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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9fcf050 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #63968 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/63968) diff --git a/old/63968-0.txt b/old/63968-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index fe69add..0000000 --- a/old/63968-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2414 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Some Immigrant Neighbors, by John R. Henry - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Some Immigrant Neighbors - -Author: John R. Henry - -Release Date: December 5, 2020 [EBook #63968] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SOME IMMIGRANT NEIGHBORS *** - - - - -Produced by Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - - - - - -SOME IMMIGRANT NEIGHBORS - - - - -_Interdenominational Home Mission Study Course_ - - -Each Volume 12mo, cloth, 50c. net: paper, 30c. net. - - _1. Under Our Flag_ - _By Alice M. Guernsey_ - - _2. The Burden of the City_ - _By Isabelle Horton_ - - _3. Indian and Spanish Neighbours_ - _By Julia H. Johnston_ - - _4. The Incoming Millions_ - _By Howard B. Grose, D.D._ - - _5. Citizens of To-Morrow_ - _By Alice M. Guernsey_ - - _6. The Call of the Waters_ - _By Katharine R. Crowell_ - - _7. From Darkness to Light_ - _By Mary Helm_ - - _8. Conservation of National Ideals_ - _A Symposium_ - - _9. Mormonism, The Islam of America_ - _By Bruce Kinney, D.D._ - -_JUNIOR COURSE_ - -Cloth, net 40c.; paper, net 25c. - - _Best Things in America_ - _By Katharine R. Crowell_ - - _Some Immigrant Neighbours_ - _By John R. Henry, D.D._ - - - - -[Illustration: “Where Us Fellows Has to Play” - -Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, New York City] - - - - - _Issued under the direction of the Council of - Women for Home Missions_ - - SOME IMMIGRANT - NEIGHBORS - - BY - JOHN R. HENRY - - _ILLUSTRATED_ - - [Illustration] - - NEW YORK CHICAGO TORONTO - Fleming H. Revell Company - LONDON AND EDINBURGH - - Copyright, 1912, by - FLEMING H. REVELL COMPANY - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration] - - New York: 158 Fifth Avenue - Chicago: 123 North Wabash Ave. - Toronto: 25 Richmond Street, W. - London: 21 Paternoster Square - Edinburgh: 100 Princes Street - - - - -To Eloise Elizabeth Henry - - - - -FOREWORD - - -This little book for Junior Home Mission Study classes has been written -from the point of view of a New York City pastor. The races that have -been selected for study are so chosen because the writer knows them at -first hand through having labored among them in institutional and church -work. - -The book is an invitation to become acquainted with the immigrant and be -his friend and good neighbor. - -The thanks of the author are due the many writers whose works he has -freely used, the members of his staff, and Miss Alice M. Guernsey for -helpful suggestions, and the Rev. F. Mason North, D.D., for reading the -manuscript and for valuable criticisms. - - J. R. H. - -CHURCH OF ALL NATIONS, New York City, April, 1912 - - - - -ILLUSTRATIONS - - - _Page_ - - “Where Us Fellows Has to Play” _Frontispiece_ - - A Jewish Immigrant Boy 17 - - A Little Maid of Italy 17 - - The Home of a Russian Peasant 48 - - A Russian _Moujik_ and His Family 48 - - From the “Church of All Nations,” New York City 66 - - An Italian Kindergarten (Penn.) 74 - - How the Chinese Babies Ride 82 - - Rescued Slave Girls (New York City) 82 - - - - -CONTENTS - - - CHAP. PAGE - - I. Who Are They? 13 - - II. Why Do They Come? 21 - - III. Our Jewish Neighbor 35 - - IV. Our Russian Neighbor 43 - - V. Our Italian Neighbor 51 - - VI. Our Chinese Neighbor 59 - - VII. Makers of Good Neighbors 69 - - VIII. Good Neighbors and Bad 77 - - IX. Neighbors to the World 87 - - - - -I - -WHO ARE THEY? - - “Dago,” and “Sheeney,” and “Chink,” - “Greaser,” and “Nigger,” and “Jap.” - The Devil invented these terms, I think, - To hurl at each hopeful chap - Who comes so far over the foam - To this land of his heart’s desire - To rear his brood, to build his home, - And to kindle his hearthstone fire. - While the eyes with joy are blurred, - Lo! we make the strong man sink, - And stab the soul, with the hateful word, - “Dago,” and “Sheeney,” and “Chink.” - - —_Bishop McIntyre._ - - - - -I - -WHO ARE THEY? - - -Since we are going to study about “Some Immigrant Neighbors,” it is well -to know just what we mean by the words “Immigrant” and “Neighbor.” - -_Immigrant._ The word Immigrant is confusing because it looks and sounds -so much like the word “Emigrant,” but they are quite different. An -Immigrant is one who comes _into_ a country, generally with the intention -of settling there. An Emigrant is one that goes _out_ of a country, with -the intention of settling in some other land. - -The people we are to study are the Immigrants who have come, and are -coming, into America. - -_Neighbor._ Every one knows the meaning of the word neighbor. A neighbor -is one who lives near another, across the street, or next door, or maybe -in our own village or town. If you live in a large city it is not so easy -to feel that the people who live near you are your neighbors. It was -much easier years ago, when all that are now cities were only towns and -villages, and many cities now well known were simply prairie with waving -grass and flowers, roamed over by bands of Indians and trampled by the -hoofs of countless bison. - -The word neighbor has a larger meaning than merely one who lives near -another. There is a wonderful description of a neighbor, given by One -who is the World’s Good Neighbor. He tells of the traveler who found -a stranger lying by the roadside, wounded and helpless. At personal -inconvenience and expense the traveler cared for the half dead man, and -continued his aid until the stranger was again able to care for himself. - -We shall have gained a great deal from the study of this book, if we -learn not only to look on these immigrants as neighbors, those who live -near us, but if we seriously ask ourselves how we may be Good Neighbors -to the strangers from across the sea. - -_The Neighbors to be Studied._ We are not going to talk about all of -the thirty-nine races of immigrants that are separately listed by our -government, but only about four of them. Some one says, “I hope you will -tell about the ones I like.” Well, we hope before we are through you will -like the ones we shall tell about, and we are sure you will, for you -will be better acquainted, and it is wonderful how much more likable the -immigrant is when you know him. - -_Numbers._ Although we are to study only Chinese, Jews, Russians and -Italians, 333,694 of these four classes of immigrants landed in America -in 1911; 920,299, almost a million, landed in the three years last past, -and that is a large falling off as compared with some previous periods. -In 1911 the Jews and Italians numbered thirty-five out of every hundred -that came. You see that while we discuss but four classes, two of these -are more than one-fourth of all that come. - -These numbers may suggest very little to us, but how they would have -startled the fathers of our country. The warlike Miles Standish, or, -in later years, the peppery Peter Stuyvesant, would have declared no -such numbers could be brought across the sea in a year. The only ships -our fathers knew were small wooden sailing vessels like our coasting -schooners; the giant, floating hotels that we call steamships, that carry -a big village every trip, were not dreamed of in those days. The sailing -vessel took weeks and months to make the voyage; now we can reckon, -almost to the hour, the time of the arrival of a great liner. - -[Illustration: A Jewish Immigrant] - -[Illustration: A Little Maid of Italy] - -It might be well if these numbers did startle us more and if we better -realized how great is this invading army of strangers, friendly as it may -be. - -_Dislike of Foreigners._ Many people do not like the immigrants simply -because they are foreigners. This prejudice is as old as the world, and -its origin is a most interesting study. Perhaps some high school boy or -girl can give a reason for this early dislike. - -“The reasons for disliking the foreigner in early times were that no one -traveled much and there were no newspapers, consequently neighboring -tribes, or nations, did not get to know each other. Nearby tribes were -suspicious of each other and were much at war, continually robbing and -killing. Every stranger was a possible enemy.” - -Yes, that is a good answer. Now, give a reason for present dislike of the -immigrant. - -“I have a reason,” one boy says. “My father lost his job because an -‘Eyetalian’ offered to work for less.” - -Yes, I am sorry to say that is a very real cause of dislike. That is -also war, although it is now called by a different name. To take a man’s -position, by which he earns his bread, or to steal a man’s cattle, from -which he and his family were fed, amounts to about the same in the end. -Give some other reasons for disliking immigrants. - -“They talk such funny English.” “They don’t dress like us.” “They don’t -eat like us.” “They can’t play ball.” - -Yes, undoubtedly all these are reasons for feeling that foreigners differ -from Americans, but are they good reasons for disliking the foreigner? - -I saw a “grown-up” show this hostile feeling one day as I was passing -along a crowded street on the East Side of New York. An American youth of -about eighteen years of age snatched some fruit from the push cart of a -young Italian of the same age. The Italian grappled with the young thief -and was giving him a sound thrashing when a policeman, leisurely swinging -his club, turned the corner. With one glance he took in the scene of -the Italian-American war. Raising his club and shouting, “You Dago,” he -charged full at the Italian. The young fellow saw him coming and took off -down the street as hard as he could run, dodging as he went the flying -club the policeman had hurled. When the tempest had calmed I stepped up -to the officer and said, “Officer, what did the Italian do?” “Do?” said -he with supreme disgust, “he was a Dago.” Evidently the sole crime of the -Italian consisted in being a “Dago,” a foreigner. - -To some people all Italians are either Dagos, or Guineas, all Jews are -Sheenies, all Chinese are Chinks and all Russians are Owskies. They -are foreigners, and that is enough. Such people forget that while the -language of the immigrant sounds “funny” to us, ours sounds just as -strange to him. While we laugh at the pig tail and queer shoes and -strange clothes of the Chinese, they follow the American in crowds -through Chinese cities and make fun of his absurd dress, and call him -names that are not wholly complimentary, all because he is a stranger to -them. - -_Our Debt to the Foreigner._ It will help us to cultivate the spirit of a -Good Neighbor if we remember that we are hopelessly in debt to all these -foreigners. - -_Our Debt to the Chinese._ The Chinese invented the mariner’s compass -that enables the sailor to strike boldly out into the deep, sure of not -losing his way across the trackless ocean when stars and sun are gone. He -is likewise an example to all the world in his reverence and care for old -age, for father and mother. A traveler recently returned from China says -he has never seen old faces more calm and kindly than those he met among -elderly Chinese farmers. They seemed to think of nothing but the welfare -of others. The rights of the parent are such that any father or mother -with sons or grandsons living is assured in old age of the best care the -children can provide. Though the son may be fifty years of age and have a -family of his own he will yet give his own salary into the hands of his -father week by week. The father need not worry about the future as do -many fathers of large families in our own land, hence the calm eyes and -care-free faces among old Chinese farmers. The Chinese teach that it is -an honor and a duty for the young to toil for those who are old. - -“Honor thy father and thy mother that thy days may be long upon the land -which the Lord thy God giveth thee,” is an old command and promise. The -Chinese Empire is hoary with age. Can one reason for its long life be its -obedience to this command? - -_Our Debt to the Italians._ An Italian, Columbus, discovered the -New World. Who, then, has a better right to inhabit it than his own -countrymen? An Italian captain, Verrazano, was the first man to push the -prow of his ship into the harbor of what is now the greatest city of -the new world. Roman law rules the world and her treasures of art and -literature have enriched every nation on earth. What school boy would -like to be without the story of Julius Caesar, or not to have heard of -the cackling of the geese high up in the Capitol the night the city was -in danger, and how that cackling awoke the citizens and saved Rome? - -_Our Debt to the Russians._ As to the Russian, it is an ungrateful -American who forgets the service rendered this country in that saddest -war of history, when brothers of the North and South rose in arms against -each other. France had determined to found an empire in Mexico. She knew -that this could be done only after the American Union had been destroyed. -Russia refused to join with France and England in the course that might -have made possible this division of our country. In the darkest days of -our struggle the Russian fleet appeared at American ports as a pledge -of her friendship and a protest against the attitude of these European -powers. - -_Our Debt to the Jew._ If we said nothing more than that through the Jew -has come the Bible, that gift would place all of us forever in his debt. -No other sacred book tells us so clearly of God; no other book shows us -so truly how we may obey Him and be useful, strong, and holy. In no other -place are we told the secret of that - - “City builded by no hand, - And unapproachable by sea or shore, - And unassailable by any band - Of storming soldiery forever more.” - -It is true some of the Jewish people did oppose Christianity, but other -Jews were the founders of the Christian church. - -Through the Jewish nation came our Lord. Upon the streets of Jewish -cities “walked those blessed feet that nineteen hundred years ago were -nailed, for our advantage, to the bitter cross.” - -Kind neighborliness to these strangers is one way of repaying our debt. - - - - -II - -WHY DO THEY COME? - - Lo, the tyrant’s days are numbered, - Liberty no longer slumbers, - Error dark no longer cumbers; - Risen is the Sun. - - —_H. A. Clarke._ - - - - -II - -WHY DO THEY COME? - - -MIGRATION. Why do such vast armies of human beings leave their homes? Why -do they travel weary miles over land and sea and suffer such hardships -and privations? The causes would indeed be urgent that would induce us to -take a like journey and leave behind our pleasant, comfortable homes. Can -it be that the home of the immigrant is not pleasant and comfortable? As -we continue our study we shall find at least some of the reasons for this -greatest migration in history. - -On a beautiful day in autumn you may have seen large flocks of swallows -wheeling around the steeple of some old church—“a river of winged life.” -Some one has told you they are gathering before they migrate. “Oh, yes,” -you say, “they are going away because they do not like the cold winter.” -In the spring, you have seen a great moving V in the sky all made of -birds, and some one has cried out, “There go the wild geese,” and you are -told that they are journeying to the far, desolate North where the summer -will soon be and where no one will molest them while they rear their -young. So when great companies of people migrate there is a good reason. -No one wants to leave a comfortable home without good cause. - -You will be interested to study the causes of some of the great -migrations in the past. If you will turn to the Book of Exodus you will -find there the story of a vast human river of slaves flowing out of -Egypt, across the Red Sea, into the wilderness. Why did they migrate? -What drove the Goths down into the pleasant valleys of Italy? Did the -richness of the Italian cities, the fertility of the plains, and the -indolence of the inhabitants have anything to do with it? What brought -the Tartars into China where as Manchus they have ruled 300 years, and -where their long rein is now ended? The answer is simple. The Manchus -were warlike Tartars, soldiers of fortune of a barren country. The -Chinese were peace-loving dwellers in fertile valleys and plains. The -better soldier was the victor. - -There is no great nation of ancient or modern times but can tell its -own story of migration. There once crossed into England a company of -many thousands of splendid craftsmen bringing from France the secrets of -trades that have helped make England great. What drove these Protestant -families from their beloved land? There rang in their ears the solemn -tolling of a great palace bell. That bell, sounding over the city of -Paris, was the signal for the death of over forty thousand of the noblest -Protestants of France. The St. Bartholomew massacre caused the migration. - -In recent years a great tide of Irish began to move across the Atlantic. -In ten years this mighty tide totaled over one million and a quarter -human beings. The reason they came was the failure of the potato crop. -The potato was their great food staple, as bread is ours. Great armies of -Germans began to come after 1848. It would be interesting for you to find -the reason of their coming. How hard it must be for the Southern Italian -to leave his beautiful home and exchange his blue skies and hills and -mountains for a dark, ill-smelling tenement, or for toil far underground -in a mine. Why does he migrate and in numbers so great as to form every -year a city the size of Portland, Oregon? We may find the answer farther -along in our studies. - -“If I were a Russian,” some one says, “I would want to leave home. The -winter is so long, there is so much ice and snow, I would be glad to get -to a warmer country.” But the Russian loves his winter. He drives his -_sankey_ with its hoop of tinkling bells arched high over his horse’s -back faster than any other horseman in Europe. In his home is a great -brick oven and on top of this the family sleeps, no matter how the storm -blows, as warm as a Negro boy in a Southern cotton field. The Russian -does not leave his home because of the winter. - - -WHY THEY BECOME OUR NEIGHBORS - -_Opportunity._ Some one says another name for America is “opportunity.” -Amid weeping and “_Il Signore vi Benedica_,” “God Bless You,” Giuseppe -has gone away. He has been earning as _contadino_ (farmer) 20 cents per -day and is like a serf tied to the land. He earns in America $1.50 a day, -or as much in one day as he earned before in seven. Giuseppe is frugal. -He rises in his position to better pay, spends little money, and his -bank account goes up until he has a sum that would have seemed a fortune -in the little Sicilian village. Then, work slacking, he returns home. -His watch and ponderous gold chain, his stylish American clothes, an -exhibition of lofty independence, all make him a marked man. - -Wherever you meet him on the village street, an awed, admiring group of -friends is with him. He spreads the glowing tale of the New World and -you may be sure the reality loses nothing in the telling. Every youthful -heart is fired to a like adventure, to seek the golden, western world. -As one returned immigrant said:—“It’s a land where all wear shoes, where -trains shoot through the air, and shoot through the ground; even the poor -ride, no one needs an umbrella, the cars pass everywhere.” It is little -wonder they want to come. In America labor is dear and materials are -cheap; in Italy labor is cheap and materials are expensive. There it pays -a landlord to hire a man to watch his cows, rather than to build a fence, -wood is so costly. In America no one would think of hiring a man for such -a purpose, labor is so high. - -The price paid in health and suffering for the money they take back is -often far more than its worth. Many a poor fellow pale and haggard with -that dread disease, tuberculosis, goes home hopeful that his genial skies -will cure him of the death-blow the wet and cold and exposure of America -have given him. But the defeated come home in the twilight, unattended -and silent, while the successful swagger in at noonday with the blare -of trumpet and beat of drums. As one Italian said to me no later than -yesterday, “My uncle never told me the hardships I would have to face. -I was far better off in Italy than here, but I am ashamed to go back.” -And yet, all who come realize that the possibilities of success are far -greater here than at home. As another said, “In Italy I wanted to do -but could not. In America I want to and can. I am sorry, but ‘Good-bye, -Italy.’” - -The same opportunity for riches attracts the Chinese. He lives in a land -that, labor as he will, is barely able to feed its almost half a billion -human mouths. His wages at home are so meagre he can never hope for -independence; two cents per day is what the farm laborer in Shantung -earns. Since as a laborer he cannot legally enter the United States, he -comes in under cover of darkness over the Mexican or Canadian borders, or -any other way he can devise. The same hope of wealth attracts the Chinese. - -_Steamship Advertising._ Many come because the steamship companies are -such good advertisers. These companies paint beautiful pictures of the -New World, and the peasant sees great farms, busy factories, and wealthy -cities. The companies never show any views of dark, unhealthful tenements. - -Through this steamship advertising many unfit persons sail for America, -persons whom the agents might have known would be rejected, while many of -the lowest class are induced to leave their country because their country -is glad to get rid of them. It is said that in one small district in -Austria two hundred and seventy criminals were released from prison one -year and one hundred and eighty of them were in America within the next -twelve months. - -The Commissioner of Immigration at New York stated one year that 200,000 -of the one million immigrants of that year were a real injury to the best -interests of the country. Since the steamship company must be at the -expense of returning an immigrant who is sent back, they make doubtful -cases give a bond repaying them the return fare if the immigrant fails to -slip by the “man at the gate.” Of course the only interest the company -has is to get the immigrant’s money. - -One steamship line anxious to make money brought over on one ship -three hundred and eighty diseased peasants that Ellis Island promptly -sent back. Among those peasants were many people of Montenegro. The -Montenegrins are great soldiers. Tennyson wrote of them as - - “Warriors beating back the swarm - Of Turkish Islam for five hundred years.” - -For five hundred years they have stood as a bulwark between the Turk and -Europe. When they reached the home port, they stormed the offices of the -steamship company, demanding the return of their fare, and after one look -at their determined faces the clerks promptly locked themselves in and -telephoned the authorities for help. - -Some are induced to part with all they own, selling their little -business and then, because of ill health or other difficulties that -the agent might easily have known, are turned back broken-hearted and -poverty-stricken to the village whence they came. Sometimes they are even -sent to ports entirely different from those to which they had planned to -go. This, of course, is all wrong. - -_The Employer._ The reason back of the coming of many of these people -is the employer, the man who manages the railways, the mines, or large -contracts. He works through the padrones, and the Italian banks that -“direct two-thirds of the stream of Italian immigration.” You may be -surprised to know that the news of a big railroad contract reaches Italy -as soon as we hear it. If we are to build subways or barge canals, -or carry an underground river into New York, or let great railroad -contracts, or make a garden of the desert with colossal irrigation -reservoirs and canals, the message flies under the ocean to far-away -Italy and there is spread through a thousand villages. - -The employer is constantly looking for cheaper labor. Around his mine or -factory are American homes, practising the “American standard of living.” -This is a valuable term much in use and since it will occur again in this -book we stop here to explain what it means. The American standard of -living simply means the way most Americans live. Do you know that we live -better than any other people in the world? - -“I don’t think _we_ live well,” one boy says, “we don’t have an -automobile, or a pony, or a piano, and the people next door to us do.” -But automobiles, and ponies and pianos, while pleasant to own, are not -real necessities. Let us take a peep into the home of a Chinese boy. -It is breakfast time and he is busy with a bowl of rice and a pair of -chopsticks. Do you think you could eat rice with chopsticks? No! I -think you would do much better with a spoon. “But doesn’t he like milk -and sugar on his rice?” Perhaps so, but neither milk nor sugar are in -sight. Now, let us look in at dinner. Here are the same boy, and the same -chopsticks, and the same bowl with more rice. “Where are the bread and -butter, the meat and potatoes, and the dessert? We always have different -things like that for dinner,” you say. The Chinese boy does not seem to -miss them; what seems to be troubling him is the small amount of rice -left in the bowl. - -Now take a look through this crack in the paper window, (the father of -this little man is too poor to have glass windows in his home,) and see -what our boy has for supper. Why there are the identical bowl, and the -identical chopsticks, and what looks like the identical rice, though of -course it is not. “So that is all this boy has had to eat for breakfast, -dinner and supper—only rice?” Yes, that is all, and let me tell you he is -very well satisfied, because he likes that much better than eating millet -seed and that is what so many really poor Chinese live upon. As for -shoes, our Chinese boy has none. His clothes cost only a few cents where -yours cost dollars. - -Nor is the Chinese boy so great an exception. The standard of living -among the peasants in Russia is also very low; the same is true among the -great mass of peasants in Sicily, and remember these peasants form the -large majority of the population. That our standard is not the standard -of living of some nations may be gathered from the question of the great -Chinese viceroy, Li Hung Chang, when visiting America. After seeing the -ever-present throngs of prosperous-looking people on the streets, he -asked in great surprise, “But where are your working people?” He did not -know that the happy-faced, well-dressed people he was looking at were -working people practising the American standard of living. - -The immigrant provides the cheap, unskilled labor. As he becomes -influenced by American customs, he requires better clothes, a room -for himself instead of sharing his room with ten other men, more pay -as he becomes more skilled. He wants shoes for his wife. The American -law compels him to send his children to school instead of making them -wage-earners while little children. As his expenses increase he demands -more money that he may live as the people about him live. Then the -employer begins to replace him by labor costing what he formerly cost. -Herein is a remarkable story that would fill many little books like this. -It accounts for the procession of the Welsh, Scotch, Irish, Germans, -and Huns in the coal regions. It accounts for practically all the civil -war, in the form of bloody strikes, carried on in the Pennsylvania coal -fields, and much of that which occurs in other industries throughout the -country, this method of the employer seeking to replace those demanding -higher wages by those willing to work more cheaply. - - -OPPRESSION - -_The Sicilian._ Many come because of oppression in the home land. -The Sicilian lives in a beautiful country, but while the sea and the -mountains are good to look upon, the people are very poor. The farm -worker cannot send his boy to school as boys go in America, for the -rural schools are few. He must pay such heavy taxes he has little left -for himself. Then, a few rich people own almost all the land and he must -work for them, or starve. They pay him such small wages he cannot buy -good, nourishing food for his children and they often suffer greatly -in consequence. You draw a long breath when you are told his wages are -from eight to thirty-two cents per day. Many of us use more each day in -car-fare than a laborer in Sicily receives though he works from the time -the top of Etna is crimson with morning, until the birds go to sleep. -Even salt, so cheap with us, is taxed so heavily he cannot use it and -when he cooks his corn meal in the salt water from the sea he is accused -of smuggling. Oppression is what makes many of these people our neighbors. - -_The Jew._ Let us step in and visit an old Jewish tailor, a saintly man -who worships devoutly after the manner of his fathers. I am very careful -not to give him any work on Saturday as it grieves him to disoblige his -friends, and yet he will not work on his Sabbath day. He says, as do many -others of the Jewish race: “I pray every day; my son prays once a week; -my grandson does not pray at all.” This old tailor speaks such broken -English, we will let his daughter tell the story. “My father is almost -eighty years of age; he never worked with his own hands until he came to -America. He was for many years the tailor of a Russian regiment, making -all the uniforms for the officers and having a number of men employed -under him; we were well-to-do, the officers loved my father, but when the -riots arose it was all they could do to save his life and all we had was -destroyed. Now he is an old man, he should not toil any more, but,” as -she shrugs her shoulders, “who will give us bread?” - -A kindly-faced man is sitting in my office. He speaks such good English -you can tell he is a foreigner only by the peculiar way he pronounces -some words. He says “dough” for though. Just imagine yourself sitting -quietly by and listening, then you will know why many thousands come to -us from one part of Europe. “We were friendly with all the people of -our town. My ancestors had been in the same business for generations. -All the Russians trusted us and although we were Jews they would rather -deal with us than with their own countrymen. One day there had been -many murmurs around us; the people had looked less friendly; they were -ignorant, superstitious people, and they were miserably poor. Few of them -could read or write. The nobility had fleeced them for centuries, but the -nobility was too strong to be reached and so as scapegoats for the nobles -we were pointed out as the cause of their wretchedness. We went to sleep -that night, peaceful, prosperous and unsuspecting. At midnight our house -was in flames. I never again saw father, mother, brothers, or sisters -alive. I escaped in the night and was hidden by some friendly Russians. -High above the roar of the flames and the din and slaughter rose the -hoarse cry of the peasants—Our Daddy, the Tzar, wants it. Our Daddy, the -Tzar, wants it.” Multiply that scene by thousands and you have a Russian -_pogrom_. Oppression brings many Jews. - -_The Russian._ The Russian does not leave his land because of the winter -cold. He leaves it because he dare not speak out against the wrong he -sees. He is always fearful of some police spy making charges against -him, shutting him up in prison, and sending him to Siberia. No one is -safe from these spies. The Russian comes to America because here he can -think aloud and here he can worship according to the voice of his own -conscience. America is his hope. - -One of our poets pictures America as she really is, a refuge for these -fleeing, hunted people. He shows how the tyrant must give up the chase -and return empty-handed when once these poor people have reached our -friendly shores. - - “There’s freedom at thy gate, and rest - For earth’s down-trodden and opprest, - A shelter for the hunted head, - For the starved laborer toil and bread, - Power, at thy bounds, - Stops, and calls back his baffled hounds.” - - - - -III - -OUR JEWISH NEIGHBOR - - “O God-head, give me Truth!” the Hebrew cried. - His prayer was granted, he became the slave - Of “Truth,” a pilgrim far and wide. - Cursed, hated, spurned, and scourged, with none to save. - Seek him to-day, and find in every land. - No fire consumes him, neither floods devour; - Immortal through the lamp within his hand. - - - - -III - -OUR JEWISH NEIGHBOR - - -THE NUMBERS THAT COME. So great has been the volume of Jewish immigration -that the eyes of the country have been turned upon it in anxiety and -question. In the ten years last past 1,012,721 have come. The largest -number in any one year was in 1896, when 154,748 passed through the -various ports. In 1911, 94,556 arrived. To better understand the meaning -of these figures let us take a large map of the United States. Now be -ready with a blue pencil and draw a circle around the cities I name. -Perhaps I shall name the place in which some of you live. We will start -with a city right on the Eastern coast of the United States, where you -could step on board a steamer and sail away for Europe and see the homes -of some of these people we are studying. The first city is Bridgeport, -Connecticut, on Long Island Sound. The next is the capital of New York -State, the city of Albany. The third city to get a blue circle is where a -famous university stands, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Then we will journey -away West and draw a blue pencil mark around the name of a city that -stands near a famous lake out of which no one ever drinks. Yes, that is -the name, Salt Lake City, Utah. While we are West we will mark Spokane, -Washington. Then we will move South and place a circle about San Antonio, -Texas; then come East to Reading, Pennsylvania, and Trenton, New Jersey. -Michigan is a big state with beautiful forests, and we will blue pencil -the city of Grand Rapids. One more city is needed to make the ten. If -none of you lives in the cities I have named perhaps you may live in the -last one we mark, Kansas City, Kansas. I hear some one say, “Why do you -ask us to place a circle about these cities?” Because I want you to know -that in the last ten years enough Jews entered the United States to make -ten as populous cities as the ones we have just marked. - -_From Where Does the Jew Come?_ Five-sixths of the Jewish immigration -comes from Russia. While the Jews number probably 11,000,000 in the -world, about 5,000,000 of them live in that empire, mostly in what is -called the Jewish Pale of Settlement. Why there are so many in Russia -needs a brief statement. Poland invited the Jews to settle within her -borders in order to build up her cities. Here was gathered the largest -population of Jews since the destruction of Jerusalem. In some of the -provinces of Poland the Jews number one-sixth, and in some of the cities -one-half of the population. When Poland was divided between Russia, -Prussia and Austria, fifteen provinces fell to the share of Russia. These -form the Pale of Settlement, for there the Jew is allowed to dwell and -there he is engaged in all forms of industry, including farming. - -_Why They Come._ We have learned some reasons why the Jew leaves Russia. -Other reasons are his desire for a better education for his children, -freedom to engage in any business he may choose, and the privilege of -worshipping God and of saying what he thinks without danger of arrest -and imprisonment. Strange as it seems to us, there are still many places -in the world where if a man thinks the judge or the ruler has done wrong -he dares not say so openly. If he were heard to criticise them he would -be in danger of prison. Sometimes when we complain of our own country we -forget how fortunate we are to live in such a land of liberty. - -Let us now find some of the reasons for the Russian hatred of the Jew. -There could be no such merciless persecution of any race without some -cause, and it is pretty well understood that the Russian government -encourages and often provokes the attacks upon these people. The Russians -dislike the Jews because the Jews are not Christians, and because they -are much smarter business men than the average Russian, and would soon -own all the land of the ignorant peasants if they were allowed to live -among them and loan them money; the American Indian was cheated in this -way by the smarter and better educated white man. Then the government -does not like the Jew because the Russian government is corrupt and does -not want the people to have a voice in governing themselves, and the Jew -stands for the rights of the common people. Thus we see that while there -is some just cause for dislike of the Jew, there are other reasons why he -should be praised and commended. - -_As a Good Citizen._ The Jew, having no country of his own has yet -always been loyal to that of his adoption. The records show that when -war came the Jew was willing to shed his blood for his adopted land. -They are good to their own poor, providing hospitals for their sick, and -homes for children who are without father or mother. The Bible tells us -of the love of David for Absalom and the Hebrew king’s prayer for the -recovery of his little sick son. The Jew is no different to-day, he is -kind and affectionate in his home. We know the evil the saloon does in -every city and town and village in America where it exists. The Jew is -generally an enemy of the saloon. The liquor business does not prosper -where he lives. The Jews are lovers of books and education, and some of -the greatest scholars, musicians, artists, and writers of the world have -been Jews. Some of the noblest people who come to America are to be found -among the Hebrew immigrants. - -_Not All Money Lovers._ Jewish people are often accused of prizing money -more highly than any other race and of setting a greater value upon it -than they do upon either truth or justice. Some years ago a great strike -took place in New York among the garment workers, who were mostly Jews. -It lasted till the savings of the workers were exhausted. I was talking -with one of the strike leaders one day and he produced a letter he had -just received from his former employer. It said, “If you will come back I -will make you foreman and double your salary.” I knew the man was without -any money, and I asked, “What will you reply?” “There is only one reply,” -he said as he tore up the letter, “I couldn’t accept because I couldn’t -be a traitor.” - -The cheerful suffering that goes on among many East Side Jewish strikers -is heroic, for they feel that they are fighting for principle and these -battles that mean less food, thinner garments for the winter winds -to pierce, and less fire in the homes, are fought with astonishing -cheerfulness. In fact, it would be well for old as well as young folks to -remember that the great battles being fought in these days are not with -machine guns; these settle no principle. But the right to live, the right -to live better than the brutes, the conviction that all one’s time should -not be required in the struggle for bread, for shelter and for clothes, -that the life is more than meat, and the body than raiment,—for these -things the Jews fight by enduring hunger, sorrow and even death for the -sake of simple justice. They are the preachers of world brotherhood. - -We do not mean that all Jews can be placed in this exalted class. Among -them are the hardest and most merciless task-masters. Just the other day -I heard a Russian complain bitterly because the Jews for whom he had been -expelled from Russia were paying him the pitiful salary of $4.00 per week -for his toil. But among them are a great multitude of noble men and women -battling for a better day. - -_The Jew Intellectually._ If I were to ask the question, “Are Jewish boys -and girls at the head or at the foot of their classes in school?” I know -the answer would be, “They are at the head.” The Jew is delighted at the -boundless opportunities for education in America. He is like one long -locked out from a treasure which he could see but could not touch. - -_As a Business Man._ As a money getter the Jew is without a peer in the -world to-day; he seems to possess the golden touch we read of in the -Wonder Book. But when we know how it is done there is little mystery -about it. A Jewish family sent their children to my Sunday-school. They -were poorly dressed and had the appearance of being ill-fed. After a year -or two these signs of poverty disappeared and there was every evidence -of comfort. I wondered what the cause might be and said to the children. -“Your father is doing better, is he not?” “Oh, yes,” they said, “he has -gotten over the hard times he had when he went into business. He always -used to get up at four o’clock in the morning and go to the factory and -get the work ready before the tailors came. Then after they were gone he -used to work until eight or nine o’clock every night, but he has a good -business now and doesn’t work so hard.” Most men would succeed if they -worked such long hours. - -_The Jew Spiritually._ The Jew is a religious man but he seems to be -losing his religion in America. In Europe the synagogue was a rallying -point, in America the rallying place is the Labor Union, and many have -turned away from the old faith. Family life, once loyal and beautiful, -now shows many desertions, the father leaving the family to care for -itself. The streets at night are trodden by too many Jewish girls, and -the criminal courts are thronged with too many Jewish boys. Contempt -for old age is one of the saddest products of American life. I have -frequently seen young Jewish boys, twelve and fifteen years of age, -mocking Jews as venerable as Abraham, both by pulling their beards and -by sundry insults. The ignorance of Jewish children on sacred things is -widespread. It is a question if any religious body has a more solemn -festival than the Day of Atonement. It is supposed to be a day of -fasting and prayer, but the restaurants are full, and numerous Jewish -organizations use the day to make money by hiring a hall and selling the -seats at a good profit to all who can be induced to buy. Many Jews who -are members of congregations never attend service except on two or three -of the principal fast days. - -And yet, careless as the Jew may be of his old time religious faith, -Christianity calls forth the bitterest opposition. He cannot forget the -many things he has suffered in the name of the Christian church. - - - - -IV - -OUR RUSSIAN NEIGHBOR - - “Come, clear the way, then, clear the way: - Blind creeds and kings have had their day. - Break the dead branches from the path: - Our hope is in the aftermath; - Our hope is in heroic men, - Star-led, to build the world again. - To this event the ages ran: - Make way for Brotherhood—make way for man.” - - - - -IV - -OUR RUSSIAN NEIGHBOR - - -I mention the Russian not because large immigration has set in from -Russia, but because I am personally acquainted with work among these -people and because they are coming in increased numbers. When the Russian -wishes to change his home, he is usually directed to some part of his own -vast empire, and large numbers are settling in what was one time thought -to be ice-bound Siberia, and are there successfully engaged in farming. -There is, however, a constantly rising tide of immigration among the -Russians. In 1901, 672 entered the United States. In 1911, 20,121, the -largest number to date, was reported by the Commissioner of Immigration. - -_Intellectually._ There is much ignorance among these newcomers. Over -thirty in every one hundred who landed in 1911 did not know how either to -read or write. A number of the Russians in New York are revolutionists -of various classes; they are almost always led by the Jew, who acts -as public speaker and general leader in most Russian affairs. About -two-thirds of those who come are unskilled farm laborers and common -laborers. - -_Religiously._ While a large number of those who land are members of the -Russian Greek Church, most of them are members of groups hostile to the -church, although many of this latter class are unusually fine men. They -are exiles from their country for causes that would often bring them -honor in any really enlightened land. In fact, America has little idea of -the great riches in heroism, sacrifice and splendid lives that are hidden -away in the forbidding tenements of its great cities. The Russians’ -dislike of the church is deep seated and intense, for the Church of -Russia has been the judge that sentenced them, the jailer that imprisoned -them, the knout that whipped them. The Greek Church in many ways is -an out-of-date church. It is an enemy of progress and free thought, -the greatest ally of a cruel government. These men, knowing no other -church than that of Russia, do not understand the difference between -the Christianity found in America and this church of the Middle Ages in -Russia. - -One of the best loved and most influential Russians in New York City -said to me recently, “My wish is to elevate my countrymen. Too many of -them hold their club meetings in saloons and are given over to drinking -habits. But I cannot have anything to do with the Christian church, for -if I did I would be compelled to forget how the church has injured me -and I have suffered too much from it to do that.” The Jews share in this -attitude of the Russian toward the church. - -“Can any country afford to lose such men?” I put that question to myself -as I looked over an audience of six hundred stalwart young Russians, -their faces alight with intelligence, their whole bearing showing sturdy -self-reliance, and yet lovable and teachable, withal. The place was an -East Side hall, and the occasion a gathering to do honor to a Russian -fellow countryman, and to enjoy a Russian play. The countryman was an -exile because he wished to hasten the day of freedom for his beloved -land. He was a man with a noble, melancholy face, and eyes that looked -love and friendship. One wondered what that scholarly man could have -done to have the sentence of death passed upon him. - -The play when given in Russia was immediately suppressed, and yet it is -founded on an actual happening. Imagine yourself with me at the Russian -hall; let us take a seat and hear what the play is about and maybe we -shall learn why it is that many Russians do not like the church. The -players will speak in Russian, but we shall understand them for we shall -have some one beside us to translate the Russian into English. - -Now all is quiet. Here enters a young student in a red shirt and big top -boots. He feels very important, for he has just arrived home from the -University at St. Petersburg. His sister is with him. They are talking -about a monastery in their village. “You know how the great monastery -near us deceives the people,” says the brother. “You know how the monks -pretend the sacred _ikon_ (image) on the altar works miracles, and how -the poor peasants have to give the monks hard-earned money. You know how -these cheats tell the authorities of any one who says he is dissatisfied -with the government. And you know, too, that these monks are not good -men.” - -“Yes,” the sister says, “I am sorry that what you say is true. The -monastery ought to be a great blessing to our village, but instead it is -a great curse.” - -“Then,” cries the student, walking up and down and much excited, “I am -going to open the eyes of the people and show them that the monastery is -a wicked fraud.” - -“How will you do it?” exclaims his sister, greatly alarmed. “Please do -nothing that will cause the police to send you to prison.” - -There comes a knock at the door; the brother opens it, and in walks one -of the monks from the monastery. He is such an unclean, repulsive-looking -man you would want to run away from him if you met him on a lonely road. -He does not look at all like the priests, or preachers, we know. He holds -out a tin cup and whines, “Please help a poor friar who is begging for -holy church.” All the Russians in the audience laugh in derision when -they hear the whining voice. - -“Why is the church in need of money?” asks the student. - -“We need money,” whines the monk, “because the people no longer visit -us as in years past, and since they do not bring money in we monks must -collect it.” - -“But,” persisted the questioner, “why have the moujiks stopped visiting -you?” - -“They do not believe in holy church nor in the sacred _ikon_ as they once -did.” (The _ikon_ on the altar of this monastery was believed to have -worked many wonders.) “What the church needs is some miracle to restore -the faith of the peasants,” and the monk seems very sad, probably because -he would rather sit down comfortably at home than walk the muddy Russian -roads begging alms. - -“Why do you deceive the peasants?” says the indignant student. “You know -your sacred _ikon_ never cured anybody, nor worked any miracle. I will -give you the dynamite if you will blow it up.” The monk admits the _ikon_ -worship is a fraud and says finally after a long discussion, “I will -place the dynamite under the image and blow it up.” - -When the time comes to explode the dynamite, the monk is afraid and -confesses the plot to the Abbot. “Let us blow up the altar,” says the -Abbot; “we can say the anarchists did it, but we will first remove the -_ikon_ and then tell the people a miracle was wrought—the altar was -destroyed, but the image was saved.” - -[Illustration: The Home of a Russian Peasant] - -[Illustration: A Russian _Moujik_ and His Family] - -So the altar is blown up after the priest has removed the image. The -people are told it is a marvelous miracle and the church is crowded -again, each peasant not forgetting to leave his copeck, half a cent, as -he departs. - -After the explosion, the student says, “I will go to the monastery and -when the great crowds of peasants are coming out of the chapel I will -tell them just how great a fraud the latest miracle is.” So he goes and -tells the people how grossly the monks are deceiving them and that it was -his plan that destroyed the altar. Do the people believe him? Oh, no. -They believe what the priests tell them and they are so angry with the -young informer for saying he blew up the altar and for trying to open -their eyes that they kill him. - -“But,” some one says, “we have been looking at and hearing only a play.” -Yes, that is true, but it is a true play, for all you saw actually -happened in Russia, and it is the deception of such monks that has made -so many Russians hate the church and hate God. - -You noticed how the audience leaned forward in their seats, each seeing -in that picture his own story, the forces that drove him far from his -fatherland. You also remember what the interpreter said at a great burst -of applause, the greatest of the night, when we asked, “What was that -for?” “Why,” said the interpreter, “you will be surprised to know what -they are applauding. In reply to the question as to who was his most -bitter enemy, the actor has just said, ‘My greatest enemy is God; through -God and the church come all my troubles.’” - -It is the duty and the privilege of the Christians of America to -introduce these Russians to a true church, and to instruct them in the -knowledge of the true God. - - - - -V - -OUR ITALIAN NEIGHBOR - - “Genoese boy of the level brow, - Lad of the lustrous, dreamy eyes - Astare at Manhattan’s pinnacles now - In the first, sweet shock of a hushed surprise; - I catch the glow of the wild surmise - That played on the Santa Maria’s prow - In that still gray dawn, - Four centuries gone, - When a world from the wave began to rise.” - - —_R. H. Schauffler._ - - - - -V - -OUR ITALIAN NEIGHBOR - - -NUMBERS. Our immigrant neighbor that has attracted the most attention -in the last decade has been the Italian. He has attracted this notice, -first, because of his great numbers and, second, because of the inferior -quality as compared with much previous immigration. - -Over two millions have come from Italy in the past ten years, and the -numbers show little prospect of diminishing. This stream that two decades -ago was but a tiny rivulet is now a human Amazon. The Amazon of South -America pours so vast a tide into the ocean that the sailor while far -from sight of land may yet dip his bucket overboard and draw up fresh -water. We may well inquire about these people who are flowing in so vast -a flood into the sea of our American life. - -In the year ending June 30, 1911, 213,360 Italian immigrants entered. In -1910, 233,453 were admitted. The largest number entering in any one year -was in 1907, when 294,061 passed through the various entry ports. - -When we are dealing in millions figures suggest little or nothing to -us. Let us take another method to show the large numbers of this one -nationality that are pouring in through all our gates. - -Imagine the two millions of the last ten years drawn up in a single line, -each holding the hand of the fellow countryman on his right and left. -How far will this human chain extend? - -Suppose we step aboard a train at New York. We pass along the -Palisade-bordered Hudson, past Yonkers, West Point, Poughkeepsie, Hudson -and Albany, one hundred and fifty miles. These black-eyed children of -Italy line the track all the way. At Albany we turn west and go to Utica, -Syracuse, Rochester and Buffalo. We have come over four hundred miles and -still the line is unbroken. Here the porter makes up our sleeping berth, -and all through the night, past Detroit and into Chicago, the metropolis -of the Middle West, along a thousand miles of railroad stretches our -imaginary hand-clasped line. From Chicago we journey still further toward -the sunset until we rumble across the Father of Waters and into the -station at St. Louis. Surely these endless faces are no longer beside our -train. But there they are; westward still extends our immigrant line. -From St. Louis we travel right across the state of Missouri to Kansas -City, almost three hundred miles. Our train moves so fast across the -level country that the hand-clasped strangers seem like closely placed -pickets in an endless fence, but still the line is there and we must -travel one hundred miles across Kansas before the last of that endless -chain waves us farewell. And all these have come in ten years. - -_The Italian Compared with Former Immigrants._ The earliest immigration -to America was not that of the peasant class. “It was the middle class -tradesman and the stout, independent yeoman.” The immigration of a -few years ago, as is well known, was from Northern Europe, bringing -the German, the Scotch, the English, the Irish, the Welsh and the -Scandinavian. These were races from the temperate zone who had gained -culture and the virtues of a Christian civilization, largely Protestant, -through long centuries of intelligent struggle. The Italian immigrant -of today is from Southern Italy. The Northern Italian, more skilled and -better educated, does not come to the United States in any large numbers; -his goal is mainly Argentina and Brazil, in South America. - -The Italians from Sicily have lacked educational advantages. If, when -they land at the Battery from Ellis Island, you asked them to read the -name of the street upon the lamp post, sixty out of every hundred would -shake their heads. In the public schools the Italian is by no means so -clever as some of the other immigrants, nor is he employing his leisure -time in so wise a manner as is the Jew, for instance. - -_Thrift._ The Italian is frugal and thrifty. Most of them seem to have -money. A poor woman exclaimed at one of our free Saturday night concerts -some time ago, “O Signore, some one has robbed me.” I looked at her and -thought to myself, “She is so poorly dressed I do not believe she has -lost much,” but I said, “Come and see me after the concert.” On talking -with her I found that the thief had been better informed than I, for he -had cut the skirt of her dress with a knife and had taken $80 which was -in an inside pocket. It is no unusual sight for a laborer to draw from -his wallet a roll of bills amounting to $50 or more to pay for a ten cent -spelling book in our night school. The amount of real estate the Italians -own in New York is very large; some years ago it was estimated at over -sixty millions. It is probably more than double that today. Some of them -own tenements and rent rooms that are slept in by day by one shift of men -and at night by another. - -One must be careful that he is not an innocent party to placing children -in orphan asylums and other such homes to be educated at the public’s -expense when the family is entirely able to support its own children. An -Italian woman wished me to place her two boys in “college.” By “college” -she meant an orphan asylum. When I investigated I found that she was -married, had a husband who was in perfect health, and was herself worth -between three and four thousand dollars. The church receives very little -financial support from these people, although they are lavish enough when -it comes to a big display at a wedding, a christening, or a funeral. The -money paid for bands to walk before the hearse must amount to hundreds of -thousands of dollars every year in the Italian colony of New York City. - -_How They Are Misused._ There is no question but that the Italian earns -the money that is paid him in America; no better laborers ever came to -these shores, and the way they are sometimes misused is shameful. I saw -once a pitiful exhibition of this. It was an August day, one of the most -intensely hot I had ever experienced, and all the worse because it was -in a long succession of stifling days and nights. Everywhere men were -stopping their horses and cooling them off with the hose, or with pails -of water and, despite it all, dead horses were lying in all the principal -thoroughfares. - -An Irish boss was foreman of a gang of Italians that was asphalting a -city street. A line was drawn down the middle of the street and the force -divided, each gang taking the part on either side of the line from the -middle of the street to the curb. The gang that asphalted their half of -the block first would receive as reward a keg of beer that stood perched, -temptingly, on an elevated platform at the end of the street. I do not -remember ever seeing elsewhere human beings driven at such inhuman -speed; it was a cruel proof of what greed and a total disregard of the -welfare of the poor immigrants could furnish. - -A writer in “Everybody’s Magazine” saw the statement of the press agent -of the Erie Railroad that no lives had been lost in cutting the great -open air rock entrance of the Erie into Jersey City. He was interested -enough to investigate it, and he learned of twenty-five who were killed -and so many who were injured that a partial list filled four newspaper -columns, a year before the work was completed. “Why,” he asked, “was it -said that no lives were lost?” “Because,” was the reply, “the killed were -only Wops (Huns) and Dagoes.” - -_Spiritually._ The Italian is naturally religious, and when converted he -becomes an earnest, intelligent follower of Christ. We must not fail to -tell him the story of “Jesus and his love.” - - - - -VI - -OUR CHINESE NEIGHBOR - - “Dago,” and “Sheeney,” and “Chink,” - “Greaser,” and “Nigger,” and “Jap”; - From none of them doth Jehovah shrink. - He lifteth them all to His lap, - And the Christ, in His kingly grace, - When their sad, low sob He hears, - Puts His tender embrace around the race - As He kisses away its tears, - Saying, O “least of these,” I link - Thee to Me for whatever may hap, - “Dago,” and “Sheeney,” and “Chink,” - “Greaser,” and “Nigger,” and “Jap.” - - —_Bishop McIntyre._ - - - - -VI - -OUR CHINESE NEIGHBOR - - -THE MISUNDERSTOOD CHINESE. The Chinese are the most misunderstood -people in America, and the reason is probably found in the Celestials -themselves. No author in writing about this myriad people feels that he -can give an account of the Chinese in one province, or city, or village, -that he is sure will hold good in another. The earliest bit of wisdom -concerning the Chinese that I remember acquiring was the statement in an -old geography that to write one’s name in Chinese characters was a sure -way of winning their favor. I now know that I am no surer of winning -the favor of a Chinaman by writing my name in Chinese characters than -a Chinese would be of winning my favor by writing his name in English -letters. But the writer of the old geography may have been acquainted -with some place in China where what he states was true. - -In our short account of these people we can catch but a fleeting glance, -seeing little more than the curious Chinese himself, who, “when he wants -to get a peep inside a house applies a wet finger to a paper window so -that when the digit is withdrawn there remains a tiny hole through which -an observant eye may at least see something.” - -_Unchanging China._ What force was back of the movement that reached its -height in 1892, when almost 40,000 of these people landed in America? -What caused the first large migration from China to the United States? -Today very few come. In 1911 but 5,657 Chinese entered, while 7,065 went -back to China. - -That the Chinese would require some powerful force to set this tide in -motion, a few instances would indicate. The Chinese do the same thing -in the same way today as their ancestors did it five hundred years ago. -If a village street is so crooked that one must walk an extra mile, no -one would think of straightening the street. If the village well was -the source of water supply in the past centuries, the substitution of a -pump would not be thought of, as it would be an insult to the past. They -dislike even the most trivial changes; the altering of the time of the -regular hour of meetings; a re-arrangement in the seating of their class -rooms, or the transfer of a teacher, all disturb them. Because things -used to be done in such and such a way is the reason that they ought to -be done so now. - -Old customs are followed, although the life has long since departed from -them. - -For example, “It is the custom in Mongolia for every one who can afford -it to use snuff and offer it to his friends. Each man has a small snuff -box which he produces whenever he encounters a friend; if the person -with the snuff box happens to be out of snuff, that does not prevent the -passing of the box, from which each guest takes a deliberate, though -imaginary, pinch and returns it to the owner. To seem to notice that the -box was empty would not be good form, and all is according to a well -settled precedent.” - -“In a country like China, which stretches through some twenty-five -degrees of latitude, but in which furs are taken off and straw hats are -put on according to a fixed rule for the whole Empire, in regions where -the only heat in the house during the winter comes from the stove bed -or _k’ang_, it is not uncommon for travelers who have been caught in a -‘cold snap’ to find that no arguments can induce the landlord of the inn -to heat the _k’ang_, because ‘the season for heating the k’ang has not -arrived.’” American street car companies and apartment house owners have -at times taken a leaf from the Chinese in this particular. What could -move this people to leave their home and seek a new world? - - -THE CHINESE IN AMERICA - -_What Caused Their Coming?_ The first large migration of the Chinese to -America may be explained by two words, War and Gold. - -In 1850 the great Tai Ping rebellion broke out and soon spread poverty -and ruin through southeastern China; the terrors of war with its ever -present hand-maidens, famine and plunder, ruined all business and -paralyzed all industry. The farmer class of the sea coast districts was -driven into Hong Kong and there they met the astonishing stories of the -fabulous wealth in the recently discovered gold fields of California -and Australia. That, in brief, is the history of the first big wave of -Chinese migration to America. - -_The Sort of Chinese Who Came._ Those who came were largely from the -farmer class. The Chinese farmer is very different from the Sicilian -farmer; the latter rents his land at a ruinous price from the large -land owner, or works it for a meagre wage almost as a serf; the Chinese -farmer belongs to one of the most honored classes in China. “He owns -the land, has freedom of trade and industry, local self-government, can -appeal against official misgovernment and has the opportunity to rise -to any social or political station.” The social system of China is well -worth keeping in mind. First in rank comes the scholar, the man with -the trained mind fitting him to be a wise leader and guide; second, -the farmer, the producer, the creator of wealth; third, the artisan, -who changes the raw material into usable forms, makes furniture of the -timber, pots from the iron, dishes from the clay; fourth, the merchant, -the middleman, who sees to the distribution of flour, rice, clothing, -etc.; fifth, the laborer; and last, the soldier or non-producer. In what -order do we rank these classes? The early type of immigration from China -was of a high grade. - -_How They Were Received._ The Chinese were received in California with -open arms, so to speak. “Industrial necessity” overlooked the visually -present race prejudice, and the Chinese turned their hands to anything -that would fill the gap the American gold-seeker had created. They -became cooks, restaurant keepers, laborers, household servants—there -were no women on the Pacific Coast then, willing to do the last named -work—carpenters, farmers of neglected land. Governor McDougall, in -1852, recommended a series of land grants to induce their further -coming; editors praised their industry, their cheerfulness, and personal -cleanliness; the Chinamen must have thought the Golden Age was come again. - -_The Rude Awakening._ In 1854 came the collapse of the California boom; -placer mines gave out; men from the mines seeking employment were -coming to the city in droves; the wage of $10 per day for skilled and -$3.50 to $5 for unskilled labor was over; then came the cry of America -for Americans. The Chinese were ill-treated and many lost their lives. -Committees were formed by the better class of Americans to protect them, -but the cry against them never ceased in California until the Chinese -exclusion law of 1888 was enacted, barring them from the country. - -_The Chinese Intellectually._ The Chinese rank high intellectually. -Their age-long reverence for learning—for a knowledge of the Chinese -classics opened the door to the highest positions—has undoubtedly had a -marked effect upon the mental side of the nation. The Chinese hero has -been the one who passed successfully through the various examinations in -the classics and finally, after many difficulties, attained the coveted -degree. Their “highways are spanned with arches erected, not to great -soldiers, but to great scholars.” - -The nature of the outings that the average young American of the East -Side conducts is pretty well known throughout the city of New York. They -are usually anything but orderly and thoughtful. But on a Christian -Chinese picnic I have gone from the bow to the stern of the boat and -found numerous games of Chinese chess in progress, each game surrounded -by an excited group of advisers telling the players what move to make to -checkmate their opponents. The playing of a good game of chess is not a -childish task. The Chinese are a thoughtful people. - -_Generosity._ Few favors done the Chinese pass unrewarded. I have seen -many touching examples of sympathetic helpfulness. A few years ago a -beautiful Chinese woman was helped to escape from worse than slavery. -To save her from the sworn vengeance of her master, it was necessary to -send her clear across the continent in company with a missionary. This we -did. Like Nicodemus, who came to our Lord under cover of darkness, there -came to us later a woman from Chinatown. Her husband is one of the most -notorious gamblers in the country, but his wife had a woman’s sympathy -with the kindly service rendered, and she left a hundred dollars as her -gift toward the safety of her unfortunate countrywoman. - -_Spiritually._ I am repeatedly asked, “Do the Chinese ever become -Christians?” Their spiritual nature is as keen as that of any -foreign-speaking people that come to us. The spirit that changes the life -of a wicked, gambling, drinking American performs a like office in a -wicked, gambling, opium-smoking Chinese. The Christ that attracts little -American boys and girls is a like magnet to these little Chinese lads and -lassies. We had in our school for some years a little Chinese boy named -Guy. He was bright and courageous, and accompanied our missionary on many -of her visits among the Chinese. He said one day, with great earnestness, -“There are three things I want. First, I want to become a Christian and -get my heart right; second, I want to be baptized so that all the Chinese -may know that I am separated from paganism, and third, I want to be a -preacher of the Gospel so that many may hear the glad news.” You will -agree that these are good wishes for even an American boy. One night he -dreamed that his father, who was in China, had returned to America and -that he and Guy stood together at the altar of a church while Guy was -being baptized. - -Wong Sing came into our night school seven years ago. He hated the name -of “Jesus.” When he heard in America that Christ was being preached in -his native village, he said, “Hot anger rose within me.” One reason for -this was that Wong Sing knew only the Christianity of Mexico, and this -is cruel and disdainful toward the Chinese. It has taken the world many -centuries to learn that the Christianity of Jesus is best extended not by -sword or force, or even by argument, but by loving-kindness. - -[Illustration: A Chinese Family - -(Church of All Nations, New York City)] - -One day Wong Sing went home from our school with a Chinese New Testament, -and to him it was the Word of God from heaven. He read it all night, -getting an hour’s sleep in the early morning before he went to work. He -was converted by the reading, and then he threw himself, with all his -soul, into the work of the church. He was all for Christ. In the last -four years he was with us he did not miss one session of the school. - -Finally, business called him home. His mother in China was greatly -grieved at his conversion. She said, “My son has deserted the old faith. -When I die, who will worship at my tablet? My son went away a good boy, -he comes back possessed of a devil.” Wong was the only Christian in the -village. He tried to show his mother the better way he had found in -Christ, but without success, and in great bitterness of heart over the -loss of her boy’s faith in the old religion, she ended her own life. On -this young Christian has fallen the curses and revilings of the entire -village, but he has “kept the faith.” - -When You Toy, a little Chinese slave girl whom we had rescued, told us -her dream, we felt that there was a relation between it and her own life -and thinking. “Oh,” she said, “I had such a wonderful dream; I saw God -and He had a great book, and He called me to Him and said, ‘Here, You -Toy, look in this book,’ and I looked and there was my name, and after it -in bright letters was written, ‘You are my precious one.’” I believe that -a little orphan girl from a far country, trained in ancestor worship, -could never have had that dream if God were not a known and near friend. -What do you think about it? - -The Russians, Hebrews, Italians and Americans—none of these people -surpasses the Chinese in loyalty and in labors, once they become -followers of Christ. - - - - -VII - -MAKERS OF GOOD NEIGHBORS - - “Fear not, we cannot fail: - The message must prevail; - Truth is the oath of God, - And sure and fast, - Through death and hell, - Holds, onward, to the last.” - - - - -VII - -MAKERS OF GOOD NEIGHBORS - - -TO BEGIN WITH. Who and what are the good neighbors in our country that -are most powerful in changing this many-tongued multitude into Americans? -Who are influencing them so that they understand us and we understand -them? What forces are welding these many fragments into one nation? - -To receive into one great common home millions of sons and daughters -strange to that home and to one another in speech, custom and land, and -to blend them into one people, this seems an impossible task. And yet it -is being accomplished. - -_The Public School._ Among the good neighbors that are grappling with -this great task most effectively I place the public school first, -because I believe it the most useful neighbor in making young Americans. -Frequently the foreign-born parents see the New World largely through -the eyes of their children, so that the school is a good neighbor to the -whole family. - -The public school makes different nationalities friendly. All school boys -know how by studying together, reciting together and playing together -they acquire respect for one another, and learn to look over the barriers -of race. A public school near my church which is made up almost wholly of -Jews and Italians, elected one of my Sunday-school scholars, a Japanese -boy, president of the class, simply because his ability and good manners -had won their respect. - -_Manual Training._ By manual training classes the public school promotes -respect for work with the hands. We cannot understand the foreigners’ -contempt for this kind of work, but it is very strong. I once took an -Armenian, who had come all the way to America in the hope of getting -an education, to the president of a preparatory school in the hope -that he might be admitted free of expense by doing some work about the -institution. The president stated that the school was overcrowded, but -he would take him in if he would work in the field a couple of hours a -day. The Armenian, who was really an earnest man, felt the work would too -greatly degrade him, and declined. - -_Teaching in the English Language._ The English language is of course -another great help in Americanization. - -_The City and the Immigrant Child._ The child of the immigrant is in -special need of the help and sympathy of all American boys and girls. -Frequently he is the sole person in the home who speaks English, and so -is called upon for advice and is consulted in many things upon which -American fathers and mothers never need to consult their children. -This is unfortunate for him, as we can readily see. He often despises -the language and customs of his parents and then ends by despising the -parents themselves. He cannot understand the love his parents feel -for their homeland; he cannot see the blue skies and green hills and -mountains so dear to them; he cannot feel the home attachments. - -“I recall a certain Italian girl,” writes Miss Jane Addams, “who came -every Saturday evening to a cooking class in the same building in which -her mother spun in the Labor Museum Exhibit; and yet Angelina always -left her mother at the front door while she herself went round to a -side door, because she did not wish to be too closely identified in the -eyes of the rest of the cooking class with an Italian woman who wore a -kerchief over her head, uncouth boots, and short petticoats. One evening, -however, Angelina saw her mother surrounded by a group of visitors from -the School of Education who much admired her spinning ability, and she -concluded from their conversation that her mother was the ‘best stick -spindle spinner in America.’ - -“When she inquired from me as to the truth of this deduction I took -occasion to describe the Italian village in which her mother had lived, -something of her free life, and how because of the opportunity she and -other women had had to drop their spindles over the edge of a precipice -they had developed a skill in spinning beyond that of the neighboring -towns. I dilated somewhat upon the freedom and beauty of that life, how -hard it must be to exchange it all for a two-room tenement and to give -up a beautiful homespun kerchief for an ugly department store hat. It -was easy to see that the thought of the mother with any other background -than that of the tenement was new to Angelina, and at least two things -resulted; she allowed her mother to pull out of the big box under the bed -the beautiful homespun garments which had previously been hidden away as -uncouth, and she openly came into the Labor Museum by the same door as -did her mother, proud at least of the mastery of the craft which had been -so much admired.” - -While it might seem that the child represents the most precious future -wealth of our cities, he evidently is not so valued. Real estate is worth -more than he is. Dirty, disease-breeding blocks that should be parks and -playgrounds are worth more than he is. Even where grass grows, big signs -everywhere indicate that grass is sacred and of more account than he is. -In planning our American cities the child seems to have been entirely -left out. When tenements became profitable, and the tenements are the -homes of the immigrant children, the backyard playground disappeared. -The street is the only playground left and, cursed by drivers because -the horses stumble over them, and by chauffeurs because they limit their -speed, and chased by the police as a general nuisance, the children of -the tenements are surely to be pitied. - -A young Italian girl fifteen years of age was being sworn in a Brooklyn -court. Before swearing her the Judge told the clerk to inquire if she -knew the meaning of an oath in court. He asked, “Do you know who God -is?” She replied, “God, who is he?” He said, “Do you know anything about -Christ?” She replied, “Christ, where does he live?” - -Here is a chance for the boys and girls of America to be good neighbors. - -_The Settlement._ Some one says, “I have often heard about settlements, -but what do they do?” The Church of All Nations carries on a church and -settlement work on the lower East Side of New York. If you were to pay -it a visit during a week day this is what you might see. By 8.30 o’clock -in the morning there would be a patter of little feet and a babel of -children’s voices and we would know the Italian boys and girls were -coming for the daily kindergarten. At nine o’clock the office bell begins -to ring; just sit in the office and listen to the people who call. One -says, “I need to go to the hospital”; another, “I want to get a friend -out of prison”; a big able man says, “I want work”; some are in need of -clothes or food, or a lawyer, or are discouraged and have come to talk -over their troubles. These last keep coming during the morning office -hour and, in fact, all day and into the night. - -[Illustration: Italian Kindergarten (Penn.)] - -In the afternoon there is a mother’s meeting for Italians, or Hebrews, or -some other nationality, with an address of a religious nature or a brief -talk on some topic that helps make the mothers better able to care for -their children. American boys and girls may think all mothers know how to -take care of children, because their mothers took such good care of them. -It would surprise them to know that in the fall some of the immigrant -mothers sew a suit of clothes on their child and expect that suit to -stay on through the winter—it is not to come off at night, either. Many -Italian mothers wrap up their little babies until they look like a mummy -that you may have seen in a museum. The baby can move its hands but not -its feet; it can also move its big black eyes, and laugh or cry. We know -better than these mothers, so we try to teach them wiser ways of caring -for their children. - -At three o’clock there may be sessions of the sewing-school, or game -room, or gymnasium classes for the younger boys who are not allowed -to come at night. In the evening there are club meetings under chosen -leaders, bowling contests, basket ball games, and night school for -Italians, Chinese, Hebrews or Russians. In other parts of the building -may be illustrated lectures or motion pictures. So you see a Settlement -has a very busy and varied sort of day’s work, and is a good neighbor to -the immigrant. - -_Other Good Neighbors._ In addition to the good neighbors mentioned, -many other forces assist in the Americanizing of the foreigner. America -itself, the streets, the stores, the factories, the public institutions, -the work at which he is employed and the conditions under which he toils, -all have a marked effect upon the stranger. Those who have studied the -matter say that the Jew is developing a better physical type than at -home, while the Italian, used to open air peasant life, is running down -in stature. - -While the immigrant is a stranger in a strange land he is by no means a -stranger in a friendless land. America is not only rich in dollars, it is -rich in kindness and sympathy. Our fathers were pilgrims and strangers; -some of us were ourselves strangers. We should, therefore, try to carry -out Christ’s story of the good neighbor, and, if we find our immigrant -brother in need of help or protection, we should be among the first to -have compassion on him. - - - - -VIII - -GOOD NEIGHBORS AND BAD - - “Lead on, O King eternal, - The day of march has come: - Henceforth in fields of conquest - Thy tents shall be our home. - Through days of preparation - Thy grace has made us strong, - And now, O King eternal, - We lift our battle song.” - - - - -VIII - -GOOD NEIGHBORS AND BAD - - -THE CHURCH. The Protestant church in America is a good neighbor to the -immigrant. The trouble is that many immigrants refuse to permit it to be -their friend. - -We have seen that the chief reason that the church cannot do what it -would among the Jews, Russians, Italians and Chinese, the people we are -studying, is because these people do not understand that the church in -America is different from the church in their home countries. They do not -know that American Christianity is a friend of liberty, and is really -trying to aid the common people. - -When the Irish immigrants came in such multitudes to America they -thronged the Catholic Churches. Their church had been their loyal -champion in Ireland, and they knew it would be the same friend in -America. The same loyalty was shown by the Lutheran to his church when he -came from Germany to America. - -But the million and more Jews that have flowed into America want to have -nothing to do with the church, and the multitudes of Italians, when loyal -to any church, belong to the Church of Rome. The Russians are often -exiled from home because of the church. - -To be the best of good neighbors to these people, it is necessary, first, -for the church to know their history. Only in that way can church people -understand how the foreigner feels toward the church and how most wisely -to approach him. - -_The Jew and the Church._ What does the Jew regard as the cause of the -sorrow which has sent him to America? I have seen old Russian Jews stand -in front of a Christian church at night, when they thought no eye saw -them, and shake their fist at the cross over the door, spit at it, curse -it, and go their way. “If,” said a Jewish woman, “the Christians want -to be friends with the Jews why do they forever preach that the Jews -killed Jesus? We know our nation was the cause of His death, but how many -Christians have died in the religious wars between themselves?” She laid -the persecution of her race at the door of Christianity. - -Speaking one day of the religious fervor of an old Hebrew, his daughter -said: “Yes, he is religious, but none of the rest of us have any use -for it. I think it is through religion that most trouble comes into the -world.” “Now,” she continued, “the best friend I have in America has just -gone out angry because when she came in she found a fire in my house, -and this is a Jewish fast day. Religion drove us out of Poland with the -loss of everything. I believe we would be better off if religion was out -of the world.” I tried to show her that true Christianity was not guilty -of these cruel persecutions of her people, that it was the lack of true -Christianity that caused them; yet I doubt if I convinced her. - -Even when Jewish children are allowed to attend Christian religious -institutions to get them off the streets they are often forewarned. I -noticed one day that a boy who sang lustily some of the hymns stopped -at the word “Jesus,” or else substituted the word, “Moses.” “Curley,” I -said, “why don’t you sing the name Jesus?” “My mother told me not to say -it or my tongue would turn black,” came the prompt reply. Another boy -attending our classes reached up and kissed a gold cross that hung on a -chain around the neck of one of our workers. He had no sooner done so -than he cried across the room to his sister, “It never hurt me.” “What -did you expect would hurt you?” said the teacher. “My mother told me I -could come to class but if I said the name of ‘Jesus’ it would turn my -tongue black, and if I touched the cross, it would kill me, and I didn’t -believe her.” This was especially sad, for the boy said his mother had -told him a falsehood. - -_The Russian and the Church._ The Russian dislikes the church. He does -not know the Protestant church of America. All he knows is that the -church of Russia is at least no friend of liberty. He wants nothing to do -with what he considers a similar enemy in America. - -_The Chinese and the Church._ The most devoted Chinese we ever had in -our work after he became a Christian, had a similar feeling. His idea -of Christianity came from the Catholics of Mexico, who have treated the -Chinese very cruelly. He came to our school because he hoped to learn -English and not because he wanted to hear of Christ. - -_The Italian and the Church._ The church in Italy is more or less a -political machine. The Italian knows how the Roman church opposed the -liberty of Italy and this makes him fear or hate all churches. Great -churches in Italy are often found with but a baker’s dozen in attendance. -The only times on which they are thronged are when a “_festa_” is being -held, a festival in honor of some saint. - -_Brave Christians._ Numbers of the immigrants who become Christians -are real heroes. The story of the persecutions they suffer would be a -surprise to most Christian Americans. The Jewish daily papers sometimes -publish the names of the Jewish attendants at Christian meetings that -they may incite their Jewish neighbors against them, and the tenement -has so bitter a tongue that it often drives the family out of the -neighborhood. - -Young people who are baptized are mourned for as dead, cast out of their -homes, and made practically orphans, and Christian workers must find -homes for them. Spies are sent into Christian meetings to secure the -names and addresses of Hebrews present, and then letters, or visits, or -both, follow. Bibles of young converts are taken from them and burned. -While the streets are filled with children with no religious instruction, -the whole Ghetto is stirred over one convert to Christ. - -One leading Russian revolutionist told me that if he were to come out -openly in favor of the Christian church his business would be ruined. - -The country founded by men who sought it for liberty of conscience is not -a free country to every one and men who have found an asylum here from -the oppressor of Europe become in turn oppressors themselves. - -The greatest need of all these people is Christ. - -_The Need of Christ._ The non-Christian Chinese are at times cruel and -merciless beyond description. Slavery is common among them, women being -bought and sold like merchandise. The treatment of little “servant” girls -is sometimes so inhuman that they commit suicide. These little girls are -bought by the Chinese and then frequently sold by them when 12 or 15 -years of age. The picture of two of these little “servant” girls, rescued -by the Church of All Nations, appears opposite this page. - -[Illustration: How Chinese Babies Ride - -Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, New York City] - -[Illustration: Rescued Slave-Girls (New York City)] - -One Christmas night a great company of Chinese and their friends had -gathered to celebrate the birth of Christ. Chinese women were there who -had never before been in a public gathering; bound-feet women were there -who are never seen on the streets. The platform was thronged with Chinese -children in their quaint, beautiful, and becoming Oriental costumes. The -first Christmas was long, long ago. Scripture tells us that on that night -a song so full of joy that it startled the shepherds rang through the -wintry sky. Poets and other people say that as Christmas time comes round -again they can still catch faint echoes of the angels’ song. Perhaps the -angels still sing it each glad Christmas Eve; anyway, at no other time -does a child seem so beautiful and so holy. - -When the exercises were over I said a parting word to our guests. One -Chinese woman, carrying in her arms a beautiful little baby girl, came up -to say good night. “Why, Mrs. Sun,” I exclaimed, “I did not know you had -a little girl.” “Oh,” she said, “I hadn’t, but Mrs. Wu had one girl and -when this baby was born she didn’t want it because one girl was enough, -so she gave it to me.” This in New York on Christmas night, 1911. Can you -imagine a Christian mother glad to give away her little girl? The Chinese -need Christ. - -The Russian needs something other than shorter hours and larger wages. -Many of them are seeking the higher things. A Russian pastor told me -of making an engagement with one of his hearers at a Russian open air -service to discuss and explain Christianity to a Russian in his home. -When the night came this Russian revolutionist had gathered a group of -his fellows in his tenement quarters and there pastor and men discussed -the Christian faith from 8 o’clock in the evening till midnight and would -have kept the discussion up all night, could the pastor have remained. -Christ and the church are needed by the Russian. - -You see that some people have misrepresented our Lord and His church. We -must try to right this wrong done the foreigner and we must be patient -and loving in doing it. The immigrants are in need of many things—we must -endeavor to supply these needs. We must do it for the sake of Christ. We -must do it in the name of Christ. We must do it as if our Lord Himself -sat weary and thirsty before us and it was given us to hand Him the cup -of water. How glad we would be for such an honor! - - -BAD NEIGHBORS - -_The Saloon._ It is sad to see so many bright Italian boys with their -fruit stands and shoe polishing chairs hard by saloon doors. They do not -know how great an enemy is pretending to be their friend. - -The saloon is a bad neighbor to the immigrant. It wastes his money and -his time. It unfits him for work, starves his family and makes them -feel ashamed of husband and father. It leads to disease and often to -prison, for the saloon is the mother of innumerable crimes. It helps -make weak-minded and deformed children and is an evil organization whose -destruction has already been determined upon by the truest and best -Christian people in our land. For the sake of the immigrant, for the sake -of the fair name of America, let us unite to shut its doors and banish it -from our country. - -_Ignorance._ Ignorance keeps the immigrant un-American. One who cannot -read is at a serious disadvantage. When it is remembered that of the -Italians sixty out of one hundred of all those over fourteen years of age -who come to America belong to this class, we see the need of the work of -night schools to overcome this ignorance. The case is made still worse by -the fact that the immigrants crowd together into colonies, as “Little -Italy,” “Little Russia,” and “the Ghetto,” where the English language is -not spoken and there are no broadening American influences. - -_Injurious Employment._ The work in which the immigrant is generally -employed helps keep him un-American. He has no opportunity to know -America or to know Americans. Much of the work is wearying and -disheartening. Men bound for the coal mines are packed in cars and -hurried away, often through the night, to the distant coal fields; -underground all day and sleeping in wretched quarters above ground at -night, they have little opportunity to see or know anything of their -adopted land. I stepped up to a stone house alongside a railroad -excavation in the country part of Connecticut once to have a look at -the occupants. There were two floors in the old tumble-down house -and both were packed with mattresses and makeshifts for beds until -practically the whole floor space was covered. It was a wet day and all -the men were crowded indoors. A handsome young fellow lay sick on one -of the mattresses. I put my head in the door and said: “_Io parlo un -poco Italiano ma non bene._” “I speak a little Italian, but not well.” -Immediately there was a laugh, probably at the “not well,” and they rose -to greet me as courteously as if all were trained gentlemen. The sick boy -began to talk and the group was friendly with me in a moment. - -The day will come when we shall find that these people can do something -other than dig ditches and mix concrete. The Italians who are now -employed as our hewers of wood and drawers of water, are of the race of -painters and sculptors and silk makers of earlier days. - -We must help the immigrant to overcome his bad neighbors, and to know who -are his true friends. - - - - -IX - -NEIGHBORS TO THE WORLD - - For lo, there breaks a yet more glorious day; - The saints triumphant rise in bright array; - The King of glory passes on His way. - - From earth’s wide bounds, from ocean’s farthest coast, - Through gates of pearl streams in the countless host, - Singing to Father, Son and Holy Ghost, - “Hallelujah, Hallelujah!” - - - - -IX - -NEIGHBORS TO THE WORLD - - -THOSE WHO GO BACK. “Do these immigrants ever go back home?” asks some -one. “If I went away from home and made my fortune I would want to go -back home to spend it.” - -I am glad to hear that question and some of you may be surprised at the -answer. - -We have all heard of the incoming immigrant army, and small wonder when -we know that in some years it numbers over a million human beings. But we -have heard little about the returning army. How large is it? How many of -our immigrant neighbors prefer to spend their savings at home? How many -go home because fortune has not smiled upon them in America, or because -their mothers write, “I am getting old and it is very lonesome with my -son far across the sea”? - -Let us lay on the table nine, bright, new, copper pennies. Now suppose -each penny represents one hundred thousand immigrants. Then the nine -pennies would represent nine times one hundred thousand, or the nine -hundred thousand immigrants that landed in 1911. Since almost three -hundred thousand immigrants went back home in 1911 how many of these nine -pennies shall we have to remove to show the actual immigrant increase for -that year? - -For 1908 we would have to use eight pennies to represent those who -came, and to remove six of these pennies to represent the numbers that -returned home that year. - -I am sure this will surprise some of you. You did not know so great a -multitude returned to Italy, or Russia, or elsewhere, yet every year -anywhere from two hundred thousand to six hundred thousand leave our -shores for home. That makes us feel the truth of the song we all know, - - “Be it ever so humble, - There’s no place like home.” - -_Influence of the Returned Immigrant._ What effect has this home-coming -multitude upon towns and villages all over the world? - -When Stefano came to America he could neither read nor write. One day a -friend said, “I know a church where Italians are taught to read free of -all expense.” Stefano was sending money home to his mother each month, so -he was glad to know of a free school. One night the leader of the school -said, “We shall have a short session to-night because we are to have a -prayer-meeting after school.” Stefano and fifty other young Italians -remained for the prayer-meeting. At home Stefano had ceased going to -church after he had been confirmed, except sometimes on feast days. He -remained to the prayer-meeting, not because he wanted to but because all -the others stayed. He listened with great attention to the speaker; he -had never heard such an earnest address as the pastor gave that night. -It seemed as if some one must have told the preacher all about him. -All through the week he thought of the prayer-meeting and after he had -attended a few times more he came to the preaching service on Sundays, -and then Stefano became converted. - -When he returned home he was on fire with the new religion he had found. -His heart was full of love for everybody. But he was saddened when he -saw how little the people of his village knew about God. One night he -determined to tell them how he had found Christ in America, and so he -called them together in his mother’s home and told his story. When he had -finished what was his surprise and delight to have three other men rise -and tell how they had found the same Christ in golden America. - -Every one was interested. The villagers said, “Some of these men were -bad men when they went away; they are now good men.” You will be glad to -know that whole villages in Sicily have become Protestant and Christian -by the preaching of just such returned immigrants as Stefano. Last year -eighteen Protestant Churches of one denomination were founded in Sicily -by returned immigrants converted in America. - -This shows us the wonderful opportunity we have of being a good neighbor -to one part of the world by being good neighbors to the Italians who live -near us. - -What has caused so old and conservative a nation as China to change to a -republic? The leaders of this revolution are Christian men. If we asked -them they would say, “We saw that the cities and towns and schools and -churches and men and women and children of Christian lands were different -from those of China. We believe the reason they are better is because -they know Christ and are following Him.” - -We have helped China by being a good neighbor to the Chinese who lived -among us. - -A few weeks ago a Russian school-teacher attended a preaching service -in my church. After the Russian pastor had finished preaching the -school-teacher sought him out and said: “I had fifty young men in my -class in the Russian village where I taught. I told these scholars all I -knew about God but I could not tell them much, I knew so little myself. -I determined to know more so I visited the most celebrated monasteries -in Russia in order to find out about God, but I didn’t find God in the -monasteries. At the great monastery of Kieff after talking for hours -with the abbot he said, ‘You are too good a man to come in here. Go back -into the world, and somewhere there you will find God.’ I found him this -morning as I listened to the sermon. Now I shall go back to Russia and -tell the men of my village of the God who now speaks to my heart.” - -We shall help the Russian Empire by being a good neighbor to these -subjects of the Czar. - -America is to-day the greatest mission field on earth. It is not this -because of the vast number of foreigners who remain and make it their -home; it is such because of the vast human river that flows back to -its source. In a barren desert tract in the West, where sage brush and -cactus are the only vegetation, the desert blossoms when the rivers of -irrigation are let in. So does this returning human flood bring hope and -new life to wornout and often hopeless civilizations. - -Here lie the responsibility and privilege of America. Through school and -settlement and church and a myriad other institutions and influences we -must make these Old World brothers and sisters feel that they have found -in the New World more tender and loving neighbors than those they left -behind; we must show them that accepting our science and education, our -ways of farming, and mining and manufacturing, is not enough, although -these have had much to do with our greatness. Queen Victoria when asked -the source of England’s greatness, pointed to the Bible. It was a true -answer. It is being humble followers of Christ that makes us fit leaders -of these foreigners, and sends them back fit to be leaders in their turn. - -If we are helpful, loving Christian neighbors to these immigrants we -shall set in motion waves of Christian faith and hope and love that, like -the tides, will sweep around the world and break in benediction on every -Old World shore. - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Some Immigrant Neighbors, by John R. 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Henry - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Some Immigrant Neighbors - -Author: John R. Henry - -Release Date: December 5, 2020 [EBook #63968] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SOME IMMIGRANT NEIGHBORS *** - - - - -Produced by Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p> - -<h1>SOME IMMIGRANT NEIGHBORS</h1> - -<hr /> - -<div class="box"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span></p> - -<p class="center larger"><i>Interdenominational<br /> -Home Mission Study Course</i></p> - -<p class="center smaller">Each Volume 12mo, cloth, 50c. net: -paper, 30c. net.</p> - -<table summary="Books"> - <tr> - <td><i>1. Under Our Flag</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub"><i>By Alice M. Guernsey</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><i>2. The Burden of the City</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub"><i>By Isabelle Horton</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><i>3. Indian and Spanish Neighbours</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub"><i>By Julia H. Johnston</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><i>4. The Incoming Millions</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub"><i>By Howard B. Grose, D.D.</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><i>5. Citizens of To-Morrow</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub"><i>By Alice M. Guernsey</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><i>6. The Call of the Waters</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub"><i>By Katharine R. Crowell</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><i>7. From Darkness to Light</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub"><i>By Mary Helm</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><i>8. Conservation of National Ideals</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub"><i>A Symposium</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><i>9. Mormonism, The Islam of America</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub"><i>By Bruce Kinney, D.D.</i></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="center"><i><span class="u">JUNIOR COURSE</span></i></p> - -<p class="center smaller">Cloth, net 40c.; paper, net 25c.</p> - -<table summary="Books"> - <tr> - <td><i>Best Things in America</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub"><i>By Katharine R. Crowell</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><i>Some Immigrant Neighbours</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub"><i>By John R. Henry, D.D.</i></td> - </tr> -</table> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;" id="illus1"> -<img src="images/illus1.jpg" width="450" height="700" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">“Where Us Fellows Has to Play”</p> -<p class="caption">Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, New York City</p> -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span></p> - -<p class="titlepage"><i>Issued under the direction of the Council of<br /> -<span class="u">Women for Home Missions</span></i></p> - -<p class="center larger">SOME IMMIGRANT<br /> -NEIGHBORS</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">BY</span><br /> -JOHN R. HENRY</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><i>ILLUSTRATED</i></p> - -<div class="figcenter titlepage" style="width: 100px;"> -<img src="images/fhr.jpg" width="100" height="150" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller"><span class="smcap">New York</span> <span class="smcap">Chicago</span> <span class="smcap">Toronto</span></span><br /> -Fleming H. Revell Company<br /> -<span class="smcap smaller">London and Edinburgh</span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span></p> - -<p class="titlepage smaller">Copyright, 1912, by<br /> -FLEMING H. REVELL COMPANY</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/deco.jpg" width="500" height="50" alt="" /> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter mt8" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/deco.jpg" width="500" height="50" alt="" /> -</div> - -<table summary="Publisher"> - <tr> - <td>New York: 158 Fifth Avenue</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Chicago: 123 North Wabash Ave.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Toronto: 25 Richmond Street, W.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>London: 21 Paternoster Square</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Edinburgh: 100 Princes Street</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span></p> - -<p class="center larger"><span class="smaller">To</span><br /> -<span class="gothic">Eloise Elizabeth Henry</span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="FOREWORD">FOREWORD</h2> - -</div> - -<p>This little book for Junior Home Mission Study -classes has been written from the point of view of -a New York City pastor. The races that have -been selected for study are so chosen because the writer -knows them at first hand through having labored -among them in institutional and church work.</p> - -<p>The book is an invitation to become acquainted with -the immigrant and be his friend and good neighbor.</p> - -<p>The thanks of the author are due the many writers -whose works he has freely used, the members of his -staff, and Miss Alice M. Guernsey for helpful suggestions, -and the Rev. F. Mason North, D.D., for reading the -manuscript and for valuable criticisms.</p> - -<p class="right">J. R. H. </p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Church of All Nations</span>,<br /> -New York City, April, 1912</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span></p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> - -</div> - -<table summary="Illustrations"> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdpg"><i>Page</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>“Where Us Fellows Has to Play”</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus1"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>A Jewish Immigrant Boy</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus2">17</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>A Little Maid of Italy</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus3">17</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Home of a Russian Peasant</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus4">48</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>A Russian <i>Moujik</i> and His Family</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus5">48</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>From the “Church of All Nations,” New York City</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus6">66</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>An Italian Kindergarten (Penn.)</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus7">74</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>How the Chinese Babies Ride</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus8">82</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Rescued Slave Girls (New York City)</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus9">82</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">CONTENTS</h2> - -</div> - -<table summary="Contents"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr smaller">CHAP.</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdpg smaller">PAGE</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">I.</td> - <td>Who Are They?</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#I">13</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">II.</td> - <td>Why Do They Come?</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#II">21</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">III.</td> - <td>Our Jewish Neighbor</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#III">35</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">IV.</td> - <td>Our Russian Neighbor</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#IV">43</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">V.</td> - <td>Our Italian Neighbor</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#V">51</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">VI.</td> - <td>Our Chinese Neighbor</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#VI">59</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">VII.</td> - <td>Makers of Good Neighbors</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#VII">69</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">VIII.</td> - <td>Good Neighbors and Bad</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#VIII">77</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">IX.</td> - <td>Neighbors to the World</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#IX">87</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="I">I<br /> -<span class="smaller">WHO ARE THEY?</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">“Dago,” and “Sheeney,” and “Chink,”</div> - <div class="verse indent2">“Greaser,” and “Nigger,” and “Jap.”</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The Devil invented these terms, I think,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">To hurl at each hopeful chap</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Who comes so far over the foam</div> - <div class="verse indent2">To this land of his heart’s desire</div> - <div class="verse indent0">To rear his brood, to build his home,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">And to kindle his hearthstone fire.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">While the eyes with joy are blurred,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Lo! we make the strong man sink,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And stab the soul, with the hateful word,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">“Dago,” and “Sheeney,” and “Chink.”</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse right">—<i>Bishop McIntyre.</i></div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span></p> - -<h3>I<br /> -<span class="smaller">WHO ARE THEY?</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap">Since we are going to study about “Some Immigrant -Neighbors,” it is well to know just what we -mean by the words “Immigrant” and “Neighbor.”</p> - -<p><i>Immigrant.</i> The word Immigrant is confusing because -it looks and sounds so much like the word “Emigrant,” -but they are quite different. An Immigrant is one who -comes <i>into</i> a country, generally with the intention of settling -there. An Emigrant is one that goes <i>out</i> of a country, -with the intention of settling in some other land.</p> - -<p>The people we are to study are the Immigrants who -have come, and are coming, into America.</p> - -<p><i>Neighbor.</i> Every one knows the meaning of the word -neighbor. A neighbor is one who lives near another, -across the street, or next door, or maybe in our own -village or town. If you live in a large city it is not so -easy to feel that the people who live near you are your -neighbors. It was much easier years ago, when all that -are now cities were only towns and villages, and many -cities now well known were simply prairie with waving -grass and flowers, roamed over by bands of Indians and -trampled by the hoofs of countless bison.</p> - -<p>The word neighbor has a larger meaning than merely -one who lives near another. There is a wonderful description -of a neighbor, given by One who is the World’s -Good Neighbor. He tells of the traveler who found a -stranger lying by the roadside, wounded and helpless.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span> -At personal inconvenience and expense the traveler cared -for the half dead man, and continued his aid until the -stranger was again able to care for himself.</p> - -<p>We shall have gained a great deal from the study of -this book, if we learn not only to look on these immigrants -as neighbors, those who live near us, but if we -seriously ask ourselves how we may be Good Neighbors -to the strangers from across the sea.</p> - -<p><i>The Neighbors to be Studied.</i> We are not going to -talk about all of the thirty-nine races of immigrants that -are separately listed by our government, but only about -four of them. Some one says, “I hope you will tell -about the ones I like.” Well, we hope before we are -through you will like the ones we shall tell about, and -we are sure you will, for you will be better acquainted, -and it is wonderful how much more likable the immigrant -is when you know him.</p> - -<p><i>Numbers.</i> Although we are to study only Chinese, -Jews, Russians and Italians, 333,694 of these four classes -of immigrants landed in America in 1911; 920,299, -almost a million, landed in the three years last past, and -that is a large falling off as compared with some previous -periods. In 1911 the Jews and Italians numbered thirty-five -out of every hundred that came. You see that while -we discuss but four classes, two of these are more than -one-fourth of all that come.</p> - -<p>These numbers may suggest very little to us, but how -they would have startled the fathers of our country. The -warlike Miles Standish, or, in later years, the peppery -Peter Stuyvesant, would have declared no such numbers -could be brought across the sea in a year. The only ships -our fathers knew were small wooden sailing vessels like -our coasting schooners; the giant, floating hotels that we -call steamships, that carry a big village every trip, were -not dreamed of in those days. The sailing vessel took -weeks and months to make the voyage; now we can -reckon, almost to the hour, the time of the arrival of a -great liner.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 325px;" id="illus2"> -<img src="images/illus2.jpg" width="325" height="450" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">A Jewish Immigrant</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 325px;" id="illus3"> -<img src="images/illus3.jpg" width="325" height="450" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">A Little Maid of Italy</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span></p> - -<p>It might be well if these numbers did startle us more -and if we better realized how great is this invading army -of strangers, friendly as it may be.</p> - -<p><i>Dislike of Foreigners.</i> Many people do not like the -immigrants simply because they are foreigners. This -prejudice is as old as the world, and its origin is a most -interesting study. Perhaps some high school boy or girl -can give a reason for this early dislike.</p> - -<p>“The reasons for disliking the foreigner in early times -were that no one traveled much and there were no newspapers, -consequently neighboring tribes, or nations, did -not get to know each other. Nearby tribes were suspicious -of each other and were much at war, continually -robbing and killing. Every stranger was a possible -enemy.”</p> - -<p>Yes, that is a good answer. Now, give a reason for -present dislike of the immigrant.</p> - -<p>“I have a reason,” one boy says. “My father lost his -job because an ‘Eyetalian’ offered to work for less.”</p> - -<p>Yes, I am sorry to say that is a very real cause of dislike. -That is also war, although it is now called by a -different name. To take a man’s position, by which he -earns his bread, or to steal a man’s cattle, from which -he and his family were fed, amounts to about the same -in the end. Give some other reasons for disliking immigrants.</p> - -<p>“They talk such funny English.” “They don’t dress -like us.” “They don’t eat like us.” “They can’t play -ball.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span></p> - -<p>Yes, undoubtedly all these are reasons for feeling that -foreigners differ from Americans, but are they good -reasons for disliking the foreigner?</p> - -<p>I saw a “grown-up” show this hostile feeling one -day as I was passing along a crowded street on the East -Side of New York. An American youth of about -eighteen years of age snatched some fruit from the push -cart of a young Italian of the same age. The Italian -grappled with the young thief and was giving him a sound -thrashing when a policeman, leisurely swinging his club, -turned the corner. With one glance he took in the scene -of the Italian-American war. Raising his club and shouting, -“You Dago,” he charged full at the Italian. The -young fellow saw him coming and took off down the -street as hard as he could run, dodging as he went the -flying club the policeman had hurled. When the tempest -had calmed I stepped up to the officer and said, “Officer, -what did the Italian do?” “Do?” said he with supreme -disgust, “he was a Dago.” Evidently the sole crime of -the Italian consisted in being a “Dago,” a foreigner.</p> - -<p>To some people all Italians are either Dagos, or -Guineas, all Jews are Sheenies, all Chinese are Chinks -and all Russians are Owskies. They are foreigners, and -that is enough. Such people forget that while the language -of the immigrant sounds “funny” to us, ours -sounds just as strange to him. While we laugh at the -pig tail and queer shoes and strange clothes of the Chinese, -they follow the American in crowds through Chinese -cities and make fun of his absurd dress, and call -him names that are not wholly complimentary, all because -he is a stranger to them.</p> - -<p><i>Our Debt to the Foreigner.</i> It will help us to cultivate -the spirit of a Good Neighbor if we remember that we -are hopelessly in debt to all these foreigners.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span></p> - -<p><i>Our Debt to the Chinese.</i> The Chinese invented the -mariner’s compass that enables the sailor to strike boldly -out into the deep, sure of not losing his way across the -trackless ocean when stars and sun are gone. He is likewise -an example to all the world in his reverence and care -for old age, for father and mother. A traveler recently -returned from China says he has never seen old faces -more calm and kindly than those he met among elderly -Chinese farmers. They seemed to think of nothing but -the welfare of others. The rights of the parent are -such that any father or mother with sons or grandsons -living is assured in old age of the best care the children -can provide. Though the son may be fifty years of age -and have a family of his own he will yet give his own -salary into the hands of his father week by week. The -father need not worry about the future as do many -fathers of large families in our own land, hence the calm -eyes and care-free faces among old Chinese farmers. -The Chinese teach that it is an honor and a duty for the -young to toil for those who are old.</p> - -<p>“Honor thy father and thy mother that thy days -may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God -giveth thee,” is an old command and promise. The -Chinese Empire is hoary with age. Can one reason for -its long life be its obedience to this command?</p> - -<p><i>Our Debt to the Italians.</i> An Italian, Columbus, discovered -the New World. Who, then, has a better right to -inhabit it than his own countrymen? An Italian captain, -Verrazano, was the first man to push the prow of his -ship into the harbor of what is now the greatest city of -the new world. Roman law rules the world and her -treasures of art and literature have enriched every nation -on earth. What school boy would like to be without the -story of Julius Caesar, or not to have heard of the cackling<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span> -of the geese high up in the Capitol the night the city -was in danger, and how that cackling awoke the citizens -and saved Rome?</p> - -<p><i>Our Debt to the Russians.</i> As to the Russian, it is -an ungrateful American who forgets the service rendered -this country in that saddest war of history, when brothers -of the North and South rose in arms against each other. -France had determined to found an empire in Mexico. -She knew that this could be done only after the American -Union had been destroyed. Russia refused to join with -France and England in the course that might have made -possible this division of our country. In the darkest -days of our struggle the Russian fleet appeared at -American ports as a pledge of her friendship and a -protest against the attitude of these European powers.</p> - -<p><i>Our Debt to the Jew.</i> If we said nothing more than -that through the Jew has come the Bible, that gift would -place all of us forever in his debt. No other sacred book -tells us so clearly of God; no other book shows us so -truly how we may obey Him and be useful, strong, and -holy. In no other place are we told the secret of that</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">“City builded by no hand,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And unapproachable by sea or shore,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And unassailable by any band</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Of storming soldiery forever more.”</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>It is true some of the Jewish people did oppose -Christianity, but other Jews were the founders of the -Christian church.</p> - -<p>Through the Jewish nation came our Lord. Upon -the streets of Jewish cities “walked those blessed feet -that nineteen hundred years ago were nailed, for our -advantage, to the bitter cross.”</p> - -<p>Kind neighborliness to these strangers is one way of -repaying our debt.</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="II">II<br /> -<span class="smaller">WHY DO THEY COME?</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Lo, the tyrant’s days are numbered,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Liberty no longer slumbers,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Error dark no longer cumbers;</div> - <div class="verse indent6">Risen is the Sun.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse right">—<i>H. A. Clarke.</i></div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span></p> - -<h3>II<br /> -<span class="smaller">WHY DO THEY COME?</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap"><span class="smcap">Migration.</span> Why do such vast armies of human -beings leave their homes? Why do they travel -weary miles over land and sea and suffer such -hardships and privations? The causes would indeed be -urgent that would induce us to take a like journey and -leave behind our pleasant, comfortable homes. Can it be -that the home of the immigrant is not pleasant and comfortable? -As we continue our study we shall find at -least some of the reasons for this greatest migration in -history.</p> - -<p>On a beautiful day in autumn you may have seen -large flocks of swallows wheeling around the steeple -of some old church—“a river of winged life.” Some one -has told you they are gathering before they migrate. -“Oh, yes,” you say, “they are going away because they -do not like the cold winter.” In the spring, you have -seen a great moving V in the sky all made of birds, and -some one has cried out, “There go the wild geese,” and -you are told that they are journeying to the far, desolate -North where the summer will soon be and where no one -will molest them while they rear their young. So when -great companies of people migrate there is a good reason. -No one wants to leave a comfortable home without good -cause.</p> - -<p>You will be interested to study the causes of some of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span> -the great migrations in the past. If you will turn to the -Book of Exodus you will find there the story of a vast -human river of slaves flowing out of Egypt, across the -Red Sea, into the wilderness. Why did they migrate? -What drove the Goths down into the pleasant valleys -of Italy? Did the richness of the Italian cities, the -fertility of the plains, and the indolence of the inhabitants -have anything to do with it? What brought the -Tartars into China where as Manchus they have ruled -300 years, and where their long rein is now ended? The -answer is simple. The Manchus were warlike Tartars, -soldiers of fortune of a barren country. The Chinese -were peace-loving dwellers in fertile valleys and plains. -The better soldier was the victor.</p> - -<p>There is no great nation of ancient or modern times -but can tell its own story of migration. There once -crossed into England a company of many thousands of -splendid craftsmen bringing from France the secrets of -trades that have helped make England great. What -drove these Protestant families from their beloved land? -There rang in their ears the solemn tolling of a great -palace bell. That bell, sounding over the city of Paris, -was the signal for the death of over forty thousand of -the noblest Protestants of France. The St. Bartholomew -massacre caused the migration.</p> - -<p>In recent years a great tide of Irish began to move -across the Atlantic. In ten years this mighty tide totaled -over one million and a quarter human beings. The reason -they came was the failure of the potato crop. The -potato was their great food staple, as bread is ours. Great -armies of Germans began to come after 1848. It would -be interesting for you to find the reason of their coming. -How hard it must be for the Southern Italian to leave -his beautiful home and exchange his blue skies and hills<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[25]</span> -and mountains for a dark, ill-smelling tenement, or for -toil far underground in a mine. Why does he migrate -and in numbers so great as to form every year a city -the size of Portland, Oregon? We may find the answer -farther along in our studies.</p> - -<p>“If I were a Russian,” some one says, “I would -want to leave home. The winter is so long, there is so -much ice and snow, I would be glad to get to a warmer -country.” But the Russian loves his winter. He drives -his <i>sankey</i> with its hoop of tinkling bells arched high -over his horse’s back faster than any other horseman in -Europe. In his home is a great brick oven and on -top of this the family sleeps, no matter how the storm -blows, as warm as a Negro boy in a Southern cotton -field. The Russian does not leave his home because of -the winter.</p> - -<h4>WHY THEY BECOME OUR NEIGHBORS</h4> - -<p><i>Opportunity.</i> Some one says another name for -America is “opportunity.” Amid weeping and “<i>Il -Signore vi Benedica</i>,” “God Bless You,” Giuseppe has -gone away. He has been earning as <i>contadino</i> (farmer) -20 cents per day and is like a serf tied to the land. He -earns in America $1.50 a day, or as much in one day as -he earned before in seven. Giuseppe is frugal. He rises -in his position to better pay, spends little money, and his -bank account goes up until he has a sum that would have -seemed a fortune in the little Sicilian village. Then, -work slacking, he returns home. His watch and ponderous -gold chain, his stylish American clothes, an exhibition -of lofty independence, all make him a marked man.</p> - -<p>Wherever you meet him on the village street, an awed,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[26]</span> -admiring group of friends is with him. He spreads the -glowing tale of the New World and you may be sure the -reality loses nothing in the telling. Every youthful heart -is fired to a like adventure, to seek the golden, western -world. As one returned immigrant said:—“It’s a land -where all wear shoes, where trains shoot through the air, -and shoot through the ground; even the poor ride, no -one needs an umbrella, the cars pass everywhere.” It is -little wonder they want to come. In America labor is -dear and materials are cheap; in Italy labor is cheap and -materials are expensive. There it pays a landlord to -hire a man to watch his cows, rather than to build a -fence, wood is so costly. In America no one would -think of hiring a man for such a purpose, labor is so -high.</p> - -<p>The price paid in health and suffering for the money -they take back is often far more than its worth. Many a -poor fellow pale and haggard with that dread disease, -tuberculosis, goes home hopeful that his genial skies will -cure him of the death-blow the wet and cold and -exposure of America have given him. But the defeated -come home in the twilight, unattended and silent, while -the successful swagger in at noonday with the blare of -trumpet and beat of drums. As one Italian said to me no -later than yesterday, “My uncle never told me the hardships -I would have to face. I was far better off in Italy -than here, but I am ashamed to go back.” And yet, all -who come realize that the possibilities of success are far -greater here than at home. As another said, “In Italy -I wanted to do but could not. In America I want to -and can. I am sorry, but ‘Good-bye, Italy.’”</p> - -<p>The same opportunity for riches attracts the Chinese. -He lives in a land that, labor as he will, is barely able to -feed its almost half a billion human mouths. His wages<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[27]</span> -at home are so meagre he can never hope for independence; -two cents per day is what the farm laborer in -Shantung earns. Since as a laborer he cannot legally -enter the United States, he comes in under cover of darkness -over the Mexican or Canadian borders, or any other -way he can devise. The same hope of wealth attracts -the Chinese.</p> - -<p><i>Steamship Advertising.</i> Many come because the -steamship companies are such good advertisers. These -companies paint beautiful pictures of the New World, -and the peasant sees great farms, busy factories, and -wealthy cities. The companies never show any views of -dark, unhealthful tenements.</p> - -<p>Through this steamship advertising many unfit persons -sail for America, persons whom the agents might -have known would be rejected, while many of the lowest -class are induced to leave their country because their -country is glad to get rid of them. It is said that in one -small district in Austria two hundred and seventy -criminals were released from prison one year and one -hundred and eighty of them were in America within the -next twelve months.</p> - -<p>The Commissioner of Immigration at New York -stated one year that 200,000 of the one million immigrants -of that year were a real injury to the best interests -of the country. Since the steamship company must be -at the expense of returning an immigrant who is sent -back, they make doubtful cases give a bond repaying -them the return fare if the immigrant fails to slip by the -“man at the gate.” Of course the only interest the company -has is to get the immigrant’s money.</p> - -<p>One steamship line anxious to make money brought -over on one ship three hundred and eighty diseased -peasants that Ellis Island promptly sent back. Among<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[28]</span> -those peasants were many people of Montenegro. The -Montenegrins are great soldiers. Tennyson wrote of -them as</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">“Warriors beating back the swarm</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Of Turkish Islam for five hundred years.”</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p class="noindent">For five hundred years they have stood as a bulwark -between the Turk and Europe. When they reached the -home port, they stormed the offices of the steamship -company, demanding the return of their fare, and after -one look at their determined faces the clerks promptly -locked themselves in and telephoned the authorities for -help.</p> - -<p>Some are induced to part with all they own, selling -their little business and then, because of ill health or -other difficulties that the agent might easily have known, -are turned back broken-hearted and poverty-stricken to -the village whence they came. Sometimes they are even -sent to ports entirely different from those to which they -had planned to go. This, of course, is all wrong.</p> - -<p><i>The Employer.</i> The reason back of the coming of -many of these people is the employer, the man who manages -the railways, the mines, or large contracts. He -works through the padrones, and the Italian banks that -“direct two-thirds of the stream of Italian immigration.” -You may be surprised to know that the news of a -big railroad contract reaches Italy as soon as we hear it. -If we are to build subways or barge canals, or carry an -underground river into New York, or let great railroad -contracts, or make a garden of the desert with colossal -irrigation reservoirs and canals, the message flies under -the ocean to far-away Italy and there is spread through -a thousand villages.</p> - -<p>The employer is constantly looking for cheaper labor.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[29]</span> -Around his mine or factory are American homes, practising -the “American standard of living.” This is a valuable -term much in use and since it will occur again in -this book we stop here to explain what it means. The -American standard of living simply means the way most -Americans live. Do you know that we live better than -any other people in the world?</p> - -<p>“I don’t think <i>we</i> live well,” one boy says, “we don’t -have an automobile, or a pony, or a piano, and the people -next door to us do.” But automobiles, and ponies and -pianos, while pleasant to own, are not real necessities. -Let us take a peep into the home of a Chinese boy. It is -breakfast time and he is busy with a bowl of rice and a -pair of chopsticks. Do you think you could eat rice with -chopsticks? No! I think you would do much better -with a spoon. “But doesn’t he like milk and sugar on -his rice?” Perhaps so, but neither milk nor sugar are in -sight. Now, let us look in at dinner. Here are the same -boy, and the same chopsticks, and the same bowl with -more rice. “Where are the bread and butter, the meat -and potatoes, and the dessert? We always have different -things like that for dinner,” you say. The Chinese boy -does not seem to miss them; what seems to be troubling -him is the small amount of rice left in the bowl.</p> - -<p>Now take a look through this crack in the paper -window, (the father of this little man is too poor to -have glass windows in his home,) and see what our boy -has for supper. Why there are the identical bowl, and -the identical chopsticks, and what looks like the identical -rice, though of course it is not. “So that is all this boy -has had to eat for breakfast, dinner and supper—only -rice?” Yes, that is all, and let me tell you he is very -well satisfied, because he likes that much better than -eating millet seed and that is what so many really poor<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[30]</span> -Chinese live upon. As for shoes, our Chinese boy has -none. His clothes cost only a few cents where yours -cost dollars.</p> - -<p>Nor is the Chinese boy so great an exception. The -standard of living among the peasants in Russia is also -very low; the same is true among the great mass of -peasants in Sicily, and remember these peasants form -the large majority of the population. That our standard -is not the standard of living of some nations may be -gathered from the question of the great Chinese viceroy, -Li Hung Chang, when visiting America. After seeing -the ever-present throngs of prosperous-looking people -on the streets, he asked in great surprise, “But where -are your working people?” He did not know that the -happy-faced, well-dressed people he was looking at were -working people practising the American standard of -living.</p> - -<p>The immigrant provides the cheap, unskilled labor. -As he becomes influenced by American customs, he -requires better clothes, a room for himself instead of -sharing his room with ten other men, more pay as he -becomes more skilled. He wants shoes for his wife. -The American law compels him to send his children to -school instead of making them wage-earners while little -children. As his expenses increase he demands more -money that he may live as the people about him live. -Then the employer begins to replace him by labor costing -what he formerly cost. Herein is a remarkable -story that would fill many little books like this. It -accounts for the procession of the Welsh, Scotch, Irish, -Germans, and Huns in the coal regions. It accounts for -practically all the civil war, in the form of bloody strikes, -carried on in the Pennsylvania coal fields, and much of -that which occurs in other industries throughout the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[31]</span> -country, this method of the employer seeking to replace -those demanding higher wages by those willing to work -more cheaply.</p> - -<h4>OPPRESSION</h4> - -<p><i>The Sicilian.</i> Many come because of oppression in the -home land. The Sicilian lives in a beautiful country, -but while the sea and the mountains are good to look -upon, the people are very poor. The farm worker cannot -send his boy to school as boys go in America, for -the rural schools are few. He must pay such heavy -taxes he has little left for himself. Then, a few rich -people own almost all the land and he must work for -them, or starve. They pay him such small wages he -cannot buy good, nourishing food for his children and -they often suffer greatly in consequence. You draw a -long breath when you are told his wages are from eight -to thirty-two cents per day. Many of us use more each -day in car-fare than a laborer in Sicily receives though -he works from the time the top of Etna is crimson -with morning, until the birds go to sleep. Even salt, so -cheap with us, is taxed so heavily he cannot use it and -when he cooks his corn meal in the salt water from the -sea he is accused of smuggling. Oppression is what -makes many of these people our neighbors.</p> - -<p><i>The Jew.</i> Let us step in and visit an old Jewish tailor, -a saintly man who worships devoutly after the manner -of his fathers. I am very careful not to give him any -work on Saturday as it grieves him to disoblige his -friends, and yet he will not work on his Sabbath day. He -says, as do many others of the Jewish race: “I pray -every day; my son prays once a week; my grandson -does not pray at all.” This old tailor speaks such broken<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[32]</span> -English, we will let his daughter tell the story. “My -father is almost eighty years of age; he never worked -with his own hands until he came to America. He was -for many years the tailor of a Russian regiment, making -all the uniforms for the officers and having a number -of men employed under him; we were well-to-do, the -officers loved my father, but when the riots arose it was -all they could do to save his life and all we had was -destroyed. Now he is an old man, he should not toil any -more, but,” as she shrugs her shoulders, “who will give -us bread?”</p> - -<p>A kindly-faced man is sitting in my office. He speaks -such good English you can tell he is a foreigner only by -the peculiar way he pronounces some words. He says -“dough” for though. Just imagine yourself sitting -quietly by and listening, then you will know why many -thousands come to us from one part of Europe. “We -were friendly with all the people of our town. My -ancestors had been in the same business for generations. -All the Russians trusted us and although we were Jews -they would rather deal with us than with their own -countrymen. One day there had been many murmurs -around us; the people had looked less friendly; they -were ignorant, superstitious people, and they were miserably -poor. Few of them could read or write. The -nobility had fleeced them for centuries, but the nobility -was too strong to be reached and so as scapegoats for the -nobles we were pointed out as the cause of their wretchedness. -We went to sleep that night, peaceful, prosperous -and unsuspecting. At midnight our house was in flames. -I never again saw father, mother, brothers, or sisters -alive. I escaped in the night and was hidden by some -friendly Russians. High above the roar of the flames -and the din and slaughter rose the hoarse cry of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[33]</span> -peasants—Our Daddy, the Tzar, wants it. Our Daddy, -the Tzar, wants it.” Multiply that scene by thousands and -you have a Russian <i>pogrom</i>. Oppression brings many -Jews.</p> - -<p><i>The Russian.</i> The Russian does not leave his land -because of the winter cold. He leaves it because he dare -not speak out against the wrong he sees. He is always -fearful of some police spy making charges against him, -shutting him up in prison, and sending him to Siberia. -No one is safe from these spies. The Russian comes to -America because here he can think aloud and here he -can worship according to the voice of his own conscience. -America is his hope.</p> - -<p>One of our poets pictures America as she really is, a -refuge for these fleeing, hunted people. He shows how -the tyrant must give up the chase and return empty-handed -when once these poor people have reached our -friendly shores.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">“There’s freedom at thy gate, and rest</div> - <div class="verse indent0">For earth’s down-trodden and opprest,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">A shelter for the hunted head,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">For the starved laborer toil and bread,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Power, at thy bounds,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Stops, and calls back his baffled hounds.”</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[34]</span></p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[35]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="III">III<br /> -<span class="smaller">OUR JEWISH NEIGHBOR</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36"></a>[36]</span></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">“O God-head, give me Truth!” the Hebrew cried.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">His prayer was granted, he became the slave</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Of “Truth,” a pilgrim far and wide.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Cursed, hated, spurned, and scourged, with none to save.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Seek him to-day, and find in every land.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">No fire consumes him, neither floods devour;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Immortal through the lamp within his hand.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37"></a>[37]</span></p> - -<h3>III<br /> -<span class="smaller">OUR JEWISH NEIGHBOR</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap"><span class="smcap">The Numbers that Come.</span> So great has been the -volume of Jewish immigration that the eyes of -the country have been turned upon it in anxiety -and question. In the ten years last past 1,012,721 have -come. The largest number in any one year was in 1896, -when 154,748 passed through the various ports. In 1911, -94,556 arrived. To better understand the meaning of -these figures let us take a large map of the United States. -Now be ready with a blue pencil and draw a circle -around the cities I name. Perhaps I shall name the -place in which some of you live. We will start with a -city right on the Eastern coast of the United States, -where you could step on board a steamer and sail away -for Europe and see the homes of some of these people -we are studying. The first city is Bridgeport, Connecticut, -on Long Island Sound. The next is the capital of -New York State, the city of Albany. The third city to -get a blue circle is where a famous university stands, -Cambridge, Massachusetts. Then we will journey away -West and draw a blue pencil mark around the name of a -city that stands near a famous lake out of which no one -ever drinks. Yes, that is the name, Salt Lake City, -Utah. While we are West we will mark Spokane, Washington. -Then we will move South and place a circle -about San Antonio, Texas; then come East to Reading, -Pennsylvania, and Trenton, New Jersey. Michigan is a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38"></a>[38]</span> -big state with beautiful forests, and we will blue pencil -the city of Grand Rapids. One more city is needed to -make the ten. If none of you lives in the cities I have -named perhaps you may live in the last one we mark, -Kansas City, Kansas. I hear some one say, “Why do -you ask us to place a circle about these cities?” Because -I want you to know that in the last ten years enough -Jews entered the United States to make ten as populous -cities as the ones we have just marked.</p> - -<p><i>From Where Does the Jew Come?</i> Five-sixths of -the Jewish immigration comes from Russia. While the -Jews number probably 11,000,000 in the world, about -5,000,000 of them live in that empire, mostly in what is -called the Jewish Pale of Settlement. Why there are so -many in Russia needs a brief statement. Poland invited -the Jews to settle within her borders in order to build -up her cities. Here was gathered the largest population -of Jews since the destruction of Jerusalem. In some of -the provinces of Poland the Jews number one-sixth, and -in some of the cities one-half of the population. When -Poland was divided between Russia, Prussia and -Austria, fifteen provinces fell to the share of Russia. -These form the Pale of Settlement, for there the Jew -is allowed to dwell and there he is engaged in all forms -of industry, including farming.</p> - -<p><i>Why They Come.</i> We have learned some reasons -why the Jew leaves Russia. Other reasons are his -desire for a better education for his children, freedom -to engage in any business he may choose, and the privilege -of worshipping God and of saying what he thinks -without danger of arrest and imprisonment. Strange as -it seems to us, there are still many places in the world -where if a man thinks the judge or the ruler has done -wrong he dares not say so openly. If he were heard to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a>[39]</span> -criticise them he would be in danger of prison. Sometimes -when we complain of our own country we forget -how fortunate we are to live in such a land of liberty.</p> - -<p>Let us now find some of the reasons for the Russian -hatred of the Jew. There could be no such merciless -persecution of any race without some cause, and it is -pretty well understood that the Russian government -encourages and often provokes the attacks upon these -people. The Russians dislike the Jews because the Jews -are not Christians, and because they are much smarter -business men than the average Russian, and would soon -own all the land of the ignorant peasants if they were -allowed to live among them and loan them money; the -American Indian was cheated in this way by the smarter -and better educated white man. Then the government -does not like the Jew because the Russian government is -corrupt and does not want the people to have a voice -in governing themselves, and the Jew stands for the -rights of the common people. Thus we see that while -there is some just cause for dislike of the Jew, there are -other reasons why he should be praised and commended.</p> - -<p><i>As a Good Citizen.</i> The Jew, having no country of -his own has yet always been loyal to that of his adoption. -The records show that when war came the Jew was -willing to shed his blood for his adopted land. They are -good to their own poor, providing hospitals for their sick, -and homes for children who are without father or -mother. The Bible tells us of the love of David for -Absalom and the Hebrew king’s prayer for the recovery -of his little sick son. The Jew is no different to-day, he -is kind and affectionate in his home. We know the evil -the saloon does in every city and town and village in -America where it exists. The Jew is generally an enemy -of the saloon. The liquor business does not prosper<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40"></a>[40]</span> -where he lives. The Jews are lovers of books and education, -and some of the greatest scholars, musicians, artists, -and writers of the world have been Jews. Some of the -noblest people who come to America are to be found -among the Hebrew immigrants.</p> - -<p><i>Not All Money Lovers.</i> Jewish people are often -accused of prizing money more highly than any other -race and of setting a greater value upon it than they do -upon either truth or justice. Some years ago a great -strike took place in New York among the garment -workers, who were mostly Jews. It lasted till the savings -of the workers were exhausted. I was talking with one -of the strike leaders one day and he produced a letter he -had just received from his former employer. It said, -“If you will come back I will make you foreman and -double your salary.” I knew the man was without any -money, and I asked, “What will you reply?” “There is -only one reply,” he said as he tore up the letter, “I -couldn’t accept because I couldn’t be a traitor.”</p> - -<p>The cheerful suffering that goes on among many East -Side Jewish strikers is heroic, for they feel that they are -fighting for principle and these battles that mean less -food, thinner garments for the winter winds to pierce, -and less fire in the homes, are fought with astonishing -cheerfulness. In fact, it would be well for old as well as -young folks to remember that the great battles being -fought in these days are not with machine guns; these -settle no principle. But the right to live, the right to live -better than the brutes, the conviction that all one’s time -should not be required in the struggle for bread, for -shelter and for clothes, that the life is more than meat, -and the body than raiment,—for these things the Jews -fight by enduring hunger, sorrow and even death for the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a>[41]</span> -sake of simple justice. They are the preachers of world -brotherhood.</p> - -<p>We do not mean that all Jews can be placed in this -exalted class. Among them are the hardest and most -merciless task-masters. Just the other day I heard a -Russian complain bitterly because the Jews for whom he -had been expelled from Russia were paying him the -pitiful salary of $4.00 per week for his toil. But among -them are a great multitude of noble men and women -battling for a better day.</p> - -<p><i>The Jew Intellectually.</i> If I were to ask the question, -“Are Jewish boys and girls at the head or at the foot -of their classes in school?” I know the answer would be, -“They are at the head.” The Jew is delighted at the -boundless opportunities for education in America. He -is like one long locked out from a treasure which he -could see but could not touch.</p> - -<p><i>As a Business Man.</i> As a money getter the Jew is -without a peer in the world to-day; he seems to possess -the golden touch we read of in the Wonder Book. But -when we know how it is done there is little mystery -about it. A Jewish family sent their children to my -Sunday-school. They were poorly dressed and had -the appearance of being ill-fed. After a year or two -these signs of poverty disappeared and there was every -evidence of comfort. I wondered what the cause might -be and said to the children. “Your father is doing better, -is he not?” “Oh, yes,” they said, “he has gotten over -the hard times he had when he went into business. He -always used to get up at four o’clock in the morning and -go to the factory and get the work ready before the -tailors came. Then after they were gone he used to -work until eight or nine o’clock every night, but he has<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42"></a>[42]</span> -a good business now and doesn’t work so hard.” Most -men would succeed if they worked such long hours.</p> - -<p><i>The Jew Spiritually.</i> The Jew is a religious man but -he seems to be losing his religion in America. In Europe -the synagogue was a rallying point, in America the -rallying place is the Labor Union, and many have turned -away from the old faith. Family life, once loyal and -beautiful, now shows many desertions, the father leaving -the family to care for itself. The streets at night are -trodden by too many Jewish girls, and the criminal -courts are thronged with too many Jewish boys. Contempt -for old age is one of the saddest products of -American life. I have frequently seen young Jewish -boys, twelve and fifteen years of age, mocking Jews as -venerable as Abraham, both by pulling their beards and -by sundry insults. The ignorance of Jewish children on -sacred things is widespread. It is a question if any -religious body has a more solemn festival than the Day -of Atonement. It is supposed to be a day of fasting and -prayer, but the restaurants are full, and numerous Jewish -organizations use the day to make money by hiring a hall -and selling the seats at a good profit to all who can be -induced to buy. Many Jews who are members of congregations -never attend service except on two or three of -the principal fast days.</p> - -<p>And yet, careless as the Jew may be of his old time -religious faith, Christianity calls forth the bitterest -opposition. He cannot forget the many things he has -suffered in the name of the Christian church.</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43"></a>[43]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="IV">IV<br /> -<span class="smaller">OUR RUSSIAN NEIGHBOR</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44"></a>[44]</span></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">“Come, clear the way, then, clear the way:</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Blind creeds and kings have had their day.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Break the dead branches from the path:</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Our hope is in the aftermath;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Our hope is in heroic men,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Star-led, to build the world again.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">To this event the ages ran:</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Make way for Brotherhood—make way for man.”</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45"></a>[45]</span></p> - -<h3>IV<br /> -<span class="smaller">OUR RUSSIAN NEIGHBOR</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap">I mention the Russian not because large immigration -has set in from Russia, but because I am personally -acquainted with work among these people and -because they are coming in increased numbers. When -the Russian wishes to change his home, he is usually -directed to some part of his own vast empire, and large -numbers are settling in what was one time thought to be -ice-bound Siberia, and are there successfully engaged in -farming. There is, however, a constantly rising tide of -immigration among the Russians. In 1901, 672 entered -the United States. In 1911, 20,121, the largest number -to date, was reported by the Commissioner of Immigration.</p> - -<p><i>Intellectually.</i> There is much ignorance among these -newcomers. Over thirty in every one hundred who -landed in 1911 did not know how either to read or write. -A number of the Russians in New York are revolutionists -of various classes; they are almost always led by the -Jew, who acts as public speaker and general leader in -most Russian affairs. About two-thirds of those who -come are unskilled farm laborers and common laborers.</p> - -<p><i>Religiously.</i> While a large number of those who land -are members of the Russian Greek Church, most of them -are members of groups hostile to the church, although -many of this latter class are unusually fine men. They -are exiles from their country for causes that would often<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46"></a>[46]</span> -bring them honor in any really enlightened land. In fact, -America has little idea of the great riches in heroism, -sacrifice and splendid lives that are hidden away in the -forbidding tenements of its great cities. The Russians’ -dislike of the church is deep seated and intense, for the -Church of Russia has been the judge that sentenced -them, the jailer that imprisoned them, the knout that -whipped them. The Greek Church in many ways is an -out-of-date church. It is an enemy of progress and free -thought, the greatest ally of a cruel government. These -men, knowing no other church than that of Russia, do -not understand the difference between the Christianity -found in America and this church of the Middle Ages in -Russia.</p> - -<p>One of the best loved and most influential Russians -in New York City said to me recently, “My wish is to -elevate my countrymen. Too many of them hold their -club meetings in saloons and are given over to drinking -habits. But I cannot have anything to do with the -Christian church, for if I did I would be compelled to -forget how the church has injured me and I have suffered -too much from it to do that.” The Jews share in this -attitude of the Russian toward the church.</p> - -<p>“Can any country afford to lose such men?” I put -that question to myself as I looked over an audience of -six hundred stalwart young Russians, their faces alight -with intelligence, their whole bearing showing sturdy -self-reliance, and yet lovable and teachable, withal. The -place was an East Side hall, and the occasion a gathering -to do honor to a Russian fellow countryman, and to -enjoy a Russian play. The countryman was an exile -because he wished to hasten the day of freedom for his -beloved land. He was a man with a noble, melancholy -face, and eyes that looked love and friendship. One<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47"></a>[47]</span> -wondered what that scholarly man could have done to -have the sentence of death passed upon him.</p> - -<p>The play when given in Russia was immediately suppressed, -and yet it is founded on an actual happening. -Imagine yourself with me at the Russian hall; let us take -a seat and hear what the play is about and maybe we shall -learn why it is that many Russians do not like the church. -The players will speak in Russian, but we shall understand -them for we shall have some one beside us to translate the -Russian into English.</p> - -<p>Now all is quiet. Here enters a young student in a -red shirt and big top boots. He feels very important, for -he has just arrived home from the University at St. -Petersburg. His sister is with him. They are talking -about a monastery in their village. “You know how the -great monastery near us deceives the people,” says the -brother. “You know how the monks pretend the sacred -<i>ikon</i> (image) on the altar works miracles, and how the -poor peasants have to give the monks hard-earned money. -You know how these cheats tell the authorities of any one -who says he is dissatisfied with the government. And -you know, too, that these monks are not good men.”</p> - -<p>“Yes,” the sister says, “I am sorry that what you say -is true. The monastery ought to be a great blessing to our -village, but instead it is a great curse.”</p> - -<p>“Then,” cries the student, walking up and down and -much excited, “I am going to open the eyes of the people -and show them that the monastery is a wicked fraud.”</p> - -<p>“How will you do it?” exclaims his sister, greatly -alarmed. “Please do nothing that will cause the police -to send you to prison.”</p> - -<p>There comes a knock at the door; the brother opens it, -and in walks one of the monks from the monastery. He -is such an unclean, repulsive-looking man you would<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48"></a>[48]</span> -want to run away from him if you met him on a lonely -road. He does not look at all like the priests, or -preachers, we know. He holds out a tin cup and whines, -“Please help a poor friar who is begging for holy -church.” All the Russians in the audience laugh in derision -when they hear the whining voice.</p> - -<p>“Why is the church in need of money?” asks the -student.</p> - -<p>“We need money,” whines the monk, “because the -people no longer visit us as in years past, and since they -do not bring money in we monks must collect it.”</p> - -<p>“But,” persisted the questioner, “why have the -moujiks stopped visiting you?”</p> - -<p>“They do not believe in holy church nor in the sacred -<i>ikon</i> as they once did.” (The <i>ikon</i> on the altar of this -monastery was believed to have worked many wonders.) -“What the church needs is some miracle to restore the -faith of the peasants,” and the monk seems very sad, -probably because he would rather sit down comfortably -at home than walk the muddy Russian roads begging -alms.</p> - -<p>“Why do you deceive the peasants?” says the indignant -student. “You know your sacred <i>ikon</i> never cured -anybody, nor worked any miracle. I will give you the -dynamite if you will blow it up.” The monk admits the -<i>ikon</i> worship is a fraud and says finally after a long discussion, -“I will place the dynamite under the image and -blow it up.”</p> - -<p>When the time comes to explode the dynamite, the -monk is afraid and confesses the plot to the Abbot. -“Let us blow up the altar,” says the Abbot; “we can -say the anarchists did it, but we will first remove the -<i>ikon</i> and then tell the people a miracle was wrought—the -altar was destroyed, but the image was saved.”</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;" id="illus4"> -<img src="images/illus4.jpg" width="450" height="350" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">The Home of a Russian Peasant</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;" id="illus5"> -<img src="images/illus5.jpg" width="450" height="350" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">A Russian <i>Moujik</i> and His Family</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49"></a>[49]</span></p> - -<p>So the altar is blown up after the priest has removed -the image. The people are told it is a marvelous miracle -and the church is crowded again, each peasant not forgetting -to leave his copeck, half a cent, as he departs.</p> - -<p>After the explosion, the student says, “I will go to the -monastery and when the great crowds of peasants are -coming out of the chapel I will tell them just how great -a fraud the latest miracle is.” So he goes and tells the -people how grossly the monks are deceiving them and -that it was his plan that destroyed the altar. Do the -people believe him? Oh, no. They believe what the -priests tell them and they are so angry with the young -informer for saying he blew up the altar and for trying -to open their eyes that they kill him.</p> - -<p>“But,” some one says, “we have been looking at and -hearing only a play.” Yes, that is true, but it is a true -play, for all you saw actually happened in Russia, and -it is the deception of such monks that has made so many -Russians hate the church and hate God.</p> - -<p>You noticed how the audience leaned forward in their -seats, each seeing in that picture his own story, the -forces that drove him far from his fatherland. You also -remember what the interpreter said at a great burst of -applause, the greatest of the night, when we asked, -“What was that for?” “Why,” said the interpreter, -“you will be surprised to know what they are applauding. -In reply to the question as to who was his most -bitter enemy, the actor has just said, ‘My greatest enemy -is God; through God and the church come all my -troubles.’”</p> - -<p>It is the duty and the privilege of the Christians of -America to introduce these Russians to a true church, -and to instruct them in the knowledge of the true God.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50"></a>[50]</span></p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51"></a>[51]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="V">V<br /> -<span class="smaller">OUR ITALIAN NEIGHBOR</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52"></a>[52]</span></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">“Genoese boy of the level brow,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Lad of the lustrous, dreamy eyes</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Astare at Manhattan’s pinnacles now</div> - <div class="verse indent0">In the first, sweet shock of a hushed surprise;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">I catch the glow of the wild surmise</div> - <div class="verse indent0">That played on the Santa Maria’s prow</div> - <div class="verse indent0">In that still gray dawn,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Four centuries gone,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">When a world from the wave began to rise.”</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse right">—<i>R. H. Schauffler.</i></div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53"></a>[53]</span></p> - -<h3>V<br /> -<span class="smaller">OUR ITALIAN NEIGHBOR</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap"><span class="smcap">Numbers.</span> Our immigrant neighbor that has attracted -the most attention in the last decade has -been the Italian. He has attracted this notice, -first, because of his great numbers and, second, because -of the inferior quality as compared with much previous -immigration.</p> - -<p>Over two millions have come from Italy in the past -ten years, and the numbers show little prospect of diminishing. -This stream that two decades ago was but a tiny -rivulet is now a human Amazon. The Amazon of South -America pours so vast a tide into the ocean that the -sailor while far from sight of land may yet dip his -bucket overboard and draw up fresh water. We may -well inquire about these people who are flowing in so -vast a flood into the sea of our American life.</p> - -<p>In the year ending June 30, 1911, 213,360 Italian immigrants -entered. In 1910, 233,453 were admitted. The -largest number entering in any one year was in 1907, -when 294,061 passed through the various entry ports.</p> - -<p>When we are dealing in millions figures suggest little -or nothing to us. Let us take another method to show -the large numbers of this one nationality that are pouring -in through all our gates.</p> - -<p>Imagine the two millions of the last ten years drawn -up in a single line, each holding the hand of the fellow<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54"></a>[54]</span> -countryman on his right and left. How far will this -human chain extend?</p> - -<p>Suppose we step aboard a train at New York. We -pass along the Palisade-bordered Hudson, past Yonkers, -West Point, Poughkeepsie, Hudson and Albany, one hundred -and fifty miles. These black-eyed children of Italy -line the track all the way. At Albany we turn west and -go to Utica, Syracuse, Rochester and Buffalo. We have -come over four hundred miles and still the line is -unbroken. Here the porter makes up our sleeping berth, -and all through the night, past Detroit and into Chicago, -the metropolis of the Middle West, along a thousand -miles of railroad stretches our imaginary hand-clasped -line. From Chicago we journey still further toward the -sunset until we rumble across the Father of Waters and -into the station at St. Louis. Surely these endless faces -are no longer beside our train. But there they are; westward -still extends our immigrant line. From St. Louis -we travel right across the state of Missouri to Kansas -City, almost three hundred miles. Our train moves so -fast across the level country that the hand-clasped -strangers seem like closely placed pickets in an endless -fence, but still the line is there and we must travel one -hundred miles across Kansas before the last of that -endless chain waves us farewell. And all these have come -in ten years.</p> - -<p><i>The Italian Compared with Former Immigrants.</i> The -earliest immigration to America was not that of the -peasant class. “It was the middle class tradesman and -the stout, independent yeoman.” The immigration of a -few years ago, as is well known, was from Northern -Europe, bringing the German, the Scotch, the English, -the Irish, the Welsh and the Scandinavian. These were -races from the temperate zone who had gained culture<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55"></a>[55]</span> -and the virtues of a Christian civilization, largely Protestant, -through long centuries of intelligent struggle. -The Italian immigrant of today is from Southern Italy. -The Northern Italian, more skilled and better educated, -does not come to the United States in any large numbers; -his goal is mainly Argentina and Brazil, in South -America.</p> - -<p>The Italians from Sicily have lacked educational advantages. -If, when they land at the Battery from Ellis -Island, you asked them to read the name of the street -upon the lamp post, sixty out of every hundred would -shake their heads. In the public schools the Italian is by -no means so clever as some of the other immigrants, nor -is he employing his leisure time in so wise a manner as -is the Jew, for instance.</p> - -<p><i>Thrift.</i> The Italian is frugal and thrifty. Most of -them seem to have money. A poor woman exclaimed at -one of our free Saturday night concerts some time ago, -“O Signore, some one has robbed me.” I looked at -her and thought to myself, “She is so poorly dressed I -do not believe she has lost much,” but I said, “Come and -see me after the concert.” On talking with her I found -that the thief had been better informed than I, for he -had cut the skirt of her dress with a knife and had taken -$80 which was in an inside pocket. It is no unusual sight -for a laborer to draw from his wallet a roll of bills -amounting to $50 or more to pay for a ten cent spelling -book in our night school. The amount of real estate the -Italians own in New York is very large; some years ago -it was estimated at over sixty millions. It is probably -more than double that today. Some of them own tenements -and rent rooms that are slept in by day by one shift -of men and at night by another.</p> - -<p>One must be careful that he is not an innocent party<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56"></a>[56]</span> -to placing children in orphan asylums and other such -homes to be educated at the public’s expense when the -family is entirely able to support its own children. An -Italian woman wished me to place her two boys in “college.” -By “college” she meant an orphan asylum. When -I investigated I found that she was married, had a husband -who was in perfect health, and was herself worth -between three and four thousand dollars. The church -receives very little financial support from these people, -although they are lavish enough when it comes to a big -display at a wedding, a christening, or a funeral. The -money paid for bands to walk before the hearse must -amount to hundreds of thousands of dollars every year -in the Italian colony of New York City.</p> - -<p><i>How They Are Misused.</i> There is no question but that -the Italian earns the money that is paid him in America; -no better laborers ever came to these shores, and the way -they are sometimes misused is shameful. I saw once a -pitiful exhibition of this. It was an August day, one of -the most intensely hot I had ever experienced, and all the -worse because it was in a long succession of stifling days -and nights. Everywhere men were stopping their horses -and cooling them off with the hose, or with pails of water -and, despite it all, dead horses were lying in all the principal -thoroughfares.</p> - -<p>An Irish boss was foreman of a gang of Italians that -was asphalting a city street. A line was drawn down the -middle of the street and the force divided, each gang -taking the part on either side of the line from the middle -of the street to the curb. The gang that asphalted their -half of the block first would receive as reward a keg of -beer that stood perched, temptingly, on an elevated platform -at the end of the street. I do not remember ever -seeing elsewhere human beings driven at such inhuman<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57"></a>[57]</span> -speed; it was a cruel proof of what greed and a total disregard -of the welfare of the poor immigrants could furnish.</p> - -<p>A writer in “Everybody’s Magazine” saw the statement -of the press agent of the Erie Railroad that no lives -had been lost in cutting the great open air rock entrance -of the Erie into Jersey City. He was interested enough -to investigate it, and he learned of twenty-five who were -killed and so many who were injured that a partial list -filled four newspaper columns, a year before the work -was completed. “Why,” he asked, “was it said that -no lives were lost?” “Because,” was the reply, “the -killed were only Wops (Huns) and Dagoes.”</p> - -<p><i>Spiritually.</i> The Italian is naturally religious, and -when converted he becomes an earnest, intelligent follower -of Christ. We must not fail to tell him the story -of “Jesus and his love.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58"></a>[58]</span></p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59"></a>[59]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="VI">VI<br /> -<span class="smaller">OUR CHINESE NEIGHBOR</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60"></a>[60]</span></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">“Dago,” and “Sheeney,” and “Chink,”</div> - <div class="verse indent2">“Greaser,” and “Nigger,” and “Jap”;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">From none of them doth Jehovah shrink.</div> - <div class="verse indent2">He lifteth them all to His lap,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And the Christ, in His kingly grace,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">When their sad, low sob He hears,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Puts His tender embrace around the race</div> - <div class="verse indent2">As He kisses away its tears,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Saying, O “least of these,” I link</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Thee to Me for whatever may hap,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">“Dago,” and “Sheeney,” and “Chink,”</div> - <div class="verse indent2">“Greaser,” and “Nigger,” and “Jap.”</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse right">—<i>Bishop McIntyre.</i></div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61"></a>[61]</span></p> - -<h3>VI<br /> -<span class="smaller">OUR CHINESE NEIGHBOR</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap"><span class="smcap">The Misunderstood Chinese.</span> The Chinese are -the most misunderstood people in America, and -the reason is probably found in the Celestials -themselves. No author in writing about this myriad -people feels that he can give an account of the Chinese -in one province, or city, or village, that he is sure will -hold good in another. The earliest bit of wisdom concerning -the Chinese that I remember acquiring was the -statement in an old geography that to write one’s name -in Chinese characters was a sure way of winning their -favor. I now know that I am no surer of winning the -favor of a Chinaman by writing my name in Chinese -characters than a Chinese would be of winning my favor -by writing his name in English letters. But the writer -of the old geography may have been acquainted with -some place in China where what he states was true.</p> - -<p>In our short account of these people we can catch but -a fleeting glance, seeing little more than the curious Chinese -himself, who, “when he wants to get a peep inside -a house applies a wet finger to a paper window so that -when the digit is withdrawn there remains a tiny hole -through which an observant eye may at least see something.”</p> - -<p><i>Unchanging China.</i> What force was back of the movement -that reached its height in 1892, when almost 40,000 -of these people landed in America? What caused the first<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62"></a>[62]</span> -large migration from China to the United States? Today -very few come. In 1911 but 5,657 Chinese entered, while -7,065 went back to China.</p> - -<p>That the Chinese would require some powerful force -to set this tide in motion, a few instances would indicate. -The Chinese do the same thing in the same way today -as their ancestors did it five hundred years ago. If a -village street is so crooked that one must walk an extra -mile, no one would think of straightening the street. If -the village well was the source of water supply in the -past centuries, the substitution of a pump would not be -thought of, as it would be an insult to the past. They -dislike even the most trivial changes; the altering of the -time of the regular hour of meetings; a re-arrangement -in the seating of their class rooms, or the transfer of a -teacher, all disturb them. Because things used to be done -in such and such a way is the reason that they ought to -be done so now.</p> - -<p>Old customs are followed, although the life has long -since departed from them.</p> - -<p>For example, “It is the custom in Mongolia for every -one who can afford it to use snuff and offer it to his -friends. Each man has a small snuff box which he produces -whenever he encounters a friend; if the person -with the snuff box happens to be out of snuff, that does -not prevent the passing of the box, from which each guest -takes a deliberate, though imaginary, pinch and returns it -to the owner. To seem to notice that the box was empty -would not be good form, and all is according to a well -settled precedent.”</p> - -<p>“In a country like China, which stretches through some -twenty-five degrees of latitude, but in which furs are -taken off and straw hats are put on according to a fixed -rule for the whole Empire, in regions where the only heat<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63"></a>[63]</span> -in the house during the winter comes from the stove bed -or <i>k’ang</i>, it is not uncommon for travelers who have -been caught in a ‘cold snap’ to find that no arguments -can induce the landlord of the inn to heat the <i>k’ang</i>, because -‘the season for heating the k’ang has not arrived.’” -American street car companies and apartment house -owners have at times taken a leaf from the Chinese in -this particular. What could move this people to leave -their home and seek a new world?</p> - -<h4>THE CHINESE IN AMERICA</h4> - -<p><i>What Caused Their Coming?</i> The first large migration -of the Chinese to America may be explained by two -words, War and Gold.</p> - -<p>In 1850 the great Tai Ping rebellion broke out and soon -spread poverty and ruin through southeastern China; the -terrors of war with its ever present hand-maidens, famine -and plunder, ruined all business and paralyzed all -industry. The farmer class of the sea coast districts was -driven into Hong Kong and there they met the astonishing -stories of the fabulous wealth in the recently discovered -gold fields of California and Australia. That, in -brief, is the history of the first big wave of Chinese migration -to America.</p> - -<p><i>The Sort of Chinese Who Came.</i> Those who came -were largely from the farmer class. The Chinese farmer -is very different from the Sicilian farmer; the latter rents -his land at a ruinous price from the large land owner, or -works it for a meagre wage almost as a serf; the Chinese -farmer belongs to one of the most honored classes in -China. “He owns the land, has freedom of trade and -industry, local self-government, can appeal against official -misgovernment and has the opportunity to rise to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64"></a>[64]</span> -any social or political station.” The social system of -China is well worth keeping in mind. First in rank comes -the scholar, the man with the trained mind fitting him to -be a wise leader and guide; second, the farmer, the producer, -the creator of wealth; third, the artisan, who -changes the raw material into usable forms, makes furniture -of the timber, pots from the iron, dishes from the -clay; fourth, the merchant, the middleman, who sees to -the distribution of flour, rice, clothing, etc.; fifth, the -laborer; and last, the soldier or non-producer. In what -order do we rank these classes? The early type of immigration -from China was of a high grade.</p> - -<p><i>How They Were Received.</i> The Chinese were received -in California with open arms, so to speak. “Industrial -necessity” overlooked the visually present race prejudice, -and the Chinese turned their hands to anything -that would fill the gap the American gold-seeker had created. -They became cooks, restaurant keepers, laborers, -household servants—there were no women on the Pacific -Coast then, willing to do the last named work—carpenters, -farmers of neglected land. Governor McDougall, in -1852, recommended a series of land grants to induce their -further coming; editors praised their industry, their -cheerfulness, and personal cleanliness; the Chinamen -must have thought the Golden Age was come again.</p> - -<p><i>The Rude Awakening.</i> In 1854 came the collapse of -the California boom; placer mines gave out; men from -the mines seeking employment were coming to the city in -droves; the wage of $10 per day for skilled and $3.50 -to $5 for unskilled labor was over; then came the cry of -America for Americans. The Chinese were ill-treated and -many lost their lives. Committees were formed by the -better class of Americans to protect them, but the cry -against them never ceased in California until the Chinese<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65"></a>[65]</span> -exclusion law of 1888 was enacted, barring them from -the country.</p> - -<p><i>The Chinese Intellectually.</i> The Chinese rank high intellectually. -Their age-long reverence for learning—for -a knowledge of the Chinese classics opened the -door to the highest positions—has undoubtedly had -a marked effect upon the mental side of the nation. -The Chinese hero has been the one who passed successfully -through the various examinations in the classics and -finally, after many difficulties, attained the coveted degree. -Their “highways are spanned with arches erected, -not to great soldiers, but to great scholars.”</p> - -<p>The nature of the outings that the average young -American of the East Side conducts is pretty well known -throughout the city of New York. They are usually -anything but orderly and thoughtful. But on a Christian -Chinese picnic I have gone from the bow to the stern of -the boat and found numerous games of Chinese chess -in progress, each game surrounded by an excited group -of advisers telling the players what move to make to -checkmate their opponents. The playing of a good game -of chess is not a childish task. The Chinese are a thoughtful -people.</p> - -<p><i>Generosity.</i> Few favors done the Chinese pass unrewarded. -I have seen many touching examples of sympathetic -helpfulness. A few years ago a beautiful Chinese -woman was helped to escape from worse than slavery. -To save her from the sworn vengeance of her master, -it was necessary to send her clear across the continent -in company with a missionary. This we did. Like -Nicodemus, who came to our Lord under cover of darkness, -there came to us later a woman from Chinatown. -Her husband is one of the most notorious gamblers in the -country, but his wife had a woman’s sympathy with the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66"></a>[66]</span> -kindly service rendered, and she left a hundred dollars as -her gift toward the safety of her unfortunate countrywoman.</p> - -<p><i>Spiritually.</i> I am repeatedly asked, “Do the Chinese -ever become Christians?” Their spiritual nature is as -keen as that of any foreign-speaking people that come to -us. The spirit that changes the life of a wicked, gambling, -drinking American performs a like office in a -wicked, gambling, opium-smoking Chinese. The Christ -that attracts little American boys and girls is a like magnet -to these little Chinese lads and lassies. We had in -our school for some years a little Chinese boy named -Guy. He was bright and courageous, and accompanied -our missionary on many of her visits among the Chinese. -He said one day, with great earnestness, “There -are three things I want. First, I want to become a Christian -and get my heart right; second, I want to be baptized -so that all the Chinese may know that I am separated -from paganism, and third, I want to be a preacher of the -Gospel so that many may hear the glad news.” You will -agree that these are good wishes for even an American -boy. One night he dreamed that his father, who was in -China, had returned to America and that he and Guy -stood together at the altar of a church while Guy was -being baptized.</p> - -<p>Wong Sing came into our night school seven years ago. -He hated the name of “Jesus.” When he heard in -America that Christ was being preached in his native -village, he said, “Hot anger rose within me.” One reason -for this was that Wong Sing knew only the Christianity -of Mexico, and this is cruel and disdainful toward -the Chinese. It has taken the world many centuries to -learn that the Christianity of Jesus is best extended not -by sword or force, or even by argument, but by loving-kindness.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;" id="illus6"> -<img src="images/illus6.jpg" width="450" height="700" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">A Chinese Family</p> -<p class="caption">(Church of All Nations, New York City)</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67"></a>[67]</span></p> - -<p>One day Wong Sing went home from our school with -a Chinese New Testament, and to him it was the Word -of God from heaven. He read it all night, getting an -hour’s sleep in the early morning before he went to -work. He was converted by the reading, and then he -threw himself, with all his soul, into the work of the -church. He was all for Christ. In the last four years -he was with us he did not miss one session of the school.</p> - -<p>Finally, business called him home. His mother in -China was greatly grieved at his conversion. She said, -“My son has deserted the old faith. When I die, who -will worship at my tablet? My son went away a good boy, -he comes back possessed of a devil.” Wong was the -only Christian in the village. He tried to show his mother -the better way he had found in Christ, but without success, -and in great bitterness of heart over the loss of her -boy’s faith in the old religion, she ended her own life. -On this young Christian has fallen the curses and revilings -of the entire village, but he has “kept the faith.”</p> - -<p>When You Toy, a little Chinese slave girl whom we -had rescued, told us her dream, we felt that there was a -relation between it and her own life and thinking. “Oh,” -she said, “I had such a wonderful dream; I saw God -and He had a great book, and He called me to Him -and said, ‘Here, You Toy, look in this book,’ and I looked -and there was my name, and after it in bright letters was -written, ‘You are my precious one.’” I believe that a -little orphan girl from a far country, trained in ancestor -worship, could never have had that dream if God were -not a known and near friend. What do you think -about it?</p> - -<p>The Russians, Hebrews, Italians and Americans—none -of these people surpasses the Chinese in loyalty and in -labors, once they become followers of Christ.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68"></a>[68]</span></p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69"></a>[69]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="VII">VII<br /> -<span class="smaller">MAKERS OF GOOD NEIGHBORS</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70"></a>[70]</span></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">“Fear not, we cannot fail:</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The message must prevail;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Truth is the oath of God,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And sure and fast,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Through death and hell,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Holds, onward, to the last.”</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71"></a>[71]</span></p> - -<h3>VII<br /> -<span class="smaller">MAKERS OF GOOD NEIGHBORS</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap"><span class="smcap">To Begin With.</span> Who and what are the good neighbors -in our country that are most powerful in -changing this many-tongued multitude into -Americans? Who are influencing them so that they understand -us and we understand them? What forces are -welding these many fragments into one nation?</p> - -<p>To receive into one great common home millions of -sons and daughters strange to that home and to one -another in speech, custom and land, and to blend them -into one people, this seems an impossible task. And yet -it is being accomplished.</p> - -<p><i>The Public School.</i> Among the good neighbors that -are grappling with this great task most effectively I -place the public school first, because I believe it the -most useful neighbor in making young Americans. Frequently -the foreign-born parents see the New World -largely through the eyes of their children, so that the -school is a good neighbor to the whole family.</p> - -<p>The public school makes different nationalities friendly. -All school boys know how by studying together, reciting -together and playing together they acquire respect -for one another, and learn to look over the barriers of -race. A public school near my church which is made -up almost wholly of Jews and Italians, elected one of my -Sunday-school scholars, a Japanese boy, president of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72"></a>[72]</span> -class, simply because his ability and good manners had -won their respect.</p> - -<p><i>Manual Training.</i> By manual training classes the public -school promotes respect for work with the hands. We -cannot understand the foreigners’ contempt for this kind -of work, but it is very strong. I once took an Armenian, -who had come all the way to America in the hope of getting -an education, to the president of a preparatory school -in the hope that he might be admitted free of expense by -doing some work about the institution. The president -stated that the school was overcrowded, but he would -take him in if he would work in the field a couple of -hours a day. The Armenian, who was really an earnest -man, felt the work would too greatly degrade him, and -declined.</p> - -<p><i>Teaching in the English Language.</i> The English language -is of course another great help in Americanization.</p> - -<p><i>The City and the Immigrant Child.</i> The child of the -immigrant is in special need of the help and sympathy of -all American boys and girls. Frequently he is the sole -person in the home who speaks English, and so is called -upon for advice and is consulted in many things upon -which American fathers and mothers never need to consult -their children. This is unfortunate for him, as we -can readily see. He often despises the language and customs -of his parents and then ends by despising the -parents themselves. He cannot understand the love his -parents feel for their homeland; he cannot see the blue -skies and green hills and mountains so dear to them; he -cannot feel the home attachments.</p> - -<p>“I recall a certain Italian girl,” writes Miss Jane -Addams, “who came every Saturday evening to a cooking -class in the same building in which her mother spun<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73"></a>[73]</span> -in the Labor Museum Exhibit; and yet Angelina always -left her mother at the front door while she herself went -round to a side door, because she did not wish to be too -closely identified in the eyes of the rest of the cooking -class with an Italian woman who wore a kerchief over -her head, uncouth boots, and short petticoats. One -evening, however, Angelina saw her mother surrounded -by a group of visitors from the School of Education who -much admired her spinning ability, and she concluded -from their conversation that her mother was the ‘best -stick spindle spinner in America.’</p> - -<p>“When she inquired from me as to the truth of this -deduction I took occasion to describe the Italian village -in which her mother had lived, something of her free life, -and how because of the opportunity she and other women -had had to drop their spindles over the edge of a precipice -they had developed a skill in spinning beyond that -of the neighboring towns. I dilated somewhat upon the -freedom and beauty of that life, how hard it must be to -exchange it all for a two-room tenement and to give up -a beautiful homespun kerchief for an ugly department -store hat. It was easy to see that the thought of the -mother with any other background than that of the tenement -was new to Angelina, and at least two things -resulted; she allowed her mother to pull out of the big -box under the bed the beautiful homespun garments -which had previously been hidden away as uncouth, and -she openly came into the Labor Museum by the same -door as did her mother, proud at least of the mastery -of the craft which had been so much admired.”</p> - -<p>While it might seem that the child represents the most -precious future wealth of our cities, he evidently is not -so valued. Real estate is worth more than he is. Dirty, -disease-breeding blocks that should be parks and playgrounds<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74"></a>[74]</span> -are worth more than he is. Even where grass -grows, big signs everywhere indicate that grass is sacred -and of more account than he is. In planning our American -cities the child seems to have been entirely left out. -When tenements became profitable, and the tenements -are the homes of the immigrant children, the backyard -playground disappeared. The street is the only playground -left and, cursed by drivers because the horses -stumble over them, and by chauffeurs because they limit -their speed, and chased by the police as a general -nuisance, the children of the tenements are surely to be -pitied.</p> - -<p>A young Italian girl fifteen years of age was being -sworn in a Brooklyn court. Before swearing her the -Judge told the clerk to inquire if she knew the meaning -of an oath in court. He asked, “Do you know who -God is?” She replied, “God, who is he?” He said, -“Do you know anything about Christ?” She replied, -“Christ, where does he live?”</p> - -<p>Here is a chance for the boys and girls of America to -be good neighbors.</p> - -<p><i>The Settlement.</i> Some one says, “I have often heard -about settlements, but what do they do?” The Church -of All Nations carries on a church and settlement work -on the lower East Side of New York. If you were to -pay it a visit during a week day this is what you might -see. By 8.30 o’clock in the morning there would be a -patter of little feet and a babel of children’s voices and -we would know the Italian boys and girls were coming -for the daily kindergarten. At nine o’clock the office bell -begins to ring; just sit in the office and listen to the people -who call. One says, “I need to go to the hospital”; -another, “I want to get a friend out of prison”; a big -able man says, “I want work”; some are in need of -clothes or food, or a lawyer, or are discouraged and have -come to talk over their troubles. These last keep coming -during the morning office hour and, in fact, all day and -into the night.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus7"> -<img src="images/illus7.jpg" width="700" height="400" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Italian Kindergarten (Penn.)</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75"></a>[75]</span></p> - -<p>In the afternoon there is a mother’s meeting for -Italians, or Hebrews, or some other nationality, with -an address of a religious nature or a brief talk on some -topic that helps make the mothers better able to care for -their children. American boys and girls may think all -mothers know how to take care of children, because their -mothers took such good care of them. It would surprise -them to know that in the fall some of the immigrant -mothers sew a suit of clothes on their child and expect -that suit to stay on through the winter—it is not to come -off at night, either. Many Italian mothers wrap up their -little babies until they look like a mummy that you may -have seen in a museum. The baby can move its hands -but not its feet; it can also move its big black eyes, and -laugh or cry. We know better than these mothers, so we -try to teach them wiser ways of caring for their children.</p> - -<p>At three o’clock there may be sessions of the sewing-school, -or game room, or gymnasium classes for the -younger boys who are not allowed to come at night. In -the evening there are club meetings under chosen leaders, -bowling contests, basket ball games, and night school for -Italians, Chinese, Hebrews or Russians. In other parts -of the building may be illustrated lectures or motion -pictures. So you see a Settlement has a very busy and -varied sort of day’s work, and is a good neighbor to the -immigrant.</p> - -<p><i>Other Good Neighbors.</i> In addition to the good -neighbors mentioned, many other forces assist in the -Americanizing of the foreigner. America itself, the -streets, the stores, the factories, the public institutions,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76"></a>[76]</span> -the work at which he is employed and the conditions -under which he toils, all have a marked effect upon the -stranger. Those who have studied the matter say that -the Jew is developing a better physical type than at home, -while the Italian, used to open air peasant life, is running -down in stature.</p> - -<p>While the immigrant is a stranger in a strange land -he is by no means a stranger in a friendless land. -America is not only rich in dollars, it is rich in kindness -and sympathy. Our fathers were pilgrims and strangers; -some of us were ourselves strangers. We should, therefore, -try to carry out Christ’s story of the good neighbor, -and, if we find our immigrant brother in need of help or -protection, we should be among the first to have compassion -on him.</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77"></a>[77]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="VIII">VIII<br /> -<span class="smaller">GOOD NEIGHBORS AND BAD</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78"></a>[78]</span></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">“Lead on, O King eternal,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">The day of march has come:</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Henceforth in fields of conquest</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Thy tents shall be our home.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Through days of preparation</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Thy grace has made us strong,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And now, O King eternal,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">We lift our battle song.”</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79"></a>[79]</span></p> - -<h3>VIII<br /> -<span class="smaller">GOOD NEIGHBORS AND BAD</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap"><span class="smcap">The Church.</span> The Protestant church in America -is a good neighbor to the immigrant. The -trouble is that many immigrants refuse to permit -it to be their friend.</p> - -<p>We have seen that the chief reason that the church -cannot do what it would among the Jews, Russians, -Italians and Chinese, the people we are studying, is -because these people do not understand that the church -in America is different from the church in their home -countries. They do not know that American Christianity -is a friend of liberty, and is really trying to aid the -common people.</p> - -<p>When the Irish immigrants came in such multitudes -to America they thronged the Catholic Churches. Their -church had been their loyal champion in Ireland, and they -knew it would be the same friend in America. The -same loyalty was shown by the Lutheran to his church -when he came from Germany to America.</p> - -<p>But the million and more Jews that have flowed into -America want to have nothing to do with the church, and -the multitudes of Italians, when loyal to any church, -belong to the Church of Rome. The Russians are often -exiled from home because of the church.</p> - -<p>To be the best of good neighbors to these people, it -is necessary, first, for the church to know their history. -Only in that way can church people understand how the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80"></a>[80]</span> -foreigner feels toward the church and how most wisely -to approach him.</p> - -<p><i>The Jew and the Church.</i> What does the Jew regard -as the cause of the sorrow which has sent him to -America? I have seen old Russian Jews stand in front -of a Christian church at night, when they thought no eye -saw them, and shake their fist at the cross over the door, -spit at it, curse it, and go their way. “If,” said a Jewish -woman, “the Christians want to be friends with the Jews -why do they forever preach that the Jews killed Jesus? -We know our nation was the cause of His death, but -how many Christians have died in the religious wars -between themselves?” She laid the persecution of her -race at the door of Christianity.</p> - -<p>Speaking one day of the religious fervor of an old -Hebrew, his daughter said: “Yes, he is religious, but -none of the rest of us have any use for it. I think it is -through religion that most trouble comes into the world.” -“Now,” she continued, “the best friend I have in -America has just gone out angry because when she came -in she found a fire in my house, and this is a Jewish fast -day. Religion drove us out of Poland with the loss of -everything. I believe we would be better off if religion -was out of the world.” I tried to show her that true -Christianity was not guilty of these cruel persecutions of -her people, that it was the lack of true Christianity that -caused them; yet I doubt if I convinced her.</p> - -<p>Even when Jewish children are allowed to attend -Christian religious institutions to get them off the streets -they are often forewarned. I noticed one day that a -boy who sang lustily some of the hymns stopped at the -word “Jesus,” or else substituted the word, “Moses.” -“Curley,” I said, “why don’t you sing the name Jesus?” -“My mother told me not to say it or my tongue would<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81"></a>[81]</span> -turn black,” came the prompt reply. Another boy attending -our classes reached up and kissed a gold cross that -hung on a chain around the neck of one of our workers. -He had no sooner done so than he cried across the room -to his sister, “It never hurt me.” “What did you expect -would hurt you?” said the teacher. “My mother told -me I could come to class but if I said the name of -‘Jesus’ it would turn my tongue black, and if I touched -the cross, it would kill me, and I didn’t believe her.” -This was especially sad, for the boy said his mother had -told him a falsehood.</p> - -<p><i>The Russian and the Church.</i> The Russian dislikes the -church. He does not know the Protestant church of -America. All he knows is that the church of Russia -is at least no friend of liberty. He wants nothing to do -with what he considers a similar enemy in America.</p> - -<p><i>The Chinese and the Church.</i> The most devoted -Chinese we ever had in our work after he became a -Christian, had a similar feeling. His idea of Christianity -came from the Catholics of Mexico, who have treated the -Chinese very cruelly. He came to our school because he -hoped to learn English and not because he wanted to -hear of Christ.</p> - -<p><i>The Italian and the Church.</i> The church in Italy is -more or less a political machine. The Italian knows how -the Roman church opposed the liberty of Italy and this -makes him fear or hate all churches. Great churches in -Italy are often found with but a baker’s dozen in attendance. -The only times on which they are thronged are -when a “<i>festa</i>” is being held, a festival in honor of some -saint.</p> - -<p><i>Brave Christians.</i> Numbers of the immigrants who -become Christians are real heroes. The story of the persecutions -they suffer would be a surprise to most Christian<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82"></a>[82]</span> -Americans. The Jewish daily papers sometimes -publish the names of the Jewish attendants at Christian -meetings that they may incite their Jewish neighbors -against them, and the tenement has so bitter a tongue that -it often drives the family out of the neighborhood.</p> - -<p>Young people who are baptized are mourned for as -dead, cast out of their homes, and made practically -orphans, and Christian workers must find homes for them. -Spies are sent into Christian meetings to secure the -names and addresses of Hebrews present, and then -letters, or visits, or both, follow. Bibles of young converts -are taken from them and burned. While the -streets are filled with children with no religious instruction, -the whole Ghetto is stirred over one convert to -Christ.</p> - -<p>One leading Russian revolutionist told me that if he -were to come out openly in favor of the Christian church -his business would be ruined.</p> - -<p>The country founded by men who sought it for liberty -of conscience is not a free country to every one and men -who have found an asylum here from the oppressor of -Europe become in turn oppressors themselves.</p> - -<p>The greatest need of all these people is Christ.</p> - -<p><i>The Need of Christ.</i> The non-Christian Chinese are at -times cruel and merciless beyond description. Slavery -is common among them, women being bought and sold -like merchandise. The treatment of little “servant” -girls is sometimes so inhuman that they commit suicide. -These little girls are bought by the Chinese and then frequently -sold by them when 12 or 15 years of age. The -picture of two of these little “servant” girls, rescued by -the Church of All Nations, appears opposite this page.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;" id="illus8"> -<img src="images/illus8.jpg" width="350" height="450" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">How Chinese Babies Ride</p> -<p class="caption">Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, New York City</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;" id="illus9"> -<img src="images/illus9.jpg" width="350" height="450" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Rescued Slave-Girls (New York City)</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83"></a>[83]</span></p> - -<p>One Christmas night a great company of Chinese and -their friends had gathered to celebrate the birth of -Christ. Chinese women were there who had never before -been in a public gathering; bound-feet women were -there who are never seen on the streets. The platform -was thronged with Chinese children in their quaint, beautiful, -and becoming Oriental costumes. The first Christmas -was long, long ago. Scripture tells us that on that -night a song so full of joy that it startled the shepherds -rang through the wintry sky. Poets and other people -say that as Christmas time comes round again they can -still catch faint echoes of the angels’ song. Perhaps the -angels still sing it each glad Christmas Eve; anyway, at -no other time does a child seem so beautiful and so holy.</p> - -<p>When the exercises were over I said a parting word -to our guests. One Chinese woman, carrying in her arms -a beautiful little baby girl, came up to say good night. -“Why, Mrs. Sun,” I exclaimed, “I did not know you -had a little girl.” “Oh,” she said, “I hadn’t, but Mrs. -Wu had one girl and when this baby was born she -didn’t want it because one girl was enough, so she gave -it to me.” This in New York on Christmas night, 1911. -Can you imagine a Christian mother glad to give away -her little girl? The Chinese need Christ.</p> - -<p>The Russian needs something other than shorter hours -and larger wages. Many of them are seeking the higher -things. A Russian pastor told me of making an engagement -with one of his hearers at a Russian open air service -to discuss and explain Christianity to a Russian in -his home. When the night came this Russian revolutionist -had gathered a group of his fellows in his tenement -quarters and there pastor and men discussed the -Christian faith from 8 o’clock in the evening till midnight -and would have kept the discussion up all night, -could the pastor have remained. Christ and the church -are needed by the Russian.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84"></a>[84]</span></p> - -<p>You see that some people have misrepresented our -Lord and His church. We must try to right this wrong -done the foreigner and we must be patient and loving in -doing it. The immigrants are in need of many things—we -must endeavor to supply these needs. We must do it -for the sake of Christ. We must do it in the name of -Christ. We must do it as if our Lord Himself sat weary -and thirsty before us and it was given us to hand Him -the cup of water. How glad we would be for such an -honor!</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Bad Neighbors</span></h4> - -<p><i>The Saloon.</i> It is sad to see so many bright Italian -boys with their fruit stands and shoe polishing chairs -hard by saloon doors. They do not know how great an -enemy is pretending to be their friend.</p> - -<p>The saloon is a bad neighbor to the immigrant. It -wastes his money and his time. It unfits him for work, -starves his family and makes them feel ashamed of husband -and father. It leads to disease and often to prison, -for the saloon is the mother of innumerable crimes. It -helps make weak-minded and deformed children and is -an evil organization whose destruction has already been -determined upon by the truest and best Christian people -in our land. For the sake of the immigrant, for the sake -of the fair name of America, let us unite to shut its doors -and banish it from our country.</p> - -<p><i>Ignorance.</i> Ignorance keeps the immigrant un-American. -One who cannot read is at a serious disadvantage. -When it is remembered that of the Italians -sixty out of one hundred of all those over fourteen years -of age who come to America belong to this class, we see -the need of the work of night schools to overcome this -ignorance. The case is made still worse by the fact that<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85"></a>[85]</span> -the immigrants crowd together into colonies, as “Little -Italy,” “Little Russia,” and “the Ghetto,” where -the English language is not spoken and there are no -broadening American influences.</p> - -<p><i>Injurious Employment.</i> The work in which the immigrant -is generally employed helps keep him un-American. -He has no opportunity to know America or to know -Americans. Much of the work is wearying and disheartening. -Men bound for the coal mines are packed -in cars and hurried away, often through the night, to the -distant coal fields; underground all day and sleeping in -wretched quarters above ground at night, they have little -opportunity to see or know anything of their adopted -land. I stepped up to a stone house alongside a railroad -excavation in the country part of Connecticut once to -have a look at the occupants. There were two floors in -the old tumble-down house and both were packed with -mattresses and makeshifts for beds until practically the -whole floor space was covered. It was a wet day and all -the men were crowded indoors. A handsome young -fellow lay sick on one of the mattresses. I put my head -in the door and said: “<i>Io parlo un poco Italiano ma non -bene.</i>” “I speak a little Italian, but not well.” Immediately -there was a laugh, probably at the “not well,” -and they rose to greet me as courteously as if all were -trained gentlemen. The sick boy began to talk and the -group was friendly with me in a moment.</p> - -<p>The day will come when we shall find that these people -can do something other than dig ditches and mix concrete. -The Italians who are now employed as our -hewers of wood and drawers of water, are of the race -of painters and sculptors and silk makers of earlier days.</p> - -<p>We must help the immigrant to overcome his bad -neighbors, and to know who are his true friends.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_86"></a>[86]</span></p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87"></a>[87]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="IX">IX<br /> -<span class="smaller">NEIGHBORS TO THE WORLD</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_88"></a>[88]</span></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">For lo, there breaks a yet more glorious day;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The saints triumphant rise in bright array;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The King of glory passes on His way.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">From earth’s wide bounds, from ocean’s farthest coast,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Through gates of pearl streams in the countless host,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Singing to Father, Son and Holy Ghost,</div> - <div class="verse indent6">“Hallelujah, Hallelujah!”</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89"></a>[89]</span></p> - -<h3>IX<br /> -<span class="smaller">NEIGHBORS TO THE WORLD</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap"><span class="smcap">Those Who go Back.</span> “Do these immigrants ever -go back home?” asks some one. “If I went -away from home and made my fortune I would -want to go back home to spend it.”</p> - -<p>I am glad to hear that question and some of you may -be surprised at the answer.</p> - -<p>We have all heard of the incoming immigrant army, -and small wonder when we know that in some years it -numbers over a million human beings. But we have -heard little about the returning army. How large is it? -How many of our immigrant neighbors prefer to spend -their savings at home? How many go home because -fortune has not smiled upon them in America, or because -their mothers write, “I am getting old and it is very -lonesome with my son far across the sea”?</p> - -<p>Let us lay on the table nine, bright, new, copper pennies. -Now suppose each penny represents one hundred -thousand immigrants. Then the nine pennies would -represent nine times one hundred thousand, or the nine -hundred thousand immigrants that landed in 1911. Since -almost three hundred thousand immigrants went back -home in 1911 how many of these nine pennies shall we -have to remove to show the actual immigrant increase -for that year?</p> - -<p>For 1908 we would have to use eight pennies to represent -those who came, and to remove six of these pennies<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_90"></a>[90]</span> -to represent the numbers that returned home that year.</p> - -<p>I am sure this will surprise some of you. You did not -know so great a multitude returned to Italy, or Russia, -or elsewhere, yet every year anywhere from two hundred -thousand to six hundred thousand leave our shores -for home. That makes us feel the truth of the song we -all know,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">“Be it ever so humble,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">There’s no place like home.”</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p><i>Influence of the Returned Immigrant.</i> What effect -has this home-coming multitude upon towns and villages -all over the world?</p> - -<p>When Stefano came to America he could neither read -nor write. One day a friend said, “I know a church where -Italians are taught to read free of all expense.” Stefano -was sending money home to his mother each month, so -he was glad to know of a free school. One night the -leader of the school said, “We shall have a short session -to-night because we are to have a prayer-meeting after -school.” Stefano and fifty other young Italians remained -for the prayer-meeting. At home Stefano -had ceased going to church after he had been confirmed, -except sometimes on feast days. He remained to the -prayer-meeting, not because he wanted to but because all -the others stayed. He listened with great attention to -the speaker; he had never heard such an earnest address -as the pastor gave that night. It seemed as if some one -must have told the preacher all about him. All through -the week he thought of the prayer-meeting and after he -had attended a few times more he came to the preaching -service on Sundays, and then Stefano became converted.</p> - -<p>When he returned home he was on fire with the new -religion he had found. His heart was full of love for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_91"></a>[91]</span> -everybody. But he was saddened when he saw how little -the people of his village knew about God. One night he -determined to tell them how he had found Christ in -America, and so he called them together in his mother’s -home and told his story. When he had finished what -was his surprise and delight to have three other men rise -and tell how they had found the same Christ in golden -America.</p> - -<p>Every one was interested. The villagers said, “Some -of these men were bad men when they went away; they -are now good men.” You will be glad to know that -whole villages in Sicily have become Protestant and -Christian by the preaching of just such returned immigrants -as Stefano. Last year eighteen Protestant -Churches of one denomination were founded in Sicily -by returned immigrants converted in America.</p> - -<p>This shows us the wonderful opportunity we have of -being a good neighbor to one part of the world by being -good neighbors to the Italians who live near us.</p> - -<p>What has caused so old and conservative a nation as -China to change to a republic? The leaders of this revolution -are Christian men. If we asked them they would -say, “We saw that the cities and towns and schools and -churches and men and women and children of Christian -lands were different from those of China. We believe -the reason they are better is because they know Christ -and are following Him.”</p> - -<p>We have helped China by being a good neighbor to -the Chinese who lived among us.</p> - -<p>A few weeks ago a Russian school-teacher attended a -preaching service in my church. After the Russian -pastor had finished preaching the school-teacher sought -him out and said: “I had fifty young men in my class -in the Russian village where I taught. I told these<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_92"></a>[92]</span> -scholars all I knew about God but I could not tell them -much, I knew so little myself. I determined to know -more so I visited the most celebrated monasteries in -Russia in order to find out about God, but I didn’t find -God in the monasteries. At the great monastery of Kieff -after talking for hours with the abbot he said, ‘You -are too good a man to come in here. Go back into the -world, and somewhere there you will find God.’ I -found him this morning as I listened to the sermon. -Now I shall go back to Russia and tell the men of my -village of the God who now speaks to my heart.”</p> - -<p>We shall help the Russian Empire by being a good -neighbor to these subjects of the Czar.</p> - -<p>America is to-day the greatest mission field on earth. -It is not this because of the vast number of foreigners -who remain and make it their home; it is such because -of the vast human river that flows back to its source. In -a barren desert tract in the West, where sage brush and -cactus are the only vegetation, the desert blossoms when -the rivers of irrigation are let in. So does this returning -human flood bring hope and new life to wornout and -often hopeless civilizations.</p> - -<p>Here lie the responsibility and privilege of America. -Through school and settlement and church and a myriad -other institutions and influences we must make these Old -World brothers and sisters feel that they have found in -the New World more tender and loving neighbors than -those they left behind; we must show them that accepting -our science and education, our ways of farming, and -mining and manufacturing, is not enough, although these -have had much to do with our greatness. Queen Victoria -when asked the source of England’s greatness, pointed -to the Bible. It was a true answer. It is being humble -followers of Christ that makes us fit leaders of these<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_93"></a>[93]</span> -foreigners, and sends them back fit to be leaders in their -turn.</p> - -<p>If we are helpful, loving Christian neighbors to these -immigrants we shall set in motion waves of Christian -faith and hope and love that, like the tides, will sweep -around the world and break in benediction on every Old -World shore.</p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Some Immigrant Neighbors, by John R. 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