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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Titus Flavius Domitianus (Domitian)
+by C. Suetonius Tranquillus
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Titus Flavius Domitianus (Domitian)
+       The Lives Of The Twelve Caesars, Volume 12.
+
+Author: C. Suetonius Tranquillus
+
+Release Date: December 14, 2004 [EBook #6397]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TITUS FLAVIUS DOMITIANUS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Tapio Riikonen and David Widger
+
+
+
+
+
+                               THE LIVES
+                                   OF
+                           THE TWELVE CAESARS
+
+                                   By
+                       C. Suetonius Tranquillus;
+
+                          To which are added,
+
+         HIS LIVES OF THE GRAMMARIANS, RHETORICIANS, AND POETS.
+
+
+                          The Translation of
+                        Alexander Thomson, M.D.
+
+                        revised and corrected by
+                         T.Forester, Esq., A.M.
+
+
+
+
+TITUS FLAVIUS DOMITIANUS.
+
+(479)
+
+I.  Domitian was born upon the ninth of the calends of November [24th
+October] [795], when his father was consul elect, (being to enter upon
+his office the month following,) in the sixth region of the city, at the
+Pomegranate [796], in the house which he afterwards converted into a
+temple of the Flavian family.  He is said to have spent the time of his
+youth in so much want and infamy, that he had not one piece of plate
+belonging to him; and it is well known, that Clodius Pollio, a man of
+pretorian rank, against whom there is a poem of Nero's extant, entitled
+Luscio, kept a note in his hand-writing, which he sometimes produced, in
+which Domitian made an assignation with him for the foulest purposes.
+Some, likewise, have said, that he prostituted himself to Nerva, who
+succeeded him.  In the war with Vitellius, he fled into the Capitol with
+his uncle Sabinus, and a part of the troops they had in the city [797].
+But the enemy breaking in, and the temple being set on fire, he hid
+himself all night with the sacristan; and next morning, assuming the
+disguise of a worshipper of Isis, and mixing with the priests of that
+idle superstition, he got over the Tiber [798], with only one attendant,
+to the house of a woman who was the mother of one of his school-fellows,
+and lurked there so close, that, though the enemy, who were at his heels,
+searched very strictly after him, they could not discover him.  At last,
+after the success of his party, appearing in public, and being
+unanimously saluted by the title of Caesar, he assumed the office of
+praetor of the City, with consular authority, but in fact had nothing but
+the name; for the jurisdiction he transferred to his next colleague.  He
+used, however, his absolute (480) power so licentiously, that even then
+he plainly discovered what sort of prince he was likely to prove.  Not to
+go into details, after he had made free with the wives of many men of
+distinction, he took Domitia Longina from her husband, Aelias Lamia, and
+married her; and in one day disposed of above twenty offices in the city
+and the provinces; upon which Vespasian said several times, "he wondered
+he did not send him a successor too."
+
+II.  He likewise designed an expedition into Gaul and Germany [799],
+without the least necessity for it, and contrary to the advice of all his
+father's friends; and this he did only with the view of equalling his
+brother in military achievements and glory.  But for this he was severely
+reprimanded, and that he might the more effectually be reminded of his
+age and position, was made to live with his father, and his litter had to
+follow his father's and brother's carriage, as often as they went abroad;
+but he attended them in their triumph for the conquest of Judaea [800],
+mounted on a white horse.  Of the six consulships which he held, only one
+was ordinary; and that he obtained by the cession and interest of his
+brother.  He greatly affected a modest behaviour, and, above all, a taste
+for poetry; insomuch, that he rehearsed his performances in public,
+though it was an art he had formerly little cultivated, and which he
+afterwards despised and abandoned.  Devoted, however, as he was at this
+time to poetical pursuits, yet when Vologesus, king of the Parthians,
+desired succours against the Alani, with one of Vespasian's sons to
+command them, he laboured hard to procure for himself that appointment.
+But the scheme proving abortive, he endeavoured by presents and promises
+to engage other kings of the East to make a similar request.  After his
+father's death, he was for some time in doubt, whether he should not
+offer the soldiers a donative double to that of his brother, and made no
+scruple of saying frequently, "that he had been left his partner in the
+empire, but that his father's will had been fraudulently set aside."
+From that time forward, he was constantly engaged in plots against his
+brother, both publicly and privately; until, falling dangerously ill, he
+ordered all his attendants to (481) leave him, under pretence of his
+being dead, before he really was so; and, at his decease, paid him no
+other honour than that of enrolling him amongst the gods; and he often,
+both in speeches and edicts, carped at his memory by sneers and
+insinuations.
+
+III.  In the beginning of his reign, he used to spend daily an hour by
+himself in private, during which time he did nothing else but catch
+flies, and stick them through the body with a sharp pin.  When some one
+therefore inquired, "whether any one was with the emperor," it was
+significantly answered by Vibius Crispus, "Not so much as a fly."  Soon
+after his advancement, his wife Domitia, by whom he had a son in his
+second consulship, and whom the year following he complimented with the
+title of Augusta, being desperately in love with Paris, the actor, he put
+her away; but within a short time afterwards, being unable to bear the
+separation, he took her again, under pretence of complying with the
+people's importunity.  During some time, there was in his administration
+a strange mixture of virtue and vice, until at last his virtues
+themselves degenerated into vices; being, as we may reasonably conjecture
+concerning his character, inclined to avarice through want, and to
+cruelty through fear.
+
+IV.  He frequently entertained the people with most magnificent and
+costly shows, not only in the amphitheatre, but the circus; where,
+besides the usual races with chariots drawn by two or four horses
+a-breast, he exhibited the representation of an engagement between both
+horse and foot, and a sea-fight in the amphitheatre.  The people were
+also entertained with the chase of wild beasts and the combat of
+gladiators, even in the night-time, by torch-light.  Nor did men only
+fight in these spectacles, but women also.  He constantly attended at the
+games given by the quaestors, which had been disused for some time, but
+were revived by him; and upon those occasions, always gave the people the
+liberty of demanding two pair of gladiators out of his own school, who
+appeared last in court uniforms.  Whenever he attended the shows of
+gladiators, there stood at his feet a little boy dressed in scarlet, with
+a prodigiously small head, with whom he used to talk very much, and
+sometimes seriously.  We are assured, that he was (482) overheard asking
+him, "if he knew for what reason he had in the late appointment, made
+Metius Rufus governor of Egypt?"  He presented the people with naval
+fights, performed by fleets almost as numerous as those usually employed
+in real engagements; making a vast lake near the Tiber [801], and
+building seats round it.  And he witnessed them himself during a very
+heavy rain.  He likewise celebrated the Secular games [802], reckoning
+not from the year in which they had been exhibited by Claudius, but from
+the time of Augustus's celebration of them.  In these, upon the day of
+the Circensian sports, in order to have a hundred races performed, he
+reduced each course from seven rounds to five.  He likewise instituted,
+in honour of Jupiter Capitolinus, a solemn contest in music to be
+performed every five years; besides horse-racing and gymnastic exercises,
+with more prizes than are at present allowed.  There was also a public
+performance in elocution, both Greek and Latin and besides the musicians
+who sung to the harp, there were others who played concerted pieces or
+solos, without vocal accompaniment.  Young girls also ran races in the
+Stadium, at which he presided in his sandals, dressed in a purple robe,
+made after the Grecian fashion, and wearing upon his head a golden crown
+bearing the effigies of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva; with the flamen of
+Jupiter, and the college of priests sitting by his side in the same
+dress; excepting only that their crowns had also his own image on them.
+He celebrated also upon the Alban mount every year the festival of
+Minerva, for whom he had appointed a college of priests, out of which
+were chosen by lot persons to preside as governors over the college; who
+were obliged to entertain the people with extraordinary chases of
+wild-beasts, and stage-plays, besides contests for prizes in oratory and
+poetry.  He thrice bestowed upon the people a largess of three hundred
+sesterces each man; and, at a public show of gladiators, a very plentiful
+feast.  At the festival of the Seven Hills [803], he distributed large
+hampers of provisions (483) to the senatorian and equestrian orders, and
+small baskets to the common people, and encouraged them to eat by setting
+them the example.  The day after, he scattered among the people a variety
+of cakes and other delicacies to be scrambled for; and on the greater
+part of them falling amidst the seats of the crowd, he ordered five
+hundred tickets to be thrown into each range of benches belonging to the
+senatorian and equestrian orders.
+
+V.  He rebuilt many noble edifices which had been destroyed by fire, and
+amongst them the Capitol, which had been burnt down a second time [804];
+but all the inscriptions were in his own name, without the least mention
+of the original founders.  He likewise erected a new temple in the
+Capitol to Jupiter Custos, and a forum, which is now called Nerva's
+[805], as also the temple of the Flavian family [806], a stadium [807],
+an odeum [808], and a naumachia [809]; out of the stone dug from which,
+the sides of the Circus Maximus, which had been burnt down, were rebuilt.
+
+VI.  He undertook several expeditions, some from choice, and some from
+necessity.  That against the Catti [810] was unprovoked, but that against
+the Sarmatians was necessary; an entire legion, with its commander,
+having been cut off by them.  He sent two expeditions against the
+Dacians; the first upon the defeat of Oppius Sabinus, a man of consular
+rank; and (484) the other, upon that of Cornelius Fuscus, prefect of the
+pretorian cohorts, to whom he had entrusted the conduct of that war.
+After several battles with the Catti and Daci, he celebrated a double
+triumph.  But for his successes against the Sarmatians, he only bore in
+procession the laurel crown to Jupiter Capitolinus.  The civil war, begun
+by Lucius Antonius, governor of Upper Germany, he quelled, without being
+obliged to be personally present at it, with remarkable good fortune.
+For, at the very moment of joining battle, the Rhine suddenly thawing,
+the troops of the barbarians which were ready to join L. Antonius, were
+prevented from crossing the river.  Of this victory he had notice by some
+presages, before the messengers who brought the news of it arrived.  For
+upon the very day the battle was fought, a splendid eagle spread its
+wings round his statue at Rome, making most joyful cries.  And shortly
+after, a rumour became common, that Antonius was slain; nay, many
+positively affirmed, that they saw his head brought to the city.
+
+VII.  He made many innovations in common practices.  He abolished the
+Sportula [811], and revived the old practice of regular suppers.  To the
+four former parties in the Circensian games, he added two new, who were
+gold and scarlet.  He prohibited the players from acting in the theatre,
+but permitted them the practice of their art in private houses.  He
+forbad the castration of males; and reduced the price of the eunuchs who
+were still left in the hands of the dealers in slaves.  On the occasion
+of a great abundance of wine, accompanied by a scarcity of corn,
+supposing that the tillage of the ground was neglected for the sake of
+attending too much to the cultivation of vineyards, he published a
+proclamation forbidding the planting of any new vines in Italy, and
+ordering the vines in the provinces to be cut down, nowhere permitting
+more than one half of them to remain [812].  But he did not persist in
+the execution of this project.  Some of the greatest offices he conferred
+upon his freedmen and soldiers.  He forbad two legions to be quartered in
+the same camp, and more than a thousand sesterces to be deposited by any
+soldier with the standards; because it was thought that Lucius Antonius
+had been encouraged in his late project by the large sum deposited in the
+military chest by the two legions which he had in the same
+winter-quarters.  He made an addition to the soldiers' pay, of three
+gold pieces a year.
+
+VIII.  In the administration of justice he was diligent and assiduous;
+and frequently sat in the Forum out of course, to cancel the judgments of
+the court of The One Hundred, which had been procured through favour, or
+interest.  He occasionally cautioned the judges of the court of recovery
+to beware of being too ready to admit claims for freedom brought before
+them.  He set a mark of infamy upon judges who were convicted of taking
+bribes, as well as upon their assessors.  He likewise instigated the
+tribunes of the people to prosecute a corrupt aedile for extortion, and
+to desire the senate to appoint judges for his trial.  He likewise took
+such effectual care in punishing magistrates of the city, and governors
+of provinces, guilty of malversation, that they never were at any time
+more moderate or more just.  Most of these, since his reign, we have seen
+prosecuted for crimes of various kinds.  Having taken upon himself the
+reformation of the public manners, he restrained the licence of the
+populace in sitting promiscuously with the knights in the theatre.
+Scandalous libels, published to defame persons of rank, of either sex, he
+suppressed, and inflicted upon their authors a mark of infamy.  He
+expelled a man of quaestorian rank from the senate, for practising
+mimicry and dancing.  He debarred infamous women the use of litters; as
+also the right of receiving legacies, or inheriting estates.  He struck
+out of the list of judges a Roman knight for taking again his wife whom
+he had divorced and prosecuted for adultery.  He condemned several men of
+the senatorian and equestrian orders, upon the Scantinian law [813].  The
+lewdness of the Vestal Virgins, which had been overlooked by his father
+and brother, he punished severely, but in different ways; viz. offences
+committed before his reign, with death, and those since its commencement,
+according to ancient custom.  For to the two sisters called Ocellatae, he
+gave liberty to choose the mode of death which they preferred, and
+banished (486) their paramours.  But Cornelia, the president of the
+Vestals, who had formerly been acquitted upon a charge of incontinence,
+being a long time after again prosecuted and condemned, he ordered to be
+buried alive; and her gallants to be whipped to death with rods in the
+Comitium; excepting only a man of praetorian rank, to whom, because he
+confessed the fact, while the case was dubious, and it was not
+established against him, though the witnesses had been put to the
+torture, he granted the favour of banishment.  And to preserve pure and
+undefiled the reverence due to the gods, he ordered the soldiers to
+demolish a tomb, which one of his freedmen had erected for his son out of
+the stones designed for the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, and to sink in
+the sea the bones and relics buried in it.
+
+IX.  Upon his first succeeding to power, he felt such an abhorrence for
+the shedding of blood, that, before his father's arrival in Rome, calling
+to mind the verse of Virgil,
+
+    Impia quam caesis gens est epulata juvencis, [814]
+
+    Ere impious man, restrain'd from blood in vain,
+    Began to feast on flesh of bullocks slain,
+
+he designed to have published a proclamation, "to forbid the sacrifice of
+oxen."  Before his accession to the imperial authority, and during some
+time afterwards, he scarcely ever gave the least grounds for being
+suspected of covetousness or avarice; but, on the contrary, he often
+afforded proofs, not only of his justice, but his liberality.  To all
+about him he was generous even to profusion, and recommended nothing more
+earnestly to them than to avoid doing anything mean.  He would not accept
+the property left him by those who had children.  He also set aside a
+legacy bequeathed by the will of Ruscus Caepio, who had ordered "his heir
+to make a present yearly to each of the senators upon their first
+assembling."  He exonerated all those who had been under prosecution from
+the treasury for above five years before; and would not suffer suits to
+be renewed, unless it was done within a year, and on condition, that the
+prosecutor should be banished, if he could not make good his cause.  The
+secretaries of the quaestors having engaged in trade, according to
+custom, but contrary to (487) the Clodian law [815], he pardoned them for
+what was past.  Such portions of land as had been left when it was
+divided amongst the veteran soldiers, he granted to the ancient
+possessors, as belonging to then by prescription.  He put a stop to false
+prosecutions in the exchequer, by severely punishing the prosecutors; and
+this saying of his was much taken notice of "that a prince who does not
+punish informers, encourages them."
+
+X.  But he did not long persevere in this course of clemency and justice,
+although he sooner fell into cruelty than into avarice.  He put to death
+a scholar of Paris, the pantomimic [816], though a minor, and then sick,
+only because, both in person and the practice of his art, he resembled
+his master; as he did likewise Hermogenes of Tarsus for some oblique
+reflections in his History; crucifying, besides, the scribes who had
+copied the work.  One who was master of a band of gladiators, happening
+to say, "that a Thrax was a match for a Marmillo [817], but not so for
+the exhibitor of the games", he ordered him to be dragged from the
+benches into the arena, and exposed to the dogs, with this label upon
+him, "A Parmularian [818] guilty of talking impiously."  He put to death
+many senators, and amongst them several men of consular rank.  In this
+number were, Civica Cerealis, when he was proconsul in Africa,
+Salvidienus Orfitus, and Acilius Glabrio in exile, under the pretence of
+their planning to revolt against him.  The rest he punished upon very
+trivial occasions; as Aelius Lamia for some jocular expressions, which
+were of old date, and perfectly harmless; because, upon his commending
+his voice after he had taken his wife from him [819], he replied, "Alas!
+I hold my tongue."  And when Titus advised him to take another wife, he
+answered him thus: "What! have you a mind to marry?"  Salvius Cocceianus
+was condemned to death for keeping the birth-day of his uncle Otho, the
+emperor: Metius Pomposianus, because he was commonly reported to have an
+imperial nativity [820], and to carry about with (488) him a map of the
+world upon vellum, with the speeches of kings and generals extracted out
+of Titus Livius; and for giving his slaves the names of Mago and
+Hannibal; Sallustius Lucullus, lieutenant in Britain, for suffering some
+lances of a new invention to be called "Lucullean;" and Junius Rusticus,
+for publishing a treatise in praise of Paetus Thrasea and Helvidius
+Priscus, and calling them both "most upright men."  Upon this occasion,
+he likewise banished all the philosophers from the city and Italy.  He
+put to death the younger Helvidius, for writing a farce, in which, under
+the character of Paris and Oenone, he reflected upon his having divorced
+his wife; and also Flavius Sabinus, one of his cousins, because, upon his
+being chosen at the consular election to that office, the public crier
+had, by a blunder, proclaimed him to the people not consul, but emperor.
+Becoming still more savage after his success in the civil war, he
+employed the utmost industry to discover those of the adverse party who
+absconded: many of them he racked with a new-invented torture, inserting
+fire through their private parts; and from some he cut off their hands.
+It is certain, that only two of any note were pardoned, a tribune who
+wore the narrow stripe, and a centurion; who, to clear themselves from
+the charge of being concerned in any rebellious project, proved
+themselves to have been guilty of prostitution, and consequently
+incapable of exercising any influence either over the general or the
+soldiers.
+
+XI.  His cruelties were not only excessive, but subtle and unexpected.
+The day before he crucified a collector of his rents, he sent for him
+into his bed-chamber, made him sit down upon the bed by him, and sent him
+away well pleased, and, so far as could be inferred from his treatment,
+in a state of perfect security; having vouchsafed him the favour of a
+plate of meat from his own table.  When he was on the point of condemning
+to death Aretinus Clemens, a man of consular rank, and one of his friends
+and emissaries, he retained him about his person in the same or greater
+favour than ever; until at last, as they were riding together in the same
+litter, upon seeing the man who had informed against him, he said, "Are
+you willing that we should hear this base slave tomorrow?"
+Contemptuously abusing the patience of men, he never pronounced a severe
+sentence without prefacing it (489) with words which gave hopes of mercy;
+so that, at last, there was not a more certain token of a fatal
+conclusion, than a mild commencement.  He brought before the senate some
+persona accused of treason, declaring, "that he should prove that day how
+dear he was to the senate;" and so influenced them, that they condemned
+the accused to be punished according to the ancient usage [821].  Then,
+as if alarmed at the extreme severity of their punishment, to lessen the
+odiousness of the proceeding, he interposed in these words; for it is not
+foreign to the purpose to give them precisely as they were delivered:
+"Permit me, Conscript Fathers, so far to prevail upon your affection for
+me, however extraordinary the request may seem, as to grant the condemned
+criminals the favour of dying in the manner they choose.  For by so
+doing, ye will spare your own eyes, and the world will understand that I
+interceded with the senate on their behalf."
+
+XII.  Having exhausted the exchequer by the expense of his buildings and
+public spectacles, with the augmentation of pay lately granted to the
+troops, he made an attempt at the reduction of the army, in order to
+lessen the military charges.  But reflecting, that he should, by this
+measure, expose himself to the insults of the barbarians, while it would
+not suffice to extricate him from his embarrassments, he had recourse to
+plundering his subjects by every mode of exaction.  The estates of the
+living and the dead were sequestered upon any accusation, by whomsoever
+preferred.  The unsupported allegation of any one person, relative to a
+word or action construed to affect the dignity of the emperor, was
+sufficient.  Inheritances, to which he had not the slightest pretension,
+were confiscated, if there was found so much as one person to say, he had
+heard from the deceased when living, "that he had made the emperor his
+heir."  Besides the exactions from others, the poll-tax on the Jews was
+levied with extreme rigour, both on those who lived after the manner of
+Jews in the city, without publicly professing themselves to be such
+[822], and on those who, by (490) concealing their origin, avoided paying
+the tribute imposed upon that people.  I remember, when I was a youth, to
+have been present [823], when an old man, ninety years of age, had his
+person exposed to view in a very crowded court, in order that, on
+inspection, the procurator might satisfy himself whether he was
+circumcised. [824]
+
+From his earliest years Domitian was any thing but courteous, of a
+forward, assuming disposition, and extravagant both in his words and
+actions.  When Caenis, his father's concubine, upon her return from
+Istria, offered him a kiss, as she had been used to do, he presented her
+his hand to kiss.  Being indignant, that his brother's son-in-law should
+be waited on by servants dressed in white [825], he exclaimed,
+
+      ouk agathon polykoiraniae. [826]
+    Too many princes are not good.
+
+XIII.  After he became emperor, he had the assurance to boast in the
+senate, "that he had bestowed the empire on his father and brother, and
+they had restored it to him."  And upon taking his wife again, after the
+divorce, he declared by proclamation, "that he had recalled her to his
+pulvinar." [827]  He was not a little pleased too, at hearing the
+acclamations of the people in the amphitheatre on a day of festival, "All
+happiness to our lord and lady."  But when, during the celebration of the
+Capitoline trial of skill, the whole concourse of people entreated him
+with one voice to restore Palfurius Sura to his place in the senate, from
+which he had been long before expelled--he having then carried away the
+prize of eloquence from all the orators who had contended for it,--he did
+not vouchsafe to give them any answer, but only commanded silence to be
+proclaimed by the voice of the crier.  With equal arrogance, when he
+dictated the form of a letter to be used by his procurators, he began it
+thus: "Our lord and god commands so and so;" whence it became a rule that
+no one should (491) style him otherwise either in writing or speaking.
+He suffered no statues to be erected for him in the Capitol, unless they
+were of gold and silver, and of a certain weight.  He erected so many
+magnificent gates and arches, surmounted by representations of chariots
+drawn by four horses, and other triumphal ornaments, in different
+quarters of the city, that a wag inscribed on one of the arches the Greek
+word Axkei, "It is enough." [828]  He filled the office of consul
+seventeen times, which no one had ever done before him, and for the seven
+middle occasions in successive years; but in scarcely any of them had he
+more than the title; for he never continued in office beyond the calends
+of May [the 1st May], and for the most part only till the ides of January
+[13th January].  After his two triumphs, when he assumed the cognomen of
+Germanicus, he called the months of September and October, Germanicus and
+Domitian, after his own names, because he commenced his reign in the one,
+and was born in the other.
+
+XIV.  Becoming by these means universally feared and odious, he was at
+last taken off by a conspiracy of his friends and favourite freedmen, in
+concert with his wife [829].  He had long entertained a suspicion of the
+year and day when he should die, and even of the very hour and manner of
+his death; all which he had learned from the Chaldaeans, when he was a
+very young man.  His father once at supper laughed at him for refusing to
+eat some mushrooms, saying, that if he knew his fate, he would rather be
+afraid of the sword.  Being, therefore, in perpetual apprehension and
+anxiety, he was keenly alive to the slightest suspicions, insomuch that
+he is thought to have withdrawn the edict ordering the destruction of the
+vines, chiefly because the copies of it which were dispersed had the
+following lines written upon them:
+
+    Kaen me phagaes epi rizanomos epi kartophoraeso,
+        Osson epispeisai Kaisari thuomeno. [830]
+
+    Gnaw thou my root, yet shall my juice suffice
+    To pour on Caesar's head in sacrifice.
+
+(492) It was from the same principle of fear, that he refused a new
+honour, devised and offered him by the senate, though he was greedy of
+all such compliments.  It was this: "that as often as he held the
+consulship, Roman knights, chosen by lot, should walk before him, clad in
+the Trabea, with lances in their hands, amongst his lictors and
+apparitors."  As the time of the danger which he apprehended drew near,
+he became daily more and more disturbed in mind; insomuch that he lined
+the walls of the porticos in which he used to walk, with the stone called
+Phengites [831], by the reflection of which he could see every object
+behind him.  He seldom gave an audience to persons in custody, unless in
+private, being alone, and he himself holding their chains in his hand.
+To convince his domestics that the life of a master was not to be
+attempted upon any pretext, however plausible, he condemned to death
+Epaphroditus his secretary, because it was believed that he had assisted
+Nero, in his extremity, to kill himself.
+
+XV.  His last victim was Flavius Clemens [832], his cousin-german, a man
+below contempt for his want of energy, whose sons, then of very tender
+age, he had avowedly destined for his successors, and, discarding their
+former names, had ordered one to be called Vespasian, and the other
+Domitian.  Nevertheless, he suddenly put him to death upon some very
+slight suspicion [833], almost before he was well out of his consulship.
+By this violent act he very much hastened his own destruction.  During
+eight months together there was so much lightning at Rome, and such
+accounts of the phaenomenon were brought from other parts, that at last
+he cried out, "Let him now strike whom he will."  The Capitol was struck
+by lightning, as well as the temple of the Flavian family, with the
+Palatine-house, and his own bed-chamber.  The tablet also, inscribed upon
+the base of his triumphal statue was carried away by the violence of the
+storm, and fell upon a neighbouring (493) monument.  The tree which just
+before the advancement of Vespasian had been prostrated, and rose again
+[834], suddenly fell to the ground.  The goddess Fortune of Praeneste, to
+whom it was his custom on new year's day to commend the empire for the
+ensuing year, and who had always given him a favourable reply, at last
+returned him a melancholy answer, not without mention of blood.  He
+dreamt that Minerva, whom he worshipped even to a superstitious excess,
+was withdrawing from her sanctuary, declaring she could protect him no
+longer, because she was disarmed by Jupiter.  Nothing, however, so much
+affected him as an answer given by Ascletario, the astrologer, and his
+subsequent fate.  This person had been informed against, and did not deny
+his having predicted some future events, of which, from the principles of
+his art, he confessed he had a foreknowledge.  Domitian asked him, what
+end he thought he should come to himself?  To which replying, "I shall in
+a short time be torn to pieces by dogs," he ordered him immediately to be
+slain, and, in order to demonstrate the vanity of his art, to be
+carefully buried.  But during the preparations for executing this order,
+it happened that the funeral pile was blown down by a sudden storm, and
+the body, half-burnt, was torn to pieces by dogs; which being observed by
+Latinus, the comic actor, as he chanced to pass that way, he told it,
+amongst the other news of the day, to the emperor at supper.
+
+XVI.  The day before his death, he ordered some dates [835], served up at
+table, to be kept till the next day, adding, "If I have the luck to use
+them."  And turning to those who were nearest him, he said, "To-morrow
+the moon in Aquarius will be bloody instead of watery, and an event will
+happen, which will be much talked of all the world over."  About
+midnight, he was so terrified that he leaped out of bed.  That morning he
+tried and passed sentence on a soothsayer sent from Germany, who being
+consulted about the lightning that had lately (494) happened, predicted
+from it a change of government.  The blood running down his face as he
+scratched an ulcerous tumour on his forehead, he said, "Would this were
+all that is to befall me!"  Then, upon his asking the time of the day,
+instead of five o'clock, which was the hour he dreaded, they purposely
+told him it was six.  Overjoyed at this information; as if all danger
+were now passed, and hastening to the bath, Parthenius, his chamberlain,
+stopped him, by saying that there was a person come to wait upon him
+about a matter of great importance, which would admit of no delay.  Upon
+this, ordering all persons to withdraw, he retired into his chamber, and
+was there slain.
+
+XVII.  Concerning the contrivance and mode of his death, the common
+account is this.  The conspirators being in some doubt when and where
+they should attack him, whether while he was in the bath, or at supper,
+Stephanus, a steward of Domitilla's [836], then under prosecution for
+defrauding his mistress, offered them his advice and assistance; and
+wrapping up his left arm, as if it was hurt, in wool and bandages for
+some days, to prevent suspicion, at the hour appointed, he secreted a
+dagger in them.  Pretending then to make a discovery of a conspiracy, and
+being for that reason admitted, he presented to the emperor a memorial,
+and while he was reading it in great astonishment, stabbed him in the
+groin.  But Domitian, though wounded, making resistance, Clodianus, one
+of his guards, Maximus, a freedman of Parthenius's, Saturius, his
+principal chamberlain, with some gladiators, fell upon him, and stabbed
+him in seven places.  A boy who had the charge of the Lares in his
+bed-chamber, and was then in attendance as usual, gave these further
+particulars: that he was ordered by Domitian, upon receiving his first
+wound, to reach him a dagger which lay under his pillow, and call in his
+domestics; but that he found nothing at the head of the bed, excepting
+the hilt of a (495) poniard, and that all the doors were fastened: that
+the emperor in the mean time got hold of Stephanus, and throwing him upon
+the ground, struggled a long time with him; one while endeavouring to
+wrench the dagger from him, another while, though his fingers were
+miserably mangled, to tear out his eyes.  He was slain upon the
+fourteenth of the calends of October [18th Sept.], in the forty-fifth
+year of his age, and the fifteenth of his reign [837].  His corpse was
+carried out upon a common bier by the public bearers, and buried by his
+nurse Phyllis, at his suburban villa on the Latin Way.  But she
+afterwards privately conveyed his remains to the temple of the Flavian
+family [838], and mingled them with the ashes of Julia, the daughter of
+Titus, whom she had also nursed.
+
+XVIII.  He was tall in stature, his face modest, and very ruddy; he had
+large eyes, but was dim-sighted; naturally graceful in his person,
+particularly in his youth, excepting only that his toes were bent
+somewhat inward, he was at last disfigured by baldness, corpulence, and
+the slenderness of his legs, which were reduced by a long illness.  He
+was so sensible how much the modesty of his countenance recommended him,
+that he once made this boast to the senate, "Thus far you have approved
+both of my disposition and my countenance."  His baldness so much annoyed
+him, that he considered it an affront to himself, if any other person was
+reproached with it, either in jest or in earnest; though in a small tract
+he published, addressed to a friend, "concerning the preservation of the
+hair," he uses for their mutual consolation the words following:
+
+    Ouch oraas oios kago kalos te megas te;
+    Seest thou my graceful mien, my stately form?
+
+"and yet the fate of my hair awaits me; however, I bear with fortitude
+this loss of my hair while I am still young.  Remember that nothing is
+more fascinating than beauty, but nothing of shorter duration."
+
+XIX.  He so shrunk from undergoing fatigue, that he scarcely ever walked
+through the city on foot.  In his (496) expeditions and on a march, he
+seldom rode on horse-back; but was generally carried in a litter.  He had
+no inclination for the exercise of arms, but was very expert in the use
+of the bow.  Many persons have seen him often kill a hundred wild
+animals, of various kinds, at his Alban retreat, and fix his arrows in
+their heads with such dexterity, that he could, in two shots, plant them,
+like a pair of horns, in each.  He would sometimes direct his arrows
+against the hand of a boy standing at a distance, and expanded as a mark,
+with such precision, that they all passed between the boy's fingers,
+without hurting him.
+
+XX.  In the beginning of his reign, he gave up the study of the liberal
+sciences, though he took care to restore, at a vast expense, the
+libraries which had been burnt down; collecting manuscripts from all
+parts, and sending scribes to Alexandria [839], either to copy or correct
+them.  Yet he never gave himself the trouble of reading history or
+poetry, or of employing his pen even for his private purposes.  He
+perused nothing but the Commentaries and Acts of Tiberius Caesar.  His
+letters, speeches, and edicts, were all drawn up for him by others;
+though he could converse with elegance, and sometimes expressed himself
+in memorable sentiments.  "I could wish," said he once, "that I was but
+as handsome as Metius fancies himself to be."  And of the head of some
+one whose hair was partly reddish, and partly grey, he said, "that it was
+snow sprinkled with mead."
+
+XXI.  "The lot of princes," he remarked, "was very miserable, for no one
+believed them when they discovered a conspiracy, until they were
+murdered."  When he had leisure, he amused himself with dice, even on
+days that were not festivals, and in the morning.  He went to the bath
+early, and made a plentiful dinner, insomuch that he seldom ate more at
+supper than a Matian apple [840], to which he added a (497) draught of
+wine, out of a small flask.  He gave frequent and splendid
+entertainments, but they were soon over, for he never prolonged them
+after sun-set, and indulged in no revel after.  For, till bed-time, he
+did nothing else but walk by himself in private.
+
+XXII.  He was insatiable in his lusts, calling frequent commerce with
+women, as if it was a sort of exercise, klinopalaen, bed-wrestling; and
+it was reported that he plucked the hair from his concubines, and swam
+about in company with the lowest prostitutes.  His brother's daughter
+[841] was offered him in marriage when she was a virgin; but being at
+that time enamoured of Domitia, he obstinately refused her.  Yet not long
+afterwards, when she was given to another, he was ready enough to debauch
+her, and that even while Titus was living.  But after she had lost both
+her father and her husband, he loved her most passionately, and without
+disguise; insomuch that he was the occasion of her death, by obliging her
+to procure a miscarriage when she was with child by him.
+
+XXIII.  The people shewed little concern at his death, but the soldiers
+were roused by it to great indignation, and immediately endeavoured to
+have him ranked among the gods.  They were also ready to revenge his
+loss, if there had been any to take the lead.  However, they soon after
+effected it, by resolutely demanding the punishment of all those who had
+been concerned in his assassination.  On the other hand, the senate was
+so overjoyed, that they met in all haste, and in a full assembly reviled
+his memory in the most bitter terms; ordering ladders to be brought in,
+and his shields and images to be pulled down before their eyes, and
+dashed in pieces upon the floor of the senate-house passing at the same
+time a decree to obliterate his titles every where, and abolish all
+memory of him.  A few months before he was slain, a raven on the Capitol
+uttered these words: "All will be well."  Some person gave the following
+interpretation of this prodigy:
+
+    (498) Nuper Tarpeio quae sedit culmine cornix.
+    "Est bene," non potuit dicere; dixit, "Erit."
+
+    Late croaked a raven from Tarpeia's height,
+    "All is not yet, but shall be, right."
+
+They say likewise that Domitian dreamed that a golden hump grew out of
+the back of his neck, which he considered as a certain sign of happy days
+for the empire after him.  Such an auspicious change indeed shortly
+afterwards took place, through the justice and moderation of the
+succeeding emperors.
+
+     *     *     *     *     *     *
+
+If we view Domitian in the different lights in which he is represented,
+during his lifetime and after his decease, his character and conduct
+discover a greater diversity than is commonly observed in the objects of
+historical detail.  But as posthumous character is always the most just,
+its decisive verdict affords the surest criterion by which this
+variegated emperor must be estimated by impartial posterity.  According
+to this rule, it is beyond a doubt that his vices were more predominant
+than his virtues: and when we follow him into his closet, for some time
+after his accession, when he was thirty years of age, the frivolity of
+his daily employment, in the killing of flies, exhibits an instance of
+dissipation, which surpasses all that has been recorded of his imperial
+predecessors.  The encouragement, however, which the first Vespasian had
+shown to literature, continued to operate during the present reign; and
+we behold the first fruits of its auspicious influence in the valuable
+treatise of QUINTILIAN.
+
+Of the life of this celebrated writer, little is known upon any authority
+that has a title to much credit.  We learn, however, that he was the son
+of a lawyer in the service of some of the preceding emperors, and was
+born in Rome, though in what consulship, or under what emperor, it is
+impossible to determine.  He married a woman of a noble family, by whom
+he had two sons.  The mother died in the flower of her age, and the sons,
+at the distance of some time from each other, when their father was
+advanced in years.   The precise time of Quintilian's own death is
+equally inauthenticated with that of his birth; nor can we rely upon an
+author of suspicious veracity, who says that he passed the latter part of
+his life in a state of indigence which was alleviated by the liberality
+of his pupil, Pliny the Younger.  Quintilian opened a school of rhetoric
+at Rome, where he not only discharged that labourious employment with
+great applause, (499) during more than twenty years, but pleaded at the
+bar, and was the first who obtained a salary from the state, for
+executing the office of a public teacher.  He was also appointed by
+Domitian preceptor to the two young princes who were intended to succeed
+him on the throne.
+
+After his retirement from the situation of a teacher, Quintilian devoted
+his attention to the study of literature, and composed a treatise on the
+Causes of the Corruption of Eloquence.  At the earnest solicitation of
+his friends, he was afterwards induced to undertake his Institutiones
+Oratoriae, the most elaborate system of oratory extant in any language.
+This work is divided into twelve books, in which the author treats with
+great precision of the qualities of a perfect orator; explaining not only
+the fundamental principles of eloquence, as connected with the
+constitution of the human mind, but pointing out, both by argument and
+observation, the most successful method of exercising that admirable art,
+for the accomplishment of its purpose.  So minutely, and upon so
+extensive a plan, has he prosecuted the subject, that he delineates the
+education suitable to a perfect orator, from the stage of infancy in the
+cradle, to the consummation of rhetorical fame, in the pursuits of the
+bar, or those, in general, of any public assembly.  It is sufficient to
+say, that in the execution of this elaborate work, Quintilian has called
+to the assistance of his own acute and comprehensive understanding, the
+profound penetration of Aristotle, the exquisite graces of Cicero; all
+the stores of observation, experience, and practice; and in a word, the
+whole accumulated exertions of ancient genius on the subject of oratory.
+
+It may justly be regarded as an extraordinary circumstance in the
+progress of scientific improvement, that the endowments of a perfect
+orator were never fully exhibited to the world, until it had become
+dangerous to exercise them for the important purposes for which they were
+originally cultivated.  And it is no less remarkable, that, under all the
+violence and caprice of imperial despotism which the Romans had now
+experienced, their sensibility to the enjoyment of poetical compositions
+remained still unabated; as if it served to console the nation for the
+irretrievable loss of public liberty.  From this source of entertainment,
+they reaped more pleasure during the present reign, than they had done
+since the time of Augustus.  The poets of this period were Juvenal,
+Statius, and Martial.
+
+JUVENAL was born at Aquinum, but in what year is uncertain; though, from
+some circumstances, it seems to have been in the reign of Augustus.  Some
+say that he was the son of a freedman, (500) while others, without
+specifying the condition of his father, relate only that he was brought
+up by a freedman.  He came at an early age to Rome, where he declaimed
+for many years, and, pleaded causes in the forum with great applause; but
+at last he betook himself to the writing of satires, in which he acquired
+great fame.  One of the first, and the most constant object of is satire,
+was the pantomime Paris, the great favourite of the emperor Nero, and
+afterwards of Domitian.  During the reign of the former of these
+emperors, no resentment was shown towards the poet; but he experienced
+not the same impunity after the accession of the latter; when, to remove
+him from the capital, he was sent as governor to the frontiers of Egypt,
+but in reality, into an honourable exile.  According to some authors, he
+died of chagrin in that province: but this is not authenticated, and
+seems to be a mistake: for in some of Martial's epigrams, which appear to
+have been written after the death of Domitian, Juvenal is spoken of as
+residing at Rome.  It is said that he lived to upwards of eighty years of
+age.
+
+The remaining compositions of this author are sixteen satires, all
+written against the dissipation and enormous vices which prevailed at
+Rome in his time.  The various objects of animadversion are painted in
+the strongest colours, and placed in the most conspicuous points of view.
+Giving loose reins to just and moral indignation, Juvenal is every where
+animated, vehement, petulant, and incessantly acrimonious.  Disdaining
+the more lenient modes of correction, or despairing of their success, he
+neither adopts the raillery of Horace, nor the derision of Persius, but
+prosecutes vice and folly with all the severity of sentiment, passion,
+and expression.  He sometimes exhibits a mixture of humour with his
+invectives; but it is a humour which partakes more of virulent rage than
+of pleasantry; broad, hostile, but coarse, and rivalling in indelicacy
+the profligate manners which it assails.  The satires of Juvenal abound
+in philosophical apophthegms; and, where they are not sullied by obscene
+description, are supported with a uniform air of virtuous elevation.
+Amidst all the intemperance of sarcasm, his numbers are harmonious.  Had
+his zeal permitted him to direct the current of his impetuous genius into
+the channel of ridicule, and endeavour to put to shame the vices and
+follies of those licentious times, as much as he perhaps exasperated
+conviction rather than excited contrition, he would have carried satire
+to the highest possible pitch, both of literary excellence and moral
+utility.  With every abatement of attainable perfection, we hesitate not
+to place him at the head of this arduous department of poetry.
+
+Of STATIUS no farther particulars are preserved than that he (501) was
+born at Naples; that his father's name was Statius of Epirus, and his
+mother's Agelina, and that he died about the end of the first century of
+the Christian era.  Some have conjectured that he maintained himself by
+writing for the stage, but of this there is no sufficient evidence; and
+if ever he composed dramatic productions, they have perished.  The works
+of Statius now extant, are two poems, viz. the Thebais and the Achilleis,
+besides a collection, named Silvae.
+
+The Thebais consists of twelve books, and the subject of it is the Theban
+war, which happened 1236 years before the Christian era, in consequence
+of a dispute between Eteocles and Polynices, the sons of Oedipus and
+Jocasta.  These brothers had entered into an agreement with each other to
+reign alternately for a year at a time; and Eteocles being the elder, got
+first possession of the throne.  This prince refusing to abdicate at the
+expiration of the year, Polynices fled to Argos, where marrying Argia,
+the daughter of Adrastus, king of that country, he procured the
+assistance of his father-in-law, to enforce the engagement stipulated
+with his brother Eteocles.  The Argives marched under the command of
+seven able generals, who were to attack separately the seven gates of
+Thebes.  After much blood had been spilt without any effect, it was at
+last agreed between the two parties, that the brothers should determine
+the dispute by single combat.  In the desperate engagement which ensued,
+they both fell; and being burnt together upon the funeral pile, it is
+said that their ashes separated, as if actuated by the implacable
+resentment which they had borne to each other.
+
+If we except the Aeneid, this is the only Latin production extant which
+is epic in its form; and it likewise approaches nearest in merit to that
+celebrated poem, which Statius appears to have been ambitious of
+emulating.  In unity and greatness of action, the Thebais corresponds to
+the laws of the Epopea; but the fable may be regarded as defective in
+some particulars, which, however, arise more from the nature of the
+subject, than from any fault of the poet.  The distinction of the hero is
+not sufficiently prominent; and the poem possesses not those
+circumstances which are requisite towards interesting the reader's
+affections in the issue of the contest.  To this it may be added, that
+the unnatural complexion of the incestuous progeny diffuses a kind of
+gloom which obscures the splendour of thought, and restrains the
+sympathetic indulgence of fancy to some of the boldest excursions of the
+poet.  For grandeur, however, and animation of sentiment and description,
+as well as for harmony of numbers, the Thebais is eminently conspicuous,
+and deserves to be held in a much higher degree of estimation than it has
+(502) generally obtained.  In the contrivance of some of the episodes,
+and frequently in the modes of expression, Statius keeps an attentive eye
+to the style of Virgil.  It is said that he was twelve years employed in
+the composition of this poem; and we have his own authority for
+affirming, that he polished it with all the care and assiduity practised
+by the poets in the Augustan age:
+
+    Quippe, te fido monitore, nostra
+    Thebais, multa cruciata lima,
+    Tentat audaci fide Mantuanae
+        Gaudia famae.--Silvae, lib. iv. 7.
+
+    For, taught by you, with steadfast care
+    I trim my "Song of Thebes," and dare
+    With generous rivalry to share
+        The glories of the Mantuan bard.
+
+The Achilleis relates to the same hero who is celebrated by Homer in the
+Iliad; but it is the previous history of Achilles, not his conduct in the
+Trojan war, which forms the subject of the poem of Statius.  While the
+young hero is under the care of the Centaur Chiron, Thetis makes a visit
+to the preceptor's sequestered habitation, where, to save her son from
+the fate which, it was predicted, would befall him at Troy, if he should
+go to the siege of that place, she orders him to be dressed in the
+disguise of a girl, and sent to live in the family of Lycomedes, king of
+Scyros.  But as Troy could not be taken without the aid of Achilles,
+Ulysses, accompanied by Diomede, is deputed by the Greeks to go to
+Scyros, and bring him thence to the Grecian camp.  The artifice by which
+the sagacious ambassador detected Achilles amongst his female companions,
+was by placing before them various articles of merchandise, amongst which
+was some armour.  Achilles no sooner perceived the latter, than he
+eagerly seized a sword and shield, and manifesting the strongest emotions
+of heroic enthusiasm, discovered his sex.  After an affectionate parting
+with Lycomedes' daughter, Deidamia, whom he left pregnant of a son, he
+set sail with the Grecian chiefs, and, during the voyage, gives them an
+account of the manner of his education with Chiron.
+
+This poem consists of two books, in heroic measure, and is written with
+taste and fancy.  Commentators are of opinion, that the Achilleis was
+left incomplete by the death of the author; but this is extremely
+improbable, from various circumstances, and appears to be founded only
+upon the word Hactenus, in the conclusion of the poem:
+
+    (503) Hactenus annorum, comites, elementa meorum
+    Et memini, et meminisse juvat: scit caetera mater.
+
+    Thus far, companions dear, with mindful joy I've told
+    My youthful deeds; the rest my mother can unfold.
+
+That any consequential reference was intended by hactenus, seems to me
+plainly contradicted by the words which immediately follow, scit caetera
+mater.  Statius could not propose the giving any further account of
+Achilles's life, because a general narrative of it had been given in the
+first book.  The voyage from Scyros to the Trojan coast, conducted with
+the celerity which suited the purpose of the poet, admitted of no
+incidents which required description or recital: and after the voyagers
+had reached the Grecian camp, it is reasonable to suppose, that the
+action of the Iliad immediately commenced.  But that Statius had no
+design of extending the plan of the Achilleis beyond this period, is
+expressly declared in the exordium of the poem:
+
+    Magnanimum Aeaciden, formidatamque Tonanti
+    Progeniem, et patrio vetitam succedere coelo,
+    Diva, refer; quanquam acta viri multum inclyta cantu
+    Maeonio; sed plura vacant.  Nos ire per omnem
+    (Sic amor est) heroa velis, Scyroque latentem
+    Dulichia proferre tuba: nec in Hectore tracto
+    Sistere, sed tota juvenem deducere Troja.
+
+    Aid me, O goddess! while I sing of him,
+    Who shook the Thunderer's throne, and, for his crime,
+    Was doomed to lose his birthright in the skies;
+    The great Aeacides.  Maeonian strains
+    Have made his mighty deeds their glorious theme;
+    Still much remains: be mine the pleasing task
+    To trace the future hero's young career,
+    Not dragging Hector at his chariot wheels,
+    But while disguised in Scyros yet he lurked,
+    Till trumpet-stirred, he sprung to manly arms,
+    And sage Ulysses led him to the Trojan coast.
+
+The Silvae is a collection of poems almost entirely in heroic verse,
+divided into five books, and for the most part written extempore.
+Statius himself affirms, in his Dedication to Stella, that the production
+of none of them employed him more than two days; yet many of them consist
+of between one hundred and two hundred hexameter lines.  We meet with one
+of two hundred and sixteen lines; one, of two hundred and thirty-four;
+one, of two hundred and sixty-two; and one of two hundred and
+seventy-seven; a rapidity of composition approaching to what Horace
+mentions of the poet Lucilius.  It is no small encomium to observe, that,
+considered as extemporaneous productions, (504) the meanest in the
+collection is far from meriting censure, either in point of sentiment or
+expression; and many of them contain passages which command our applause.
+
+The poet MARTIAL, surnamed likewise Coquus, was born at Bilbilis, in
+Spain, of obscure parents.  At the age of twenty-one, he came to Rome,
+where he lived during five-and-thirty years under the emperors Galba,
+Otho, Vitellius, the two Vespasians, Domitian, Nerva, and the beginning
+of the reign of Trajan.  He was the panegyrist of several of those
+emperors, by whom he was liberally rewarded, raised to the Equestrian
+order, and promoted by Domitian to the tribuneship; but being treated
+with coldness and neglect by Trajan, he returned to his native country,
+and, a few years after, ended his days, at the age of seventy-five.
+
+He had lived at Rome in great splendour and affluence, as well as in high
+esteem for his poetical talents; but upon his return to Bilbilis, it is
+said that he experienced a great reverse of fortune, and was chiefly
+indebted for his support to the gratuitous benefactions of Pliny the
+Younger, whom he had extolled in some epigrams.
+
+The poems of Martial consist of fourteen books, all written in the
+epigrammatic form, to which species of composition, introduced by the
+Greeks, he had a peculiar propensity.  Amidst such a multitude of verses,
+on a variety of subjects, often composed extempore, and many of them,
+probably, in the moments of fashionable dissipation, it is not surprising
+that we find a large number unworthy the genius of the author.  Delicacy,
+and even decency, is often violated in the productions of Martial.
+Grasping at every thought which afforded even the shadow of ingenuity, he
+gave unlimited scope to the exercise of an active and fruitful
+imagination.  In respect to composition, he is likewise liable to
+censure.  At one time he wearies, and at another tantalises the reader,
+with the prolixity or ambiguity of his preambles.  His prelusive
+sentiments are sometimes far-fetched, and converge not with a natural
+declination into the focus of epigram.  In dispensing praise and censure,
+he often seems to be governed more by prejudice or policy, than by
+justice and truth; and he is more constantly attentive to the production
+of wit, than to the improvement of morality.
+
+But while we remark the blemishes and imperfections of this poet, we must
+acknowledge his extraordinary merits.  In composition he is, in general,
+elegant and correct; and where the subject is capable of connection with
+sentiment, his inventive ingenuity never fails to extract from it the
+essence of delight and surprise.  His fancy is prolific of beautiful
+images, and his (505) judgment expert in arranging them to the greatest
+advantage.  He bestows panegyric with inimitable grace, and satirises
+with equal dexterity.  In a fund of Attic salt, he surpasses every other
+writer; and though he seems to have at command all the varied stores of
+gall, he is not destitute of candour.  With almost every kind of
+versification he appears to be familiar; and notwithstanding a facility
+of temper, too accommodating, perhaps, on many occasions, to the
+licentiousness of the times, we may venture from strong indications to
+pronounce, that, as a moralist, his principles were virtuous.  It is
+observed of this author, by Pliny the Younger, that, though his
+compositions might, perhaps, not obtain immortality, he wrote as if they
+would.  [Aeterna, quae scripsit, non erunt fortasse: ille tamen scripsit
+tanquam futura.]  The character which Martial gives of his epigrams, is
+just and comprehensive:
+
+    Sunt bona, sunt quaedam mediocria, sunt mala plura,
+    Quae legis: hic aliter non fit, Avite, liber.
+
+    Some are good, some indifferent, and some again still worse;
+    Such, Avitus, you will find is a common case with verse.
+
+THE END OF THE TWELVE CAESARS
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[795]  A.U.C. 804.
+
+
+[796]  A street, in the sixth region of Rome, so called, probably, from a
+remarkable specimen of this beautiful shrub which had made free growth on
+the spot.
+
+[797]  VITELLIUS, c. xv.
+
+[798]  Tacitus (Hist. iii.) differs from Suetonius, saying that Domitian
+took refuge with a client of his father's near the Velabrum.  Perhaps he
+found it more safe afterwards to cross the Tiber.
+
+[799]  One of Domitian's coins bears on the reverse a captive female and
+soldier, with GERMANIA DEVICTA.
+
+[800]  VESPASIAN, c. xii; TITUS, c. vi.
+
+[801]  Such excavations had been made by Julius and by Augustus [AUG.
+xliii.], and the seats for the spectators fitted up with timber in a rude
+way.  That was on the other side of the Tiber.  The Naumachia of Domitian
+occupies the site of the present Piazza d'Espagna, and was larger and
+more ornamented.
+
+[802]  A.U.C. 841.  See AUGUSTUS, c. xxxi.
+
+[803]  This feast was held in December.  Plutarch informs us that it was
+instituted in commemoration of the seventh hill being included in the
+city bounds.
+
+[804]  The Capitol had been burnt, for the third time, in the great fire
+mentioned TITUS, c. viii.  The first fire happened in the Marian war,
+after which it was rebuilt by Pompey, the second in the reign of
+Vitellius.
+
+[805]  This forum, commenced by Domitian and completed by Nerva, adjoined
+the Roman Forum and that of Augustus, mentioned in c. xxix. of his life.
+From its communicating with the two others, it was called Transitorium.
+Part of the wall which bounded it still remains, of a great height, and
+144 paces long.  It is composed of square masses of freestone, very
+large, and without any cement; and it is not carried in a straight line,
+but makes three or four angles, as if some buildings had interfered with
+its direction.
+
+[806]  The residence of the Flavian family was converted into a temple.
+See c. i. of the present book.
+
+[807]  The Stadium was in the shape of a circus, and used for races both
+of men and horses.
+
+[808]  The Odeum was a building intended for musical performances.  There
+were four of them at Rome.
+
+[809]  See before, c. iv.
+
+[810]  See VESPASIAN, c. xiv.
+
+[811]  See NERD, c. xvi.
+
+[812]  This absurd edict was speedily revoked.  See afterwards c. xiv.
+
+[813]  This was an ancient law levelled against adultery and other
+pollutions, named from its author Caius Scatinius, a tribune of the
+people.  There was a Julian law, with the same object.  See AUGUSTUS,
+c. xxxiv.
+
+[814]  Geor. xi. 537.
+
+[815]  See Livy, xxi. 63, and Cicero against Verres, v. 18.
+
+[816]  See VESPASIAN, c. iii.
+
+[817]  Cant names for gladiators.
+
+[818]  The faction which favoured the "Thrax" party.
+
+[819]   DOMITIAN, c. i.
+
+[820]  See VESPASIAN, c. xiv.
+
+[821]  This cruel punishment is described in NERO, c. xlix.
+
+[822]  Gentiles who were proselytes to the Jewish religion; or, perhaps,
+members of the Christian sect, who were confounded with them.  See the
+note to TIBERIUS, c. xxxvi.  The tax levied on the Jews was two drachmas
+per head.  It was general throughout the empire.
+
+[823]  We have had Suetonius's reminiscences, derived through his
+grandfather and father successively, CALIGULA, c. xix.; OTHO, c. x.  We
+now come to his own, commencing from an early age.
+
+[824]  This is what Martial calls, "Mentula tributis damnata."
+
+[825]  The imperial liveries were white and gold.
+
+[826]  See CALIGULA, c. xxi., where the rest of the line is quoted; eis
+koiranos esto.
+
+[827]  An assumption of divinity, as the pulvinar was the consecrated
+bed, on which the images of the gods reposed.
+
+[828]  The pun turns on the similar sound of the Greek word for "enough,"
+and the Latin word for "an arch."
+
+[829]  Domitia, who had been repudiated for an intrigue with Paris, the
+actor, and afterwards taken back.
+
+[830]  The lines, with a slight accommodation, are borrowed from the poet
+Evenus, Anthol. i. vi. i., who applies them to a goat, the great enemy of
+vineyards.  Ovid, Fasti, i. 357, thus paraphrases them:
+
+    Rode caper vitem, tamen hinc, cum staris ad aram,
+        In tua quod spargi cornua possit erit.
+
+[831]  Pliny describes this stone as being brought from Cappadocia, and
+says that it was as hard as marble, white and translucent, cxxiv. c. 22.
+
+[832]  See note to c. xvii.
+
+[833]  The guilt imputed to them was atheism and Jewish (Christian?)
+manners.  Dion, lxvii. 1112.
+
+[834]  See VESPASIAN, c. v.
+
+[835]  Columella (R. R. xi. 2.) enumerates dates among the foreign fruits
+cultivated in Italy, cherries, dates, apricots, and almonds; and Pliny,
+xv. 14, informs us that Sextus Papinius was the first who introduced the
+date tree, having brought it from Africa, in the latter days of Augustus.
+
+[836]  Some suppose that Domitilla was the wife of Flavius Clemens
+(c. xv.), both of whom were condemned by Domitian for their "impiety,"
+by which it is probably meant that they were suspected of favouring
+Christianity.  Eusebius makes Flavia Domitilla the niece of Flavius
+Clemens, and says that she was banished to Ponza, for having become a
+Christian.  Clemens Romanus, the second bishop of Rome, is said to have
+been of this family.
+
+[837]  A.U.C. 849.
+
+[838]  See c. v.
+
+[839]  The famous library of Alexandria collected by Ptolemy Philadelphus
+had been burnt by accident in the wars.  But we find from this passage in
+Suetonius that part of it was saved, or fresh collections had been made.
+Seneca (de Tranquill. c. ix. 7) informs us that forty thousand volumes
+were burnt; and Gellius states that in his time the number of volumes
+amounted to nearly seventy thousand.
+
+[840]  This favourite apple, mentioned by Columella and Pliny, took its
+name from C. Matius, a Roman knight, and friend of Augustus, who first
+introduced it.  Pliny tells us that Matius was also the first who brought
+into vogue the practice of clipping groves.
+
+[841]  Julia, the daughter of Titus.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Titus Flavius Domitianus (Domitian)
+by C. Suetonius Tranquillus
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook The Lives Of The Caesars, by Suetonius, V12
+#12 in our series by C. Suetonious Tranquillus
+
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+Title: The Lives Of The Twelve Caesars, Volume 12.
+       [DOMITIAN]
+
+Author: C. Suetonius Tranquillus
+
+Release Date: August, 2004  [EBook #6397]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on December 3, 2003]
+
+Edition: 10
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF THE CAESARS, SUETONIUS, V12 ***
+
+
+
+This eBook was produced by Tapio Riikonen
+and David Widger <widger@cecomet.net>
+
+
+
+
+
+                               THE LIVES
+                                   OF
+                           THE TWELVE CAESARS
+
+                                   By
+                       C. Suetonius Tranquillus;
+
+                          To which are added,
+
+         HIS LIVES OF THE GRAMMARIANS, RHETORICIANS, AND POETS.
+
+
+                          The Translation of
+                        Alexander Thomson, M.D.
+
+                        revised and corrected by
+                         T.Forester, Esq., A.M.
+
+
+
+
+
+(479)
+
+
+
+
+                        TITUS FLAVIUS DOMITIANUS.
+
+
+I.  Domitian was born upon the ninth of the calends of November [24th
+October] [795], when his father was consul elect, (being to enter upon
+his office the month following,) in the sixth region of the city, at the
+Pomegranate [796], in the house which he afterwards converted into a
+temple of the Flavian family.  He is said to have spent the time of his
+youth in so much want and infamy, that he had not one piece of plate
+belonging to him; and it is well known, that Clodius Pollio, a man of
+pretorian rank, against whom there is a poem of Nero's extant, entitled
+Luscio, kept a note in his hand-writing, which he sometimes produced, in
+which Domitian made an assignation with him for the foulest purposes.
+Some, likewise, have said, that he prostituted himself to Nerva, who
+succeeded him.  In the war with Vitellius, he fled into the Capitol with
+his uncle Sabinus, and a part of the troops they had in the city [797].
+But the enemy breaking in, and the temple being set on fire, he hid
+himself all night with the sacristan; and next morning, assuming the
+disguise of a worshipper of Isis, and mixing with the priests of that
+idle superstition, he got over the Tiber [798], with only one attendant,
+to the house of a woman who was the mother of one of his school-fellows,
+and lurked there so close, that, though the enemy, who were at his heels,
+searched very strictly after him, they could not discover him.  At last,
+after the success of his party, appearing in public, and being
+unanimously saluted by the title of Caesar, he assumed the office of
+praetor of the City, with consular authority, but in fact had nothing but
+the name; for the jurisdiction he transferred to his next colleague.  He
+used, however, his absolute (480) power so licentiously, that even then
+he plainly discovered what sort of prince he was likely to prove.  Not to
+go into details, after he had made free with the wives of many men of
+distinction, he took Domitia Longina from her husband, Aelias Lamia, and
+married her; and in one day disposed of above twenty offices in the city
+and the provinces; upon which Vespasian said several times, "he wondered
+he did not send him a successor too."
+
+II.  He likewise designed an expedition into Gaul and Germany [799],
+without the least necessity for it, and contrary to the advice of all his
+father's friends; and this he did only with the view of equalling his
+brother in military achievements and glory.  But for this he was severely
+reprimanded, and that he might the more effectually be reminded of his
+age and position, was made to live with his father, and his litter had to
+follow his father's and brother's carriage, as often as they went abroad;
+but he attended them in their triumph for the conquest of Judaea [800],
+mounted on a white horse.  Of the six consulships which he held, only one
+was ordinary; and that he obtained by the cession and interest of his
+brother.  He greatly affected a modest behaviour, and, above all, a taste
+for poetry; insomuch, that he rehearsed his performances in public,
+though it was an art he had formerly little cultivated, and which he
+afterwards despised and abandoned.  Devoted, however, as he was at this
+time to poetical pursuits, yet when Vologesus, king of the Parthians,
+desired succours against the Alani, with one of Vespasian's sons to
+command them, he laboured hard to procure for himself that appointment.
+But the scheme proving abortive, he endeavoured by presents and promises
+to engage other kings of the East to make a similar request.  After his
+father's death, he was for some time in doubt, whether he should not
+offer the soldiers a donative double to that of his brother, and made no
+scruple of saying frequently, "that he had been left his partner in the
+empire, but that his father's will had been fraudulently set aside."
+From that time forward, he was constantly engaged in plots against his
+brother, both publicly and privately; until, falling dangerously ill, he
+ordered all his attendants to (481) leave him, under pretence of his
+being dead, before he really was so; and, at his decease, paid him no
+other honour than that of enrolling him amongst the gods; and he often,
+both in speeches and edicts, carped at his memory by sneers and
+insinuations.
+
+III.  In the beginning of his reign, he used to spend daily an hour by
+himself in private, during which time he did nothing else but catch
+flies, and stick them through the body with a sharp pin.  When some one
+therefore inquired, "whether any one was with the emperor," it was
+significantly answered by Vibius Crispus, "Not so much as a fly."  Soon
+after his advancement, his wife Domitia, by whom he had a son in his
+second consulship, and whom the year following he complimented with the
+title of Augusta, being desperately in love with Paris, the actor, he put
+her away; but within a short time afterwards, being unable to bear the
+separation, he took her again, under pretence of complying with the
+people's importunity.  During some time, there was in his administration
+a strange mixture of virtue and vice, until at last his virtues
+themselves degenerated into vices; being, as we may reasonably conjecture
+concerning his character, inclined to avarice through want, and to
+cruelty through fear.
+
+IV.  He frequently entertained the people with most magnificent and
+costly shows, not only in the amphitheatre, but the circus; where,
+besides the usual races with chariots drawn by two or four horses
+a-breast, he exhibited the representation of an engagement between both
+horse and foot, and a sea-fight in the amphitheatre.  The people were
+also entertained with the chase of wild beasts and the combat of
+gladiators, even in the night-time, by torch-light.  Nor did men only
+fight in these spectacles, but women also.  He constantly attended at the
+games given by the quaestors, which had been disused for some time, but
+were revived by him; and upon those occasions, always gave the people the
+liberty of demanding two pair of gladiators out of his own school, who
+appeared last in court uniforms.  Whenever he attended the shows of
+gladiators, there stood at his feet a little boy dressed in scarlet, with
+a prodigiously small head, with whom he used to talk very much, and
+sometimes seriously.  We are assured, that he was (482) overheard asking
+him, "if he knew for what reason he had in the late appointment, made
+Metius Rufus governor of Egypt?"  He presented the people with naval
+fights, performed by fleets almost as numerous as those usually employed
+in real engagements; making a vast lake near the Tiber [801], and
+building seats round it.  And he witnessed them himself during a very
+heavy rain.  He likewise celebrated the Secular games [802], reckoning
+not from the year in which they had been exhibited by Claudius, but from
+the time of Augustus's celebration of them.  In these, upon the day of
+the Circensian sports, in order to have a hundred races performed, he
+reduced each course from seven rounds to five.  He likewise instituted,
+in honour of Jupiter Capitolinus, a solemn contest in music to be
+performed every five years; besides horse-racing and gymnastic exercises,
+with more prizes than are at present allowed.  There was also a public
+performance in elocution, both Greek and Latin and besides the musicians
+who sung to the harp, there were others who played concerted pieces or
+solos, without vocal accompaniment.  Young girls also ran races in the
+Stadium, at which he presided in his sandals, dressed in a purple robe,
+made after the Grecian fashion, and wearing upon his head a golden crown
+bearing the effigies of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva; with the flamen of
+Jupiter, and the college of priests sitting by his side in the same
+dress; excepting only that their crowns had also his own image on them.
+He celebrated also upon the Alban mount every year the festival of
+Minerva, for whom he had appointed a college of priests, out of which
+were chosen by lot persons to preside as governors over the college; who
+were obliged to entertain the people with extraordinary chases of wild-
+beasts, and stage-plays, besides contests for prizes in oratory and
+poetry.  He thrice bestowed upon the people a largess of three hundred
+sesterces each man; and, at a public show of gladiators, a very plentiful
+feast.  At the festival of the Seven Hills [803], he distributed large
+hampers of provisions (483) to the senatorian and equestrian orders, and
+small baskets to the common people, and encouraged them to eat by setting
+them the example.  The day after, he scattered among the people a variety
+of cakes and other delicacies to be scrambled for; and on the greater
+part of them falling amidst the seats of the crowd, he ordered five
+hundred tickets to be thrown into each range of benches belonging to the
+senatorian and equestrian orders.
+
+V.  He rebuilt many noble edifices which had been destroyed by fire, and
+amongst them the Capitol, which had been burnt down a second time [804];
+but all the inscriptions were in his own name, without the least mention
+of the original founders.  He likewise erected a new temple in the
+Capitol to Jupiter Custos, and a forum, which is now called Nerva's
+[805], as also the temple of the Flavian family [806], a stadium [807],
+an odeum [808], and a naumachia [809]; out of the stone dug from which,
+the sides of the Circus Maximus, which had been burnt down, were rebuilt.
+
+VI.  He undertook several expeditions, some from choice, and some from
+necessity.  That against the Catti [810] was unprovoked, but that against
+the Sarmatians was necessary; an entire legion, with its commander,
+having been cut off by them.  He sent two expeditions against the
+Dacians; the first upon the defeat of Oppius Sabinus, a man of consular
+rank; and (484) the other, upon that of Cornelius Fuscus, prefect of the
+pretorian cohorts, to whom he had entrusted the conduct of that war.
+After several battles with the Catti and Daci, he celebrated a double
+triumph.  But for his successes against the Sarmatians, he only bore in
+procession the laurel crown to Jupiter Capitolinus.  The civil war, begun
+by Lucius Antonius, governor of Upper Germany, he quelled, without being
+obliged to be personally present at it, with remarkable good fortune.
+For, at the very moment of joining battle, the Rhine suddenly thawing,
+the troops of the barbarians which were ready to join L. Antonius, were
+prevented from crossing the river.  Of this victory he had notice by some
+presages, before the messengers who brought the news of it arrived.  For
+upon the very day the battle was fought, a splendid eagle spread its
+wings round his statue at Rome, making most joyful cries.  And shortly
+after, a rumour became common, that Antonius was slain; nay, many
+positively affirmed, that they saw his head brought to the city.
+
+VII.  He made many innovations in common practices.  He abolished the
+Sportula [811], and revived the old practice of regular suppers.  To the
+four former parties in the Circensian games, he added two new, who were
+gold and scarlet.  He prohibited the players from acting in the theatre,
+but permitted them the practice of their art in private houses.  He
+forbad the castration of males; and reduced the price of the eunuchs who
+were still left in the hands of the dealers in slaves.  On the occasion
+of a great abundance of wine, accompanied by a scarcity of corn,
+supposing that the tillage of the ground was neglected for the sake of
+attending too much to the cultivation of vineyards, he published a
+proclamation forbidding the planting of any new vines in Italy, and
+ordering the vines in the provinces to be cut down, nowhere permitting
+more than one half of them to remain [812].  But he did not persist in
+the execution of this project.  Some of the greatest offices he conferred
+upon his freedmen and soldiers.  He forbad two legions to be quartered in
+the same camp, and more than a thousand sesterces to be deposited by any
+soldier with the standards; because it was thought that Lucius Antonius
+had been encouraged in his late project by the large sum deposited in the
+military chest by the two legions which he had in the same winter-
+quarters.  He made an addition to the soldiers' pay, of three gold pieces
+a year.
+
+VIII.  In the administration of justice he was diligent and assiduous;
+and frequently sat in the Forum out of course, to cancel the judgments of
+the court of The One Hundred, which had been procured through favour, or
+interest.  He occasionally cautioned the judges of the court of recovery
+to beware of being too ready to admit claims for freedom brought before
+them.  He set a mark of infamy upon judges who were convicted of taking
+bribes, as well as upon their assessors.  He likewise instigated the
+tribunes of the people to prosecute a corrupt aedile for extortion, and
+to desire the senate to appoint judges for his trial.  He likewise took
+such effectual care in punishing magistrates of the city, and governors
+of provinces, guilty of malversation, that they never were at any time
+more moderate or more just.  Most of these, since his reign, we have seen
+prosecuted for crimes of various kinds.  Having taken upon himself the
+reformation of the public manners, he restrained the licence of the
+populace in sitting promiscuously with the knights in the theatre.
+Scandalous libels, published to defame persons of rank, of either sex, he
+suppressed, and inflicted upon their authors a mark of infamy.  He
+expelled a man of quaestorian rank from the senate, for practising
+mimicry and dancing.  He debarred infamous women the use of litters; as
+also the right of receiving legacies, or inheriting estates.  He struck
+out of the list of judges a Roman knight for taking again his wife whom
+he had divorced and prosecuted for adultery.  He condemned several men of
+the senatorian and equestrian orders, upon the Scantinian law [813].  The
+lewdness of the Vestal Virgins, which had been overlooked by his father
+and brother, he punished severely, but in different ways; viz. offences
+committed before his reign, with death, and those since its commencement,
+according to ancient custom.  For to the two sisters called Ocellatae, he
+gave liberty to choose the mode of death which they preferred, and
+banished (486) their paramours.  But Cornelia, the president of the
+Vestals, who had formerly been acquitted upon a charge of incontinence,
+being a long time after again prosecuted and condemned, he ordered to be
+buried alive; and her gallants to be whipped to death with rods in the
+Comitium; excepting only a man of praetorian rank, to whom, because he
+confessed the fact, while the case was dubious, and it was not
+established against him, though the witnesses had been put to the
+torture, he granted the favour of banishment.  And to preserve pure and
+undefiled the reverence due to the gods, he ordered the soldiers to
+demolish a tomb, which one of his freedmen had erected for his son out of
+the stones designed for the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, and to sink in
+the sea the bones and relics buried in it.
+
+IX.  Upon his first succeeding to power, he felt such an abhorrence for
+the shedding of blood, that, before his father's arrival in Rome, calling
+to mind the verse of Virgil,
+
+    Impia quam caesis gens est epulata juvencis, [814]
+
+    Ere impious man, restrain'd from blood in vain,
+    Began to feast on flesh of bullocks slain,
+
+he designed to have published a proclamation, "to forbid the sacrifice of
+oxen."  Before his accession to the imperial authority, and during some
+time afterwards, he scarcely ever gave the least grounds for being
+suspected of covetousness or avarice; but, on the contrary, he often
+afforded proofs, not only of his justice, but his liberality.  To all
+about him he was generous even to profusion, and recommended nothing more
+earnestly to them than to avoid doing anything mean.  He would not accept
+the property left him by those who had children.  He also set aside a
+legacy bequeathed by the will of Ruscus Caepio, who had ordered "his heir
+to make a present yearly to each of the senators upon their first
+assembling."  He exonerated all those who had been under prosecution from
+the treasury for above five years before; and would not suffer suits to
+be renewed, unless it was done within a year, and on condition, that the
+prosecutor should be banished, if he could not make good his cause.  The
+secretaries of the quaestors having engaged in trade, according to
+custom, but contrary to (487) the Clodian law [815], he pardoned them for
+what was past.  Such portions of land as had been left when it was
+divided amongst the veteran soldiers, he granted to the ancient
+possessors, as belonging to then by prescription.  He put a stop to false
+prosecutions in the exchequer, by severely punishing the prosecutors; and
+this saying of his was much taken notice of "that a prince who does not
+punish informers, encourages them."
+
+X.  But he did not long persevere in this course of clemency and justice,
+although he sooner fell into cruelty than into avarice.  He put to death
+a scholar of Paris, the pantomimic [816], though a minor, and then sick,
+only because, both in person and the practice of his art, he resembled
+his master; as he did likewise Hermogenes of Tarsus for some oblique
+reflections in his History; crucifying, besides, the scribes who had
+copied the work.  One who was master of a band of gladiators, happening
+to say, "that a Thrax was a match for a Marmillo [817], but not so for
+the exhibitor of the games", he ordered him to be dragged from the
+benches into the arena, and exposed to the dogs, with this label upon
+him, "A Parmularian [818] guilty of talking impiously."  He put to death
+many senators, and amongst them several men of consular rank.  In this
+number were, Civica Cerealis, when he was proconsul in Africa,
+Salvidienus Orfitus, and Acilius Glabrio in exile, under the pretence of
+their planning to revolt against him.  The rest he punished upon very
+trivial occasions; as Aelius Lamia for some jocular expressions, which
+were of old date, and perfectly harmless; because, upon his commending
+his voice after he had taken his wife from him [819], he replied, "Alas!
+I hold my tongue."  And when Titus advised him to take another wife, he
+answered him thus: "What! have you a mind to marry?"  Salvius Cocceianus
+was condemned to death for keeping the birth-day of his uncle Otho, the
+emperor: Metius Pomposianus, because he was commonly reported to have an
+imperial nativity [820], and to carry about with (488) him a map of the
+world upon vellum, with the speeches of kings and generals extracted out
+of Titus Livius; and for giving his slaves the names of Mago and
+Hannibal; Sallustius Lucullus, lieutenant in Britain, for suffering some
+lances of a new invention to be called "Lucullean;" and Junius Rusticus,
+for publishing a treatise in praise of Paetus Thrasea and Helvidius
+Priscus, and calling them both "most upright men."  Upon this occasion,
+he likewise banished all the philosophers from the city and Italy.  He
+put to death the younger Helvidius, for writing a farce, in which, under
+the character of Paris and Oenone, he reflected upon his having divorced
+his wife; and also Flavius Sabinus, one of his cousins, because, upon his
+being chosen at the consular election to that office, the public crier
+had, by a blunder, proclaimed him to the people not consul, but emperor.
+Becoming still more savage after his success in the civil war, he
+employed the utmost industry to discover those of the adverse party who
+absconded: many of them he racked with a new-invented torture, inserting
+fire through their private parts; and from some he cut off their hands.
+It is certain, that only two of any note were pardoned, a tribune who
+wore the narrow stripe, and a centurion; who, to clear themselves from
+the charge of being concerned in any rebellious project, proved
+themselves to have been guilty of prostitution, and consequently
+incapable of exercising any influence either over the general or the
+soldiers.
+
+XI.  His cruelties were not only excessive, but subtle and unexpected.
+The day before he crucified a collector of his rents, he sent for him
+into his bed-chamber, made him sit down upon the bed by him, and sent him
+away well pleased, and, so far as could be inferred from his treatment,
+in a state of perfect security; having vouchsafed him the favour of a
+plate of meat from his own table.  When he was on the point of condemning
+to death Aretinus Clemens, a man of consular rank, and one of his friends
+and emissaries, he retained him about his person in the same or greater
+favour than ever; until at last, as they were riding together in the same
+litter, upon seeing the man who had informed against him, he said, "Are
+you willing that we should hear this base slave tomorrow?"
+Contemptuously abusing the patience of men, he never pronounced a severe
+sentence without prefacing it (489) with words which gave hopes of mercy;
+so that, at last, there was not a more certain token of a fatal
+conclusion, than a mild commencement.  He brought before the senate some
+persona accused of treason, declaring, "that he should prove that day how
+dear he was to the senate;" and so influenced them, that they condemned
+the accused to be punished according to the ancient usage [821].  Then,
+as if alarmed at the extreme severity of their punishment, to lessen the
+odiousness of the proceeding, he interposed in these words; for it is not
+foreign to the purpose to give them precisely as they were delivered:
+"Permit me, Conscript Fathers, so far to prevail upon your affection for
+me, however extraordinary the request may seem, as to grant the condemned
+criminals the favour of dying in the manner they choose.  For by so
+doing, ye will spare your own eyes, and the world will understand that I
+interceded with the senate on their behalf."
+
+XII.  Having exhausted the exchequer by the expense of his buildings and
+public spectacles, with the augmentation of pay lately granted to the
+troops, he made an attempt at the reduction of the army, in order to
+lessen the military charges.  But reflecting, that he should, by this
+measure, expose himself to the insults of the barbarians, while it would
+not suffice to extricate him from his embarrassments, he had recourse to
+plundering his subjects by every mode of exaction.  The estates of the
+living and the dead were sequestered upon any accusation, by whomsoever
+preferred.  The unsupported allegation of any one person, relative to a
+word or action construed to affect the dignity of the emperor, was
+sufficient.  Inheritances, to which he had not the slightest pretension,
+were confiscated, if there was found so much as one person to say, he had
+heard from the deceased when living, "that he had made the emperor his
+heir."  Besides the exactions from others, the poll-tax on the Jews was
+levied with extreme rigour, both on those who lived after the manner of
+Jews in the city, without publicly professing themselves to be such
+[822], and on those who, by (490) concealing their origin, avoided paying
+the tribute imposed upon that people.  I remember, when I was a youth, to
+have been present [823], when an old man, ninety years of age, had his
+person exposed to view in a very crowded court, in order that, on
+inspection, the procurator might satisfy himself whether he was
+circumcised. [824]
+
+From his earliest years Domitian was any thing but courteous, of a
+forward, assuming disposition, and extravagant both in his words and
+actions.  When Caenis, his father's concubine, upon her return from
+Istria, offered him a kiss, as she had been used to do, he presented her
+his hand to kiss.  Being indignant, that his brother's son-in-law should
+be waited on by servants dressed in white [825], he exclaimed,
+
+      ouk agathon polykoiraniae. [826]
+    Too many princes are not good.
+
+XIII.  After he became emperor, he had the assurance to boast in the
+senate, "that he had bestowed the empire on his father and brother, and
+they had restored it to him."  And upon taking his wife again, after the
+divorce, he declared by proclamation, "that he had recalled her to his
+pulvinar." [827]  He was not a little pleased too, at hearing the
+acclamations of the people in the amphitheatre on a day of festival, "All
+happiness to our lord and lady."  But when, during the celebration of the
+Capitoline trial of skill, the whole concourse of people entreated him
+with one voice to restore Palfurius Sura to his place in the senate, from
+which he had been long before expelled--he having then carried away the
+prize of eloquence from all the orators who had contended for it,--he did
+not vouchsafe to give them any answer, but only commanded silence to be
+proclaimed by the voice of the crier.  With equal arrogance, when he
+dictated the form of a letter to be used by his procurators, he began it
+thus: "Our lord and god commands so and so;" whence it became a rule that
+no one should (491) style him otherwise either in writing or speaking.
+He suffered no statues to be erected for him in the Capitol, unless they
+were of gold and silver, and of a certain weight.  He erected so many
+magnificent gates and arches, surmounted by representations of chariots
+drawn by four horses, and other triumphal ornaments, in different
+quarters of the city, that a wag inscribed on one of the arches the Greek
+word Axkei, "It is enough." [828]  He filled the office of consul
+seventeen times, which no one had ever done before him, and for the seven
+middle occasions in successive years; but in scarcely any of them had he
+more than the title; for he never continued in office beyond the calends
+of May [the 1st May], and for the most part only till the ides of January
+[13th January].  After his two triumphs, when he assumed the cognomen of
+Germanicus, he called the months of September and October, Germanicus and
+Domitian, after his own names, because he commenced his reign in the one,
+and was born in the other.
+
+XIV.  Becoming by these means universally feared and odious, he was at
+last taken off by a conspiracy of his friends and favourite freedmen, in
+concert with his wife [829].  He had long entertained a suspicion of the
+year and day when he should die, and even of the very hour and manner of
+his death; all which he had learned from the Chaldaeans, when he was a
+very young man.  His father once at supper laughed at him for refusing to
+eat some mushrooms, saying, that if he knew his fate, he would rather be
+afraid of the sword.  Being, therefore, in perpetual apprehension and
+anxiety, he was keenly alive to the slightest suspicions, insomuch that
+he is thought to have withdrawn the edict ordering the destruction of the
+vines, chiefly because the copies of it which were dispersed had the
+following lines written upon them:
+
+    Kaen me phagaes epi rizanomos epi kartophoraeso,
+        Osson epispeisai Kaisari thuomeno. [830]
+
+    Gnaw thou my root, yet shall my juice suffice
+    To pour on Caesar's head in sacrifice.
+
+(492) It was from the same principle of fear, that he refused a new
+honour, devised and offered him by the senate, though he was greedy of
+all such compliments.  It was this: "that as often as he held the
+consulship, Roman knights, chosen by lot, should walk before him, clad in
+the Trabea, with lances in their hands, amongst his lictors and
+apparitors."  As the time of the danger which he apprehended drew near,
+he became daily more and more disturbed in mind; insomuch that he lined
+the walls of the porticos in which he used to walk, with the stone called
+Phengites [831], by the reflection of which he could see every object
+behind him.  He seldom gave an audience to persons in custody, unless in
+private, being alone, and he himself holding their chains in his hand.
+To convince his domestics that the life of a master was not to be
+attempted upon any pretext, however plausible, he condemned to death
+Epaphroditus his secretary, because it was believed that he had assisted
+Nero, in his extremity, to kill himself.
+
+XV.  His last victim was Flavius Clemens [832], his cousin-german, a man
+below contempt for his want of energy, whose sons, then of very tender
+age, he had avowedly destined for his successors, and, discarding their
+former names, had ordered one to be called Vespasian, and the other
+Domitian.  Nevertheless, he suddenly put him to death upon some very
+slight suspicion [833], almost before he was well out of his consulship.
+By this violent act he very much hastened his own destruction.  During
+eight months together there was so much lightning at Rome, and such
+accounts of the phaenomenon were brought from other parts, that at last
+he cried out, "Let him now strike whom he will."  The Capitol was struck
+by lightning, as well as the temple of the Flavian family, with the
+Palatine-house, and his own bed-chamber.  The tablet also, inscribed upon
+the base of his triumphal statue was carried away by the violence of the
+storm, and fell upon a neighbouring (493) monument.  The tree which just
+before the advancement of Vespasian had been prostrated, and rose again
+[834], suddenly fell to the ground.  The goddess Fortune of Praeneste, to
+whom it was his custom on new year's day to commend the empire for the
+ensuing year, and who had always given him a favourable reply, at last
+returned him a melancholy answer, not without mention of blood.  He
+dreamt that Minerva, whom he worshipped even to a superstitious excess,
+was withdrawing from her sanctuary, declaring she could protect him no
+longer, because she was disarmed by Jupiter.  Nothing, however, so much
+affected him as an answer given by Ascletario, the astrologer, and his
+subsequent fate.  This person had been informed against, and did not deny
+his having predicted some future events, of which, from the principles of
+his art, he confessed he had a foreknowledge.  Domitian asked him, what
+end he thought he should come to himself?  To which replying, "I shall in
+a short time be torn to pieces by dogs," he ordered him immediately to be
+slain, and, in order to demonstrate the vanity of his art, to be
+carefully buried.  But during the preparations for executing this order,
+it happened that the funeral pile was blown down by a sudden storm, and
+the body, half-burnt, was torn to pieces by dogs; which being observed by
+Latinus, the comic actor, as he chanced to pass that way, he told it,
+amongst the other news of the day, to the emperor at supper.
+
+XVI.  The day before his death, he ordered some dates [835], served up at
+table, to be kept till the next day, adding, "If I have the luck to use
+them."  And turning to those who were nearest him, he said, "To-morrow
+the moon in Aquarius will be bloody instead of watery, and an event will
+happen, which will be much talked of all the world over."  About
+midnight, he was so terrified that he leaped out of bed.  That morning he
+tried and passed sentence on a soothsayer sent from Germany, who being
+consulted about the lightning that had lately (494) happened, predicted
+from it a change of government.  The blood running down his face as he
+scratched an ulcerous tumour on his forehead, he said, "Would this were
+all that is to befall me!"  Then, upon his asking the time of the day,
+instead of five o'clock, which was the hour he dreaded, they purposely
+told him it was six.  Overjoyed at this information; as if all danger
+were now passed, and hastening to the bath, Parthenius, his chamberlain,
+stopped him, by saying that there was a person come to wait upon him
+about a matter of great importance, which would admit of no delay.  Upon
+this, ordering all persons to withdraw, he retired into his chamber, and
+was there slain.
+
+XVII.  Concerning the contrivance and mode of his death, the common
+account is this.  The conspirators being in some doubt when and where
+they should attack him, whether while he was in the bath, or at supper,
+Stephanus, a steward of Domitilla's [836], then under prosecution for
+defrauding his mistress, offered them his advice and assistance; and
+wrapping up his left arm, as if it was hurt, in wool and bandages for
+some days, to prevent suspicion, at the hour appointed, he secreted a
+dagger in them.  Pretending then to make a discovery of a conspiracy, and
+being for that reason admitted, he presented to the emperor a memorial,
+and while he was reading it in great astonishment, stabbed him in the
+groin.  But Domitian, though wounded, making resistance, Clodianus, one
+of his guards, Maximus, a freedman of Parthenius's, Saturius, his
+principal chamberlain, with some gladiators, fell upon him, and stabbed
+him in seven places.  A boy who had the charge of the Lares in his bed-
+chamber, and was then in attendance as usual, gave these further
+particulars: that he was ordered by Domitian, upon receiving his first
+wound, to reach him a dagger which lay under his pillow, and call in his
+domestics; but that he found nothing at the head of the bed, excepting
+the hilt of a (495) poniard, and that all the doors were fastened: that
+the emperor in the mean time got hold of Stephanus, and throwing him upon
+the ground, struggled a long time with him; one while endeavouring to
+wrench the dagger from him, another while, though his fingers were
+miserably mangled, to tear out his eyes.  He was slain upon the
+fourteenth of the calends of October [18th Sept.], in the forty-fifth
+year of his age, and the fifteenth of his reign [837].  His corpse was
+carried out upon a common bier by the public bearers, and buried by his
+nurse Phyllis, at his suburban villa on the Latin Way.  But she
+afterwards privately conveyed his remains to the temple of the Flavian
+family [838], and mingled them with the ashes of Julia, the daughter of
+Titus, whom she had also nursed.
+
+XVIII.  He was tall in stature, his face modest, and very ruddy; he had
+large eyes, but was dim-sighted; naturally graceful in his person,
+particularly in his youth, excepting only that his toes were bent
+somewhat inward, he was at last disfigured by baldness, corpulence, and
+the slenderness of his legs, which were reduced by a long illness.  He
+was so sensible how much the modesty of his countenance recommended him,
+that he once made this boast to the senate, "Thus far you have approved
+both of my disposition and my countenance."  His baldness so much annoyed
+him, that he considered it an affront to himself, if any other person was
+reproached with it, either in jest or in earnest; though in a small tract
+he published, addressed to a friend, "concerning the preservation of the
+hair," he uses for their mutual consolation the words following:
+
+    Ouch oraas oios kago kalos te megas te;
+    Seest thou my graceful mien, my stately form?
+
+"and yet the fate of my hair awaits me; however, I bear with fortitude
+this loss of my hair while I am still young.  Remember that nothing is
+more fascinating than beauty, but nothing of shorter duration."
+
+XIX.  He so shrunk from undergoing fatigue, that he scarcely ever walked
+through the city on foot.  In his (496) expeditions and on a march, he
+seldom rode on horse-back; but was generally carried in a litter.  He had
+no inclination for the exercise of arms, but was very expert in the use
+of the bow.  Many persons have seen him often kill a hundred wild
+animals, of various kinds, at his Alban retreat, and fix his arrows in
+their heads with such dexterity, that he could, in two shots, plant them,
+like a pair of horns, in each.  He would sometimes direct his arrows
+against the hand of a boy standing at a distance, and expanded as a mark,
+with such precision, that they all passed between the boy's fingers,
+without hurting him.
+
+XX.  In the beginning of his reign, he gave up the study of the liberal
+sciences, though he took care to restore, at a vast expense, the
+libraries which had been burnt down; collecting manuscripts from all
+parts, and sending scribes to Alexandria [839], either to copy or correct
+them.  Yet he never gave himself the trouble of reading history or
+poetry, or of employing his pen even for his private purposes.  He
+perused nothing but the Commentaries and Acts of Tiberius Caesar.  His
+letters, speeches, and edicts, were all drawn up for him by others;
+though he could converse with elegance, and sometimes expressed himself
+in memorable sentiments.  "I could wish," said he once, "that I was but
+as handsome as Metius fancies himself to be."  And of the head of some
+one whose hair was partly reddish, and partly grey, he said, "that it was
+snow sprinkled with mead."
+
+XXI.  "The lot of princes," he remarked, "was very miserable, for no one
+believed them when they discovered a conspiracy, until they were
+murdered."  When he had leisure, he amused himself with dice, even on
+days that were not festivals, and in the morning.  He went to the bath
+early, and made a plentiful dinner, insomuch that he seldom ate more at
+supper than a Matian apple [840], to which he added a (497) draught of
+wine, out of a small flask.  He gave frequent and splendid
+entertainments, but they were soon over, for he never prolonged them
+after sun-set, and indulged in no revel after.  For, till bed-time, he
+did nothing else but walk by himself in private.
+
+XXII.  He was insatiable in his lusts, calling frequent commerce with
+women, as if it was a sort of exercise, klinopalaen, bed-wrestling; and
+it was reported that he plucked the hair from his concubines, and swam
+about in company with the lowest prostitutes.  His brother's daughter
+[841] was offered him in marriage when she was a virgin; but being at
+that time enamoured of Domitia, he obstinately refused her.  Yet not long
+afterwards, when she was given to another, he was ready enough to debauch
+her, and that even while Titus was living.  But after she had lost both
+her father and her husband, he loved her most passionately, and without
+disguise; insomuch that he was the occasion of her death, by obliging her
+to procure a miscarriage when she was with child by him.
+
+XXIII.  The people shewed little concern at his death, but the soldiers
+were roused by it to great indignation, and immediately endeavoured to
+have him ranked among the gods.  They were also ready to revenge his
+loss, if there had been any to take the lead.  However, they soon after
+effected it, by resolutely demanding the punishment of all those who had
+been concerned in his assassination.  On the other hand, the senate was
+so overjoyed, that they met in all haste, and in a full assembly reviled
+his memory in the most bitter terms; ordering ladders to be brought in,
+and his shields and images to be pulled down before their eyes, and
+dashed in pieces upon the floor of the senate-house passing at the same
+time a decree to obliterate his titles every where, and abolish all
+memory of him.  A few months before he was slain, a raven on the Capitol
+uttered these words: "All will be well."  Some person gave the following
+interpretation of this prodigy:
+
+    (498) Nuper Tarpeio quae sedit culmine cornix.
+    "Est bene," non potuit dicere; dixit, "Erit."
+
+    Late croaked a raven from Tarpeia's height,
+    "All is not yet, but shall be, right."
+
+They say likewise that Domitian dreamed that a golden hump grew out of
+the back of his neck, which he considered as a certain sign of happy days
+for the empire after him.  Such an auspicious change indeed shortly
+afterwards took place, through the justice and moderation of the
+succeeding emperors.
+
+     *     *     *     *     *     *
+
+If we view Domitian in the different lights in which he is represented,
+during his lifetime and after his decease, his character and conduct
+discover a greater diversity than is commonly observed in the objects of
+historical detail.  But as posthumous character is always the most just,
+its decisive verdict affords the surest criterion by which this
+variegated emperor must be estimated by impartial posterity.  According
+to this rule, it is beyond a doubt that his vices were more predominant
+than his virtues: and when we follow him into his closet, for some time
+after his accession, when he was thirty years of age, the frivolity of
+his daily employment, in the killing of flies, exhibits an instance of
+dissipation, which surpasses all that has been recorded of his imperial
+predecessors.  The encouragement, however, which the first Vespasian had
+shown to literature, continued to operate during the present reign; and
+we behold the first fruits of its auspicious influence in the valuable
+treatise of QUINTILIAN.
+
+Of the life of this celebrated writer, little is known upon any authority
+that has a title to much credit.  We learn, however, that he was the son
+of a lawyer in the service of some of the preceding emperors, and was
+born in Rome, though in what consulship, or under what emperor, it is
+impossible to determine.  He married a woman of a noble family, by whom
+he had two sons.  The mother died in the flower of her age, and the sons,
+at the distance of some time from each other, when their father was
+advanced in years.   The precise time of Quintilian's own death is
+equally inauthenticated with that of his birth; nor can we rely upon an
+author of suspicious veracity, who says that he passed the latter part of
+his life in a state of indigence which was alleviated by the liberality
+of his pupil, Pliny the Younger.  Quintilian opened a school of rhetoric
+at Rome, where he not only discharged that labourious employment with
+great applause, (499) during more than twenty years, but pleaded at the
+bar, and was the first who obtained a salary from the state, for
+executing the office of a public teacher.  He was also appointed by
+Domitian preceptor to the two young princes who were intended to succeed
+him on the throne.
+
+After his retirement from the situation of a teacher, Quintilian devoted
+his attention to the study of literature, and composed a treatise on the
+Causes of the Corruption of Eloquence.  At the earnest solicitation of
+his friends, he was afterwards induced to undertake his Institutiones
+Oratoriae, the most elaborate system of oratory extant in any language.
+This work is divided into twelve books, in which the author treats with
+great precision of the qualities of a perfect orator; explaining not only
+the fundamental principles of eloquence, as connected with the
+constitution of the human mind, but pointing out, both by argument and
+observation, the most successful method of exercising that admirable art,
+for the accomplishment of its purpose.  So minutely, and upon so
+extensive a plan, has he prosecuted the subject, that he delineates the
+education suitable to a perfect orator, from the stage of infancy in the
+cradle, to the consummation of rhetorical fame, in the pursuits of the
+bar, or those, in general, of any public assembly.  It is sufficient to
+say, that in the execution of this elaborate work, Quintilian has called
+to the assistance of his own acute and comprehensive understanding, the
+profound penetration of Aristotle, the exquisite graces of Cicero; all
+the stores of observation, experience, and practice; and in a word, the
+whole accumulated exertions of ancient genius on the subject of oratory.
+
+It may justly be regarded as an extraordinary circumstance in the
+progress of scientific improvement, that the endowments of a perfect
+orator were never fully exhibited to the world, until it had become
+dangerous to exercise them for the important purposes for which they were
+originally cultivated.  And it is no less remarkable, that, under all the
+violence and caprice of imperial despotism which the Romans had now
+experienced, their sensibility to the enjoyment of poetical compositions
+remained still unabated; as if it served to console the nation for the
+irretrievable loss of public liberty.  From this source of entertainment,
+they reaped more pleasure during the present reign, than they had done
+since the time of Augustus.  The poets of this period were Juvenal,
+Statius, and Martial.
+
+JUVENAL was born at Aquinum, but in what year is uncertain; though, from
+some circumstances, it seems to have been in the reign of Augustus.  Some
+say that he was the son of a freedman, (500) while others, without
+specifying the condition of his father, relate only that he was brought
+up by a freedman.  He came at an early age to Rome, where he declaimed
+for many years, and, pleaded causes in the forum with great applause; but
+at last he betook himself to the writing of satires, in which he acquired
+great fame.  One of the first, and the most constant object of is satire,
+was the pantomime Paris, the great favourite of the emperor Nero, and
+afterwards of Domitian.  During the reign of the former of these
+emperors, no resentment was shown towards the poet; but he experienced
+not the same impunity after the accession of the latter; when, to remove
+him from the capital, he was sent as governor to the frontiers of Egypt,
+but in reality, into an honourable exile.  According to some authors, he
+died of chagrin in that province: but this is not authenticated, and
+seems to be a mistake: for in some of Martial's epigrams, which appear to
+have been written after the death of Domitian, Juvenal is spoken of as
+residing at Rome.  It is said that he lived to upwards of eighty years of
+age.
+
+The remaining compositions of this author are sixteen satires, all
+written against the dissipation and enormous vices which prevailed at
+Rome in his time.  The various objects of animadversion are painted in
+the strongest colours, and placed in the most conspicuous points of view.
+Giving loose reins to just and moral indignation, Juvenal is every where
+animated, vehement, petulant, and incessantly acrimonious.  Disdaining
+the more lenient modes of correction, or despairing of their success, he
+neither adopts the raillery of Horace, nor the derision of Persius, but
+prosecutes vice and folly with all the severity of sentiment, passion,
+and expression.  He sometimes exhibits a mixture of humour with his
+invectives; but it is a humour which partakes more of virulent rage than
+of pleasantry; broad, hostile, but coarse, and rivalling in indelicacy
+the profligate manners which it assails.  The satires of Juvenal abound
+in philosophical apophthegms; and, where they are not sullied by obscene
+description, are supported with a uniform air of virtuous elevation.
+Amidst all the intemperance of sarcasm, his numbers are harmonious.  Had
+his zeal permitted him to direct the current of his impetuous genius into
+the channel of ridicule, and endeavour to put to shame the vices and
+follies of those licentious times, as much as he perhaps exasperated
+conviction rather than excited contrition, he would have carried satire
+to the highest possible pitch, both of literary excellence and moral
+utility.  With every abatement of attainable perfection, we hesitate not
+to place him at the head of this arduous department of poetry.
+
+Of STATIUS no farther particulars are preserved than that he (501) was
+born at Naples; that his father's name was Statius of Epirus, and his
+mother's Agelina, and that he died about the end of the first century of
+the Christian era.  Some have conjectured that he maintained himself by
+writing for the stage, but of this there is no sufficient evidence; and
+if ever he composed dramatic productions, they have perished.  The works
+of Statius now extant, are two poems, viz. the Thebais and the Achilleis,
+besides a collection, named Silvae.
+
+The Thebais consists of twelve books, and the subject of it is the Theban
+war, which happened 1236 years before the Christian era, in consequence
+of a dispute between Eteocles and Polynices, the sons of Oedipus and
+Jocasta.  These brothers had entered into an agreement with each other to
+reign alternately for a year at a time; and Eteocles being the elder, got
+first possession of the throne.  This prince refusing to abdicate at the
+expiration of the year, Polynices fled to Argos, where marrying Argia,
+the daughter of Adrastus, king of that country, he procured the
+assistance of his father-in-law, to enforce the engagement stipulated
+with his brother Eteocles.  The Argives marched under the command of
+seven able generals, who were to attack separately the seven gates of
+Thebes.  After much blood had been spilt without any effect, it was at
+last agreed between the two parties, that the brothers should determine
+the dispute by single combat.  In the desperate engagement which ensued,
+they both fell; and being burnt together upon the funeral pile, it is
+said that their ashes separated, as if actuated by the implacable
+resentment which they had borne to each other.
+
+If we except the Aeneid, this is the only Latin production extant which
+is epic in its form; and it likewise approaches nearest in merit to that
+celebrated poem, which Statius appears to have been ambitious of
+emulating.  In unity and greatness of action, the Thebais corresponds to
+the laws of the Epopea; but the fable may be regarded as defective in
+some particulars, which, however, arise more from the nature of the
+subject, than from any fault of the poet.  The distinction of the hero is
+not sufficiently prominent; and the poem possesses not those
+circumstances which are requisite towards interesting the reader's
+affections in the issue of the contest.  To this it may be added, that
+the unnatural complexion of the incestuous progeny diffuses a kind of
+gloom which obscures the splendour of thought, and restrains the
+sympathetic indulgence of fancy to some of the boldest excursions of the
+poet.  For grandeur, however, and animation of sentiment and description,
+as well as for harmony of numbers, the Thebais is eminently conspicuous,
+and deserves to be held in a much higher degree of estimation than it has
+(502) generally obtained.  In the contrivance of some of the episodes,
+and frequently in the modes of expression, Statius keeps an attentive eye
+to the style of Virgil.  It is said that he was twelve years employed in
+the composition of this poem; and we have his own authority for
+affirming, that he polished it with all the care and assiduity practised
+by the poets in the Augustan age:
+
+    Quippe, te fido monitore, nostra
+    Thebais, multa cruciata lima,
+    Tentat audaci fide Mantuanae
+        Gaudia famae.--Silvae, lib. iv. 7.
+
+    For, taught by you, with steadfast care
+    I trim my "Song of Thebes," and dare
+    With generous rivalry to share
+        The glories of the Mantuan bard.
+
+The Achilleis relates to the same hero who is celebrated by Homer in the
+Iliad; but it is the previous history of Achilles, not his conduct in the
+Trojan war, which forms the subject of the poem of Statius.  While the
+young hero is under the care of the Centaur Chiron, Thetis makes a visit
+to the preceptor's sequestered habitation, where, to save her son from
+the fate which, it was predicted, would befall him at Troy, if he should
+go to the siege of that place, she orders him to be dressed in the
+disguise of a girl, and sent to live in the family of Lycomedes, king of
+Scyros.  But as Troy could not be taken without the aid of Achilles,
+Ulysses, accompanied by Diomede, is deputed by the Greeks to go to
+Scyros, and bring him thence to the Grecian camp.  The artifice by which
+the sagacious ambassador detected Achilles amongst his female companions,
+was by placing before them various articles of merchandise, amongst which
+was some armour.  Achilles no sooner perceived the latter, than he
+eagerly seized a sword and shield, and manifesting the strongest emotions
+of heroic enthusiasm, discovered his sex.  After an affectionate parting
+with Lycomedes' daughter, Deidamia, whom he left pregnant of a son, he
+set sail with the Grecian chiefs, and, during the voyage, gives them an
+account of the manner of his education with Chiron.
+
+This poem consists of two books, in heroic measure, and is written with
+taste and fancy.  Commentators are of opinion, that the Achilleis was
+left incomplete by the death of the author; but this is extremely
+improbable, from various circumstances, and appears to be founded only
+upon the word Hactenus, in the conclusion of the poem:
+
+    (503) Hactenus annorum, comites, elementa meorum
+    Et memini, et meminisse juvat: scit caetera mater.
+
+    Thus far, companions dear, with mindful joy I've told
+    My youthful deeds; the rest my mother can unfold.
+
+That any consequential reference was intended by hactenus, seems to me
+plainly contradicted by the words which immediately follow, scit caetera
+mater.  Statius could not propose the giving any further account of
+Achilles's life, because a general narrative of it had been given in the
+first book.  The voyage from Scyros to the Trojan coast, conducted with
+the celerity which suited the purpose of the poet, admitted of no
+incidents which required description or recital: and after the voyagers
+had reached the Grecian camp, it is reasonable to suppose, that the
+action of the Iliad immediately commenced.  But that Statius had no
+design of extending the plan of the Achilleis beyond this period, is
+expressly declared in the exordium of the poem:
+
+    Magnanimum Aeaciden, formidatamque Tonanti
+    Progeniem, et patrio vetitam succedere coelo,
+    Diva, refer; quanquam acta viri multum inclyta cantu
+    Maeonio; sed plura vacant.  Nos ire per omnem
+    (Sic amor est) heroa velis, Scyroque latentem
+    Dulichia proferre tuba: nec in Hectore tracto
+    Sistere, sed tota juvenem deducere Troja.
+
+    Aid me, O goddess! while I sing of him,
+    Who shook the Thunderer's throne, and, for his crime,
+    Was doomed to lose his birthright in the skies;
+    The great Aeacides.  Maeonian strains
+    Have made his mighty deeds their glorious theme;
+    Still much remains: be mine the pleasing task
+    To trace the future hero's young career,
+    Not dragging Hector at his chariot wheels,
+    But while disguised in Scyros yet he lurked,
+    Till trumpet-stirred, he sprung to manly arms,
+    And sage Ulysses led him to the Trojan coast.
+
+The Silvae is a collection of poems almost entirely in heroic verse,
+divided into five books, and for the most part written extempore.
+Statius himself affirms, in his Dedication to Stella, that the production
+of none of them employed him more than two days; yet many of them consist
+of between one hundred and two hundred hexameter lines.  We meet with one
+of two hundred and sixteen lines; one, of two hundred and thirty-four;
+one, of two hundred and sixty-two; and one of two hundred and seventy-
+seven; a rapidity of composition approaching to what Horace mentions of
+the poet Lucilius.  It is no small encomium to observe, that, considered
+as extemporaneous productions, (504) the meanest in the collection is far
+from meriting censure, either in point of sentiment or expression; and
+many of them contain passages which command our applause.
+
+The poet MARTIAL, surnamed likewise Coquus, was born at Bilbilis, in
+Spain, of obscure parents.  At the age of twenty-one, he came to Rome,
+where he lived during five-and-thirty years under the emperors Galba,
+Otho, Vitellius, the two Vespasians, Domitian, Nerva, and the beginning
+of the reign of Trajan.  He was the panegyrist of several of those
+emperors, by whom he was liberally rewarded, raised to the Equestrian
+order, and promoted by Domitian to the tribuneship; but being treated
+with coldness and neglect by Trajan, he returned to his native country,
+and, a few years after, ended his days, at the age of seventy-five.
+
+He had lived at Rome in great splendour and affluence, as well as in high
+esteem for his poetical talents; but upon his return to Bilbilis, it is
+said that he experienced a great reverse of fortune, and was chiefly
+indebted for his support to the gratuitous benefactions of Pliny the
+Younger, whom he had extolled in some epigrams.
+
+The poems of Martial consist of fourteen books, all written in the
+epigrammatic form, to which species of composition, introduced by the
+Greeks, he had a peculiar propensity.  Amidst such a multitude of verses,
+on a variety of subjects, often composed extempore, and many of them,
+probably, in the moments of fashionable dissipation, it is not surprising
+that we find a large number unworthy the genius of the author.  Delicacy,
+and even decency, is often violated in the productions of Martial.
+Grasping at every thought which afforded even the shadow of ingenuity, he
+gave unlimited scope to the exercise of an active and fruitful
+imagination.  In respect to composition, he is likewise liable to
+censure.  At one time he wearies, and at another tantalises the reader,
+with the prolixity or ambiguity of his preambles.  His prelusive
+sentiments are sometimes far-fetched, and converge not with a natural
+declination into the focus of epigram.  In dispensing praise and censure,
+he often seems to be governed more by prejudice or policy, than by
+justice and truth; and he is more constantly attentive to the production
+of wit, than to the improvement of morality.
+
+But while we remark the blemishes and imperfections of this poet, we must
+acknowledge his extraordinary merits.  In composition he is, in general,
+elegant and correct; and where the subject is capable of connection with
+sentiment, his inventive ingenuity never fails to extract from it the
+essence of delight and surprise.  His fancy is prolific of beautiful
+images, and his (505) judgment expert in arranging them to the greatest
+advantage.  He bestows panegyric with inimitable grace, and satirises
+with equal dexterity.  In a fund of Attic salt, he surpasses every other
+writer; and though he seems to have at command all the varied stores of
+gall, he is not destitute of candour.  With almost every kind of
+versification he appears to be familiar; and notwithstanding a facility
+of temper, too accommodating, perhaps, on many occasions, to the
+licentiousness of the times, we may venture from strong indications to
+pronounce, that, as a moralist, his principles were virtuous.  It is
+observed of this author, by Pliny the Younger, that, though his
+compositions might, perhaps, not obtain immortality, he wrote as if they
+would.  [Aeterna, quae scripsit, non erunt fortasse: ille tamen scripsit
+tanquam futura.]  The character which Martial gives of his epigrams, is
+just and comprehensive:
+
+    Sunt bona, sunt quaedam mediocria, sunt mala plura,
+    Quae legis: hic aliter non fit, Avite, liber.
+
+    Some are good, some indifferent, and some again still worse;
+    Such, Avitus, you will find is a common case with verse.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+
+[795]  A.U.C. 804.
+
+
+[796]  A street, in the sixth region of Rome, so called, probably, from a
+remarkable specimen of this beautiful shrub which had made free growth on
+the spot.
+
+[797]  VITELLIUS, c. xv.
+
+[798]  Tacitus (Hist. iii.) differs from Suetonius, saying that Domitian
+took refuge with a client of his father's near the Velabrum.  Perhaps he
+found it more safe afterwards to cross the Tiber.
+
+[799]  One of Domitian's coins bears on the reverse a captive female and
+soldier, with GERMANIA DEVICTA.
+
+[800]  VESPASIAN, c. xii; TITUS, c. vi.
+
+[801]  Such excavations had been made by Julius and by Augustus [AUG.
+xliii.], and the seats for the spectators fitted up with timber in a rude
+way.  That was on the other side of the Tiber.  The Naumachia of Domitian
+occupies the site of the present Piazza d'Espagna, and was larger and
+more ornamented.
+
+[802]  A.U.C. 841.  See AUGUSTUS, c. xxxi.
+
+[803]  This feast was held in December.  Plutarch informs us that it was
+instituted in commemoration of the seventh hill being included in the
+city bounds.
+
+[804]  The Capitol had been burnt, for the third time, in the great fire
+mentioned TITUS, c. viii.  The first fire happened in the Marian war,
+after which it was rebuilt by Pompey, the second in the reign of
+Vitellius.
+
+[805]  This forum, commenced by Domitian and completed by Nerva, adjoined
+the Roman Forum and that of Augustus, mentioned in c. xxix. of his life.
+From its communicating with the two others, it was called Transitorium.
+Part of the wall which bounded it still remains, of a great height, and
+144 paces long.  It is composed of square masses of freestone, very
+large, and without any cement; and it is not carried in a straight line,
+but makes three or four angles, as if some buildings had interfered with
+its direction.
+
+[806]  The residence of the Flavian family was converted into a temple.
+See c. i. of the present book.
+
+[807]  The Stadium was in the shape of a circus, and used for races both
+of men and horses.
+
+[808]  The Odeum was a building intended for musical performances.  There
+were four of them at Rome.
+
+[809]  See before, c. iv.
+
+[810]  See VESPASIAN, c. xiv.
+
+[811]  See NERD, c. xvi.
+
+[812]  This absurd edict was speedily revoked.  See afterwards c. xiv.
+
+[813]  This was an ancient law levelled against adultery and other
+pollutions, named from its author Caius Scatinius, a tribune of the
+people.  There was a Julian law, with the same object.  See AUGUSTUS,
+c. xxxiv.
+
+[814]  Geor. xi. 537.
+
+[815]  See Livy, xxi. 63, and Cicero against Verres, v. 18.
+
+[816]  See VESPASIAN, c. iii.
+
+[817]  Cant names for gladiators.
+
+[818]  The faction which favoured the "Thrax" party.
+
+[819]   DOMITIAN, c. i.
+
+[820]  See VESPASIAN, c. xiv.
+
+[821]  This cruel punishment is described in NERO, c. xlix.
+
+[822]  Gentiles who were proselytes to the Jewish religion; or, perhaps,
+members of the Christian sect, who were confounded with them.  See the
+note to TIBERIUS, c. xxxvi.  The tax levied on the Jews was two drachmas
+per head.  It was general throughout the empire.
+
+[823]  We have had Suetonius's reminiscences, derived through his
+grandfather and father successively, CALIGULA, c. xix.; OTHO, c. x.  We
+now come to his own, commencing from an early age.
+
+[824]  This is what Martial calls, "Mentula tributis damnata."
+
+[825]  The imperial liveries were white and gold.
+
+[826]  See CALIGULA, c. xxi., where the rest of the line is quoted; eis
+koiranos esto.
+
+[827]  An assumption of divinity, as the pulvinar was the consecrated
+bed, on which the images of the gods reposed.
+
+[828]  The pun turns on the similar sound of the Greek word for "enough,"
+and the Latin word for "an arch."
+
+[829]  Domitia, who had been repudiated for an intrigue with Paris, the
+actor, and afterwards taken back.
+
+[830]  The lines, with a slight accommodation, are borrowed from the poet
+Evenus, Anthol. i. vi. i., who applies them to a goat, the great enemy of
+vineyards.  Ovid, Fasti, i. 357, thus paraphrases them:
+
+    Rode caper vitem, tamen hinc, cum staris ad aram,
+        In tua quod spargi cornua possit erit.
+
+[831]  Pliny describes this stone as being brought from Cappadocia, and
+says that it was as hard as marble, white and translucent, cxxiv. c. 22.
+
+[832]  See note to c. xvii.
+
+[833]  The guilt imputed to them was atheism and Jewish (Christian?)
+manners.  Dion, lxvii. 1112.
+
+[834]  See VESPASIAN, c. v.
+
+[835]  Columella (R. R. xi. 2.) enumerates dates among the foreign fruits
+cultivated in Italy, cherries, dates, apricots, and almonds; and Pliny,
+xv. 14, informs us that Sextus Papinius was the first who introduced the
+date tree, having brought it from Africa, in the latter days of Augustus.
+
+[836]  Some suppose that Domitilla was the wife of Flavius Clemens
+(c. xv.), both of whom were condemned by Domitian for their "impiety,"
+by which it is probably meant that they were suspected of favouring
+Christianity.  Eusebius makes Flavia Domitilla the niece of Flavius
+Clemens, and says that she was banished to Ponza, for having become a
+Christian.  Clemens Romanus, the second bishop of Rome, is said to have
+been of this family.
+
+[837]  A.U.C. 849.
+
+[838]  See c. v.
+
+[839]  The famous library of Alexandria collected by Ptolemy Philadelphus
+had been burnt by accident in the wars.  But we find from this passage in
+Suetonius that part of it was saved, or fresh collections had been made.
+Seneca (de Tranquill. c. ix. 7) informs us that forty thousand volumes
+were burnt; and Gellius states that in his time the number of volumes
+amounted to nearly seventy thousand.
+
+[840]  This favourite apple, mentioned by Columella and Pliny, took its
+name from C. Matius, a Roman knight, and friend of Augustus, who first
+introduced it.  Pliny tells us that Matius was also the first who brought
+into vogue the practice of clipping groves.
+
+[841]  Julia, the daughter of Titus.
+
+
+
+
+
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