within the appropriation. Like a -note to pay, this obligation is peremptory.</p> - -<p>“The main ideas are, compact stowing to save space, -and short distances to save time.”—<i>Winsor.</i><a id="FNanchor_55" href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a></p> - -<p>This axiom written a generation ago would serve to -head this chapter now. Also this, “In building, as in -management, the wants of the great masses of the public -must be kept constantly in view.”—<i>Poole.</i><a id="FNanchor_56" href="#Footnote_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a></p> - -<p>“The evolution of a design is not such a simple matter -that the finished idea can be produced in a short time, -but it must depend on a gradual evolution, based upon -a thorough study of the local conditions.”—<i>Patton.</i><a id="FNanchor_57" href="#Footnote_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p> - -<p>“A building can be made both beautiful from the -architect’s standpoint and useful from that of its -occupant, by constant consultation between them, by -comparison of views at every point, and by intelligent -compromise whenever this is found to be necessary.”—<i>Bostwick.</i><a id="FNanchor_58" href="#Footnote_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81"></a>[81]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-56">Taste, Tact, Thrift, Thoroughness</h3> - -<p>The spirit of planning is summarized in the apothegm -on the frontispiece of this volume.</p> - -<p><b>Tastefully.</b> Although Vitruvius reckons beauty -third and last among the requisites of building, I can -put taste first, because good taste covers both beauty -and use and should be the prevailing characteristic of -every detail of a library building.</p> - -<p><b>Tactfully.</b> Webster defines tactful as a discerning -sense of what is right, proper, or judicious, and this -sense applied to the details of library planning would -certainly tend to perfection.</p> - -<p><b>Thriftily.</b> “Economical management” should be -the keynote embodied in every detail of library building.</p> - -<p><b>Thoroughly.</b> This should be the pervading and -controlling spirit. Plan to the very end; aim for the -very best; slight no least detail.</p> - -<p>This is so essential to proper planning that it deserves -a separate chapter. To lack of thoroughness on the -part of building committees, much of the disappointing -character of existing buildings is due. They choose an -architect directly or by competition, and give him inadequate -guidance in his task.</p> - -<p>An architect knows much, especially where to look for -knowledge, but it is too much to expect him to master -in a month or a year, together with a score of other -investigations, the intricacies of a complex and rapidly -developing science in which only a few librarians are -expert after a lifetime of study and practice.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82"></a>[82]</span></p> - -<p>The committees, not experts themselves, have not -secured a library expert to formulate their problems -thoroughly. Perhaps they have delegated to their own -librarian a branch of library science which he does not -know by experience, and cannot be expected to learn -in a short time by study; especially as his normal duties -of running the library fully fill all his waking hours, -and part of his dreams. It is not so much a lack of -thoroughness on the part of the committee as an entire -lack of comprehension of how much there is to be -thorough about.</p> - -<p><b>Use Every Inch of Space.</b> Begin at the foundation -and study every detail. Study every entrance, passage, -stairway, room, floor, piece of furniture, stretch of shelving, -up to the roof; sketch as you go, sketch not loosely but -to scale. Fit your parts together; leave no waste space, -no dark corner unutilized. Measure zealously and save -every inch of length, breadth and height; every useless -cubic inch costs money and wastes room. Plan a closet -under every open staircase. Watch especially the height -of every story and every room. Do not allow any foot -of height not imperatively demanded for light or ventilation. -Allow nothing for mere architectural effect. -Search even attic and ceiling to utilize unutilized corners. -Do not blame the architect, blame yourself, the library -expert, for any waste of space and money.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83"></a>[83]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-57">Economy Paramount</h3> - -<p>In public buildings, the duty of rigid economy is clear,—economy -in cost, economy in space, provision for -economy in administration. Even with a lavish donor, -his generosity should be guarded by economy, especially -if he does not endow his institution lavishly enough -to provide for upkeep and efficient management. This -is an age of extravagance, not only the extravagance of -luxury, but that of necessity. With invention and improved -comforts of living, the luxuries of our fathers -have become the necessities of our children. This is -just as true of libraries as of households. Even with -larger incomes than our fathers, we have to be economical -to live in health and comfort. With libraries -and with families as their income increases their -wants increase—they never have enough. Especially -is forethought needed in building a larger house. -Do not spend too much on it; do not build it beyond your -means. But get everything into it you can reasonably -afford to use. So with a library building. If you have -a given sum to spend, plan very carefully to get all -possible space and convenience for the cost. If you -are planning to ask for an appropriation or a gift, plan -carefully to ask for no more than you actually need;—your -needs are sure to require as much as you can afford. -The tendency to extravagance is even more marked in -public buildings than in private life. Except in the case -of rich men who feel the increased burden of taxation, -the average citizen is apt to vote money for schools and -libraries and city halls, without careful enough inquiry -into details and with rather a liking for show. But every<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84"></a>[84]</span> -real friend of libraries ought to oppose extravagance as -watchfully as he would oppose parsimony, and plan so -that a given amount of money will do the most good. -Use and not show should be his motto. Treat the library -liberally, but do not allow the library building to take -so much as to cramp the other good work of the community.</p> - -<p>“One of the most difficult features of the problem is -adapting the views of librarian and board to the cost -limit.”—<i>Hamlin.</i><a id="FNanchor_59" href="#Footnote_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a></p> - -<p>“Plan well within your limit; extra wants will come -up as you progress.”—<i>Eastman.</i></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85"></a>[85]</span></p> - -<h3>Cost of Running</h3> - -<p>Not only first cost but future annual cost of administration, -depends upon careful planning of the building. -Care and repairs of expensive material and ornament; -cleaning, heating and lighting useless floor space or -height; inconvenience in use; separation of departments, -will require more attendants and more money, -with worse service to the public.</p> - -<p>“Extravagance in library building is not so often -found in lavish ornament as in that unfortunate arrangement -of departments which requires three attendants to -do the work of one or two.”—<i>Eastman.</i><a id="FNanchor_60" href="#Footnote_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p> - -<p>“The salary of an extra attendant represents the interest -on a sum which would go far to make the arrangement -of the parts of the building what it should be.”—<i>Fletcher.</i><a id="FNanchor_61" href="#Footnote_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></p> - -<p>Duff-Brown<a id="FNanchor_62" href="#Footnote_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> calculates that lighting, heating, repairs -and cleaning cost from 13 to 16 per cent of the annual -appropriation for a library. This percentage can be -kept to its lowest limit by good planning, or increased -by bad planning.</p> - -<p>“A plan most economical in cost of building is often -most economical in cost of working.”—<i>Champneys.</i><a id="FNanchor_63" href="#Footnote_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a></p> - -<p>“A simple plan is better and more economical.”—<i>Eastman.</i><a id="FNanchor_64" href="#Footnote_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a></p> - -<p>Not only economy of construction but economy of -administration is imperatively demanded.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_86"></a>[86]</span></p> - -<h3>The Worst Extravagances</h3> - -<p>The very worst possible waste in building a library -is doubtless unduly expensive material and unnecessary -ornament. These items often mount up into tens and -even hundreds of thousands. They are worse than mere -waste, they are positive detriments.</p> - -<p>The next worst is perhaps architectural competitions, -which are spoken of at length elsewhere.<a id="FNanchor_65" href="#Footnote_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> They are -sure to cost a deal: payment for an advisory architect, -payment of prizes, payment of the jury. Here again -there is more than waste, there is delay, a false start, -deliberate care to put exterior before interior.</p> - -<p>The third common extravagance is parsimony in -experts’ fees. Champneys<a id="FNanchor_66" href="#Footnote_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> in speaking of architects’ -errors, says that “to this fact must be attributed the -suggestion that librarians should dispense with the services -of architects, and design their buildings for themselves.” -This suggestion may have been made in England, -but never in America, even in acute periods of -despair over the trend of building. No American librarian, -no building committee, would think of dispensing -with an architect, though they might try to economize -by getting a cheap one.</p> - -<p>But it is just as wasteful to cheapen your library -adviser as your architect. Because it has a librarian -already, or because the architect chosen is willing to -tackle the job without expert advice (perhaps more readily -because he resents advice), or because it is inclined to -contemn and resent advice itself, the committee often -commits willful extravagance at the outset, saving at the -spigot to waste at the bung, by going poorly equipped -into a serious task.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87"></a>[87]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-58">Economy of Expert Advice</h3> - -<p>But “penny wise is pound foolish.” Saving first -cost is not always true economy. It would be foolish -indeed to save on architect’s fees. For a little one-room -wooden building, to be sure, a local carpenter -might do, under the supervision of a clever librarian or -a practical trustee. But as soon as the building gets -complex, get an architect. His fees will save enough in -convenience, in comfort, in grace, in beauty, in actual -money outgo to contractors, to prove themselves the -best economy. Just so, as the problem gets still larger -and more complex, get the advice of an expert librarian -to help present it to the architect. He will more than -earn his fees by keeping down useless waste of space; -by pointing out how to economize in running expenses; -by aiding the architect to enhance the beauty of the -building; by promoting and thus expressing its true -purposes.</p> - -<p>I have now had some personal experience in this -matter which I will put into percentages. From what -I have seen, I not only believe, but know, that one per -cent of the cost of building, put into employing a really -competent expert librarian, will save from ten per cent -to forty per cent on the cost, in space, convenience and -material. If you doubt, why not verify the facts by -inquiring of some trustees or donors who have tried the -experiment? They are surely unprejudiced and credible -witnesses. One per cent spent in saving ten per cent is -a net economy, worth at least considering.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_88"></a>[88]</span></p> - -<p>This principle, first applied to library matters by -Henry J. Carr in 1891, has been recognized recently -by the Mayor of Rochester. Having in hand the establishment -of a central library and a system of branches, he -sent for a leading librarian of great experience, got his -advice, for which a liberal fee was paid, and no doubt -thus saved for the city thousands of dollars which might -otherwise have been wasted in experiments and bungling.</p> - -<p>“The internal arrangements should be devised by a -person practically acquainted with the working of such -a library as the building is intended to accommodate, -and not by architects or building committees” (or inexperienced -librarians) “without such experimental knowledge.”—<i>Fletcher.</i><a id="FNanchor_67" href="#Footnote_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a></p> - -<p>“There is an increasing disposition in planning libraries, -to turn to experts,”—<i>Foster.</i><a id="FNanchor_68" href="#Footnote_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></p> - -<p>No experienced librarian would allow without vigorous -protest such waste of space and money as is referred -to in the Boston <i>Transcript</i><a id="FNanchor_69" href="#Footnote_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> thus: “The increased cost -of administration in some of the newer palatial library -buildings is alarming. In one, the cost was nearly -threefold, in another nearly fourfold what it was before.” -This might have been saved, or at least largely reduced, -by paying a modest fee to a good expert.</p> - -<p>Calculate the cost of each cubic foot of wasted space, -the cost for twenty years to come of lighting, heating, -cleaning and repairs for useless space; the salary of -additional attendants to care for unnecessary processes, -and you will find that economizing on advice will waste -thousands of dollars.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89"></a>[89]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-59">Problem Always New</h3> - -<p>It is folly to try to copy except perhaps in a minimum -grade library—in embryo or rudimentary form. -Perhaps in a very small and remote community, without -a trained librarian, with no experienced librarians near, -and far from a library commission, it would be safe to -ask a local builder or carpenter to duplicate some small -building pictured in such a manual as I have suggested, -by Miss Marvin and Mr. Eastman. But never except -in the smallest grade.</p> - -<p>Even among the libraries usually called small, there -are differences of site, location, community, state of -development, size, methods, aims, funds, prospects of -growth, which will distinguish or should distinguish each -new building from all other buildings. As soon as a -library begins to have a character of its own—and this -development comes early in America—its library -problem merits and absolutely requires independent -study. Every community, every institution, wants to -have a library suited exactly to its characteristics, and -the library should have a building suited exactly to -its character.</p> - -<p>“The problem presented to an architect by a library -board is always essentially new.”—<i>Mauran.</i><a id="FNanchor_70" href="#Footnote_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></p> - -<p>“Special and local conditions place a new problem -before the builder every time.”—<i>O. Bluemner.</i><a id="FNanchor_71" href="#Footnote_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_90"></a>[90]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-60">Plan Inside First</h3> - -<p>Librarian and architect should collaborate from the -beginning in every interior detail. The exterior should -not even be considered until the interior has been entirely -mapped out.</p> - -<p>This elemental maxim does not appear to have been -laid down until the formulation of the “Points of Agreement.” -Indeed, the first mistakes in building libraries, -and the mistakes still too often made, may be attributed -largely to the search for precedents in style, the formulation -of the exterior before what it is to hold or express -is defined. Most architectural competitions (except -those held to dodge responsibility in selecting an architect) -arise from an impression on the part of the building -committee and the board and community they represent, -that the looks of the library building, the effect -it makes on the public, is the main thing to secure, -not so much the proper housing and handling of the -books.</p> - -<p>The whole argument of this volume is that a library -<i>is a library</i>, a book- and study-workshop or factory; -only incidentally an ornament; no more, certainly, than -a schoolhouse needs to be. If so, its motives are all -utilitarian, to be studied out first of all, thoroughly and -faithfully, before a thought is given to exterior conditions, -or any details of exterior or interior ornament. -This consideration should be reiterated and hammered -into the consciousness of all concerned—architect, -committee, community.</p> - -<p>“Taking into account the practical uses of the modern -library, it is readily seen that it needs a building planned<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_91"></a>[91]</span> -from inside and not from without, dictated by convenience -rather than taste, no matter how good.”—<i>Fletcher.</i><a id="FNanchor_72" href="#Footnote_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a></p> - -<p>“Consider the plans first, rather than the elevation. -The outside of the library building is its least important -feature.”—<i>Duff-Brown.</i><a id="FNanchor_73" href="#Footnote_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></p> - -<p>The buildings planned thus, by gradual development -of ideal interior arrangements, are very likely in -the hands of a skillful architect to turn out architecturally -beautiful. For the designer, as he has advised -about structural points has gradually evolved from these -details a harmonious conception of what the library is -to be and do, the relation it holds to its surroundings -and to the public, until an ideal scheme of proportion -and sympathy flashes into his mind, and Utilitas has -led him up to complete Venustas.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_92"></a>[92]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-61">Never Copy Blindly</h3> - -<p>I should not suppose that any building committee -would be senseless enough to “convey” an exterior from -another building labelled “library,” and try to cram -their own institution into it, but in reading a recent -number of <i>The Librarian</i> of London, I found this paragraph:<a id="FNanchor_74" href="#Footnote_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> -“Within the last few weeks the surveyor was -instructed to draw plans from a photograph of another -institution.... Without knowing all the factors going -to the making of the plan of a library in another part -of the country it would be impossible to say, without -consultation, that they would be suitable for the particular -circumstances of this one.” But it is not necessary -to go so far abroad for a warning. We all remember -that eminent trustees and a distinguished architect -went farther to appropriate a design, and imitate it -here in America—not often accused of poverty of -invention. The cult that admired it, admired it so much -as to copy their borrowed work for buildings they labelled -“libraries” all over the United States. If you do not -realize the fidelity of this “copy,” and if you own -Champney’s “Public Libraries,” look at page 134, “The -Boston Public Library,” and then turn to “Bibliothèque -Ste. Geneviève, Paris,” opposite page 139. And if you -have Burgoyne’s “Library Construction,” read pages -255 to 257, which reflect in mild and courteous terms -the criticisms of American librarians on this architectural -plagiarism. To recall the criticisms of Winsor, or -Poole, or Cutter, would not be so mild.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_93"></a>[93]</span></p> - -<p>As a result of similar mistakes, librarians are united -as to slavish imitations of exteriors or interiors, but -perhaps some small libraries might be willing to copy -an interior arrangement more or less closely. Before -doing so, however, they should secure overwhelming -testimony as to the practical merits of the plan as -adapted to new needs; and even then a practical librarian -and architect could probably find modifications which -would make it more thoroughly fitted to all local conditions. -Certainly another plan ought not be copied -until after careful consideration of all present and -anticipated requirements of the problem in hand.</p> - -<p>“No library can be successfully imitated from another.”—<i>W. -A. Otis</i> (architect).<a id="FNanchor_75" href="#Footnote_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></p> - -<p>“No model plan can be said to be best.”—<i>Burgoyne.</i><a id="FNanchor_76" href="#Footnote_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a></p> - -<p>“It is useless to attempt setting forward an ideal -plan.”—<i>O. Bluemner.</i><a id="FNanchor_77" href="#Footnote_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a></p> - -<p>“A building committee is not likely to secure what -it wants by copying or even by competition.”—<i>Eastman.</i><a id="FNanchor_78" href="#Footnote_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a></p> - -<p>Study precedents always and thoroughly, but do not -try to follow any of them implicitly, nor expect to find -a type or model you can imitate.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_94"></a>[94]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-62">Study of Other Libraries</h3> - -<p><b>By Visit.</b> The best preparation for planning, and -later the best test and corrective of your plans, will lie in -visits to other libraries of like grade, size, character, and -constituency as your own, especially if their librarians -are intelligent, experienced, and thoroughly frank about -both the merits and the faults of their buildings, and -will tell you what to avoid as well as what to imitate. -Observe carefully (with note-book and pencil in hand) -size and collocation of rooms; height of walls; dimensions -and make of furniture; suitability and finish of -all materials; effect of coloring; placing and size of windows; -distribution, effectiveness, and economy of -artificial lights; all the various points which will aid you -in solving your own problems. Carry a measuring tape, -and get all dimensions down to scale. If your architect -can go with you, at least on a second or review trip, so -much the better. If he cannot do this, have specific -recommendations ready for him at your next conference.</p> - -<p><b>Examining Plans.</b> Next to personal visits, intelligent -inspection and comparison of plans will help you -after you have gone some way toward formulating your -own plans. I would not advise too premature, or too -promiscuous study of plans. There are so many accessible -to a searcher, of so many different grades, and such -varying degrees of excellence, that indiscriminate and -reckless inspection is very apt to bring on mental -dyspepsia.</p> - -<p>Disregard at first exteriors, which distract attention -from essentials. Confine yourself to floor plans and -interiors of libraries of your own size and class. Preferably<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_95"></a>[95]</span> -take modern plans, certainly those of leading libraries -in all sections which are imbued with the modern -progressive ideas. You will find no lack of material. -If you use it wisely and eclectically, it will help clarify -your ideas. Note the plans which seem to you best; -go back to them again and again; at each study discard -those which are less satisfactory; and when you have -reduced your list to a few very nearly right, compare -them with your own sketches until you are quite sure -that you have incorporated all their best points.</p> - -<p>You will not perhaps have much access to English -books. If you do you will find interesting views and -plans in Duff-Brown, Burgoyne, Champneys, and -Cotgreave; but they will hardly help you much, because -English methods are somewhat different from ours. Some -late plans for large libraries, given in “The Librarian,” -seem to show wasteful attempts at architectural effect. -Three things in the plans of small English libraries, -you will note, and should learn from—the clever -adaptation of irregular sites, the effective use of top-light, -and the economy of space in entrance halls.</p> - -<p>In America there are plans in plenty. The most helpful -are the most recent.</p> - -<p>Koch has over a hundred plans from all parts of the -country, including branches, most of them costing from -$10,000 to $50,000. But as yet he has no letter-press -to explain the plans.</p> - -<p>Miss Marvin gives exterior and interior views and -floor plans, with full descriptions of twenty libraries, -costing from $2,600 up to $75,000. No one should plan -a library of any size without giving her pamphlet a -careful reading.</p> - -<p>Eastman gives exteriors, interiors and floor plans of -twenty-five libraries, ranging in cost from $1,170 to -$80,000.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_96"></a>[96]</span></p> - -<p>H. B. Adams has twenty-five exteriors, forty interiors and -only thirteen floor plans. Bostwick has seven floor plans.</p> - -<p>The Massachusetts Public Library Commission Report -for 1899 shows one hundred and twenty exteriors, with -letter-press giving costs, but no interiors or floor plans.</p> - -<p>The Boston Public Library Index to Plans of Library -Buildings, second edition 1899, refers to over twelve -hundred illustrations in various books, pamphlets and -periodicals, of which the largest number are only -exteriors, a few are interiors, one hundred and twenty -only are floor plans.</p> - -<p>There are many exteriors of libraries, usually without -interiors or floor plans, published in popular and in architectural -periodicals, but very few of them furnish -valuable suggestions as to planning. Indeed much plan -hunting will rather daze than instruct an investigator. -A common defect in plans is the total absence of -information about the height of rooms—a vital measurement. -Indeed every plan should tell, both the height -of each story, floor to floor, and the height of each room, -floor to ceiling.</p> - -<p>There are many interesting plans, with descriptions, -scattered among annual or special library reports, but -these have not been indexed together in any one place. -If one of the library-schools could compile as a thesis, -an index to plans of library buildings in books and magazines, -distinguishing between exteriors, interiors, floor -plans and letter-press information, and if someone like -Mr. Eastman or Miss Marvin could supply comments -as a guide through this mass of material, it would be a -good thing for the A. L. A. Publishing Board to father. -The A. L. A. itself once attempted to get a collection -of floor plans and got about a hundred sets as a start, -but I believe has never prepared any such card-index -of features, with such comments as would make them -valuable. I believe the Library Bureau has also a -considerable collection of plans.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_97"></a>[97]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-63">The Life of a Library Building</h3> - -<p>This is a crucial question in problems of building. In -a recent discussion as to how much should be appropriated -a trustee soberly urged that the library should have the -finest, the most impressive, the most beautiful building -in town, and that it should be built solidly enough to -last hundreds of years, like the mediæval cathedrals. -But besides the question of first cost, how far can a town -afford to go in its expenditure for a library, while it has -schools to build, roads to improve, sewers to lay, parks -and playgrounds to develop? Besides this comes the -question whether it is wise to erect such barriers to -change as the walls and partitions of a too solid building -would offer.</p> - -<p>Opinion of librarians is practically unanimous to the -effect that growth or change of methods will bring need -of alterations, additions, or entire rebuilding, in all -active libraries in less than a generation. Thus,—</p> - -<p>“Librarians are among the most progressive of the -world’s workers and a library building, however well -arranged, may be out of date in a year or so.”—<i>Edward -B. Green.</i><a id="FNanchor_79" href="#Footnote_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a></p> - -<p>“You cannot foresee the future. Provide for ten -years” (in a small library).—<i>Miss Marvin.</i></p> - -<p>“Estimate growth for twenty years.”—<i>Eastman.</i></p> - -<p>“It is not only unnecessary but unwise to plan for -more than thirty years ahead, because library administration -may radically change.”<a id="FNanchor_80" href="#Footnote_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_98"></a>[98]</span></p> - -<p>“Twenty-five years will probably find your building -out of date, out of place, and a burden.”—<i>Dana.</i><a id="FNanchor_81" href="#Footnote_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a></p> - -<p>“In England the Manchester library outgrew its building -in forty-three years; at Leeds, in twenty-three -years; at Glasgow, in twenty years; at Birmingham, in -thirty years.”—<i>Burg.</i><a id="FNanchor_82" href="#Footnote_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a></p> - -<p>My own calculations have been made for twenty-five -years and I should call this the life of the average library -building. Unless in very stagnant institutions and -communities, there is sure to come, in much less than -that time, say in five or ten years, growth in books or -in use, requiring enlargement; again, equal growth in -the next five, or ten years. Then the enlargements become -entirely inadequate to new conditions or new -management, and by the time the building has been -occupied twenty-five years the trustees are fortunate if -they have so little money invested that they can afford -to pull it down and build a more modern building, -arranged according to the latest ideas for the latest -wants.</p> - -<p>On the other hand an institution or a town may have -money given it by a donor who wants a handsome and -solid building. The question will then arise, “How compromise -between certainty of change, and desire for -permanence?” Why not in such case do what has been -suggested for college libraries—put up a fine façade, to -last a century or more, and use modern methods of -light construction for all behind it; thus combining -architectural effect with ease of alteration?</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_99"></a>[99]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-64">The Time to Build</h3> - -<p><b>Don’t Build too Soon.</b> All authorities warn against -building prematurely.</p> - -<p>“It is a risky undertaking for a board to erect a -building in the first stage of their enterprise. Better -wait until its wants are developed in temporary -quarters.”—<i>Wm. F. Poole.</i><a id="FNanchor_83" href="#Footnote_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a></p> - -<p>“Don’t build until you have the library, the librarian, -and the money.”—<i>J. C. Dana.</i><a id="FNanchor_84" href="#Footnote_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a></p> - -<p>“Get your librarian, books, and methods first. Use -rented rooms until you know what you want. Almost -any rooms can be made to serve as a beginning, and can -be so planned that the fixtures and furniture are all -available for a new building. Experience will then teach -just the kind of building that is needed for that particular -town and library.”<a id="FNanchor_85" href="#Footnote_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a></p> - -<p><b>Alter Sparingly.</b> In a building given you already -occupied, make such not too expensive enlargements or -alterations as growth absolutely demands, but take a -long look ahead toward rebuilding. With the changes -in library methods developing so rapidly, a patched old -building soon becomes hopelessly out of date, and clogs -progress. Better save up money and cultivate opinion -in favor of building anew. Looking a generation ahead, -economy alone will demand, at some not distant time, -a building in which economy of time and service will be -possible. Do not go down to posterity in patched-up old -clothes.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_100"></a>[100]</span></p> - -<p><b>But Begin to Prepare Early.</b> As soon as your -librarian is selected, your books bought, and your -method started, it is never too early to think and talk -building. It will take a long time of fixed purpose to -work up to a gift or an appropriation. To canvass -merits of sites, to study precedents of management, -to calculate chances of development, to educate your -librarian, to watch and ask about architects, to pick out -deliberately the ideal building committee, will occupy -many interesting hours at board meetings and consume -months or years of preparation. While you are about -it, time so taken will allow you to accumulate a lot of -information, and to mature your judgment. If you -have your librarian get him to look up the files of the -library journals, and the annual reports of libraries of -your grade and class, and such as are rather ahead of -you, who have already realized what your future may -be. In these you will pick up here and there many -useful hints of experience. If you go to library club -meetings and talk with trustees and librarians with -similar problems to yours; if you take an occasional -leisurely jaunt to well-managed neighboring libraries, you -will absorb and be able to digest ideas which a hurried -search, after beginning to build, might not elicit just when -you want to use them.</p> - -<p><b>And do not Put Off too Long.</b> But when you are -ready, go! Patient preparation has fitted all for wise -decision and prompt action. There is a psychological -moment at which public or donor may be carried by -storm, and the necessary funds can be secured. He -who hesitates then, is surely lost. When the money is -secured, and sufficient experience or advice has been -accumulated, the sooner you decide to begin to plan, -the better. Beginning to plan, however, is remote -from actual building. “Well lathered is half shaved”<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_101"></a>[101]</span> -is a homely proverb, and the analogy holds in library -planning, even for the smallest building. Months to -formulate and fit together the first sketches, months to -work them out practically with the architect, many -conferences with the building committee, time after -decision to prepare working plans, time still to invite -and compare bids, then the slow processes of building,—there -is a deal of delay ahead after the decision is made -to build. You have just about got half through when -you finish these preliminaries.</p> - -<p>The time to build is therefore when you are very sure -everything is ripe for action;—methods, preparation, -plans, enthusiasm, harmony, good advice, suitable agents, -sufficient funds.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_102"></a>[102]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-65">Size and Cost</h3> - -<p>At the outset either the cost must be estimated as -the first step toward getting an appropriation, a subscription, -or a donation; or the cost has already been provided -for, and the first step must be to see how large -a building it will allow.</p> - -<p>In the former alternative, it is necessary to ascertain -how many books are to be provided for, how many -readers there may be in the several departments to be -covered by the work of that particular library, and how -large a staff can be afforded, with ample elbow room -for them all. The figures thus collected will enable an -expert to give the number of rooms and passages required, -with a maximum and minimum size, and a -tentative location of each room. By deciding on the -number of stories and the height of each, the architect -can then pack all into the least possible space and calculate -first the area of each floor and the cubic contents -and cost of an adequate building, to be verified by the -average cost of similar libraries in similar locations, -built under similar conditions. A rough but surprisingly -close estimate of the proper limit of cost may be reached -through reversing Carnegie’s stipulation for a pledge -of an annual ten per cent on cost for running expenses; -and taking ten times what the library costs a year to -run, or will take after completion. The result is testimony -to the wisdom of Mr. Carnegie’s library advisers.</p> - -<p>In the latter alternative the librarian and architect -can at once get an approximation to a size which the -cost will allow by dividing the sum available by the -same <i>pro forma</i> cost per cubic foot. Having thus arrived<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_103"></a>[103]</span> -at the maximum of size, they can tentatively assume -the height and divide the cubic contents by it, to find -how many square feet can be afforded to a floor. After -this comes the puzzle how to get into this space the -proper collocation of all the rooms wanted, as large as -they ought to be.</p> - -<p>See interesting calculation as to number of users to -be provided for in the different departments (in England, -not quite the same as ours) for towns of various -sizes, by Champneys,<a id="FNanchor_86" href="#Footnote_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> quoting Duff-Brown. His tables -may suggest a basis of calculation here. See also -Duff-Brown in his own book.<a id="FNanchor_87" href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a></p> - -<p><b>The Cubic Cost.</b> This question is not difficult, if you -can reach a fairly exact standard for cost per cubic -foot. Of course this will vary with the material used, -and with the cost both of material and labor in different -localities. Various authorities quote it variously. In -the problems I have personally investigated, in eastern -New England, I have found that thirty-five cents cost per -cubic foot, for a simple warehouse-construction building, -including stack and furniture, was not too much to -allow. But Miss Marvin<a id="FNanchor_88" href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> says that in the Middle -West the building proper will cost from 11 to 14 cents -per cubic foot, or large solid buildings 20 to 25 cents, -plus 10 per cent of the total for fees, furniture and -finishing. As I always include these items in my calculations, -the estimates are not far apart.</p> - -<p>Our English brethren are able to do somewhat better -if Champneys is correct—he ought to be, he is an -architect. He says, “As a general rule, 1s. per cubic -foot is probably about the right allowance in London, -if all fixtures are included, while 9d. or 10d., or less, is -sometimes sufficient in the provinces.”<a id="FNanchor_89" href="#Footnote_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> Perhaps, however, -he does not include fees and furnishing.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_104"></a>[104]</span></p> - -<p>To calculate cubes, outside measurements of the walls -should be taken for the square area, and the height should -be measured from the floor of the basement to the roof, -or to half-way from eaves to ridge-pole, if the roof is -not flat.</p> - -<p id="subhead-66"><b>Limiting Annual Outlay.</b> In planning remember -to watch not only first cost, but future expense -of running your library. The more expensive your -material, the larger its maintenance will probably be for -care and repair. The larger your halls and stairways, -the more diffuse your rooms, the farther departments -are separated, the more wasteful your heating -and lighting, the more your service will cost. Good planning -may easily save you ten per cent on first cost, and -twenty per cent every year for the life of the building—a -whole generation. Calculate this saving for yourself, -and be careful!</p> - -<p>“It is impossible to have good administration without -a building properly planned,”—<i>The Libr. Asst.</i><a id="FNanchor_90" href="#Footnote_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p> - -<p>An architect generally overlooks those essentials which -may appear trivial, yet are of the greatest importance.—<i>Ibid.</i></p> - -<p><b>Cutting Down Cost.</b> From the first a wise planner -will study to limit expense in every detail. After all -possible economy, however, the wants will so outrun the -possibilities, that when architect and librarian and -adviser have agreed on a plan and it has been accepted -by the building committee, the first experimental estimates -will go beyond the limit.</p> - -<p>On what points will it be possible to cut down, without -serious sacrifice, from the library point of view?</p> - -<p>In the first place, <i>size</i>. As cost is largely in proportion -to cubic contents, every cubic foot saved pares -down expense. It will generally be hard to spare<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_105"></a>[105]</span> -floor area anywhere, but there can often be reduction of -height in rooms or floors. The only real library requisites -of height are air-capacity, and reach of light from -windows across rooms. The architect often wants certain -heights for architectural effect,—but always try -to pin him down to what is actually necessary for comfort -in every room, and point out where mezzanine rooms -would serve in high stories.</p> - -<p>In the next place comes ornament, exterior and interior. -In the John Hay library at Brown University, -several thousand dollars’ expense was saved by omitting -the cornice around the outside rear wall of the stack -room, without sacrifice of effect. In the Brookline cut-down,<a id="FNanchor_91" href="#Footnote_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> -several thousand dollars were saved by omitting -two ornamental but superfluous gardens outside.</p> - -<p>In a city, try to get the park department to assume -the cost of laying out the library grounds.</p> - -<p>Then the entrance and halls and staircases, as originally -sketched, will be often found unnecessarily large -when tested by library requirements. At Brookline -the larger part of the saving was made on such extras. -Outside steps, platform, columns, cornices, balustrades -and the like, are often superfluous.</p> - -<p>On material, again, much permissible saving can -be made. Inquiry of the architect will elicit that -less expensive material or finish will give as much -strength, durability and also as good effect as the -first choice.</p> - -<p>“Shingles instead of slate, plain glass instead of plate -glass, cheaper brick, cheaper finish, omitting fireplaces, -using wood floors instead of tile.”—<i>Miss Marvin.</i><a id="FNanchor_92" href="#Footnote_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a></p> - -<p>“Don’t waste money in too substantial construction -and <i>fireproofing</i>.”—<i>Stanley.</i><a id="FNanchor_93" href="#Footnote_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_106"></a>[106]</span></p> - -<p>When the inquiry is made of him, the architect will -usually prove to be suggestive as to economies. He will -be much more interested in savings than in extravagance, -and he knows just where savings can be made -without real sacrifice of strength, utility, or beauty. -In fact, it is here and in suggestion of alternatives in -meeting library needs, that a practical architect will -often surprise the librarian.</p> - -<p>Indeed, I have been surprised myself in finding how -keen an architect can be when this question comes up. -One would think he would hate not only to forego any -of his commission, but also to give up what seem to be -essential elements in a harmonious scheme. But in all -economies of this kind in which I have taken part, the -architect has thrown himself into problems of saving -with as much zeal as if he were to benefit rather than -the owner.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_107"></a>[107]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-67">Open Access</h3> - -<p>The admission of readers freely to the shelving, both -readers who want to select books to borrow for home-reading, -and those who wish to select from the shelves -books for serious reading in the building, has become a -common policy of libraries under the name of “open -access.”</p> - -<p>For the benefit of borrowers of new books, popular books -or late fiction (in children’s rooms, children’s books), -open-access rooms are usually provided with wall or -floor shelving, or alcoves so widely spaced as to allow -free inspection of the books. Where there is not a separate -room or suite of rooms, there is a corner of the -light-reading room shelved for this use.</p> - -<p>See “Carrels”<a id="FNanchor_94" href="#Footnote_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> as to open access to the stack.</p> - -<p>“Let the shelves be open, and the public admitted to -them. Give the people such liberty with their own -collection of books as the bookseller gives them with -his.”—<i>Dana.</i><a id="FNanchor_95" href="#Footnote_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a></p> - -<p>This development of use has changed the problems of -planning in our generation more than any other new -idea, as will be realized in looking at floor-plans of any -of the old libraries.</p> - -<p>The decision of the librarian and the trustees as to -what policy is to be adopted in all parts of the building -in relation to open access will largely govern planning of -all the departments. Even after a decision is given, -the question will arise, “Ought provision be made for -possible changes of method in future?”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_108"></a>[108]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-68">Light, Warmth, Fresh Air</h3> - -<p>After the library is finished, the staff will have to work -and the public to read in it.</p> - -<p>The eyesight of everyone that enters the building -is dependent on the steady soft incidence, reflection, -diffusion, concentration, abundance, of natural and artificial -light supplied; their comfort summer and winter -depends on the amount of heat tempered or admitted; -the clearness of their brains, their ability to read and -comprehend depends on methods of ventilation; the -permanent health of all obliged to stay any length of -time in the library may be seriously affected by the -care or neglect of those who plan these vital elements -of construction. Better have the building plain, even -ugly, with these essentials perfect, than impressive and -elegant without them.</p> - -<p>From the very first, in planning small or medium, -the large, or the largest libraries—in corridors, rooms, -hails, or stacks,—ponder these needs as you go on, -seek defects or merits in these directions as you visit -other buildings; set aside sufficient time for special and -deliberate study and review of these problems, librarian, -adviser and architect in solemn conclave, and resolve -to have your building, in these particulars at least, the -best one not only in your own state, but in America -and in the world.</p> - -<p>As is elsewhere urged again and again, spend what -money you have to spare, in such essentials, rather -than in the luxuries of unnecessarily expensive material, -decoration, or furniture.</p> - -<p>See special chapters, later on, on <a href="#subhead-104">Lighting</a>, <a href="#subhead-109">Heating, -and Ventilation</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_109"></a>[109]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-69">Faults to be Looked For</h3> - -<p>In visiting other libraries or looking at other plans, -the virtues are sometimes hard to detect, but there are -some faults even a novice can see. For instance—</p> - -<ul> -<li>Heaviness or embellishment of exterior, unsuited to a library.</li> -<li>Arched or pointed, mullioned or leaded windows, obstructive of light.</li> -<li>Domes, with rotundas beneath.</li> -<li>Columns and porticoes.</li> -<li>Overhanging roofs or cornices.</li> -<li>Stories, corridors, or rooms, unnecessarily high in the walls.</li> -<li>Waste of floor space.</li> -<li>Ornamental and excessively broad or massive stairways.</li> -<li>Stairs and corridors separating rooms which should adjoin.</li> -<li>Poor light anywhere; light in the eyes of readers instead of on the backs or pages of books.</li> -<li>Drafts, or absence of air.</li> -</ul> - -<p>These are a few common faults; any good librarian -can suggest others from his or her own experience.</p> - -<p>As the classes of library schools go about visiting libraries, -it would be well to have some expert instructor -or guide point out obvious faults of construction. The -local librarian could best show merits. Special reports or -theses on buildings would advance the cause of rational -planning among the coming generation of librarians.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_110"></a>[110]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-70">Frankness Among Librarians</h3> - -<p>A certain amount of reticence among librarians in -talking about faults of their own buildings to visitors, -leads me to write this chapter. Whether it is due to -diffidence in posing as critics without enough experience, -or more likely to a spirit of loyalty to their institution, -I have not been able to determine. But certainly such -a spirit is disloyal to the cause of library science. No -progress can be made in building if every librarian must -act only on his own experience for his own building. -Every sensible man can see the good, the bad and the -indifferent among the tools put into his hands. Every -practical man can suggest corrections of faults, perfection -of the mediocre, even improvement of the good. -When a brother-librarian who is about to build comes to -ask advice and look over methods and means, the largest -loyalty is due to one’s profession and the public, and the -incumbent ought to give full benefit of his experience -and his opinion to the visitor, under the pledge of silence -if he wishes, but concealing nothing. His opinions may -be mistaken, his experience slender, but the very statement -will challenge the judgment of the inquirer and -enlarge the scope of his vision.</p> - -<p>So the visitor in his turn, after going through his -planning, and occupying his new library, ought to pass -the methods he has selected, minutely in review, and -speak or write of them to visitors, at clubs, or in professional -periodicals, with like frankness. If he will be -candid about his own experience, a librarian who has -just built may be the wisest critic possible, and may -doubly help those who follow in his path.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_111"></a>[111]</span></p> - -<p>He who has experimented with a new device or a new -method, if he tests thoroughly, impartially and sanely, -can be especially useful to his fellows by frankness in -reporting his praise or criticism.</p> - -<p>Indeed, every experienced librarian who is also -ingenious, ought to try experiments as he has the -opportunity, not only in methods but in appliances. -A hundred bright minds, working in the same direction, -will be sure to hit upon new devices which will simplify -processes and better the building and furnishing of -years to come.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_112"></a>[112]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-71">Service and Supervision</h3> - -<p>These are underlying elements of library planning -which only a librarian who has practised them thoroughly -understands. Even the “library architect” may fail to -grasp these on a new problem.</p> - -<p>“Have the building convenient for both work and -supervision, where many a costly building fails. Have -all departments in harmonious relations, so as to serve -the public best, and at least cost in money, time, and -labor.”—<i>Eastman.</i><a id="FNanchor_96" href="#Footnote_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a></p> - -<p><b>Service.</b> Short lines for every process are the essential. -There has been rather a tendency among architects -to imagine that modern contrivances can overcome space, -but every step, every motion, takes time; every step, -every motion saved, promotes efficient service, and -keeps the public waiting a second less. If you use -pages or “runners,” plan to shorten their runs. If you -use mechanical substitutes, speed them up, run them -on straight lines, avoid complications and corners. -Study every motion, every handling of a book in all the -processes of a library, and save a second here and a -second there. In sizable buildings, you will thus be -able to save not only minutes but often hours through -every work day of their future. “Many a mickle saves -a muckle,” is true of packing, passing, cataloguing, -handling, cleaning, collecting, distributing.</p> - -<p>Do not be deceived by the suggestion that labor-saving -devices change principles. A yard is more than -a foot, by machine as well as by boy. Save time on -machines as on pages. Your needs will soon outrun -both.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_113"></a>[113]</span></p> - -<p><b>Supervision.</b> “Helpfulness should be aimed at, rather -than supervision,” says Champneys,<a id="FNanchor_97" href="#Footnote_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> and certainly it -should be aimed at <i>with</i> supervision. Accessibility to -helpless inquirers invites as well as facilitates easy -inquiries. But in America we find that supervision -deters as well as detects disorder, noise, mutilation, -theft.</p> - -<p>Duff-Brown<a id="FNanchor_98" href="#Footnote_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> calls attention to one aid not often -thought of,—the supervision of one reader over -another. This acts where students and serious readers -congregate, but somewhat fails in periodical and light-reading -and children’s rooms. There supervision is -more necessary.</p> - -<p>In small libraries, supervision from the delivery desk -is all that is generally possible. It can be facilitated by -open floors, glass screens, avoidance of corners or projections, -and radial bookcases. In larger libraries, provision -for attendants at strategic points, such as corners -which command adjoining rooms, can be so arranged -as to help and supervise with minimum service. A -well-arranged desk for each attendant placed thus on -picket, will enable him or her to pursue any assigned -desk work, without interfering with supervision or -information.</p> - -<p>Supervision of doors, entrance halls and stairways, -is most necessary;—in small libraries, from the desk; in -large libraries, through hall porters, who can also watch -art treasures and exhibition cases, as well as direct -visitors, and avert undesirables.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_114"></a>[114]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-72">Decoration: Ornament</h3> - -<p>Ornament is the last thing to think of about a library. -Noticeable exterior ornament is not needed for dignity, -and conflicts with simplicity, two appropriate library -qualities. “Outside ornament is often vulgar,” says -Champneys.<a id="FNanchor_99" href="#Footnote_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> Even statuary is not in keeping unless -the building has memorial purposes, for which additional -funds have been provided. Inside attempts at ornament -are often grotesque. Marble columns are out of place, -marble walls and staircases showy rather than sensible, -wall or ceiling frescoes distracting, floor inlays disconcerting. -If funds allow, such features and portraits in -vestibules, passage-ways and conversation rooms do -not interfere with reading or service. Portraits of -donors or deceased trustees or librarians may do in delivery-rooms -or light-reading rooms in which exigencies -of use require high enough walls and few enough windows -to leave available wall space. But in rooms for serious -reading, there should be no features of any kind to interfere -with reading or attract non-readers. Burgoyne -comments,<a id="FNanchor_100" href="#Footnote_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> “In Boston, the decorative art makes the -public rooms art galleries instead of places for study. -The two objects are quite incompatible. The crowds -who gather to inspect the decorations are a nuisance -to the student who comes to study.” See also the -Report of the Examiners of the Boston Public Library -in 1895.</p> - -<p>“In the reading rooms, ornament which attracts the -eye and creates interest, is a hindrance to the usefulness -of the rooms.”—<i>Beresford Pite.</i><a id="FNanchor_101" href="#Footnote_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_115"></a>[115]</span></p> - -<p>“Interior decoration should be subordinated to the -use of the building.”—<i>Champneys.</i><a id="FNanchor_102" href="#Footnote_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a></p> - -<p>Isadore, Bishop of Seville<a id="FNanchor_103" href="#Footnote_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> (A.D. 600) says that “The -best architects object to gilded ceilings in libraries, and -to any other marble than cipollino for the floor, because -the glitter of gold is hurtful to the eyes, while the green -of cipollino is restful to them.”</p> - -<p>From this it appears that the architects of that age -were more considerate of readers than some in our own -generation.</p> - -<p><b>Coloring.</b> I would draw a distinction between ornament -and decorous decoration. If as much attention -be given to the æsthetic influence as to the irradiating -and ophthalmic effects of shades of color on wall and -ceiling, the resulting beauty would at the same time -charm, soothe and satisfy all visitors. Sufficient study -is rarely ever given to this element of “Venustas.” In -one of my own early problems, I employed a young artist -who had a reputation as a colorist, to select tints for -different rooms, with a result which fully justified the -small fee he charged.</p> - -<p>See four tints suggested at page 15 of the Boston -report, mentioned under “Light, Artificial.”<a id="FNanchor_104" href="#Footnote_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> From -that report,<a id="FNanchor_105" href="#Footnote_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> I quote:—</p> - -<p>“For bright, sunny rooms a very light green is probably -the best shade.”</p> - -<p>“For darker rooms, a light buff.”</p> - -<p>“The ceiling should be white, or slightly tinted.”</p> - -<p>“The woodwork should be of a light color such as -that of natural woods. <i>Under no circumstances</i> are -dark walls and woodwork permissible.”</p> - -<p>(This applies to schoolrooms, but what applies to scholars -equally applies to readers in libraries, and these precepts -apply to furniture as well as to the other woodwork.)</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_116"></a>[116]</span></p> - -<p>Miss Marvin<a id="FNanchor_106" href="#Footnote_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> suggests that,—</p> - -<p>“Green, yellow, terra-cotta, light brown, and tan are -good.”</p> - -<p>“No decoration is necessary except tinting.” [Excellent.]</p> - -<p>“Corticene or burlap is good background for pictures.”</p> - -<p>“Only one color is desirable for the interior of a small -library.”</p> - -<p><b>Reflection of light.</b> Not only is color of walls and -ceiling a prime element in decoration, but it also plays -a large part in the cheerfulness and effectiveness of -diffused light, both natural and artificial; especially -in systems of indirect lighting. To select colors bright -enough to reflect, and soft enough not to dazzle, is one -of the nice problems of planning.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_117"></a>[117]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-73">Architectural Styles</h3> - -<p>I dislike to stray upon the architect’s province, but -this subject affects planning so radically, that I will -venture to allude to it here, not as advice to architects -but as a warning to building committees. In many -conditions for competitions and in many discussions -among trustees where there happen to be amateurs in -architecture on the board, I see directions or hear suggestions -about this or that style. To formulate any -specific direction to the architect on this point at the -outset seems to me a fatal mistake. The style ought to -develop from the needs of the particular problem in -hand. Until the architect knows just what he has to -construct, to prescribe any conventional style only -cramps him. Neither practical libraries nor American -architecture can be developed by such swaddling clothes. -Select an architect who can be regarded as competent -and let him choose or create a style without lay dictation, -after he comprehends his whole problem. Remember, -you are not burying an old style; you are in -at the birth of a new one.</p> - -<p>“The most noticeable thing about architectural styles -is the spontaneity of their growth, developing from the -obvious conditions of building.”—<i>Russell Sturgis.</i><a id="FNanchor_107" href="#Footnote_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a></p> - -<p>“Having agreed on a good plan, you cannot properly -say to the architect, ‘We must have a classical building.’ -It is the most difficult of all styles; formal symmetry -requiring exceptional skill in the architect.”—<i>W. A. -Otis.</i><a id="FNanchor_108" href="#Footnote_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_118"></a>[118]</span></p> - -<p>Montgomery Schuyler writes, in his article on the -“United States,” for Sturgis’s Dictionary of Architecture,<a id="FNanchor_109" href="#Footnote_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> -“For more than a generation, scarcely a public -building was erected which was not at least supposed -by its builders to be in the Grecian style. Nothing -could have been practically more inconvenient than the -requirement that one or more parts of a building divided -into offices should be darkened by the projecting portico. -In many cases this difficulty was sought to be obviated -by converting the central space into a rotunda,—a -wasteful arrangement.” Such is an architect’s comment -on a feature which has been the librarian’s <i>bête noir</i>.</p> - -<p>To quote further from this interesting article:—</p> - -<p>“The United States had thus nothing to show in -current building but copies of a pure and refined architecture, -implicated with dispositions entirely unsuitable -to almost all practical requirements.</p> - -<p>“Even the most thoughtful of revivalists were apt to -take mediæval architecture as a more or less literal -model, rather than as a starting point for modern -work.</p> - -<p>“The later graduates (of the French school) devoted -themselves, not to developing an architecture out of -American conditions, but to domesticating current -French work.”</p> - -<p>(By the Chicago World’s Fair) “classic, in one or -another of its modes, was re-established as the most -eligible style for public buildings. No architect would -now think of submitting in competition a design for a -public building, in any other style than that officially -sanctioned in France.</p> - -<p>“There is no longer any pretence of using the selected -style as a basis or point of departure to be modified and -developed in accordance with American needs and ways<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_119"></a>[119]</span> -of thinking, and with the introduction of new material -and new modes of construction.... In civic buildings -it may be said as a rule that there is no longer even an -aspiration toward a national architecture.”</p> - -<p>After discussing at length modern commercial buildings, -Mr. Schuyler concludes with a sentence which may well -be applied to libraries: “Out of the satisfaction of commonplace -and general requirements may arise the -beginnings of a national architecture.”</p> - -<p>Will there ever be evolved a distinctive library architecture? -I hardly think so. It will be possible to recognize -a library as you can now tell a schoolhouse; but -libraries if well planned will have more individualism, -I think, more characteristic charm, than the generality -of schoolhouses, but not a uniform architecture.</p> - -<p>It is possible indeed that library loveliness will be -developed as a recognizable type.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_120"></a>[120]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-74">Amateurs Dangerous</h3> - -<p>In looking back on the experience of thirty years, -I am inclined to think that most danger in library planning -lies in amateur interference. Not so much in amateur -librarians. When a trustee gets interested in library -methods he often graduates into the profession, and -becomes a leader. For instance, Justin Winsor, who -began as a trustee, became a librarian, and by vigorous -work did more to make his occupation a profession than -any other one American. Even when the trustee stops -short of this, he may sometimes worry his librarian by -half-knowledge and undue interference in administration, -but such a man is not apt to impede in building, for -his library zeal will move him to support the practical -side in any discussion.</p> - -<p>But when a trustee (or, alas! a librarian) is an amateur -architect, one of those laymen who spend an English -vacation all in cathedral towns, and a French tour all -in the château district, he is apt to be troublesome, and -to want what he considers good style in architecture -rather than good methods of administration. If he is -put on the building committee, and it selects a too -artistic architect, one who magnifies “Venustas” unduly -at the cost of “Utilitas,” the library is doomed. Its -new building may be widely pictured in the magazines, -but it will not be so much used by readers, or praised -by librarians. Better modest ignorance, with common-sense, -than too much half-knowledge and pseudo-taste -in art or architecture.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_121"></a>[121]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-75">Dry-rot Deadening</h3> - -<p>One of the greatest dangers in building is dry-rot—not -in material or books, but human desiccation.</p> - -<p>There is not much to fear from the architect. Unless -he is too much wedded to precedents and styles, he will -be progressive enough, under good advice. But a board -of trustees, often composed of elderly men, may be ultra-conservative, -remembering and clinging to the memory -of library methods and especially old styles of library -buildings, current when they were young. If they are -wise enough, however, to choose a building committee -of sane and open-minded men, whose recommendations, -founded on expert advice, they will listen to, these votaries -of tradition will not prove too obstructive.</p> - -<p>After all, the real danger is from the local librarian -who has stopped growing. Just as there are children in -school who are bright scholars only up to a certain point, -where they seem to stop growing, there are men and -women librarians, very progressive at first, who come to -an age of suspended growth, and absolutely exclude -either new ideas or the comprehension of future development. -They may have served so well in the past, -or be so popular personally, or discharge many of their -functions so well, that they are retained in their positions -as librarians. They may still be useful in the -every-day service of the public, but such stunted progress -will utterly unfit them to act as building advisers, -who require a large view of the future. If you have -such a one as your local librarian, it is your first duty -to get him the best expert you can find to spur him up. -Unless the reactionary is also impracticable or jealous, -he may work well in harness with an adviser, by giving -full presentation of local needs.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_122"></a>[122]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_123"></a>[123]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_C">C.<br /> -<span class="smaller">PERSONNEL</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_124"></a>[124]</span></p> - -<div class="front-matter"> - -<p class="center"><i>In this Book -are discussed the various -phases of the personal equation which -affect the success or failure -of library planning.</i></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_125"></a>[125]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">C.<br /> -<span class="smaller">PERSONNEL</span></h2> - -</div> - -<h3 id="subhead-76">The Public</h3> - -<p>The root of library opinion and support is public -sentiment. Indirectly, it nourishes the spirit which -inspires the private donor. Directly, it supplies the -impulse which founds the library; the enthusiasm which -supports it liberally; the civic wisdom and pride -which erect buildings; the large and democratic taste -which approves adequate facilities, sound construction, -quiet and appropriate beauty in building.</p> - -<p>The aim in the United States is to make the library -an essential part of education, not only in acting with the -school system, but in carrying on the graduate to a -larger education at home, not only literary and social, -but industrial as well, so as to develop law-abiding and -useful citizens. There is a further aim, akin to that of -parks and playgrounds, in providing a sober recreation -to rival the attractions of saloons and street corners -and dance halls.</p> - -<p>When the public can be convinced that its library -works to these ends and is economically and efficiently -managed, the community will support it generously. -When the time comes for building, sufficient funds can -generally be got without trouble. The voters will not -forget Washington’s injunction, “Promote, as objects of -primary importance, institutions for the general diffusion -of knowledge,” and they will rank the library first -among such institutions.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_126"></a>[126]</span></p> - -<p>“There is probably no mode of spending public money -which gives a more extraordinary and immediate return -in utility and innocent enjoyment.”—<i>Stanley -Jevons</i>, quoted by Crunden.</p> - -<p>In library building, realize that the public, which -pays, should get every possible service in its best form, -service for educated and uneducated readers; for workmen -and workwomen, as well as for scholars, for the -children of all, and for the teachers of the children. -Especial thought should be given to those citizens who -can have no large libraries of their own. Your library -should be made so simple and homelike that it will invite -them as a home or a club they own.</p> - -<p><b>Wise Election of Trustees.</b> The town can begin -to provide for wise building by paying some attention -to selecting suitable trustees. The position is an -honorary one in most towns, and is usually given to -clergymen, lawyers, men of literary taste, each of whom -is, as it were, citizen emeritus, retired from active -life, and remote from the wants of the public. The -board is apt to become a cosy club, and to get into a rut. -Especially is this so if it is in-breeding; allowed to select -its own members, and to become a clique. If Harvard -College cannot allow its overseers to serve more than two -terms successively, towns should not allow any town -board to become perpetual. Especially may this autocracy -work harm in building. Men chosen for literary -taste are not always the most practical. There ought -to be on the board of trustees representatives of every -section and every large element in the town. Among -them there should be enough wise, level-headed men to -make up a building committee, just the kind of men who -would naturally be selected as building committee of a -bank or church, men of judicial temperament who can -weigh the argument of librarian and architect, and of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_127"></a>[127]</span> -sober judgment to curb extravagance in either. It is -the part of the public to elect such men, and to defer -to their judgment when selected. Literary taste is -not needed on building committees. The librarian -ought to know how to handle books; his judgment -will suffice. Artistic taste is not needed; a good architect -ought to have that in his training.</p> - -<p><b>Judgment.</b> In one final point the public can help -good planning; in their expression of opinion, their -criticism or approbation of the building after completion.</p> - -<p>Even the stranger who flashes through the town in -his automobile can carry away into his own community -an intelligent lesson. If the building has been properly -planned, he should say, “That is evidently a library, a -good library; just suited to this town (or institution), -and evidently doing good work here.”</p> - -<p>The citizen of the town should criticize its exterior -not so much for splendor as for appropriateness and -good taste. Does it suggest to him, and invite him to, -the study of books or the recreation of reading? Even -then, better suspend judgment until he sees or hears -how the new library works as a library. If he can educate -himself to this degree, his lay comment will have -some share in the progress of library science.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_128"></a>[128]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-77">Place of the Library Among Buildings</h3> - -<p>A great deal of doubt prevails in communities as to -just how much money they are justified in putting into -a library building. In some towns, a disposition is -shown by local economists, to give it a low relative position. -They will grant liberal appropriations for a -florid town hall, for a large high school, for a commodious -grammar or primary school, for a handsome -headquarters for the fire department, even for a granite -police station, but they hesitate at a roomy building -for the public library. This is a narrow way to look -at it, for many more residents are served and largely -served by a library of the modern active type, than by -any one school or other institution. It has often been -said forcibly, that the library should rank just ahead of -the high school, and have a better building and better -support.</p> - -<p><b>Site.</b> Though the choice of the site falls to the -trustees, liberality in buying it and public spirit in offering -sites at a low price, are incumbent on citizens, as well as -discouragement of squabbles arising from desire to benefit -real estate in different localities. A large charity should -be extended to the trustees, under their perplexities, -and a ready confirmation of their choice.</p> - -<p><b>Ornament.</b> There is often an opinion in the community, -perhaps even among the trustees, in favor of -more solid construction or more ornamental features than -are necessary or appropriate in a public library building. -This should be stoutly contested by the more sensible citizens, -on the ground that a library is no more the object<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_129"></a>[129]</span> -of unnecessary expense or elaboration, than a schoolhouse. -It is a fairly well settled idea that schoolhouses -should not be extravagant, on the ground both of economy -and good taste. It should not be hard to persuade -a community to the same conviction as to libraries. -If, however, the opinion is obstinate, the suggestion -might be made that a sum be appropriated sufficient to -provide an ample but simple library building, and then -offer a vote of an additional sum for architectural elaboration. -This would bring the question squarely before the -people.</p> - -<p>The trustees ought to be left to work out their own -problem first and ask for the necessary funds. If their -request seems proper, and the trustees have the confidence -of the public, the funds should be promptly voted. -If not, a committee which has the confidence of the -public can be appointed to report, but when they report -the trustees should be left to plan the library. They -will have to run it. If they still lack your confidence, -change them at the next election.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_130"></a>[130]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-78">The Donor</h3> - -<p>More striking even than the library movement itself, -and than public liberality toward libraries, are the constant -and generous gifts of private citizens, not only to -their native towns, and as memorials to friends, but -even to needy communities alien to the giver.</p> - -<p>“The most wonderful phenomena in American social -development.”—<i>H. B. Adams.</i><a id="FNanchor_110" href="#Footnote_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a></p> - -<p>Of these donors Andrew Carnegie has been the chief -and the exemplar. His generosity has been wise, -helpful, discriminating. He has avoided pauperizing -his beneficiaries and has stipulated that they also -help themselves, sometimes in building, always in -supporting. He has carefully apportioned his gifts -to the size and needs of each institution or community. -Most other donors have followed his example, -and the library movement has been judiciously -forwarded by these public-spirited friends. Of the -buildings reported in the Massachusetts 1899 Report, -103 were gifts (10 old buildings, 93 new) from private -donors, and 19 more part public, part private. It is -not always possible to praise the libraries they have -built; it is wise sometimes to ignore their motives; but -the wisdom of their intentions deserves high praise and -lavish gratitude. This generosity has not been confined -to America. Edwards<a id="FNanchor_111" href="#Footnote_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> notes that out of 180 special -libraries he enumerates from all countries, 164 were -gifts. Fletcher<a id="FNanchor_112" href="#Footnote_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> listed 60 such gifts in America when he -wrote, without counting Carnegie. The best gifts are -those which give a sum for building and another for books<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_131"></a>[131]</span> -and care. Thus John Jacob Astor<a id="FNanchor_113" href="#Footnote_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> left to the Astor -library, $175,000 for a building, $120,000 for books, and -$205,000, the interest to go to maintenance.</p> - -<p>This tide of benefactions may last even through the -generation which will follow Carnegie and his fellows, -and will doubtless parallel the progress of public building -for many years to come.</p> - -<p>All donors, however, have not been as wise. Some -of them have overweighted quiet communities with -grotesque piles. Some of them have impoverished poor -communities by expensive piles without endowment.</p> - -<p>“There is a small library building in a Connecticut -town, designed on a lavish classical scale. Its centre is -formed by a large, round and empty vestibule fit rather -to receive a swimming tank than a delivery desk. A -beautiful dome covers this vestibule, and makes the -exterior look like a mortuary chapel. Such a mistake -has cost $300,000, besides the expense of administration.”—<i>O. -Bluemner.</i><a id="FNanchor_114" href="#Footnote_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a></p> - -<p>But this bizarre feature was not all the architect’s fault, -it was mainly the donor’s. A prominent architect told me -that this commission was first given to him. He studied -the needs of the town, and its characteristics, and -following his instructions not to spare cost, he designed -as fine a library as he thought would suit and serve -such a place. On taking his sketch to the donor, he -was met with the contemptuous speech. “If that is the -finest library you can get up, I will find an architect -who can do better.” And he did. “Thus,” said my -friend, “I learned a lesson not to cut down my fee by -being too conscientious.”</p> - -<p>The worst mistake a donor can make is to give the -building of the library to some protegé, or favorite -architect, without engaging a library expert to advise<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_132"></a>[132]</span> -him. There is one prominent university where all the -buildings are useful and beautiful but one. This a -donor gave, but got a young friend to design it in New -York, without seeing the site, or consulting the professors -in charge. The result is a blot and a shame.</p> - -<p><b>A Library no Taj Mahal.</b> If any millionaire sees -this whose affection for a lost friend leads him to build a -library as a memorial, let me earnestly beg him to -make his building very modest and practical,—with a -commensurate endowment, if he will. But if he wants -to build a beautiful tomb, as he has a right to do, let -him select some other more appropriate form. A library, -of all institutions, is alive and always busy. The work -it can do might be a lasting memorial to a lovely and -useful character, but not if it is smothered and deadened -by an architectural snuffer. I would suggest that a fine -gift to a small town would be a group of buildings, say -a town hall, a library and a high school, the three -separate but connected by arcades, a noble but not -oppressively grand and out-of-place trio; each simple -and perfect for its use and place.</p> - -<p>The library, properly criticised by Mr. Bluemner, -cost $300,000. The town in which it is situated had -at the time its library was given, about 4,000 population. -In looking over the list of Carnegie gifts, I note that a -town of 6,000 was allotted $15,000 as his idea of a suitable -building for so small a place. Twenty libraries of -this size could be built for the cost of the Connecticut -misfit.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_133"></a>[133]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-79">The Institution</h3> - -<p>Any library owned by an institution and not by the -public, ought to have as good and as thorough advice -as it can get from the wisest and most experienced -librarians of similar institutions, which its own librarian -or any expert will know how to elicit. It will be fortunate -if it can secure as its own expert, some such librarian -who has recently gone through the whole experience of -building.</p> - -<p>The officers of the institution should define beforehand, -just what scope its library is to cover; just -how it is to serve members, special students and visitors; -how much money will be required for suitable -building and thorough equipment; where enough money -is to come from; what site (if site is not already chosen) -is most central for probable readers and will lend itself -most readily to the purposes of the association.</p> - -<p>If its library is sufficiently large for a suite of rooms, -but not large enough to demand a separate building, its -trustees and architects should devote to the library, -if possible, a separate floor or a separate wing or special -ell, with provisions for differentiation, change, and -growth, and should so locate other departments that -are most closely affiliated with the library, in the closest -juxtaposition.</p> - -<p>Indeed, where the library has begun to be important, -rooms need expert advice in location and details almost -as much as the building. But when it has attained the -dignity of separate housing, all that is said elsewhere -about expert advice applies with double force to a highly -specialized institution.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_134"></a>[134]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-80">The Trustees</h3> - -<p>To the trustees falls full and final responsibility for -all library building. They formulate the needs of the -library, get the funds from the proper body, choose -the site, elect the librarian, and select the architect. -After hearing the librarian and architect, they decide -on all its exterior and interior features. With them -should really rest either praise or blame for the result. -Unlike the librarian and architect, they serve without -stipend. They deserve every consideration and full -support.</p> - -<p>But not every trustee is an archangel. Boards of -trustees may harbor many faddists, many cranks, -many busy-bodies. How to head these off from meddling -with building is a problem in tact. There is often a -member who “knows it all,” and cannot be moved by -any expert advice. He is just the man who wants to -take control. He is dangerous.</p> - -<p>“More buildings are spoiled by clients than by architects.”—<i>E. -B. Green.</i><a id="FNanchor_115" href="#Footnote_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a> And this kind of trustee is the -client who is most apt to spoil the library.</p> - -<p>“The trustee will be careful not to consider himself an -expert.”—<i>Dr. Jas. H. Canfield.</i><a id="FNanchor_116" href="#Footnote_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> But if there is a sane -majority who realize the seriousness and extent of their -task, they can at least select their sanest three to serve -as a building committee, delegating to them details of -investigation, reserving to the full board only important -points reported by the committee.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_135"></a>[135]</span></p> - -<p>In small communities the trustees will probably be -men of greater experience in affairs than their librarian, -and better able to make investigations than he. They -will also be better able to deal with the architect, -and to judge the soundness of his advice. As the -library is larger, large enough to have a mature and -trained librarian, the board need not take an active part -but may be content to serve as a court of appeal.</p> - -<p>Experience of the past has shown that there are two -prevalent dangers: <i>first</i>, the idea that the board has a -primary function to make their building an ornament to -the town or institution; <i>second</i>, the delusion of some -member that a little dabbling in architecture or building -has made him competent to advise the architect.</p> - -<p>If a library can be made both practical and beautiful -within the appropriation by expert advice, free from amateur -experience, it is enough for the trustees to take -pride in, that they have furnished wise guidance to such -a happy result. Interference with technical details on -their part is very unwise. The board should realize -that they are trustees of the library, not an Art Commission, -and that the special trust committed to them, -the trust to which they must be true, is the use of books, -not the abuse of architecture.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_136"></a>[136]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-81">The Building Committee</h3> - -<p>Pick out the building committee very carefully, for -fitness, not out of courtesy, or because certain members -want to serve on it.</p> - -<p>A judicial disposition, common sense, an open mind, -are necessary; for they have to consult and instruct -the architect and the library expert, to ratify their recommendations -and decide where they differ.</p> - -<p>The constitution of this committee is really the crux -of building. On their judgment rests the event of success -or failure in planning. Their chief duty is to weigh -the advice of experts.</p> - -<p>“The Building Committee usually has very vague -ideas [at first] about size, location or requirements.”—<i>Bluemner.</i><a id="FNanchor_117" href="#Footnote_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a></p> - -<p>Once constituted, this committee should relieve the -board of minutiæ of planning. If they are wise, they -will throw the burden of all inquiry, inspection and -initial steps on librarian and architect. If these agree, -the committee may take steps to verify their conclusion, -but need not be themselves active. Their function -is like that of a “struck jury,” to report from time to -time to the full board for ratification of their decisions. -Perhaps their most difficult function will be to curb the -architect in expense and unnecessary ornament.</p> - -<p>They will have all they ought to try to do, in deciding -various questions which will arise in planning, and -in their services as umpires they can earn the thanks -of their fellow-citizens.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_137"></a>[137]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-82">Free Advice</h3> - -<p>If you hesitate to pay money for an expert to give -special study to all your problems of planning, you -can get good advice from many sources in driblets. In -the first place, your librarian will naturally contribute -all he knows without extra charge. In England, Duff-Brown -suggests that at the outset candidates for librarianship -should be asked, “Do you possess any practical -knowledge of library planning?”<a id="FNanchor_118" href="#Footnote_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> This qualification is -not often considered in America; and the ordinary -library education and experience do not develop it. -But your librarian may happen to have served through -building problems in some previous position. If such -an expert has thus been fortunately secured in advance, -his advice will be freely given. Even if -not, any fairly good librarian ought to know where -to look in books for information, and to gradually -formulate his ideas, to be put into such brief and -pointed queries as he is justified in propounding to other -librarians.</p> - -<p>If you have a state library commission, you are -allowed to ask counsel from them. In some states the -law provides that they shall give expert advice on -building, when asked for it. In all states such a custom -prevails. If there is no commission in your state, the -commission of a neighboring state would doubtless be -glad to advise.</p> - -<p>To good librarians everywhere, even to those who -have become paid experts, you can always look for such -gratuitous consideration as does not make too much<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_138"></a>[138]</span> -demand on their time. Their experience and judgment -will be generously given free. “If there be any profession -in which there is community of ideas,” says Miss -Plummer, “it is that of librarianship.”<a id="FNanchor_119" href="#Footnote_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a> But always -remember that librarians whose advice is worth asking, -are very busy with the work of their own libraries.</p> - -<p>“Information <i>on specific points</i> is freely given by librarians, -but in the midst of pressing official duties it is -often a severe tax on their time. It is also impossible, -in the brief space of such a reply, and without learning -the resources at command, to give much useful -information.”—<i>W. F. Poole.</i><a id="FNanchor_120" href="#Footnote_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a></p> - -<p>Boil down your queries, into pointed questions which -can be briefly answered. Draw them off in a list, with -spaces for answers, which can be filled in and returned -without labor of copying, and enclose a stamped return -envelope. So will you not “ride a free horse to death,” -and will preserve your adviser fresh for further usefulness.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_139"></a>[139]</span></p> - -<h3>But be Sure to Get Good Advice</h3> - -<p>Either from your own librarian or his friends, or from -a library commission, get thorough advice and special -study for every point in every department as you plan, -and before allowing any exterior features to be settled. -Do not put too heavy a burden of responsibility on the -architect.</p> - -<p>“He should not be expected to furnish the idea -of the building. Its planning is a separate problem -to be solved. It is the business of the owner, not of the -architect, to decide this.”—<i>Patton.</i><a id="FNanchor_121" href="#Footnote_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a></p> - -<p>“Do not rely entirely on an architect, however great -his artistic and technical qualifications.”<a id="FNanchor_122" href="#Footnote_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a>—<i>Duff-Brown.</i></p> - -<p>“Most of the unsuitable buildings are due to unstated -problems. Too much of the lay trustee, <i>too much of the -librarian himself sometimes</i>, who thought he knew, but -didn’t, have been the causes.”—<i>B. R. Green.</i><a id="FNanchor_123" href="#Footnote_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a></p> - -<p>Indeed, rather than trust to incompetent library -advice or an inexperienced architect, I would suggest -going to the Library Bureau and giving them charge of -building. They would at least know where to go for -competent advice, and would not charge any more -profit on what they expended than experts deserve. -So thinks B. R. Green.<a id="FNanchor_124" href="#Footnote_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a></p> - -<p>“Many librarians are burdened with repeated calls -for information which more properly ought to be obtained -from an independent expert.”—<i>H. J. Carr.</i><a id="FNanchor_125" href="#Footnote_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_140"></a>[140]</span></p> - -<p>But, remember, in getting such advice from busy -librarians, you are getting only their opinions, founded -on experience and impressions, but not on careful and -minute study of conditions involved in your problem, -to which they cannot afford to give due consideration.</p> - -<p>The fable of the lawyer is here germane, who, when -reproached by a friend, “That advice you gave me was -worth nothing, absolutely nothing,” replied, “Well, -isn’t that just what you paid me for it?”</p> - -<p>The off-hand answer of a librarian, even an expert, -may or may not fit the case. He is certainly not to be -blamed if it does not fit, unless he has been duly retained, -and has taken time for mature study of all the -facts.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_141"></a>[141]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-83">The Local Librarian as Expert</h3> - -<p>“No plan should be drawn up or accepted without the -skilled guidance of a thoroughly trained expert.”—<i>Duff-Brown.</i><a id="FNanchor_126" href="#Footnote_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a></p> - -<p>Is your own librarian such an expert? It is assumed -that you have one, for some sort of a librarian is a prerequisite -of even a rudimentary library.</p> - -<p>“First appoint your librarian: the rapid growth of -library interests has necessitated expert service in a -multitude of essential details.”—<i>Professor Todd.</i><a id="FNanchor_127" href="#Footnote_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a></p> - -<p>“Should be a scholar and a person of executive ability, -versed in all departments.”—<i>Fletcher.</i><a id="FNanchor_128" href="#Footnote_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a></p> - -<p>The local librarian is undoubtedly expert in most -processes of librarianship, but is he or she such an expert—not -theorist, but expert—in building, that other -librarians look up to him for expert advice on that -subject? If not, does not your problem deserve the -advice of some librarian in whom others have confidence? -Do you not need the best advice you can get?</p> - -<p>Has your librarian the natural aptitude for planning, -which would have made him a good architect?</p> - -<p>Has he the presence and force which would lend -weight to his opinions against a positive architect?</p> - -<p>“Has he a mind broad enough to argue on equal -terms with an experienced architect?”—<i>Mauran.</i><a id="FNanchor_129" href="#Footnote_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_142"></a>[142]</span></p> - -<p>Should you consider him “a capable man of business,” -as Mr. Hallam suggested thirty-two years ago?</p> - -<p>Is he too young to teach, or too old to learn?</p> - -<p>“A very good librarian may yet have no great fitness -for the task of planning a building.”—<i>Miss West</i> (<i>now -Mrs. Elmendorff</i>).<a id="FNanchor_130" href="#Footnote_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a></p> - -<p>And a junior librarian need not feel hurt if he is not -trusted as an expert. As the best English authority<a id="FNanchor_131" href="#Footnote_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a> -says: “Do not expect too much from a low-priced -librarian.” To this I should add, “Do not expect too -much of any librarian, even a leader in the profession, -and do not expect omniscience of leaders.”</p> - -<p>And it is, of course, superfluous advice not to take -your local librarian at his own valuation. He is most -likely to assume the function of an expert in building -when he is least fitted. The really experienced librarian -is apt to be modest and to ask assistance, in the belief -that “two heads are better than one.” It will not be -difficult, through a little quiet inquiry, to find where -you can get the best advice, at home or elsewhere.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_143"></a>[143]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-84">The Library Adviser</h3> - -<p>“No library board should attempt building without -taking counsel of someone who has made the subject a -special study, and has had experience in library management.”—<i>Poole.</i><a id="FNanchor_132" href="#Footnote_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a></p> - -<p>If you want to get a really good library, which can be -worked easily, economically and effectively for years to -come, and if you are not quite satisfied to leave the -entire responsibility to the librarian you happen to -have, or the architect you happen to get, there is a chance -for you to employ, for a far less sum than a competition -would cost, such a library expert as will be able to give -you aid just where and when everyone may need it -most; an adviser who can limit expense of construction, -augment capacity, provide for the best and cheapest -service, explain your needs to the architect, avoid friction, -and bring to the best issue the countless puzzling -queries which will arise after the plans are settled, the -contracts let, and you plunge into the pitfalls of building -and furnishing. Contract with this adviser for the -whole problem, from start to finish,—you will want -him to appeal to, up to the very end, and it is poor -economy to try to scrimp on trifles.</p> - -<p>“Committees who work without a trained adviser are -certain to spend many times more ... in futile and -expensive experiments.... No plan should be drawn -up or accepted without the skilled guidance of a thoroughly -trained librarian.”—<i>Duff-Brown.</i><a id="FNanchor_133" href="#Footnote_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_144"></a>[144]</span></p> - -<p>“In this era of the establishment of so many new -libraries, and the gift of so many hundreds of buildings, -there is decided need for the effective service of a consulting -librarian. Many serious mistakes are made, -especially in building, for want of a competent professional -adviser.”—<i>H. J. Carr.</i><a id="FNanchor_134" href="#Footnote_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a></p> - -<p>As two or more counsel are often called in to the -trial of a case at law, the importance of library planning -demands strong reinforcements for the local librarian. -An architect, usually a mature man of affairs, experienced -not only in building, but also with men, should be met -with equally experienced library advice, lest the library -side be overborne. Experience will respect experience, -but hesitate to yield to half-knowledge.</p> - -<p>It will be possible to get such aid in any part of the -country. I should say that there are at least fifty able -librarians in the United States who have had such -experience in building as would qualify them as experts. -Their names could be learned from any library commission, -or from any good librarian. “Authoritative -recognition of experience and learning stamps a man as -trustworthy.”—(<i>Libr. Asso. Record.</i>) Few, perhaps, -have worked through all the problems of a very large -library. Many have built libraries or branches in the -other grades. In the branches, large librarians have -faced the requirements of small libraries and would be -competent advisers for any grade. The experts in any -particular class (except public libraries) are fewer, but -could be easily found. With demand, experts will -multiply. No new library need lack a suitable adviser, -if the local librarian will ask for one, and trustees can -see their way to employ him.</p> - -<p>As to the fee, the need is so new, that no professional -scale has been prescribed. But for service from start to -finish, as I have recommended, one per cent on the total<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_145"></a>[145]</span> -cost would not seem too large for the time demanded, -the services rendered, and the ends gained.</p> - -<p>(To compare library advisers’ fees with architects: -The American Institute of Architects have set as a -minimum fee, six per cent on the total cost of the building. -For preliminary studies alone, one fifth of this fee -is to be charged. This would be over one per cent. -The library adviser has very little to do with structural -planning or construction. His work corresponds fairly -well with “preparing preliminary plans,” so that one -per cent would seem to be a fair fee to offer. If he is -competent he can save ten times this by pointing out -better methods and practical economies.)</p> - -<p>It will be always an open question whether the expert, -when chosen, can spare and be granted time from his -duties in his own library. His board, however, would -usually feel moved by courtesy to grant such time as -he needed, beyond his free evenings and holidays.</p> - -<p>Briefer consultations would merit special fees, to be -agreed upon. In view of the expert character of the service -they should be as liberal as can be afforded.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_146"></a>[146]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-85">Selecting an Architect</h3> - -<p>In some states or cities, laws or public conditions may -compel competition, and even where there is no such -necessity, solicitation, especially from relatives and -friends, makes a direct choice embarrassing. But trustees -who have the courage, as they have the clear -right, to make a choice, will certainly save money, -gain time, be sure of a good working library and of an -appropriate and pleasing exterior, and stand a better -chance of pleasing everyone, by letting librarian, architect -and building committee get to work at the plans -as soon as the site has been chosen.</p> - -<p>So when you have got a good librarian as a champion, -the next step is to get an architect. You need one—</p> - -<ul> -<li>To advise on site;</li> -<li>To help plan the interior;</li> -<li>To consider material and construction;</li> -<li>To design the exterior;</li> -<li>To draw working plans;</li> -<li>To invite bids;</li> -<li>To prepare and let the contract;</li> -<li>To superintend construction.</li> -</ul> - -<p>For this you must have on such an important and technical -building as a library, thorough professional education, -experience in designing and building, knowledge -of men; and of course, intelligence, tact, tractability, -ingenuity, sagacity, and honesty.</p> - -<p>Consider all these qualities in your choice. If your -library is beyond the small stage, and especially if you -have secured an expert library adviser, you do not so<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_147"></a>[147]</span> -much need an architect who has built libraries. You -do not need him for library advice as much as for the -duties scheduled above. He needs advice about the -special requirements of this problem. Possibly previous -ill-advised experience might leave him stubborn in bad -ways.</p> - -<p>“If it be practicable to engage an architect at the -outset, it is the better course,” and remember, “The -most competent architect is not likely to seek employment -most aggressively.”—<i>Bernard R. Green.</i><a id="FNanchor_135" href="#Footnote_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a></p> - -<p>“It is best to select the architect before the site is -selected. His advice will be useful. Commissions or -librarians who have built can suggest one.”—<i>Miss -Marvin.</i><a id="FNanchor_136" href="#Footnote_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a></p> - -<p>But the most important question in regard to an -architect is, does he belong to the school which exaggerates -<i>Venustas</i> in all building, or the better school -which accepts <i>Utilitas</i> as the key to library problems?</p> - -<p>I heard President Faunce of Brown at a building -committee meeting ask of the architect whom they -were “sizing up,” this question: “Do you believe in -planning the exterior or the interior first?” The answer -came, prompt and decided, “I want the interior fully -planned first; in no other way can I evolve appropriate -architecture.” A year later, at another meeting, President -Faunce asked the architect, “How are you satisfied -with your library, now that you see it built?” -“Very well,” was the answer. “I ought to be, because I -have never had a problem so thoroughly presented.”</p> - -<p>A similar question ought to be asked every architect -before finally engaging him. If he wants to plan the -exterior first, he belongs to the class of architects who -ought to plan tombs, not libraries. Reject him, however -famous or influential or persistent he or his friends -may be.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_148"></a>[148]</span></p> - -<p><b>Base of choice.</b> It is wise, in the first place, to -disregard pressure. The best architects will rarely try -to use it, or allow it to be used for them. A dignified -letter, with reference to work they have done, will -be all they would allow. Distrust activity in application.</p> - -<p>“Announcement brings letters of solicitation from -architects or their friends, and all sorts of intrigues. -In private work, it is usual to appoint the architect -outright.”<a id="FNanchor_137" href="#Footnote_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a></p> - -<p>If you have a satisfactory expert as a librarian or -adviser, any architect who has done good work will do, -even if he has had no direct experience with libraries.</p> - -<p>“The number of libraries an architect has built makes -little difference.”—<i>Marvin.</i><a id="FNanchor_138" href="#Footnote_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a></p> - -<p>Prominence, though, is not necessary. A good -authority already quoted, says: “The best of architects, -standing at the head of their profession, have -failed in practical library designing, some of them to a -ridiculous degree.”<a id="FNanchor_139" href="#Footnote_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a> We all could point out such men.</p> - -<p>Get an energetic, young architect for a small library; -the large firm must turn over details to a subordinate.</p> - -<p>“A local architect, if competent, may be better than -one at a distance.”—<i>Bostwick.</i><a id="FNanchor_140" href="#Footnote_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a></p> - -<p>If you think it best to try to save on a library adviser -and yet do not fully trust the experience or the persuasiveness -of your own librarian, it will probably be -best, especially in small buildings, to find an architect -who has already built satisfactory libraries, and who -ought to know at least how to avoid bad blunders. -But here again do not take his unsupported testimony to -his experience. Make private and careful inquiry of -the librarians he has worked with, and those librarians -who have had to operate his buildings.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_149"></a>[149]</span></p> - -<p>“Look around, inquire about different men; make -inquiries from those who have worked with each. Select -him before he has been allowed to make a single stroke -of the pen on the plans. You will work with him much -better from the beginning.”—<i>W. A. Otis.</i><a id="FNanchor_141" href="#Footnote_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a></p> - -<p>Choose the man, with a good reputation on his own -profession, who has shown willingness, reasonableness -and ingenuity in getting all requirements satisfactorily -packed inside a dignified exterior.</p> - -<p>“Take a man willing to listen to the librarian’s point -of view.”—<i>W. R. Eastman.</i></p> - -<p>It is not impossible to do this.</p> - -<p>The American Institute of Architects, in their Circular -of Advice, says that “the profession calls for men of -the highest integrity, business capacity and artistic -ability. Motives, conduct and ability must command -respect and confidence.” This is the type of man who -will represent architecture in your contest. See that -the library champion is in the same class.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_150"></a>[150]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-86">A Word to the Architect</h3> - -<p>Here seems to be a good place to slip in an aside to -any architect who chances on this book.</p> - -<p>You will see that the keynote of the volume is belief -that the library is more akin to a workshop than to -Grant’s Tomb; perhaps akin to a literary workshop, -like a school, would be a more correct definition, and -you know how your profession grapples the schoolhouse -problem, I have seen many new schoolhouses -through the country, and have noticed how many of -them are simple but effectively beautiful. All librarians -believe that a perfect library inside, can be made -charming outside, through taste such as has been shown -in these schoolhouses. They ask architects to accept -their workshop theory rather than a monumental conception.</p> - -<p>The building committee are your real clients, not the -librarian. To their decision you must bow, even if -you have to assume blame for a poor inside. But if -they give you a free hand and a library adviser, defer -to him. If he is not up to his job, if he is callow or -antiquated or faddy, be patient with him. With the -tact your profession knows how to exercise, interpret -what advice he tries to give, supplement his failings -with your own study of the subject, and plan the -best library possible under these circumstances. So -shall you win a crown of glory among librarians.</p> - -<p>But if they give you a mature and wise adviser, -welcome him as a friend and lend ear to his experienced -advice. You will become a better architect in one branch -of your profession, he will broaden much in his, and -together you will advance both library science and -architecture.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_151"></a>[151]</span></p> - -<p>If you are altruistic, there can be no better opportunity -to serve the public than by curbing your artistic -ambition and devoting all your training and ability to -making this building a better library than has yet been -devised.</p> - -<p>If you thus plan truly from inside outward, I will -predict that you will satisfy the public and yourself -far more than if you had thrust an unwilling library into -an inadequate shell, or had prostituted your genius by -forcing a false type of architecture on your helpless -clients.</p> - -<p>As you must have gathered from glancing through -this book, I am a firm believer in the practical genius -and taste of the best American architects. I believe -that they can create consummate beauty out of the -most unpromising conditions, and I hope you will thus -grapple library problems.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_152"></a>[152]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-87">Which Should Prevail?</h3> - -<p><b>The Building Committee</b> chooses site, appoints -adviser, selects architect, defines scope of the library, -is final arbiter of everything, with appeal to the full -board. Every point which remains in dispute after -conference among all the advisers, should be formulated -in definite questions, with clear reasons <i>pro</i> and <i>con</i>, -and submitted to the committee. Except in a very -small library, where one of the trustees is virtual director -in default of a skilled librarian, the building committee -can serve best by keeping their minds free for such -decision, if called for, on such presentation. The advocates, -if unanimous, should receive unanimous approval; -if divided, the committee must decide on the weight of -the arguments presented.</p> - -<p><b>The local librarian</b> will have to run the library -after it is built, and if he has sufficient sense and experience -to know what he wants, he ought to have his choice -in any possible alternatives.</p> - -<p><b>The library adviser</b>, as he has the wider range of -experience, should carry great weight with the local -librarian, the architect, and the committee. He can -often point out more than one satisfactory way to -reach a desired end. When he and the librarian agree -after discussion, as they generally will, the architect -should have very strong convictions before opposing -them.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_153"></a>[153]</span></p> - -<p><b>The architect</b>, on points of construction, is supreme. -Neither librarian or adviser will want to oppose him -here, although both may be able to advise. When the -plan is fixed, they must confide to him its clothing in -architectural form, and its execution. During planning -it is wise to consult him at every step, for his training, his -experience, his genius, will improve on many ideas, -and will show ways of overcoming many obstacles. -Before he gets through, indeed, he will get to be very -much interested, and become something of an expert -himself in library science.</p> - -<p>But the architect and librarian should not disagree. -When a point of difference arises, as it may, talk it -over amicably, patiently, thoroughly. The aim of all -should be, to build a good working library. When all -the reasons are presented (here is where the librarian -or library adviser should be a clear and persuasive -advocate), the architect may come to see the matter in -the same light. If not, he has got to present more -powerful arguments. Perhaps he can show the librarian -how he can gain his end in a more correct architectural -way. If they still disagree, each side will be -ready to present its reasons to the building committee, -with odds in favor of the librarian. Champneys (an -architect)<a id="FNanchor_142" href="#Footnote_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a> acknowledges that “architects should not -be considered competent arbiters on questions of library -administration.” But, if it is a structural question, or -a question of taste, the architect’s advice ought to be -preferred.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_154"></a>[154]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-88">Architectural Competitions</h3> - -<p>As to libraries, the American authorities seem unanimously -opposed to competitions.</p> - -<p>The American Institute of Architects at their 1911 -convention, said: “The Institute is of the opinion that -competitions are in the main of no advantage to the -owner. It therefore recommends, except in cases in -which competition is unavoidable, an architect be employed -upon the sole basis of his fitness for the work.<a id="FNanchor_143" href="#Footnote_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a>”</p> - -<p>“Sketches give no evidence that their author has the -matured artistic ability to fulfill their promise, or that -he has the technical knowledge necessary to control the -design of the highly complex structure and equipment -of a modern building, or that he has executive ability -for large affairs or the force to compel the proper execution -of contracts.</p> - -<p>“I will add, that an architect’s established reputation -and the excellence of what he has already built, are far -better proofs of his ability to undertake a library, than -any guess he can make in a competition. Competition -descends into a guessing match as to what will please -the committee.<a id="FNanchor_144" href="#Footnote_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a>”</p> - -<p>“The whole matter of employing professional men in -this way is absurd. The architect should be called in -at the very commencement of the work. His opinion -is as much needed in the choice of a site, and the first -formation of the owner’s ideas, as in the preparation of -working drawings.”—<i>Sturgis.</i><a id="FNanchor_145" href="#Footnote_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a></p> - -<p>The practically unanimous opinions of architects and -librarians who have written or spoken on building, are -strongly against competition. In an excellent paper<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_155"></a>[155]</span> -read at the Waukesha Conference by an architect, -Mauran,<a id="FNanchor_146" href="#Footnote_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a> he said: “Appoint your architect. It is a -popular notion among laymen that a competition will -bring out ideas, but I know of only one building erected -from competitive plans, without modification. Aside -from the <i>needless expense and loss of time</i> entailed, a -greater evil lies in the well-proven fact that most architects -endeavor to find the board’s predilections.” (Instead -of trying to work out a perfect plan.)</p> - -<p>“Avoid the competitive method.”—<i>E. N. Lamm.</i><a id="FNanchor_147" href="#Footnote_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a></p> - -<p>“A plan that has nothing in its favor, and everything -against it.”<a id="FNanchor_148" href="#Footnote_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a></p> - -<p>“Of three methods, open competition, limited competition, -and direct choice by the board, the last is far the -simplest, and much less expensive.”—<i>Mrs. Elmendorf.</i><a id="FNanchor_149" href="#Footnote_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a></p> - -<p>“Trustees are not likely to get what they want by -competition.”—<i>W. R. Eastman.</i><a id="FNanchor_150" href="#Footnote_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a></p> - -<p>“After the requirements have been sent out to competitors, -there can be no more consultations between -them and the librarian until the award is made.”<a id="FNanchor_151" href="#Footnote_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a> (This -cuts out the librarian just at the critical part of planning.)</p> - -<p>“It is not usual or advisable for buildings costing less -than $75,000.”—<i>Marvin.</i><a id="FNanchor_152" href="#Footnote_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a></p> - -<p>Out of twenty-two libraries included by Miss Marvin -only two had competitions. One library<a id="FNanchor_153" href="#Footnote_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> reports: -“It was the intention of the board to choose by competition, -but none of many plans submitted was satisfactory. -Committee finally decided on architect and -worked with him.”</p> - -<p>“What little good there is in competitions is not to -the advantage of the client, but rather to the advantage -of the architect. The young men have a better chance<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_156"></a>[156]</span> -to win, before their time. An architect directly selected -<i>grows up with the committee, educates them, and learns -from them</i>.”—<i>Edward B. Green.</i><a id="FNanchor_154" href="#Footnote_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a></p> - -<p>“The committee had thought of having an architectural -competition, but in deference to the advice of the -librarian and his adviser, they selected an architect -without competition, so that every step in planning, -from the outset, could be discussed from the standard -of the architect, as well as from that of the librarian. -To this is to be attributed the success of the building.”—<i>John -Hay Library Report.</i><a id="FNanchor_155" href="#Footnote_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a></p> - -<p>If any doubt remains, after reading these quotations, -I will add that all my study and experience for over -thirty years, in many hundred concrete cases, have led -me to the profound conviction that the surest way to -spoil and stifle a library is to invite an architectural -competition. I have so great confidence in the talent -and genius of American architects, that I believe any -one of them, true to the traditions of his profession, -would take the conditions presented by librarians, and -out of them, work up a library much more practical and -far more beautiful than could be ensured by any method -of competition.</p> - -<p>If law, or public demand, or fear of assuming responsibility, -prevent a board of trustees from choosing an -architect at the outset, they should first choose an -architectural adviser (see next chapter), whom they -will have to pay handsomely, as well as to pay premiums -and prizes for the competition (I see that the University -of California laid aside $50,000 for this purpose); -and have him formulate the requirements, superintend -the competition, and assist in judging (“assessing” -it is called in England) the results.</p> - -<p>But I wish that he might be able to shut out from any -award those competitors whose plans would exceed the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_157"></a>[157]</span> -prescribed cost. I remember in my callow days having -gone to a friend who was a prominent architect, and -proposing to prepare joint plans in a great library competition -then impending. He laughed and said, “Yes, I -would like to do it as a matter of study, but we will -not win a prize. Ours will doubtless be a fine library -inside, but there will be no librarian among the judges of -award. We will have a fine exterior, but we shall try -to keep within the desired cost. Some other architect -will plan a larger and more florid and more expensive -building, which will fascinate the public eye so much -it will win the prize, and the donor will be asked for more -money, which he will meekly contribute.” My friend -was right. Just this result followed.</p> - -<p>In the recent Springfield (Mass.) competition, each -architect was required to submit with his plans an estimate -of their cubic contents, as a basis for calculating how -much they would cost. This was an excellent precaution -against just this danger.</p> - -<p>In England a competition is apparently accepted as a -necessary evil.<a id="FNanchor_156" href="#Footnote_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a> I cannot find anything on the subject -in Burgoyne, but the architect Champneys<a id="FNanchor_157" href="#Footnote_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a> says that -the architect is in most cases selected by open competition. -He adds that this “gives openings to those whose -abilities would otherwise escape recognition,” and rather -faintly concedes some advantage in selection.</p> - -<p>“It is almost impossible to make instructions (in a -competition) so comprehensive that an architect can be -taught this very special branch of his art.”—<i>Champneys.</i><a id="FNanchor_158" href="#Footnote_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a></p> - -<p>It should be also recognized that competitions are very -costly and delay work on a library several months. -What is saved by not having a competition would pay -ten times the expense of getting the very best library -expert.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_158"></a>[158]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-89">Judges of Competition</h3> - -<p>The advising architect, necessary in case of a competition, -and often called in when another architect has -been selected for a very large problem, is generally -taken from among the heads of architectural departments -of universities or technical schools, though one -authority suggests that sometimes a prominent architect -in actual practice might be a more up-to-date judge. -As has been already said, he formulates and guides -the competition and acts as chairman of the jury to -award prizes. Sometimes more than one architect is -asked to serve on this jury, with unprofessional citizens -of artistic taste.</p> - -<p>But very rarely is any prominent librarian, almost -never a considerable number of expert librarians, named -for the jury. Here, however, they ought to have -especial influence. They can at least prevent bad -blunders. As a librarian who had recently served on -such a jury confided to me, “All we could do, -of course, was to pick out the plans which had the -fewest faults from the library point of view.” The -least a board of trustees could do, it would seem, after -handicapping their library by a competition, would be -to let expert librarians have a large share in picking -out the plan. But perhaps they would want utility too -much, and the real object of a competition is only outside -show, of which the librarian is not a better judge than -the average man.</p> - -<p>If the trustees wish above all to have a good working -library, they ought to ask to serve on the competition jury, -one prominent librarian who has built, and one prominent -librarian of some library of the grade and class which -is to be built, and give especial weight to their opinions.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_159"></a>[159]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-90">Order of Work</h3> - -<p>The building committee having been chosen, the librarian -being in charge, the adviser selected, the architect -appointed, the cost provided for, and the site chosen, -it is time for planning to begin.</p> - -<p>The first step should be to inspect the site together, -and let the architect (without letting his mind anticipate -details) say what form of building would best suit -site and neighborhood,—tall or low, broad or narrow, -four equal-sided, or front and rear, occupying whole -lot, or leaving skirts for air, light, and quiet.</p> - -<p>If the committee should approve his first impressions, -the next thing to do is for librarians to find the cubic -contents that funds will allow (see chapter on Cost<a id="FNanchor_159" href="#Footnote_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a>), -get from the architect his idea of how many stories -there would better be, with the height of each (including -basement), and possible pitch of roof. Then, getting -tentatively the height of the building, divide the cube -by the height, to approximate the floor area.</p> - -<p>The next important question is, which shall be the -main floor? The second floor is sometimes considered; -if the ground falls off rapidly, what is basement on one -front, and ground floor on the other, may be eligible. -(In comparing English with American plans and descriptions, -remember that their first floor is our second.) -Almost invariably, the first or ground floor will assert -itself as the main floor, into which, in all buildings but -the largest, it will be desirable to dovetail as many -departments of active service as possible.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_160"></a>[160]</span></p> - -<p>Having already calculated the available area of the -floor, you are prepared to make a list of the rooms you -want to get on it, and to define the size of each. You -will already have arrived at some prepossessions about -this, but before you finish planning you will probably -have to modify them considerably. To be thorough, it -will be wise to make your own list of the rooms needed -for the kind and extent of work you want to do, then -look over a lot of plans, and perhaps read the printed -architectural requirements issued for libraries of your -grade and class, in order to be sure you have not overlooked -any of your own needs.</p> - -<p>As you get to know the size of your delivery-room -and main reading-rooms, it is time to confer again with -the architect about his general ideas as to suitable proportions -for building, whether it will have a distinct -front and rear or will require outside effect all around; -and as an element in that case, where you shall put the -stack, if you have got to have one.</p> - -<p>Then comes the most interesting part of planning, -the putting together of your picture puzzle. Mr. Foster -of Providence actually cut out of paper and grouped -together his proposed rooms. I have found it better -to get the architect, with paper, pencil and foot-rule, -and draw to scale many successive sketches of each -floor, assembling and transferring rooms, working out -the passages, and calculating stairs. As you proceed, the -architect will be evolving his exterior, and now, before he -gets his mind fixed, is the time for mutual concessions.</p> - -<p>When the rooms are fairly co-ordinated, their required -furnishing has to be plotted in, especially the shelving. -How many books and readers, how related, do you want -in each room? Are wall-shelves better, or full floor -cases, shallow or deep alcoves, low floor cases, partitions, -railings, what not? Have you provided for full supervision -and quick service everywhere?</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_161"></a>[161]</span></p> - -<p>The stack requires separate study. Is it necessary -to have one? Where shall it best be put,—along one -side? at the top? at the bottom? or as a projection from -the building? As to details, see chapter on <a href="#subhead-141">Stack</a>.</p> - -<p>When the rooms have been settled and their requirements -defined, the architect’s special duties begin. He -has to settle the necessary height of rooms, the provision -of sufficient light for each by day and by night, -the arranging provisions for heat and ventilation, not -to interfere with books or shelving, or tables or desks. -All this before the exterior is considered,—all spent -in planning that interior which the exterior must conform -to.</p> - -<p>“Work on your plan, finish your plan. When that is -perfect, the rest will come.”—<i>Mauran.</i><a id="FNanchor_160" href="#Footnote_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a></p> - -<p>Then you may take a month or two for the preliminary -conferences between the librarian and his adviser; a -month or two for conferences between them and the -architect; a month or less for inspection of other libraries. -At some time during this process two trips may -be taken to other libraries, the first rather early, as soon -as your ideas have taken form enough for you to know -what you want to look at; the other toward the end, -when your need of further information is fully defined. -Where to go, whom to take on your tour of inspection, -will depend on what funds you can spare. Details of -furniture, location of lights, and so on, may be deferred, -to be taken up during building. A month or less is -needed to submit results to the committee. After their -approval has been obtained, the architect must prepare -working drawings and specifications, invite bids for -work, wait two or three weeks for them, and even then -you are ready to break ground on your building in half -the time and with half the expense, for fees, traveling, -and all, that a competition would have required.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_162"></a>[162]</span></p> - -<p><b>Extras.</b> One good result of this thorough study of -every detail in advance should be, that no new wants -or serious omissions occur to you when you come to -build.</p> - -<p>But if you do not plan so thoroughly as to cover all -contingencies, expect to find something to be changed -or added as you go on, confronting you with those -“extra charges” which often appall builders of dwelling -houses. Still if your oversights follow to plague you, -your architect can here help you with the contractor, -and can generally find savings enough in “perfectly -good” alternatives in labor or material to balance the -cost of the extras. If they finally get ahead of you, -and materially increase the cost, either architect or -librarian is at fault—someone did not plan well ahead.</p> - -<p><b>Model.</b> The last step of planning may well be the -preparation by the architect of a sketch-model in clay -for the building committee. This shows the proportions -and visualizes all features far more clearly then -floor plans, elevations and sections on paper can do. -If the sketch-model can show both elevation and sections, -it will bring to the librarian his allocation of -rooms in final review, and bring out to all concerned, -librarian, architect, committee and public, just how the -building will “work” and how it will look.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_163"></a>[163]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_D">D.<br /> -<span class="smaller">FEATURES</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_164"></a>[164]</span></p> - -<div class="front-matter"> - -<p class="center"><i>This Book contains -considerations which affect -the whole building. -Note especially -Light, Heat, Ventilation.</i></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_165"></a>[165]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">D.<br /> -<span class="smaller">FEATURES</span></h2> - -</div> - -<h3 id="subhead-91">Site</h3> - -<p>If the site is given by a donor, or chosen by some -other authority, and has been accepted by the board, -the only thing to do is to make the best of it. Adapt -your plan to it, improve whatever opportunities it may -offer, and overcome its defects as best you can.</p> - -<p>If it is open to choice, there are often embarrassing -conditions. Owners of lots more or less eligible (usually -less) are anxious to unload at good prices, and besiege -the board with importunities; or owners of real estate -not immediately eligible, exert all their direct and -indirect influence to get the library building in their -district or on their “side.” Even after the choice has -been narrowed down to two or three acceptable lots, -and has been freed from “pull,” selection is difficult -because of different <i>pros</i> and <i>cons</i>.</p> - -<p>The main consideration for central library or branch -is accessibility for the largest number of users. Retail -centers, not so much geographical as practical, well -served by car lines, point out the proper neighborhood, -but main streets are often too noisy, and good lots on -them are too expensive and not easy to get. If there -is a quiet street next back of, or close to a main street, -especially with an adjoining public square or small park, -it will furnish an ideal spot for a library. Good vistas -of approach afford opportunities for effect, and bring -the library into view and notice.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_166"></a>[166]</span></p> - -<p>Space all around the building, and adjoining streets -on as many sides as possible, give light, isolation from -dangers of fire, more quiet, less dust, than positions -directly on a main street.</p> - -<p>A wholesale business section, whose occupants only -come during business hours of the day, is not a good -location. Edges of vast open spaces are not so good -as actual centres of residence or of small retail trade to -which residents are attracted.</p> - -<p>If a site among high buildings must be chosen it would -seem wise to build the library high, with reading rooms -up toward air and light.</p> - -<p>By all means try to foresee and provide for future -developments as they may affect immediate surroundings -and future accessibility. The neighborhood of -schools is always good. Bear in mind that certain -noisy or smoky occupations are bad neighbors, and -slums only suitable for charitable work.</p> - -<p>A lot too high above the street grade may offer architectural -advantages, but is bad for public library purposes. -Popular departments ought to be directly at -street grade, and the necessity of climbing steps hinders -rather than attracts readers. A lot sloping upward -requires objectionable and expensive approaches, one -sloping sideways is unbalanced, but one sloping backwards -is often good, for it allows a light basement at the -rear, or a stack above and below the main floor at street -grade.</p> - -<p>It goes without saying that a wet soil is to be avoided -where books are to be stored.</p> - -<p>In a large city a favorite site for the central library -is on some municipal square, near other public buildings. -But in such a prominent place, especial care is necessary -to escape a heavy architectural style which would -darken the building, and divert cost from library facilities -to expensive material.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_167"></a>[167]</span></p> - -<p>In smaller cities and towns, better sites in proportion -may be obtained. Here, where land is cheap enough -to allow more space, always provide for growth and -future extensions of the building. It has been advised -to get enough land for future development, even at -expense of the first building.</p> - -<p>“The worst site is a deep one, of irregular shape, with -only one frontage. If offered, don’t buy, or even accept -it as a gift.”—<i>Burgoyne.</i><a id="FNanchor_161" href="#Footnote_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a></p> - -<p>But a deep and irregular lot, with a possibility of light -on all sides, may not be unfavorable for a building with -a stack at the rear. Narrowness in a stack, if somewhat -unfavorable to short lines of communication with the -desk, give possibilities of excellent daylight everywhere.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_168"></a>[168]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-92">Provisions for Growth and Change</h3> - -<p>It cannot be too strongly urged that a chief caution -in planning should be to anticipate and provide for that -rapid growth which may strike any American community, -large or small, urban or rural; and that development -or change of methods which will come even if -there is no growth of population. When or how or -just where it will come, it is always difficult to foresee. -The tide, indeed, seems world-wide. Champneys warns, -“Forecast, if possible, and plan in advance. If not, -it will be hard to preserve in future a workable home.”<a id="FNanchor_162" href="#Footnote_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a> -Van Name said at St. Louis in 1889, “The present rate -of library growth requires far larger provision for the -future, in space and in economizing space.”</p> - -<p>“Every library in America <i>must</i> continue to grow.”—<i>Eastman.</i></p> - -<p>“One cannot observe the rapid growth of libraries -during the last half century without being led to ask in -wonder what is to be the result in the future. There is -a law affecting the growth of libraries not unlike that -of geometric progression. By the principle of <i>noblesse -oblige</i>, a library which has attained a certain size is -called upon to grow much faster than when it was -small. It is difficult to foretell. For years to come -libraries will grow rapidly. Ingenuity will bring into -use new methods and new apparatus.”—<i>Fletcher.</i><a id="FNanchor_163" href="#Footnote_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a></p> - -<p>“Libraries designed to serve the needs of decades to -come prove too small before they are fairly occupied.”—<i>Dana.</i><a id="FNanchor_164" href="#Footnote_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_169"></a>[169]</span></p> - -<p>“The model building of today will be quite out of -date tomorrow.”—<i>Marvin.</i><a id="FNanchor_165" href="#Footnote_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a></p> - -<p>Perhaps rate of growth cannot be calculated, but it -can be shrewdly guessed. It is hard to be too sanguine. -Growth in American libraries has oftener been underestimated -than the reverse. In an established library -you can multiply recent annual growth by twenty-five, -for the probable life of the building, and subtract possible -withdrawals. But moving into a new building, -and growth of the population served, will tend to make -needs for space increase in geometrical ratio rather than -merely arithmetical, and there are always gifts to be -anticipated. So let the sanguine members of your -board reckon growth.</p> - -<p id="subhead-93"><b>Exterior.</b> Provision can be made by buying a lot -larger than you will need at first. A plan can be drawn -with future wings suggested, or more stories, or an ell. -This will require stronger walls, and study of features -which could be matched in making changes.</p> - -<p>In large libraries, use of sub-cellars, especially for -stacks, can be looked to, and sunken stacks, or at least -subterranean caves for fuel, can be arranged under that -part of the lot outside the building, or even in some -cases under the street or an adjoining park. If the -experiments now making in various places are successful, -this growth downward may be almost as available -as growth upward. But see “<a href="#subhead-152">Stacks Underground</a>,” -and “<a href="#subhead-153">Stack Towers</a>,” in later chapters.</p> - -<p id="subhead-94"><b>Interior.</b> There are several ways for providing for -changes inside. If you have enough money, build -largely, and space out. Provide more space for books -and readers than you can use at once. Make your -floor-cases movable, and set them wide apart, to -be closed up later as required. Set tables and chairs<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_170"></a>[170]</span> -generously apart, and crowd them together when otherwise -you would have to turn away readers. Provide -attic and cellar so built and prepared for subsequent -finish that they can be used to some purpose when -more rooms are wanted.</p> - -<p>That reminds me to say that a wise provision is to -have as few rigid partitions anywhere, as possible. If -you must have any, make them so light, even if sound-proof, -that they can all be swept away when it becomes -desirable to change.</p> - -<p>“Plan a library so that it may be susceptible of inner -development,” says Dr. Garnett.<a id="FNanchor_166" href="#Footnote_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a></p> - -<p>It is always well to plan your shelving so generously as -to leave room everywhere for many years’ growth, and so -avoid necessity for early rearrangement.</p> - -<p>In small libraries, if the book-rooms are built high -enough, provision can be made for a second tier of -wooden or metal shelves above that first installed. -Better always leave them thus high in the projection, -side, or corner devoted to floor bookcases.</p> - -<p>With very large libraries interior provisions, except -in leaving floors or rooms unoccupied at first, and avoiding -rigid partitions, will be difficult.</p> - -<p id="subhead-95"><b>Limitations.</b> In some libraries it is possible to -set a limit for desirable growth. For instance, the -faculty of the Episcopal Theological School in Cambridge, -Mass., could say that they never should want -more than seventy-five scholars or 50,000 volumes.<a id="FNanchor_167" href="#Footnote_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a> -In branch libraries it is usual to decide in advance how -many books are needed, and to keep this number the -same, by withdrawing as many volumes as are added -from time to time. Suburban libraries can reduce the -normal limit of growth by arranging with their neighboring<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_171"></a>[171]</span> -urban libraries for a co-operative and interloan -system, or may unite with them in some such system of -segregating useless books in a common catacomb as -has been suggested by President Eliot. (See <i>Fletcher</i>.<a id="FNanchor_168" href="#Footnote_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a>)</p> - -<p><b>File Your Plans.</b> Too often, plans for growth carefully -made in planning, have not been preserved. When -need comes for them, perhaps often when librarian and -trustees have been changed, these provisions are not -remembered, or if faintly remembered have been laid -away where they cannot be found. The wise way is -to file your plans away in the library after using them, -and include in the portfolio your provisions for change, -both card catalogued so fully that they cannot be -missed. Even if conditions have changed before alterations -are demanded, the original forecast will be found -suggestive in making new plans.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_172"></a>[172]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-96">Approaches: Entrances</h3> - -<p>Where the lot is large enough, there will be room for -simple landscape gardening which can add greatly to -the attractions and architectural effect of the building, -without adding largely to the cost. This is, however, -in the architect’s province. As is elsewhere suggested, -the park board or institution may assume or share the -cost of such embellishment.</p> - -<p><b>Outside Steps.</b> In small buildings, the nearer the -main floor gets to the street level the better. If the -site is so high that there must be more steps to surmount -the basement, a few of these set inside the portico -or vestibule will prevent the building from being all -stairs in front. In larger buildings, flights of steps, -however sightly they are, are a hindrance to entrance -or exit, just so many steps to be surmounted in every -visit to the library; as bad as an unnecessarily large -vestibule, or long corridor—effort and cost wasted. -From a library point of view they are all wrong.</p> - -<p><b>Porticoes.</b> These are unnecessary for library use, -and where economy is an object, are objectionable. -They spoil front light in the centre of the building, -where it is most needed. They give a heavy tone to the -library, and a suggestion of outgrown methods. If -they must be, <i>utilitas</i> requires that some use should be -found for them, and for the kind of vestibule they require. -In very large buildings, where architectural effect is -wanted, they offer an opportunity to concentrate it there, -and leave the rest of the outside walls to be treated for -inside light and convenience. Behind the columns, -unheeding their shadow, are places for a vestibule and -rooms above which do not require much daylight.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_173"></a>[173]</span></p> - -<p><b>Vestibule.</b> In libraries of average size only a small -vestibule is needed, and a lofty vestibule is a waste of -overhead space. All that it is needed for is to check drafts -and exclude dust, and to give chance for the stir of -removing wraps. A vestibule is often the best place -for stairs up or down. It should be under supervision -from the desk, through glass. In a large library, behind -a portico, it can be used as a reception, exhibition, -conversation, and waiting-room, being in a position -which need not separate departments, or usurp space -more needed for other rooms.</p> - -<p>“Compact central vestibules, from which all departments -open in plain sight from the entrance, are better -than long corridors.”—<i>Champneys.</i><a id="FNanchor_169" href="#Footnote_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a></p> - -<p><b>Front Door.</b> This is generally the main, often the -only public entrance and exit, and should be always -under supervision; in small libraries, from the desk; -in large libraries, from special attendants, who may -also serve as information clerks, umbrella checkers, -and special policemen.</p> - -<p><b>A Revolving Door</b>, though expensive, serves some of -the purposes of a vestibule, or a storm door.</p> - -<p><b>Other Outside Doors.</b> A separate staff entrance -is often advisable, a janitor’s door (usually to the basement) -is necessary; separate doors for the newspaper -room, the children’s room, and some groups of allied -departments are needed in large libraries. In libraries -of moderate size, where there are no such doors, the -municipal fire regulations may require special emergency -exits.</p> - -<p><b>Swing all Doors Well and Wide.</b> Outside doors, -and doors from rooms for many occupants, should -naturally swing out, for escape in case of fire or panic. -The swinging of every door is a matter for special study,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_174"></a>[174]</span> -for not only passage, but wall space and convenience -depend on it. And have every door wide enough for -the maximum audience to come and go through. As -I was shot into a crowded room in the New York Public -Library recently by pressure from a throng so insistent -that it checked those who wanted to get out, a librarian -whispered in my ear, “Every doorway should be wide -enough to avoid such a mob as this.”</p> - -<p><b>No Doors Between Rooms.</b> In fact, next to having -a floor without partitions, it is sometimes well to have -only wide openings through partitions, without doors. -Doors are only necessary when drafts are to be checked, -noise is to be excluded, or passage to be discouraged.</p> - -<p><b>Height of Doors.</b> Unnecessarily high doors are a -waste; doors low enough to make a tall man dodge are -a nuisance; 6 feet 6 inches is about right.</p> - -<p><b>Storm Doors.</b> The librarian of a very large library -reminds me of the necessity of storm doors for winter -in our climate, and says that architects seem unwilling -to plan them. Certainly every architect of every -library, large or small, should include such a structure -in his plans, to harmonize in shape and color with the -effect of the building. In small libraries, it will be the -only portico, or vestibule. In large buildings, under a -portico, it bars snow and weather and tempests from -direct invasion of the vestibule. Good taste can make -such an inexpensive structure sightly, but unless the -architect foresees the need and supplies the taste, some -carpenter hastily summoned when the need arrives, may -spoil a fine entrance with an ugly excrescence.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_175"></a>[175]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-97">Halls and Passages</h3> - -<p>Too much space wasted in these and in entrances, is -a bad fault frequently found in libraries, but easily -avoided in making plans.</p> - -<p>“Should be sufficient, but not wasteful. Redundant -corridors show bad planning.”—<i>Champneys.</i><a id="FNanchor_170" href="#Footnote_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a></p> - -<p>The English Building Act prescribes a width of 3 feet 6 -inches to 4 feet 6 inches, for from 200 to 400 persons -likely to pass. Duff-Brown<a id="FNanchor_171" href="#Footnote_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a> thinks they should not -be less than four feet wide for “public traffic.” And -Champneys doubts they need exceed nine feet in width.</p> - -<p>Are these passages absolutely necessary for library -purposes, in length, width, and height, is the test to put. -Can they not be omitted entirely?</p> - -<p>In small libraries, it is a merit to have all rooms open -out of the noisy space which must be left in front of -the delivery desk. In larger libraries, passage through -reading-rooms is never allowable, and separate entries -are necessary. In very large libraries such passages can -hardly be avoided. In wings or ells, to utilize light for -rooms on both sides it may be necessary to have long -corridors lighted on top floors above, on other floors -from transoms.</p> - -<p>The height of passages needs to be watched as keenly -as their other dimensions, for more than 6 feet 6 inches -or 7 feet is a waste of space which might in some way -be utilized in rooms or on other floors. Nine or ten feet, -however, may be required for light, ventilation, or -height of stories.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_176"></a>[176]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-98">Stairs</h3> - -<p>Ornamental flights of stairs are usually wasteful and -disjunctive, especially in the centre of the building. -“They are never used by anyone; all go up in elevators.”—<i>Dewey.</i><a id="FNanchor_172" href="#Footnote_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a></p> - -<p>See an excellent article by W. K. Stetson<a id="FNanchor_173" href="#Footnote_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> criticising -the Newark Public Library.</p> - -<p>A good rule is to have just so many flights of stairs -as may be required by the probable use of rooms on each -story, and to have them no wider or more massive than -passage demands. Stack stairways may be only two -feet wide; other service stairways not over three feet, -which allows passing of single users. Indeed, flights -six feet or wider should have a central rail, to keep -climbers apart from descenders. When floors are much -used, two separate narrower flights, for which room can -generally be found symmetrically, will be better than -one broader flight.</p> - -<p>No stairs should be slippery or have projecting -obstacles to trip climbers, or be too steep or high-set for -old persons.</p> - -<p><b>Treads.</b> Easy treads are essential to serve all -comers well. 5½-inch rise and 13-inch tread, will be -generous; 6½ × 11, tolerable. Brooklyn directions -specified 4-inch risers.</p> - -<p>If any material is used which is, or will wear, slippery, -be sure to have some rubber or other stair-pad, well -secured, so that even the most unsteady climber cannot -trip or slip.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_177"></a>[177]</span></p> - -<p><b>Material.</b> Stone wears down unevenly, and all -kinds of stone split and fall in case of fire. Marble is -slippery. Iron wears slippery. Wood splinters. Concrete -or stone, the treads covered with hardwood or -rubber, is probably best, all things considered. But in -small libraries, hardwood serves.</p> - -<p><b>Handrails.</b> Dr. Billings sends warning that large, -ornamental stairs, outside or inside, should have some -form of practical handrails, and after trying to climb in -winter the outside steps of the New York Public Library, -and Columbia University, I heartily concur with him.</p> - -<p>Indeed, bearing in mind the feeble men and women -who have a right to use a library, I plead for a “practical” -handrail for all stairs. Many flights have no rail -at all; the more ornamental they assume to be, the -more dangerous they are. Many flights have only -marble “rails,” too massive for hand use. All “architectural” -staircases are in fact deterrents of use.</p> - -<p><b>Landings.</b> More than a dozen steps are tiresome to -most people, and in long flights landings ought to be -provided. If a seat can be provided on each, it will be -welcome to old persons. A window seat, in the windows -used to light flights of stairs, can be made a decorative -and also useful feature.</p> - -<p><b>Circular Stairs.</b> About the most inconvenient, useless, -dangerous, and unnecessary feature which has come -down to us from antiquity is the corkscrew stair, which -still persists—I saw one in a plan only yesterday. It -is inconvenient because only half of each tread is available. -I measured one recently in a library: the wide -outside of each tread was twelve inches deep, and it -narrowed down to two inches at the central post. The -nine-inch width (about the least allowable for a stair -tread) was fifteen inches from the post, and only eight -from the outside. The usable part of the tread was<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_178"></a>[178]</span> -eight inches wide, the wasted segment was two-thirds of -the width, and served only as a trap to stumblers.</p> - -<p>This dangerous and inconvenient futility was unnecessary, -because a straight stair, with short flights -doubling on narrow landings, could be planned to occupy -no more floor area, with much greater practicable -width, and be infinitely more convenient and less dizzy.</p> - -<p>Try to carry an armful of books up or down such -a flight, and remember the lesson. A ladder would occupy -less space, and be just about as useful as a -winding-stair. Why such a traditional inconvenience -persists in modern libraries is an enigma.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_179"></a>[179]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-99">Stories and Rooms Generally</h3> - -<p><b>Height</b> of stories is a main factor in planning. The -fewer and lower they can be, bearing in mind full light -and ventilation, the less cost will go into unnecessary -bulk in building.</p> - -<p>Tell the architect what rooms and floors you want, -with definite area and height for him to try to suit -together. Never let him dictate what dimensions you -must pack the rooms into.</p> - -<p>In small libraries and in most branches, one story -with practicable basement, is the standard. The height -of this story is suggested by Miss Marvin as 12 feet, or -better, 13 feet; or 16 feet if a second tier of floor cases -must be provided.<a id="FNanchor_174" href="#Footnote_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a> She very sanely says that higher -rooms are not necessary from any point of view, and this -remark might be extended to most rooms in most -libraries.</p> - -<p>Where there is a stack, the desire to have as many -floors of the building as possible, coterminous with stack -floors, determines the height of stories at 14 or 15 feet, -as the 7 or 7½-foot stack is chosen, and this will -make rooms whose heights, plus thickness of floors -(unless some use can be found for mezzanine rooms), -are exact multiples of stack heights.</p> - -<p>In a larger library (but still small), a second story -over part or the whole of the main floor, can be lighted -from above and be used for many purposes.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_180"></a>[180]</span></p> - -<p><b>Basement.</b> The height of a basement will depend -on the uses contemplated for it. An auditorium requires -more height than small rooms for storage, vault, or janitor -service. Miss Marvin advises a height of 10 feet, so -that it can be used in any way wanted in future.<a id="FNanchor_175" href="#Footnote_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a></p> - -<p>“<i>A failure to use it is a defect.</i>”</p> - -<p>It must be absolutely dry, and fairly warm.</p> - -<p>“A well-lighted basement gives more dignity of -elevation to a small building.”—<i>Bluemner.</i><a id="FNanchor_176" href="#Footnote_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a></p> - -<p>On a sloping site, a basement becomes ground floor, -and a cellar becomes basement, for part of the building, -with dark cellars and sub-cellars for the other part, -which will come handy for heating plant, fuel, storage, -and other functions. As the stack can run up and down -from the main floor, such a site can be made useful in -many ways.</p> - -<p><b>Upper stories</b> become more and more difficult to use -unless there are elevators, which are costly to install -and costly to run. In old houses, coming as a gift, the -upper stories can be used for storage, study rooms, class -rooms, trustees, and other departments infrequently -needed.</p> - -<p><b>The top floor</b>, where there are elevators, may be one -of the most useful stories, the most useful next to the -ground floor, because the possibility of good top light -allows every square foot to be used. If there are only -three stories, the top may be used for many purposes -without elevators, if the stairs are easy and ample. -The principal uses are, for serious reading rooms, exhibitions, -small study or class rooms, historical rooms, -special libraries or departments.</p> - -<p><b>Use of Various Stories.</b> The assignment of rooms -will be governed by the exigencies and policy of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_181"></a>[181]</span> -library. A careful study of the use to be best made of -the floors will be of vital importance toward economical -and effective administration. In case of doubt as to -the size or location of rooms, inspection of existing -libraries of similar grade and class, and study of plans, -will be helpful to stimulate ideas.</p> - -<p>“It is a mistake to have the library on the second -floor, at least the reading room and circulating department, -which should have easy access and publicity.”—<i>Fletcher.</i><a id="FNanchor_177" href="#Footnote_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a></p> - -<p><b>Correlation of Parts.</b> Guides to arrangement will -be consideration of processes, relation of users, and convenience -in all steps of use or service. A recent English -writer suggests arranging, in sequence from the entrance, -newspaper reading, magazine and light reading, delivery, -and quiet reference or reading rooms.</p> - -<p>One great desideratum is continuous flooring on each -story, even into the stacks, so that trucks can be rolled -without jolt, and readers can pass without the discomfort -of two or three steps up or down, here and there, -as in many existing libraries. This irregularity of floor -level is one of the worst faults possible.</p> - -<p><b>Mezzanine Floors.</b> Supposed architectural exigencies -so often demand stories of greater height than -library uses require, that it is well to have in mind what -mezzanine floors can be interposed here and there, and -what rooms can be assigned to them. Many staff rooms -(for instance, stenographers’ and others not crowded), -and many readers (<i>e.g.</i>, private students, small clubs, -teachers, classes, debating teams) do not require large -or lofty rooms, and would be much better if they had -only half the height of the large rooms. Only light and -ventilation may require much height of walls, and even -these only when many persons must use the same room.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_182"></a>[182]</span></p> - -<p><b>Not Thoroughfares.</b> By no means make any reading -room a passageway to any other room, or allow -stairs to run up into it or up from it. Some of the -worst faults to be found in existing libraries lie just -here. Whatever increases movement in such rooms -and disturbs students is a library crime.</p> - -<p><b>Attics and Cellars.</b> In old houses, the occupation -of these unfinished spaces requires ingenious planning. -But attics furnish dry storage, cellars dark storage, -which can be utilized without expensive alterations.</p> - -<p>In new buildings a cellar is essential, as a foundation -at least, but may be glorified into a practicable basement -without much cost; or may be minimized to an -air space in small buildings; or shared by air space at -one end and heating at the other. An attic is not so -necessary, except a shallow air space. But even shallow -attics can be utilized for storage-room by a trap door, -and it is marvellous how much need of such room will -be developed after occupancy.</p> - -<p>If you have them at all, plan attics and cellars for -some future use, even if they are left unfinished for the -present. I remember an early experience of inspecting -a library building with a view to alteration, and finding -the attic so weakly trussed, and the cellar so solidly -partitioned, that neither could be altered for improvement. -Two-thirds of the building were thus wasted, -which could have been used if it had been wisely planned.</p> - -<p>“A building should stand high enough on its foundations -to give the basement both light and dryness -throughout.”—<i>Winsor.</i><a id="FNanchor_178" href="#Footnote_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_183"></a>[183]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-100">Walls, Ceilings, Partitions</h3> - -<p>The exterior walls come mainly into the province of -the architect, subject to chastening by librarian and -building committee as to material, decoration, massiveness, -and cost. “The ideal building has no breaks or -jogs and few corners.” The interior walls and ceiling -have been considered under the subjects of Height of -Stories and of Coloring. Under the latter head they -materially influence illumination also. In the decorative -scheme they should harmonize with the woodwork and -furniture.</p> - -<p>The walls and ceilings not only play a star part in the -cheerfulness and beauty of the building, but they materially -affect the eyes and health of the reader. On their -coloring and the character of the reflection they cast, -largely depend the effectiveness of all diffused light, and -the best part of reading light. They form a subject of -especially important study.</p> - -<p>Panelled ceilings which are often planned for decorative -purposes, especially in large and lofty rooms, -interfere injuriously with reflection of light, by intercepting -it with numerous shadows.</p> - -<p>All authorities agree that there be as few partitions -as possible in small libraries, where departments can -be indicated, or readers separated, by railings, cords, -low bookcases, or screens of glass or light material, -which do not interfere with general supervision.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_184"></a>[184]</span></p> - -<p>Many rooms can be arranged with sliding or folding -partitions, to be used for larger or smaller audiences, -as required.</p> - -<p>In large libraries, necessary partitions can be of such -light construction that they can be changed or removed -at will. Some partitions are essential; for instance, -those of reading rooms to exclude noise, and of music -rooms to shut it in.</p> - -<p>All partitions should match the other coloring and -style of rooms and furniture, to produce a quiet and -pleasing effect of harmony.</p> - -<p>“Buildings costing less than $10,000 cannot afford -space for partitions.”—<i>Eastman.</i><a id="FNanchor_179" href="#Footnote_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_185"></a>[185]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-101">Floors and Floor Coverings</h3> - -<p>Floors should be substantial, durable, cleanly, dry, -warm, noiseless, slow-burning, and not slippery.</p> - -<p>Any uncovered floor will be noisy.</p> - -<p>Stone, tile, mosaic, and concrete are noisy. Glass and -marble are slippery.</p> - -<p>Hardwood, or softwood covered with linoleum or -corticene, will answer in most rooms and passages.</p> - -<p>Variations of cork, or cork on a solid foundation, are -now common, and have been found satisfactory. Invention -is at work on this style of floor, and may evolve -something near perfection, if fairly cheap. Linoleum -wears badly, except in the best grades, and seems to -be going out of favor.</p> - -<p>The new Springfield (Mass.) library has sawdust -concrete as a one-inch base for a cork carpet. The -St. Louis building just dedicated has wooden strips over -concrete to which a thick cork top is nailed.</p> - -<p>Carpets and matting, general or in strips, are very -objectionable in catching dust or mud, and difficult to -clean off.</p> - -<p>Rubber mats or rubber tiling has been favored for -floor-covering and for stairs.</p> - -<p><i>The Librarian</i><a id="FNanchor_180" href="#Footnote_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a> reports from England, as follows:—</p> - -<p>“Stone, mosaics, and the like, are seldom used except -in lobbies.</p> - -<p>“Plain boards do not wear well.</p> - -<p>“Wood blocks (oak or maple), rift-sawn and dressed -(not washed), resist wear, though noisy.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_186"></a>[186]</span></p> - -<p>“Good linoleum, cemented on boards, blocks, or -concrete, resists wear.</p> - -<p>“Rubber flooring seems superb, but has not been tested -here.”</p> - -<p>[Nothing is said about corticene or cork, so much -used in America.]</p> - -<p>Several “floor dressings” are advertised, said to be of -two general classes—dust-fixers, or beeswax polish.</p> - -<p>Champneys<a id="FNanchor_181" href="#Footnote_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a> warns that angles of floor and ceiling -with walls, and all interior corners of walls, should -be rounded or “coved,” for easy cleansing.</p> - -<p>Miss Marvin<a id="FNanchor_182" href="#Footnote_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a> thinks that for a small library, plain -cork carpet, of the best and thickest quality, without -pattern, is best, being durable, noiseless and easily -cleaned.</p> - -<p>Bostwick,<a id="FNanchor_183" href="#Footnote_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a> discussing various forms, and criticising -each, says that a sheathing of soft wood, covered with -linoleum, leaves little to be desired, though it sometimes -rots, and that in various patent floorings no -trustworthy standard has been found.</p> - -<p>My own advice would be to watch developments, and -take the matter up anew with your architect, in view of -his experience and inquiries, added to yours.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_187"></a>[187]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-102">Roofs, Domes</h3> - -<p>Roofs also the architect ought to know all about, -but don’t let him have them project so as to darken the -valuable top light of any windows. This is a fault common -in the bungalow type of small libraries. Whether -they are flat or have more or less slope is matter of cost -and effect. But if there is to be slope, except when there -is to be a timbered roof in some room underneath, have -it ceiled and used as an attic, even if low. You will not -usually want an attic, but if the architect wishes the -space, ask him to make it available for any future needs.</p> - -<p>Of course, a tight roof is even more desirable in a -library than in most other buildings. Leaks are as bad -as fire for books, and are uncomfortable for staff and -readers. But that is a matter for the building expert. -So with fireproofing, for the roof is the exposed part -and hardest to protect from sparks from neighboring -conflagrations. In wooden buildings especially, have -some fireproof or very slow-burning material for your -roof: asbestos shingles, flat or corrugated tiles; or -better, some kind of the slates of various tints which will -match your walls; any of these will hold and extinguish -sparks.</p> - -<p>A roof so built and lined with air compartments that -it will be warm in winter and cool in summer is a crowning -merit.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_188"></a>[188]</span></p> - -<p><b>Domes.</b> Many architects are fond of the effect of a -dome, but its top and bulb are of no use in a library, -and the obsession of space below balks compact plans -in the centre of the building. Domes cover many an -impressive, and more or less drafty, reading room, but -they waste bulk which costs, and dislocate departments.</p> - -<p>If you see any views of libraries where domes are -conspicuous you may set them down as failures, however -beautiful;—bad types to imitate; their architects to -be avoided. The only possible place suitable for a dome, -is in a very large library, to cover a central reading -room, and even there the space it must occupy ought -to be very carefully studied at the outset, to calculate -whether so much open height is the best way to utilize -the cubic contents. It ought never be planned primarily -as an architectural feature, and thus imposed on library -methods, unless they are promoted by it, rather than -hindered.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_189"></a>[189]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-103">Alcoves, Galleries</h3> - -<p>From England, where alcoves in old libraries are so -fascinating to travelers, I find this passage in <i>The Library -Association Record</i>:<a id="FNanchor_184" href="#Footnote_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a> “The alcove system should -probably not be mentioned in an essay on modern -methods of book storage.”</p> - -<p>Oldest of library methods, the alcove even now lingers -where it ought not. As I have said,<a id="FNanchor_185" href="#Footnote_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> it is an agreeable -feature where solitude and ease are allowable, but it is -as much out of place in a public library as lounges would -be, wasting space, blocking supervision, delaying service, -deluding scholars with the illusion of isolation, and -making their nooks the convenient harbors for whisperers. -If you must have them, have them plain, and do not let -them creep into your reading room in the guise of -architectural piers and cornices.</p> - -<p>“Alcoves oblige us to go twice as far as there is any -need of. A large part of the books might as well have -been stored in a compact stack.”—<i>C. A. Cutter.</i><a id="FNanchor_186" href="#Footnote_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a></p> - -<p>“Privacy is marred when several readers occupy the -same table.”—<i>Fletcher.</i><a id="FNanchor_187" href="#Footnote_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a></p> - -<p>“The alcove plan, obsolete and incompatible with -further progress.”—<i>Bluemner.</i><a id="FNanchor_188" href="#Footnote_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a></p> - -<p>“Wasteful of space, impossible of supervision.”—<i>Champneys.</i><a id="FNanchor_189" href="#Footnote_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_190"></a>[190]</span></p> - -<p>“The greater distance attendants must go, materially -affects the service.</p> - -<p>“There is much discomfort to readers who go into an -alcove to be out of the way, and who are distracted by -the passing to and fro.</p> - -<p>“Supervision from the counter is impossible.”—<i>Burgoyne.</i><a id="FNanchor_190" href="#Footnote_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a></p> - -<p>And the new-old monstrosity of the early American -type elsewhere described<a id="FNanchor_191" href="#Footnote_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a>—may it never be revived,—the -unholy marriage of alcoves and galleries.</p> - -<p>Alcoves might be used not only in private or club -libraries, but in such rooms as Mr. Foster’s “Standard -Library,” or the “Library of the Masters,” Mt. Holyoke -College, which may be regarded as cosy club-rooms, in -which easy chairs and footrests are not considered out -of place.</p> - -<p><b>Galleries</b> survive in the old world, and in old libraries -with us, but they have no friends in new libraries. -They are better than high wall shelving served by -ladders. If less than 2 feet 4 inches wide, and if approached -by spiral stairs, they are nuisances to be -abolished.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_191"></a>[191]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-104">Light</h3> - -<p>This is the most important topic in library planning. -Other problems considered elsewhere, the storage, -handling and service of books, affect economy and -efficiency of administration, the future annual cost of -good service, more than lighting; but this touches the -comfort and health of both readers and staff. Whether -the eyes of the public are weakened, and the service -they ought to expect from attendants is impaired, depends -largely on lighting.</p> - -<p>On the shape, size and position of the windows, therefore; -on the selection, arrangement and installation of -the system of artificial lighting, depends the solution of -the question how can readers work? how can their servants -the staff work for them? how can both retain their -eyesight and health, best and longest?</p> - -<p>This subject calls for serious planning by architect -and librarian, most serious consideration by the building -committee.</p> - -<p>Here is one of the points where the best is none too -good, and where expense should be considered last. Economy -in first cost, economy in running expenses, must -be always borne in mind, but here surely is another point -where purely architectural features,—domes, columns, -approaches, marbles, ornament of all kinds,—should -be sacrificed, rather than convenience, comfort or health.</p> - -<p>I treat this matter at length under the subsequent -heads of Light Natural, Windows, and Light Artificial.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_192"></a>[192]</span></p> - -<p><b>Health of readers and books.</b> I have hunted in -vain for some exhaustive discussion of the influence of -electricity on health. I have found observations on the -effect of sunlight on the color of bindings; for instance, -Prof. Proctor’s Report of a Committee on Protecting -Leather from Light, in The Library Association Record,<a id="FNanchor_192" href="#Footnote_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a> -where he says, “When building a library a good transparent -coloured glass may be employed which will not -only give an almost equal light when compared with -white glass, but will at the same time protect books from -the evils of direct light.”</p> - -<p>I have also found many cautions against heat on the -head of readers from unshaded gas or electric lights too -near, but nothing on the general subject of electricity -as affecting either men or books. Experiments in this -direction are yet to be made.</p> - -<p>See an article in Library Notes<a id="FNanchor_193" href="#Footnote_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a> on “The Eyes of the -Public.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_193"></a>[193]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-105">Light, Natural</h3> - -<p>There has been so much difficulty in getting good -light into all parts of a library, and so much joy over -the substitution of electricity for gas, that there is some -danger of daylight being ignored. Dewey<a id="FNanchor_194" href="#Footnote_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a> pictured -“a solid core of books with modern lighting,” and -B. R. Green<a id="FNanchor_195" href="#Footnote_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a> argued elaborately in favor of disregarding -natural light altogether under certain conditions. It is -quite time someone championed God’s free gift to man. -For daylight, notwithstanding its occasional glare and -its temporary defects, is still the cheapest, the readiest, -the cheeriest, and the healthiest light for men and for -books.</p> - -<p>Indeed, the modern advocates for substitutes seem -so far to have spared readers, and only included stacks -in their enthusiasm. But I have not yet entirely -surrendered hope of stacks, and I have many sympathizers. -The late James L. Whitney was an excellent -and experienced librarian. Not long before his death, -he and I were stumbling through the dark corners of -the stack in the library of which he was so long a faithful -servant. As we fell together, he turned and said impressively, -“If you ever plan a library, insist on having -ample natural light wherever you can get it.”</p> - -<p>I quote Champneys<a id="FNanchor_196" href="#Footnote_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a> in support: “While the direct -rays of the sun are often sufficiently powerful to become -an inconvenience to readers and a source of injury to -[the bindings of] books, yet such are <i>their purifying -properties</i>, that their total exclusion is not recommended.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_194"></a>[194]</span></p> - -<p>The old monk-architects knew their business. In the -earliest specimens of monastic libraries, note a full-width -window opposite each alcove. In the library of -the Sorbonne, Paris, in 1638, there was “plenty of daylight -on the desks from east and west, to fill the whole -length of the room.”<a id="FNanchor_197" href="#Footnote_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a></p> - -<p>Light should never be so admitted as to dazzle the -eyes of readers, or blind them while searching on the -shelves for books, or reading at their desks. The ideal -direction to strike them is from behind, and from the -left, with no shadows falling on book or paper.</p> - -<p>Prismatic glass is recommended, to aid in throwing -light into dark places, like courtyards or cellars. Translucent -glass (as used in the Library of Congress) “sufficiently -softens the rays of the sun in the southerly -windows.”</p> - -<p>“There should be abundance of daylight with least -direct sun.”—<i>Fletcher.</i><a id="FNanchor_198" href="#Footnote_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a></p> - -<p>“Good, natural light is the first essential.”—<i>Marvin.</i><a id="FNanchor_199" href="#Footnote_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a></p> - -<p><b>Aspect.</b> In planning, the aspect of each room is -very important. North, as in studios, is the best aspect -when direct light is always needed, though it will be -cold if without double windows in winter. East only -has direct light when it is apt to be most grateful, in the -early morning hours. South is apt to be hot and glary, -though the sun is too high at noon to strike far into the -rooms; but west lets in slant or level rays of hot and -blinding light which needs screening. Which front to -give a room is matter varying with climates and localities, -and needs special study always.</p> - -<p><b>Modifying Glare; Curtains.</b> To certain aspects, -south and especially west, direct sunlight brings unpleasant -glare, and in summer intense heat, so that it -is really necessary to use shades or screens. Bostwick<a id="FNanchor_200" href="#Footnote_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_195"></a>[195]</span> -recommends that shades for large windows be double, -either up or sideways. In the Library of Congress all -the shades in each stack can be drawn or withdrawn -simultaneously. This is often the arrangement for high -windows in large reading-rooms.</p> - -<p>It may be pointed out that good taste in choosing -colors for shades will do much toward allowable and -very effective decoration in a library, without added -expense.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_196"></a>[196]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-106">Windows</h3> - -<p>These are features on which architect and librarian -may lock horns. The needs of the interior may call -for different windows in every room. The apparent -needs of symmetry may demand uniform height of all -windows in each story outside. But proper planning -requires settlement of the ideal windows by inside considerations. -When the architect comes to try the effect -of these in his façade they may not accord with any of -his first sketches. Then comes the tug of war. Can -the windows be worked in as they are? Can they be -changed, and yet serve the same purpose? Can the -height of the stories be changed, the rooms be swapped -around? Can a becoming irregularity of exterior be -devised?</p> - -<p>It will usually be found possible for an ingenious -architect to overcome apparently insurmountable difficulties, -with surprisingly satisfactory results, even -to the architect. In a recent problem, I wanted -certain windows of certain dimensions. The architect -did not see how they could be made to comport with -the prescribed style of the building. But he would not -despair, and after several attempts he devised windows -which fully satisfied both of us, and pleased our building -committee. “Where there’s a will, there’s a way,” -even architecturally. Remember this when you come -to windows. Anyway, don’t allow them to be planned -for purely ornamental purposes. Insist that they -properly light the rooms first, and afterwards be made -comely, if possible.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_197"></a>[197]</span></p> - -<p>“A library should have windows in abundance.”—<i>Bostwick.</i><a id="FNanchor_201" href="#Footnote_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a> -Another authority says you cannot have -too many windows, or too large, even if you have to -screen them. “Ample, even excessive light should be -admitted to all reading rooms.”—<i>B. R. Green.</i><a id="FNanchor_202" href="#Footnote_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a></p> - -<p>For small libraries, or those of medium size, the -“box-frame sliding sash” windows are best, and can be -got machine-made. They can be made tight, are -easily managed, and furnish the simplest method of -ventilation, as is elsewhere described.</p> - -<p>In larger libraries there are various kinds used. Airtight, -non-opening windows have been advocated for -stacks, to exclude dust and drafts (the windows in the -Library of Congress stack are of this kind), but they are -not much favored. French windows, pivoted at the side, -or long windows pivoted in the middle at top and bottom, -will admit air freely in summer. There are various -patented devices to hold a pivoted window open just -so far as may be desired.</p> - -<p>Really the whole matter is for the architect, with the -librarian’s advice as to what is most wanted in each -room. Light always, clear light, which usually precludes -stained glass, but may demand translucent or -prismatic glass. Ventilation, perhaps, which requires -some way of opening the whole or part of the window. -Easy cleansing always, which also requires ready opening, -or a balcony outside. Due protection against fire, -which requires wire-glass.</p> - -<p>All windows in reading rooms should run up clear to -the ceiling, for ventilation, and because top light penetrates -further. “One square foot of glass near the -ceiling admits as much light as ten near the floor. -Pointed Gothic windows are bad.”—<i>Burgoyne.</i><a id="FNanchor_203" href="#Footnote_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a> For -the latter reason, all windows in reading rooms should<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_198"></a>[198]</span> -be square-topped (which shuts out the Gothic style), -and not overhung by eyebrows, nor should they have -thick sashes, bars, leads or mullions, which hamper light. -Leaded glass, especially in diamond or lozenge forms, is -hard to clean. Clear, large panes of good plate glass -are best. Study use rather than ornament everywhere, -but most in windows.</p> - -<p>These suggestions as to school rooms might apply to -libraries:—</p> - -<p>“The top of the windows is placed as near the ceiling -as the finial will admit. Transom bars should not be -permitted.”—<i>Sturgis.</i><a id="FNanchor_204" href="#Footnote_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a></p> - -<p>“Large sheets of glass rather than the art filagree work -so often used, which obstructs fifty per cent of the -light,”—<i>Burgoyne.</i><a id="FNanchor_205" href="#Footnote_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a></p> - -<p>With these essentials in mind look at the illustrations -under this head, or <i>passim</i>, in Sturgis’s Dictionary of -Architecture, and see how few of the picturesque windows -there could be used for any reading or administration -room of a modern library. Either pointed or overhanging -tops, or heavy frames, or transoms, or mullions, or -traceries, or leaded panes, must be barred out by the -architect who designs libraries.</p> - -<p><b>High or Low.</b> If the windows must run to the -ceiling, they have to be high. How long they are to be, -how low they extend, depends on the height of the story -and whether or not wall shelving is wanted below them. -If the library has more than one story and has a stack -to limit the height of stories to fourteen or fifteen feet, -shelves all round the wall will be wanted in many of the -rooms. The shelves at extreme height should only be -eight feet to top of cornice, or could be any less height, -down to about four feet, that the exigencies require. -The window can take up as much of the remaining height<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_199"></a>[199]</span> -of wall as needs of lighting demand. This leaves some -alternatives of length and width for the architect in -arranging his exterior.</p> - -<p>High windows above wall shelving are much used, -as exterior views will show. One consideration has -occurred to me, which I have not seen mentioned. In -libraries where there is no window low enough to jump -out of, and only one entrance on a floor, where is the -extra fire escape usually demanded by municipal building -regulations?</p> - -<p><b>High or Low for View.</b> Some objection has been -made recently to high window sills in a library because -only low sills allow a cheerful outlook. I just put the -alternative to a working girl, as a typical user, and -she said, “How could I read if I was watching a squirrel?” -This seems to put the matter in a nut-shell. Library -windows are for light, not for sight. In private libraries -or in clubs, the cosy comfort idea can come uppermost, -but in the more practical rooms, especially in reading -rooms chiefly for reference use and study, I should get -diffused cheer, so to speak, from diffused light, and bar -looking out of the window. As to the working rooms, -much the same view might be taken, but if a librarian -or a cataloguer pleaded for low sills and a cheery outlook, -I might consider the “personal equation,” and -concede it.</p> - -<p>“In German schools, window-stools are set high, and -the lower sash glazed with ribbed glass, so that the -pupils cannot look out.”—<i>Sturgis.</i></p> - -<p><b>Skylights.</b> From the plans I judge that flat skylights -are more often used in English libraries than with -us. Much objection is made here about keeping them -tight and clean, and certainly leaks and grime are fearsome -in a library. But I have heard architects aver that<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_200"></a>[200]</span> -skylights can be made leak-proof, and if they can there -are certainly many perplexities of light they would relieve.</p> - -<p>“Top lights always should be double to stop direct -sunlight and prevent draughts. There is great trouble -in making them rain-proof.... Large squares of plate -glass are better than small panes or leaded lights.... -Double windows are necessary where traffic is heavy.”—<i>Burgoyne.</i><a id="FNanchor_206" href="#Footnote_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a> -[This is a provision to deaden noise. In -America, a double window is only a protection against -winter cold.]</p> - -<p><b>Clerestories.</b> There is often this alternative, to -“cabin” the skylight, or set regular clerestory windows -in the walls. This can be made a beautiful feature, and -if it does not add too much to the expense, and if enough -light can be got by them, in the proper spots, with provisions -for easy cleaning, they are certainly free from -most of the objections to skylights.</p> - -<p>[See effective clerestory windows in the “Concourse” -of the Salem Public Library.]<a id="FNanchor_207" href="#Footnote_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_201"></a>[201]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-107">Light, Artificial</h3> - -<p>But granting the superiority of daylight, it is available -at the best for no more than part of the library -day. The thronged hours generally follow a winter -twilight, and sometimes range far into the evening. What -light is most cheery, the clearest, the healthiest, and the -cheapest, for these long hours of use?</p> - -<p><b>Oil.</b> Very small libraries have little choice. They -have to cling to the old-fashioned oil lamp. But they -are not so unfortunate after all, for though filling and -trimming and cleaning make trouble, no softer or better -reading light has been invented; and swinging argands -can give excellent diffused light, as many a country store -will show. With a few such lamps and an open wood-fire, -no such cosiness and cheer can be matched by a -city library.</p> - -<p>You can manage good home-made shades to moderate -the glare, from home-made material—even from brown -paper. It will be well to cling to oil until you have -no time to attend to the lamps.</p> - -<p><b>Gas.</b> The next stage is acetylene gas, which can -be had without a public plant, and furnishes a steady -and brilliant light. After it, comes usually the regular -gas stage of community development. If the gas plant -is good, the light may be good too, though its fumes -are often hard on lungs and books. If the plant is poor, -better go back to oil.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_202"></a>[202]</span></p> - -<p><b>Electricity.</b> But the use of electricity has become -so general all over the country, even in small towns, -the light is so good, so safe, and considering the advantages, -so cheap, that you are likely to arrive soon at the -electrical stage, and remain in it permanently through -the various steps of your growth. It is unnecessary in -these days, to warn against defective installation; any -architect should be able to arrange that; but watch it -carefully, in planning and as the contractors put their -wires in.</p> - -<p>With either form of gas, or with electricity, the choosing -and placing of lights will be one of the most important -of your joint problems.</p> - -<p>As far back as 1886, J. E. L. Pickering contributed -a paper on the electric light, to The Library Chronicle<a id="FNanchor_208" href="#Footnote_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a> -which is so sound that it is worth reading now—a generation -later.</p> - -<p><b>Location.</b> In placing your lamps of all kinds, do -not think first of symmetry or appearance, but try to -find where the fewest bulbs, of the kind you determine -to use, will bring the best light most directly on the places -where it is wanted, with the smallest expense.</p> - -<p>The kinds of illumination required are:—</p> - -<p><b>Diffused.</b> This is the general light in corridors and -rooms, sufficient for moving about, usually got from -chandeliers, sometimes from wall brackets.</p> - -<p><b>Shelves and service desks.</b> In usual systems, these -are lighted, the desks by different kinds of fixed or hanging -desk-lights, the shelves by a goose-neck protruding -at the top, from the cornice between every two ranges.</p> - -<p><b>Readers’.</b> Usually lighted by rows of lights, shades -down the center of the tables; or movable individual -standards near the readers’ chairs, or by hanging -lamps, six or eight feet from the floor.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_203"></a>[203]</span></p> - -<p><b>In stacks.</b> By bulbs at the ceiling of each desk, -either hanging down, or doubled up.</p> - -<p><b>Colors.</b> As elsewhere noted, light colors in walls, -ceilings, shelving and furniture, aid any system of lighting -by reflection.</p> - -<p><b>Switches.</b> The location of switches is most important -both for effectiveness and for economy.</p> - -<p><b>Systems.</b> I do not propose to discuss here all the -systems of lighting or makes of lamps and fixtures, -but I wish to record a very deliberate opinion as to -the proper trend of experiments in library lighting.</p> - -<p>Seeing a book advertised on “Practical Illumination,” -by Cravath and Lansingh, I bought and have carefully -looked it over. The seven pages it gives to libraries -have not helped me at all, but I have found on other -pages matter of interest. This, for instance:—</p> - -<p>“The object of artificial illumination is to enable -us to see things.”</p> - -<p>“It is undoubtedly true that the eye is more comfortable -when receiving a moderate amount of light from -all directions, <i>as it does in daylight</i>, than when getting -all its light from a bright page in a dark room.”</p> - -<p>“The ceilings and walls, if light in color, have considerable -value as reflectors, especially in small rooms.”</p> - -<p>[On page 7 is a table of percentages of light reflected -from different wall papers.]</p> - -<p>The scientific discussions of forms of bulbs, the material -of reflectors and the forms of shades, are very interesting. -So is a series of “demonstration room tests,” especially -No. 11,<a id="FNanchor_209" href="#Footnote_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a> showing a fine diffused light, thrown from a -concealed bulb by a reflector at the ceiling.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_204"></a>[204]</span></p> - -<p>“Even more important than the economic side of the -subject is the disastrous effect on the eyes caused by -numerous common artificial lighting arrangements.”</p> - -<p>“The ruin of eyesight now common with artificial -light is due to the fact that so few people understand -the importance of the proper placing, reflecting, and -shading of artificial lights.”</p> - -<p>“In order not to injure or fatigue the eye, the following -points should be avoided:—</p> - -<ul> -<li>Flickering light,</li> -<li>Glaring lights,</li> -<li>Glare reflected from paper,</li> -<li>Light from unusual angles,</li> -<li>Too little light,</li> -<li>Too much light,</li> -<li>Streaks of light,</li> -<li>Sharp contrasts of dark and light.”</li> -</ul> - -<p>“In the lighting of desks there are five principal requirements:—</p> - -<ul> -<li>The lamp should be out of the line of vision.</li> -<li>Have no regular reflection or glare from paper.</li> -<li>Have the light free from streaks.</li> -<li>Avoid too great intensity.</li> -<li>The light should be steady.”</li> -<li>[I add: Don’t get in your own shadow.]</li> -</ul> - -<p>“The three reflectors best suited to lighting the shelves -of the library are the opal dome, the fluted opal cone, -and the prismatic reflectors.”</p> - -<p><b>Indirect lighting.</b> This is defined thus: “The -lamps themselves are not visible. They are placed in -cup or vase or trough mirror-reflectors, from which the -light is thrown up towards the ceiling, to be thence reflected -down into the room.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_205"></a>[205]</span></p> - -<p>Systems of this kind as used in libraries for all service -except in stacks—for diffused light, shelves, service -desks, and readers’ tables—seem to me to be most like -natural daylight, and therefore best unless too costly.</p> - -<p id="subhead-108">The Report of Oculists and Electricians on the Boston -Schools,<a id="FNanchor_210" href="#Footnote_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a> reported against indirect lighting, believing -that “the cost of current to secure a proper illumination -would be prohibitive.” They added, however, -that “No actual experiments were made with indirect -lighting, as objections to its use seemed so obvious as -to render them unnecessary.”</p> - -<p>This was in 1907 (for schools) before the experiments -in libraries described below had been made.</p> - -<p>So far they seem successful. The Crerar Library has -tried one for two years. Mr. Andrews says in his last -report (1912): “The indirect system of lighting has -been extended over the official catalogue and the offices. -Longer experience confirms the opinion that under suitable -conditions the system is the best for the prolonged -use of artificial light, although this is not always recognized -by persons accustomed to more concentrated illumination. -For this reason it has been supplemented -to some extent in this library by table-lights in the -reading-rooms.” He writes me further, “It is undoubtedly -more expensive, but it is in my opinion also much better.”</p> - -<p>A similar system was installed in the John Hay Memorial -Library at Brown University a year ago. Mr. -Koopman writes me (Apr. 18, 1912):—</p> - -<p>“Given rooms reasonably adapted for it I should call -it the ideal library system.</p> - -<p>“In our high reading-room [twenty-eight feet high], -the conditions are especially unfavorable owing to the -deep panelling of the ceiling. But if I were to choose -afresh I might still prefer our present system; I certainly -should if I could have a flat ceiling [for maximum<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_206"></a>[206]</span> -reflection of light]. But for rooms of twenty -feet in height and under I do not see how for library -purposes one could choose a different system; certainly -most rooms in libraries come within that range.”</p> - -<p>As the height of the ordinary room in a library need -not be more than twelve or thirteen feet; or, if it has -to correspond with two stack stories, 14 or 15 feet; Mr. -Koopman’s commendation would hold for all library -rooms, except lofty halls.</p> - -<p>About the lighting of the lofty room, Mr. Charles A. -Coolidge, architect of the John Hay Library, writes as -follows:—</p> - -<p>“I think the indirect method of lighting in the rooms -where the ceilings are not high, is very successful. It -is only in the main reading-room, where it made so -many hanging fixtures, that I did not like the effect; -it is also expensive, as they have to use so many more -lights. It does not seem to me very cheerful there, and -I think the effect would be better if we had two chandeliers -in the room at appropriate places where they would -give a general illumination, and would be high enough -to keep the light out of one’s eyes.”</p> - -<p>I hear that this system is also used in the new St. -Louis Public Library building, but have no report as -to its merits.</p> - -<p>From these experiences, west and east, and from my -own observations of other systems in very many libraries, -I am prepared to recommend trial of indirect lighting; -especially as encouragement of makers will undoubtedly -induce them to remedy any faults and develop -all merits. For diffused light it is enough, always and -everywhere. For shelves, from top to bottom, it is -enough. For staff desks and for readers with strong -eyes, it is enough. Weak eyes, accustomed to concentrated -light, may need more; hence I take it the extra<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_207"></a>[207]</span> -Crerar lamps. New patents are already appearing. -Mr. Andrews further says in his letter: “A combination -of this method with the direct system, called ‘semi-indirect,’ -is used in the City Club at Chicago.”</p> - -<p>It is even possible that the expense of installation and -operation may be reduced.</p> - -<p><b>Fixtures.</b> Have these plain and substantial. If -you do not try some indirect system, but hold to direct -lighting, do not surrender yourself to the first or the -most insistent agent. Urge your architect to a deliberate -study of lamps, their power, position, bulbs, and shading, -and indeed all their appurtenances and fixtures.</p> - -<p>Do not, in the first place, let the architect arrange the -lamps for picturesque effect. If he can make the lights -ideal for service and for readers, well and good; but -get the utilitarian effect first; the artistic afterwards, -if you can.</p> - -<p>Again, do not accept too meekly the salesman’s or -contractor’s or architect’s selection of shades and fixtures. -Watch, inspect, read everywhere, and when you -make up your mind clearly what is best for you, insist -on getting it. But avoid especially “art fixtures.”</p> - -<p>I have been especially warned not to use the ornamental -chain pendant for chandeliers, like that shown -after p. 14 of the above mentioned Report of Oculists. -The slightest draft will twist them, and break the wires -inside.</p> - -<p>And for desk or table electric reading lamps, use the -movable and self-adjusting kind, so that every reader -can turn on his own light, and arrange its angle as he -chooses.</p> - -<p><i>In General.</i> Very large libraries can perhaps economize -by installing their own electric plants, but get<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_208"></a>[208]</span> -them outside the building if possible, as the jar of the -engines and their whir are disturbing. In a group of -municipal or university buildings, the library can get -its current from a common source.</p> - -<p>L. B. Marks, 103 Park Avenue, New York, has written -a paper on “The Design of Illumination in the New York -Carnegie Libraries.”<a id="FNanchor_211" href="#Footnote_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a> In this he advises consulting a -specialist in every new problem.</p> - -<p>In fact, with the complexity of functions in a large -library, the need increases of seeking the advice of -specialists on many points;—heating, lighting, ventilation, -stacks, fireproof vaults are subjects where -neither the librarian or the architect may know all -the latest phases of the subject, and really want -skilled information.</p> - -<p>Champneys<a id="FNanchor_212" href="#Footnote_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a> recommends that oil lamps be kept -lighted at stations all over a library, lest sudden failure -of the electric light plunge it into darkness.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_209"></a>[209]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-109">Heating and Ventilation</h3> - -<p>Except far north, these look out for themselves fairly -well. As winter approaches, they ought to look out -for each other. When you begin to plan for artificial -heat, you can plan for ventilation at the same time.</p> - -<p>In the smallest libraries, in wooded regions, wide -fireplaces with wood fires make cheerful if not very -even heat, and excellent ventilation up the chimney. In -places where wood is scarce or dear, some sort of stove, -like those used in groceries, depots, or schools, is next -called into play. The interior view, for instance, of -the Keene Valley Public Library (in Eastman<a id="FNanchor_213" href="#Footnote_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a>) shows -such a stove at the right. The floor plans show a “wood-house.” -In buying a stove, one of the makes with a -jacket, on the furnace principle, can combine heat and -ventilation best.</p> - -<p><b>Fireplaces.</b> We do not often use coal grates, but -architectural features common in our libraries are wood-fireplaces. -The excuse for introducing them is cosiness, -cheerfulness, and ventilation. They are certainly cosy -when a fire is kept up, but tending them requires a -deal of time, the heat is rather irregular, the ashes are -a bit blowy. Ventilation is no better by fireplace than -through any other aperture, unless some sort of flame -is kept up—a tiny gas-jet under the flue sometimes -serves as an irritant. As usually built they cost money; -and they usually interfere with wall-shelving which is -needed. In small libraries with wall space to spare,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_210"></a>[210]</span> -where wood is the cheapest fuel, it may be well to have -a fireplace with a fire tended by the townspeople; but in -larger buildings fireplaces are generally nuisances, to be -banished to the trustees’ room, if the architect wants one -somewhere.</p> - -<p>Champneys<a id="FNanchor_214" href="#Footnote_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a> thinks “open fires are to be avoided in -all public rooms, because of unequal distribution of heat, -of dust and noise, and of labor.” This is undoubtedly -true of soft-coal grate fires, such as they have in England, -but has Champneys ever seen the cleanly cheer of a -country fireplace, full of six-foot logs? Few of us can -afford them even in forest regions, but what an invitation -such a glow offers in a rural neighborhood!</p> - -<p>The next step beyond the stove would be the ordinary -dwelling-house hot-air furnace; doubled or reinforced -by a small one, if the house is a little too large to provide -properly-gauged heat for all varieties of weather by one -furnace.</p> - -<p>During these smallest stages of growth, reliance for -ventilation can at first be placed on crevices, occasional -opening of doors, and the open chimney.</p> - -<p><b>Window Bar Ventilation.</b> When these rudimentary -means become inadequate, the simple device of window -bars (as I have found in my own house and office for a -generation past) will keep even the air of crowded -rooms freshened, without drafts. There are many -patented devices embodying this principle, but there -is no need to waste money on them. The village -carpenter can saw out for every window a plain duplicate -of the lower bar, a quarter of an inch shorter, -but beveled like it, to slip in easily and tight. When -the lower sash is lifted, this bar inserted, and the -sash shut close to it, there is a space above between<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_211"></a>[211]</span> -the two sashes, which at the same time lets out the foul -air, and lets in the fresh, without any perceptible draft. -The only caution to be observed, even in cold weather, -is to put the bar on the leeward windows, away from -those against which the wind is blowing too strongly. -This simple fresh air system is very effective. Try -it on one window anywhere, and see if you do not -like it.</p> - -<p><b>The Next Method.</b> Next comes steam heat, very -common, very unsatisfactory, very cheap; with radiators, -very ugly in a library, very much in the way; -requiring some scheme of admitting sufficient fresh air -regularly, and ejecting air that has been breathed.</p> - -<p>A low-pressure indirect hot water system gives the -best heat, most easily managed and properly combined -with fresh air supply. The only reason that it is not -universally adopted is that steam boilers and radiators -are cheaper. Here, however, is one of the alternatives -in library building where the money available ought to -be put into health and comfort rather than into mere -show.</p> - -<p>For ventilation, in the simpler forms of steam and -hot-air heating, the simplest, cheapest, and often most -effective method is to take fresh air by several inlets -direct from outside, up under radiators, to be heated -by passage through them and let out into the room.</p> - -<p>In large libraries, some more effective system of heating, -with forced draft ventilation by blowers, fans or -inducers, must be installed by the architect under advice -of competent engineers. The part of the librarian in this -stage of planning will be to get the building committee -to take the most effective method, rather than the -cheapest, diverting to this essential of health some of the -funds which can be withheld from inside or outside ornament.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_212"></a>[212]</span></p> - -<p><b>Temperature.</b> One of the striking differences between -England and the United States is that in the standards -of temperature, Champneys<a id="FNanchor_215" href="#Footnote_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a> calls for 60° to 62° Fahrenheit -for rooms, 56° for corridors. Burgoyne<a id="FNanchor_215b" href="#Footnote_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a> reports 50° -in the stack at Strassburg.</p> - -<p>The A. L. A. Committee on Ventilation and Lighting -takes as the standard 70° as a medium temperature for -the circular inquiries it is making. It is usually assumed -that a lower standard may be set for stacks, and places -where attendants or readers move around rather than -sit. Certainly we try to keep our houses and offices -and the reading-rooms of our libraries 68° to 70°.</p> - -<p><b>In General.</b> An article in “The Librarian,”<a id="FNanchor_216" href="#Footnote_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a> specifies -five heaters, thus:—</p> - -<ul> -<li>1. Open fire grates; cheerful but troublesome.</li> -<li>2. Hot-water radiators; popular.</li> -<li>3. Steam radiators.</li> -<li>4. Gas or electric heaters; only for small rooms.</li> -<li>5. Coal stoves; not desirable in libraries.</li> -</ul> - -<p><b>Thermometers.</b> Perhaps the architect can plan -his heating apparatus so cleverly, or your janitor can -run the plant so watchfully, that an equable and agreeable -temperature can be maintained everywhere. Among -your fittings, however, do not fail to plan for plenty of -thermometers as indicators to be watched by the staff. -Underheating promotes discomfort, coughs, colds; overheating -stupefies staff and readers.</p> - -<p><b>Basic Advice.</b> In 1893 Dr. John S. Billings, now of -the New York Public Library, published an interesting -and sensible volume on Ventilation and Heating, in -which, however, no special mention is made of libraries. -I quote some general remarks, which seem pertinent:<a id="FNanchor_217" href="#Footnote_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a>—</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_213"></a>[213]</span></p> - -<p>“It is important that those who form and direct -opinion on this subject should look to it that the buildings -which they plan, and especially those in which -numbers of men, women or children are to be brought -together, are so constructed and arranged <i>that no one -shall poison himself or others by the air which he expires</i>.</p> - -<p>“I do not mean by this that every man should aim -to be an expert on plans and specifications for ventilation, -nor that he should rely on his own judgment as to the -best way to secure it, but that he should insist on having -it provided for, and should see that skilled advice on the -subject is obtained.</p> - -<p>“Among the first questions which the architect has to -solve for each building which he plans or constructs, in -order to secure good ventilation are the following:—</p> - -<p>“<i>First</i>—How much money shall be allowed to secure -ventilation in this case?</p> - -<p>“<i>Second</i>—Which of several methods should be employed -to effect this, taking into consideration the character -and location of the building, and the amount of -funds available?</p> - -<p>“It is also the business of the architect to see that the -builders do not, in a spasm of economy or retrenchment, -make a reduction in some point which will affect the -ventilation, <i>rather than cut off some of the merely ornamental -and comparatively useless decorative work of the -exterior</i>.</p> - -<p>“However much the architect may be inclined to let -the owners have their own way in planning their own -residences; when it comes to public buildings, it is his -duty <i>not only to advise but to insist</i> on proper arrangements -for heating, ventilation, drainage and plumbing. If it -be his misfortune to deal on such matters with ignorant -committee-men who with a limited appropriation persist -in omitting, for, the sake of cheapness, some of those<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_214"></a>[214]</span> -points in construction which are essential for keeping -the building in proper sanitary condition, it is <i>his duty -as a skilled professional man to decline to have anything -to do with the matter</i> rather than suffer himself to be -used as a tool to execute work which he knows will be -dangerous to the health and life of his fellow-citizens -or of their children.”</p> - -<p>These are ringing words to be addressed to an architect. -How much more do they apply to the librarian who -is the expert adviser not only as to effective methods -of work, but also as to the comfort and health of all his -staff and for all the public who are to use the building.</p> - -<p>A paper by Dr. Billings, on the special subject of -Library Heating and Ventilation, after his experience -in New York, first in old buildings and now in a new -building, should be of very great value.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_215"></a>[215]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-110">Plumbing, Drains, Sewers</h3> - -<p>This is another group to be provided for satisfactorily -before any money is allotted to frills. The architect -ought to be expert in all three specialties; but a householder -wants to know just what the architect is going -to do in building his house. The librarian is in this -instance the housekeeper, at least, and has not only a -right, but a duty, of inquisitiveness; for carelessness -or mistakes on the part of draftsmen, ignorance or -worse on the part of workman, might seriously affect -the health of a large number of people.</p> - -<p><b>Underdraining.</b> Is your lot dry down below the -foundations of the building? See to this before you -start to build, for a damp basement for a library leads -to book-tuberculosis, if nothing worse.</p> - -<p><b>Drains.</b> Gutters send a lot of water down from the -roof, and unless this is led away by tight conductors, -leading into drains that are sure to carry it off, the resulting -moisture will gather along the foundations and -show on the inside walls. I have had experience and -expense with this trouble on my own premises.</p> - -<p><b>Sewers.</b> In cities, drains and sewers usually combine -in joint drainage. Here you have to watch your own -grounds, your neighbors’, and the town’s connections; -avoiding interference, and watching for loose joints, careless -workmanship, and downright dishonesty. Watch -your architect, watch the contractors.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_216"></a>[216]</span></p> - -<p><b>Plumbing.</b> Be very careful that the water pipes -do not run too near, or behind or directly under or over -the shelves. Bursting pipes threaten damage and disaster -to books.</p> - -<p>In indicating where you want your water-fixtures, -remember that unnecessary scattering entails unnecessary -expense. Economy demands, and efficiency rarely -forbids, putting pipes in stacks up and down stairs, one -fixture under another, and all near chimneys or somewhere -else safe from freezing.</p> - -<p><b>File plans.</b> As suggested under another head, keep -your plumbing and drainage plans separately, file them -in a pamphlet plainly labelled and catalogued. You -may want in a hurry sometime to know just where every -pipe and drain can be got at easily.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_217"></a>[217]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-111">Cleanliness</h3> - -<p><b>Prevention.</b> It has been suggested that library -windows, especially stack windows, be made tight, never -to be opened; but the hermetically sealed library does -not seem to appeal strongly to the public. Dust can -be excluded by carefully planned vestibules, and by -opening windows only at certain times, and in certain -winds, when dust outside does not drive in. In many -large libraries, methods of dust-absorption are provided -for air-inlets, and such excluders are common to all systems -of forced draught.</p> - -<p><b>Inside Dust.</b> In addition to the dust that drives -in from the street, and that which rises from mud tracked -in, there is some that is evolved from certain book-bindings -and from processes of handling, which has to be -kept down. Library housekeeping is a steady process.</p> - -<p><b>Cleaners.</b> The old-fashioned sweeping and mopping -with the old implements, are not yet out-of-date, but -there are many more or less expensive patent sweepers, -which are supposed to be dustless. Vacuum cleaners -have come to stay. Mr. Hodges of Cincinnati anticipated -their use in libraries years ago, and made an effective -machine of his own. A simple way is to open dusting -ducts, in which books may be dusted while all dust is -blown away outside. But in a large enough library, it -is now wise while installing a stack, to have some -system of vacuum standpipes built in to reach every -floor; and in any library some of the simpler and more -effective forms of patent sweepers or vacuum cleaners -may be provided and stored in basement, attic or -closets.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_218"></a>[218]</span></p> - -<p><b>Bowls and Taps.</b> Sinks with taps for filling pails -are useful on all floors, for scrub-women and for first -aid in fires. They can easily be combined with wash-bowls, -thus avoiding multiplicity of fixtures.</p> - -<p><b>Wash-bowls.</b> Using books is not always cleanly -work, and both attendants and readers often need facilities -for washing their hands. Wash-bowls can be concealed -in closets or tucked into special cupboards in -shelving, where they are not obvious. There are too -few of them oftener than too many in a library. Consider -the rooms there where staff or readers might wish -to wash their hands after handling dusty books. Frequent -ablutions would cleanse the users, and protect -books. Children, sometimes adults, come to the library -with grimy hands, so that wash-bowls near entrances -may be welcome conveniences. But all bowls should -be set where they can be watched by one of the staff.</p> - -<p>“The library of the future will be found to contain -lavatories where every one wishing to use books will -first have to cleanse his hands.”—<i>Reinick.</i> See <a href="#Page_222">p. 222</a> -<i>post.</i></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_219"></a>[219]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-112">Protection from Enemies</h3> - -<p>Blades in his “Enemies of Books” enumerates Fire, -Water, Gas, Heat, Dust, Neglect, Bookworms, Mice -and other vermin [to which he might have added book -thieves, extra illustrators, mutilators and defacers].</p> - -<p>Against the latter group, supervision is a deterrent.</p> - -<p>Gas is vanishing before the electric light.</p> - -<p>Neglect we cannot allow, or plead guilty to.</p> - -<p>Bookworms and vermin have not apparently worried -our libraries as much as those of the old world. They can -hardly be guarded against in building, except as we -guard against moisture and filth.</p> - -<p><b>Fire</b> is a great danger in our climate. There is some -quality in the atmosphere—some latent condition akin -to electricity, which feeds flames. We have concluded -that limits of expense and considerations of convenience -render it impossible to make our buildings, or any part -of them, except the vault for valuables, absolutely fireproof.</p> - -<p>In view of the fact that books will always remain -combustible, and sensitive to injury from smoke and -water, it is now generally conceded that all we need -aim at is isolation, slow combustion through “warehouse-construction,” -hollow walls, iron or steel shelving, -and the like.</p> - -<p>Outside iron shutters are considered clumsy, and not -so good protection as distance from other buildings. -Inside iron doors are frequently neglected, and tend to -curl up in hot flames. Local fire regulations sometimes -require protected doors through partitions—for which<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_220"></a>[220]</span> -slow-burning wood, tinned, is preferred. These are -often interposed between the stack and the rest of the -building. The stack can be made more fireproof than -the rest, without much extra expense. Its greatest -danger, shared with other parts, is from crossed electric -wires. Against these, careful installation by conscientious -electrical experts is the chief protection.</p> - -<p>Thoroughly fireproofing the boiler-rooms, ash-pit -and waste-paper bin is a protection any building can -have, and in many cases these can all be set outside. -Heating-pipes can be kept from contact with woodwork -or books, and can be protected with asbestos or otherwise.</p> - -<p><b>Material</b> is a great factor of danger or safety. Wood, -unless treated chemically, is more dangerous than iron -or stone, but inside iron needs protection from flame, lest -it yield when most needed. In the San Francisco fire, -brick and terra cotta withstood heat better than marble, -granite, sandstone, or limestone.<a id="FNanchor_218" href="#Footnote_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a></p> - -<p>The great use now made of concrete for floors, ceilings, -partitions, and walls renders modern buildings safer from -fire, and is to be commended especially in libraries.</p> - -<p>The roof is vulnerable and should be of non-inflammable -material, fireproofed if possible. Sparks blown -from neighboring conflagrations, lighting on an unguarded -public building, give the greatest outside danger. -Tar roofs are said to be non-combustible, when -properly gravelled, but do not be too sure of them. Tile, -slate, asbestos-shingles should insure you.</p> - -<p><b>Elevators.</b> These and lifts furnish in their shafts -dangerous draft-flues for fires starting below. If there -is any way to provide doors and trap-doors easily managed, -to shut off every floor, one great danger of spread -of fire is removed.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_221"></a>[221]</span></p> - -<p><b>Glass.</b> As outside shutters are objectionable, tough -wire-glass, which does not break easily from heat, will -furnish a measurable protection from outside fire, without -materially diminishing light. Indeed it may transmit -or reflect light better than large panes of plate glass, -which shatter too easily.</p> - -<p><b>Fire-buckets</b> on every floor, prescribed in many -insurance regulations, are not so necessary when -there are water-taps handy everywhere, as recommended -above. Fire extinguishers, however, are not -superfluous.</p> - -<p><b>Standpipes.</b> In large buildings the local fire department -can aid the architect by suggesting the most -effective location for service pipes to command every -corner of every room and passage most effectively and -economically.</p> - -<p><b>Lightning.</b> Lightning rods, once deemed so essential, -do not seem popular now, but metal standpipes, -and steel stacks, well-grounded, would certainly serve -to carry lightning down to the depth of permanent -moisture. I cannot hear that lightning has ever found -stacks attractive.</p> - -<p><b>Water.</b> Leaks are bad for books, and fussy for folks. -Roofs and cellars may let in moisture, and a library -needs tightness in both. Unless it is well constructed -and tested at the outset, the leaks, the seepage of a -building are hard to find and to stop. No care and -thought should be spared concerning this insidious -enemy, from choosing the site to flashing the roof-tree.</p> - -<p>Since drafting this chapter, I am reminded by an -article in Vol. I of the “Library Association Record,”<a id="FNanchor_219" href="#Footnote_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a> -of certain bookworms or grubs I have found in old books -from the damp shores of our gulf states. Mr. Widman<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_222"></a>[222]</span> -of St. Charles College is quoted as saying, “We see the -time when we shall have to burn part of our books to -save the other part.” But I find no suggestion as to any -provisions in building which would check such pests. -Rigid exclusion of moisture from foundations and walls -would probably be the only palliative.</p> - -<p>I have noticed cloth bindings of books, especially public -documents from gulf states, badly eaten by roaches.</p> - -<p>William R. Reinick, Chief of Documents in the -Philadelphia Free Library, has printed results of experiments -as to insects that destroy books, in Scientific -American Supplements of Dec. 24, 1910, and May 11, -1912. He says:—</p> - -<p>“It has been stated that more books have been -destroyed by small forms of life than by fire and water -combined.”</p> - -<p>“Heat, dampness, and dirt deposited in handling -books, develop worms, etc.”</p> - -<p>“Libraries keep many books in dark places, badly -ventilated. Darkness, damp air, and leaving books -long undisturbed, favor propagation of small forms of life.”</p> - -<p>“<i>Light and cleanliness</i> are the two most important -factors in preventing the ravages of insects and also of -fungi which grow upon and in books in a damp, warm -atmosphere.”</p> - -<p>While few libraries in our northern states have -suffered from book worms and the like, will it not be -well to experiment before entrusting rare books to -sliding cases, or any books to dark central or especially -underground stacks?</p> - -<p><b>Stacks.</b> There is one danger in many stacks. A -wide space is left between “deck” and shelves on each -edge. The danger of dropping small articles like -pencils and pads is elsewhere spoken of, but do not such -unnecessary wide spaces increase the danger of fire -from below and leaks from above?</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_223"></a>[223]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-113">Fireproof Vaults</h3> - -<p>But if it is deemed unnecessary to go to the expense -of fireproofing the whole building, it is certainly necessary -for every library which has valuable books, manuscripts, -or records, to have some sort of a strong room, -proof against both fire, moisture, and ordinary book-thieves. -This should be large enough for present treasures -and probable growth, and can be treated as one -of the luxuries of the building, where luxury can be -afforded. It need not rob any reading-room of light, -but can be located in a dark corner of the cellar or elsewhere -which seems useless for any other purpose. Unless -watched, builders are apt to slight vaults, and finish -them rough, shabby, or damp. This is inexcusable, now -that such conveniences are common in banks, even -in small towns. There must be many expert and honest -vault builders in every large city. For light, ventilation -and comfort refer to any “Safe-Deposit Vaults” below -banks. For absolute security read of the safety with -which so large a quantity of bonds came out of the -Equitable fire in New York. When you allot your bids, -take the expert constructor of the firm contracting for -the vault into your confidence, and ask his advice about -such late improvements as need not increase his bid. -He ought to want the advertisement of your approbation -as much as you want an excellent piece of work.</p> - -<p>A plain fireproof brick bin for waste paper and rubbish -and one for hot ashes are guardians against fire.</p> - -<p>A common safe will be enough for the account books -and most essential records of a small library which cannot -afford a vault. If the floor is made strong enough, -it can be kept in a corner or a closet reserved for it in -the librarian’s or trustees’ room.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_224"></a>[224]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-114">Central Spaces</h3> - -<p>Large rectangular buildings have central spaces and -one of the first questions for the planners—indeed the -key to the whole design—is “what use shall we make -of this space, leave it open, devote it to reading or delivery, -or occupy it by stacks?”</p> - -<p><b>Areas</b> are often used to light basement windows, but -they are apt to catch rubbish and in winter to invite -snowdrifts, which are difficult to clean out. Where they -must be used they are better if extended to form a sort -of moat, wide enough to be reached by a special flight -of steps, for use in cleaning, and lined with white stone -or glazed brick to reflect light into the basement.</p> - -<p><b>Courtyards.</b> In large buildings, a large courtyard -admits light to all the interior walls, but is usually too -wasteful of space. The interior is generally used either -for delivery, reading or stack; not solidly occupying the -whole available space; lighted from the top, and so -shaped as to leave small corner courtyards as shafts -for light and air. If the walls of these shafts are faced -with glazed brick, they may light, very effectively, inside -rooms, passages and stairs.</p> - -<p><b>Kept Open.</b> In the Boston Public Library, the central -space was planned for architectural effect, and left -open. This arrangement, if the interior walls had windows -planned for light, rather than for effect, would -render both faces of all four sides of the building, available -for useful rooms; but as it is, adequate light is not<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_225"></a>[225]</span> -given to rooms, and thus is wasted. When attention -was called to this waste, and to the disjunctive effect -which threw communications out to exterior lines, the -advocates of the scheme enlarged upon the opportunities -it would give for readers to carry books out there and -read under the æsthetic effects of a canopy which excludes -direct light from the lower story, as the monks -of old are pictured as using their arcades. With this -in mind I have often peered out there from the staircase -windows, but have never detected such a reader. -The present effect may please æsthetic visitors, but I -doubt if it could secure a vote from practical modern -librarians.</p> - -<p><b>Central Reading Room.</b> With the huge reading -rooms of the Library of Congress and the British Museum -in mind, anyone can understand this use, which -is striking. Whether it is the ideal form for a reading-room -is more doubtful. It certainly, when high, wastes -a deal of room in upper space, not needed for light or -ventilation, and it needlessly blocks light which might -render the inner fronts of the building useful for various -purposes. In this position of the reading or delivery -room, the corresponding stack would cross the rear, -and perhaps range along the sides of the rectangle.</p> - -<p><b>Central Delivery.</b> Another use is for the main -delivery, with generally a lower roof than a reading-room -would have unless obstructive. If light for this -is drawn from above it will be ample for enough floor -shelving to bring certain parts of the open-access books -near to the desk and catalog.</p> - -<p><b>Stacks.</b> Sometime in the future, all the central -space of a large building may be given to a solid stack, -from sub-cellars to roof, lighted only by electricity, -ventilated from above by forced draught, and opening -on reading and administrative rooms all around.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_226"></a>[226]</span></p> - -<p>But until this era of dark storage (which heaven forfend!) -there is a possibility of stacks in the form of cross-sections, -or a Greek cross, with corner areas for light -and air, and feeding a smaller central room for reading -or delivery, or even feeding suites of reading rooms -around the perimeter after the fashion of the Library of -Congress building.</p> - -<p><b>Combination.</b> Still another use of the center space -is possible (as in the new Brooklyn Central Library -plans): stories of stacks below, delivery-room above, -on the level with the ground floor of the building; the -reading room above that.</p> - -<p><b>Dark Places.</b> There will inevitably come corners in -every building where full light cannot get in. Some -faulty buildings are full of such corners. Study the -plans you find, to detect such faults and avoid them. -When your own plans, after all your care, disclose such -spots of darkness, think over your various needs and -see if some use cannot be made of such otherwise wasted -gaps. There are some closets, even rooms, which do not -require any light, or require it so seldom that a flash of -electric light, now and then, will serve almost as well as -daylight. For instance, there is the book vault, the -photographic dark room, many closets for supplies, -shelves for duplicates; heaters, coal bunks, ash and waste -paper bins, <i>et id genus omne</i>. All such that you can relegate -to places hopelessly dark, will leave so much more -free daylight to be used.</p> - -<p><b>Closets.</b> Closets in a library need not be as numerous -as in a dwelling house, but they are about as useful. -Careful planning can get them in where they are wanted -without sacrificing space which can be used for books or -readers. For instance, rooms as you have to fit them -into your floor plans often have one dimension a bit too -long. Some times, you have a librarian’s room which<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_227"></a>[227]</span> -seems rather to waste two or three feet farthest from the -windows. Make a closet of this, or a nook for drawers -and books. The next room is a thought too wide. -Slice two feet off the width into a row of cupboards or -wardrobes. Show your ingenuity in such refinements of -planning.</p> - -<p>And every closet is much like every library. It is -capable of, and it deserves individuality. Instead of -making a dozen closets alike, plan a separate use for each, -and lay out its drawers, shelves, cupboards, books, wash-bowls, -beforehand. This will save you steps and minutes -later, and reap the satisfaction of smooth service.</p> - -<p><b>Store-rooms.</b> Store-rooms differ somewhat from -closets—they are more wholesale. They require much -planning in detail. Do you want bins, open shelving, -or glass doors? Do you want hinged doors, or sliding? -Do you want bins or drawers below, and shelves above? -Do you want the same treatment all round and perhaps -in the middle of the floor? Do you need high -shelves, or pigeon-holes, or pegs, or hooks?</p> - -<p>You must plan storage for stationery, material, labels.</p> - -<p>Closets of course, can be used for storage, in addition -to other uses, toilet, wraps, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_228"></a>[228]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-115">Lifts: Elevators</h3> - -<p><b>Lifts.</b> By this phrase are designated booklifts—for -single volumes or small lots, as distinguished from elevators -to carry passengers and boxes. Lifts are chiefly -used in stacks, and will be considered under that head. -They are also needed between administration rooms -on different floors, as from the unpacking room to the -catalog-room, and from the desk or the stacks up to -special reading rooms.</p> - -<p>For small libraries, hand lifts can be made to run -easily. In larger libraries, electric lifts save a deal of -time, but these are more expensive in first cost and cost -of operation and repair.</p> - -<p>Champneys<a id="FNanchor_220" href="#Footnote_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a> says, “Line cages with leather or rubber. -Attach clips for papers.”</p> - -<p><b>Elevators.</b> These are not at all needed in small libraries, -and their use should be postponed as long as possible -as a library grows larger, not only on account of -initial cost, space required, and danger of furnishing -upward drafts in case of fire, but because of the treble -cost of running—power, manning and tinkering. They -are one of the necessary nuisances of large buildings.</p> - -<p>When used, they may be installed in dark inside -corners, and should so accommodate passage up and -down that less space need be put into staircases. They -should open outside rather than inside rooms, even if<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_229"></a>[229]</span> -special corridors have to be provided. The stir of operation, -entrance and exit is very disturbing for staff as -well as for readers.</p> - -<p>The necessity of installing an elevator marks a debatable -and epochal point in the development of a library. -Indeed I have thought of classifying buildings,—those -which can get along without elevators; and those that -must have them. Here comes a great leap in the expense -of operation.</p> - -<p>The number of elevators in the building, their size, -their position, the system of operating them, all have -an immediate bearing on annual operating expenses, -and in very large libraries need a vast amount of -special study and conference.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_230"></a>[230]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-116">Mechanical Carriers</h3> - -<p>Some jubilation has been expressed by librarians and -architects over the conquest of space through the aid of -invention, but space and time have not yet been entirely -annihilated. Two hundred feet by carrier may be shorter -than a hundred by foot, but it is still twice as far as a -hundred feet by carrier, and in planning to use mechanical -aids, it is still necessary to remember that a straight -line is the shortest distance between two points.</p> - -<p>For small packages and small libraries, tubes (pneumatic -propulsion or exhaust) are the simplest contrivance -for horizontal carriage, and they will serve many -purposes in larger libraries.</p> - -<p>In large buildings it is usually wise to provide some -sort of machinery from remote parts of the stack to the -delivery desk, and also direct to the reading-room floors; -although the leading specialist on this subject, Bernard -R. Green<a id="FNanchor_221" href="#Footnote_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a> of the Library of Congress, warns that they -should only be adopted as a matter of necessity, for -they require expenditure, space and complicated machinery. -There are forms to be studied in most of the -very large libraries, government, university and public. -As every new library building will probably devise some -decided improvement in tubes and carriers, I will not -take space here to describe the different devices now in -use, but will advise very careful study of every problem -as it arises. Burgoyne<a id="FNanchor_222" href="#Footnote_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a> describes the Boston Public<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_231"></a>[231]</span> -Library System.<a id="FNanchor_223" href="#Footnote_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a> The Library of Congress underground -system which has been in continuous service -satisfactorily since 1897, has also been very well described -in The Library.<a id="FNanchor_224" href="#Footnote_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a></p> - -<p>It seems to me that the services I have seen are heavier, -clumsier and slower than is necessary, and that something -of the ingenuity that has been put into commercial -cash-carrier systems might devise for libraries book-baskets, -run on wires, which would serve all purposes -for single volumes or small lots of books. Those now -operating also suggest frequent stoppages for repairs. -“Carriers that turn corners are apt to get out of order,” -says Bostwick.<a id="FNanchor_225" href="#Footnote_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a></p> - -<p>But at all events, no conveniences of machinery should -serve as an architectural excuse for separating or -increasing distance between departments.</p> - -<p><b>Tunnels.</b> For passage from cellar of one building -to another in groups; or from one wing to another in -the same building, underground passages may be required. -They are usually floored, ceiled and walled, -with stone or cement, but it has occurred to me that in -some cases, large cast-iron water pipes, well laid, would -make a cheaper, tighter, stronger and otherwise more -satisfactory communication. For staff usage the height -of a small man is sufficient; for bulky boxes the size -of a car running on rails, and drawn by hand or by endless -chain, would define the width, and a slight additional -height would allow for overhead hanging book-baskets.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_232"></a>[232]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-117">Telephones and Tubes</h3> - -<p>These are most necessary for quick work. All libraries -with more than one story, or even more than one -room, can use speaking-tubes to advantage. They are -inexpensive, and are easily put in while building. If -installed at first, they need not cost much, and save -many steps, if they be run only from the librarian’s desk -to the janitor. For larger libraries, they can connect -desk and stack, librarian and assistants, departments -with each other. In stacks they are very serviceable, -placed next the lift and running both to delivery desk -and to janitor’s room. In still larger libraries some -form of house-telephone will speed and simplify service, -with an exchange desk, switchboard, and special operator.</p> - -<p>Consult the local telephone company about the different -styles and prices. You will perhaps be surprised to -find how cheaply they can be set and run, even as compared -with a speaking-tube system.</p> - -<p>Dr. Richard Garnett recommends the telautograph -for transmitting inquiries and orders,<a id="FNanchor_226" href="#Footnote_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a> and also says,<a id="FNanchor_227" href="#Footnote_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a> -“In planning large libraries, it will be necessary to take -mechanical contrivances into account to a much greater -extent than hitherto.”</p> - -<p>Less marble columns, fewer dadoes, and more tubes -and telephones, would ensure a better working library.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_233"></a>[233]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_E">E.<br /> -<span class="smaller">DEPARTMENTS AND ROOMS</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_234"></a>[234]</span></p> - -<div class="front-matter"> - -<p class="center"><i>In this Book -suggestions are made -as to location and equipment of -every room in a library. -Note especially -Stack-towers, Carrels, and -Sliding Cases.</i></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_235"></a>[235]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">E.<br /> -<span class="smaller">DEPARTMENTS AND ROOMS</span></h2> - -</div> - -<h3 id="subhead-118">PART I<br /> -<span class="smaller">ADMINISTRATION ROOMS</span></h3> - -<p>While books are the substance of a library and readers -the object, how to bring them together is the key to -arrangement of the plan; therefore the first consideration -among rooms is here given to administration.</p> - -<p>Except as otherwise specified later, the working rooms -ought to be put in the center of the library, in order of -processes for handling books and serving readers, and -ought to be in the most direct connection possible with -each other, with stacks and with reading rooms. Here -centers good planning.</p> - -<p>Always remember what economy lies in close connections, -concentration, and short distances.</p> - -<p>Every saving in communication may mean an attendant -saved, and a smaller pay-roll.</p> - -<p>“Ease and smoothness of administration are to further -public service or lessen expense.”—<i>Bostwick.</i><a id="FNanchor_228" href="#Footnote_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a></p> - -<p>“They must be in sequence, so that books may be -(1) received; (2) catalogued; (3) prepared; (4) shelved, -without jumping around from one part to another.”—<i>Idem.</i><a id="FNanchor_229" href="#Footnote_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a></p> - -<p>See excellent article by W. K. Stetson on centralized -administration, 36 L. J., p. 467.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_236"></a>[236]</span></p> - -<p>In his article on Library Buildings, in the U. S. Public -Libraries Special Report of 1876,<a id="FNanchor_230" href="#Footnote_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a> Justin Winsor pictures -the preliminary operations of preparing books for the -reader—the first steps of administration, as carried -out in a large room, surrounded by stalls connected by -tramways for book boxes, and supervised by a superintendent -from a raised platform in the centre, who directs -the successive operations and operators, all under his -eye.</p> - -<p>This arrangement persists, but except so far as it governs -packing and unpacking, is now usually separated -into different rooms, all made parts of a suite, connected -either horizontally or perpendicularly, and served by -special lifts and elevators.</p> - -<p>Such rooms for a large library are here described in -separate chapters. In smaller libraries practically the -same operations are compressed into fewer rooms.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_237"></a>[237]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-119">Trustees’ Room</h4> - -<p>In very small libraries none is necessary; nor need one -be set aside, as the library grows larger, until other more -necessary rooms are provided for. The trustees as a -body do not meet every day, and their committees -only meet an hour or so at a time, so that they can -well use one of the staff rooms whose occupants can -temporarily get busy elsewhere, or use special rooms -only occasionally used.</p> - -<p>In growing libraries, when rooms have to be set aside -for any purposes which do not require constant occupation, -any one of these can be used for trustees. Their -meetings, and those of their committees, are generally -held in late afternoon or evening, when it would not interfere -with intermittent processes or infrequent readers. -It has always seemed to me that a Local History room -would be an excellent refuge for trustees in a building -where space had to be economized, especially as local history -is a proper function for a small library with either -an active librarian, or an active local society, or both.</p> - -<p>When the library gets larger, it is well to consider that -the trustees represent the public which owns the library. -They are usually selected with care for what is held to -be the most honorable position in town. They serve -without pay. In character, in prominence, in responsibility, -in service, their board deserves prominent recognition -in planning a building. As they will use their -quarters less often than staff or readers use their rooms, -they need not take up any space which is desirable for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_238"></a>[238]</span> -active departments. They can be put anywhere in the -building where space can best be spared. But as they -are sometimes elderly men, they ought not to be expected -to climb many flights of stairs, and in buildings without -elevators, should not have to go higher than the second -floor.</p> - -<p>In furniture and decoration, a deal of money has been -wasted on trustees’ rooms. They ought to have a cheerful, -cosey, dignified and comfortable room, but as no -library ever has enough money for its actual needs, it is -willful and sinful waste to devise massive and costly -furniture (usually very uncomfortable) and splendid -ornament, for the modest gentlemen (and ladies) who -will spend a few hours there every month.</p> - -<p>Good proportions, cheerful color, good natural and -artificial light, a warm carpet perhaps, a ceiling not too -lofty, comfortable yet not necessarily expensive furniture, -with lockers or hat racks, even a fireplace if the -architect thinks it would add to the effect of the room -(here a fireplace would be most permissible); these will -make an apartment where trustees can be at their best, -wise, sensible, never contentious or captious.</p> - -<p>Even then, it does not seem necessary to set aside an -otherwise useless room entirely to a board which occupies -it so seldom. Think if it cannot be put to some -special use, for clubs, or if that would desecrate it, to -housing some special collection not likely to be wanted -at the hours of board meetings. By all means shelve it -round about—there is no decoration in a library like -books in good binding, even in bright cloth covers,—and -let it be one of the semi-public rooms, to be shown -with pride; or sparingly used by those readers or students -who deserve to be ranked as users with trustees.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_239"></a>[239]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-120">Librarian’s Room</h4> - -<p>Though the delivery room be the center of service, the -librarian’s room is the center of direction. Whether it -should be close to the delivery room or to any special -department, depends first upon the size of the library, -then upon its class and methods. Sometimes it is -thought well for the librarian not only to be in close -touch with his staff, but to be accessible to the public. -If he does not wish to use his time entirely as an information -clerk, a position may be assigned to him quite apart -from staff or public rooms, on any floor. Modern systems -of tube or telephone (which should always be -liberally provided to keep all departments in close call), -will sufficiently overcome distance to enable him to -summon to his room anyone he wishes to see. Champneys -even suggests an extra exit as an escape from bores, -if they succeed in getting in.</p> - -<p>Where his position is to be, in the building, it is for -the librarian to decide, provided the trustees approve -him sufficiently to keep him to run the new building. -He is to run it, and he ought to have the place which -will let him run it most easily, according to the methods -he may wish to follow. No one else should compel him -to go where he will be hampered by any discomforts.</p> - -<p>As to arrangements and furniture, there will be needed -such tables as the size of the room may allow, such chairs -as the occupant may require, as well as enough for -visitors, wardrobes for his clothes, closets for his stores -(see list of stores which may be needed in a stationery -cabinet—<i>Duff-Brown</i><a id="FNanchor_231" href="#Footnote_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a>), private toilet room, a space<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_240"></a>[240]</span> -(usually) for a small fireproof safe for his and the trustees’ -valuable immediate papers, such wall shelving as -he may require for his personal books and bibliography, -telephone and tube space handy to his seat, a keyboard -for keys, and enough free floor space for such revolving -bookcases and such floor cases as he may further require, -not to forget passage room for visitors.</p> - -<p>As to location, so as to arrangement, the librarian -should here have a free hand, however much he must -yield his preferences elsewhere. It is his room, and -should be a part of his individuality. To allow this to -him, is the first and longest step toward good administration -during the whole life of the building.</p> - -<p>In England, a private residence is often provided in the -building for the librarian, but seldom or never in America.</p> - -<p><b>Ante-room.</b> In a library of some size, a comparatively -small room, or even two or three low rooms are -very much better for the librarian than one large, high -room. If there is an assistant librarian or private secretary, -he needs a separate room, and if there is to be a private -stenographer, she can share this outer room, and either -part of it, or still another room can be assigned to staff -or public, waiting for their turn of admittance. Indeed, -a suite of three not very large rooms is quite ideal, -especially as many of the librarian’s impedimenta can -be distributed over the larger shelf and closet space -available.</p> - -<p><b>Heads of Departments.</b> In a large library with -departments, each of their heads should have his own little -room or rooms, according to his duties and the bulk of -his records, close to the center or edge of the groups of -rooms he is to manage, with such tube and telephone -communication as will place him in close touch with -the librarian, with his inferiors, and with such other -departments as he aids in serving.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_241"></a>[241]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-121">Other Staff Quarters</h4> - -<p>Staff work is divided by Bostwick<a id="FNanchor_232" href="#Footnote_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a> into,—</p> - -<p><i>Administrative</i>, which would cover librarian, his assistants, -and heads of departments.</p> - -<p><i>Contact with the public</i>, including those of advisory, -educational, or disciplinary duties.</p> - -<p><i>Clerical</i>, subordinates in offices and catalog departments.</p> - -<p><i>Buying and distribution</i>, including those engaged in -preparing and circulating books.</p> - -<p><i>Care of Building.</i></p> - -<p>This would indicate a group or number of rooms for -each class, the “administrative” (already treated) and -“buying and distribution” somewhat clustered, the -“clerical” and “contact with the public” distributed -among the others, and the “care of building” generally -centered in the basement.</p> - -<p>In addition to these classes or groups, a general room -or rooms will be needed in a large library for staff meetings, -staff lectures and staff training school. One large -room should serve alternately for all such purposes, -especially if divided by sliding or folding partitions to -make of it either a large or small room as desired. -Special audience or school furniture is needed here.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_242"></a>[242]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-122">Public Waiting Rooms</h4> - -<p>These are not wanted in small libraries, where the -space left in front of the delivery desk will provide for -casual visitors as well as for those waiting for books.</p> - -<p>In large libraries, it is well to provide a place where -visitors can rest and have the privilege of talking, and -where members of the staff may see friends, if necessary. -This is best near the main entrance. Indeed, a vestibule -demanded by the architecture can be utilized as -such a room, and if it can also be made a show room -for book rarities and curiosities in glass cases, a museum -for statues, busts and portraits, and a general porter’s -hall and information office, it will justify its existence -and relieve the working rooms in the library of many -embarrassments. Here, also, may be bestowed grand -staircases and all cumbrous architectural features that -cannot be wholly barred out.</p> - -<p>Such very public rooms, as distinguished from what -might be called service waiting rooms like the librarian’s -ante-rooms and the space left before the delivery desk -for the applicants who have sent in slips and are waiting -for their books—are better outside of the partitions of -the working library. The latest plans for the Brooklyn -central library provide, on a triangular lot, for an apex -which seems to fill this need and some architectural -features, without seriously infringing on working or service -areas.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_243"></a>[243]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-123">Stenography Rooms</h4> - -<p><b>Staff.</b> Besides the private typewriter of the librarian, -there will be others in large libraries for heads of -departments (indeed, wherever there used to be a clerk -or secretary, there must now be a machine), and a -number in the catalog suite, ranging up into the tens or -twenties, as more or less books are being put through -various processes. These all may be called staff -stenographers.</p> - -<p>Even in libraries of moderate size, where there is a -possibility of gifts or other growth which will require -special cataloguing, it is wise to leave room in the cataloguing -suite for extra stenographers, when suddenly -wanted.</p> - -<p><b>Public.</b> There is also needed in large libraries, -provision in private study rooms for readers or authors, -and some special rooms for public stenographers on call, -ready for extra staff or readers’ demands for copying, -dictation, or anything legitimately connected with the use -of books. Such rooms are among those to be placed -on mezzanine floors or in a special wing or corridor. -Like music rooms, they ought to be built with sound-proof -or sound deadening floors, walls and ceiling; for -readers who are not dictating are often and excusably -sensitive about the clicking of others.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_244"></a>[244]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-124">Place for Catalog Cases</h4> - -<p>This chapter covers the space to be allowed in rooms -for the catalogs themselves.</p> - -<p>Very large libraries require whole rooms for catalogs -alone, usually one room for the general card catalog -and another for the Library of Congress cards.</p> - -<p>In all but very large libraries, card catalogs for the -staff and for the public must be provided for in some -way. They can be separate, but the form most economical -of space is the double-ender set into the wall -between cataloguer’s room and delivery department, with -drawers which can be pulled out from either end. The -obvious inconvenience is that they may be wanted at -both ends at once. Notwithstanding this, they are -much used, to save space if not labor.</p> - -<p>A nice problem in planning is the placing of card-catalog -cases not too far from the delivery desk, where -they will not interfere with other uses, and where they -will get ample light. The most usual way is to set them -against partition walls, with space in front for a narrow -table to which drawers can be moved and rested during -use.</p> - -<p>Another convenient arrangement is to make a sort of -floor case, a wide table in the middle of the floor, with -catalog cases back to back on top, leaving a ledge -on each side and at the ends, where the table projects.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_245"></a>[245]</span></p> - -<p>Stools are used with these rather than chairs, mainly -because they take up less room and are not used for long -periods.</p> - -<p>The English books speak of other styles of catalogs, -but we use no other form except (rarely) different kinds -of printed catalogs, which are kept loose on tables or -desks.</p> - -<p>As to floor space required for catalog cases, see that -heading later on. Placing them is a nice and critical -question of planning.</p> - -<p>Note that a Library of Congress card-catalog room -separate is called for by the Brooklyn Public Library.<a id="FNanchor_233" href="#Footnote_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_246"></a>[246]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-125">Cataloguing Room</h4> - -<p>In small libraries, cataloguing has to be done in the -librarian’s rooms or at the delivery desk. In larger -libraries one large room or a suite of rooms is needed, and -requires careful planning by an experienced librarian. -Ample light is naturally the first requisite. North light -is most regular and less glary, but is somewhat cold and -cheerless. Large windows, or what is practically one -window along one side of a room, the windows running -up from the level of the tables clear to the ceiling, are -best. The working tables (better single or double desks -perpendicular to the windows) should occupy the window -side, with service tables (trestles will do) in the next -space. Then floor cases for bibliography and books in -transit, also perpendicular to the light, and wall cases -beyond with a ledge, will conveniently furnish the room. -If, as usual, the different processes of handling books are -performed in this room, not only cataloguing proper, -but selection, ordering, accessioning, shelf-listing, collation, -labelling, numbering, and marking or covering, -must be foreseen, in due succession. A lift at one end -from the packing room should bring the books, to follow -the order of work, over bins, or tables, or desks, or -shelves, leading either to the delivery desk or the stack. -One room is often not enough—a suite of rooms is required, -perhaps up and down stairs. (Do not be tempted -to use circular stairs; they are criminal; see under that -head, <a href="#Page_177">p. 177</a>.) See the John Hay Library plans, for a -central “stack,” so to speak, of such rooms, planned -for speedy and economical service.<a id="FNanchor_234" href="#Footnote_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_247"></a>[247]</span></p> - -<p>For order of work, see Winsor,<a id="FNanchor_235" href="#Footnote_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a> and Bostwick<a id="FNanchor_236" href="#Footnote_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a> who -enumerates other processes. This suite is a cosmos in -itself, for which no architect unadvised could possibly -arrange.</p> - -<p>Even with an expert librarian to advise, the local -librarian and the local corps of cataloguers ought to be -consulted, and their methods and tastes should be heeded. -An irritating incidence of light, an awkward stretch or -carry to the shelves, a clumsy arrangement of desk-surfaces -or window seats, might disconcert the best of -cataloguers, and so far spoil the building.</p> - -<p>See view of the cataloguing room in the Library of -Congress, L. C. Report for 1901, p. 224.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_248"></a>[248]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-126">Delivery Room</h4> - -<p>This is the department, under our American system, -which in all libraries should be on the ground floor, -and as short a distance as possible from the front door. -In small libraries, it should be the center of the ground -floor space, where that whole floor, and the top or foot -of such stairs as there are, can be supervised by one -attendant. Miss Marvin<a id="FNanchor_237" href="#Footnote_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a> locates it approximately as -12 feet (minimum) from the door, 16 to 20 feet “to the -rear shelves,” but this of course depends on the size of -the building.</p> - -<p>Oscar Bluemner<a id="FNanchor_238" href="#Footnote_238" class="fnanchor">[238]</a> thinks that the counter, the catalog, -and applicants need not take up more than 10 × 15 -feet in a small library.</p> - -<p>In somewhat larger libraries the need of central location -holds. The book shelves are generally behind the -desk, one reading room (or two sober-reading rooms) on -one side, another (or two where a certain amount of -stir and noise may be expected) on the other. The space -in front, from desk to door, should be planned for most -of the stir and necessary noise, except that of open -shelves. If there is a small vestibule separated from the -delivery room by a glass partition, drafts and dust will -be shut out, and a space allowed for the flutter of entrance -and exit, leaving the space from door to desk for book -applicants, querists, passage to other rooms, catalog case, -bulletins, waiting, and such other uses as may be assigned -to it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_249"></a>[249]</span></p> - -<p>Champneys<a id="FNanchor_239" href="#Footnote_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a> warns that the space here should be -calculated for the maximum use at any time of day or -evening, not for an average. Of course, so noisy a room -cannot be reckoned on for any kind of reading, although -if large enough such guides as directories, railway -time tables, local maps, etc., might be used here to -advantage.</p> - -<p>Such a delivery desk should not be put in a room intended -for study or quiet reading, unless perhaps in -colleges, where stir may be expected as classes come and -go every hour; but even here the entrances and exits -should be put where the delivery desk stir and catalog -use are on one and the same side, leaving the centre -and other sides for readers, to be as undisturbed as -possible.</p> - -<p>In large libraries this delivery room can have more -and roomier facilities, such as settees for those waiting -for books. In the Providence Public, there is an Information -desk on one side, a Registration desk on the -other, near the front door. It should still be on the -ground floor and not far from the outside entrance. -More people flock here than elsewhere, and the less -tramping through corridors they do, the better for them, -the readers, and for the cleanliness of the premises. -When other rooms or passages open out of the delivery -room, a platform slightly raised for the desk will aid -supervision.</p> - -<p><b>Light.</b> To get a sufficiently central position for delivery -room and strong enough light on desk and catalog, -seems to be, judging by inspection of libraries and plans, -an especially difficult problem; but it should not be -insoluble to a clever librarian and a bright architect.</p> - -<p>The English plans do not help us much with ideas, -for their system is herein different from ours. “Fewer<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_250"></a>[250]</span> -people go to the lending department than to the reading -room,” says Duff-Brown,<a id="FNanchor_240" href="#Footnote_240" class="fnanchor">[240]</a> while with most of our American -libraries all readers get to these rooms through or -past the delivery room. And in a “barrier lending library,” -as Champneys calls it, the counter is much -longer than we use, even if there is no “indicator” to -elongate it.</p> - -<p>As the size, location and relative connections of the -delivery-room largely determine the convenience of the -whole building, the shape, capacity and practicableness -of the delivery desk determine the excellence of -this department. See <a href="#Page_348">p. 348</a>.</p> - -<p>Here the practical and ingenious librarian has his -best chance in planning.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_251"></a>[251]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-127">Janitor</h4> - -<p>The janitor in any library has important functions. -In the smallest he is the only assistant, and can be of -great service to the lone librarian in service, supervision -and in substitution when she is away. In a library of -any size he is housekeeper, not only assisting in handling -books, but running the heating and lighting systems, -superintending or performing all services of cleanliness, -and often acting as special policeman in preserving order. -He deserves a room of his own, even if it be a simple -one in the basement. In large libraries he has a small -residence suite, and is always on the premises as day -janitor and night watchman. See Bostwick, p. 284, -where he advises janitor’s private residence in all libraries -except very small ones. But are janitor’s families -always germane? I should say, only in very large libraries -is it best to provide a janitor’s residence suite in the -building. But in most libraries he has a home elsewhere, -with only an office in the library. In this case -he needs for himself only a table, tool bench, chairs, a -closet for clothes and brooms, a box for tools, and a -snug toilet room.</p> - -<p><b>Packing room.</b> Winsor<a id="FNanchor_241" href="#Footnote_241" class="fnanchor">[241]</a> assigns this room to the -basement, “a large hall, with raised platform in the -center for superintendent, with stalls about the walls -for successive processes, with rails running past them -for book trucks.” But most of the processes he describes<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_252"></a>[252]</span> -are now prosecuted near the catalog room or suite. -The packing room is located in some convenient part of -the basement, directly under the other administration -rooms, with which it has direct communication by tubes -and lifts. It should have a separate door to a carriageway, -and in large libraries can have a package platform -and freight doors opening out of it, for loading and -unloading boxes of books.</p> - -<p>The uses assigned to this room are generally packing -and unpacking, central provisions for cleaning, light -repairing of books and furniture, laying out for binder. -Its furniture can be scant and simple: work tables or -trestles against any free wall space, trucks, an adjacent -closet or two, good windows on one or two sides, for light -on processes, some shelves for laying out books in transit.</p> - -<p><b>Cleaning.</b> Here is a good central place for the -paraphernalia of these operations, brushes, pails, cloths, -and the like, not forgetting closets for the clothes of the -scrubwoman.</p> - -<p>See Bostwick on Cleaning.<a id="FNanchor_242" href="#Footnote_242" class="fnanchor">[242]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_253"></a>[253]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-128">Binding and Printing</h4> - -<p><b>Bindery.</b> Every library has to have a lot of repairing -and binding done. Is it better to have your own -plant on the premises or to contract to have it done -elsewhere? E. R. N. Matthews<a id="FNanchor_243" href="#Footnote_243" class="fnanchor">[243]</a> says that out of forty-seven -English libraries he inquired of, twelve had binderies. -He endorses the idea, having installed one at -a new branch for his own system, in a separate building, -with plant he enumerates, bought second hand for £50.</p> - -<p>In small libraries it is easy to decide; nothing except -simple repairing by the janitor can be done at home. -Whatever has to be done from time to time can be sent -out on contract. In view of the space taken up, the -bulky and noisy machinery, the cost and trouble of -selecting and storing stock, the danger of labor troubles -and fires, and the bad odors of glues, the ownership of a -bindery would naturally be put off until it can be proved -to be a great economy in time and money. Champneys,<a id="FNanchor_244" href="#Footnote_244" class="fnanchor">[244]</a> -following Duff-Brown,<a id="FNanchor_245" href="#Footnote_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a> says that “Binderies are not required -except in very large libraries.” I say from considerable -business experience, save yourself cost, risk -and trouble, by not trying the experiment.</p> - -<p>If you must have a bindery, a good place for it is the -basement, in or next to the packing room, where books -are being handled. Some authorities suggest the attic, -but it seems to me that the quiet and top light of the -upper floor make it too valuable for finer purposes, to be -spared for such “base mechanical use.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_254"></a>[254]</span></p> - -<p>Every sizable library ought to have at least a bindery -repair-room or nook for repair work in the janitor’s or -packing room, where one or two skilled workmen or -girls of your own staff can do light repairs, pasting and -the like. But this is the limit of work in the building -wisdom requires you to provide for.</p> - -<p>See M. W. Straight, “Repairing Books.”<a id="FNanchor_246" href="#Footnote_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a></p> - -<p>See E. R. N. Matthews, “Library Binderies.”<a id="FNanchor_247" href="#Footnote_247" class="fnanchor">[247]</a></p> - -<p>See H. T. Coutts, “The Home Bindery.”<a id="FNanchor_248" href="#Footnote_248" class="fnanchor">[248]</a></p> - -<p><b>Printery.</b> So with printing. Very large libraries -may have a complete outfit, but, as Bostwick says,<a id="FNanchor_249" href="#Footnote_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a> -“a library of any size may well have a small outfit for -printing letter heads, envelopes, cards, pockets, book -plates, etc.” This may be in the same room as the -bindery down below. If to be installed for the first -time, and the librarian has not had personal experience, -a practical binder and printer should be consulted as to -space, light and fittings required.</p> - -<p>Miss Marvin writes to me, “I have liked a suggestion -made by Mr. Doyle, architect of the Portland (Or.) Public -Library. He feels it a mistake to plan for all administrative -work and storage of books not frequently used, -in the central library, built on expensive land with no -space to spare.... I have never known a public -library practical enough to build a warehouse on inexpensive -land near the edge of a town for the storage of -books, or the receipt of books on which clerical work is -to be done before distribution to the branches.... -These details for school collections, traveling library -collections, and other clerical work, as well as binding, -repair, etc., had just as well be removed from the central -library, and the space there used for reading rooms and -necessary offices.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_255"></a>[255]</span></p> - -<p>[See Matthews’ mention of a central bindery in a -branch in England.]</p> - -<p>This is worth considering, provided the need of -removal is urgent. There are administrative questions -to be considered, however, besides cost of land or construction; -such as service, care, carriage, etc.</p> - -<p>The larger the building, and the more stories, the more -opportunity there is, by exercising economy of space -and cleverness of arrangement, to find room there for -these distributing functions, which are easiest controlled -under central supervision and close to the books.</p> - -<p>One thing I would never do—consent to such removal -until every superfluous architectural area, in -vestibules, corridors, staircases, etc., had been eliminated, -and the building reduced to its lowest possible denomination -for necessary central work.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_256"></a>[256]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-129">Room for Service of Branches</h4> - -<p>In large libraries, room must be provided for laying -out, shipping and receiving books for branches, deliveries, -traveling libraries and all other kinds of outside activities. -How much space these may require may be -inferred from the fact that the Travelling Library office -of the New York Public Library has a stock of fifty -thousand volumes and seventeen employees.</p> - -<p>It should either have direct shipping doors, or should -open into the packing room, with good access to the -shipping facilities there.</p> - -<p>Besides tables, desks and shelving for the general -use of superintendent and clerks, with corner for telephones -to the branches, etc., and to other departments -of the main library, there will have to be bins for such -dispatch service. As the books come here from the -stack, nearness to it, or some form of mechanical connection -with it, will save much time. Here, as in so -many other departments of every new large library, is -opportunity for individual planning.</p> - -<ul> -<li>See Winsor, P. L., 1876, 470.</li> -<li><span class="ditto">”</span> Bostwick, L. J., 1898, p. 14.</li> -<li><span class="ditto">”</span> L. J., 1898, Conf. 98, 101.</li> -<li><span class="ditto">”</span> Cole, U. S. Ed’l Rept., 1892-3, Vol. 1, p. 709.</li> -<li><span class="ditto">”</span> Wilson, R. E. P. L., 1901, p. 275.</li> -<li><span class="ditto">”</span> Duff-Brown, pp. 350-356.</li> -<li><span class="ditto">”</span> Sutton, C. W., 6 L. A. R., 67.</li> -</ul> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_257"></a>[257]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-130">Comfort Rooms</h4> - -<p><b>Rest and Lunch.</b> In England always, and oftener -here than formerly, even in small libraries, a room or -rooms are provided for the relaxation of the staff. -“Especially for women, humanity and a wise economy -prompt comfortable rest rooms, as they are not as -uniformly in robust health, and are more subject to -sudden indisposition.”—(<i>Bostwick.</i><a id="FNanchor_250" href="#Footnote_250" class="fnanchor">[250]</a>) In view of the -good these can do, in refreshing attendants, and keeping -them in the building, as well as the fact that such rooms -can be tucked into space not really needed for anything -else, and also because of the moderate expense of fitting -them up, it seems a great pity to cut them out of plans, -as I have known building committees to do from false -ideas of economy. A room for rest and lunching, a tiny -“kitchenette” adjoining, with gas stove, one room if -you can for men, another for women; or in smaller libraries -a common room for a library mess, will do a deal -toward infusing an <i>esprit de corps</i> into the whole staff. -A timely cup of tea will soothe the nerves and stimulate -the jaded to renewed vigor. This is so much a matter -of housekeeping that the advice of the ladies of the corps -can wisely be taken as to equipment, including store -closet. They can be trusted to get everything needed -into little space, at little cost.</p> - -<p>See article in <i>Public Libraries</i><a id="FNanchor_251" href="#Footnote_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a> on “Comfort in a -Library,” where it is said a room 6×6 can be made -to serve.</p> - -<p><b>Wraps.</b> As far as clothes are concerned, the staff -have got to be given cleanly and satisfactory places to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_258"></a>[258]</span> -leave hats, coats, umbrellas and overshoes during working -hours. These should be in the basement, or some -place not so far through corridors as to have much tracking -of mud. If they can be afforded, ventilated wardrobe -cupboards, with a shelf above low enough to hold the -prevalent style of ladies’ hats, a box below for rubbers, -and interval enough between for a long wrap or fur -coat, should be provided for each person; private cupboards -for all private rooms; staff cupboards in the -staff rest room, each one with lock.</p> - -<p>For the public, a convenient umbrella stand (automatic -locks will improve it), and rubber pigeon-holes -near the entrance will prevent dripping around. There -are various makeshifts—racks for hats under chairs, -coat rails behind chairs, or at the end of tables (see -Tables, <a href="#Page_344">p. 344</a>, and Chairs, <a href="#Page_346">p. 346</a>) or hat racks in passages, -and the like. In the larger libraries, where coat -rooms become necessary, they can be slipped into -narrow rooms under staircases or in passages near the -vestibule.</p> - -<p>“Every reading room should have hooks or trees for -coats and hats, and stands for umbrellas.”—<i>Eastman.</i></p> - -<p>“In small libraries coat rooms should open from the -delivery room, overlooked from the desk.”—<i>Marvin.</i><a id="FNanchor_252" href="#Footnote_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a></p> - -<p><b>Lavatory.</b> Need of frequent wash bowls on all floors -has been spoken of elsewhere. A common lavatory for -women and a separate one for men, open both to public -and staff, is a great convenience, and may render fewer -separate wash bowls necessary,—a desideratum as far -as cost goes, for plumbing is a great expense, and part -of planning is to concentrate and reduce to a minimum -“stacks” of plumbing. For this reason water fixtures -on separate floors should be superimposed rather than -scattered.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_259"></a>[259]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-131">Sanitary Facilities</h4> - -<p>These must be furnished separately for men and -women of the staff, but whether or not they need be provided -for the public is a question both here and in -England. Miss Marvin<a id="FNanchor_253" href="#Footnote_253" class="fnanchor">[253]</a> is positive that public toilet -rooms are a great nuisance, and should be omitted -always, at all events from the main floor. Burgoyne<a id="FNanchor_254" href="#Footnote_254" class="fnanchor">[254]</a> -reports opinion divided, but thinks them advisable where -a separate attendant can be afforded. Is it not mainly -a matter of size and location? Large libraries must -provide them for large throngs; libraries of medium size -must offer some refuge for serious readers who have to -spend many hours over their books; small local or -branch libraries, whose users live not so far away, may -omit them. The trouble and expense are against them, -convenience and health are in their favor. If the park -board or public health authorities will provide them -somewhere near, the problem is solved. Where they can -be avoided in small libraries, and where children throng, -much trouble of personal oversight will be saved. If -they must be installed, here is certainly a problem to -be solved in convenience, separation, and casual supervision -of entrances and exits.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_260"></a>[260]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-132">Vehicles</h4> - -<p>Automobiles can be ranged at the curb in front of -the library; they lock or care for themselves. Hitching-posts -in rural districts will tether horses. Bicycles, not -so much in evidence as they were once, may be left in -racks in front, or in some place provided for them in -lobby, or inside the rear entrance in the cellar.</p> - -<p>In a large library, with courtyard, or even without, -an inclined approach to the basement is possible. In -St. Louis it runs from one street corner, down along a -side of the building, then turns into an open underground -entrance to the basement. Such a passageway -takes from the street the library’s vehicles for branch -service, etc., and if there is space inside, and the surrounding -streets are narrow, it might well give safety -for visitor’s vehicles.</p> - -<p>Duff-Brown<a id="FNanchor_255" href="#Footnote_255" class="fnanchor">[255]</a> thinks bicycles are best housed outside. -Champneys<a id="FNanchor_256" href="#Footnote_256" class="fnanchor">[256]</a> says, “don’t allow them in corridors.”</p> - -<p>In busy thoroughfares of large cities, or, indeed, in -small cities in this age of street Juggernauts, provision -may well be made for safe ingress and egress for decrepit -readers near the curbstones. Some forethought, taken -by architect in conjunction with street-car officials, -would land many users in the new building without -much of the flurry and danger which often hovers over -the approaches.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_261"></a>[261]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-133">PART II<br /> -<span class="smaller">BOOK STORAGE</span></h3> - -<p>The several rooms will be treated separately, also -different methods of shelving. The phrase “book rooms” -is not used herein as in England, where book store or -book room means only book storage, as distinguished -from staff rooms and reading rooms, but will include all -kinds of shelving, whether used for book storage only or -combined with handling and reading.</p> - -<p>In an article on Book-storage by H. Woodbine in -a recent number of The Library Association Record,<a id="FNanchor_257" href="#Footnote_257" class="fnanchor">[257]</a> -he states the factors of past development as,—</p> - -<ul> -<li>1. Economy of space.</li> -<li>2. Economy of cost.</li> -<li>3. Expansibility.</li> -<li>4. Adjustability.</li> -<li>5. Safety from fire.</li> -<li>6. Protection of books (from pests, dirt, damp, etc.)</li> -<li>7. Convenience in service.</li> -</ul> - -<p>It is well to bear all these in mind when planning any -library, though I should put the last first, and add -cleanliness. They would serve as comprehensive tests -of all kinds of shelving, wooden or metal; wall, floor, or -stack. They are such important details in library service -that I will take up the different forms of shelving in -considerable detail.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_262"></a>[262]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-134">Shelving, Generally</h4> - -<p>General rules in shelving are: (1) No book should be -above reach of hand from floor. This means about 6½ -feet (less in children’s rooms) or 7½ feet to cornice, or -top of top space. Don’t use steps or ladders, they are -obstructive and troublesome to use.</p> - -<p>(2) Uprights should not be more than three feet apart, -to avoid sagging, and weight in handling. Somewhat -less is sometimes advised, never more.</p> - -<p>(3) All shelves should be of the same measurements -and interchangeable, for obvious reasons, throughout -the library. Unadvised architects are apt to fill nooks -and spaces with shelving to suit. This may not be so -objectionable in fixed shelving, but is fatal with movable -shelves.</p> - -<p>(4) Shelving should be movable as well as adjustable. -Private libraries and very small libraries can get along -for a while with fixed shelving, but when books of different -sizes accumulate, and close classification is adopted, -movable shelving is necessary.</p> - -<p>(5) Edges and corners of shelves and supports should -be rounded. If hands or books strike sharp edges -roughly, they suffer.</p> - -<p>(6) There should be no projections to catch clothing. -Watch this, especially in stacks.</p> - -<p>(7) In shelving or supports, do not leave projections -to catch dust. This is often a fault of carved end-uprights.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_263"></a>[263]</span></p> - -<p>(8) Have both upper and lower shelves accessible and -well lighted for easy inspection. Wherever there is -ample room, use of only the breast-high shelves is more -convenient both for inspection and for handling.</p> - -<p>(9) The old-fashioned ledge is not needed, except in a -few instances. It unnecessarily widens the aisle above, -interfering with close storage. Wide books can be -stored elsewhere; and space to lay books down in -handling can be provided near by.</p> - -<p>(10) The average dimensions of shelves<a id="FNanchor_258" href="#Footnote_258" class="fnanchor">[258]</a> are well -settled by custom; <i>e.g.</i>, <i>Length</i> (as above), not over three -feet; <i>Depth</i>, eight inches, except for special sizes of -books (see later); <i>Thickness</i>; for wooden shelves, ⅞ -inch finished, (1 inch stuff, planed); <i>Interval</i>, Wood or -metal 10 inches (11 inches top to top of wooden shelves) -for octavos and duodecimos, though one advantage of -movable shelves is the possibility of variation if desired -anywhere.</p> - -<p>(11) No doors of any kind are used in modern library -bookcases, except where dust is to be excluded from -delicate books, or thieves are to be excluded from rare -books. Doors are an impediment to use.</p> - -<p><b>Shelf-bases.</b> To save books in sweeping, a four-inch -solid base is usually provided in all lands of -shelving. In unusually high shelves, this base projects -as a step, but it is unsightly thus, and just so much as it -projects it narrows the aisles and promotes stumbling.</p> - -<p>See <i>Fletcher</i>, Public Libraries.<a id="FNanchor_259" href="#Footnote_259" class="fnanchor">[259]</a></p> - -<p><b>Fixed or Movable.</b> As stated above, fixed shelving -is somewhat cheaper and more easily made, and will -serve well in very small libraries. In setting up movable -shelving a row of shallow holes an inch apart is bored an -inch from the front and from the rear edge of the inside -uprights. To support the shelves, projecting pegs of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_264"></a>[264]</span> -various kinds are inserted in these holes at any desired -intervals. There are several patents, the most popular -one being a metallic pin with shoulder, which may be -turned over for slight alteration of interval. Plain picture -screw-eyes, with the eyes turned flat, are favorites -in some libraries, and are cheap. Accuracy is necessary -in boring the holes, and experiments are advisable as to -the fit and steadiness of the pins, so that the shelves will -not be liable to tip or fall.</p> - -<p><b>Wood or Metal.</b> In small libraries there is no need -at all of metallic cases or shelving and it is absurdly -wasteful to buy them too soon. Wooden shelving is -cheaper, easier put up by local builders, and though it -may occupy a trifle more space, is serviceable and strong -enough until superimposed stories of shelving become -necessary. Even two stories of wood can be easily -managed. If you want more than two stories to use as a -stack, you must have iron or steel. There are, of -course, many advantages in metal when you have to -come to it, though it is more costly. It saves a certain -amount of space; it does not obstruct light or ventilation -so much as thicker material; it is more fireproof; -shelves are more easily moved.</p> - -<p>Metal in stacks is universal in larger libraries in -America, so is wood in small libraries. In England -wood seems much more used in large libraries than -with us.</p> - -<p>Hard wood is not necessary for shelving, the cheaper -kinds of soft wood will do, and are easier set. No backing -is necessary in any form of book case, except -as a brace, or for appearance, or against a brick or -stone wall.</p> - -<p>“Use no paint, but varnish and rub thoroughly.”—<i>Poole.</i><a id="FNanchor_260" href="#Footnote_260" class="fnanchor">[260]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_265"></a>[265]</span></p> - -<p>“Few village libraries need spend money for steel -shelving. It costs twice as much as oak; four or five -times as much as some woods. Wooden cases are movable, -steel not; with wood you can shift and add. You -would not prefer steel in your home.... For libraries -of less than 30,000 volumes, wood is better.”—<i>Eastman.</i><a id="FNanchor_261" href="#Footnote_261" class="fnanchor">[261]</a></p> - -<p>In planning small buildings do not let manufacturers -lead you into the expense of putting in metallic shelving -or fixtures. Wood answers every need as well, and -often better, and is much cheaper. Miss Marvin says,<a id="FNanchor_262" href="#Footnote_262" class="fnanchor">[262]</a> -“No stack should be included in a building costing under -$20,000.” I should put the limit higher, and say “No -metallic stack is either necessary or desirable while -wooden wall shelving and floor shelving will hold the -books in the library.”</p> - -<p><b>Ledges.</b> In the early wooden shelving for libraries, -ledges, “counter ledges,” so called from their being the -height of an ordinary “counter,” were considered essential. -Dewey<a id="FNanchor_263" href="#Footnote_263" class="fnanchor">[263]</a> says: “These have a double use. They -give a greatly needed shelf on which readers may lay -books for consultation or while reaching others, and for -the pages in getting and putting back books.”</p> - -<p>These ledges do not appear so much now in floor-cases -or stacks. They still survive, however, in wall-shelving.</p> - -<p>But they served serious needs in handling books and -have been seriously missed since they disappeared from -use. See an article on a proposed substitute in stacks, -under the title “Carrel,” p. 286, later. This feature might -also be used with wooden floor-cases when lighted by -“true stack windows.”</p> - -<p><b>Labels</b>, <b>Pins</b>, see articles in Library Notes.<a id="FNanchor_264" href="#Footnote_264" class="fnanchor">[264]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_266"></a>[266]</span></p> - -<p><b>Head-room.</b> It is best not to build floor-shelving, -even in low rooms, quite up to the ceiling, but to leave -some room over the tops of the books on the top shelf -for free ventilation. But Dewey said at the 1887 Conference, -“Why not leave it out—use all space for -shelving, with artificial ventilation?” This might apply -to the head-room usually left at the top of stack rooms. -But how about heat? And in most libraries there is no -effective artificial ventilation or forced draft. And in -many rooms outside the stack, it will not be necessary -to shelve quite up to the roof.</p> - -<p><b>Shelves High or Low.</b> The rule is, as stated, 7½ -feet in height. In many old libraries, and in a few newer -ones, higher cases are used, in order not to waste upper -space in a high room, wherever this space is not -needed for ventilation or diffused light. This is very -unfortunate in inspecting or handling the books. To -overcome the difficulty of seeing and getting at the -highest shelves, various forms of steps or step ladders, -or base steps and high handles on the uprights are in use -which can be investigated and adopted when occasion requires, -as it never should arise in a new building. If such -shelving is inherited, or must be used, it would be best -to use these shelves, too high to reach by hand, for -storing sets of books or magazines rarely wanted. Or -a gallery can be built half way up to avoid the awkward -use of ladders.</p> - -<p>As books to be inspected are best nearly opposite the -eye of a reader standing or sitting, live books would -better not be stored on lower shelves in any open-access -cases. These shelves nearest the floor might be -used, therefore, for similar sets not often needed.</p> - -<p>Miss Marvin<a id="FNanchor_265" href="#Footnote_265" class="fnanchor">[265]</a> advises uniform height for wall-shelving -all over the building.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_267"></a>[267]</span></p> - -<p>Low bookcases, “dwarf bookcases,” both in wall-shelving -or floor cases, are often used, for different reasons, -especially to serve as partitions, and have not the -disadvantages of cases too high. In floor-cases, the top -can be used as a convenient ledge. In this form, low -cases can be set anywhere on the floor without seriously -obstructing light, ventilation, or supervision, and low -cases can be used against the wall when high-set windows -are needed to throw light further across a room.</p> - -<p><b>Unusual Shapes or Sizes of Books.</b> Minimos, -(sizes under the ordinary duodecimos) are so unusual -that they can be shelved at the ordinary intervals; -and if a set or lot of such small books come together, -movable shelves can be closed together, without much -waste of depth (or by doubling back, with no waste).</p> - -<p>Folios and quartos occur in all libraries, in the smallest -as books of reference, like dictionaries and atlases; in -larger libraries they may come anywhere. Formerly, -the lower shelves in all cases were made wider, with a -ledge above, but this made the aisles so much wider -than was necessary for shoulder room above, that ledges -are not now much used in floor-shelving or stacks. -Instead, special shelving is provided not far off on each -floor, and slips or dummies put on the shelves to indicate -where the larger volumes ought to come in the regular -classification, and where they can be found when wanted.</p> - -<p>This special shelving is often put along the walls, -but in late stacks I have found it convenient at both -ends of each story. The necessary ledge can be widened -without much sacrifice of space, into a shelf at table -height, which can be put to many purposes, part of it -at one end being cut into to give room for the stack -stairs, which usually rob either books or users of more -room elsewhere. In other rooms, with wooden shelving, -there is almost always a convenient recess or end, where<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_268"></a>[268]</span> -quarto and folio shelving can be put without crowding the -other cases. Indeed, when designing a library building, -one thing to watch for is, where such shelving can be -stowed away near at hand, with the most economy of -space. In floor-cases, wooden or metal, occasional -large books can be laid across two adjoining shelves.</p> - -<p>As to dimensions, Mr. Poole’s recommendations in -1876<a id="FNanchor_266" href="#Footnote_266" class="fnanchor">[266]</a> still hold good: a ledge about 34 inches high, with -two shelves below, 18 and 16 inches high for folios, 16 inches -deep, and as many shelves as the case will allow above, -12 inches high and 10½ inches deep. Burgoyne says,<a id="FNanchor_267" href="#Footnote_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a> -21 inches high for folios, 13 high for quartos. These are -extreme. Dewey recommends 12 × 10 inches for quartos; -for folios just double octavo measurement; large folios -to be laid on their sides.<a id="FNanchor_268" href="#Footnote_268" class="fnanchor">[268]</a></p> - -<p>If movable shelving is installed, it will be possible -to shelve the exceptional books upright or flat, as their -size and character requires.</p> - -<p>Burgoyne<a id="FNanchor_269" href="#Footnote_269" class="fnanchor">[269]</a> advises padding flat folio shelves. The -British Museum uses cowhide; other libraries, canton -flannel (bad) with falls.</p> - -<p>Elephant folios will require special roller shelves.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_269"></a>[269]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-135">Shelves in Reading Rooms</h4> - -<p>“The books most used should be stored around the -walls of the reading-rooms.”—(<i>Miss Marvin.</i><a id="FNanchor_270" href="#Footnote_270" class="fnanchor">[270]</a>) This has -been a common custom, but Mr. Dana has suggested -that such shelving is out of place in reading-rooms. -So H. T. Hare, in 8 The Lib. Asso. Record:<a id="FNanchor_271" href="#Footnote_271" class="fnanchor">[271]</a> “The placing -of books around the walls wastes floor space otherwise -available for readers.” In this opinion I concur,<a id="FNanchor_272" href="#Footnote_272" class="fnanchor">[272]</a> for the -double reason that it bars out just so many readers, -and also it necessitates movement which interferes with -serious reading. As to the former objection, take a -room 30 × 40 with a perimeter of 140 feet, less say 10 -feet for doors, 130 feet net: If this is shelved all around, -the shelving with the usual ledge, and the three feet space -in front of it needed for access, inspection and passing, -four feet in all, will take up 456 square feet, out of a -total area of 1200, nearly two-fifths. Without the wall -shelving, the room would hold tables for that many more -readers—the use for which it is intended. As to the -latter consideration, to get at the books every attendant -fetching or returning or cleaning them, every reader -consulting them, has to pass before or beside or close -back of some other reader who is trying to abstract -himself at a desk. If stored somewhere else in floor -shelving or in a stack close by, the books would not -take up more space, would be more accessible, and less -in the way.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_270"></a>[270]</span></p> - -<p>If a serious reading room can open directly into an -open-shelf floor of a stack, no wall-shelving will be -necessary.</p> - -<p>The second objection would, of course, not apply so -much to rooms for light reading where more or less -motion and noise are expected, and less serious study -is usual.</p> - -<p><b>Class and Study Rooms.</b> Here wall-shelving for -reference books permanently or class books temporarily -required, and sometimes floor shelving also, or a combination -of wall-shelving with occasional projecting -cases, like shallow alcoves, opposite good light, will be -required. The purpose of each room defines its needs in -arrangement and shelving, as also in staff-rooms and -all special rooms. In libraries of sufficient size, each -such room should have telephone connection with the -staff, and if possible separate lifts or corridor railway -service.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_271"></a>[271]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-136">Wall-Shelving</h4> - -<p>The earliest book storage was in cupboards or alcoves, -the latest is in floor cases, but the persistent form between -and even now is that of shelving around the walls of -rooms. Mr. Dana and I object to it around reading -rooms, but it now prevails, and perhaps it will still -prevail even there. Certainly it will always be serviceable -in most of the rooms of a small or large library. -It was formerly continued even in combination with -floor-cases or stacks, but it is vanishing from such book -rooms to maintain its position sturdily wherever floors -are not for shelves, but for tables.</p> - -<p>In this form, the old-fashioned shelf-ledge survives, -with folio or quarto shelving, or sometimes cupboards -or bins below, and narrower octavo shelving above. -The ledge is found serviceable in temporary examination -of books and for resting them in transit.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“Every available foot of wall space should be utilized -for shelving, between the windows and under the -windows.”—<i>Marvin.</i><a id="FNanchor_273" href="#Footnote_273" class="fnanchor">[273]</a> [But not unless light comes -from the other side. See below. And where there is -steam heat, the space under the windows is best for -radiators.]</p> - -</div> - -<p>Wall-shelving ought always to be opposite and not -next to windows, because direct light in the eyes blinds -the reader so that he cannot distinguish the books. -But if light comes from both sides of the room, both -sides can have wall cases.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_272"></a>[272]</span></p> - -<p><b>Closed Cases.</b> In private libraries and in some rare -book collections in public libraries, bookcases have locked -sliding doors, either glazed or with strong wire mesh -(for ventilation), too small a mesh to slip books through.</p> - -<p>It is better to back wall-shelving with wood whenever -placed against brick or stone walls, to protect the books -from damp and stain.</p> - -<p>I have known buildings where the architect put a -dado of expensive wood around rooms where wall-shelving -was to be put up at once or was sure to come soon. -This was, of course, a willful waste, as plain sheathing, -to serve as a back for the shelving, would have been far -better.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_273"></a>[273]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-137">Floor-Cases</h4> - -<p>Floor-cases, as we use them, first appeared apparently -in Leyden about A.D. 1600.<a id="FNanchor_274" href="#Footnote_274" class="fnanchor">[274]</a> Their use in America can -be traced to the pressure for space in the old libraries, -just before the birth of the stack, which is only floor-cases -built up into stories. As the term “floor-case” is -used, it covers all bookcases set out from the wall across -the floors, usually in parallel rows perpendicular to the -windows, but sometimes radial or irregular. The cases -are always double, back to back, their dimensions in -each front being just those of wall-cases. The backs -are usually open for light and ventilation, but are sometimes -wired or wainscoted with wood. If backs are -not used in floor-cases, some bracing is needed to make -them rigid. The aisles between vary in width from -three feet for service to six feet for open access, though -service is possible in narrower spaces than three feet, and -open access, with good light, does not absolutely require -six. It is recommended by the authorities that cases -should not exceed fifteen feet in length. Whenever longer -rows are wanted, cross aisles at about that interval -should interrupt, so that an attendant or reader should -not have to walk too far if he needs to get quickly to the -other side of a case.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_274"></a>[274]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-138">Radial Cases</h4> - -<p>“In small libraries and branches, supervision is -ensured by placing floor-cases as radii of a semi-circle -whose centre is the desk.”—<i>Bostwick.</i><a id="FNanchor_275" href="#Footnote_275" class="fnanchor">[275]</a></p> - -<p>Duff-Brown<a id="FNanchor_276" href="#Footnote_276" class="fnanchor">[276]</a> says that this method of shelving -secures oversight and ease of working.</p> - -<p>The advantages and disadvantages of this arrangement -are well summed up by Eastman,<a id="FNanchor_277" href="#Footnote_277" class="fnanchor">[277]</a> who thinks it -of doubtful value.</p> - -<p>In small libraries, when set symmetrically in a true -semi-circle, radial or concentric cases certainly have a -pleasing effect. The building costs more, either in semi-circular -or octagonal form, than in rectangular (more -in stone or brick than in wood), and there is certainly -waste of space in the widening of the wedge-shaped -intervals, which, however, can be partially utilized by -tables or short intervening floor-cases at their widest -part.</p> - -<p>This radial shelving has invariably, I believe, been -built on the rear of the building. In many lots it has -occurred to me that putting it in front, or on one side -toward a street, could be made an agreeable feature, and -would do more than any other thing could do toward -attracting passers-by, and thus “advertising” the -library far more effectively than many publicity schemes -recently suggested.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_275"></a>[275]</span></p> - -<p>As to supervision, I have seen in a recent discussion -the reminder that one person blocks the narrow end -toward the desk, and effectively hides disorder, mutilation, -or theft beyond.</p> - -<p>Sometimes the projection from the building is rectangular, -and the shelving concentric, an arrangement likely -to cast shadows. In some American libraries long rows -of slanting floor-cases, not true radii, point toward the -desk. So good a librarian as Mr. Wellman of Springfield, -has adopted this arrangement in a large rectangular -room. See also the Law Library at Rochester, N. Y. -But does not this arrangement block light rather than -facilitate its penetration into the room to the lowest -shelves? I should doubt whether the advantage in -supervision would counterbalance this interference and -the waste of space. Champneys<a id="FNanchor_278" href="#Footnote_278" class="fnanchor">[278]</a> (an architect) thinks -there may be danger of “overestimating police methods.” -It seems to me that in sizeable rectangular rooms, supervised -entrance and exit at the desk, with rectangular -arrangement of the shelves either perpendicular to the -deskline or even athwart the room, thus trusting the -public, would be better.</p> - -<p>In small libraries, as in branches, this arrangement -is worth considering, but should not be adopted, it seems -to me, without very careful balancing of arguments <i>pro</i> -and <i>con</i>. Economy in construction and space and difficulties -in enlargement are against; many considerations -of cheerfulness and usefulness are in its favor. Where -the library is so small, however, that only three or -four floor-cases will hold all its stock of books, these in -a rectangular projection back of the desk, will give -most of the effect of the radial form, rather cheaper.</p> - -<p>Librarians who have operated both forms could give -points to any one in doubt, and many floor plans, English<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_276"></a>[276]</span> -as well as American, with many interior views, are -accessible to show different arrangements.</p> - -<p>If adopted, it seems to me that the semi-circular plan -with true radii, is better than the octagonal or rectangular -walls, with obliquely placed floor cases. These may be -arranged for good supervision, but their slant disturbs -one’s sense of symmetry. Besides, the basement beneath -may be devoted to a class or lecture room, for which -such a semi-circular shape gives good light and cheerful -effect.</p> - -<p>The semi-circular plan has been adopted for alcove -rooms in many places, such as the Library of Parliament -at Ottawa, Princeton University, and so on, but these -do not have radiating cases and need not be discussed -here.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_277"></a>[277]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-139">Shelf Capacity</h4> - -<p>To calculate shelf capacity, it has been usual to take -ten volumes to a running foot, a figure which has been -verified in some libraries. But books vary in thickness -in different kinds of literature, and the exigencies of -growth require gaps to be left in closely-classified -libraries, at the end of each subject. These facts have -tended to vary estimates, which do not now agree. -In “Library Rooms and Building,” I said,<a id="FNanchor_279" href="#Footnote_279" class="fnanchor">[279]</a> “For these -reasons, it is prudent to calculate about eight volumes -to a foot for octavos and under, and still less, say five -volumes to the foot, for reference books, law books, -medical books, and other bulky literature.” I have -seen no reason since to change these figures for estimates, -though planners should bear in mind the different classes -and sizes of books to be stored in each room or on each -case.</p> - -<p>The English authorities still set the average number -of volumes to a linear shelf foot rather higher, eight and -a half to nine and a half for lending libraries or fiction -shelves. See also, “Stack Capacity.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_278"></a>[278]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-140">The Poole Plan</h4> - -<p>This seems to be the best place to allude to the scheme -which Dr. Poole proposed as an alternative of the stack. -As Fletcher says, the principal objection to the stack -plan was as to opportunities for readers to get at the -books on the shelves. To place readers and books in -close contact, Dr. Poole proposed dividing a building -mainly into large rooms, in each of which readers should -have tables near the windows, while opposite the windows -the inner portion of the room should have floor-cases -filled with some special class of books. He got the chance -to embody this idea in the building of the Newberry -Library of Chicago. As far as I know this plan has not -been adopted elsewhere as a whole, but every large -library since built has included rooms arranged more or -less on this plan, which is indeed the idea of the department -library in a college; or special rooms, such as Art -and Patents, in a public library. So far as Dr. Poole -advocated his plan he furthered library efficiency and -should deserve credit and remembrance.</p> - -<p>“In the Providence Public Library, for instance, two-fifths -of the books are shelved outside of the stack.”—<i>Foster.</i><a id="FNanchor_280" href="#Footnote_280" class="fnanchor">[280]</a></p> - -<p>But the stack plan has “won out” as a system, and -has established itself as a factor in modern American -library building. Further changes, developments and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_279"></a>[279]</span> -improvements are doubtless coming, but so far as -administration and architecture are concerned, the -stack must be reckoned as the distinctive difference -between libraries and other buildings.</p> - -<p>See description and criticism of the Poole plan, with -vindication of the stack system, in B. R. Green’s article -in the Library Journal.<a id="FNanchor_281" href="#Footnote_281" class="fnanchor">[281]</a></p> - -<p>Dr. Poole was a sturdy fighter in his day, but he -was an excellent, practical librarian. If he had lived -to see the stack as now improved, and had also seen -its combination with the department library or special -library in large buildings, I think he would have conceded -the merits of the new system.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_280"></a>[280]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-141">Stacks</h4> - -<p><b>Generally.</b> These have been adopted in this country, -in nearly all libraries which have got beyond the size -where floor cases will serve. They come into use with -us much earlier in the growth of a library than in -England, where they seem not so much in favor.</p> - -<p>The notion of the stack was first suggested by the -modern revival in America, about 1850, of the floor-case -system, exemplified two hundred years before in the -Leyden University Library. The first modern mention -of this system I can find is Winsor’s description (1876)<a id="FNanchor_282" href="#Footnote_282" class="fnanchor">[282]</a> -of the arrangement of his new Roxbury branch of the -Boston Public Library. In his description of the floor-cases, -then only floor-cases, he suggested the idea of -providing for growth another story of superincumbent -cases, apparently of wood, with “dumb-waiters,” and -“spiral stairs.” In 1877, Winsor outlined plans for a -similar shelving of several stories with iron framework -and iron floors.<a id="FNanchor_283" href="#Footnote_283" class="fnanchor">[283]</a> About this time (Winsor left the -Boston Public Library and went to Harvard as librarian -in 1877), the first metallic stack (with wooden shelves) -was developed and installed in the addition to the -Harvard library building. The idea seems due to -Winsor, the practical embodiment of it in full stack form -to the architects Ware and Van Brunt. The latter -described it soon after in the Library Journal,<a id="FNanchor_284" href="#Footnote_284" class="fnanchor">[284]</a> saying, -“I am in part responsible for it.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_281"></a>[281]</span></p> - -<p>This pregnant idea, which, as developed, has done -more to change library administration and library architecture -than any other device, was evidently born in -the brains of a librarian as a result of his thought and -experiments, and developed into practicability by good -architects, as all great problems of library building -should be worked out. The original stack contained all -essential ideas, but great improvements in details have -since then been effected by librarians, architects, and -constructors.</p> - -<p>Stacks were at first stoutly opposed by many librarians. -As described by Fletcher,<a id="FNanchor_285" href="#Footnote_285" class="fnanchor">[285]</a> “The stack, as usually built, -consists of a series of iron bookcases [<i>floor cases</i>] running -from bottom to top of a high room divided at intervals -of about seven feet [7½] by light [<i>iron</i>] openwork or -glass floors [<i>decks</i>]. The stack undoubtedly offers the -most compact storage of books with great ease of access -to every part.” He then enumerates the objections to -the stack, the principal of which he thinks is, “little or -no provision can be made for the access of readers to -the shelves, the idea of the stack being that of a place to -keep the books when not in use.”</p> - -<p>Since the first stack was installed at Harvard, remarkably -serviceable even then as a new idea, some of our -most inventive genius has been constantly at work in -trying to perfect the advantages of the system, and overcome -its acknowledged defects. Construction, ventilation, -heating, lighting, communications, ease of operation, -have been gradually improved, and recently Dr. Poole’s -and Mr. Fletcher’s principal objection, difficulty of use -by readers, has been so greatly overcome that a later -chapter has been devoted to this subject. There are -several good patent stacks in the market, which -deserve study and a chance to submit bids in every new -building project, large or small.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_282"></a>[282]</span></p> - -<p>The best method of planning is for the librarian to -calculate how many volumes he will have to provide for, -and how large a stack he needs (floor area, and number -of “decks”); to lay out, with the assistance of the architect, -a floor plan for one story, with the number and width -of gangways he wants, and a specification of stairways, -lifts, folio-shelving, and other peculiarities.</p> - -<p>It is better not to wait for working drawings and -specifications for main building, or even for the stack -shell (or building), but to ask for two bids for a stack -of size described, one for the cheapest form and material -each maker can supply, and another for the best form -he would recommend, with his cheapest price for that. -This alternative is suggested, because each make claims -certain advantages over the other, which might overbalance -a difference in price. The invitation to bid should -reserve the right “to reject any bid for cause,” and the final -decision should be reserved for the building committee, -under recommendation of librarian and architect. The considerations -for determination can be: cost, strength, lightness, -compactness, adjustability, cleanliness (including lack -of projections to catch dust); convenience of stairs, lifts, -floors; details of heating and lighting; and pleasing design.</p> - -<p>After the bid has been assigned, and before the makers -have begun on construction, I advise calling their expert -into consultation, and asking him if he can suggest any -change or improvement in any point which will increase -the usefulness of the stack, without increasing its cost. -There is such a keen competition between stack builders, -that any of them would welcome such a conference, in -the hope of getting ideas from librarian or architect -which might help him improve his patent.</p> - -<p>The stack thus bid for is to be self-supporting, deriving -its solidity from its own uprights, without depending -in any degree on the shell, with which the architect will -only cover it and protect it from the weather.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_283"></a>[283]</span></p> - -<p><b>Location.</b> A stack may be installed inside the -building; for instance, all along the rear,<a id="FNanchor_286" href="#Footnote_286" class="fnanchor">[286]</a> or side or front. -A small stack is often a feature of a large department -room. But generally it occupies an ell or wing of the -building, of light construction, projecting from the rear, -or from one side.</p> - -<p>Where the building must face a noisy street there -seems to be no reason why the stack, rather than reading -rooms, should not be located there. Why could it not be -designed, even if “true stack windows” would make it look -like an organ front, as a distinctive architectural feature?</p> - -<p>“The stack may be as refreshing a problem for the -hard-witted architect to struggle with as he is liable to -meet. It may be that the reading rooms will be within, -shut off from every noise, and the stack arranged along -the exterior.”—<i>Russell Sturgis.</i><a id="FNanchor_287" href="#Footnote_287" class="fnanchor">[287]</a></p> - -<p>The reading room is now often put just over the -stack, as a top-story, separated from it by a solid floor, -but connected with it by service tubes, telephones and -lifts. But in colleges, is it not better to use such a -location for seminar rooms, and in many libraries -could it not be used as part of an exhibition and special -library or special study floor?</p> - -<p id="subhead-142"><b>The Stack Shell.</b> That is to say, the addition in -which the stack is housed. As has been said, it usually -projects from the rear (but sometimes from the side) of -the main building, as an ell or wing. It can be of -lighter, simpler and plainer construction than the rest, -for it needs no other strength than is necessary to support -its own walls and roof. Indeed, it has not yet been -the victim of architectural ostentation. On the exterior, -true stack windows usually run up and down the whole -height, although they may be interrupted by cross sections -at the level of the floors or decks, or rather just above them.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_284"></a>[284]</span></p> - -<p>From recent experiments I have made in a stack, I -am led to think that here, as elsewhere, top light from -windows is ten times more valuable for penetration -than bottom light, hence such a cross-section of wall, -about a foot wide, if it has any binding power, strengthens -the wall, gives space inside for heating pipes, or looks -better, would not abstract any illumination from the -interior. Perhaps, however, the piers do not need such -binding. That is a question for the architect, and -depends largely on their construction. If they are re-enforced -by iron or steel T-beams, the piers need not -be massive or be strengthened otherwise.</p> - -<p>Some authorities (Champneys,<a id="FNanchor_288" href="#Footnote_288" class="fnanchor">[288]</a> for instance) recommend -solid floors every three decks, as guard against -spread of fire, but this extra expense, not needed for -support, seems to me unnecessary as protection.</p> - -<p>The material of stacks must be iron, or better, steel, -to support so much weight. The construction, indeed, -is much like that of a “sky scraper,” whose steel frame -stands alone, without help from the walls.</p> - -<p id="subhead-143"><b>Use by Readers.</b> It does not seem either possible -or desirable to plan for continuous use of any space in -stacks by readers. The temperature both in summer -and winter is usually not so equable as in other rooms. -The main object of the stack, which is book storage, is -just so much frustrated by surrender of shelf space to -readers. But there is much inconvenience in excluding -them entirely.</p> - -<p>It is a hindrance to investigation to have to make -inquiries, or selections, through the medium of an application -at a desk. A large number of serious readers -want to glance at all the books bearing on the point they -are investigating, often to “taste” books by dipping -into them here and there; and to make choice directly<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_285"></a>[285]</span> -from the shelves, of books they want to examine more -thoroughly or copy from, to be carried to a public -or private reading room and used there undisturbed -at leisure. They want free access to the stack for ten -minutes only at a time, but they want it badly. See -Fletcher.<a id="FNanchor_289" href="#Footnote_289" class="fnanchor">[289]</a></p> - -<p>“It is fortunate for those who have the use of a library -if they can be admitted to the shelves and select their -books by actual examination.”—<i>Cutter.</i><a id="FNanchor_290" href="#Footnote_290" class="fnanchor">[290]</a></p> - -<p>For this, several devices have been used. One is -to leave the space in stacks next to windows for tables -and chairs, to be used by readers. “Or alcoves on one -side, as in Iowa College.”—(<i>Marvin.</i><a id="FNanchor_291" href="#Footnote_291" class="fnanchor">[291]</a>) A variation of -this takes the form of “cubicles,” little glassed-in rooms -next the windows, as in the new Harvard Law School -stack, or as proposed for the Harvard University -Library. But before using this form generally, it would -be better to calculate, first, how much space this -will abstract from the storage capacity of the stack; -second, how much it affects the penetration of daylight -into the stack; third, how often any one reader will -want to use any one section of the library so long as to -make this arrangement worth while; fifth, the expense -of construction and provision of equivalent stack room -elsewhere; and sixth, the problems of heating and -ventilation, for readers who require reading-room conditions.</p> - -<p>Another favorite device is to shorten the outer ends -of ranges of shelves, say by one three-foot section, in -every other case on every floor, where a tiny desk can -be set into the range, with a chair or stool underneath -for the use of a reader. This furnishes room for reading -but <i>pro tanto</i> less space for books.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_286"></a>[286]</span></p> - -<p><b>Open Access Stacks.</b> Can wider aisles be left in -stacks so that readers may stand well back or stoop to -inspect books, and pass each other easily? Yes, stack -cases five feet “on centres” will allow fairly free movement, -as this means 3-feet-6-inch or even 3-feet-8-inch -aisles. But no such width could well be allowed as is -called for with open-access floor cases, <i>i.e.</i>, six feet clear -between. The present methods of stack construction -would not apparently lend themselves well to wide spaces -on the ground floor and narrow spaces above, because -the uprights would not directly support each other. A -building might have, indeed, two or more different -stacks, one open access for readers, the other close -storage for books, but this seems rather wasteful. Is -there no way to provide, in a stack which will give the -maximum storage, some facility for such inspection and -handling as is needed both for staff and readers?</p> - -<p><b>A Suggestion.</b> In reading “Clark’s Use of Books,” -I came across an old expedient of mediæval days which -will give a good name for the device I had already -thought of. (See next section.) His quotation<a id="FNanchor_292" href="#Footnote_292" class="fnanchor">[292]</a> is as -follows:—</p> - -<p>“In the north Syde, the Cloister was all fynely glazed. -And in every wyndowe iii Pewes or Carrels, where -every one of the old Monks had his carrell, severall by -himselfe, and there studied upon there books. From one -stanchell of a window to another, and in every one was a -deske to lye their bookes on.” “These were devices -to provide a certain amount of privacy for literary -work.”<a id="FNanchor_293" href="#Footnote_293" class="fnanchor">[293]</a></p> - -<p id="subhead-144"><b>Carrels.</b> While thinking of this conflict between the -desired use by readers and the close storage which is the -proper use of a stack, I tried to find some wasted space<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_287"></a>[287]</span> -which might serve the one use without infringing upon -the other. While searching I noticed that window ledges -were thus wasted. Look through Koch’s floor plans,<a id="FNanchor_294" href="#Footnote_294" class="fnanchor">[294]</a> -or any others, and you will notice that window frames, -usually set midway between the outer and inner surfaces -of the wall, were sometimes set flush with the inner -surface, thus leaving outside a window “stool” nearly -the full width of the wall. But why leave it outside -where it would be only useful for pigeon-roosts or flower-boxes, -neither strictly necessary? Why not set the -window-frame flush with the outer wall and so leave -the whole ledge inside, both sill and stool? In the Salem -Public Library stack, as the architect saw no structural -reason against it, this has been tried. In each stack -window on every floor a thin shelf has been run across, -table high. The setting back allows this shelf to be -twelve inches deep and three feet long without projecting -into the aisle, and without materially interfering with -light. Set a stool near and here is provision, close to -the books, and without cutting into the stack, for just -as many choosers of books as there are windows on -each floor. When no readers need them, here is a -ledge for attendants to use in assembling or dispersing -books.</p> - -<p>This device does not suit permanent reading, for -which the stack is not intended,—but why does it -not perfectly meet the needs of casual inspection, and -choice?</p> - -<p>It has been gradually tried out. In the John Hay -Memorial Library at Brown, rather narrow window-shelves -were tried; then wider sloping desks at the -Episcopal Theological School; and recently, the wider -Salem carrels, where the windows are set quite flush -with the exterior of the piers.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_288"></a>[288]</span></p> - -<p>There is still an opportunity for experiment and -development. Is such a shelf better, fixed or hinged? -What would be the simplest form of hinging and fastening? -Is it better, in view of its temporary and intermittent -use, to have it at desk height, for a standee? -How thin can it be, and of what wood, cheapest and least -liable to splitting? Might not metal shelves, furnished -with the stack, be better, and about as cheap?</p> - -<p>As finally improved with these carrels we could bring -the whole stack back to the narrowest intervals consistent -with moving books, and thus avoid resort to -underground stacks and sliding cases, until much later.</p> - -<p>[Webster’s International Dictionary gives only the -spelling “carol,” but the old records call it “carrell.”]</p> - -<p>At Durham, the carrels were 2 feet 9 inches wide. -At Gloucester there were twenty carrels, each 4 feet -wide, 6 feet 9 inches high, and 19 inches deep.<a id="FNanchor_295" href="#Footnote_295" class="fnanchor">[295]</a></p> - -<p>The modern Salem Public Library carrel is wider -than the one at Durham, and about as high and deep -as those at Gloucester Cathedral.</p> - -<p id="subhead-145"><b>Stack Details.</b> <i>Dark Interiors</i> are discussed elsewhere; -having the library built around a stack, to be -lighted by electricity, open to daylight only by way of -the roof, and opening to outer corridors or rooms on -each floor. This is mainly an architectural problem, -though its administrative aspects would have to be -considered by the librarian.</p> - -<p><i>Height.</i> The height of each stack floor is generally set -at seven feet to seven and a half. I favor seven and a -half, of the two, so that a tall man need not stoop under -the deck beams and electric bulbs. In order to get the -ground floor of building and stack coterminous, the -lower story of the stack must correspond with that of -the building, which is not usually higher than ten feet.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_289"></a>[289]</span> -As it is most convenient to have the basement floors -of stack and building also coterminous, the unusual -height, for this case only, may be accepted, and the -inconveniently high shelves used for some kind of slow -or dead books.</p> - -<p>It is usual to leave several feet above the top shelves, -just under the roof, for ventilation.</p> - -<p><i>“Broken” floors</i> are used in some libraries, the Massachusetts -State Library, for instance; one stack floor -being three and one-half feet higher and the next one -three and one-half feet lower than the corresponding -building floor, on the idea that it is easier to go up or -down half a flight than a whole flight, for anyone wanting -to get books. But isn’t the average the same? In this -form, the very great convenience of moving books by -trucks is sacrificed, so that the almost universal custom -is to have the ground floor, and every second floor -above, level in the stack with floors in the building, -thus fixing the height of the latter at fourteen or fifteen -feet, except the top floor, which is free, and the basement, -usually determined by other exigencies.</p> - -<p>The material used for “decks” may be openwork iron, -marble, or more usually translucent ground glass.</p> - -<p>The floor of the stack as well as of the building basement, -is generally cemented, with special provisions for -excluding dampness.</p> - -<p><i>Passages.</i> Those running lengthwise may be called -gangways, those across between cases, aisles. The -number of gangways varies with the size and use of the -stack. Although it might be built without a center -gangway, and have one on each side, or only on one side—it -would then be a very narrow stack—the usual -construction is to have a gangway about four feet wide -down the center, and one of less width (just enough to -allow passing around, say two feet,) at each outer end.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_290"></a>[290]</span> -But if it is desired to have very close packing, these side -gangways may not be necessary. In building the new -Salem stack, Mr. Jones decided that he could so run the -classification of the books from the center around back -to the center, in every aisle, that there would be little -need of passing around the outer ends, and he could -omit them and so gain that much more for books.</p> - -<p>The center gangway may be any width desired, but -should of course be wide enough to serve as thoroughfare -for men, book-trucks, and boxes. Although four feet -seems the average width, it varies from three feet to six -feet in existing libraries. Good, large windows on each -floor should light gangways at the far end.</p> - -<p>The length of aisles varies with the width of the stack -building, though limited by the belief that no bookcase -should be more than 15 or 18 feet long, which requires -other gangways at that interval. The width of the -aisles has varied. The original Harvard width, 2 feet -4 inches, appears to be the very narrowest which will -allow passage of two persons, or stooping to the lower -shelves; 2 feet 8 inches is very common; 3 feet is so -roomy that the stack becomes convenient for limited -open-access; while 5 feet “on centers” (3′ 6″ or 8″ aisle) -is the maximum in stacks at present.</p> - -<p>Many stacks have wide intervals at the sides of the -“deck” in each aisle—so wide as to have to be wired -to prevent books falling through—“for ventilation, -diffusion of light, and communication,” but such wide -spaces are not needed for light or ventilation, and are -much handier for dropping pencils than for passing -books, so that I prefer wider decks with small rims for -protection, and much narrower spaces along the cases.</p> - -<p><i>Stairs.</i> Stack stairs need not be wide, for they are -so short that two people never need to pass. Two feet -wide is enough. When first adopted, circular stairs<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_291"></a>[291]</span> -were used, as supposed to occupy less space, but they -were found to be inconvenient and dangerous, and since -measurement has shown that straight stairs need occupy -no more space, the “cork screws” have been entirely -superseded. Eight-inch risers and 9-inch treads are -recommended by Champneys,<a id="FNanchor_296" href="#Footnote_296" class="fnanchor">[296]</a> who thinks, by the way, -2 feet 4 inches the right width, iron with rubber treads -being the material.</p> - -<p>Stairs should be put in wherever they will be most -convenient, and where they interfere least with book -storage and passing. One flight certainly should be -next the entrance on each floor, and one flight generally -at the other end. If they be set sideways in the folio -shelving there, which is not always all needed, they -seem to interfere least. (See paragraph on circular or -winding stairs.)</p> - -<p><i>Lifts.</i> Light lifts for single books, or few books at a -time, are needed for all stacks (See that title, on <a href="#Page_228">page -228</a>.) In large libraries and high stacks, elevators large -and strong enough to carry trucks and boxes, are also -necessary. For lifts, hand operation will serve, or electricity; -for freight elevators, some sort of power is -better.</p> - -<p>Every such carrier should run from basement to top, -with opening on every floor. A speaking tube should -run beside it, with mouthpiece also on each floor.</p> - -<p><i>Ledges.</i> (See under Shelving, <a href="#Page_265">p. 265</a>.) As a ledge on -both sides of each case would greatly narrow the aisles -for passage and diminish the capacity for storage, these -have disappeared from the modern stack. Their place -has been taken in some stacks by sliding shelves (to be -drawn out when wanted), which do not appear to be -entirely satisfactory. But the need for some substitute,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_292"></a>[292]</span> -for the use of which Dewey speaks, has suggested ledges -for folio shelving on each floor and for the new device -of carrels, which may at least partially replace ledges -without diminishing storage capacity or easy passage.</p> - -<p><i>Shelves.</i> The shelving of stacks follows the rules -already described under the title “Shelving,” except as -dimensions are varied by the use of steel, which is less -bulky. Movable shelves also allow more variety in -intervals to suit the average size of books in any part of -the stack. It is usual to maintain the 10-inch height -for intervals between shelves, all over the stack, except -as thus modified here and there to suit exigencies and -except for folio shelving at the ends (or sides) of each -floor.</p> - -<p>Different patents offer much choice in stack shelving. -Avoid especially projections, likely to catch dust or -tear clothing or injure books. Test very carefully all -forms of “clutch” or detachable shelves.</p> - -<p id="subhead-146"><b>Stack Lighting.</b> <i>Natural.</i> North light is the -best, but the choice is not often open. The location of -the stack is determined usually by other considerations -than aspect. Unless it runs along the rear or side of the -main building; if it projects, that is, it will naturally -have two sides lighted, one of which in any location -would have to be south or west, and thus sunny. If -wired glass is used as a protection against fire it will -be more or less opaque and thus will temper glare. -Shades can, of course, be used on the worst exposure, -and some contrivance can be used, like that at the -Library of Congress, to work all these curtains at once -to save time.</p> - -<p>Overhead light will penetrate one glass floor of a -stack fairly well, not more.<a id="FNanchor_297" href="#Footnote_297" class="fnanchor">[297]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_293"></a>[293]</span></p> - -<p>“If daylight is on the whole better and more wholesome, -as it is certainly cheaper than electric light, then -a well windowed stack room is better than a dark one.”—<i>Russell Sturgis.</i><a id="FNanchor_298" href="#Footnote_298" class="fnanchor">[298]</a></p> - -<p>Light penetrates stack aisles effectively only about -twenty feet, hence a stack lighted on both sides may be -forty feet wide, plus width of centre aisle.</p> - -<p><i>Artificial.</i> The best light is, of course, electricity, -and here the expert of the stack to be installed can give -valuable advice. The question of the location of the -bulbs, their power, their direction (transverse or perpendicular), -their frequency, their wiring, their switches, -such questions must be determined. As a great deal -might depend on the particular structure of the stack, -one bid for the stack, another for the lighting, with -specifications from each bidder, might be invited.</p> - -<p>Hand bulbs at the end of cords have not been found -satisfactory. Various devices have been used, but good -systems of fixed lights (bulbs with reflectors and shades), -worked well by means of switches, have been perfected.</p> - -<p><i>Reflective Colors.</i> To help diffusion and local effectiveness -of both natural and artificial light, inner walls -and the whole stack would well be painted some agreeable -light tint of enamelled paint. This is a question -of taste for the architect, with approval by librarian -and committee.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_294"></a>[294]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-147">Stack Windows</h4> - -<p>As stack windows must be high and narrow, they -introduce a new and imperative architectural feature -on the exterior of the stack fronts. The usual form is a -continuous window from foundation to eaves. This -may, however, be broken for a foot up from every floor, -by a cross band of iron or stone, for effect or for any -interior convenience, like continuous hanging of steam -pipes, without real diminution of daylight inside, provided -that the windows run quite to the ceiling in each -deck, to give full top light. If the windows are glazed -with wire glass, they will afford some protection from -outside fire, and being opaque, would temper the glare -of sunlight. Factory ribbed glass is also used, as both -tempering and intensifying daylight.</p> - -<p id="subhead-148"><i>True Windows.</i> To give full effect the piers between -windows should be only as thick as the depth of the -double book cases, sixteen inches, and directly opposite -them. They have only to support themselves and -the roof, as the stack floors are independent and self-supporting. -Re-enforcement with a steel T-beam will -render them stiff enough with sixteen inch width, and -even allow flaring from the windows to admit more -light.</p> - -<p>With this construction, each window can have the -full width of the aisle it fronts and be so framed and -glazed as not to intercept any light, thus throwing -illumination as far as possible down the aisle, with oblique -rays from the side of the window to the other side of the -aisle, reaching both rows of books to the far end.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_295"></a>[295]</span></p> - -<p>This I call a true stack window. In looking over -modern plans, you will see that many libraries have -them as to position, though the entire available width -is not always used.</p> - -<p>If you have Clark’s “Care of Books,” see how true -the alcove windows were in the Queen’s College, Cambridge, -library as long ago as A. D. 1472.</p> - -<p id="subhead-149"><i>Defective Windows.</i> In other stacks, you will find -windows too short (even if there is a cross band, it should -not be more at the most than eighteen inches in height, -leaving a window on each deck, six feet full down from -the deck above), but oftener windows narrower than the -aisle, giving too little light to reach the inner ends of the -cases. There is no excuse for these. As has been said -above, there is no structural need to build the piers -between windows wider than the book cases inside, and -just so much as they encroach upon the windows they -commit the unpardonable sin of darkening the stack.</p> - -<p>Many modern plans show this defect.</p> - -<p id="subhead-150"><i>False Windows.</i> By these I mean windows which -outside take the gridiron stack form, but do not come -truly and fully opposite every aisle inside.</p> - -<p>“The rear elevation of the New York Public Library -plainly shows that the architects wilfully omitted to -place a window at the end of each aisle. All the beauty -of the elevation will not make good the want of light -in the lower floors of the stack.”—<i>Oscar Bluemner.</i><a id="FNanchor_299" href="#Footnote_299" class="fnanchor">[299]</a></p> - -<p>The falsity of this arrangement, which is found in -many modern libraries, lies in using an exterior scheme -which does not meet inside conditions. The excuse is -that sufficient diffused light is provided for the whole -stack. But if this is true (which I cannot concede), any -other equal window area could be used in any other form,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_296"></a>[296]</span> -which would not give outer promise of inward excellence. -They are only a sham, and can therefore be called false -stack windows.</p> - -<p id="subhead-151"><b>Heating.</b> The best form developed for stacks is by -hot water or steam pipes along the walls just above the -floor of each story clear of the books, with coils in the -windows. Overhead pipes are very bad, as they concentrate -heat at the top of each story, where it is most -oppressive to those walking or working below.</p> - -<p><b>Ventilation.</b> There should be an air space above -the top shelves in a stack. Good ventilation can -be provided there by end windows and through the -side windows. Some writers have advised sealed windows -so as to be dust proof. In that case some system -of forced draft would have to be installed.</p> - -<p>The ventilation of a stack, where use by staff and -public is only intermittent, is perhaps not so important -as that of reading rooms constantly crowded, but the -open construction and height of the stack differentiate -the problem rather than avoid it.</p> - -<p id="subhead-152"><b>Underground.</b> In England, Burgoyne says<a id="FNanchor_300" href="#Footnote_300" class="fnanchor">[300]</a> four -stories is the rule. But in America, every library builds -its stack, in all dimensions, according to its wants and -space. Four-story stacks are common, but by no means -the limit.</p> - -<p>The impending exigencies of storage have not only -brought suggestions of dark stacks in the interior of a -building, but they have already carried stacks under -ground. Even the Bodleian Library in England has -installed a two-story subterranean stack, mechanically -lighted and ventilated, under its front lawn. Plans are -on foot for stacks many floors below ground-level, to -be lighted and aired by electricity. See <a href="#Page_222">p. 222</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_297"></a>[297]</span></p> - -<p><b>Upward.</b> Ten “decks” is the maximum height now, -but why is it not possible to build further up into the -air before we burrow under ground? Are there any -structural difficulties? Would it cost more to have a -“sky-scraper” stack than a dungeon?</p> - -<p>It is a question how underground cases will affect the -books. It is claimed that forced draft will avert the -evils of dampness, but Dr. Thwaites reports that he -has found trouble from mould deposited on the backs -of books as the warmer air from the surface above comes -into contact with the cooler walls of the cellar. Would -not books packed in sliding cases, away from the moving -air, be more apt to develop inside rot and insects?</p> - -<p>It does not appear to me that cellars for book storage -have got beyond experimental stage. Some years of -test seem needed to prove their perfect availability.</p> - -<p id="subhead-153"><b>Stack Towers.</b> B. R. Green says<a id="FNanchor_301" href="#Footnote_301" class="fnanchor">[301]</a> “the stack might -be in the center, and rise from the roof as a tower. It -would be a simple thing to make a stack of twenty or -more stories.” Why not? and why not so rise from an -ell, as well as from the center? Why not build it as a -sky-scraper, any number of stories upward, supporting -itself, with a shell plastered on the exterior? The -structural objections would seem no greater in a stack -than an office building. The operating objections are -surely no weightier going up than going down. The -daylight would be better, the dampness less. It might -be easier to flood cellars than towers, in case of fire, but -the certainty of water is even a worse foe to books than -the possibilities of fire.</p> - -<p>Why is not here a chance to develop a new type of -architectural beauty? If towers are fine features in -churches and abbeys, why not in libraries? Before -digging catacombs for our books, why not set our inventive<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_298"></a>[298]</span> -faculties on hanging gardens of literature reached -by elevators like the levels of the Eiffel Tower?</p> - -<p id="subhead-154"><b>Capacity.</b> Various ways of calculating capacity -have been suggested, but most of them disregard -the fact that stacks vary in measurement, and only two -whose interior dimensions are exactly alike can be -safely compared.</p> - -<p>Capacity of an average stack can be roughly calculated -at twenty volumes to a square foot on each deck. -Thus a 30 × 40 stack, three stories high, will hold about -72,000 vols.</p> - -<p>I prefer to calculate the capacity of every new stack -independently, when planning it.</p> - -<p>Taking folio shelving separately and adding its figures -in later, I take one floor by itself. It has so many -double cases, such and such length, on each side of the -central gangway. One case 15 or 18 feet long, multiplied -by 2 for the two sides, and 7 or 8 for such shelves -as the librarian thinks he can use, then multiplied by -8 volumes to each foot, will give the “practical capacity” -in volumes for octavos and duodecimos. Multiply by -the number of cases on both sides, plus your calculation -for folios, and you have the capacity of that deck. -Multiply again by number of decks, and you have the -practical capacity of the stack.</p> - -<p>If you wish to get the “full capacity,” as it is reported -in many plans, make your volume-multiplier ten instead -of eight, or add twenty-five per cent to your first calculation, -which amounts to the same thing. But eight to -the foot is practically full capacity for closely classified -libraries, where frequent gaps must be left for growth, -at the end of each subject.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_299"></a>[299]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-155">Sliding Cases</h4> - -<p>We can wisely borrow from England the “sliding -presses” which Dr. Richard Garnett brought to the -attention of the Library Association of the United Kingdom -at its annual meeting of 1891, having previously -described them in Dewey’s Library Notes and elsewhere -in 1887.</p> - -<p>Adapted from the Bethnal Green library in 1886, -they were put on trial in the British Museum in 1887, -and have since been in operation, regarded apparently -as an invention quite as valuable as the stack appears -to us. “I think enough has been said,” to quote Dr. -Garnett’s words, “to convince librarians of the expediency -of taking the sliding-press, or some analogous -contrivance, into account in plans for the enlargement -of old libraries, or the construction of new ones.”</p> - -<p>The British Museum press is described as “an additional -bookcase hung in the air from beams or rods projecting -in front of the bookcase it is desired to enlarge, -working by rollers running on metal ribs, and so suspended -as not to touch the ground anywhere.” In -other words, it is a movable bookcase parallel to a fixed -case, and sliding to and from it by wheels above. It -may be distinctively called a hanging case or press. -It is better suited to the arrangement of aisles and construction -of floors in the British Museum than to most -American libraries, and so far as I know has not been -copied here.</p> - -<p>[See illustration in Library Notes,<a id="FNanchor_302" href="#Footnote_302" class="fnanchor">[302]</a> and also in Burgoyne.<a id="FNanchor_303" href="#Footnote_303" class="fnanchor">[303]</a>]</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_300"></a>[300]</span></p> - -<p>Another double press used at the Museum is called -by Dr. Garnett the pivot press. It is apparently a -second case, kept front to front close to the fixed case -and swung out from it when wanted, by a door-motion -hinged on a perpendicular pivot; overhung, I gather, -at the Museum, but elsewhere running by wheels on -metal semi-circular tracks laid on or in the floor. Such -were early experiments in Trinity College, Dublin, -twenty-five years ago. These might be called folding -bookcases. They have not yet been copied in America.</p> - -<p>A third kind of movable bookcase, which may more -properly be called the sliding case, is used in the Patent -Office Library, London. This apparently also swings -from the top. Duff-Brown<a id="FNanchor_304" href="#Footnote_304" class="fnanchor">[304]</a> describes it: “These -presses are swung closely side by side, and drawn out, -one at a time, as required.” He does not say drawn -out endwise, however.</p> - -<p>This idea is developed in The Librarian<a id="FNanchor_305" href="#Footnote_305" class="fnanchor">[305]</a> by James -Lymburn, who suggests “a store-room of any length, -22 feet wide by 35 feet high, in three stories, lighted -from the roof through iron grating floors; with center -passages of 9 feet, and sliding cases 6 feet long, closely -packed in on each side.” He calculates that such a -room 40 feet long would hold 100,000 volumes; its -advantages being close storage and shelter from dust -and sunlight.</p> - -<p>See for illustration, Champneys.<a id="FNanchor_306" href="#Footnote_306" class="fnanchor">[306]</a></p> - -<p>Jenner, in the Library Chronicle,<a id="FNanchor_307" href="#Footnote_307" class="fnanchor">[307]</a> claims for the -sliding case these merits: Cheapness, as compared with -enlarging the building; possibility of gradual installation -as needed; nearness to other shelves in a classification; -absence of obstacle to light(?) or motion.</p> - -<p>I have also received from a dealer in Oxford, England, -a small pamphlet hinting at rather than describing, a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_301"></a>[301]</span> -room laid out after Lymburn’s idea. The pamphlet -calculates it will save about half the space taken by -stack storage. These cases, and Mr. Lymburn’s, are -evidently double.</p> - -<p>See also H. Woodbine in The Library Association -Record.<a id="FNanchor_308" href="#Footnote_308" class="fnanchor">[308]</a></p> - -<p><i>Per contra</i>, H. M. Mayhew says in The Library,<a id="FNanchor_309" href="#Footnote_309" class="fnanchor">[309]</a> -“The drawback of the ordinary sliding or hanging or -extension case is the difficulty of moving so great a -weight whenever one book is wanted.”</p> - -<p>I cannot figure out much from these English descriptions -about problems of mechanism, repairs, lighting, or -cleaning.</p> - -<p>In America, the general idea of sliding cases has been -discussed since Dr. Garnett’s description of the British -Museum device in Library Notes, and since Mr. Gladstone -called attention to it in the Nineteenth Century -of March, 1890.</p> - -<p>Mr. Gladstone describes what he calls these “book -cemeteries” thus, as he has seen the “tentative and -initial processes”:—</p> - -<p>“The masses represented by filled bookcases are set -one in front of the other, and in order that access may -be had as required, they are set on trams inserted in -the floor (which must be a strong one), and wheeled off -and on as occasion requires.”</p> - -<p>The masses which he thinks ought first “be selected -for interment” are Hansard’s Debates, the Gentleman’s -Magazine, and the Annual Register.</p> - -<p>So far as I know only two trials of this idea have -been made here; several years ago by Dr. Little at -Bowdoin College, more recently by Mr. Lane at Harvard -University. Both of these are wooden single cases, -side by side, pulled out by the end, and locked or lockable. -Both slide, not hang.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_302"></a>[302]</span></p> - -<p>Mr. Lane has now a line of twenty-three in a row, -sliding on ball-bearing wheels at the bottom, which in -turn run on rails countersunk in the floor. At the top, -the cases are held erect and guided, but not supported, -by small wheels along the sides of a T-rail. He uses -his cases entirely for rare books in an exhibition room -on the ground floor, and finds them very satisfactory -for the purpose, although he utters a warning that -provision should be made for free access to all the -mechanism, which occasionally needs repair.</p> - -<p>Dr. Little submitted a paper describing his cases to -the A. L. Institute at its New York meeting in 1911. -By reference to a photographic view accompanying -I see that he has a double-decker,—two stories of five -single wooden cases each; each case “about six feet -high and three feet long.” “These cases can be made of -either wood or metal, for either octavos or quartos, supplied -with either fixed or movable shelves.” [At Harvard -the middle shelf is fixed as a brace, the others are -movable.] “They must be mounted <i>at the center of -the base</i> on small ball-bearing trucks which run on metal -rails sunk in the floor. Their tops are at the same time -guided and kept securely in place by a slot and a T-iron, -the friction against which is reduced to a minimum by -rollers, placed horizontally. If properly constructed -and placed upon level rails, a slight pull with one hand -will bring one forth. The increased storage is estimated -at 100 per cent.... We also have the Patent -Office Gazette on six wooden sliding cases like these, on -either side of the door of the room in which they are -stored.... This method of storage is especially economical -in case a depository library desires to keep its -sheep-bound set of Congressional Documents as a unit, -arranged by their serial number.... The cost of -these cases and their installation varies greatly with<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_303"></a>[303]</span> -the material, finish and location. My first cost less than -$15 each, my last about twice that amount.”</p> - -<p>I suppose Dr. Little means this for the cost of each -separate bookcase, fully equipped and mounted. Mr. -Lane’s figures I have not been able to put my hands -on.</p> - -<p>So far for the statement of facts. I must confess -to having approached the subject with some prejudice -against the mechanism of these cases, founded on an -experience of sliding doors in dwelling houses, which -slide or not, as they feel like it, and whose machinery -is most difficult to get at and repair. But machinery -can be got under control by mechanics. I yield my -prejudices in view of the evident advantages of this -system, and am prepared to make definite suggestions -as to its use in future repairs or building in this country.</p> - -<p>In alterations of those architectural extravagances -which have wasted so much perpendicular capacity in -high rooms and corridors, I see a way to use the style -of cases experimented on by Dr. Little and Mr. Lane, -rather than any of the English styles. Either as a -single story along a wall anywhere, or in the double -story style, swung out anywhere on the vacant floor -of any room or any unnecessarily wide corridor, there -will be relief in the storage of any books not required -for open access or frequent reference;—as Dr. Little -says, “for compact storage of less used books.”</p> - -<p>In planning new buildings I hardly think it would -be necessary to set up such cases at first, except perhaps -in the case of rare books as at Harvard, where locked -cases and protection from sunlight were wanted, with -infrequent access; or in equipping rooms for rapidly -growing sets, such as Congressional or State Documents, -Patent Office Reports, sets of periodicals or publications -of societies, or any similar sets whose titles and volume -numbers can be labelled on the ends of the cases; or for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_304"></a>[304]</span> -“dead” books. The Oxford pamphlet sketches a room -somewhat after the “Poole plan,” equipped with tables -and chairs toward the windows and a row of sliding -cases along the blind wall opposite the window light. -This seems to me good for many departments.</p> - -<p>But except in rooms evidently adapted to such treatment, -I would not install sliding shelves anywhere, but -would most certainly leave space, in a perfectly dry -basement if nowhere else, for possible future installation -whenever need may arise.</p> - -<p>One reason for this postponement is this: that several -details must be studied, experimented on, and -perfected before fully equipped rooms of this kind can -be considered as tried out and permanently satisfactory. -Lymburn’s scheme seems good, but the plans presented -by Champneys and the dealers do not work out well on -examination as regards space, light or handling. I suggest -as problems to be investigated,—</p> - -<ul> -<li>Smooth and sure working of the mechanism.</li> -<li>Easy access to top and rear for repairs.</li> -<li>Access for cleaning and ventilation.</li> -<li>Incidence of weight (this is not even on floors as in a stack; but is moving, as on bridges).</li> -<li>Lighting (most important) on each face of each case.</li> -<li>Floors sure to remain true.</li> -<li>Width of center aisles for all emergencies.</li> -</ul> - -<p>See Bookworms, <a href="#Page_222">p. 222</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_305"></a>[305]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-156">PART III<br /> -<span class="smaller">READERS’ ROOMS</span></h3> - -<h4 id="subhead-157">Reading Generally</h4> - -<p>F. B. Perkins<a id="FNanchor_310" href="#Footnote_310" class="fnanchor">[310]</a> divides reading into three classes: -Entertainment, Acquisition of knowledge, Authorship. -This epitomizes our American division of reading rooms.</p> - -<p>What I shall call the light-reading room will provide -for all who drop in at a library to pass a quiet, restful, -recreative half hour, a very large proportion of readers. -They are attracted by the lighter magazines, the illustrated -weeklies and monthlies, and books into which -they can dip pleasantly for a few moments. This is -generally known as the periodical room.</p> - -<p>The serious reading room, usually called <i>the</i> reading -room, is intended for such readers as get books from -the shelves to study or read earnestly and long, or are -preparing themes, papers, newspaper articles—even -(when there is slender provision of separate study rooms) -where they are writing books.</p> - -<p>I would add a fourth use of a library—perhaps the -commonest—as it helps all other classes, that is, what -we call reference use. (In England where the reference -library and its reading room seem to cover all reading -of books in the library as distinguished from magazines -and newspapers, this is called quick or ready -reference.) A separate reference room or separate -corner of the reading room near the door holds all the -books to which visitors look for scraps of information, -but never read consecutively.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_306"></a>[306]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-158">Serious Reading Room</h4> - -<p>By this phrase I mean the room for serious readers -who want quiet, but do not need separate rooms. The -English seem to call this the reference room, a name -I apply only to their “quick” or “ready reference” -room. Their “reading room” I call in this work periodical -room, in which books for light or “half hour” reading -in the library may be shelved.</p> - -<p>This main or general reading room is usually on the -ground floor in smaller libraries, but may be relegated to -the second or the top, or indeed to any other convenient -floor, accessible by elevators and in good communication -with the stack.</p> - -<p>In libraries where there is space for it on the ground -floor, it can be supervised and served from the central -delivery desk, but when elsewhere, it must have a separate -desk and service.</p> - -<p>In the largest libraries it often occupies a central position -and a circular form. With a lofty open dome above, -it is an impressive feature, but wastes space which might -be utilized otherwise, and it is said to be more or less -drafty and hard to heat evenly.</p> - -<p>Position at the top as at the New York Public -Library, has great advantage in light without waste of -space, or superfluous loftiness. If over the stack -(though the supporting walls have then to be stronger -than usual) it has the advantage of short and straight -lines to the books, and is said to lend itself to enlargement -for readers and books <i>pari passu</i>. Good elevator<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_307"></a>[307]</span> -service is a requisite in this form. “I incline more and -more to the reading room on top of the building, especially -in a large city.”—(<i>Dewey.</i><a id="FNanchor_311" href="#Footnote_311" class="fnanchor">[311]</a>) So Andrews, at the -same Conference. He also said, “I believe in the single -reading room [as compared with the Newberry or Poole’s -plan] in a public library as a saving in trained assistants, -and because it is impossible to classify readers in rooms -as you do books.”</p> - -<p>“Plain outlines are best. Recesses, alcoves, bay windows -and nooks are difficult of supervision and spoil -the public character of a library.”—<i>O. Bluemner.</i><a id="FNanchor_312" href="#Footnote_312" class="fnanchor">[312]</a></p> - -<p>The main requisites of a reading room are quiet, -privacy, light, good air and space.</p> - -<p><b>Quiet.</b> This means not only regulations against conversation, -but various physical conditions. For instance, -absence of stir or motion; exclusion of such -magazines as are merely looked over with fluttering of -leaves; exclusion from the shelves (if there must be -shelves around the walls) of books frequently wanted -by readers and attendants; (reference books, class books, -new books and others inviting frequent examination, -should be put on the side or in a corner near the entrance, -concentrating stir there;) noiseless floors; echoless walls -and ceilings; exclusion of outside noises; no stairs directly -into or out of the room; no passage through to -other rooms.</p> - -<p><b>Privacy.</b> This requirement can be met by the -proper provision and arrangement of the furniture, -which will be further treated under the head of Tables. -The former method was to use almost exclusively large -open tables, seating ten or more, or tables with lengthwise -and crosswise partitions, setting aside bins or stalls -like voting booths to shut out distracting sights. The -large plain tables are not now in favor, the tendency being<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_308"></a>[308]</span> -toward tables for six, four, two, or even one. See -floor plans and interiors of libraries in Koch and elsewhere.</p> - -<p><b>Light.</b> Light falling from the left, shaded from the -eyes, focussed on the table in front of the reader on the -book he is reading there, or the paper on which he is -writing, is desirable. If the room is lofty, windows high -in the walls, carefully shaded from glare, are out of -range of reader’s eyes. If lower, as most rooms are, the -table seats should be so disposed if possible as to give -each reader light from the left.</p> - -<p>The question of artificial light is discussed elsewhere. -The best of high lamps for diffused light, of side lights -and of hanging lamps to light readers, is a special study -for the architect. As readers have varied eyesight, -individual table lights, adjustable and severally operated -are best on the whole, but the wiring of each table fixes -its location so that it cannot be moved in cleaning or -re-spacing. Bulbs hanging about eight feet from the -floor are much used.</p> - -<p><b>Good Air.</b> This is as important as it often is unsatisfactory. -Bad air interferes more than anything else -with clearness and concentration of thought. Mr. -Ranck of Grand Rapids is now chairman of an A. L. A. -Committee on this subject. He writes me: “Personally, -the more I have looked into it, the more I am convinced -that the physiological side is most difficult, not -the mere keeping down the amount of carbon dioxide. -I am inclined to think it will be necessary to make a -number of experimental tests to determine these points.” -The report of this committee will be interesting.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile, the best thing to do is to get a report from -recent buildings as to their methods, and the success of -each. Evidently the problem varies with the size and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_309"></a>[309]</span> -situation of the room and the method of heating, -including heat from artificial light.</p> - -<p>If perfect ventilation could be installed, crowded -tables would not be quite so bad.</p> - -<p><b>Space.</b> H. T. Hare, an architect, in a recent number -of the <i>Library Association Record</i>,<a id="FNanchor_313" href="#Footnote_313" class="fnanchor">[313]</a> writes: “Almost all -our public libraries are too closely packed for comfort, -health and movement. A fifty per cent increase in floor -space would not be at all extravagant.”</p> - -<p>If there is money to spare, this might be desirable, -but unfortunately few libraries, large or small, have -funds enough to allow luxuries. The spacing of seats -must be as close as health and convenience will permit. -It is generally agreed that for serious reading, which -may require room to spread books open and to lay -manuscripts beside them, 25 square feet are ample, -20 square feet sufficient, 16 square feet rather a crowded -minimum, to include chair, table and passage-ways.</p> - -<p>As to size, Duff-Brown<a id="FNanchor_314" href="#Footnote_314" class="fnanchor">[314]</a> suggests finding the <i>daily</i> average -of readers and plan for one quarter of this daily -attendance at any one time during the day, as sufficient -space to allow.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_310"></a>[310]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-159">Reference Room</h4> - -<p>As already said this is a very useful room, or section -of a room; indeed it might even be put in an anteroom -or vestibule, to include such books as will be used -for quick consultation, but never for reading. It -should be for the openest and speediest access. As -Spofford specifies,<a id="FNanchor_315" href="#Footnote_315" class="fnanchor">[315]</a> “It would include encyclopædias, -dictionaries, glossaries, etc.,” or according to Fletcher,<a id="FNanchor_316" href="#Footnote_316" class="fnanchor">[316]</a> -“general and special encyclopædias (such as music, fine -arts, mechanics, geography, classical, Biblical, biographical, -etc.)” Dr. E. C. Richardson<a id="FNanchor_317" href="#Footnote_317" class="fnanchor">[317]</a> lays down that -“at least a small selection of the best reference books -should be accessible to the public.”</p> - -<p>“Place as little hindrance as may be to the busy man -who runs in to glance at the dictionary, directory, or -time-table.”—<i>Bostwick.</i><a id="FNanchor_318" href="#Footnote_318" class="fnanchor">[318]</a></p> - -<p>This room need not be as large as either of the other -reading rooms, but it should be most accessible, near -the front door, near the desk, near the catalog. It -should have wall shelving for large and small books, -drawn under specifications by the librarian, for just -what volumes he wants to display there. Revolving -bookcases are convenient here. This is especially the -place for the old-fashioned ledge, and for a few narrow -tables like those used in front of a catalog case, with -small, light chairs or stools; just as little furniture as<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_311"></a>[311]</span> -would be needed for taking down a volume at a time -to glance at, or to take brief notes from. How many it -should accommodate at once depends on the library -and its use. It will be wanted, in brief visits, by very -many of the visitors, down even to the children of the -higher grades of the schools.</p> - -<p>Although one of the most important departments of -large or small libraries, it is not the place for high walls -or architectural ornament. It should have especially -good light at all points day and evening, for the type -of many reference books is so small as to try the eyesight -at its best.</p> - -<p>If there is not space in the building for a separate -room, put it, if possible, in the same room with open-access -shelves, or the magazines, or in a corridor, where -there is already some confusion; for the use of reference -books is a distraction to serious reading anywhere near. -If they must be put in the reading room, give the reference -books a stretch of shelving or a corner near the entrance -and desk, so that their consultation will leave serious -readers afar off and undisturbed.</p> - -<p>Might not a good arrangement of a reference room -be on the window side of the delivery or open-access -room, with broad alcoves opposite the light, and with -a good ledge under the windows; or just with floor -cases perpendicular to the windows, spaced wide like -open-access shelves, but having old-fashioned ledges to -help consultation of reference books? Here is opportunity -for ingenious planning.</p> - -<p><b>Standard Library.</b> Mr. Foster’s plan of a Standard -Library room at Providence has something to commend -it from an educational or didactic point of view, but -it would hardly be much missed by the public. In new<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_312"></a>[312]</span> -buildings where all available space is in demand for -more imperative needs, I doubt if I should include such -a room, unless already adopted as part of the policy of -the library. If it is, however, to be included it should -have an architectural dignity—not necessarily splendid—to -conform to its purpose. Why might not this be -combined with the trustees’ room? The bindings of -the books would adorn the walls, and make the room a -worthy meeting place of the board at evening, without -interfering with what I imagine is not an eager or -crowded use by the public during the day.</p> - -<p>Or, if its object be not quiet reading, but to bring the -books prominently to notice, to exhibit them, why not -treat it as an open access or club room, open to conversation? -Would not this further its primary object, -attract visitors, and promote taking these volumes -home or into quiet reading rooms to read?</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_313"></a>[313]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-160">Light-Reading Rooms</h4> - -<p id="subhead-161"><b>Half-hour reading.</b><a id="FNanchor_319" href="#Footnote_319" class="fnanchor">[319]</a> This is generally called Magazine -or Periodical room in our libraries, but I should include -in it some provision for casual reading of books also. -In 1903 I suggested at an Atlantic City Conference, -shelving in such rooms for a class of books every library -owns, but usually scatters under various classifications, -although their common purpose is for episodical or -temporary entertainment, such as is known as “half-hour -reading.” On this shelving I advocated placing -a good selection of the best short stories, readable -essays, anthologies, brief poems, humor, and so on, to -be read in the room, just as magazines are used, for such -pastime as the reader’s time will afford.</p> - -<p>“Three-quarters of the readers are destitute of literary -culture, but need recreation and pastime.”—<i>Winsor.</i><a id="FNanchor_320" href="#Footnote_320" class="fnanchor">[320]</a></p> - -<p>My suggestion then evoked interest, but I do not -know that it has been acted on anywhere. I renew it -here as a use for wall shelving in periodical rooms for -new buildings, and in concentrating there all recreative -reading. In this light-reading room a certain amount -of movement and noise must be expected, which will -not much annoy the readers there. The coming and -going of visitors whose stay must be brief, the handling -of magazines or books, the turning of pages, the rustling -of newspapers, perhaps the murmurs of children over -illustrations, are to be expected. Here such wall shelving -as has been suggested would not be out of place.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_314"></a>[314]</span></p> - -<p id="subhead-162"><b>Periodicals.</b> Here are kept such few local and -metropolitan newspapers as are taken by the average -library. Magazines and weeklies either lie freely on -large flat tables or are kept for open access in wooden -pigeon-holes or pockets against the walls without intervention -of any attendant, or are kept behind a counter -to be issued by a special attendant on call. Where -there are many readers and a large number of serials, -experience has shown that it is better to keep them in -pigeon-holes behind a counter, to be delivered by an -attendant.</p> - -<p>“Where not a large number of periodicals is taken, -they are usually placed on tables without a special -attendant.”—<i>Poole.</i><a id="FNanchor_321" href="#Footnote_321" class="fnanchor">[321]</a></p> - -<p>The furniture of the room and its arrangement will -depend on which system is to be used in the library. -This should be settled in advance.</p> - -<p>The chairs used here should be strong, but light; rubber-tipped -so as to be noiseless when moved. Except in -looking at illustrated papers, readers may prefer to hold -octavo magazines, or books, in their hands, turning their -chairs back or side to the light, in the easiest posture. -Arm chairs for such use would be appropriate.</p> - -<p>It is not supposed to be necessary to allow so much -floor space for each reader in such rooms. Duff-Brown<a id="FNanchor_322" href="#Footnote_322" class="fnanchor">[322]</a> -considers 12 square feet enough in England, but our -usage in America is 16 square feet, which is better -for elbow room, passage and ventilation.</p> - -<p>“In rooms for magazine reading, there should be -more room for chairs than tables.”—<i>Champneys.</i><a id="FNanchor_323" href="#Footnote_323" class="fnanchor">[323]</a> This -seems good advice, unless the periodicals are to be laid -loose on the tables.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_315"></a>[315]</span></p> - -<p>It is often the custom to put reviews and other serious -magazines in the reading room, leaving all the popular -or recreative serials in the room for light reading.</p> - -<p>There are frequent articles in English library journals -about arrangement of magazines, but I find nothing -among them which seems to improve on methods -generally understood here. See Duff-Brown.<a id="FNanchor_324" href="#Footnote_324" class="fnanchor">[324]</a></p> - -<p>“A really effective system, of displaying periodicals -is about as difficult to find as a first folio Shakespeare.”—<i>Burgoyne.</i><a id="FNanchor_325" href="#Footnote_325" class="fnanchor">[325]</a></p> - -<p>The few newspapers taken are generally mounted on -sticks and hung from racks, though I have seen them -left loose on tables.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_316"></a>[316]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-163">Newspaper Room</h4> - -<p>In English libraries this department seems prominent -in all buildings, large and small. “The English newsroom -is generally the largest and most convenient room -in the building.” In America, a few newspapers are -kept in the light-reading room, but only large public -libraries have separate rooms for newspapers. Where a -considerable collection is kept, a large room will be required, -with single sloping desks against the walls or -double desks on the floor, with or without stools; or -sometimes the papers are hung on the hooks of racks, -and used at tables (with chairs) close by.</p> - -<p>The newspaper room may be put in the basement -with a separate entrance, as its use and supervision are -generally separate from other uses of the library.</p> - -<p>“Newspaper and magazine rooms should not be too -large; two 30 × 50 are much less noisy than one 50 × 60, -less draughty and easier to ventilate.”—<i>Burgoyne.</i><a id="FNanchor_326" href="#Footnote_326" class="fnanchor">[326]</a></p> - -<p>The opinion expressed by Dr. Poole in the United -States Public Library Report of 1876,<a id="FNanchor_327" href="#Footnote_327" class="fnanchor">[327]</a> “It is thought -in some libraries that the expense of newspapers could -be better applied to some other purposes,” seems to be -echoed in recent discussions in England. See The Library -Assistant, Vol. 4.<a id="FNanchor_328" href="#Footnote_328" class="fnanchor">[328]</a> A moderate view advanced -at one meeting was this: “It is exceedingly doubtful<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_317"></a>[317]</span> -whether a newsroom is justified in towns with a population -under 45,000.” The matter is well summed up in -the Library Association Record.<a id="FNanchor_329" href="#Footnote_329" class="fnanchor">[329]</a> Reading the debates, -and weighing the arguments <i>pro</i> and <i>con</i>, does not lead -one to recommend planners of American libraries to provide -more space for newspapers than it is customary -to allow with us: a rack or two in small and medium -libraries, for local papers and one or two metropolitan -journals, but no separate newspaper rooms except in the -public libraries of large cities. Even there, I imagine -their use is more for reference and information than it -seems to be in England. Champneys<a id="FNanchor_330" href="#Footnote_330" class="fnanchor">[330]</a> calls the newspaper -reader “a professional loafer.”</p> - -<p>However, “In libraries where the newspaper room is -somewhat inaccessible, there is little annoyance from -the tramp element. Branch library reading rooms in -New York City, put on the third story for lack of sufficient -space below, are almost entirely free from tramps. -People willing to climb to that story really want to -read.”—<i>Bostwick.</i><a id="FNanchor_331" href="#Footnote_331" class="fnanchor">[331]</a></p> - -<p>This fact is worth noting in planning large libraries.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_318"></a>[318]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-164">Children’s Room</h4> - -<p>This department, now considered a cardinal necessity -in all libraries great or small, is a development of the -last generation. No special rooms were devoted to -this purpose before 1890. “Today it is tending to be a -practically separate library, with its own books, circulation, -catalogues, statistics and staff.”—(<i>Bostwick.</i><a id="FNanchor_332" href="#Footnote_332" class="fnanchor">[332]</a>) -So great a success has it become, that a library without -special provision for children would now be a curiosity.</p> - -<p>In the smallest libraries, with only one room, separate -tables and shelves are set aside for children. As libraries -grow in grade, separate rooms are provided with -special attendants as well. Here the shelving, tables -and chairs are lower, often of two or three suitable sizes.</p> - -<p>The idea at the outset was to segregate children so -that their motion and chatter should not annoy adults -who were using the library; now the notion is entirely -educational, to catch and interest young children, -so that they will continue to use the library as they -grow up. There are even separate rooms for smaller -tots, on the kindergarten idea of attracting them with -pictures before they begin to read. This purpose is -furthered by having suitable pictures on the walls. -Rooms are also fitted up for small audiences to whom -stories are read or told.</p> - -<p>Although children are only expected for a few hours -every day, they are apt to swarm at those hours. The -room or rooms so used ought to be at the same time homelike, -cozy, attractive, and also well ventilated. The -ground floor is the best place, though the basement has<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_319"></a>[319]</span> -often to be used, in default of room above, and children -have been sent up one flight of stairs, because they are -better able to climb than adults. The stairs and hand -rails should in this case conform to children’s stature. -If they can be shut off from the reading room by sound-proof -partitions, quiet is preserved for the readers. -Children are apt to be restless and murmurous if not -noisy. “Children do not mind noise and crowding; -adults do.” In large buildings separate entrances are -provided for children.</p> - -<p>Special reference rooms are even provided in some -libraries, and in the largest buildings teachers’ rooms -adjoin, so as to bring all school influences into the same -suite and system.</p> - -<p>Bostwick<a id="FNanchor_333" href="#Footnote_333" class="fnanchor">[333]</a> advises (why?) that shelving should be -confined to the walls if possible.</p> - -<p>In planning, the librarian should determine the scheme -he will adopt for treating this problem, and a room or -portion of a room or a suite of rooms should be assigned -and fitted after the latest and most approved manner.</p> - -<p>Discussion is still active, and new methods are developed -yearly with constantly improving conveniences.</p> - -<p>In England this movement appears to be viewed -with some distrust. Duff-Brown<a id="FNanchor_334" href="#Footnote_334" class="fnanchor">[334]</a> speaks of “the epidemic -raging in the United States.” But he devotes -four paragraphs to it, and Champneys<a id="FNanchor_335" href="#Footnote_335" class="fnanchor">[335]</a> three pages. -The latter, quoting Clay’s School Buildings, gives an -interesting formula of heights of seats and tables for -children of different ages, though he thinks it difficult -to get the small children to use low tables and the reverse. -He also specifies the need of low hand rails for -children on stairs; even two rails, one for adults, one for -children.</p> - -<p>See Marvin, pp. 12, 17, 18; Dana, Lib. Pr., 167; Bostwick, -78, 85; L. J. 1897, p. 181; Conf. 19, 28; 10 P. L. 346.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_320"></a>[320]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-165">Women’s Rooms</h4> - -<p>The separation of boys and girls, usually by a low -hand rail, is favored in children’s rooms, by obvious -parallelism with school customs, but the separation of -men and women into different rooms has never been -common in America, although separate tables are sometimes -assigned to “the use of ladies.” But no “woman’s -room” is a necessity to consider in planning. In England -it has been different. Duff-Brown<a id="FNanchor_336" href="#Footnote_336" class="fnanchor">[336]</a> reports eighty -women’s rooms among over four hundred public libraries -there, but he pronounces them unnecessary. Champneys<a id="FNanchor_337" href="#Footnote_337" class="fnanchor">[337]</a> -also thinks them “an indifferent success.” “Experience -has proved that a separate room for women is -unnecessary.”—(<i>Burgoyne.</i><a id="FNanchor_338" href="#Footnote_338" class="fnanchor">[338]</a>) If that is the verdict -where they have been extensively tried, there seems to -be no good precedent for wasting space on them in -American libraries.</p> - -<p>In various discussions of this subject, it has been -stated that women sometimes use tables set aside for -them, but not special rooms, and that such rooms require -closer supervision, because the few who use them are -more apt to mutilate or deface books and periodicals -than any other class of readers.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_321"></a>[321]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-166">The Blind</h4> - -<p>See Bostwick’s chapter on “Libraries for the Blind.”<a id="FNanchor_339" href="#Footnote_339" class="fnanchor">[339]</a></p> - -<p>“Books for the blind are handled by a public library -in much the same way as those for the seeing. It is -common to have a separate department or suite of -rooms, but this is not necessary.... Owing to the -size of the books, shelving for them is of unusual depth.... -Free access to the shelves is as valuable to a blind -reader as to one who has the use of his eyes.”</p> - -<p>“The question of space will arise in many places. No -space could, however, be devoted to a more humane -and valuable purpose than the storage of books for the -blind, and every encouragement and support should be -given to the movement.”—<i>Duff-Brown.</i><a id="FNanchor_340" href="#Footnote_340" class="fnanchor">[340]</a></p> - -<p>Because of the space required, very careful consideration -should be given by the building committee as to -how much space the conditions of their community will -allow them to give to such special wants. If they -decide to have rooms for the blind, these ought to be, -if possible, near an entrance from the street level. In -regard to dimensions, shelving, etc., the librarian would -best inquire of some library of the same grade and class. -Experience is the best teacher, and the local treatment -of this subject must be defined and specially planned for.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_322"></a>[322]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-167">Special Rooms</h4> - -<p>Small libraries have no space for differentiation. One -room, or a few rooms, must be divided by rails, low -bookcases, or glass partitions, into the functions they -can manage to separate. But as a library enlarges, and -grows to other stories, it finds many advantages in segregating -different classes of books and readers, thus -approaching Dr. Poole’s plan of separate reading rooms, -or the department plan in universities. Even before -any such activities have grown enough to occupy a full -room, any space in a new plan which can be spared may -well be marked “unassigned.”</p> - -<p>Some of these rooms are used in all public libraries -of all sizes except the smallest; some of them are desirable -in many other classes of libraries.</p> - -<p>These rooms, in about the order of need, as libraries -grow, are,—</p> - -<ul> -<li>(1) Local Literature,</li> -<li>(2) Study,</li> -<li>(3) Classes,</li> -<li>(4) Patents, Science, Useful Arts,</li> -<li>(5) Public Documents,</li> -<li>(6) Art: Prints,</li> -<li>(7) Music,</li> -<li>(8) Maps,</li> -<li>(9) Education,</li> -<li>(10) Lectures,</li> -<li>(11) Exhibitions,</li> -<li>(12) Pamphlets,</li> -<li>(13) Bound Serials,</li> -<li>(14) Special Collections,</li> -<li>(15) Information,</li> -<li>(16) Conversation,</li> -<li>(17) Unassigned.</li> -</ul> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_323"></a>[323]</span></p> - -<p>These rooms, except Information, do not demand -ground-floor space, but can be assigned to upper floors. -In a large library, they will be accessible by elevators -anywhere; in a two-story library, or even in one of three -stories with easy flights of stairs, the fewer readers who -want to use them may be asked to climb rather than -the larger throngs of general readers or borrowers of -books.</p> - -<p id="subhead-168"><b>Local Literature.</b> I take up this first, because even -a very small library may begin a collection, if only part -of a shelf can be given to it. “In a small place,” says -Bostwick,<a id="FNanchor_341" href="#Footnote_341" class="fnanchor">[341]</a> “the library may go as far in such directions -as its resources warrant, and even without financial -ability, it may stimulate sufficient interest to secure -volunteer helpers.” If you have or can get to look at -Duff-Brown,<a id="FNanchor_342" href="#Footnote_342" class="fnanchor">[342]</a> see his specification of the books, etc., a -library may include in a “local collection.” Everything -local in the way of printed matter, is his summary. -See a series of articles in The Library Asso. Rec., Vol. 7, -1905, pp. 1 to 30, and Vol. 13, p. 268. This is an English -example well worth following.</p> - -<p>A local collection may include, besides books and -pamphlets, maps, prints, even pictures, for which -hanging space will be needed on the walls. Indeed, if a -local antiquarian society can be drawn in as assistant -handlers and curators, such a collection may assume a -museum phase, and may need low bookcases for books, -with ledges above for models and busts, cupboards for -pamphlets and small objects, even glass cases for relics. -It should have floor space for visitors before all these -cases, and a large table and chairs for committee meetings. -It is one of the rooms which might be shared by -the trustees where accommodations are restricted. -There is ample opportunity for special planning in such<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_324"></a>[324]</span> -a room, in accordance with the policies of the administration -of the library.</p> - -<p id="subhead-169"><b>Study Rooms.</b> Here again the smallest libraries -cannot spare special facilities. All users must share the -limited space available. But when they get beyond the -one-room or one-floor stage, some corners or intervals -between other departments, or ends of corridors, or -mezzanine rooms, might be found for private rooms, to -be used for individuals, either alone or with one scribe -or typewriter. Even in small towns, there are cultivated -citizens, or professional people, or teachers, or -reporters, even authors, who wish to use books, and -prepare manuscripts alone, and can safely be trusted -to do so without supervision. How great a service -such rooms might do in any American community, I -do not think is generally recognized.</p> - -<p>“It is the library alone that can furnish inventors, -investigators, and students of all kinds the opportunity -to forestall wasteful effort.”—<i>Bostwick.</i><a id="FNanchor_343" href="#Footnote_343" class="fnanchor">[343]</a></p> - -<p>For individuals, such rooms can be small, and low, -of almost any form, simply furnished with one small -table and two chairs, with shelves at one side or end for -a few books, and one window, not necessarily large, but -giving good light on the table.</p> - -<p>“A large room with stalls, or a series of small rooms -with shelves, for students making protracted investigations -and needing to keep books several days.”—<i>Winsor.</i><a id="FNanchor_344" href="#Footnote_344" class="fnanchor">[344]</a></p> - -<p>Duff-Brown, however, thinks that students’ rooms -only establish another “privileged class,” and make -further demands upon the staff for service and oversight.</p> - -<p id="subhead-170"><b>Rooms for Classes.</b> In close connection with the -last idea (indeed rooms might be interchanged for use<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_325"></a>[325]</span> -either several and collective), are the many classes, -clubs, associations, etc., in the community so closely -connected with the use of books that the library ought -to offer them whatever hospitality its space can afford.</p> - -<p>“The modern public library is the helpful friend of -scientific, art, and historical societies, of the educational -labor organizations, of city improvement organizations, of -teachers’ clubs, parents’ societies, and women’s clubs. At -the library should be rooms suitable for their gatherings.”</p> - -<p>“One of the most important things in a library of any -size is a room where a class can be met by their teacher, -and not interfere with the regular work of the library.”—<i>C. A. Cutter.</i><a id="FNanchor_345" href="#Footnote_345" class="fnanchor">[345]</a></p> - -<p>“Study clubs, reading circles, extension teaching, and -other allied agents.”—<i>Dewey.</i></p> - -<p>See liberal and well-lighted group of “seminar rooms” -in the Wisconsin State Historical Society plans.—<i>Adams.</i><a id="FNanchor_346" href="#Footnote_346" class="fnanchor">[346]</a></p> - -<p>In a paper by Arthur E. Bostwick (which I happened -upon in an English periodical<a id="FNanchor_347" href="#Footnote_347" class="fnanchor">[347]</a>), there is this interesting -account of the various uses of rooms in branch libraries -at St. Louis: “Each has an assembly room <i>and one or -more club rooms</i>, which are loaned free to any organizations -desiring to use them for intellectual advancement, -or for legitimate forms of recreation, such as women’s -clubs, chess clubs, groups of working men, socialists, -classes in literature and philosophy, self-culture, and -reading circles, art or handicraft societies, athletic clubs, -dramatic clubs, military organizations, ecclesiastical -bodies, the Boy Scouts, high school alumni, English -classes for immigrants, D. A. R., etc.” I imagine that -most trustees would draw the line far short of the “etc.,” -but the list indicates to what length libraries are going -on social and sociological lines, for which provision -must be made in building.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_326"></a>[326]</span></p> - -<p>Rooms for this purpose may be plainly painted and -plainly furnished, but should be adequately high, especially -well ventilated and made cheerful by color and -light. How to define their sizes would be a matter for -the local librarian to guess at, with his line of activities -well mapped out. Where so much work beyond mere -reading is to be done, there should be at least one sizable -lecture room (the basement would do), one or more -large rooms divisible by screens into several smaller -rooms, and as many smaller rooms with sound-proof -provisions as space would allow.</p> - -<p id="subhead-171"><b>Patents, Science, Useful Arts.</b> In industrial communities -a room or suite of rooms for the literature of -science and the useful arts, including sets of English -and American patent specifications, will be found useful. -Winsor<a id="FNanchor_348" href="#Footnote_348" class="fnanchor">[348]</a> emphasized the necessity of providing for rapid -growth in this department, at that time “150 large volumes -a year.”</p> - -<p>A small library may properly shelve such scientific -books as would especially benefit its working constituency, -but could not think of patent reports. This is a -luxury for the large libraries only, with present and -prospective space to spare. Floor space is necessary -for readers, with tables large and plentiful enough for -many large volumes and plates outspread. Shelf room -is needed around the walls or in alcoves, on the ground -floor for the octavos, above for the larger books. Where -the stories of the building have been already made -lofty (it would not be necessary to have them lofty for -this room alone), a favorite form has recurred to the -first American “typical plan,” to have around the -walls tiers of alcoves and galleries combined, about -the only place this discredited arrangement survives.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_327"></a>[327]</span></p> - -<p>Where the height of stories does not invite this form, -such rooms can well take a frequent law library phase, -with tables near front windows and combinations of -wall shelving and wall cases opposite the windows, -narrow alcoves as it were, for book storage, but not for -readers.</p> - -<p>Here seems an excellent opportunity to install some -form of the new sliding cases, say a row of such cases -along an inner blind wall, with tables and chairs toward -the windows.</p> - -<p id="subhead-172"><b>Public Documents.</b> “Pub. Docs.” are a burden on -all libraries. They are the first gift to small village -libraries, the accumulating gifts to growing libraries, the -incubus on large libraries, and yet all feel obliged to -keep at least part of them. Some of the national and -state publications are very valuable, when distributed -throughout the classes to which they belong; but of the -large mass of records which ought to be preserved somewhere, -what shall be retained, and where shall it be -kept?</p> - -<p>“Do not waste time, in the early days of the library, -in securing public documents, save a few of purely -local value. Take them if offered and store them.”—<i>Dana.</i><a id="FNanchor_349" href="#Footnote_349" class="fnanchor">[349]</a></p> - -<p>See the sensible suggestions of Bostwick:<a id="FNanchor_350" href="#Footnote_350" class="fnanchor">[350]</a> “Government -documents are a bugbear to many libraries.... We -have some getting more than they want, others -that have to buy them. The library of moderate size, -not a repository, is inclined to disregard all government -publications, which is a pity. The large library will -shelve everything.”</p> - -<p>A serious problem in planning is where to stow this -superfluity without interfering with essentials.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_328"></a>[328]</span></p> - -<p>In an old house closets, upper stories and dry cellars -can be fitted with fixed wooden shelving (for the sets are -of uniform or similar sizes), some for octavos, some for -quartos. New buildings may have a room or rooms -assigned almost anywhere out of the way, even in the -center of cellar or attic, with only artificial light. If the -original or duplicates of the most important volumes are -shelved under subjects elsewhere, the use of pub. docs. -will be so infrequent that their location is a subordinate -question.</p> - -<p>How much space to assign is a question that depends -on the circumstances and policy of the library; for -instance, whether it is keeping United States, state and -foreign government issues; or only one or part of one. -In a small library a closet or an obscure corner will do. -In a larger library, a dry part of the basement or cellar -is enough. In a very large library, wherever space -can be best spared.</p> - -<p>Here again sliding cases may come into play.</p> - -<p>How much space this literature may occupy is indicated -in the L. C. Report of 1901,<a id="FNanchor_351" href="#Footnote_351" class="fnanchor">[351]</a> which states that -there were 87,654 volumes under this head in the Library -of Congress at that date, besides 12,442 state “Session -laws.”</p> - -<p id="subhead-173"><b>Duplicates.</b> A room for laying aside duplicates is -needed in all libraries large enough to have them. It -needs as much rough wooden wall or floor shelving as -the number or prospective number of duplicates demands, -and can be put in cellar, basement, attic, or in -any place not needed by the more active departments. -It is one of the rooms that do not absolutely need good -natural light, because it is not to be used by readers -or the public.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_329"></a>[329]</span></p> - -<p>There should, however, be space enough for ready -access to the books by attendants, and light enough -for inspection. If there is to be any attempt made at -systematic and continued exchange of duplicates with -other libraries, this space and light will be more needed -than if storage only is required.</p> - -<p>As handling, access and inspection may be required -at any moment, this class of books seems hardly adapted -to sliding-case shelving.</p> - -<p id="subhead-174"><b>Art.</b> Small libraries cannot spare a separate room for -this literature. But in many buildings in æsthetic -communities of no great size, an “Art Room” is set -aside before other extra departments attain the dignity -of separation. Often a suite of rooms is assigned to -the ornamental arts, Art, Prints and Photographs, -Architecture, etc. Here, if anywhere, some elaboration -in cases, shelving and furniture, in harmony with the -motive, is excusable. The rooms surely should be most -attractive in form and color. The bindings in themselves -of books of these classes are usually decorative.</p> - -<p>An unusual proportion of the shelving should be designed -for large quartos and folios, to be laid flat and -handled with care; part of the shelves, at least, with -rollers.</p> - -<p>Glazed bookcases preserve valuable books from dust -and grime. Sliding doors leave them accessible. Large -tables or desks or sloping ledges, with specially good -light, are needed.</p> - -<p>The location of such rooms should be prominent. No -space can usually be spared on the ground floor, but a -second floor, with simple, dignified, easy stairs, is an -excellent location, and the top floor superb, as it allows -good top light without interfering with wall space for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_330"></a>[330]</span> -shelving and engravings above. Especially is this floor -appropriate, if its center is allotted to an exhibition -room on whose walls or in whose cases public exhibitions -of the library’s artistic prints and portfolios can -be occasionally held.</p> - -<p><b>Prints.</b> Bostwick<a id="FNanchor_352" href="#Footnote_352" class="fnanchor">[352]</a> says, “A department of the public -library that is increasing in interest, and that may be -said to be partly art collection, partly repository of -useful information in pictorial form, is the print department.... Such -collections are of value” (to eight -specified classes of readers).</p> - -<p>This use should be considered in planning an art room -or suite.</p> - -<p>See fine photographic view of the Division of Prints -in L. C. Report 1901,<a id="FNanchor_353" href="#Footnote_353" class="fnanchor">[353]</a> which will suggest ideas of arrangement.</p> - -<p><b>Public Photographing.</b> “In connection with such a -suite, in libraries where visitors are allowed to make -copies, a small room fitted for photographing, with an -adjoining dark room, would be a convenience. In the -largest libraries copies might be made for users at their -cost.”—<i>Burgoyne.</i><a id="FNanchor_354" href="#Footnote_354" class="fnanchor">[354]</a></p> - -<p>Bernard R. Green writes me, from the Library of -Congress, “Be sure to emphasize conveniences for -photographing and other processes of copying.”</p> - -<p>Dr. Garnett in Essays on Librarianship<a id="FNanchor_355" href="#Footnote_355" class="fnanchor">[355]</a> argues that -every first class library should have a department to -reproduce books and manuscripts by photography, -managed by an expert on permanent salary, with a complete -equipment.</p> - -<p>Burgoyne, in The Libr. Asso. Record,<a id="FNanchor_356" href="#Footnote_356" class="fnanchor">[356]</a> wishes for public -use in large libraries “a room say 10 × 15 with north light, -for making photographic copies of prints and plates so that -valuable books need not be taken from the premises.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_331"></a>[331]</span></p> - -<p id="subhead-175"><b>Music.</b> Small libraries cannot afford a separate -room for this use. Such provision as is necessary can -be made in the open access rooms or near the desk. -Bostwick remarks<a id="FNanchor_357" href="#Footnote_357" class="fnanchor">[357]</a> that music is more valuable for -circulation than for reference, sheets of music, and -collections, being usually in quarto or small folio size. -Duff-Brown advises<a id="FNanchor_358" href="#Footnote_358" class="fnanchor">[358]</a> that it be shelved with uprights -only eighteen inches apart, so that volumes or pieces -will support each other.</p> - -<p>As the collection assumes an important size, and -includes sets of opera scores and assembled works, it -may be given a separate room, or two small rooms, with -special wall shelving. It has become somewhat usual, -in large libraries, to put a piano here for trying scores, -and phonographs for repeating them. When this is -done, the room or one of the rooms should, of course, -have perfectly sound-proof partitions, to shut off sound -from other departments.</p> - -<p>Provision of some kind must be considered for pianola -rolls and phonographic records.</p> - -<p>This department may well be assigned to an upper -floor. It should, of course, provide shelving for the -literature of music.</p> - -<p id="subhead-176"><b>Maps.</b> Any small library may have atlases, for -which special shelving must be provided. An economical -provision can be made by putting flat shelving under -the table holding the catalog case.</p> - -<p>A separate room for this branch of literature, which -includes bound volumes, loose sheets, wall charts, -globes, etc., is set aside only in large libraries. It cannot -be expected on the ground floor, but might be on -the same floor with Art, as it requires similar height, -arrangement, light, and access.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_332"></a>[332]</span></p> - -<p>Maps are kept in three forms, as in volumes (either -coming in atlases, or bound up by the library) or in -loose sheets or on rollers. For volumes, sliding, flat, -and upright shelving will provide suitable stowage. -For sheet maps or charts, large, shallow wooden drawers -in dust-proof cases, sometimes with wooden flaps in -front, are usual. Patent metallic map-cases are better, -but more expensive. A high room affords wall space -for such charts as can be read at a distance, and are -frequently used. Wall space from the floor up should -be reserved for hanging maps. Andrews and others -recommend Jenkins’ Map Roller. For using maps in -any form, large tables in the centre of the room (trestle -tables will do, to be brought in when wanted), and sloping -desks or ledges under the windows, may be provided.</p> - -<p>As sufficient space for this department is often hard -to spare, a good location for it is at the end of a corridor. -Here doors can be omitted, and the corridor space can -be taken into the room. The corridor wall opposite -windows is a fine place for hanging maps; the floor of -the corridor, for globes and the like.</p> - -<p>See C. W. Andrews,<a id="FNanchor_359" href="#Footnote_359" class="fnanchor">[359]</a> Windsor,<a id="FNanchor_360" href="#Footnote_360" class="fnanchor">[360]</a> Bostwick,<a id="FNanchor_361" href="#Footnote_361" class="fnanchor">[361]</a> Duff-Brown,<a id="FNanchor_362" href="#Footnote_362" class="fnanchor">[362]</a> -Champneys,<a id="FNanchor_363" href="#Footnote_363" class="fnanchor">[363]</a> The Library Assistant, Vol. 8.<a id="FNanchor_364" href="#Footnote_364" class="fnanchor">[364]</a> -See also a fine view of the Library of Congress map -room in their 1901 report.<a id="FNanchor_365" href="#Footnote_365" class="fnanchor">[365]</a> To show how important a -department this may become, and what room it may -occupy, take note that the Library of Congress has 2,600 -atlases and 57,000 maps and charts.</p> - -<p id="subhead-177"><b>Education.</b> This is an important subject in large -libraries, and may even demand a separate room in -smaller grades where there is much school work done.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_333"></a>[333]</span></p> - -<p>A simple room of moderate size and height, simply -furnished, with wall shelving or floor cases for pedagogic -literature will answer all purposes for teachers, committees -and interested citizens.</p> - -<p>Its position would best be near the school or children’s -department, using the same entrance.</p> - -<p>It might also be used for teachers with classes, for -laying out and sending out books to schools, or for a -school reference department.</p> - -<p>Indeed, as all Art rooms may properly be grouped -together and assigned to the same floor, all rooms connected -with children, schools, teachers, or education -should be shared, or grouped together with a common -entrance, corridor, or stairway.</p> - -<p id="subhead-178"><b>Lectures.</b> There seems to be a difference of opinion -in this country as to the necessity or even the advisability -of giving up space to assembly rooms or lecture -rooms.</p> - -<p>“In a small building an assembly room is a nuisance,” -says Bostwick.<a id="FNanchor_366" href="#Footnote_366" class="fnanchor">[366]</a> See, however, his enumeration quoted -under Rooms for Classes,<a id="FNanchor_367" href="#Footnote_367" class="fnanchor">[367]</a> of the uses to which an -assembly room has been put in a St. Louis branch.</p> - -<p>In England, lecture rooms among progressive libraries -are considered essential.<a id="FNanchor_368" href="#Footnote_368" class="fnanchor">[368]</a></p> - -<p>It seems to me that a part of the basement, in all -buildings which have basements, can generally be spared -for a fairly large room to be put to a variety of uses, -which even if not directly germane to the use of books, -are proper work for a neighborhood club, which is what -the modern small or branch library is coming to be. -A fine room can be made under radial bookcases.</p> - -<p>It is not necessary, or wise to have a sloping floor -such as is used in colleges or public halls; too much -height would be wasted by the slope. Nor need the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_334"></a>[334]</span> -platform be large or high;—a foot high, enough for -store-room under it, through trap doors, for such extra -camp chairs as are needed for audiences; with enough -light, removable tables, and light chairs for all uses to -which the room might be put; a dead white wall back -of the platform, and such arrangements as would allow -stereopticon exhibitions; effective ventilation for a full -room, even with the low ceilings of a basement, and you -have provision for many needs of a small library. In -larger buildings larger rooms may be provided, but -always such as could be used in various ways, at different -hours of day or night.</p> - -<p>Six square feet, Duff-Brown<a id="FNanchor_369" href="#Footnote_369" class="fnanchor">[369]</a> and Champneys<a id="FNanchor_370" href="#Footnote_370" class="fnanchor">[370]</a> consider -enough to allow for every auditor, including seats, -gangways and platforms. Marvin<a id="FNanchor_371" href="#Footnote_371" class="fnanchor">[371]</a> says the same, but -does not include platform.</p> - -<p>For the use of audiences, while the rest of the library -is working, there should be a separate outside door or -wide door into a corridor directly communicating with -the outside.</p> - -<p>As such rooms are not so much used for reading, and -are not high in the walls, light fixtures need not be so -numerous or powerful.</p> - -<p id="subhead-179"><b>Exhibitions.</b> Where funds are scant, I doubt whether -it is best to provide an art gallery for permanent or occasional -exhibitions of pictures, with the necessary disposition -of lights. But in sizable buildings, a large room -can be spared for exhibitions directly or indirectly connected -with books, and such a room can be so fitted up -as to receive busts, statues and pictures presented to -the library.</p> - -<p>The center of the top floor of the main building offers -an excellent position for a large room for exhibition -purposes, with daylight from the roof. If suitable wall<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_335"></a>[335]</span> -material and covers are provided as background for -pictures, with picture mouldings and with glass cases -for the floor, it is ready for showing specimens of printing -or binding, rare books, manuscripts, or prints and -engravings.</p> - -<p>As such an apartment would not be used for reading, -it may be a common corridor for many rooms opening -around it, which are devoted partly to exhibition, partly -to consultation; for instance, art, music and maps. Thus -arranged, the top floor would segregate many functions -which elsewhere might interfere with the quiet of -readers; and would provide most agreeable conversation -facilities.</p> - -<p id="subhead-180"><b>Pamphlets.</b> In many libraries gifts of pamphlets -are received, which cannot be separately catalogued at -once. It is sometimes necessary to let them accumulate -until time is found to assort them, decide what to keep -and what to give away, what to bind and what to file -in pamphlet boxes. In small libraries they can be kept -temporarily in closets. In large libraries they often -assume such bulk as will fill a room. Their stay in this -form is so temporary that the room assigned can be -remote (in the attic, for instance, of an old house), and -very plain, not even finished, except for such light as -will be needed in sorting and such heating as will keep -workers comfortable.</p> - -<p>Trestle tables, kitchen chairs, rough fixed wooden -wall or floor shelving, will answer all purposes, and save -money for use elsewhere. When the pamphlets are -boxed or made ready for binding, they need not return -here, but may find their places elsewhere in the stack or -special rooms.</p> - -<p id="subhead-181"><b>Bound Serials.</b> Except a few serials which cover -only special subjects, these are usually kept together, -for general magazines in use are somewhat like encyclopædias.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_336"></a>[336]</span> -They are perhaps more readable, but are -not often used for reading; rather for reference through -Poole and other indexes. In any considerable collection -they occupy so much shelf room that they will soon -fill a large room by themselves, and they are so kept in -many libraries. In the Library of Congress there are -123,805 volumes of bound periodicals, 68,127 of them -“general.”<a id="FNanchor_372" href="#Footnote_372" class="fnanchor">[372]</a> If placed in the stack, the basement is a -good assignment for them, for various reasons. If -they are to have a room elsewhere it can be anywhere -available; with wooden floor cases (movable shelves) and -plain walls and ceiling so colored as to reflect light. -As they are often heavy and awkward to handle, and as -readers may want to give them a first examination on -the spot, tables at one side of the room and carrels in the -windows will facilitate use.</p> - -<p>Sets of society publications are often kept in the -same room with these serials.</p> - -<p><b>Bound Newspapers.</b> These require different storage. -Small libraries will have to keep what they get, -as they keep atlases and other folios. Growing libraries -which have fireproof vaults will want to keep valuable -local files there. Larger libraries with many newspapers -must settle just how to keep them. It is not wise, even -not possible, to set such heavy folios on end; they must -be kept flat on the shelves. At first, economy may -require using plain wooden shelves of special measurements, -laying two or three folios on their sides on each -shelf. But if there is much use of the papers, handling -them in this way is difficult for readers and injurious -to the folios. As soon as money can be spared, proper -conservation and convenience require metallic roller -shelves, which specialists will furnish. Those in the -Massachusetts State Library have been found very -satisfactory.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_337"></a>[337]</span></p> - -<p>Champneys<a id="FNanchor_373" href="#Footnote_373" class="fnanchor">[373]</a> advises “very rough and ready storage; -special rooms with open racks; magazines around the -walls, newspapers in the center.”</p> - -<p id="subhead-182"><b>Special Collections.</b> “Large libraries are apt to -receive gifts, to be kept apart, either from direction or -policy.”—(<i>Winsor.</i><a id="FNanchor_374" href="#Footnote_374" class="fnanchor">[374]</a>) “A large library never has enough -rooms for them.”—(<i>Poole.</i><a id="FNanchor_375" href="#Footnote_375" class="fnanchor">[375]</a>) Fletcher<a id="FNanchor_376" href="#Footnote_376" class="fnanchor">[376]</a> speaks of the -numerous gifts to libraries to buy books in some special -department, giving a list of eighty-two subjects of such -benefactions, with the names of recipient libraries, summarized -from Lane and Bolton’s Harvard Bibliographical -Contributions. The Library of Congress Report -of 1901<a id="FNanchor_377" href="#Footnote_377" class="fnanchor">[377]</a> gives a list of over one hundred and fifty subjects -for separate rooms. Duff-Brown<a id="FNanchor_378" href="#Footnote_378" class="fnanchor">[378]</a> mentions many -English special collections.</p> - -<p>Where the donations or bequests are generous, it is -customary to set aside separate rooms named for the -donor, to books thus given. As such libraries are not -often for popular reading, but are used mainly by special -students, they may be assigned to upper floors. Gratitude -suggests that they be treated more ornately than -the stack, or the general reading rooms, and in such -suites, indeed, there is opportunity for an artistic architect -to get noble effects without extravagant expenditure. -Wall shelving is appropriate, or even alcoves, for -their idea is like that of private or club libraries. Floor -cases or special stacks of less severe plainness than -must be used elsewhere, are needed as the collections -become so large as to require close packing.</p> - -<p>The local librarian can tell how many such rooms are -needed for the collections already set aside, but how -many to anticipate in building is hard for anyone to -say. Rooms or floors may be reserved, and marked<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_338"></a>[338]</span> -“unassigned,” but experience shows that such spare -spaces are usually wanted for some growth before the -new building is completed.</p> - -<p id="subhead-183"><b>Information.</b> In small libraries there is some attendant -at the general delivery desk who can answer miscellaneous -questions. In larger libraries, this duty is -often assigned to one of the staff occupying a separate -desk near the delivery or the public catalog, or supervising -the reading room. In large libraries the Providence -example is good, where a counter on one side of -the large delivery hall is set aside for this use, with its -special collection of reference books handy. Only in -very large buildings is a separate room necessary and even -then it will generally be better to use a small room near -the vestibule, or a nook, or niche or counter, wherever -most convenient for the public to inquire and where it -interferes least with other uses.</p> - -<p id="subhead-184"><b>Conversation.</b> Strict quiet is so necessary in -reading rooms, and talking has to be discouraged so -much in most of the building, that a large library ought -to have some place when staff or visitors can be allowed -a chance to talk when they must. Corridors are usually -free from restraint, but it is not often possible to find -seats there, or secure privacy. Vestibules and lobbies, -however, are never needed for reading, and even if used -for exhibitions, can allow more or less comfortable seats, -so arranged in window nooks or recesses as to afford -quiet corners for conversation. The crossing of corridors, -or room under a dome (if such an architectural -misfortune happens) can be utilized for this purpose; -indeed, any vacant spaces on the floor plans, such as -abound in many buildings, can be used for exhibition, -decoration, information, conversation, even perhaps for -smoking,—any diversions outside of reading which -readers might like.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_339"></a>[339]</span></p> - -<p>Miss Marvin<a id="FNanchor_379" href="#Footnote_379" class="fnanchor">[379]</a> wants, even in small libraries, “a room -in which conversation may be allowed, for the use of -committees and for adults who meet at the library by -appointment.”</p> - -<p>“Conversation rooms,” says Champneys,<a id="FNanchor_380" href="#Footnote_380" class="fnanchor">[380]</a> “may certainly -be introduced in large libraries, and their presence -has the advantage of being a continual reminder that -conversation is not permitted in the reading rooms. -In small libraries ... the addition of a large room -which can be used for committee meetings, lectures, -exhibitions, and a variety of other purposes, cannot -but be recommended.”</p> - -<p>In other words, talk can be allowed in lecture or -exhibition rooms.</p> - -<p>Staff talk is well provided for in any library in the -staff work and rest rooms. Subdued talk about books -might be allowed in reference rooms or open access -rooms. This, with freedom to talk in halls and vestibules, -may preclude necessity for a separate conversation -room even in large libraries.</p> - -<p id="subhead-185"><b>Unassigned.</b> Notwithstanding this list of special -rooms required, including most of the uses which can be -foreseen, there is always opportunity in a progressive -library, for more space still to be used, either in enlarging -departments, or in establishing new ones. In -planning, the wise way is to include specific assignment -of space or rooms to all existing departments, and such -others as seem to be on the lines of probable development, -but also to get more room still, to be marked -“unassigned.” It will be taken up sooner than anyone -anticipates. Indeed, as has been already said, there -are many instances, where the spare space left “unassigned” -in planning has been claimed even before the -building is finished.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_340"></a>[340]</span></p> - -<p>Instead of having lofty rooms, it is always best to -divide the height of a library into as many floors as -possible, making none loftier than actual use will -require for light and ventilation. Never allow superfluous -height of rooms or stories for architectural effect, -outside or inside. Only by watching and limiting -waste of space, in breadth, length or height, can you -get the maximum of opportunity out of money you -spend, or be able to get either all the departments you -want or unassigned room additional.</p> - -<p>If basement or cellar is not all taken up with your -assignment of departments and rooms, underdrain and -line the foundations carefully, and provide for such -future features as duplicates, public documents, or -rows of sliding cases for close packing of less used -books.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_341"></a>[341]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-186">PART IV<br /> -<span class="smaller">FURNITURE AND EQUIPMENT</span></h3> - -<p>I have mentioned these already under different -headings, where they materially affected the size, shape, -lighting, or situation of rooms. I shall not go into an -enumeration or description of different outfit, because -there are so many specialists, so many tastes, so many -systems in different libraries, that selection of the latest -and best devices offered by dealers accessible to the -librarian is very easy. But a few general remarks on -one or two articles, may properly be included in a -general discussion on planning.</p> - -<p>In the first place, never allow the furniture, fixtures or -fittings to be chosen primarily for architectural effect, -but for special use and fitness in every detail. In -material, in shape, in hue, have them harmonize with -the surroundings, for in such harmony lies the most -effective and the least expensive beauty. Here, the -taste of the architect can be of the utmost assistance. -But, if possible, bar out what has been called “architectural” -furniture, even if money can be spared for it. -Heavy show-pieces, hard to move, hard to use, inconvenient, -uncomfortable, wasteful of space, are an -abomination in any library.</p> - -<p>As to proportion of expenditure, Duff-Brown<a id="FNanchor_381" href="#Footnote_381" class="fnanchor">[381]</a> allows -eighteen per cent of total cost for fittings and furniture. -He suggests, however, that fittings which are fixtures -should be counted as part of the permanent structure. -Perhaps this qualification explains the different estimate -of Champneys,<a id="FNanchor_382" href="#Footnote_382" class="fnanchor">[382]</a> who allows only ten per cent for furniture.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_342"></a>[342]</span></p> - -<p>Bostwick<a id="FNanchor_383" href="#Footnote_383" class="fnanchor">[383]</a> also recommends that fixtures be included -in the general contract, and movables (which he specifies) -be bought separately. He makes an excellent suggestion, -that where this is done, a piece of the material to -be matched, in its finished form, be sawed in two, and -one piece handed to each contractor, so that the furniture -and fixtures will match exactly. How important -this is will be realized at many libraries, where the -tint of fittings meant to match, often “swears.”</p> - -<p>Miss Ahern, editor of Public Libraries, writes to me, in -answer to an inquiry:—</p> - -<p>“I believe in putting technical equipment outside the -lines of library building and architecture. A builder -cannot make it as well as a specialist in library equipment.”</p> - -<p>My experience leads me to endorse her advice most -heartily. I would say further, what she probably -modestly refrains from saying, on account of her business -connections, I would get the catalogues of The -Library Bureau, ask and take their advice, and give -them the preference where their prices are as low. I say -this (I have not even an acquaintance with their present -management) because theirs was the first attempt to -serve libraries on this line intelligently, and I have understood -that many years of altruistic experiment, advised -by good librarians, were spent before they even met -their expenses; so that their services merit a reward.</p> - -<p>Miss Marvin<a id="FNanchor_384" href="#Footnote_384" class="fnanchor">[384]</a> gives a “Typical List of Furniture” -for a small building, with prices ruling in her section -at the time she wrote. She fears, however, that she -may have erred toward too great economy, “cheap -furniture being unsightly as well as unprofitable as an -investment.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_343"></a>[343]</span></p> - -<p>One matter apparently often forgotten in planning -is the matching or contrasts of color, furniture as well -as woodwork, shelving, and walls and lamp shades. -Not only is the general cheer and comfort of the library -secured by harmonious environment, but eyesight is -deeply concerned in soft and soothing effects. Here -observation and taste may effect wonders in planning -for both “utilitas” and “venustas.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_344"></a>[344]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-187">Tables</h4> - -<p>These deserve a separate chapter; they are used -everywhere.</p> - -<p>“Good, plain, solid,” epitomizes Champneys.<a id="FNanchor_385" href="#Footnote_385" class="fnanchor">[385]</a></p> - -<p>“Use small tables and light chairs instead of the large -heavy tables and ‘artistic’ chairs, conformed to the -style of the building, but awkward in use.”—<i>Fletcher.</i><a id="FNanchor_386" href="#Footnote_386" class="fnanchor">[386]</a></p> - -<p>“The old style of long tables is now thought cumbersome,” -says Bostwick.<a id="FNanchor_387" href="#Footnote_387" class="fnanchor">[387]</a> This I endorse, though architects -prefer large tables in large rooms, as more in -proportion. He advises small, rectangular or circular -tables for not more than six readers each. I doubt -the circular in libraries where space is scant. They -waste room.</p> - -<p>“Should not be too long, or if double not too narrow.”—<i>Duff-Brown.</i><a id="FNanchor_388" href="#Footnote_388" class="fnanchor">[388]</a></p> - -<p>“Tables for four give readers a feeling of privacy.”—<i>Eastman.</i></p> - -<p>For this reason I rather incline to slightly sloping -desks for two, like school desks, in reading rooms; all -facing one way; all with a low back and sides, with a -fillet at the front, to keep books and papers from falling; -with extension slides or trough drawers for open -books at each side of each reader. This form, it seems -to me, combines a minimum of space for desk and passages, -with a maximum of convenience and seclusion -for readers. In the hours when the room was not -thronged, there would be a desk to a reader. If the -desks were rightly faced and the windows and lamps -well arranged, no reader need have direct rays of light -in his eyes, nor dazzling reflection from his paper.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_345"></a>[345]</span></p> - -<p>As regards height of tables and space to a reader, see -Eastman,<a id="FNanchor_389" href="#Footnote_389" class="fnanchor">[389]</a> Marvin,<a id="FNanchor_390" href="#Footnote_390" class="fnanchor">[390]</a> Bostwick,<a id="FNanchor_391" href="#Footnote_391" class="fnanchor">[391]</a> Champneys,<a id="FNanchor_392" href="#Footnote_392" class="fnanchor">[392]</a> Duff-Brown<a id="FNanchor_393" href="#Footnote_393" class="fnanchor">[393]</a> -and Carr.<a id="FNanchor_394" href="#Footnote_394" class="fnanchor">[394]</a> They differ slightly, and each librarian -would best experiment and judge for himself.</p> - -<p>The British Museum has a kind of voting booth for -each reader, with 4 feet 2 inches width of desk, high -back and side screens for privacy. Cornell has something -similar, but most libraries cannot afford so much -space or such provisions for privacy.</p> - -<p>Polished tops for tables (glass tops are sometimes -inset) promote cleanliness, but are apt to give dazzling -reflections of light.</p> - -<p>One general caution echoed by many authorities -warns against bottom cross rails between table legs. -The scraping of readers’ feet against them is noisy, -drops mud on the floor, and soon wears down the rails.</p> - -<p>Many libraries have umbrella racks at the end of the -tables, and here the owners can certainly have an eye -on them. But if a coat room cannot be provided with -an umbrella stand, cannot such a self-locking rack be -placed in a lobby, as is seen in many restaurants?</p> - -<p>Umbrellas are damp and unsightly as neighbors, and -they occupy space readers might use.</p> - -<p>“Readers’ tables should invariably have hinged -flaps for writing, and slides to be drawn out to enlarge -book space.</p> - -<p>“There should be standing desks also.”—<i>Edwards</i>, -Free Town Libraries.<a id="FNanchor_395" href="#Footnote_395" class="fnanchor">[395]</a></p> - -<p>Perhaps there was a demand by readers for standing -desks in England forty years ago when Edwards wrote, -but few people want to stand now in America while -reading or writing. A fixed standing ledge against any -vacant stretch of wall near directories, dictionaries or -the like, might be a convenience.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_346"></a>[346]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-188">Chairs</h4> - -<p>Chairs are an important element in comfort. Strong -enough for rough and constant use they must be. Graceful, -or at least not ungainly, they ought to be and in -most libraries they cannot be superfluously large. -Indeed, there are many places where room can be saved -by using stools, even fixed revolving stools. In some -places armchairs (simple, not upholstered) will make -readers more comfortable. For instance, in places where -they can take up a book or magazine while reading and -lean on the arms. Where a table is used to lay the book -on, armchairs are not necessary, and they always need -more room than plain chairs.</p> - -<p>For a small library, the simplest kind of strong, -bent-wood chairs suffice. Wood “saddle” seats, or rattan, -are recommended rather than any upholstery, in -larger libraries. To prevent noise, rubber tips to shoe -the legs—the kind that screw in rather than slip on, -are recommended.</p> - -<p>Where there is no special coat room, hat racks underneath -and such wire coat racks on the back, as are -often used on theatre seats, are conveniences. Mr. -Foster has these in the Providence Public Library, but -he tells me they are not much used.</p> - -<p>Chairs look better if they match each other, the -tables, and the shelving, in material, style and color.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_347"></a>[347]</span></p> - -<p>In planning it is wise after you have decided how -many seats you want in each room, to have the architect -sketch a floor plan and draw in shelving, tables -and chairs, allotting to all the space which experience -has taught is required for each reader in each room, as -you intend to run it; and then carefully study the positions -of the furniture and the dimensions of all the -passages, checking results by examination of plans and -visits to libraries which you think are satisfactory, until -you are satisfied that you have reached the maximum -of convenience with a minimum waste of space. A -few hours’ time spent in this apparently trivial matter -may mean much in ease of administration for years to -come.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_348"></a>[348]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-189">Delivery Desks</h4> - -<p>In the very small library, where every expense must -be watched, all the furniture may have to be of common -shapes and material, such as can be bought at the -nearest furniture store. But as soon as any necessary -luxury can be afforded, build or buy a specially designed -charging and delivery desk, for this is the center and heart -of almost all libraries of any size or any class. Do not -have it built by a local carpenter, but wait until you can -buy it from an experienced cabinet maker, or better, -from a first-class library fittings expert. Study catalogs -and plans to see what comes nearest to your -needs and methods. If you find within your means a -model which entirely suits you, get it. But if using -of that or other makes of desks, or trying your own -methods, or suggestions of other librarians, have led -you to think that some modifications would suit better, -it will not cost much more to have them made in the -style which otherwise pleases you. Indeed, if your -wants are wise, you will find that a dealer may meet -them without extra charge, in the hope that his desk will -thus commend itself to other librarians. Only by this -gradual study put into form by clever librarians, can the -ideal desk be gradually evolved.</p> - -<p>See articles in the Library Journal, 19, 368; 21, 324; -22 (Conf.).</p> - -<p>See dimensions, Carr, 18 L. J. 225, Duff-Brown 105.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_349"></a>[349]</span></p> - -<p>From the foregoing remarks on points of contact between -library and public it will be seen that many of -these are localized at a single point—the loan desk. -“This point may be regarded as the heart of a public -circulating library.”—<i>Bostwick.</i><a id="FNanchor_396" href="#Footnote_396" class="fnanchor">[396]</a></p> - -<p>“<i>It may happen that the position and size of this desk -may determine in conspicuous particulars the character -of the whole building.</i>”—<i>Idem.</i><a id="FNanchor_397" href="#Footnote_397" class="fnanchor">[397]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_350"></a>[350]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-190">Catalog Cases</h4> - -<p>As the card system has been so universally adopted -in America, and worked out to such standards of size -that the most convenient makes, dimensions and sizes -of cases for every grade of library are kept in the market -in all large cities, there is no need of describing them -here. But I would make some suggestions as to how -they may influence planning.</p> - -<p>Cases for small libraries may not need a special base, -but can be used on any table, flat desk or ledge. As -the library grows, it needs more cases, and a special -base, such as all makers furnish, may be wanted. As -cards, like books, are more easily used when they can be -seen by the reader without craning or stooping, their -increase is better met by broadening than by piling up, -until wall space fails. In the first form of base used, -it is better to utilize the space under the table, not so -much in the cupboards or open spaces suggested in some -catalogs, as in the upright or flat shelving of the quartos -or folios (such as atlases) not handled so often as to -interfere seriously with use of the cards, the primary purpose -of the cases. This space beneath should certainly -be put to some use wherever space is precious.</p> - -<p>One form of catalog case frequently used is double-faced, -set in the partition between the delivery room -and the cataloguer’s room, the drawers pulling both -ways, so that they can be used alternately in either -room.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_351"></a>[351]</span></p> - -<p>In planning, the first thing is to calculate how many -cards, drawers and cases are needed for the number of -books now in the library, and the annual increase probable, -for at least ten years ahead; better twenty-five -years, if there is wall or floor room which will be vacant -that long. Then comes the very important decision, -vitally affecting the size of the room, perhaps its location, -and the disposition of the windows and lights; -namely, where is the best possible location for the catalog, -considering accessibility, supervision and help? Provision -for growth can be lateral or up and down, or both. -When the drawers get to be more than three or four in a -tier, some provision must be made in front of or beside -them for a ledge or narrow table on which they can be -laid when taken out for inspection. In small libraries -the combined catalog case and atlas rack can be built -so that the table will form a ledge on all sides, for this -use, without other provision.</p> - -<p>Good location and light for the public catalog make one -test of the excellence of your plan.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_352"></a>[352]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-191">Bulletin Boards</h4> - -<p>One thing often forgotten in planning is to leave available -wall space where necessary bulletins can be hung and -easily read,—a practical detail not always seen by the -artistic eye. Everyone has seen dome and rotunda -libraries, all columns and no wall.</p> - -<p>In planning, however, it is not hard to assign opportunities -in spaces sufficiently well lighted, but of no use -otherwise, for hanging bulletin boards, or so treating -walls as to serve that purpose without special boards. -Lobbies, vestibules, corridors, stairways, spacious delivery -rooms, even railings outside, invite such use. -In England, want-lists are cut out from the daily -papers, mounted on boards, and thus hung outside the -library for inspection by the unemployed.</p> - -<p>Places for bulletins should also consider—they do -not always—near-sighted people, and the undersized. -Even in such unprosaic matters, careful planning in -every phase can promote the usefulness of the library. -I remember being shown about a new dome library in the -west, where the librarian turned in distress and asked, -“Do tell me <i>where</i> I can put up my bulletins or lists.” -The only thing I could suggest was that she should get -her architect to design a Parisian kiosk, to be set in the -centre of the useless floor space, under the wasted -heights of the dome; and use the exterior of the kiosk -for bulletins, the interior for the brooms, for which -no closet had been provided.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_353"></a>[353]</span></p> - -<p>Miss Marvin<a id="FNanchor_398" href="#Footnote_398" class="fnanchor">[398]</a> suggests spaces over radiators, shelves, -periodical cases, and book bins. An ordinary screen, -like those used in bar-rooms in any “wide-open” -town, placed in the center of vestibule or hall would -offer two sides for lists and bulletins posted at any -convenient height.</p> - -<p>If you have seen how masts going up through the -cabins of river boats or coasters are backed with mirrors, -you have a hint where to put bulletin boards in buildings -on which columns have been inflicted.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_354"></a>[354]</span></p> - -<h4 id="subhead-192">Other Fittings</h4> - -<p>These vary so much with the grades and classes of -libraries, they change so much as inventions are made -from time to time, that I go into no further details here, -but advise librarians who build to examine each item -they want to use, in the light of the last improvements -and the experience of fellow-librarians.</p> - -<p>[Burgoyne gives thirty-two pages, illustrated, to English -devices.]</p> - -<p>Clocks, thermometers and barometers are especially -recommended by Duff-Brown.<a id="FNanchor_399" href="#Footnote_399" class="fnanchor">[399]</a> Clocks (noiseless) will -be useful in many rooms, also thermometers, but we -do not watch barometers so much in the United States -as our English cousins do.</p> - -<p>A page in your note book devoted to furniture and -gear, when you start out on a reconnoissance among other -libraries, will fix many fleeting impressions which may -come into use later.</p> - -<p>And in your trips may sharp eyes and keen common -sense travel with you!</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_355"></a>[355]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_F">F.<br /> -<span class="smaller">APPENDIX</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_356"></a>[356]</span></p> - -<div class="front-matter"> - -<p class="center"><i>In this Appendix -are printed quotations from the -outlines for planning -two of the largest of recent -libraries, both public.</i></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_357"></a>[357]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">F.<br /> -<span class="smaller">APPENDIX</span></h2> - -</div> - -<h3 id="subhead-193">CONCRETE EXAMPLES</h3> - -<p>By permission of the librarians of the New York -Public Library and of the Brooklyn Public Library, I -print here extracts from their respective “Terms of -Competition” (already printed in pamphlet form) for -the building just completed, and “General Suggestions -to the Architect” for the building soon to be erected. -The latter, hitherto unpublished, is very full, and is -cross referenced and annotated, therefore likely to prove -especially helpful.</p> - -<p>I thus present practical details of the planning of -two large recent American library buildings, in the hope -of throwing a fresh light on the problems I have treated.</p> - -<p>It will be noticed that one of these libraries was -built after an architectural competition; the other has -been planned, and will be built, after the method preferred -in this book, selection of the architect at the -outset, without competition.</p> - -<p>Librarians, architects and building committees -about to plan a very large library may review their -subject in these summaries; and those engaged in less -extensive plans may select the rooms and combinations -which meet their own needs.</p> - -<p>The side headings and italics are mine.</p> - -<p class="right">C. C. S.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_358"></a>[358]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_359"></a>[359]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-194">TERMS OF COMPETITION<br /> -THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY</h3> - -<p class="center">Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations.</p> - -<p><b>Plan of Competition.</b> In May, 1897, the Committee announced -that it proposed to obtain plans by means of two consecutive competitions. -An open competition was to be first held. The Committee -was then to choose from the authors of the twelve most -meritorious sketches certain of the competitors, not more than -six in number; and the persons thus selected, with not more than -six other persons or firms thereafter to be named by the Committee, -were to be invited to take part in a second restricted and -paid competition.</p> - -<p><b>Cost and Jury.</b> Each of the competitors will be paid $800, as -the estimated cost to them of the drawings required.</p> - -<p>The drawings will be judged by a jury of seven persons consisting -of three practising architects to be selected by the competitors -themselves, three members of the Board of Trustees to be -hereafter named by the Board, and the Director of the New York -Public Library.</p> - -<p><b>Experts.</b> The Trustees also reserve the right of appointing consulting -engineers to whom all construction drawings and all drawings -relating to heating, ventilation and electrical apparatus shall -be submitted for approval before they are carried into execution.</p> - -<p><b>Plans to File.</b> The architect shall furnish to the Trustees, upon -completion of the building, a full set of drawings exhibiting all -essential particulars of its design and construction, for future reference.</p> - -<p><b>Light.</b> All rooms used by the public or for clerical purposes -must have as much daylight as possible. The windows should run -nearly to the ceilings, and in the reading rooms should not come -within five feet of the floor. They should be large and little obstructed -by framework.</p> - -<p>The book stacks also should receive as much daylight as possible; -but it is not expected entirely to dispense with the use of artificial -light in the book stacks.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_360"></a>[360]</span></p> - -<p><b>Heat and Air.</b> The building should be heated by steam applied -in part through hot water, and at least 1,500 cubic feet of fresh air -per person per hour, for all occupied rooms must be warmed, -introduced and properly distributed by mechanical means, and -flues must be provided of such size that a velocity of 6 feet per -second will furnish the above amount.</p> - -<p><b>Material.</b> The floors in the main halls, corridors and exhibition -rooms are to be of marble, tile or mosaic; in the Trustees’ and -Director’s Rooms of wood or parquetry; and in the book stacks -of white marble slabs. In the Reading Rooms and Administration -Rooms the floors may be of brick or concrete, as they will be covered -with a thick cork carpet or other noiseless material.</p> - -<p>The building must be thoroughly fireproof.</p> - -<p>For the purposes of this competition it is to be assumed that the -building will be constructed of masonry, except the book-stacks; -that the so-called skeleton construction of iron will not be employed; -and that the external walls will be faced with Indiana limestone—although, -as hereinafter stated, that material may not be finally -adopted.</p> - -<p>The Trustees are advised that the majority of librarians regard -brick as the best material from a practical point of view, and the -competitors are invited to say whether in their judgment it can be -so used as to secure for this building the dignity and monumental -character that is desired.</p> - -<p>It is believed that ample opportunity will exist for architectural -and decorative effect; but it is desired that the Reading Rooms at -least should be plainly treated.</p> - -<p><b>Tentative Plans.</b> In instituting, in the month of May, -a Preliminary Competition under substantially the same requirements, -the Trustees submitted a set of diagrams showing a tentative -arrangement which was suggested as a possible solution of the -problem, but one for which they entertained no special prepossessions. -The important features of the interior as there shown, -placed the main reading rooms on the third floor, and the book-stacks -immediately below them along the west front of the building. -This plan, which embodied the results of considerable study, has -since then been subjected to the critical examination of the leading -librarians of the country, and has also been carefully reconsidered -by the Committee and their professional advisers in the light of the -abundant illustration afforded by the plans submitted in the Preliminary -Competition.</p> - -<p><b>Details.</b> The Lending Department must be distant from the -reading rooms, and must be provided with easy and direct access<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_361"></a>[361]</span> -from the street. The Children’s Room, and the Periodical and -Newspaper Rooms, must be provided with similar easy access and -should probably be on the first floor. The Accession Department -must have direct communication with that portion of the main -stack which is on the same level, and also with the catalogue room—either -directly or by means of a lift. The delivery desk in the public -reading rooms must be central and so situated as to overlook each -of the large public reading rooms. The machinery for bringing books -from the stacks must be as direct and simple as possible.</p> - -<p><b>Stacks.</b> The book stacks occupy two stories and the basement -and have the Reading Rooms in a third story above them. This -arrangement gives the Reading Rooms the maximum amount of -light, brings the stacks into easy and direct communication with -them, and allows of the extension of the building towards the west -at some future day, by enlarging both the stacks and the Reading -Rooms simultaneously and proportionately, with a comparatively -small enlargement of the portions of the building devoted to administrative -and other uses.</p> - -<p><b>Working-rooms.</b> The administration is concentrated on the -south side of the building. A private entrance for the use of employees -is provided, and also a driveway from the street to admit -of the passage of carts containing books or stores. The boilers, -engines, dynamos and coal vaults are placed outside of the building -and below the level of the 40th Street sidewalk. In the basement -near the driveway are the storerooms, book-bindery, printing room, -and rooms for packing and exchanging books and for issuing them -to branch libraries. Above are receiving rooms for books, accessions -department, cataloguing room, and order and checking department. -Between the administrative part of the building and the -part open to the public, come the rooms for the Director and the -Trustees.</p> - -<p>In the basement, near the Forty-second Street entrance, which -will be approximately on a level with the sidewalk, is the delivery -room for the Lending Department, running up into the first story. -It is next to the book stacks, and occupies the lower part of the -northern area or open court, and is lighted from above.</p> - -<p><b>Floors.</b> The different floors of the building are to coincide with -the level of the floors of the book stacks. The floors of the book -stacks are to be seven feet and six inches apart, from top to top. -The basement and second stories of the building will accordingly -be fifteen feet in height, from floor to floor, being two stacks high; -and the first story will be twenty-two feet and six inches, or three -stacks in height. The smaller rooms in the first story may have<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_362"></a>[362]</span> -rooms over them in a mezzanine. The floor of the basement story -will be a step or two above the 42d Street sidewalk at the entrance.</p> - -<p><b>Conditions.</b> The arrangement of rooms in the basement on -the southwest corner, above indicated, permits the packing and -ready distribution of books for the lending branches to be hereafter -established. The central portion of the basement between the -two courts affords a suitable location for the ventilating machinery -of the building. The special reading rooms for students on the -second and third floors, while in easy communication with the -main stack, are removed from the main reading rooms and from -the portion of the building most frequented by the public. The -main reading rooms on the third story are removed from dust and -noise, and enjoy the best form of light from above. <i>It is considered -preferable not to have the rooms very lofty</i>, and the skylights should be -large so as to diffuse the light as much as possible. <i>Domes are -accordingly not desired.</i></p> - -<p><b>Stack Light.</b> The arrangement of the stacks affords a reasonable -amount of light, and does not make the stacks wholly dependent -on artificial light, which will be expensive and in other respects -objectionable.</p> - -<h4>SCHEDULE OF ROOMS.</h4> - -<table summary="Schedule of rooms"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><h5>A.<br /> - Reading Rooms Freely Open to the Public.</h5></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">I.</td> - <td>Main Reading Rooms. In the main public reading -rooms space for at least 800 readers will be required, -with an allowance of 30 sq. ft. per reader, exclusive -of space required for catalogs and reference shelving, -or about 26,800 square feet in all.<br /> -<br /> -This space should be divided into three rooms, -so arranged that only one need be used at a time, -but that all can readily be served from one delivery -counter, which should be central and close to the -main stacks.<br /> -<br /> -There should be at least 3,500 feet (linear) of -shelving for free reference books in these rooms -and the Card Catalogue, occupying at least 150 -sq. ft., must be provided for near the delivery desk.<br /> -<br /> -In all the reading rooms and wherever else it is -required, shelving must not be more than seven<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_363"></a>[363]</span> -shelves in height. This gives seven feet of shelving -for each running foot of wall-space. Where there -is not enough wall-space for the amount of shelving -called for, stacks of double shelves, back to back, -may be employed, either projecting from the walls, -or standing free in the room.<br /> -<br /> -The ceilings of the reading rooms should be kept -as low as is consistent with pleasing proportions. -There should be no waste spaces to be heated and -kept clean.<br /> -<br /> -It is not desired that these reading rooms should -be show rooms so as to attract sight-seers.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">II.</td> - <td>Periodical Room, 4,000 sq. ft.; 1,500 linear feet of -shelving. This room must be upon the first floor.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">III.</td> - <td>Newspaper Room, about 4,000 sq. ft. area, on first -floor. Store room for bound newspapers adjacent, -either in main stack or separate room.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">IV.</td> - <td>Patents Room, 2,500 feet of shelving; 25 readers, -3,500 sq. ft.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">V.</td> - <td>Public Document Rooms, 4,000 sq. ft.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">VI.</td> - <td>Children’s Room, 4,000 sq. ft.; 1,000 feet of shelving; -80 readers.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">VII.</td> - <td>Library for the Blind, 800 sq. ft.; 20 readers; 225 feet -of shelving; on first floor.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><h5>B.<br /> - Reading Rooms for Scholars and Special Students.</h5></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">(Admission by card.)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">VIII.</td> - <td>Special Reading Rooms, 5 or 6 rooms, each with -1,000 to 1,500 feet of shelving; and from 1,800 to -2,000 sq. ft.; on second and third floors.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">IX.</td> - <td>Manuscript Department, 1 store room, 800 sq. ft.; -1 reading room for 6 readers, 340 sq. ft.; 1 librarian’s -room, 340 sq. ft.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">X.</td> - <td>Music Room, 1,600 feet of shelving; 800 sq. ft.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XI.</td> - <td>Bible Room, 1,000 feet of shelving; 800 sq. ft.; 6 -readers.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XII.</td> - <td>Map Room, 1,000 sq. ft.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XIII.</td> - <td>Special Work Rooms for special students, 8 rooms, each -150 sq. ft. with 100 linear feet of shelving.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_364"></a>[364]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><h5>C.<br /> - Lending Department.</h5></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XIV.</td> - <td>Lending Delivery Room. Delivery counter at least -60 feet long; seats for 150 waiting; 2,000 feet of -shelving; catalog space; bulletin boards; about -16,000 sq. ft. Small reference collection here.<br /> -<br /> -The stack of books in this room should be close -to the main stack, and have machine communication -with the delivery desks in the main reading -rooms. Basement floor.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><h5>D.<br /> - Exhibition Rooms Open to the Public.</h5></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XV.</td> - <td>Picture Gallery, 5,000 sq. ft. (The Lenox Gallery is -40 ft. × 56 ft.)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XVI.</td> - <td>Stuart Collection Room, 5,000 sq. ft., must be on same -floor with the Picture Gallery and with easy access -to main Reading Room.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XVII.</td> - <td>An Exhibition Room for the History of Printing, etc., -4,000 sq. ft. May be on the first story, and some -smaller rooms for the same purpose may be provided -on the third story.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><h5>E.<br /> - Administrative Rooms not Open to the Public.</h5></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XVIII.</td> - <td>Trustees’ Room, 800 sq. ft., near the Director’s rooms, -with a large safe for the Secretary, and open fireplace.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XIX.</td> - <td>Director’s Rooms. 1 office, 900 sq. ft.; 1 private room -with lavatory, 600 sq. ft. Near to Trustees’ Room; -also to Order Room. Open fireplaces.<br /> -<br /> -This must come between the Public and the -Administrative part.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XX.</td> - <td>Order Department, 2,600 sq. ft.; 300 feet of shelving. -Between Director’s Office and Cataloguing Room.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XXI.</td> - <td>Cataloguing Room, 2,800 sq, ft.; 1,000 feet of shelving. -To connect easily with Order Room, Receiving Room, -Accessions Room and Stacks and Printing Office. -Cloak Room and Lavatory for Women appended.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_365"></a>[365]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XXII.</td> - <td>Accessions Department, 1,800 sq. ft.; 150 feet of -shelving. To connect with Cataloguing Room and -with Stacks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XXIII.</td> - <td>Receiving and Checking Room for Books, 1,500 sq. -ft.; 600 feet of shelving. To connect with Packing -and Delivery Rooms, and with Cataloguing Room, -by elevator.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XXIV.</td> - <td>Packing and Delivery Room, 500 feet of shelving. -On driveway; easy connection with Receiving Room -and with Duplicate Room; also with store-room for -boxes in cellar. 3,600 sq. ft.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XXV.</td> - <td>Duplicate and Exchange Room, 50 ft. × 60 ft.; 3,000 -sq. ft.; 4,000 linear feet of shelving; may be in base -of stack. Easy connection with Packing Room.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XXVI.</td> - <td>Main Stack Room for 1,500,000 Volumes; 187,500 -linear feet of shelving. This amount of shelving -(allowing for proper ventilating arrangements and -dust tubes) can be contained in six tiers of stacks, -each tier being 240 ft. × 75 ft. with 5-foot corridor -all around, 5-foot corridor on long axis, and 15-foot -corridor on short axis, straight stairs at ends and at -centre. Stacks 5 ft. between centres, 7 ft. 6 in. in -height; ends of stacks 5 ft. from windows.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XXVII.</td> - <td>Binding Department. 2,400 sq. ft., with Stock Room -250 sq. ft. Furnace flue required.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XXVIII.</td> - <td>Printing Office, 1,200 sq. ft. Stock Room, 200 sq. ft. -Furnace flue required.<br /> -<br /> -XXVII and XXVIII to be on south front, next -each other, with small dumb waiter connection with -Cataloguing Room and separate chimney flues.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XXIX.</td> - <td>Business Superintendent’s Office, 400 sq. ft., two rooms, - safe in one.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XXX.</td> - <td>Photograph Rooms 500 sq. ft. Top floor. Skylight - to North. Dark room. Printing room.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XXXI.</td> - <td>Lunch Rooms, one for boys and attendants; one for - librarians and assistant librarians, etc. Basement, - 800 sq. ft. Chimney flue.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XXXII.</td> - <td>Class Room, to seat about 150; 850 sq. ft. To be - near the Director’s Room.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XXXIII.</td> - <td>Stock and Store Room, general. 400 sq. ft.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XXXIV.</td> - <td>Eight or Ten Rooms, of about 200 sq. ft. each, for - store rooms and special work rooms = 1,600 sq. ft. - One for scrub women.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_366"></a>[366]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XXXV.</td> - <td>Central Telephone Office for the house.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XXXVI.</td> - <td>Engineer’s Department. Boiler rooms; Dynamo room; - Work-shop; Engine room; Living rooms for Janitor—30,000 sq. ft.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XXXVII.</td> - <td>Boilers, Engines and Dynamos to be outside the building, - in vault about 120 ft. × 40 ft., south of building - and near its S. W. corner, with coal vaults extending - beneath sidewalk.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XXXVIII.</td> - <td>Dust Tubes and Closets, with electric fans; to be - arranged in stacks, and for open reference shelves.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><h5>F.<br /> - Miscellaneous.</h5></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XXXIX.</td> - <td>Two Reception Rooms. One for staff, 600 sq. ft. - One for visitors, 600 sq. ft.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XL.</td> - <td>Women’s Room, 200 sq. ft., with lavatory, on third - floor.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XLI.</td> - <td>Two Cloak and Parcel and Bicycle Rooms, 600 sq. ft. - each, near Forty-second Street entrance.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XLII.</td> - <td>Public Telephone Room, 60 sq. ft. Main Hall.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XLIII.</td> - <td>Public Lavatories and W. C. Two in the Basement and - two on the 3d Floor.<br /> -<br /> -Staff lavatories and W. C. are to be provided, two - in basement, four on second floor.<br /> -<br /> -There must be wash-stands in or near children’s - room, cataloguer’s room, packing room and receiving - room, arranged on the main lines of plumbing.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XLIV.</td> - <td>Elevators, two or more, for use of public in Main - Hall. One in Administrative portion. Book lifts.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_367"></a>[367]</span></p> - -<h3 id="subhead-195">BROOKLYN PUBLIC LIBRARY CENTRAL BUILDING.<br /> -GENERAL SUGGESTIONS TO THE ARCHITECT.</h3> - -<p><b>General.</b> These suggestions are intended for the purpose of -assisting the Architect in working out his plans, and in no way to -hamper him. It is possible the Architect may find a different -arrangement of rooms more suitable to the building which he plans, -and while it is desirable that he conform as nearly as possible to the -suggested arrangement it is not necessary to follow it closely.</p> - -<p><b>Estimates.</b> In submitting preliminary plans the approximate -cost in the shape of estimate from at least three reputable builders -should be given exclusive of heating, lighting, ventilation, book -stacks and all fixed furniture.</p> - -<p><b>Guides.</b> The number of stories should include sub-basement, -basement, and as many stories above the ground as will comport -with the Memorial Arch and surrounding buildings, providing at -the same time adequate capacity for the needs of a Central Library -Building. Your attention is called to the report of the Consulting -Architect, Prof. A. D. F. Hamlin to the Central Building Committee -under date of March 25, 1905; and of the reports of Frederick -Law Olmsted, Jr., made to the Brooklyn League under date of -October, 1905, and of Messrs. Carrere and Hastings to the Mayor -of New York, under date of November, 1905, and <i>the comparative -table of accommodations of various library buildings as prepared by -the Brooklyn Public Library.</i> All these documents should be studied -preliminary to the preparation of plans.</p> - -<p><b>Requisites.</b> <i>Architectural effect should be subordinate to utility -and convenience.</i> Consideration should be given to the probabilities -of extensions to the building.</p> - -<p>The prime essentials for the library building are light and ventilation. -The building should be lighted on all sides by natural light. -Walls which face open courts should be of light colored material.</p> - -<p>The building should be thoroughly fireproof.</p> - -<p>The whole building is to be piped and wired for both gas and -electric lighting.</p> - -<p>The decoration of the reading rooms should be very simple.</p> - -<p>Wall space should not be occupied by heating pipes.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_368"></a>[368]</span></p> - -<p>All halls and stairways should be ample and well lighted.</p> - -<p>The dimensions given may be considerably varied provided they -are not materially reduced. All rooms should be so planned as to -provide wall shelving 3 feet in the clear without loss of space and -without any architectural obstruction.</p> - -<h4>Grouping of Rooms According to Use.</h4> - -<ul> -<li>(<i>a</i>) Public rooms.</li> -<li>(<i>b</i>) Work rooms.</li> -<li>(<i>c</i>) Executive rooms.</li> -<li>(<i>d</i>) Stack.</li> -<li>(<i>e</i>) Mechanical service.</li> -</ul> - -<h5>A. PUBLIC ROOMS.</h5> - -<ul> -<li>Children’s room.</li> -<li>Delivery room (Circulation Dept.).</li> -<li>Registration room.</li> -<li>Reading Rooms</li> -<li class="isub1">(<i>a</i>) Reference.</li> -<li class="isub3">1. General.</li> -<li class="isub3">2. Statistical Dept.</li> -<li class="isub3">3. Patents.</li> -<li class="isub3">4. Music.</li> -<li class="isub3">5. Art books.</li> -<li class="isub3">5<i>a</i>. Bell collection.</li> -<li class="isub3">6. Manuscripts.</li> -<li class="isub3">7. Maps.</li> -<li class="isub3">8. Public documents.</li> -<li class="isub3">9. Restricted and rare books.</li> -<li class="isub3">10. Prints room.</li> -<li class="isub3">11. Photograph room.</li> -<li class="isub1">(<i>b</i>) Periodicals.</li> -<li class="isub3">1. General.</li> -<li class="isub3">2. Scientific.</li> -<li class="isub3">3. Store room for unbound back numbers.</li> -<li class="isub3">4. Bound magazines—or space in stack.</li> -<li class="isub3">5. Newspapers.</li> -<li>Public catalog.</li> -<li>Club rooms.</li> -<li>Study rooms.</li> -<li>Auditorium or Exhibition room.</li> -<li>Lunch room (Restaurant).</li> -<li>Public reception.</li> -<li>Stenographer.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_369"></a>[369]</span></li> -<li>Telephone.</li> -<li>Writing and copying rooms.</li> -<li>Coat room.</li> -<li>Toilets.</li> -</ul> - -<h5>B. WORK ROOMS.</h5> - -<ul> -<li>Superintendent of Building’s office.</li> -<li>Engineer’s rooms.</li> -<li>Janitor’s rooms.</li> -<li>Janitor’s living rooms.</li> -<li>Scrub women’s rooms.</li> -<li>Binding.</li> -<li>Repair room.</li> -<li>Printing plant.</li> -</ul> - -<h6>Work Rooms (staff).</h6> - -<ul> -<li>Supply Department.</li> -<li>Store room for supplies.</li> -<li>Book Order Department.</li> -<li>Packing room.</li> -<li>Delivery stations room.</li> -<li>Apprentice class room.</li> -<li>Cataloguing Department.</li> -<li>Library of Congress Card Catalog room.</li> -<li>Traveling Libraries Department.</li> -<li>Interchange Department.</li> -<li>Foreign Book Department.</li> -</ul> - -<h6>Work Rooms (Special Rooms for Staff).</h6> - -<ul> -<li>Two lunch rooms.</li> -<li>One staff sitting room.</li> -<li>One staff meeting room.</li> -<li>Butler’s pantry, kitchen, etc.</li> -</ul> - -<h5>C. EXECUTIVE OFFICES.</h5> - -<ul> -<li>Trustees’ room.</li> -<li>Committee room.</li> -<li>Librarian’s Public office.</li> -<li>Librarian’s Private office.</li> -<li>Librarian’s Secretary’s office.</li> -<li>Stenographer’s room.</li> -<li>Assistant Librarian’s office.</li> -<li>Supt. of Branches office.</li> -<li>Finance Department.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_370"></a>[370]</span></li> -<li>Offices of the Superintendents of Cataloguing, Children’s, Traveling -libraries, Supply Department, connected with their respective -departments.</li> -</ul> - -<h5>D. STACK.</h5> - -<ul> -<li>Stock room accommodations for books purchased and unassigned.</li> -<li>Storage room for little used books.</li> -</ul> - -<h5>E. MECHANICAL SERVICE.</h5> - -<ul> -<li>1. Public telephone.</li> -<li>2. Interior telephone.</li> -<li>3. Book carrier.</li> -<li>4. Pneumatic tubes.</li> -<li>5. Elevators.</li> -<li>6. Book lifts.</li> -</ul> - -<h4>SUGGESTED FLOOR ARRANGEMENTS AND DIMENSIONS OF ROOMS.</h4> - -<table summary="SUGGESTED FLOOR ARRANGEMENTS AND DIMENSIONS OF ROOMS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="6"> - <p>By a proper grouping of rooms it may be possible for one - attendant to temporarily supervise several rooms.</p> - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="6" class="tdc"><h5>Stack.</h5></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="6"> - <p>An allowance of 10,000 sq. ft. on each floor - will provide accommodation for 1,600,000 volumes.</p> - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="6" class="tdc"><h5>Separate Building or Sub-Basement.</h5></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="6"> - <p>Heating, ventilating and lighting plant.</p> - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="6" class="tdc"><h5>Basement.</h5></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Janitor’s work room</td> - <td class="tdr">300</td> - <td>sq. ft.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Engineer’s room (office)</td> - <td class="tdr">300</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Engineer’s work room</td> - <td class="tdr">400</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Scrub women’s room</td> - <td class="tdr">300</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Store room for supplies</td> - <td class="tdr">1,000</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Bindery</td> - <td class="tdr">5,000</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Printing plant</td> - <td class="tdr">3,000</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Auditorium or Exhibition Room</td> - <td class="tdr">4,500</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4"></td> - <td class="tdr total">14,800</td> - <td class="total">sq. ft.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="6" class="tdc"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_371"></a>[371]</span><h5>Ground Floor.</h5></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Book Order Dept</td> - <td class="tdr">3,000</td> - <td>sq. ft.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Supply Dept</td> - <td class="tdr">2,500</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Packing room</td> - <td class="tdr">1,500</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Delivery Station room</td> - <td class="tdr">1,000</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Repair room</td> - <td class="tdr">1,200</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Library for the Blind</td> - <td class="tdr">2,000</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Supt. of Building—office</td> - <td class="tdr">500</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Coat and parcel room</td> - <td class="tdr">600</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="3">Public telephone room</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="valign nw">} combine {</td> - <td class="tdr">300</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="3">Public reception room</td> - <td class="tdr">300</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Telephone switch board</td> - <td class="tdr">200</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Public toilet rooms</td> - <td class="tdr">700</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Private toilet rooms</td> - <td class="tdr">700</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Lockers for 200 employees</td> - <td class="tdr">600</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Newspaper reading room</td> - <td class="tdr">2,500</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4"></td> - <td class="tdr total">17,600</td> - <td class="total">sq. ft.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="6" class="tdc"><h5>Main or First Floor.</h5></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Children’s room</td> - <td class="tdr">5,000</td> - <td>sq. ft.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Delivery room (open shelves)</td> - <td class="tdr">3,000</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Executive offices</td> - <td class="tdr">4,900</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdsub">Trustees’ room</td> - <td class="tdr">900</td> - <td>sq. ft.</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdsub">Committee room</td> - <td class="tdr">400</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdsub">Librarian’s public office</td> - <td class="tdr">400</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdsub">Librarian’s private office</td> - <td class="tdr">500</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdsub">Librarian’s Secretary’s office</td> - <td class="tdr">400</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdsub">Stenographers’ room</td> - <td class="tdr">600</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdsub">Assistant Librarian’s office</td> - <td class="tdr">400</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdsub"><a id="FNanchor_400" href="#Footnote_400" class="fnanchor">[400]</a>Supt. of Branches office</td> - <td class="tdr">300</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdsub">Finance Department</td> - <td class="tdr">1,000</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Reading rooms—Periodicals</td> - <td class="tdr">4,000</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Reading rooms—Scientific periodicals</td> - <td class="tdr">400</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Reading rooms—Store room for unbound back numbers</td> - <td class="tdr">600</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4"></td> - <td class="tdr total">17,900</td> - <td class="total">sq. ft.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="6" class="tdc"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_372"></a>[372]</span><h5>Second Floor.</h5></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Reference room</td> - <td class="tdr">10,000</td> - <td>sq. ft.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Special reference rooms as follows:—</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdsub">Statistical Dept.</td> - <td class="tdr">800</td> - <td>sq. ft.</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdsub">Patents room</td> - <td class="tdr">2,500</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdsub">Map room</td> - <td class="tdr">1,500</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdsub nw">Public documents room for readers</td> - <td class="tdr">1,200</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdsub">Restricted and rare books</td> - <td class="tdr">400</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Public catalog</td> - <td class="tdr">1,500</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Public writing and copying rooms</td> - <td class="tdr">800</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4"></td> - <td class="tdr total">18,700</td> - <td class="total">sq. ft.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="6" class="tdc"><h5>Third Floor.</h5></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Music room</td> - <td class="tdr">1,500</td> - <td>sq. ft.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Prints room</td> - <td class="tdr">800</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Art book room</td> - <td class="tdr">2,000</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Manuscripts</td> - <td class="tdr">800</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Photographic room</td> - <td class="tdr">400</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Photographic dark room</td> - <td class="tdr">120</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Apprentice class room</td> - <td class="tdr">2,500</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Staff meeting room</td> - <td class="tdr">1,000</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Bell collection</td> - <td class="tdr">1,200</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Study and club rooms (3 or 4)</td> - <td class="tdr">1,200</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Cataloguing Dept.</td> - <td class="tdr">5,000</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Library of Congress Card Catalog room</td> - <td class="tdr">1,000</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Traveling Library Dept. and Interchange</td> - <td class="tdr">600</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4"></td> - <td class="tdr total">18,120</td> - <td class="total">sq. ft.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="6" class="tdc"><h5>Mezzanine Floor.</h5></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Staff sitting room</td> - <td class="tdr">600</td> - <td>sq. ft.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Two lunch rooms:—</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4" class="tdsub">One</td> - <td class="tdr">400</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4" class="tdsub">One</td> - <td class="tdr">800</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Pantry and kitchen</td> - <td class="tdr"><!--which apparently take up zero space, who knew?--></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Public restaurant</td> - <td class="tdr">900</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4"></td> - <td class="tdr total">2,700</td> - <td class="total">sq. ft.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="6" class="tdc"><h5>Fourth Story (if any).</h5></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Janitor’s living rooms</td> - <td class="tdr">1,500</td> - <td>sq. ft.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="6" class="tdc"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_373"></a>[373]</span><h5>Totals.</h5></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="6"> - <p>Prof. A. D. F. Hamlin has estimated that the available ground - space for the building might vary according to different types of - building from 31,250 sq. ft. to 44,600 sq. ft. Our estimate of the - space required, including rooms, halls, etc, and stack is about - 36,630 sq. ft.</p> - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">(Above basement):—</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4" class="tdsub">Ground floor</td> - <td class="tdr">17,600</td> - <td>sq. ft.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Main or first floor</td> - <td class="tdr">17,900</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4" class="tdsub">Second floor</td> - <td class="tdr">18,700</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4" class="tdsub">Third floor</td> - <td class="tdr">18,120</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4" class="tdsub">Mezzanine floor</td> - <td class="tdr">2,700</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4" class="tdsub">Fourth floor</td> - <td class="tdr">1,500</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4"></td> - <td class="tdr total">76,520</td> - <td class="total">sq. ft.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4" class="tdsub">Stack—4 stories of main building</td> - <td class="tdr">40,000</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4"></td> - <td class="tdr total">116,520</td> - <td class="tdc total">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Add for halls, stairs, walls, vaults, toilet rooms, etc.</td> - <td class="tdr">30,000</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4"></td> - <td class="tdr total">146,520</td> - <td class="total">sq. ft.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Average per floor (4)</td> - <td class="tdr">36,630</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<h4>ALPHABETICAL ARRANGEMENT OF ROOMS.</h4> - -<p>Under each room is given the purpose and best arrangement in -relation to other rooms. The list also includes such headings as -“Furniture,” “Shelving,” etc.</p> - -<p><b>Accession Department, see Cataloguing Department.</b></p> - -<p><b>Apprentice Class Room.</b> For students who are taking the -training course in the library preparatory to admission to the library -service. Accommodations should be provided for one hundred -students.</p> - -<p>Need not be considered in relation to other rooms, and may be -placed on top floor or wherever convenient.</p> - -<p>The room might be divided into sections by sliding partitions -so that a part or the whole could be used either for class work or -for entrance and promotion examinations, and should be planned -as a regular school class room containing such necessary appliances -as desks, chairs blackboards, etc.</p> - -<p>A sufficient number of lockers should be provided in a dressing-room -near by.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_374"></a>[374]</span></p> - -<p>If the room is not divided as mentioned above, a study room -containing a working collection of library literature would make -study possible by members of one class while another class is in -session.</p> - -<p><b>Art Book Cases, see Furniture, Art Book Cases.</b></p> - -<p><b>Art Book Room.</b> All the large heavy books belonging to -the Art Book Collection will be placed here in cases or on shelves.</p> - -<p>There should be accommodation in this room or a nearby stack -for 15,000 volumes.</p> - -<p>If an Exhibition Room is not provided the Art Book Room together -with the Photographs, Music and Manuscripts Rooms, -might be connected so that when desired they could be converted -into an Exhibition Room.</p> - -<p>If convenient the Art Book Room should be near the Reference -Room.</p> - -<p>If located on different floors, the Art Book Room and Photographic -Room should be connected by a large size book lift.</p> - -<p><b>Auditor’s Office, see Finance Department.</b></p> - -<p><b>Auditorium.</b> It is a question whether in view of the nearness -of the Brooklyn Institute the Library should provide an auditorium. -If so, it should be capable of being turned into an Exhibition Room, -which see.</p> - -<p>It is probable that a seating capacity of 400 or 500 would be -sufficient, although it may be thought best to provide for 1,500.</p> - -<p>If arranged so as to be used as an Exhibition Room it might be -sub-divided by movable partitions.</p> - -<p>It should be provided with lantern and screen.</p> - -<p>This hall should be used for literary purposes only.</p> - -<p>May be placed on top floor or basement. If the latter, there -should be an outside entrance, and also one from the library proper.</p> - -<p><b>Automatic Book Carrier, see Book Carrier.</b></p> - -<p><b>Back Numbers of Magazines, see Periodical Reading Room.</b></p> - -<p><b>Bell Collection.</b> A collection of 12,000 volumes given by Mr. -James A. H. Bell on the conditions that it should be in a separate -room, and that the books should be for reference purposes only.</p> - -<p>Need not connect with any other room.</p> - -<p><b>Bells.</b> Connection might be made from some of the rooms, -such as Librarians’, Delivery, Reference, with the janitor and -engineer.</p> - -<p>There should be outside door bells so arranged that the current -to same may be turned off or on. Switches to be under lock and -key inside the building.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_375"></a>[375]</span></p> - -<p><b>Bicycle Room.</b> A small space is probably all that will be necessary, -and it is a question whether racks outside, or inside the building -on ground floor would not serve the purpose.</p> - -<p><b>Bindery.</b> A room should be provided large enough to hold -heavy machinery and to enable the library to have its own binding -done within the building, although it is not at all certain whether -it is not more economical to give the use of the room to some binder -and arrange with him to do the work at so much per volume.</p> - -<p>Should go in the basement near the Repair Room.</p> - -<p>If all binding is not done by the Library, the Repair Room if -made larger will accommodate the necessary machinery for what is -to be done, and should be so constructed as to bear the weight of -heavy machinery.</p> - -<p><b>Blind Department, see Library for the Blind.</b></p> - -<p><b>Boiler Room, see Heating Plant.</b></p> - -<p><b>Book Carrier.</b> A noiseless device for carrying books from the -Book Stack to the Delivery Desks in the</p> - -<ul> -<li>(<i>a</i>) Reference Room.</li> -<li>(<i>b</i>) Delivery Room.</li> -<li>(<i>c</i>) Periodical Reading Room.</li> -<li>(<i>d</i>) Children’s Room.</li> -<li>(<i>e</i>) Delivery Station Room.</li> -<li>(<i>f</i>) Wherever rooms are indicated as near Stack and cannot be so placed the carrier might be used.</li> -</ul> - -<p>A very successful carrier made by the Lamson Store Service Co. -is said to be in use by the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. The -Library of Congress and Boston Public Library also have carriers.</p> - -<p><b>Book Order Department.</b> Including the Ordering and Receiving -Departments. Orders for books are sent to this department -and forwarded to the publishers. Books are received from the -same source, unpacked, checked with the bill, etc., before they go -to the Cataloguing Department. A part of the room should be -arranged as a Receiving Room where the cases of books could be -unpacked.</p> - -<p>It should be on the ground floor near the Packing Room and -the depository sections of the Stack which contain the stock of unassigned -books (20,000 volumes) and the little used books (30,000 -volumes). It should be connected with, but not necessarily adjacent -to, the Cataloguing Department, with which it might be connected -with a freight elevator, so that truck loads of books can be -quickly transferred.</p> - -<p>A small office or office space for the Superintendent should be -provided.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_376"></a>[376]</span></p> - -<p><b>Bound Files of Newspapers, see Newspaper Reading Room.</b></p> - -<p><b>Bound Files of Magazines, see Periodical Reading Room.</b></p> - -<p><b>Branches, Superintendent, see Executive offices.</b></p> - -<p><b>Building Superintendent’s Room.</b> An office for the Superintendent -of the building should be provided near the entrance on -the ground floor.</p> - -<p><b>Building, Size of.</b> Inasmuch as the plot is surrounded by -broad open spaces the building may be brought much nearer the lot -line than would otherwise be desirable. Unnecessary space should -not be given to halls and corridors, although these should be ample.</p> - -<p>The size of the Reference and Reading Rooms may be increased -if there is any additional space available.</p> - -<p><b>Card Cases, see Furniture—Card Catalog Cases.</b></p> - -<p><b>Cataloguing Department (Official).</b> Books for all branches -of the library as well as all departments and the Central Library -are accessioned, and catalogued by this department.</p> - -<p>Space should be allowed for at least fifty employees. It may be -on the third floor. It should connect with the Book Order Department -as indicated, and be located near Traveling Libraries and -Interchange Departments.</p> - -<p>An office or office space should be provided for the Superintendent -of the department.</p> - -<p>The freight elevator might open into a small room or hallway -adjoining the Cataloguing Department instead of opening directly -into the room itself.</p> - -<p>The room should, if possible, be so planned that there will be -good light on both sides so that desks may be placed on both sides -of the room.</p> - -<p>The space allotted to the department may, if necessary, be -divided into two connecting rooms, one of which would contain -some thirty typewriting machines.</p> - -<p>Alcoves formed by book cases might be placed on one side of -the room to separate the desks of the typewriters from each other.</p> - -<p>Space must also be allowed for card catalog cases for 2,000,000 -volumes. These may be placed back to back and form a sort of -partition through the middle of the room.</p> - -<p><b>Cataloguing Department—Library of Congress Depository -Catalog.</b> The cards of the Library of Congress Catalog are -filed in Catalog Cases in this room and the Catalog must be -accessible to the public, and should adjoin the Official Cataloguing -Department. Provision should be made for at least fifty catalog -cases in addition to table, desk, chairs, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_377"></a>[377]</span></p> - -<p><b>Catalog Room (Public).</b> Contains a catalog of all books -in the Library system printed on cards, and arranged similar to those -in the Official Catalog Department. It would be used by the -public and should be near the Reference Room so that the Reference -Librarian could use and supervise it.</p> - -<p>If possible it should be accessible for the Delivery Department and -Official Cataloguing Department. Space should be provided for -the same number of cases as in the Official Department. These -cases could be placed against the walls or in rows.</p> - -<p><b>Charging Desk, see Furniture—Delivery Desk.</b></p> - -<p><b>Check Room, see Coat and Parcel Room—Public.</b></p> - -<p><b>Children’s Room.</b> A room for the use of the juvenile borrowers -of the library. All juvenile books will be charged and discharged -in this room. Provision should be made for seating about -two hundred children. The total space allotted for this department -may be divided so that there will be an office for the Superintendent -(who has charge of the work with children), a small room to contain -a selected collection of juvenile books which may be consulted by -teachers, parents, etc., and the reading and delivery room for children. -A portion of the latter might perhaps be partitioned off for -reference use. Plenty of room should be provided for this purpose.</p> - -<p>This department should be situated near the Delivery Room of -the library, and if possible, connect directly with the Open Shelf -Room of that department.</p> - -<p>The entrance to this room should be similar to that at the Pacific -Branch Library, <i>i.e.</i>, two doors, one for entrance and one for exit, -with a seat for visitors and a railed space where they may stand -without interfering with the children who use the room.</p> - -<p>If possible, this room should be easily reached from the street -without stairs or with but few. The entrance, however, should -not be <i>directly</i> into the room.</p> - -<p><b>Circulation Department, see Delivery Department.</b></p> - -<p><b>Cleaner’s Room.</b> A room near janitor’s with lockers, cupboards, -etc., in which clothes, pails, mops may be kept.</p> - -<p><b>Cleaning Device, see Vacuum Cleaning Apparatus.</b></p> - -<p><b>Closets.</b> Closets or cupboards for the storage of supplies, etc., -should be provided in the various departments and work rooms.</p> - -<p>Closets for janitor’s brooms, mops, etc., together with a sink -should be located on each floor.</p> - -<p><b>Club Rooms, see Study Rooms.</b></p> - -<p><b>Coal Bins.</b> Coal bins of 200 tons capacity should be provided.</p> - -<p><b>Coat and Parcel Rooms, Public.</b> A room should be provided -where coats, parcels, umbrellas, etc., may be checked.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_378"></a>[378]</span></p> - -<p>This should be located near the main entrance.</p> - -<p>If the auditorium is placed on the top floor a similar room should -be located near it.</p> - -<p><b>Committee Room, see Executive Offices.</b></p> - -<p><b>Copying Room, see Writing and Copying Room.</b></p> - -<p><b>Cork Carpet, see Floor Covering.</b></p> - -<p><b>Dark Room, see Photographic Room.</b></p> - -<p><b>Delivery Department.</b> From this room the books for home -use would be circulated, and borrowers would be allowed free access -to the shelves.</p> - -<p>This room should be easily accessible from the street without -any, or, with but few stairs.</p> - -<p>It might connect with the Children’s Room, but it is not necessary -that it connect with the Reference and Reading Rooms.</p> - -<p>A collection of possibly 35,000 volumes of the most popular -and standard books should be placed in a room arranged with wall -shelving and stacks something like our branch libraries. This will -not prevent readers from having access to other books under restrictions.</p> - -<p>Space should be provided in this room for a Registration Desk -with a possible provision for a Union Register of all borrowers in -the system.</p> - -<p><b>Delivery Desks, see Furniture—Delivery Desks.</b></p> - -<p><b>Delivery Station Room.</b> The library system may, in the near -future be extended, by the establishment of delivery and deposit -stations throughout the city at which places borrowers may leave -books in the morning and receive others later in the day. The -books so left will be sent to the Central Library to be exchanged -and a room should be provided where this work can be done.</p> - -<p>This might be near or part of the Interchange Department, -although this arrangement may not be feasible, as it is desirable -that the Interchange Department should be located near the Cataloguing -Department so that the Catalog may be consulted by it, -and the Delivery Station Room should be on the ground floor to -facilitate the handling of boxes, etc.</p> - -<p><b>Depository Stock, see Stack Depository.</b></p> - -<p><b>Driveway.</b> A driveway for teams should run through from Flatbush -avenue to Eastern Parkway and into the court, if one is contemplated. -The Packing, Delivery Station and Book Order Department -should open directly upon the driveway. If these are below -the street level, a movable platform should be provided.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_379"></a>[379]</span></p> - -<p><b>Dust Flues.</b> Unless the vacuum cleaning apparatus is installed, -dust flues and compressed air with openings on each floor of the Stack -and in the principal rooms in the main building may answer all -purposes.</p> - -<p><b>Elevators.</b> Elevators should run from the basement to the top -floor. Two passenger elevators for the public, and one for the -staff should be provided. A freight elevator large enough to hold -two or three trucks (such as used at Montague) at a time will be -needed. This elevator may open into a hallway or room adjoining -the Cataloguing Department if such an arrangement works out -better.</p> - -<p>Book lifts should also be generously distributed.</p> - -<p>If the auditorium is on the top floor one elevator should be so -situated as to be convenient for those using the auditorium.</p> - -<p><b>Employees, see Staff.</b></p> - -<p><b>Engineers’ Club.</b> It is a question whether a meeting room -should be provided for the exclusive use of this particular club, -although it seems desirable that a place should be provided where -this and clubs of a similar nature could hold meetings from time to -time.</p> - -<p>If a meeting room is provided for the Engineers’ Club it should be -adjacent to the Stack where books of a scientific nature are stored.</p> - -<p><b>Engineer’s Rooms.</b> There should be two connecting rooms for -the use of the Chief Engineer; one to be used as an office, possibly -containing closets for the stowing of supplies; and the other to be -equipped as a work room with work bench, forge, anvil, etc.</p> - -<p>These rooms should be separate from the Boiler Room.</p> - -<p><b>Entrances.</b> Should be provided on the front and sides of the -building for the public, and one in the rear for freight, etc.</p> - -<p>A separate entrance should also be provided for the Staff.</p> - -<p><b>Executive Offices.</b> This suite of offices consists of the following -rooms:—</p> - -<ul> -<li>Trustees’ Room.</li> -<li>Committee Room.</li> -<li>Librarian’s Public Office.</li> -<li>Librarian’s Private Office.</li> -<li>Librarian’s Secretary’s Office.</li> -<li>Stenographers’ Room.</li> -<li>Assistant Librarian’s Office.</li> -<li>Supt. of Branches.<a id="FNanchor_401" href="#Footnote_401" class="fnanchor">[401]</a></li> -<li>Finance Department (Here or on top floor).</li> -</ul> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_380"></a>[380]</span></p> - -<p>The rooms in this group might be arranged similar to the offices -in large business houses with a central waiting room.</p> - -<p>The Trustees’ Room and Committee Room should adjoin and be -connected with large folding doors. There should be an ante or -waiting room. Also lockers, hat boxes, etc. Toilet and Bath Room -should also be provided, as at Boston.</p> - -<p>The Librarian’s Private Office should connect directly with the -Trustees’ and Committee Rooms.</p> - -<p>The Librarian’s Public Office might also serve as a waiting room -for the Trustees’ and Assistant Librarian’s Offices.</p> - -<p>The Librarian’s Room should be easily accessible to the public -and as near as many departments of the library as possible.</p> - -<p><b>Exhibition Room, see Auditorium.</b></p> - -<p>This room might be made by so arranging certain rooms, such -as the Art Book, Manuscripts, Music, Photographic Rooms, etc., -that they could be converted into an exhibition room at any time. -(This is the better arrangement). Exhibitions of books, manuscripts, -prints, etc., would be held in this room.</p> - -<p><b>Finance Department, see also Executive Offices.</b></p> - -<p>This is intended for the offices of the Treasurer and his assistants. -Space should be provided for three or more clerks, with possibly a -small separate room for the Treasurer.</p> - -<p>A vault should be located in this department for the storage of -documents, bills, etc.</p> - -<p>This need not be a part of the Executive Offices, but may be -located on the top floor.</p> - -<p><b>Fine Arts Room, see Art Book Room.</b></p> - -<p><b>Fixed Furniture, see Furniture.</b></p> - -<p><b>Floor Covering.</b> Rubber or cork carpet may be used, but these -should not be put over tiling.</p> - -<p><b>Floors.</b> The kind of flooring for each room should be indicated -by the Architect. <i>Noiseless</i> floors should be placed in all public -rooms.</p> - -<p><b>Floors, Height of.</b> Floors of the main building should coincide -with the level of the floors of the book stack, making the height -about 15 feet or two stacks floors high, or in that proportion.</p> - -<p>Floors in the Stack Building should be 7½ feet between centers, -and should connect with the floors of the main building.</p> - -<p><b>Foreign Book Collection.</b> The collection of books in foreign -languages for distribution among the branches would be located on -one of the floors of the Book Stack, preferably that nearest the -office of the Interchange Department. Provision should be made -for about 35,000 volumes.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_381"></a>[381]</span></p> - -<p><b>Furniture—Fixed and Movable.</b> Specifications for the furniture -required will be furnished later.</p> - -<p><b>Garage.</b> A room of about 400 square feet should be provided -for the storage of library automobiles and equipped with machinery -to charge electric vehicles. If space permits, it might be advisable -to arrange a part of this room for the convenience of automobilists -who use the library.</p> - -<p><b>Heads of Departments, see Superintendents of Departments.</b></p> - -<p><b>Heating Plant.</b> As this plant cannot be located in a separate -building it should be as nearly isolated as possible. It should be so -constructed that there will be ample room for the handling of all -tools, especially while working at the boilers.</p> - -<p><b>Height of Floor, see Floors, Height of.</b></p> - -<p><b>Information Desk.</b> Space should be provided for an information -desk if possible near the main entrance, or near the Reference -and Delivery Departments, if they are quite near together.</p> - -<p><b>Interchange Department.</b> This department, which has charge -of the interchange of books among the branches, should have an -office for superintendents and assistants near or connected with the -Traveling Libraries Department.</p> - -<p>It should also be near or easily connected with the Official or -Public Catalog and the Book Stack.</p> - -<p><b>Janitor’s Living Rooms.</b> It is desirable, if space permits, -that five or six living rooms similar in arrangement to a small apartment -be provided for the janitor so that he may be in the building -at all times.</p> - -<p>These rooms should be located on the top floor.</p> - -<p><b>Janitor’s Rooms.</b> A work room containing lockers, and closets -for the storage of necessary tools should be located in the basement -for the use of the janitor. An office for his use might also be -provided.</p> - -<p>These rooms should be near the Stock and Store Rooms and the -Supply Department.</p> - -<p><b>Lavatories, see Toilets.</b></p> - -<p><b>Lecture Room, see Auditorium.</b></p> - -<p><b>Librarian’s Office, see Executive Offices.</b></p> - -<p><b>Librarian, Assistant, see Executive Offices.</b></p> - -<p><b>Library for the Blind.</b> This is intended for the use of the -blind readers and their guides. Provision should be made both for -the delivery of books for home use, for reading in the library and -for “readings.” A small lecture room separated from the Delivery -Room should be provided for the latter purpose.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_382"></a>[382]</span></p> - -<p>The blind borrowers would be registered at this department rather -than at the General Registration Desk.</p> - -<p>The best location for this department is on the ground floor, -although it may be placed on the top floor. It should be located -near a stack accommodating 15,000 volumes.</p> - -<p>This is perhaps the one department of the library which might, -if necessary, be located at some branch, possibly Montague—instead -of in the Central Building without affecting seriously other departments.</p> - -<p><b>Library of Congress Cards, see Cataloguing Department.</b></p> - -<p><b>Lighting Plant.</b> Even if the library does not install its own -lighting plant, space should at least be provided for it in the sub-basement.</p> - -<p>Wherever table lights are used as probably in the Reference and -Cataloguing Departments, they should be movable and so arranged -that they will not get in the way of readers’ feet.</p> - -<p>So far as possible, general illumination is better than individual -lights.</p> - -<p><b>Little Used Books, see Stack—Depository.</b></p> - -<p><b>Lockers.</b> Clothing lockers, open and well ventilated, with -shelves for hats, should be abundantly provided.</p> - -<p>Lockers for men and women should be located near the staff -entrance, and in addition, a few lockers should be provided in each -department.</p> - -<p>The lockers should also be near the service elevator. The quarters -might be divided so to partially separate men, women, boys and -girls.</p> - -<p><b>Lunch Room for Staff, see Staff Lunch Room.</b></p> - -<p><b>Lunch room—Public, see Public Restaurant.</b></p> - -<p><b>Magazine Room, see Periodical Reading Room.</b></p> - -<p><b>Main Reading Room, see Reference Room.</b></p> - -<p><b>Manuscript Department.</b> Room where valuable manuscripts -would be kept. It might be near Map or Art Book Room and -form one of the latter suite.</p> - -<p><b>Map Room.</b> Provision should be made in this room for the convenient -handling of maps of various sizes and kinds.</p> - -<p>This should be near the Reference Room for the sake of supervision.</p> - -<p><b>Mechanical Service and Equipment, see Book Carriers, -Telephones, etc.</b></p> - -<p><b>Music Room.</b> Provision should be made here or in a nearby -Stack for 15,000 bound volumes of books about music, and for the -musical scores which will be placed flat on shelves or in drawers.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_383"></a>[383]</span> -(It might form one of the suite with the Art Book Room, etc.) The -circulation of books from this department might be from the room -itself rather than from the Main Delivery Desk.</p> - -<p>Adjoining should be a piano room with thick walls to deaden -sound.</p> - -<p><b>Newspaper Reading Room.</b> If out-of-town newspapers are -supplied a larger room will be needed than as though only local -papers are taken. (It is a question whether it is best to supply -local papers at all). In any event the papers will be in newspaper -files on regular racks placed on the walls or separate stands. No -shelving (unless for local papers) need be provided here, but in an -adjoining room the back numbers will be made accessible.</p> - -<p>This room should be on ground floor with separate outside -entrance if any papers are taken.</p> - -<p>The bound volumes of newspapers take up much room and ample -space should be provided in adjoining Stack so that they might be -placed flat on roller shelves and provision made for 5,000 volumes -and growth for twenty-five years.</p> - -<p><b>Open Shelves, see Delivery Department.</b></p> - -<p><b>Order Department, see Book Order Department, see also -Supply Department.</b></p> - -<p><b>Order and Receiving Room, see Book Order Department.</b></p> - -<p><b>Packing Room.</b> Books are received here from the Cataloguing -Department and sent out to the Branches.</p> - -<p>It should be on the ground floor near the Book Order and Supply -Departments and contain bins for at least forty branches, so that -when books and supplies are to be sent out they may be placed in -specific places preparatory to being shipped, and thus facilitate the -distribution of everything to branches.</p> - -<p>The bins might be on rollers or tracks unless it is found better -to make them permanent and use ordinary trucks around the room.</p> - -<p><b>Parcel Room, see Coat Room.</b></p> - -<p><b>Patent Room.</b> All reports and specifications relating to American -and foreign patents belong in this room or adjoining Stack.</p> - -<p>It should be near the Reference and Public Documents Rooms.</p> - -<p>Provision should be made in the room itself for seventy-five or -one hundred readers, shelving for the most used volumes, and near -a stack to contain 20,000. Many of the specifications will be laid -flat. Boston seems large enough if sufficient stack space is provided.</p> - -<p><b>Periodical Reading Room.</b> The current magazines will be -placed on tables and racks, and the bound volumes of periodicals -would be used in this room as well as in the Reference Room. It<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_384"></a>[384]</span> -should therefore be near stack with capacity of 50,000 volumes for -bound periodicals. The room should be connected with or under -the Reference Room, with stairs connecting.</p> - -<p>If found best to locate this room elsewhere it may be placed -near newspaper room and made accessible from street.</p> - -<p>A room adjoining would have shelves and cases for the unbound -back numbers as in Newark.</p> - -<p><b>Photographic Room.</b> A place for taking pictures, consequently -a “dark room,” should adjoin.</p> - -<p>It might be in attic or one of the Art Book suite, but in any event -should be connected with Art Book Room so that large books may -be easily conveyed by lift or otherwise from one to the other. Provision -should be made for the storage of photographs. It should -be well lighted as the walls may be used for the exhibition of pictures, -etc.</p> - -<p>The “dark room” should have plenty of storage space for slides -and negatives.</p> - -<p><b>Plot, see Site.</b></p> - -<p><b>Pneumatic Tubes.</b> Most liberal provision should be made -for communicating between Delivery Rooms, Departments and -Stacks. (See also Book Carrier).</p> - -<p><b>Printing Plant.</b> It is a question of policy whether a large or -small plant should be installed. If former, there will always be -trouble with labor unions, etc. Provision should at least be made -for a few small presses to do such necessary work as printing bulletins, -lists, catalog cards, etc.</p> - -<p><b>Prints Room, see Art Book Room.</b></p> - -<p><b>Public Catalog, see Catalog—Public.</b></p> - -<p><b>Public Documents Room.</b> It is intended to provide for perhaps -fifty readers and have a near Stack accommodation for all -public documents, both national and state. This room might be -near the Patents Room and Reference Room.</p> - -<p><b>Public Reception Room.</b> Part of Public Telephone and Public -Stenographer’s Room might adjoin an “Emergency Hospital,” -as suggested by Dr. Backus.</p> - -<p><b>See also Writing and Copying Room, Public.</b></p> - -<p><b>Public Restaurant.</b> If this could be provided for in connection -with staff lunch room it would be desirable so that all-day -students could obtain lunch.</p> - -<p><b>Public Telephone, see Telephone, Public.</b></p> - -<p><b>Public Toilet Rooms, see Toilet Rooms, Public.</b></p> - -<p><b>Radiators.</b> These might be placed inside the walls <i>without -taking up room or shelving space</i>, but of course accessible by taking<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_385"></a>[385]</span> -out division of shelving, or radiators might form a base 10 inches to -14 inches from floor under book cases—if not too hot.</p> - -<p><b>Rare and Restricted Books Room.</b> Here would be kept the -precious books. It is essential that the vault run through this -section. Rare books and prints would be preserved and displayed -here.</p> - -<p>It should possibly be part of Art Book suite.</p> - -<p><b>Reading Rooms, see Reference Department and under -different headings, as Periodical Reading Room, Technical -and Scientific Periodical Room, etc.</b></p> - -<p><b>Receiving Room, see Book Order Department; see also -Packing Room.</b></p> - -<p><b>Reception Room, see Public Reception Room.</b></p> - -<p><b>Reference Department.</b> This room will serve for general and -reference purposes, access being had to as many of the departments -and special collections as possible. For the sake of convenience -and supervision the special collections might be grouped around this -room.</p> - -<p>It should be on the second floor, with large windows to about -4 feet of the floor. Seating capacity for from 450 to 600 readers -should be provided. It may be found easy to place this room on -the top floor with light from above, although such an arrangement -does not seem desirable. This will be the largest room in the -building.</p> - -<p>The public catalog should be near by so that it might be used -and supervised by the Reference Librarian.</p> - -<p>A delivery desk must also be provided on the same floor as the -Reference Department so that the serious student may have books -used by him in the Reference Department charged without being -obliged to go into the Delivery Department. This desk may be -located in the Reference Room, or it may be possible to locate it in -the Public Catalog Room so that the orders of those consulting -the Catalog may be sent directly to the Stack and the book be -delivered to the borrower in that room. If the Public Catalog -room is on the same floor as the Reference Room the books from -that department could be sent to the Delivery Desk in the Public -Catalog Room.</p> - -<p>It is desirable to use the same Delivery Room for charging books -from both Reference and Delivery Departments.</p> - -<p><b>Registration Room.</b> This is where the record of the individual -is kept. If on Brooklyn plan only a few cases will be necessary, -but if on Boston plan where there is a Central Registration more -space will be necessary.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_386"></a>[386]</span></p> - -<p>In any event it should be in or near the Delivery Department.</p> - -<p><b>Repair Room.</b> This is where books are repaired by the staff. -It should be in the basement and near the bindery, and better -connect with it.</p> - -<p><b>Repository for Little Used Books, see Stack Depository.</b></p> - -<p><b>Restaurant, see Public Restaurant.</b></p> - -<p><b>Restricted Books, see Rare and Restricted Books.</b></p> - -<p><b>Roof.</b> Avoid skylights as much as possible, as the best of them -will leak.</p> - -<p><b>Rubber, see Floor Covering.</b></p> - -<p><b>Safes, see Vaults.</b></p> - -<p><b>Scientific Periodical Room, see Technical and Scientific -Periodical Room.</b></p> - -<p><b>Screens.</b> Window screens should be provided to exclude dust, -flies, mosquitoes, etc.</p> - -<p><b>Service Stairs, see Stairs.</b></p> - -<p><b>Shades.</b> Should be provided for all windows.</p> - -<p><b>Shelving.</b> It seems best to leave the matter of shelving for the -different rooms until a conference can be had with the Architect -regarding the dimensions and location of the different rooms.</p> - -<p><b>Site.</b> The site is a quadrilateral, measuring 69 feet 8 inches on -the Plaza, 332 feet on the Parkway, 486 feet 0 inches along the -Reservoir fence and 498 feet 4 inches along Flatbush avenue.</p> - -<p><b>Special Collections, see Bell Collection, Manuscripts, Rare -Books, etc.</b></p> - -<p><b>Special Study Rooms, see Study Rooms.</b></p> - -<p><b>Stack.</b> Accommodations should be provided for 1,500,000 or -2,000,000, as suggested by Prof. A. D. F. Hamlin. Estimates may -be based on an allowance of eight volumes to the running foot, -except where reference books and art books are to be shelved, when -not more than six volumes should be allowed. It should be in the -rear of building if natural light is desired or in the <i>centre</i> if electric -light can be provided. In the latter case all of the outside space -could be utilized for rooms. Attention is called to the fact that -Boston, New York and the John Crerar Library, Chicago, have -found artificial light for stacks sufficient.</p> - -<p>It goes without saying that this of all parts of the building should -be fireproof, with emergency fireproof doors between this and the -main building.</p> - -<p>Each stack story will be 7 feet to 7½ wide, in the clear, the architect -to name, when submitting the plans, the particular stack to -be used. No stack should be more than 7 feet high, 9 or 12 feet -long; 8 inches deep, if single, or 16 inches deep if double, back to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_387"></a>[387]</span> -back; 12 inches if reference. The aisles should be 3 feet wide, -with side aisles 3 to 4 feet wide along the walls.</p> - -<p>Provision should be made for the maximum capacity indicated -and the Architect should show how the stack could be extended to -serve for double the capacity.</p> - -<p>Under shelving will be indicated the <i>wall capacity</i> desired.</p> - -<p><b>Stack—Depository.</b> When opportunity offers, purchases of -books are made from second-hand dealers and others even if not -needed at the time. A stock in trade is thus formed and orders -received from Branches are filled here whenever possible. These -books may be stored in the Stack near the Book Order Department, -and accommodation should be provided for 35,000 volumes.</p> - -<p>Books seldom called for or little used should also be housed in -the Depository Stack. Space should be provided for 30,000 volumes.</p> - -<p>The Depository Stack might be placed underneath the street -level as has been done in Vienna. At least three stack floors could -thus be obtained.</p> - -<p><b>Staff Rooms.</b> Under this head should be included all rooms, -other than work rooms, used by the Staff. It is likely that 150-250 -employees will have places in the Central Building, and it is -essential that adequate provision should be made for male and -female adult employees, messengers, (boys and girls) janitors, -cleaners, etc.</p> - -<p>A separate entrance should be provided for the staff and lockers -for their use as indicated under that heading.</p> - -<p>The following rooms should be provided, Staff Lunch and Sitting -Rooms, with butler’s pantry and kitchen, and a special room for -meetings of the Staff. These may be located in a mezzanine floor -or be placed in the basement or top floor. They should, however, -be so situated as to be easily accessible from as many departments -as possible so that assistants will not waste time in going to and -fro. Private stairs may be provided as in the Newark Public -Library.</p> - -<p><b>Staff Lunch Room.</b> If possible the Lunch Room should be -divided so that the Superintendents of Departments could lunch -together without interfering with the scheduled hours of the balance -of the Staff.</p> - -<p>Such an arrangement would make it possible for the Superintendents -of Departments to discuss library problems while at lunch.</p> - -<p>If two Lunch Rooms are provided a large butler’s pantry should -adjoin each room. These would contain cupboards, closets, sinks, -refrigerators, gas stoves, china closets, etc., so arranged that each -assistant could have her own things.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_388"></a>[388]</span></p> - -<p>If a Public Restaurant is planned, the kitchen of that might -be connected with the Staff Rooms so that the Staff as well as the -public might be served from it.</p> - -<p><b>Staff Meeting Room.</b> Here the members of the whole staff -would meet once a month for the regular business meetings, and -possibly oftener, to talk over matters pertaining to the interests of -the institution. The attendance might be from 100 to 200.</p> - -<p>Possibly these meetings could be held in the Apprentice Class -Room. If a separate room is provided it should be in combination -with the other Staff rooms.</p> - -<p><b>Staff Sitting Room.</b> A comfortable place for the assistants to -rest in after lunch should adjoin the Lunch Rooms. The Sitting -and Lunch Rooms should be so connected that the three could be -thrown into one.</p> - -<p>The Sitting Room would also be used in cases of temporary illness, -and should have couches and ordinary medical appliances.</p> - -<p><b>Stairs.</b> None should be circular. This point cannot be too -emphatically indicated.</p> - -<p>So far as possible all stairs should be <i>inside</i> the building.</p> - -<p>Easy risers—possibly not more than 4 inches are desirable.</p> - -<p>Separate stairs should be provided for Staff, and when possible -the different departments should be connected by private stairway, -this to insure easy and quick communication between different -floors and departments.</p> - -<p><b>Standard Library.</b> This consists of a collection of the best books -as introduced by Mr. Foster of the Providence Public Library. It -would contain books in best editions which would be recommended -for purchase by private buyers. It could be placed in one of the -study rooms or better in Reference or Delivery Room, but it should -be capable of supervision.</p> - -<p><b>Statistical Department.</b> This forms one of the Special Reference -Rooms where books on statistics, economics, etc., would be -shelved.</p> - -<p><b>Stenographer’s Room, Public.</b> For the use of those who wish -to dictate letters or addresses.</p> - -<p>It might be near the Public Telephone or Writing and Copying -Room.</p> - -<p><b>Stenographers’ Room (Official), see Executive Offices.</b></p> - -<p><b>Stock Room (Books), see Stack, Depository.</b></p> - -<p><b>Stock Room (supplies).</b> The ordinary Branch supplies such -as printing, stationery, brooms, soap, etc., are bought in quantities -and stored at the library. Branch “wants” are thus quickly -and cheaply supplied.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_389"></a>[389]</span></p> - -<p>It could be under or near the Supply Department (which see).</p> - -<p>Closets, cupboards and shelving in plenty, with special arrangement -as to “bins” provided.</p> - -<p><b>Storeroom (supplies).</b> This is intended for brooms, pails, etc., -used by janitor about the Central Building. It is not the same as -the Stock Room where supplies for the whole system are kept, -but may be near it. Several closets for such purpose should also -be placed on each floor.</p> - -<p><b>Storeroom for Little Used Books, see Stack, Depository.</b></p> - -<p><b>Study Rooms.</b> These are for classes or individuals studying -particular subjects, and who need quiet and seclusion. Sometimes -it will be used by literary societies like a Browning Club, Shakespeare -Club, etc.</p> - -<p>They should be adjacent to and form a part of the Reference -Room. Although only three or four are mentioned more can be -used, and they might be larger or smaller than dimensions given.</p> - -<p><b>Superintendents of Departments.</b> They are Superintendent -of Cataloguing Department, Superintendent of Children’s Work -Superintendent of Book Orders, Superintendent of Supplies.</p> - -<p>The Architect suggests that these might be grouped as in a business -house, with central waiting space and with access to each -other. Perhaps a better plan would be to have the office of each -Superintendent near his own department.</p> - -<p>The office of the Superintendent of Branches would be connected -with the Executive suite.</p> - -<p><b>Supply Room, see Stock Room (supplies).</b></p> - -<p><b>Supply Department.</b> The Superintendent of this Department -makes the purchases for all the branches and must therefore meet -buyers as well as Branch Librarians. There should be an outer and -inner office. A store room should be provided on this floor for the -storage of stationery, etc. This department should have outside -entrance so that teams could deliver goods direct.</p> - -<p><b>Technical and Scientific Periodical Room.</b> Will contain -current scientific periodicals and should have bound volumes (20,000) -of same on shelves in room or in stack nearby.</p> - -<p>It might be near Reference Department or the Periodical Reading -Room.</p> - -<p><b>Telephones, Official.</b> Long distance telephone, with switch -board should be installed also a complete system connecting all -departments.</p> - -<p><b>Telephone, Public.</b> Booths for the use of the public should also -be provided.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_390"></a>[390]</span></p> - -<p>The switch board for both the public and official telephones may -be the same and this may be located in the Public Reception and -Telephone Room on the ground floor, or the switch board of the -Official Telephone may be located in the Repair Room.</p> - -<p><b>Toilets.</b> Ample provision should be made for public and private -toilets for both sexes, but the public toilets should be at a distance -from any outside public entrance. Private toilets should be on -each floor, and for Trustees and Librarian. An attendant will be -needed in each public toilet room.</p> - -<p><b>Traveling Libraries Department.</b> Cases of books are sent -from here to schools, shops, societies, clubs, etc. An office for the -Superintendent of this department and his assistants should be -located near the Interchange and Foreign Book Departments. -Stack accommodations for 50,000 volumes should adjoin the office. -It should also be near the freight elevator.</p> - -<p><b>Treasurer’s Office Department.</b> Space should be provided -for Treasurer who is a member of the Board of Trustees.</p> - -<p><b>Unpacking Room, see Book Order Department, also Supply -Dept.</b></p> - -<p><b>Vacuum Cleaning Apparatus.</b> The building should be -equipped with the best cleaning system.</p> - -<p><b>Vaults.</b> Various records such as those of the Board, Librarian, -Accession Books of Cataloguing Department, expensive and rare -books and manuscripts would be kept in the vaults.</p> - -<p>They should be at least 8 × 10 feet in the clear and extend from -the basement to the top with openings on each floor into such -rooms, if possible, as Trustees’, Librarian’s, Cataloguing, Art Book, -etc.</p> - -<p><b>Ventilation, see also Heating.</b></p> - -<p>The most perfect system of ventilation should be introduced -and ought to be both direct and indirect. Particular attention -should be paid to the Reference Department, Delivery Department, -Children’s Room, Periodical and Newspaper Reading Rooms -and Stack. As it cannot be in a separate building it, as well as the -Heating Plant, should be in sub-basement.</p> - -<p><b>Water Supply.</b> If there is likely to be trouble from low pressure -an engine should pump water into a tank placed on the roof. -Hot and cold water for cleaning should be liberally supplied on each -floor for janitor service and for staff.</p> - -<p><b>Windows.</b> In the Stack they should start from the ceiling and -go to the floor and be placed opposite every aisle.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_391"></a>[391]</span></p> - -<p>In the main rooms they need not come within 5 feet of the floor -unless an exception is made in the Trustees’, Librarian’s, Reference -and Periodical Reading Rooms, and Study Rooms.</p> - -<p>In the Cataloguing Department they should begin 4 feet from -floor and extend to ceiling.</p> - -<p><b>Work Room, see Repair Room.</b></p> - -<p><b>Writing and Copying Room (public).</b> This is a place where -readers may use ink and copy from books, or do general writing.</p> - -<p>It may be near Stenographers’ room or Reference Department, -although the latter seems to be the best placed.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="footnotes"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_392"></a>[392]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">FOOTNOTES</h2> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> Essays in Libr. p. 280.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> p. 47.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> p. 21.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> See p. 286.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">[5]</a> p. 6, No. 1, Vol. 9, Arch. Rev., Boston, Jan. 1902.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">[6]</a> p. 170.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">[7]</a> p. 10.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">[8]</a> Libr. Construction, p. 4.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">[9]</a> Burg. 138: 11 L. J. 360.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">[10]</a> p. 40.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="label">[11]</a> p. 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12" class="label">[12]</a> 6 L. J. 131.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13" class="label">[13]</a> 13 L. J. (1888), 276, 332.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14" class="label">[14]</a> p. 9.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15" class="label">[15]</a> J. C. Dana, Library Problems.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16" class="label">[16]</a> L. J. May, 1902.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17" class="label">[17]</a> p. 136.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18" class="label">[18]</a> 2d Int. Libr. Conf. 106.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19" class="label">[19]</a> Burg. viii.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20" class="label">[20]</a> 6 P. L. 602.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_21" href="#FNanchor_21" class="label">[21]</a> 6 P. L. 200.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_22" href="#FNanchor_22" class="label">[22]</a> p. 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_23" href="#FNanchor_23" class="label">[23]</a> Feb. 1, 1912, quoted in 37 L. J. 141.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_24" href="#FNanchor_24" class="label">[24]</a> 31 L. J. Conf. 62.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_25" href="#FNanchor_25" class="label">[25]</a> 136.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_26" href="#FNanchor_26" class="label">[26]</a> p. 271.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_27" href="#FNanchor_27" class="label">[27]</a> p. 5.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28" class="label">[28]</a> p. 9.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_29" href="#FNanchor_29" class="label">[29]</a> 24 L. J. Conf. 23.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_30" href="#FNanchor_30" class="label">[30]</a> 30 L. J. Conf. 61 and 10 P. L. 402.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_31" href="#FNanchor_31" class="label">[31]</a> Sturgis, Vol 2, col. 752.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_32" href="#FNanchor_32" class="label">[32]</a> 3 P. L. 240.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_33" href="#FNanchor_33" class="label">[33]</a> 3 P. L. 115.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_34" href="#FNanchor_34" class="label">[34]</a> Sturgis, Vol. 2, col. 783.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_35" href="#FNanchor_35" class="label">[35]</a> 27 Nineteenth Century, 394.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_36" href="#FNanchor_36" class="label">[36]</a> 30 L. J. Conf. 250.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_37" href="#FNanchor_37" class="label">[37]</a> 30 L. J. Conf. 248.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_38" href="#FNanchor_38" class="label">[38]</a> p. 193.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_39" href="#FNanchor_39" class="label">[39]</a> Stanley, 14 L. J. 264.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_40" href="#FNanchor_40" class="label">[40]</a> 32 L. J. 266.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_41" href="#FNanchor_41" class="label">[41]</a> Id. 273.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_42" href="#FNanchor_42" class="label">[42]</a> Quoted 15 P. L. 432.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_43" href="#FNanchor_43" class="label">[43]</a> p. 110.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_44" href="#FNanchor_44" class="label">[44]</a> P. L. 1876, 477.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_45" href="#FNanchor_45" class="label">[45]</a> p. 13.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_46" href="#FNanchor_46" class="label">[46]</a> p. 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_47" href="#FNanchor_47" class="label">[47]</a> p. 73.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_48" href="#FNanchor_48" class="label">[48]</a> 24 L. J. Conf. 153.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_49" href="#FNanchor_49" class="label">[49]</a> 6 The Libr. Asso. Rec. 67.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_50" href="#FNanchor_50" class="label">[50]</a> 5 The Libr. Asso. Rec. 501.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_51" href="#FNanchor_51" class="label">[51]</a> Chap. XVIII. p. 233.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_52" href="#FNanchor_52" class="label">[52]</a> 28 L. J. 113.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_53" href="#FNanchor_53" class="label">[53]</a> 25 L. J. 105.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_54" href="#FNanchor_54" class="label">[54]</a> 37 L. J. 135.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_55" href="#FNanchor_55" class="label">[55]</a> P. L. 1876, p. 466.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_56" href="#FNanchor_56" class="label">[56]</a> Idem, p. 479.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_57" href="#FNanchor_57" class="label">[57]</a> 6 P. L. 203.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_58" href="#FNanchor_58" class="label">[58]</a> p. 270.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_59" href="#FNanchor_59" class="label">[59]</a> 31 L. J. Conf. 62.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_60" href="#FNanchor_60" class="label">[60]</a> 26 L. J. Conf. 41.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_61" href="#FNanchor_61" class="label">[61]</a> p. 48.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_62" href="#FNanchor_62" class="label">[62]</a> p. 32.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_63" href="#FNanchor_63" class="label">[63]</a> p. 134.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_64" href="#FNanchor_64" class="label">[64]</a> p. 84.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_65" href="#FNanchor_65" class="label">[65]</a> See later, p. 143.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_66" href="#FNanchor_66" class="label">[66]</a> p. 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_67" href="#FNanchor_67" class="label">[67]</a> P. L. 1876, p. 407.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_68" href="#FNanchor_68" class="label">[68]</a> 23 L. J. Conf. 23.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_69" href="#FNanchor_69" class="label">[69]</a> May, 1900.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_70" href="#FNanchor_70" class="label">[70]</a> 26 L. J. Conf. 45.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_71" href="#FNanchor_71" class="label">[71]</a> 3 P. L. 336.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_72" href="#FNanchor_72" class="label">[72]</a> p. 48.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_73" href="#FNanchor_73" class="label">[73]</a> p. 81.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_74" href="#FNanchor_74" class="label">[74]</a> Vol. 2, p. 231.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_75" href="#FNanchor_75" class="label">[75]</a> 8 P. L. 206.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_76" href="#FNanchor_76" class="label">[76]</a> 3 P. L. 336.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_77" href="#FNanchor_77" class="label">[77]</a> 8 The Libr. Asso. Record 178.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_78" href="#FNanchor_78" class="label">[78]</a> 26 L. J. Conf. p. 41.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_79" href="#FNanchor_79" class="label">[79]</a> 6 P. L. 602.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_80" href="#FNanchor_80" class="label">[80]</a> 17 L. J. 125.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_81" href="#FNanchor_81" class="label">[81]</a> p. 6.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_82" href="#FNanchor_82" class="label">[82]</a> p. 8.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_83" href="#FNanchor_83" class="label">[83]</a> P. L. 1876, 484.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_84" href="#FNanchor_84" class="label">[84]</a> 36 L. J. 189.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_85" href="#FNanchor_85" class="label">[85]</a> 1 Library Notes, 177.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_86" href="#FNanchor_86" class="label">[86]</a> p. 139.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_87" href="#FNanchor_87" class="label">[87]</a> pp. 89-92.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_88" href="#FNanchor_88" class="label">[88]</a> p. 10.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_89" href="#FNanchor_89" class="label">[89]</a> p. 141.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_90" href="#FNanchor_90" class="label">[90]</a> Vol. 4, p. 83.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_91" href="#FNanchor_91" class="label">[91]</a> $400,000 to $250,000. See 33 L. J. 428 and 442.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_92" href="#FNanchor_92" class="label">[92]</a> pp. 59, 102.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_93" href="#FNanchor_93" class="label">[93]</a> 14 L. J. 264.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_94" href="#FNanchor_94" class="label">[94]</a> <a href="#Page_286">p. 286</a> of this volume.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_95" href="#FNanchor_95" class="label">[95]</a> L. P. p. 15.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_96" href="#FNanchor_96" class="label">[96]</a> 26 L. J. Conf. 43.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_97" href="#FNanchor_97" class="label">[97]</a> p. 133.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_98" href="#FNanchor_98" class="label">[98]</a> p. 101.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_99" href="#FNanchor_99" class="label">[99]</a> p. 137.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_100" href="#FNanchor_100" class="label">[100]</a> p. 257.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_101" href="#FNanchor_101" class="label">[101]</a> Int. Conf. (1907) 106.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_102" href="#FNanchor_102" class="label">[102]</a> p. 137.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_103" href="#FNanchor_103" class="label">[103]</a> Clark, p. 41.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_104" href="#FNanchor_104" class="label">[104]</a> <a href="#Page_205">p. 205</a> of this volume.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_105" href="#FNanchor_105" class="label">[105]</a> p. 7.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_106" href="#FNanchor_106" class="label">[106]</a> p. 16.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_107" href="#FNanchor_107" class="label">[107]</a> Vol. 3, col. 673.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_108" href="#FNanchor_108" class="label">[108]</a> 8 P. L. 203.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_109" href="#FNanchor_109" class="label">[109]</a> Vol. 3, col. 913.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_110" href="#FNanchor_110" class="label">[110]</a> p. 56.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_111" href="#FNanchor_111" class="label">[111]</a> p. 357.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_112" href="#FNanchor_112" class="label">[112]</a> p. 143.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_113" href="#FNanchor_113" class="label">[113]</a> See Edwards, p. 313.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_114" href="#FNanchor_114" class="label">[114]</a> 3 P. L. 375.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_115" href="#FNanchor_115" class="label">[115]</a> 27 L. J. Conf. 204.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_116" href="#FNanchor_116" class="label">[116]</a> 6 P. L. 602.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_117" href="#FNanchor_117" class="label">[117]</a> 3 L. P. 3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_118" href="#FNanchor_118" class="label">[118]</a> p. 45.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_119" href="#FNanchor_119" class="label">[119]</a> Hints for Small Libraries, 4.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_120" href="#FNanchor_120" class="label">[120]</a> P. L. 1876, 477.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_121" href="#FNanchor_121" class="label">[121]</a> 14 L. J. 159.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_122" href="#FNanchor_122" class="label">[122]</a> p. 85.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_123" href="#FNanchor_123" class="label">[123]</a> 31 L. J. Conf. 53.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_124" href="#FNanchor_124" class="label">[124]</a> 25 L. J. 678.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_125" href="#FNanchor_125" class="label">[125]</a> 31 L. J. Conf. 3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_126" href="#FNanchor_126" class="label">[126]</a> p. 45.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_127" href="#FNanchor_127" class="label">[127]</a> p. 81.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_128" href="#FNanchor_128" class="label">[128]</a> Fletcher, <i>Intr.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_129" href="#FNanchor_129" class="label">[129]</a> 26 L. J. Conf. 45.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_130" href="#FNanchor_130" class="label">[130]</a> 19 L. J. Conf. 96.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_131" href="#FNanchor_131" class="label">[131]</a> 19 L. J. Conf. 96.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_132" href="#FNanchor_132" class="label">[132]</a> P. L. 1876, 484.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_133" href="#FNanchor_133" class="label">[133]</a> pp. 45, 85.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_134" href="#FNanchor_134" class="label">[134]</a> 31 L. J. Conf. 3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_135" href="#FNanchor_135" class="label">[135]</a> 25 L. J. 682.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_136" href="#FNanchor_136" class="label">[136]</a> p. 8.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_137" href="#FNanchor_137" class="label">[137]</a> 29 L. J. 413.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_138" href="#FNanchor_138" class="label">[138]</a> p. 8.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_139" href="#FNanchor_139" class="label">[139]</a> 31 L. J. Conf. 53.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_140" href="#FNanchor_140" class="label">[140]</a> p. 273.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_141" href="#FNanchor_141" class="label">[141]</a> 8 P. L. 205.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_142" href="#FNanchor_142" class="label">[142]</a> p. 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_143" href="#FNanchor_143" class="label">[143]</a> Architectural Competitions: a circular of advice, 1911, pp. 4, 5.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_144" href="#FNanchor_144" class="label">[144]</a> 26 L. J. 865.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_145" href="#FNanchor_145" class="label">[145]</a> Art Competition, Vol. 1, col. 657.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_146" href="#FNanchor_146" class="label">[146]</a> p. 26 L. J. Conf. 91.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_147" href="#FNanchor_147" class="label">[147]</a> 6 P. L. 610.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_148" href="#FNanchor_148" class="label">[148]</a> 7 P. L. 113.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_149" href="#FNanchor_149" class="label">[149]</a> 19 L. J. Conf. 96.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_150" href="#FNanchor_150" class="label">[150]</a> 26 L. J. Conf. 39.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_151" href="#FNanchor_151" class="label">[151]</a> Bost. 273.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_152" href="#FNanchor_152" class="label">[152]</a> p. 7.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_153" href="#FNanchor_153" class="label">[153]</a> p. 59.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_154" href="#FNanchor_154" class="label">[154]</a> 6 P. L. 601.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_155" href="#FNanchor_155" class="label">[155]</a> 34 L. J. 205.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_156" href="#FNanchor_156" class="label">[156]</a> See Duff-Brown, p. 85.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_157" href="#FNanchor_157" class="label">[157]</a> p. 120.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_158" href="#FNanchor_158" class="label">[158]</a> p. 120.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_159" href="#FNanchor_159" class="label">[159]</a> <a href="#Page_103">p. 103.</a></p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_160" href="#FNanchor_160" class="label">[160]</a> 26 L. J. Conf. 45.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_161" href="#FNanchor_161" class="label">[161]</a> 6 Libr. Asso. Record.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_162" href="#FNanchor_162" class="label">[162]</a> p. 135.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_163" href="#FNanchor_163" class="label">[163]</a> pp. 115 and 120.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_164" href="#FNanchor_164" class="label">[164]</a> Lib. Prob. 4.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_165" href="#FNanchor_165" class="label">[165]</a> p. 5.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_166" href="#FNanchor_166" class="label">[166]</a> p. 279.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_167" href="#FNanchor_167" class="label">[167]</a> 37 L. J. 135.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_168" href="#FNanchor_168" class="label">[168]</a> 116 <i>et seq.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_169" href="#FNanchor_169" class="label">[169]</a> 127.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_170" href="#FNanchor_170" class="label">[170]</a> p. 104.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_171" href="#FNanchor_171" class="label">[171]</a> p. 87.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_172" href="#FNanchor_172" class="label">[172]</a> 30 L. J. Conf. 240.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_173" href="#FNanchor_173" class="label">[173]</a> 36 L. J. 467.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_174" href="#FNanchor_174" class="label">[174]</a> p. 10.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_175" href="#FNanchor_175" class="label">[175]</a> p. 10.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_176" href="#FNanchor_176" class="label">[176]</a> 3 P. L. 336.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_177" href="#FNanchor_177" class="label">[177]</a> P. L. 1876, 406.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_178" href="#FNanchor_178" class="label">[178]</a> P. L. 1876, p. 475.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_179" href="#FNanchor_179" class="label">[179]</a> p. 84.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_180" href="#FNanchor_180" class="label">[180]</a> Vol. 1, p. 93.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_181" href="#FNanchor_181" class="label">[181]</a> p. 7.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_182" href="#FNanchor_182" class="label">[182]</a> pp. 13, 14.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_183" href="#FNanchor_183" class="label">[183]</a> p. 288.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_184" href="#FNanchor_184" class="label">[184]</a> Vol 12, p. 446.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_185" href="#FNanchor_185" class="label">[185]</a> p. 48.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_186" href="#FNanchor_186" class="label">[186]</a> 16 L. J. Conf. 104.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_187" href="#FNanchor_187" class="label">[187]</a> p. 74.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_188" href="#FNanchor_188" class="label">[188]</a> 3 P. L. 40.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_189" href="#FNanchor_189" class="label">[189]</a> 96.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_190" href="#FNanchor_190" class="label">[190]</a> p. 12.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_191" href="#FNanchor_191" class="label">[191]</a> p. 13.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_192" href="#FNanchor_192" class="label">[192]</a> Vol. 8, p. 642.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_193" href="#FNanchor_193" class="label">[193]</a> Vol. 1, p. 288.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_194" href="#FNanchor_194" class="label">[194]</a> 30 L. J. 249.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_195" href="#FNanchor_195" class="label">[195]</a> 31 L. J. Conf. 54.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_196" href="#FNanchor_196" class="label">[196]</a> p. 10.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_197" href="#FNanchor_197" class="label">[197]</a> Clark, 165.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_198" href="#FNanchor_198" class="label">[198]</a> p. 48.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_199" href="#FNanchor_199" class="label">[199]</a> p. 15.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_200" href="#FNanchor_200" class="label">[200]</a> p. 286.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_201" href="#FNanchor_201" class="label">[201]</a> p. 285.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_202" href="#FNanchor_202" class="label">[202]</a> 25 L. J. 683.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_203" href="#FNanchor_203" class="label">[203]</a> p. 26.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_204" href="#FNanchor_204" class="label">[204]</a> Article, “Schools.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_205" href="#FNanchor_205" class="label">[205]</a> 8 Libr. Asso. Record, 182.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_206" href="#FNanchor_206" class="label">[206]</a> p. 26.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_207" href="#FNanchor_207" class="label">[207]</a> L. J. June, 1912.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_208" href="#FNanchor_208" class="label">[208]</a> Vol. 3, p. 173.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_209" href="#FNanchor_209" class="label">[209]</a> After p. 138.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_210" href="#FNanchor_210" class="label">[210]</a> p. 13.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_211" href="#FNanchor_211" class="label">[211]</a> 34 L. J. 16, 106.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_212" href="#FNanchor_212" class="label">[212]</a> p. 21.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_213" href="#FNanchor_213" class="label">[213]</a> p. 87.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_214" href="#FNanchor_214" class="label">[214]</a> p. 24.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_215" href="#FNanchor_215" class="label">[215]</a> p. 24 <i>et seq.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_216" href="#FNanchor_216" class="label">[216]</a> Vol. 1, p. 91.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_217" href="#FNanchor_217" class="label">[217]</a> pp. 20, 21, 22, 23.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_218" href="#FNanchor_218" class="label">[218]</a> Geo. T. Clark, 12 P. L. 256.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_219" href="#FNanchor_219" class="label">[219]</a> p. 369.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_220" href="#FNanchor_220" class="label">[220]</a> p. 29.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_221" href="#FNanchor_221" class="label">[221]</a> 25 L. J. 679.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_222" href="#FNanchor_222" class="label">[222]</a> p. 250.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_223" href="#FNanchor_223" class="label">[223]</a> See L. C. Report 1910, p. 355.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_224" href="#FNanchor_224" class="label">[224]</a> 2d Ser. Vol. 2, p. 285.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_225" href="#FNanchor_225" class="label">[225]</a> p. 284.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_226" href="#FNanchor_226" class="label">[226]</a> Ess. in Librarianship, p. 253.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_227" href="#FNanchor_227" class="label">[227]</a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 271.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_228" href="#FNanchor_228" class="label">[228]</a> p. 84.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_229" href="#FNanchor_229" class="label">[229]</a> p. 28.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_230" href="#FNanchor_230" class="label">[230]</a> Part 1, p. 467.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_231" href="#FNanchor_231" class="label">[231]</a> p. 281.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_232" href="#FNanchor_232" class="label">[232]</a> p. 192.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_233" href="#FNanchor_233" class="label">[233]</a> See Appendix.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_234" href="#FNanchor_234" class="label">[234]</a> 34 L. J. 205.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_235" href="#FNanchor_235" class="label">[235]</a> Pub. Lib. 1876, p. 469.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_236" href="#FNanchor_236" class="label">[236]</a> p. 193.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_237" href="#FNanchor_237" class="label">[237]</a> p. 10.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_238" href="#FNanchor_238" class="label">[238]</a> 3 P. L. 240.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_239" href="#FNanchor_239" class="label">[239]</a> p. 70.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_240" href="#FNanchor_240" class="label">[240]</a> p. 95.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_241" href="#FNanchor_241" class="label">[241]</a> P. L. 1876, p. 469.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_242" href="#FNanchor_242" class="label">[242]</a> p. 289.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_243" href="#FNanchor_243" class="label">[243]</a> 8 Libr. Asso. Rec. p. 73.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_244" href="#FNanchor_244" class="label">[244]</a> p. 107.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_245" href="#FNanchor_245" class="label">[245]</a> p. 289.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_246" href="#FNanchor_246" class="label">[246]</a> 5 P. L. 88.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_247" href="#FNanchor_247" class="label">[247]</a> 8 Libr. Asso. Rec. p. 73.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_248" href="#FNanchor_248" class="label">[248]</a> L. W. p. 233.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_249" href="#FNanchor_249" class="label">[249]</a> p. 219.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_250" href="#FNanchor_250" class="label">[250]</a> p. 201.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_251" href="#FNanchor_251" class="label">[251]</a> Vol. 10, p. 237.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_252" href="#FNanchor_252" class="label">[252]</a> p. 10.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_253" href="#FNanchor_253" class="label">[253]</a> p. 15.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_254" href="#FNanchor_254" class="label">[254]</a> p. 19.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_255" href="#FNanchor_255" class="label">[255]</a> p. 112.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_256" href="#FNanchor_256" class="label">[256]</a> p. 103.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_257" href="#FNanchor_257" class="label">[257]</a> Vol. 12, p. 453.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_258" href="#FNanchor_258" class="label">[258]</a> See elaborate article by Dewey, 2 Lib. Notes, p. 100.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_259" href="#FNanchor_259" class="label">[259]</a> pp. 49, 50.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_260" href="#FNanchor_260" class="label">[260]</a> P. L. 1876, 487.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_261" href="#FNanchor_261" class="label">[261]</a> 26 L. J. Conf. 42.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_262" href="#FNanchor_262" class="label">[262]</a> p. 9.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_263" href="#FNanchor_263" class="label">[263]</a> Library Notes, pp. 107 (cut), 117.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_264" href="#FNanchor_264" class="label">[264]</a> Vol. 1, pp. 132, 134.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_265" href="#FNanchor_265" class="label">[265]</a> p. 16.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_266" href="#FNanchor_266" class="label">[266]</a> P. L. 1876, p. 487.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_267" href="#FNanchor_267" class="label">[267]</a> p. 42.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_268" href="#FNanchor_268" class="label">[268]</a> 2 Lib. Notes 105.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_269" href="#FNanchor_269" class="label">[269]</a> p. 50.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_270" href="#FNanchor_270" class="label">[270]</a> p. 12.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_271" href="#FNanchor_271" class="label">[271]</a> p. 151.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_272" href="#FNanchor_272" class="label">[272]</a> 14 P. L. 134.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_273" href="#FNanchor_273" class="label">[273]</a> p. 17.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_274" href="#FNanchor_274" class="label">[274]</a> Fletcher, p. 10. Clark, p. 170.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_275" href="#FNanchor_275" class="label">[275]</a> p. 279.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_276" href="#FNanchor_276" class="label">[276]</a> p. 94.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_277" href="#FNanchor_277" class="label">[277]</a> 26 L. J. Conf. 42.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_278" href="#FNanchor_278" class="label">[278]</a> p. 64.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_279" href="#FNanchor_279" class="label">[279]</a> A. L. A. Tract No. 4, p. 16.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_280" href="#FNanchor_280" class="label">[280]</a> 23 L. J. Conf. 17.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_281" href="#FNanchor_281" class="label">[281]</a> Vol. 25, p. 680.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_282" href="#FNanchor_282" class="label">[282]</a> P. L. 1876, p. 467.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_283" href="#FNanchor_283" class="label">[283]</a> 2 L. J. 31.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_284" href="#FNanchor_284" class="label">[284]</a> 4 L. J. 295.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_285" href="#FNanchor_285" class="label">[285]</a> p. 41.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_286" href="#FNanchor_286" class="label">[286]</a> See Koch, pl. 46.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_287" href="#FNanchor_287" class="label">[287]</a> Quoted 6 P. L. 609.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_288" href="#FNanchor_288" class="label">[288]</a> p. 66.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_289" href="#FNanchor_289" class="label">[289]</a> p. 76.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_290" href="#FNanchor_290" class="label">[290]</a> P. L. 1876, p. 526.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_291" href="#FNanchor_291" class="label">[291]</a> p. 99.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_292" href="#FNanchor_292" class="label">[292]</a> Clark, p. 90.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_293" href="#FNanchor_293" class="label">[293]</a> Clark, p. 99, (with cut).</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_294" href="#FNanchor_294" class="label">[294]</a> See pl. 14, front windows.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_295" href="#FNanchor_295" class="label">[295]</a> Clarke, pp. 96, 98.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_296" href="#FNanchor_296" class="label">[296]</a> p. 66.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_297" href="#FNanchor_297" class="label">[297]</a> See B. R. Green, 25 L. J. 680.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_298" href="#FNanchor_298" class="label">[298]</a> Brochure Series, Nov. 1897, p. 169.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_299" href="#FNanchor_299" class="label">[299]</a> 3 P. L. 76.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_300" href="#FNanchor_300" class="label">[300]</a> p. 43.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_301" href="#FNanchor_301" class="label">[301]</a> 25 L. J. 680.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_302" href="#FNanchor_302" class="label">[302]</a> Vol. 2, pp. 97, 99.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_303" href="#FNanchor_303" class="label">[303]</a> p. 66.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_304" href="#FNanchor_304" class="label">[304]</a> p. 121.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_305" href="#FNanchor_305" class="label">[305]</a> Vol. 4, p. 241.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_306" href="#FNanchor_306" class="label">[306]</a> pp. 39, 67, 68.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_307" href="#FNanchor_307" class="label">[307]</a> Vol. 4, p. 88.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_308" href="#FNanchor_308" class="label">[308]</a> Vol. 12, p. 453.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_309" href="#FNanchor_309" class="label">[309]</a> Vol. 7, p. 10.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_310" href="#FNanchor_310" class="label">[310]</a> P. L., 1876, 238.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_311" href="#FNanchor_311" class="label">[311]</a> 30 L. J. Conf. 249.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_312" href="#FNanchor_312" class="label">[312]</a> 3 P. L. 284.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_313" href="#FNanchor_313" class="label">[313]</a> Vol. 8, p. 149.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_314" href="#FNanchor_314" class="label">[314]</a> p. 83.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_315" href="#FNanchor_315" class="label">[315]</a> P. L. 1876, 688.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_316" href="#FNanchor_316" class="label">[316]</a> p. 75.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_317" href="#FNanchor_317" class="label">[317]</a> 18 L. J. 254.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_318" href="#FNanchor_318" class="label">[318]</a> p. 66.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_319" href="#FNanchor_319" class="label">[319]</a> See Symposium, L. J. 1894 Conf. 42. -See H. P. James, L. J. 1896 Conf. 49.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_320" href="#FNanchor_320" class="label">[320]</a> P. L. 1876, 431.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_321" href="#FNanchor_321" class="label">[321]</a> P. L. 1876, p. 484.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_322" href="#FNanchor_322" class="label">[322]</a> p. 409.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_323" href="#FNanchor_323" class="label">[323]</a> p. 45.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_324" href="#FNanchor_324" class="label">[324]</a> p. 382.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_325" href="#FNanchor_325" class="label">[325]</a> 4 Lib. Asst. 197.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_326" href="#FNanchor_326" class="label">[326]</a> 2d Int. Lib. Conf. 1907, p. 103.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_327" href="#FNanchor_327" class="label">[327]</a> p. 484.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_328" href="#FNanchor_328" class="label">[328]</a> pp. 157, 168, 169, 226, 233.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_329" href="#FNanchor_329" class="label">[329]</a> Vol. 12, pp. 336, 337.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_330" href="#FNanchor_330" class="label">[330]</a> p. 130.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_331" href="#FNanchor_331" class="label">[331]</a> p. 68.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_332" href="#FNanchor_332" class="label">[332]</a> p. 78.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_333" href="#FNanchor_333" class="label">[333]</a> p. 94.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_334" href="#FNanchor_334" class="label">[334]</a> p. 390.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_335" href="#FNanchor_335" class="label">[335]</a> p. 89.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_336" href="#FNanchor_336" class="label">[336]</a> p. 387.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_337" href="#FNanchor_337" class="label">[337]</a> p. 88.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_338" href="#FNanchor_338" class="label">[338]</a> 8 Lib. Asso. Record, p. 179.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_339" href="#FNanchor_339" class="label">[339]</a> p. 316.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_340" href="#FNanchor_340" class="label">[340]</a> p. 158.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_341" href="#FNanchor_341" class="label">[341]</a> p. 306.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_342" href="#FNanchor_342" class="label">[342]</a> p. 153, § 186.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_343" href="#FNanchor_343" class="label">[343]</a> p. 66.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_344" href="#FNanchor_344" class="label">[344]</a> P. L. 1876, p. 471.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_345" href="#FNanchor_345" class="label">[345]</a> 16 L. J. Conf., no. 104.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_346" href="#FNanchor_346" class="label">[346]</a> p. 192.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_347" href="#FNanchor_347" class="label">[347]</a> 13 Libr. Asso. Record, 206.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_348" href="#FNanchor_348" class="label">[348]</a> P. L. 1876, 471.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_349" href="#FNanchor_349" class="label">[349]</a> L. Pr. 48.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_350" href="#FNanchor_350" class="label">[350]</a> p. 71.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_351" href="#FNanchor_351" class="label">[351]</a> p. 327.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_352" href="#FNanchor_352" class="label">[352]</a> p. 308.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_353" href="#FNanchor_353" class="label">[353]</a> p. 270.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_354" href="#FNanchor_354" class="label">[354]</a> p. 94.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_355" href="#FNanchor_355" class="label">[355]</a> p. 234.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_356" href="#FNanchor_356" class="label">[356]</a> Vol. 8, p. 184.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_357" href="#FNanchor_357" class="label">[357]</a> p. 71.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_358" href="#FNanchor_358" class="label">[358]</a> p. 155.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_359" href="#FNanchor_359" class="label">[359]</a> 8 P. L. 22.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_360" href="#FNanchor_360" class="label">[360]</a> 35 L. J. 509.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_361" href="#FNanchor_361" class="label">[361]</a> p. 69.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_362" href="#FNanchor_362" class="label">[362]</a> p. 158.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_363" href="#FNanchor_363" class="label">[363]</a> p. 42.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_364" href="#FNanchor_364" class="label">[364]</a> p. 188 <i>et seq.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_365" href="#FNanchor_365" class="label">[365]</a> p. 263.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_366" href="#FNanchor_366" class="label">[366]</a> p. 28.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_367" href="#FNanchor_367" class="label">[367]</a> p. 325, <i>ante</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_368" href="#FNanchor_368" class="label">[368]</a> Champneys, 101.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_369" href="#FNanchor_369" class="label">[369]</a> p. 409.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_370" href="#FNanchor_370" class="label">[370]</a> p. 131.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_371" href="#FNanchor_371" class="label">[371]</a> p. 10.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_372" href="#FNanchor_372" class="label">[372]</a> L. C. Rept. 1901, p. 326.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_373" href="#FNanchor_373" class="label">[373]</a> pp. 69, 38, 43.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_374" href="#FNanchor_374" class="label">[374]</a> P. L. 1876, 470.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_375" href="#FNanchor_375" class="label">[375]</a> 11 L. J. Conf. 361.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_376" href="#FNanchor_376" class="label">[376]</a> pp. 138, 143.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_377" href="#FNanchor_377" class="label">[377]</a> p. 292.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_378" href="#FNanchor_378" class="label">[378]</a> p. 154.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_379" href="#FNanchor_379" class="label">[379]</a> p. 12.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_380" href="#FNanchor_380" class="label">[380]</a> p. 102.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_381" href="#FNanchor_381" class="label">[381]</a> pp. 408, 105.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_382" href="#FNanchor_382" class="label">[382]</a> p. 116.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_383" href="#FNanchor_383" class="label">[383]</a> p. 291.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_384" href="#FNanchor_384" class="label">[384]</a> p. 19.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_385" href="#FNanchor_385" class="label">[385]</a> p. 46.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_386" href="#FNanchor_386" class="label">[386]</a> 13 L. J. 339.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_387" href="#FNanchor_387" class="label">[387]</a> p. 295.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_388" href="#FNanchor_388" class="label">[388]</a> p. 129.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_389" href="#FNanchor_389" class="label">[389]</a> 30 inches.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_390" href="#FNanchor_390" class="label">[390]</a> pp. 10, 18.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_391" href="#FNanchor_391" class="label">[391]</a> p. 295.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_392" href="#FNanchor_392" class="label">[392]</a> p. 47.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_393" href="#FNanchor_393" class="label">[393]</a> p. 129.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_394" href="#FNanchor_394" class="label">[394]</a> 18 L. J. 225.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_395" href="#FNanchor_395" class="label">[395]</a> p. 45.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_396" href="#FNanchor_396" class="label">[396]</a> p. 54.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_397" href="#FNanchor_397" class="label">[397]</a> p. 291.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_398" href="#FNanchor_398" class="label">[398]</a> p. 18.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_399" href="#FNanchor_399" class="label">[399]</a> p. 113.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_400" href="#FNanchor_400" class="label">[400]</a> Other Superintendents provided in the space allotted department.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_401" href="#FNanchor_401" class="label">[401]</a> The offices of the other superintendents are directly connected with -their respective departments.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_393"></a>[393]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="INDEX">INDEX</h2> - -</div> - -<ul> - -<li class="ifrst">Acetylene gas, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Adams, Herbert B., cited, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, -<a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a -href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Administration rooms, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a -href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Advice, free, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ahern, Mary Eileen, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Air, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a -href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Alcoves, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a -href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a -href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a -href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a -href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Alterations, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a -href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Altering new buildings, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Amateurs dangerous, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ancient History, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a -href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">American Institute of Architects, <a -href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a -href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">American Library Association, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, -<a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">A. L. A. Com. on Ventilation, etc., <a -href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">A. L. A. Tract No. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, -<a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a -href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">American Library Institute, <a -href="#Page_302">302</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Andrews, Clement W., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, -<a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a -href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Annual outlay, limiting, <a -href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Annual Register, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ante-room, librarian’s, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Antiquarian libraries, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Apprentice class, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Approaches, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Arabs, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Architect, Dedication, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, -<a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a -href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Architectural competitions, <a -href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Architectural Review, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Architectural styles, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Architecture, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, -<a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a -href="#Page_329">329</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Areas, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a -href="#Page_373">373</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Art galleries, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Art rooms, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a -href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Asinius Pollio, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Aspect, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Assyria, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a -href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Astor Library, N. Y., <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a -href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Athenæums, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Attics, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Auditorium, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Augustus, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Automobiles, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Barometers, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Basement, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a -href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Begin early, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Belden, Charles F. D., <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bells, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Benedict, Saint, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bernardiston, Mass., P. L., <a -href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bethnal Green (Eng.) L., <a -href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bibliothèque St. Geneviève, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, -<a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bicycles, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a -href="#Page_375">375</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Billings, Dr. John S., <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a -href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Binding, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a -href="#Page_375">375</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Birmingham (Eng.) P. L., <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Blades, Wm., <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Blame for faults, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Blind, The, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a -href="#Page_381">381</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bluemner, Oscar, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, -<a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a -href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a -href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a -href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a -href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a -id="Page_394"></a>[394]</span>Bodleian L., Oxford, <a -href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a -href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bolton, C. K., <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bookcases, closed, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">dwarf, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.</li> <li -class="isub1">radial, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.</li> <li -class="isub1">rolling or sliding, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a -href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Book Order Department, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Book storage, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Books of odd sizes, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bookworms, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Boston Herald, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Boston Public Library, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, -<a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a -href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a -href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a -href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Boston School Doc. No. 14, 1907, <a -href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a -href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Boston Transcript, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bostwick, Arthur E., cited, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, -<a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a -href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a -href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a -href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a -href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a -href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a -href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a -href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a -href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a -href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a -href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a -href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a -href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a -href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a -href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a -href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a -href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a -href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a -href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bowdoin College Lib., <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a -href="#Page_301">301</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bowerman, George F., <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Boxford, Mass., P. L., <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Branch libraries, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Branches, service of, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Branford, Conn., P. L., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Brick, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Brigham, Johnson, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">British Museum, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, -<a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a -href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a -href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Brochure Series, cited, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Brookline, Mass., P. L., <a -href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Brooklyn, N. Y., P. L., <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, -<a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a -href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Brown, Jas. Duff—<i>see</i> <a -href="#Duff-Brown">Duff-Brown</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Brown University Library, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, -<a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a -href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Buckland, Mass., P. L., <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Building Acts, English, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Building committee, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a -href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bulletin boards, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Burgoyne, F. J., cited, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, -<a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a -href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a -href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a -href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a -href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a -href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a -href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a -href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a -href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a -href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a -href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a -href="#Page_354">354</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Business libraries, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">California, University of, <a -href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Canfield, Dr. James H., <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a -href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Canterbury, The Prior’s Chapel, <a -href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Capacity of shelves, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a -href="#Page_298">298</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Carnegie, Andrew, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, -<a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a -href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Carr, Henry J., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, -<a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a -href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Carrels, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a -href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a -href="#Page_286">286</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Carrere and Hastings, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Carriers, mechanical, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, -<a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a -href="#Page_375">375</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Catalog cases, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, -<a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a -href="#Page_377">377</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cataloguing rooms, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a -href="#Page_376">376</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ceilings, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cellars, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a -href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Central spaces, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Century Dictionary, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Chairs, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Champneys, A. L., cited, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, -<a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a -href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a -href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a -href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a -href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a -href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a -href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a -href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a -href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a -href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a -href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a -href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a -href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a -href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a -href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a -href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a -href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a -href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a -href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a -href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a -href="#Page_345">345</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Change, provision for, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Chicago World’s Fair, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Children’s room, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a -href="#Page_377">377</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a -id="Page_395"></a>[395]</span>Christiania Fjord, <a -href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Christ’s Hospital, London, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cincinnati Public Library, <a -href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Circular stairs, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cistercians, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">City Club, Chicago, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Clairvaux, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Clark, George T., cited, <a -href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Clark, John Willis, cited, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a -href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, -<a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a -href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a -href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a -href="#Page_295">295</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Class rooms, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a -href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Classes of libraries, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a -href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Classical style, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a -href="#Page_118">118</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Claude & Starck, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Clay’s School Buildings, cited, <a -href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cleaning, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a -href="#Page_252">252</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cleanliness, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Clerestories, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Clocks, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Closets, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a -href="#Page_377">377</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Club libraries, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Coat rooms, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cole, George Watson, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">College libraries, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Color, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a -href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Columbia University, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Columns, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Comfort rooms, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Competition, New York, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Competitions, architectural, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, -<a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Competitions, judges of, <a -href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Concentric cases, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Concourse, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Concrete, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a -href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Concrete examples <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Conflicts, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx" id="Congress">Congress, Library of, <a -href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a -href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a -href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a -href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a -href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a -href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a -href="#Page_337">337</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Congressional Documents, <a -href="#Page_302">302</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Contests, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Conversation rooms, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Coolidge, Charles A., <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a -href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Copying blindly, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cornell University Library, <a -href="#Page_345">345</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cornices, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Correlation of parts, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cost, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a -href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cost of running, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cotgreave, Alfred, cited, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Courtyards, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Coutts, H. T., <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cravath and Lansingh, cited, <a -href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Crerar Library, Chicago, <a -href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Crunden, Frederick M., cited, <a -href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cubic contents, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cubicles, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Curtains, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cutter, Charles A., <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, -<a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a -href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cutting down cost, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Dampness, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dana, John C, cited, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, -<a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a -href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a -href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a -href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dark Ages, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dark places, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dark stacks, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Darlington, Wis., P. L., <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Decoration, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Delassert, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Delivery desk, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a -href="#Page_348">348</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Delivery room, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a -href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Delivery station room, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Department libraries, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a -href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Departments, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li> <li -class="isub1">heads of, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Development, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dewey, Melvil, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, -<a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a -href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a -href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a -href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dial, Chicago, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a -id="Page_396"></a>[396]</span>Diffused light, <a -href="#Page_115">115</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Domes, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a -href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Donors, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Don’t build too soon, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Don’t put off too long, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Doors, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a -href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Doyle, ——, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Drains, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dry-rot deadening, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx" id="Duff-Brown">Duff-Brown, James, cited, -<a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a -href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a -href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a -href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a -href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a -href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a -href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a -href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a -href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a -href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a -href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a -href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a -href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a -href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a -href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a -href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a -href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a -href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a -href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Duplicates, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Durham, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a -href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dust, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a -href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Eastman, Wm. R., cited, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, -<a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a -href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a -href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a -href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a -href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a -href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a -href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a -href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a -href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Economy of expert advice, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Economy paramount, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Education, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Educational libraries, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Edwards, Edward, cited, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a -href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Electric light, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">fixtures, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> <li -class="isub1">switches, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> <li -class="isub1">systems, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Elevators, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a -href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a -href="#Page_379">379</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Eliot, President, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Elmendorf, Theresa West, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a -href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.; cited, <a -href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Endowed libraries, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Enemies of books, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Engineer, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">England, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Enlargements, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Entrances, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Epilogue, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass., <a -href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Equipment, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Escorial, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a -href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Evolution of library buildings, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, -<a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Exceptional cases, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Executive offices, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a -href="#Page_379">379</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Exhibitions, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a -href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Expert advice, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Experts, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Experts’ fees, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Exterior growth, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Extras, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Extravagances, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Faults to be looked for, <a -href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Faunce, Dr. W. H. P., <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Features, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fees, architects’, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a -href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fees, library advisers’, <a -href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">File your plans, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a -href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fire, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fire buckets, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fireplaces, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fireproof vaults, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a -href="#Page_390">390</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Firmitas, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Firmitas, Utilitas, Venustas, <a -href="#Page_iii"><i>Title</i></a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fittings, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fixtures, electric, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fletcher, Wm. I., cited, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, -<a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a -href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a -href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a -href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a -href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a -href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a -href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a -href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a -href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a -href="#Page_344">344</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Floor arrangements, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">cases, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> <li -class="isub1">coverings, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Floors, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a -href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a -id="Page_397"></a>[397]</span>Folding press, <a -href="#Page_300">300</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Folios, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Forecasting the years, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Foster, Wm. E., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, -<a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a -href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a -href="#Page_346">346</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fourth floor, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">France, National Library of, <a -href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Frankness among librarians, <a -href="#Page_110">110</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Free advice, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Freetown, Mass., P. L., <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fresh air, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Front door, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Furniture, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Galleries, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Garage, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Garnett, Dr. Richard, cited, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, -<a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a -href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a -href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a -href="#Page_330">330</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gas, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a -href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Genealogical libraries, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gentleman’s Magazine, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gladstone, Wm. E., <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a -href="#Page_301">301</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Glare, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a -href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Glass, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a -href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li> <li class="isub1">ribbed, <a -href="#Page_294">294</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Glasgow (Scot.), <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gloucester Cathedral, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Good advice, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Government libraries, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Grades of libraries, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Grandeur, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Grant’s tomb, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Grecian style, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Green, Bernard R., <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, -<a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a -href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a -href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a -href="#Page_330">330</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Green, Edward B., <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, -<a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a -href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ground floor, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Growth, limitations on, <a -href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> <li class="isub1">provision for, <a -href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Half-hour reading, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hallam, ——, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Halls, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hamburg, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hamlin, Prof. A. D. F., <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a -href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Handrails, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a -href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hansard’s Debates, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hare, H. T., <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a -href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Harvard College, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a -href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Harvard Law School, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Harvard Univ. Lib., <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, -<a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a -href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a -href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a -href="#Page_303">303</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Head room, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a -href="#Page_307">307</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Health, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Heat, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a -href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Heating, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a -href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Historical libraries, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a -href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">History, ancient, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">dawn of, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> <li -class="isub1">mediæval, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li> <li -class="isub1">modern, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hodges, N. D. C, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hot water heating, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Ideal in planning, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Illumination, N. Y., <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a -href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Indirect lighting, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Information Room, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a -href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Institution, The, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Institutional libraries, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a -href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Interchange department, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Interior growth, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">International Library Conference, cited, <a -href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Introduction, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ireland, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Irrepressible conflict, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Isadore, Bishop of Seville, <a -href="#Page_115">115</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Jackson, Annie B., <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">James, Hannah P., <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Janitor, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a -href="#Page_381">381</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Jenner, Henry, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a -id="Page_398"></a>[398]</span>Jevons, Stanley, quoted, <a -href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">John Crerar L., Chicago, <a -href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">John Hay Library, Brown Univ., <a -href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a -href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a -href="#Page_287">287</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Jones, Gardner M., <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Judges of Competitions, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a -href="#Page_359">359</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Judgment of the public, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Keene Valley, N. Y., P. L., <a -href="#Page_209">209</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">King’s College, Cambridge, <a -href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Koch, Theodore W., cited, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, -<a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a -href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a -href="#Page_308">308</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Koopman, H. L., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Lamm, E. N., <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lane, Wm. C., <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a -href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lane and Bolton, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lavatory, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Law libraries, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a -href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lectures, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ledges, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a -href="#Page_291">291</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Leeds (Eng.) P. L., <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Leipsic, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Leopoldo della Santa, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Leyden, University of, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a -href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Librarian, The (magazine), cited, <a -href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a -href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a -href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Librarian’s room, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a -href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Library, The (magazine), cited, <a -href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Library Adviser, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a -href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Library Architect, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Library Assistant, The (magazine), cited, -<a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a -href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Library Association of the United Kingdom, <a -href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Library Association Record, cited, <a -href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a -href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a -href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a -href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a -href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a -href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a -href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a -href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a -href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a -href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Library Bureau, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a -href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Library Chronicle, cited, <a -href="#Page_300">300</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Library Journal, N. Y., cited, <a -href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a -href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a -href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a -href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a -href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a -href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a -href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a -href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a -href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a -href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a -href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a -href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a -href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a -href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a -href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a -href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a -href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a -href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a -href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a -href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a -href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a -href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a -href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a -href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a -href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a -href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a -href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a -href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a -href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Library of Congress—<i>see</i> <a -href="#Congress">Congress</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Library Notes (magazine), cited, <a -href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a -href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a -href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a -href="#Page_301">301</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Library science, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a -href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Library World, cited, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Life of a library building, <a -href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lifts, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a -href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a -href="#Page_379">379</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Light, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a -href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a -href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a -href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>, <a -href="#Page_382">382</a>.</li> <li class="isub1">artificial, -<a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">natural, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">reflected, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a -href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Light-reading room, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a -href="#Page_313">313</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lighting, indirect, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lightning, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Little, George T., <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, -<a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a -href="#Page_303">303</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Local history, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Local librarian as expert, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, -<a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Local literature, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lockers, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lunch rooms, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a -href="#Page_387">387</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lymburn, James, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a -href="#Page_304">304</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Magazines, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a -href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Magnusson, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a -id="Page_399"></a>[399]</span>Main floor, <a -href="#Page_371">371</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Manchester (Eng.) P. L., <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Manuscripts, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Maps, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a -href="#Page_382">382</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Marble, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Marks, L. B., <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Marston’s Mills, Mass., P. L., <a -href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Marvin, Cornelia, cited, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, -<a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a -href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a -href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a -href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a -href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a -href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a -href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a -href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a -href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a -href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a -href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a -href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a -href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a -href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a -href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a -href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a -href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Massachusetts Report of 1899, cited, <a -href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a -href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Massachusetts State Library, <a -href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Material, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a -href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a -href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a -href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Matthews, E. R. N., <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a -href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mauran, John L., <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, -<a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a -href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mayhew, H. M., <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mazarin, Cardinal, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mechanical carriers, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, -<a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a -href="#Page_375">375</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mechanical service, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mediæval history, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Medical libraries, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mendon, Mass., P. L., <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mercantile libraries, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a -href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Merton College L., Oxford, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mezzanine floors, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a -href="#Page_372">372</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mice, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Middle of blocks, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Minimum buildings, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Model of plan, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Moderate and medium libraries, <a -href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Modern history, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Monasteries, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a -href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mt. Holyoke College L., <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Museums, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Music, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a -href="#Page_382">382</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Neglect, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Never copy blindly, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Newark P. L., <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Newberry Library, Chicago, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a -href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">New York branch libraries, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, -<a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a -href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">New York P. L., <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, -<a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a -href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a -href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Newspapers, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a -href="#Page_383">383</a>.</li> <li class="isub1">bound, <a -href="#Page_336">336</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Nineteenth Century (magazine), cited, <a -href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">North Adams, Mass., P. L., <a -href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">North Carolina University L., <a -href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">North Scituate, Mass., P. L., <a -href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Oil lights, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Olmsted, F. L., Jr., <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Order of work, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ornament, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a -href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Otis, W. A., <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a -href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Our own era, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Packing room, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a -href="#Page_383">383</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pamphlets, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Panelled ceilings, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Parliament, Library of, Ottawa, <a -href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Partitions, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Passages, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Patent Office Gazette, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a -href="#Page_303">303</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Patent Office Library, London, <a -href="#Page_300">300</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Patents, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a -href="#Page_383">383</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Patton, N. S., cited, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, -<a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a -href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Periodicals, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, -<a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a -href="#Page_383">383</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a -id="Page_400"></a>[400]</span>Perkins, F. B., <a -href="#Page_305">305</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Personnel, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Philadelphia P. L., <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Photographic room, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, -<a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a -href="#Page_384">384</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Photographs, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a -href="#Page_374">374</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pilgrims, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pisistratus, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pite, Beresford, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a -href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pivot-press, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Place among buildings, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Plan inside first, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Plans, American, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, -<a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> <li class="isub1">English, -<a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">examining, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">filing, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a -href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Plumbing, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Plummer, Mary W., <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pneumatic tubes, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Points of agreement, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, -<a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a -href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Poole, Dr. Wm. F., <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, -<a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a -href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a -href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a -href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a -href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a -href="#Page_337">337</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Poole’s Index, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Poole plan, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a -href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a -href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Popular Science Monthly, cited, <a -href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Porticoes, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a -href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Portland, Ore., P. L., <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Present, The, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Princeton University, L., <a -href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Principles of planning, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a -href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Printing, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a -href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Prints, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a -href="#Page_330">330</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Prismatic glass, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Privacy, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a -href="#Page_307">307</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Private libraries, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Problem always new, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Proctor, Prof., <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Professional libraries, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Proprietary libraries, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Protection from enemies, <a -href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Providence P. L., <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, -<a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a -href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Provincetown, Mass., P. L., <a -href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ptolemy Philadelphus, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Public, The, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Public Documents, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a -href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Public judgment, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Public libraries, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Public Libraries (magazine) cited, <a -href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a -href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a -href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a -href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a -href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a -href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a -href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a -href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a -href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a -href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a -href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a -href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a -href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a -href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx" id="PL">Public Libraries 1876, cited, -<a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a -href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a -href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a -href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a -href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a -href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a -href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a -href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a -href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a -href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a -href="#Page_342">342</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Public photographing, room, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, -<a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a -href="#Page_384">384</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Public waiting rooms, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Puget Sound, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Quartos, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Queen’s College L., Cambridge (Eng.), <a -href="#Page_295">295</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Quiet, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Radcliffe Library, Oxford, <a -href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Radial cases, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Radiators, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a -href="#Page_384">384</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ranck, S. H., <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a -href="#Page_308">308</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rare books, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a -href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Reading, light, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">serious, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a -href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Reading-room, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a -href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Reading-rooms, central, <a -href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li> <li class="isub1">shelves in, <a -href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Redwood Library, Newport, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Reference room, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a -href="#Page_385">385</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Reformation, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Registration, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Reinick, Wm. R., <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a -id="Page_401"></a>[401]</span>Report of Oculists, etc., <a -href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a -href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rest rooms, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Restaurant, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a -href="#Page_384">384</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Revolving bookcases, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Revolving doors, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Richardson, E. C., <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Richardson, Henry H., <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rochester, N. Y., Law Lib., <a -href="#Page_275">275</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rochester, N. Y., P. L., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rolling cases, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Roof, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a -href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a -href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rooms, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a -href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rooms, alphabetical list of, <a -href="#Page_373">373</a>.</li> <li class="isub1">public, <a -href="#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.</li> <li -class="isub1">work, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Safes, fireproof, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Saint Charles College, La., <a -href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sainte Geneviève Bibliothèque, <a -href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Saint John’s College, Cambridge (Eng.), <a -href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Saint Louis Public Library, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, -<a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a -href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a -href="#Page_333">333</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Salem, Mass., P. L., <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a -href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sanitary facilities, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">School libraries, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Schoolhouse, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Schuyler, Montgomery, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Science, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Scientific libraries, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Scituate, Mass., P. L., <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Second floor, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Selecting an architect, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Seminar rooms, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a -href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Serial sets, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a -href="#Page_383">383</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Serious reading room, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Service, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sewers, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Shelf capacity, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, -<a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</li> <li class="isub1">bases, <a -href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li> <li class="isub1">ledges, <a -href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Shelves in reading rooms, <a -href="#Page_269">269</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Shelving, fixed or movable, <a -href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li> <li class="isub1">generally, <a -href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li> <li class="isub1">high or low, -<a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li> <li class="isub1">wall, <a -href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li> <li class="isub1">wood or metal, <a -href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Site, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a -href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Size, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a -href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sizes of books, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Skylights, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sliding cases, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a -href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Small library buildings, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a -href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Social law library, Boston, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, -<a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sorbonne, Library of, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Southwick, Mass., P. L., <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Space, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Special collections, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Special libraries, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Special rooms, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Specialists, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Spirit of planning, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Springfield, Mass., P. L., <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, -<a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stack, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a -href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a -href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a -href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li> <li -class="isub1">aisles, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.</li> <li -class="isub1">broken floors, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">capacity, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">carrels, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">dark, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li> <li -class="isub1">details, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li> <li -class="isub1">lighting, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.</li> <li -class="isub1">location, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.</li> <li -class="isub1">open access, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">shell, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">shelves, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">stairs, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a -href="#Page_290">290</a>.</li> <li class="isub1">towers, <a -href="#Page_297">297</a>.</li> <li class="isub1">use by readers, -<a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</li> <li class="isub1">windows, <a -href="#Page_294">294</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a -id="Page_402"></a>[402]</span>Stacks generally, <a -href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a -href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stacks underground, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Staff quarters, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a -href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stair landings, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> <li -class="isub1">treads, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stairs, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a -href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a -href="#Page_388">388</a>.</li> <li class="isub1">winding, <a -href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a -href="#Page_298">298</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Standard Library, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a -href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Standpipes, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stanley, ——, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a -href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">State libraries, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">State library commissions, <a -href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Steam heat, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Steel construction, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a -href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stenographer’s rooms, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a -href="#Page_388">388</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Steps, outside, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stetson, W. K., <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a -href="#Page_235">235</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Store-rooms, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a -href="#Page_388">388</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stories, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a -href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Storm doors, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stoves, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Straight, Maude W., <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Study of libraries, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Study rooms, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a -href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a -href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sturgis, Dictionary of Architecture, cited, -<a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a -href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a -href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a -href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a -href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Suburban libraries, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Superintendents, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Supervision, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Supplies, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sutton, Charles W., quoted, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, -<a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Tables, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tact, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Taj Mahal, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Talk, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Taps for cleaning, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Taste, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Telautograph, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Telephones, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a -href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Temperature, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Templeton, Mass., P. L., <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Third floor, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Theological libraries, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Thermometers, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a -href="#Page_354">354</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Thoroughness, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Thrift, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Thwaites, Dr. Reuben G., <a -href="#Page_297">297</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Time to build, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Todd, David P., <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Toilet rooms, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a -href="#Page_390">390</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Top floors, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a -href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Traveling libraries, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a -href="#Page_390">390</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Trinity College L., Cambridge (Eng.), <a -href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Trinity College L., Dublin, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, -<a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Trustees, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> <li -class="isub1">election of, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> <li -class="isub1">room, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tubes, Speaking, etc., <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a -href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tunnels, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Umbrellas, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Unassigned rooms, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Underdraining, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">U.S. Educational Report (1892-1893), <a -href="#Page_256">256</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">U.S. Government libraries, <a -href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">U.S. Navy Dept. library, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">U.S. Public Libraries—<i>see</i> <a href="#PL">P. L., -1876</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">U.S. Supreme Court building, <a -href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">University libraries, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a -href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Unusual sizes of books, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Use, Utilitas, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a -href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Useful arts, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Utilising every inch, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Utley, H. M., <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Van Name, Addison, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a -id="Page_403"></a>[403]</span>Vatican library, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, -<a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Vaults, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a -href="#Page_390">390</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Vehicles, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ventilation, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, -<a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a -href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a -href="#Page_390">390</a>.</li> <li class="isub1">by window-bar, <a -href="#Page_210">210</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Venustas, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Vermin, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Very large buildings, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Vestibules, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Visits to libraries, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Vitruvius, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a -href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Waiting rooms, public, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wall shelving, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Walls, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ware and Van Brunt, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Warehouse for work, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a -href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wash-bowls, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Washington, George, quoted, <a -href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Waste of space, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Water, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a -href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Webster’s Dictionary, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wellman, Hiller C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Westbury, Mass., P. L., <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">West Tisbury, Mass., P. L., <a -href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">What conflict is possible? <a -href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">What contest is likely? <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Where does the library come in? <a -href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Where lies the blame? <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Which should prevail? <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Whitney, James L., <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Whittington, Sir Richard, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Widman, ——, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wilson, R. E., <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Winding stairs, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Window bar ventilation, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Windows, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a -href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">false, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</li> <li -class="isub1">true, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Windsor, P. L., <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Winsor, Justin, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, -<a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a -href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a -href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a -href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a -href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wisconsin Historical Society, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, -<a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wise election of Trustees, <a -href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wolfenbüttel Library, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Women’s rooms, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wood as fuel, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</li> <li -class="isub1">for building, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Woodbine, H., <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a -href="#Page_301">301</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Workshops, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wraps, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wren, Sir Christopher, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Writing room, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Y. M. C. A. libraries, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Zutphen (Holland), <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> - -</ul> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="front-matter box"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_404"></a>[404]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">Epilogue</h2> - -<p>The outline sketched in this volume should -suggest, even to skimmers,—</p> - -<p>That the business of planning a library is -specific, technical and minute;—</p> - -<p>That it is like the planning of other useful -structures which can be spoiled by blunders of -ignorance, or by sins done in the name of art;—</p> - -<p>That it is folly to leave such serious work to -tyros or dabblers,—even to architects who are -amateur librarians;—</p> - -<p>That a committee can direct, an architect -can construct, but only a wise and mature -librarian can plan a library where the staff can -work, and where the readers can see, think and -breathe.</p> - -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO PLAN A LIBRARY BUILDING FOR LIBRARY WORK ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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