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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/6396.txt b/6396.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6a0e449 --- /dev/null +++ b/6396.txt @@ -0,0 +1,980 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Titus Flavius Vespasianus Augustus (Titus) +by C. Suetonius Tranquillus + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Titus Flavius Vespasianus Augustus (Titus) + The Lives Of The Twelve Caesars, Volume 11. + +Author: C. Suetonius Tranquillus + +Release Date: December 14, 2004 [EBook #6396] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TITUS FLAVIUS VESPASIANUS *** + + + + +Produced by Tapio Riikonen and David Widger + + + + + + THE LIVES + OF + THE TWELVE CAESARS + + By + C. Suetonius Tranquillus; + + To which are added, + + HIS LIVES OF THE GRAMMARIANS, RHETORICIANS, AND POETS. + + + The Translation of + Alexander Thomson, M.D. + + revised and corrected by + T.Forester, Esq., A.M. + + + + +TITUS FLAVIUS VESPASIANUS AUGUSTUS. + +(465) + +I. Titus, who had the same cognomen with his father, was the darling and +delight of mankind; so much did the natural genius, address, or good +fortune he possessed tend to conciliate the favour of all. This was, +indeed, extremely difficult, after he became emperor, as before that +time, and even during the reign of his father, he lay under public odium +and censure. He was born upon the third of the calends of January, [30th +Dec.] in the year remarkable for the death of Caius [776], near the +Septizonium [777], in a mean house, and a very small and dark room, which +still exists, and is shown to the curious. + +II. He was educated in the palace with Britannicus, and instructed in +the same branches of learning, and under the same masters. During this +time, they say, that a physiognomist being introduced by Narcissus, the +freedman of Claudius, to examine the features of Britannicus [778], +positively affirmed that he would never become emperor, but that Titus, +who stood by, would. They were so familiar, that Titus being next him at +table, is thought to have tasted of the fatal potion which put an end to +Britannicus's life, and to have contracted from it a distemper which hung +about him a long time. In remembrance of all these circumstances, he +afterwards erected a golden statue of him in the Palatium, and dedicated +to him an equestrian statue of ivory; attending it in the Circensian +procession, in which it is still carried to this day. + +(466) III. While yet a boy, he was remarkable for his noble endowments +both of body and mind; and as he advanced in years, they became still +more conspicuous. He had a fine person, combining an equal mixture of +majesty and grace; was very strong, though not tall, and somewhat +corpulent. Gifted with an excellent memory, and a capacity for all the +arts of peace and war; he was a perfect master of the use of arms and +riding; very ready in the Latin and Greek tongues, both in verse and +prose; and such was the facility he possessed in both, that he would +harangue and versify extempore. Nor was he unacquainted with music, but +could both sing and play upon the harp sweetly and scientifically. I +have likewise been informed by many persons, that he was remarkably quick +in writing short-hand, would in merriment and jest engage with his +secretaries in the imitation of any hand-writing he saw, and often say, +"that he was admirably qualified for forgery." + +IV. He filled with distinction the rank of a military tribune both in +Germany and Britain, in which he conducted himself with the utmost +activity, and no less modesty and reputation; as appears evident from the +great number of statues, with honourable inscriptions, erected to him in +various parts of both those provinces. After serving in the wars, he +frequented the courts of law, but with less assiduity than applause. +About the same time, he married Arricidia, the daughter of Tertullus, who +was only a knight, but had formerly been prefect of the pretorian guards. +After her decease, he married Marcia Furnilla, of a very noble family, +but afterwards divorced her, taking from her the daughter he had by her. +Upon the expiration of his quaestorship, he was raised to the rank of +commander of a legion [779], and took the two strong cities of Tarichaea +and Gamala, in Judaea; and having his horse killed under him in a battle, +he mounted another, whose rider he had encountered and slain. + +V. Soon afterwards, when Galba came to be emperor, he was sent to +congratulate him, and turned the eyes of all people upon himself, +wherever he came; it being the general opinion amongst them, that the +emperor had sent for him with a design to adopt him for his son. But +finding all things again in confusion, he turned back upon the road; and +going to consult (467) the oracle of Venus at Paphos about his voyage, he +received assurances of obtaining the empire for himself. These hopes +were speedily strengthened, and being left to finish the reduction of +Judaea, in the final assault of Jerusalem, he slew seven of its +defenders, with the like number of arrows, and took it upon his +daughter's birth-day [780]. So great was the joy and attachment of the +soldiers, that, in their congratulations, they unanimously saluted him by +the title of Emperor [781]; and, upon his quitting the province soon +afterwards, would needs have detained him, earnestly begging him, and +that not without threats, "either to stay, or take them all with him." +This occurrence gave rise to the suspicion of his being engaged in a +design to rebel against his father, and claim for himself the government +of the East; and the suspicion increased, when, on his way to Alexandria, +he wore a diadem at the consecration of the ox Apis at Memphis; and, +though he did it only in compliance with an ancient religious usage of +the country, yet there was some who put a bad construction upon it. +Making, therefore, what haste he could into Italy, he arrived first at +Rhegium, and sailing thence in a merchant ship to Puteoli, went to Rome +with all possible expedition. Presenting himself unexpectedly to his +father, he said, by way of contradicting the strange reports raised +concerning him, "I am come, father, I am come." + +VI. From that time he constantly acted as colleague with his father, +and, indeed, as regent of the empire. He triumphed [782] (468) with his +father, bore jointly with him the office of censor [783], and was, +besides, his colleague not only in the tribunitian authority [784], but +in seven consulships [785]. Taking upon himself the care and inspection +of all offices, he dictated letters, wrote proclamations in his father's +name, and pronounced his speeches in the senate in place of the quaestor. +He likewise assumed the command of the pretorian guards, although no one +but a Roman knight had ever before been their prefect. In this he +conducted himself with great haughtiness and violence, taking off without +scruple or delay all those he had most reason to suspect, after he had +secretly sent his emissaries into the theatres and camp, to demand, as if +by general consent, that the suspected persons should be delivered up to +punishment. Among these, he invited to supper A. Caecina, a man of +consular rank, whom he ordered to be stabbed at his departure, +immediately after he had gone out of the room. To this act, indeed, he +was provoked by an imminent danger; for he had discovered a writing under +the hand of Caecina, containing an account of a plot hatched among the +soldiers. By these acts, though he provided for his future security, yet +for the present he so much incurred the hatred of the people, that +scarcely ever any one came to the empire with a more odious character, or +more universally disliked. + +VII. Besides his cruelty, he lay under the suspicion of giving (469) way +to habits of luxury, as he often prolonged his revels till midnight with +the most riotous of his acquaintance. Nor was he unsuspected of +lewdness, on account of the swarms of catamites and eunuchs about him, +and his well-known attachment to queen Berenice [786], who received from +him, as it is reported, a promise of marriage. He was supposed, besides, +to be of a rapacious disposition; for it is certain, that, in causes +which came before his father, he used to offer his interest for sale, and +take bribes. In short, people publicly expressed an unfavourable opinion +of him, and said he would prove another Nero. This prejudice, however, +turned out in the end to his advantage, and enhanced his praises to the +highest pitch when he was found to possess no vicious propensities, but, +on the contrary, the noblest virtues. His entertainments were agreeable +rather than extravagant; and he surrounded himself with such excellent +friends, that the succeeding princes adopted them as most serviceable to +themselves and the state. He immediately sent away Berenice from the +city, much against both their inclinations. Some of his old eunuchs, +though such accomplished dancers, that they bore an uncontrollable sway +upon the stage, he was so far from treating with any extraordinary +kindness, that he would not so much as witness their performances in the +crowded theatre. He violated no private right; (470) and if ever man +refrained from injustice, he did; nay, he would not accept of the +allowable and customary offerings. Yet, in munificence, he was inferior +to none of the princes before him. Having dedicated his amphitheatre +[787], and built some warm baths [788] close by it with great expedition, +he entertained the people with most magnificent spectacles. He likewise +exhibited a naval fight in the old Naumachia, besides a combat of +gladiators; and in one day brought into the theatre five thousand wild +beasts of all kinds. [789] + +(471) VIII. He was by nature extremely benevolent; for whereas all the +emperors after Tiberius, according to the example he had set them, would +not admit the grants made by former princes to be valid, unless they +received their own sanction, he confirmed them all by one general edict, +without waiting for any applications respecting them. Of all who +petitioned for any favour, he sent none away without hopes. And when his +ministers represented to him that he promised more than he could perform, +he replied, "No one ought to go away downcast from an audience with his +prince." Once at supper, reflecting that he had done nothing for any +that day, he broke out into that memorable and justly-admired saying, "My +friends, I have lost a day." [790] More particularly, he treated the +people on all occasions with so much courtesy, that, on his presenting +them with a show of gladiators, he declared, "He should manage it, not +according to his own fancy, but that of the spectators," and did +accordingly. He denied them nothing, and very frankly encouraged them to +ask what they pleased. Espousing the cause of the Thracian party among +the gladiators, he frequently joined in the popular demonstrations in +their favour, but without compromising his dignity or doing injustice. +To omit no opportunity of acquiring popularity, he sometimes made use +himself of the baths he had erected, without excluding the common people. +There happened in his reign some dreadful accidents; an eruption of Mount +Vesuvius [791], in Campania, and a fire in Rome, which continued during +three days and three nights [792]; besides a plague, such as was scarcely +ever known before. Amidst these many great disasters, he not only +manifested the concern (472) which might be expected from a prince but +even the affection of a father, for his people; one while comforting them +by his proclamations, and another while relieving them to the utmost of +his power. He chose by lot, from amongst the men of consular rank, +commissioners for repairing the losses in Campania. The estates of those +who had perished by the eruption of Vesuvius, and who had left no heirs, +he applied to the repair of the ruined cities. With regard to the public +buildings destroyed by fire in the City, he declared that nobody should +be a loser but himself. Accordingly, he applied all the ornaments of his +palaces to the decoration of the temples, and purposes of public utility, +and appointed several men of the equestrian order to superintend the +work. For the relief of the people during the plague, he employed, in +the way of sacrifice and medicine, all means both human and divine. +Amongst the calamities of the times, were informers and their agents; a +tribe of miscreants who had grown up under the licence of former reigns. +These he frequently ordered to be scourged or beaten with sticks in the +Forum, and then, after he had obliged them to pass through the +amphitheatre as a public spectacle, commanded them to be sold for slaves, +or else banished them to some rocky islands. And to discourage such +practices for the future, amongst other things, he prohibited actions to +be successively brought under different laws for the same cause, or the +state of affairs of deceased persons to be inquired into after a certain +number of years. + +IX. Having declared that he accepted the office of Pontifex Maximus for +the purpose of preserving his hands undefiled, he faithfully adhered to +his promise. For after that time he was neither directly nor indirectly +concerned in the death of any person, though he sometimes was justly +irritated. He swore "that he would perish himself, rather than prove the +destruction of any man." Two men of patrician rank being convicted of +aspiring to the empire, he only advised them to desist, saying, "that the +sovereign power was disposed of by fate," and promised them, that if +there was any thing else they desired of him, he would grant it. He also +immediately sent messengers to the mother of one of them, who was at a +great distance, and in deep anxiety about her son, to assure her of his +safety. Nay, he not only invited them to sup with (473) him, but next +day, at a show of gladiators, purposely placed them close by him; and +handed to them the arms of the combatants for his inspection. It is said +likewise, that having had their nativities cast, he assured them, "that a +great calamity was impending on both of them, but from another hand, and +not from his." Though his brother was continually plotting against him, +almost openly stirring up the armies to rebellion, and contriving to get +away, yet he could not endure to put him to death, or to banish him from +his presence; nor did he treat him with less respect than before. But +from his first accession to the empire, he constantly declared him his +partner in it, and that he should be his successor; begging of him +sometimes in private, with tears in his eyes, "to return the affection he +had for him." + +X. Amidst all these favourable circumstances, he was cut off by an +untimely death, more to the loss of mankind than himself. At the close +of the public spectacles, he wept bitterly in the presence of the people, +and then retired into the Sabine country [793], rather melancholy, +because a victim had made its escape while he was sacrificing, and loud +thunder had been heard while the atmosphere was serene. At the first +resting-place on the road, he was seized with a fever, and being carried +forward in a litter, they say that he drew back the curtains, and looked +up to heaven, complaining heavily, "that his life was taken from him, +though he had done nothing to deserve it; for there was no action of his +that he had occasion to repent of, but one." What that was, he neither +disclosed himself, nor is it easy for us to conjecture. Some imagine +that he alluded to the connection which he had formerly had with his +brother's wife. But Domitia solemnly denied it on oath; which she would +never have done, had there been any truth in the report; nay, she would +certainly have gloried in it, as she was forward enough to boast of all +her scandalous intrigues. + +XI. He died in the same villa where his father had died (474) before +him, upon the Ides of September [the 13th of September]; two years, two +months, and twenty days after he had succeeded his father; and in the +one-and-fortieth year of his age [794]. As soon as the news of his death +was published, all people mourned for him, as for the loss of some near +relative. The senate assembled in haste, before they could be summoned +by proclamation, and locking the doors of their house at first, but +afterwards opening them, gave him such thanks, and heaped upon him such +praises, now he was dead, as they never had done whilst he was alive and +present amongst them. + + * * * * * * + +TITUS FLAVIUS VESPASIAN, the younger, was the first prince who succeeded +to the empire by hereditary right; and having constantly acted, after his +return from Judaea, as colleague with his father in the administration, +he seemed to be as well qualified by experience as he was by abilities, +for conducting the affairs of the empire. But with respect to his +natural disposition, and moral behaviour, the expectations entertained by +the public were not equally flattering. He was immoderately addicted to +luxury; he had betrayed a strong inclination to cruelty; and he lived in +the habitual practice of lewdness, no less unnatural than intemperate. +But, with a degree of virtuous resolution unexampled in history, he had +no sooner taken into his hands the entire reins of government, than he +renounced every vicious attachment. Instead of wallowing in luxury, as +before, he became a model of temperance; instead of cruelty, he displayed +the strongest proofs of humanity and benevolence; and in the room of +lewdness, he exhibited a transition to the most unblemished chastity and +virtue. In a word, so sudden and great a change was never known in the +character of mortal; and he had the peculiar glory to receive the +appellation of "the darling and delight of mankind." + +Under a prince of such a disposition, the government of the empire could +not but be conducted with the strictest regard to the public welfare. +The reform, which was begun in the late reign, he prosecuted with the +most ardent application; and, had he lived for a longer time, it is +probable that his authority and example would have produced the most +beneficial effects upon the manners of the Romans. + +During the reign of this emperor, in the seventy-ninth year of (475) the +Christian era, happened the first eruption of Mount Vesuvius, which has +ever since been celebrated for its volcano. Before this time, Vesuvius +is spoken of, by ancient writers, as being covered with orchards and +vineyards, and of which the middle was dry and barren. The eruption was +accompanied by an earthquake, which destroyed several cities of Campania, +particularly Pompeii and Herculaneum; while the lava, pouring down the +mountain in torrents, overwhelmed, in various directions, the adjacent +plains. The burning ashes were carried not only over the neighbouring +country, but as far as the shores of Egypt, Libya, and even Syria. +Amongst those to whom this dreadful eruption proved fatal, was Pliny, the +celebrated naturalist, whose curiosity to examine the phenomenon led him +so far within the verge of danger, that he could not afterwards escape. + +PLINY, surnamed the Elder, was born at Verona, of a noble family. He +distinguished himself early by his military achievements in the German +war, received the dignity of an Augur, at Rome, and was afterwards +appointed governor of Spain. In every public character, he acquitted +himself with great reputation, and enjoyed the esteem of the several +emperors under whom he lived. The assiduity with which he applied +himself to the collection of information, either curious or useful, +surpasses all example. From an early hour in the morning, until late at +night, he was almost constantly employed in discharging the duties of his +public station, in reading or hearing books read by his amanuensis, and +in extracting from them whatever seemed worthy of notice. Even during +his meals, and while travelling in his carriage upon business, he +prosecuted with unremitting zeal and diligence his taste for enquiry and +compilation. No man ever displayed so strong a persuasion of the value +of time, or availed himself so industriously of it. He considered every +moment as lost which was not employed in literary pursuits. The books +which he wrote, in consequence of this indefatigable exertion, were, +according to the account transmitted by his nephew, Pliny the younger, +numerous, and on various subjects. The catalogue of them is as follows: +a book on Equestrian Archery, which discovered much skill in the art; the +Life of Q. Pomponius Secundus; twenty books of the Wars of Germany; a +complete treatise on the Education of an Orator, in six volumes; eight +books of Doubtful Discourses, written in the latter part of the reign of +Nero, when every kind of moral discussion was attended with danger; with +a hundred and sixty volumes of remarks on the writings of the various +authors which he had perused. For the last-mentioned production only, +and before it was brought near to its accomplishment, we are told, that +he (476) was offered by Largius Licinius four hundred thousand sesterces, +amounting to upwards of three thousand two hundred pounds sterling; an +enormous sum for the copyright of a book before the invention of +printing! But the only surviving work of this voluminous author is his +Natural History, in thirty-seven books, compiled from the various writers +who had treated of that extensive and interesting subject. + +If we estimate this great work either by the authenticity of the +information which it contains, or its utility in promoting the +advancement of arts and sciences, we should not consider it as an object +of any extraordinary encomiums; but when we view it as a literary +monument, which displays the whole knowledge of the ancients, relative to +Natural History, collected during a period of about seven hundred years, +from the time of Thales the Milesian, it has a just claim to the +attention of every speculative enquirer. It is not surprising, that the +progress of the human mind, which, in moral science, after the first dawn +of enquiry, was rapid both amongst the Greeks and Romans, should be slow +in the improvement of such branches of knowledge as depended entirely on +observation and facts, which were peculiarly difficult of attainment. +Natural knowledge can only be brought to perfection by the prosecution of +enquiries in different climates, and by a communication of discoveries +amongst those by whom it is cultivated. But neither could enquiries be +prosecuted, nor discoveries communicated, with success, while the greater +part of the world was involved in barbarism, while navigation was slow +and limited, and the art of printing unknown. The consideration of these +circumstances will afford sufficient apology for the imperfect state in +which natural science existed amongst the ancients. But we proceed to +give an abstract of their extent, as they appear in the compilation of +Pliny. + +This work is divided into thirty-seven books; the first of which contains +the Preface, addressed to the emperor Vespasian, probably the father, to +whom the author pays high compliments. The second book treats of the +world, the elements, and the stars. In respect to the world, or rather +the universe, the author's opinion is the same with that of several +ancient philosophers, that it is a Deity, uncreated, infinite, and +eternal. Their notions, however, as might be expected, on a subject so +incomprehensible, are vague, confused, and imperfect. In a subsequent +chapter of the same book, where the nature of the Deity is more +particularly considered, the author's conceptions of infinite power are +so inadequate, that, by way of consolation for the limited powers of man, +he observes that there are many things even beyond the power of the +Supreme Being; such, for instance, as the annihilation of his own +existence; to which the author adds, the power (477) of rendering mortals +eternal, and of raising the dead. It deserves to be remarked, that, +though a future state of rewards and punishments was maintained by the +most eminent among the ancient philosophers, the resurrection of the body +was a doctrine with which they were wholly unacquainted. + +The author next treats of the planets, and the periods of their +respective revolutions; of the stars, comets, winds, thunder, lightning, +and other natural phenomena, concerning all which he delivers the +hypothetical notions maintained by the ancients, and mentions a variety +of extraordinary incidents which had occurred in different parts of the +world. The third book contains a general system of geography, which is +continued through the fourth, fifth, and sixth books. The seventh treats +of conception, and the generation of the human species, with a number of +miscellaneous observations, unconnected with the general subject. The +eighth treats of quadrupeds; the ninth, of aquatic animals; the tenth, of +birds; the eleventh, of insects and reptiles; the twelfth, of trees; the +thirteenth, of ointments, and of trees which grow near the sea-coast; the +fourteenth, of vines; the fifteenth, of fruit-trees; the sixteenth, of +forest-trees; the seventeenth, of the cultivation of trees; the +eighteenth, of agriculture; the nineteenth, of the nature of lint, hemp, +and similar productions; the twentieth, of the medicinal qualities of +vegetables cultivated in gardens; the twenty-first, of flowers; the +twenty-second, of the properties of herbs; the twenty-third, of the +medicines yielded by cultivated trees; the twenty-fourth, of medicines +derived from forest-trees; the twenty-fifth, of the properties of wild +herbs, and the origin of their use; the twenty-sixth, of other remedies +for diseases, and of some new diseases; the twenty-seventh, of different +kinds of herbs; the twenty-eighth, twenty-ninth, and thirtieth, of +medicines procured from animals; the thirty-first and thirty-second, of +medicines obtained from aquatic animals, with some extraordinary facts +relative to the subject; the thirty-third, of the nature of metals; the +thirty-fourth, of brass, iron, lead, and tin; the thirty-fifth, of +pictures, and observations relative to painting; the thirty-sixth, of the +nature of stones and marbles; the thirty-seventh, of the origin of gems. +To the contents of each book, the author subjoins a list of the writers +from whom his observations have been collected. + +Of Pliny's talents as a writer, it might be deemed presumptuous to form a +decided opinion from his Natural History, which is avowedly a compilation +from various authors, and executed with greater regard to the matter of +the work, than to the elegance of composition. Making allowance, +however, for a degree of credulity, common to the human mind in the early +stage of physical (478) researches, he is far from being deficient in the +essential qualifications of a writer of Natural History. His +descriptions appear to be accurate, his observations precise, his +narrative is in general perspicuous, and he often illustrates his subject +by a vivacity of thought, as well as by a happy turn of expression. It +has been equally his endeavour to give novelty to stale disquisitions, +and authority to new observations. He has both removed the rust, and +dispelled the obscurity, which enveloped the doctrines of many ancient +naturalists; but, with all his care and industry, he has exploded fewer +errors, and sanctioned a greater number of doubtful opinions, than was +consistent with the exercise of unprejudiced and severe investigation. + +Pliny was fifty-six years of age at the time of his death; the manner of +which is accurately related by his nephew, the elegant Pliny the Younger, +in a letter to Tacitus, who entertained a design of writing the life of +the naturalist. + + + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[776] Caligula. Titus was born A.U.C. 794; about A.D. 49. + +[777] The Septizonium was a circular building of seven stories. The +remains of that of Septimus Severus, which stood on the side of the +Palatine Hill, remained till the time of Pope Sixtus V., who removed it, +and employed thirty-eight of its columns in ornamenting the church of St. +Peter. It does not appear whether the Septizonium here mentioned as +existing in the time of Titus, stood on the same spot. + +[778] Britannicus, the son of Claudius and Messalina. + +[779] A.U.C. 820. + +[780] Jerusalem was taken, sacked, and burnt, by Titus, after a two +years' siege, on the 8th September, A.U.C. 821, A.D. 69; it being the +Sabbath. It was in the second year of the reign of Vespasian, when the +emperor was sixty years old, and Titus himself, as he informs us, thirty. +For particulars of the siege, see Josephus, De Bell. Jud. vi. and vii.; +Hegesippus, Excid. Hierosol. v.; Dio, lxvi.; Tacitus, Hist. v.; Orosius, +vii. 9. + +[781] For the sense in which Titus was saluted with the title of Emperor +by the troops, see JULIUS CAESAR, c. lxxvi. + +[782] The joint triumph of Vespasian and Titus, which was celebrated +A.U.C. 824, is fully described by Josephus, De Bell. Jud. vii. 24. It is +commemorated by the triumphal monument called the Arch of Titus, erected +by the senate and people of Rome after his death, and still standing at +the foot of the Palatine Hill, on the road leading from the Colosseum to +the Forum, and is one of the most beautiful as well as the most +interesting models of Roman art. It consists of four stories of the +three orders of architecture, the Corinthian being repeated in the two +highest. Some of the bas-reliefs, still in good preservation, represent +the table of the shew-bread, the seven-branched golden candlestick, the +vessel of incense, and the silver trumpets, which were taken by Titus +from the Temple at Jerusalem, and, with the book of the law, the veil of +the temple, and other spoils, were carried in the triumph. The fate of +these sacred relics is rather interesting. Josephus says, that the veil +and books of the law were deposited in the Palatium, and the rest of the +spoils in the Temple of Peace. When that was burnt, in the reign of +Commodus, these treasures were saved, and they were afterwards carried +off by Genseric to Africa. Belisarius recovered them, and brought them +to Constantinople, A.D. 520. Procopius informs us, that a Jew, who saw +them, told an acquaintance of the emperor that it would not be advisable +to carry them to the palace at Constantinople, as they could not remain +anywhere else but where Solomon had placed them. This, he said, was the +reason why Genseric had taken the Palace at Rome, and the Roman army had +in turn taken that of the Vandal kings. Upon this, the emperor was so +alarmed, that he sent the whole of them to the Christian churches at +Jerusalem. + +[783] A.U.C. 825. + +[784] A.U.C. 824. + +[785] A.U.C. 823, 825, 827-830, 832. + +[786] Berenice, whose name is written by our author and others Beronice, +was daughter of Agrippa the Great, who was by Aristobulus, grandson of +Herod the Great. Having been contracted to Mark, son of Alexander +Lysimachus, he died before their union, and Agrippa married her to Herod, +Mark's brother, for whom he had obtained from the emperor Claudius the +kingdom of Chalcis. Herod also dying, Berenice, then a widow, lived with +her brother, Agrippa, and was suspected of an incestuous intercourse with +him. It was at this time that, on their way to the imperial court at +Rome, they paid a visit to Festus, at Caesarea, and were present when St. +Paul answered his accusers so eloquently before the tribunal of the +governor. Her fascinations were so great, that, to shield herself from +the charge of incest, she prevailed on Polemon, king of Cilicia, to +submit to be circumcised, become a Jew, and marry her. That union also +proving unfortunate, she appears to have returned to Jerusalem, and +having attracted Vespasian by magnificent gifts, and the young Titus by +her extraordinary beauty, she followed them to Rome, after the +termination of the Jewish war, and had apartments in the palace, where +she lived with Titus, "to all appearance, as his wife," as Xiphilinus +informs us; and there seems no doubt that be would have married her, but +for the strong prejudices of the Romans against foreign alliances. +Suetonius tells us with what pain they separated. + +[787] The Colosseum: it had been four years in building. See VESPAS. +c. ix. + +[788] The Baths of Titus stood on the Esquiline Hill, on part of the +ground which had been the gardens of Mecaenas. Considerable remains of +them are still found among the vineyards; vaulted chambers of vast +dimensions, some of which were decorated with arabesque paintings, still +in good preservation. Titus appears to have erected a palace for himself +adjoining; for the Laocoon, which is mentioned by Pliny as standing in +this palace, was found in the neighbouring ruins. + +[789] If the statements were not well attested, we might be incredulous +as to the number of wild beasts collected for the spectacles to which the +people of Rome were so passionately devoted. The earliest account we +have of such an exhibition, was A.U.C. 502, when one hundred and forty- +two elephants, taken in Sicily, were produced. Pliny, who gives this +information, states that lions first appeared in any number, A.U.C. 652; +but these were probably not turned loose. In 661, Sylla, when he was +praetor, brought forward one hundred. In 696, besides lions, elephants, +and bears, one hundred and fifty panthers were shown for the first time. +At the dedication of Pompey's Theatre, there was the greatest exhibition +of beasts ever then known; including seventeen elephants, six hundred +lions, which were killed in the course of five days, four hundred and ten +panthers, etc. A rhinoceros also appeared for the first time. This was +A.U.C. 701. The art of taming these beasts was carried to such +perfection, that Mark Antony actually yoked them to his carriage. Julius +Caesar, in his third dictatorship, A.U.C. 708, showed a vast number of +wild beasts, among which were four hundred lions and a cameleopard. A +tiger was exhibited for the first time at the dedication of the Theatre +of Marcellus, A.U.C. 743. It was kept in a cage. Claudius afterwards +exhibited four together. The exhibition of Titus, at the dedication of +the Colosseum, here mentioned by Suetonius, seems to have been the +largest ever made; Xiphilinus even adds to the number, and says, that +including wild-boars, cranes, and other animals, no less than nine +thousand were killed. In the reigns of succeeding emperors, a new +feature was given to these spectacles, the Circus being converted into a +temporary forest, by planting large trees, in which wild animals were +turned loose, and the people were allowed to enter the wood and take what +they pleased. In this instance, the game consisted principally of beasts +of chase; and, on one occasion, one thousand stags, as many of the ibex, +wild sheep (mouflions from Sardinia?), and other grazing animals, besides +one thousand wild boars, and as many ostriches, were turned loose by the +emperor Gordian. + +[790] "Diem perdidi." This memorable speech is recorded by several +other historians, and praised by Eusebius in his Chronicles. + +[791] A.U.C. 832, A.D. 79. It is hardly necessary to refer to the well- +known Epistles of Pliny the younger, vi. 16 and 20, giving an account of +the first eruption of Vesuvius, in which Pliny, the historian, perished. +And see hereafter, p. 475. + +[792] The great fire at Rome happened in the second year of the reign of +Titus. It consumed a large portion of the city, and among the public +buildings destroyed were the temples of Serapis and Isis, that of +Neptune, the baths of Agrippa, the Septa, the theatres of Balbus and +Pompey, the buildings and library of Augustus on the Palatine, and the +temple of Jupiter in the Capitol. + +[793] See VESPASIAN, cc. i. and xxiv. The love of this emperor and his +son Titus for the rural retirement of their paternal acres in the Sabine +country, forms a striking contrast to the vicious attachment of such +tyrants as Tiberius and Caligula for the luxurious scenes of Baiae, or +the libidinous orgies of Capri. + +[794] A.U.C. 834, A.D. 82. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Titus Flavius Vespasianus Augustus +(Titus), by C. 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Suetonius Tranquillus + +Release Date: August, 2004 [EBook #6396] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on December 3, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + + + + + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF THE CAESARS, SUETONIUS, V11 *** + + + +This eBook was produced by Tapio Riikonen +and David Widger <widger@cecomet.net> + + + + + + THE LIVES + OF + THE TWELVE CAESARS + + By + C. Suetonius Tranquillus; + + To which are added, + + HIS LIVES OF THE GRAMMARIANS, RHETORICIANS, AND POETS. + + + The Translation of + Alexander Thomson, M.D. + + revised and corrected by + T.Forester, Esq., A.M. + + + + +(465) + + + TITUS FLAVIUS VESPASIANUS AUGUSTUS. + + +I. Titus, who had the same cognomen with his father, was the darling and +delight of mankind; so much did the natural genius, address, or good +fortune he possessed tend to conciliate the favour of all. This was, +indeed, extremely difficult, after he became emperor, as before that +time, and even during the reign of his father, he lay under public odium +and censure. He was born upon the third of the calends of January, [30th +Dec.] in the year remarkable for the death of Caius [776], near the +Septizonium [777], in a mean house, and a very small and dark room, which +still exists, and is shown to the curious. + +II. He was educated in the palace with Britannicus, and instructed in +the same branches of learning, and under the same masters. During this +time, they say, that a physiognomist being introduced by Narcissus, the +freedman of Claudius, to examine the features of Britannicus [778], +positively affirmed that he would never become emperor, but that Titus, +who stood by, would. They were so familiar, that Titus being next him at +table, is thought to have tasted of the fatal potion which put an end to +Britannicus's life, and to have contracted from it a distemper which hung +about him a long time. In remembrance of all these circumstances, he +afterwards erected a golden statue of him in the Palatium, and dedicated +to him an equestrian statue of ivory; attending it in the Circensian +procession, in which it is still carried to this day. + +(466) III. While yet a boy, he was remarkable for his noble endowments +both of body and mind; and as he advanced in years, they became still +more conspicuous. He had a fine person, combining an equal mixture of +majesty and grace; was very strong, though not tall, and somewhat +corpulent. Gifted with an excellent memory, and a capacity for all the +arts of peace and war; he was a perfect master of the use of arms and +riding; very ready in the Latin and Greek tongues, both in verse and +prose; and such was the facility he possessed in both, that he would +harangue and versify extempore. Nor was he unacquainted with music, but +could both sing and play upon the harp sweetly and scientifically. I +have likewise been informed by many persons, that he was remarkably quick +in writing short-hand, would in merriment and jest engage with his +secretaries in the imitation of any hand-writing he saw, and often say, +"that he was admirably qualified for forgery." + +IV. He filled with distinction the rank of a military tribune both in +Germany and Britain, in which he conducted himself with the utmost +activity, and no less modesty and reputation; as appears evident from the +great number of statues, with honourable inscriptions, erected to him in +various parts of both those provinces. After serving in the wars, he +frequented the courts of law, but with less assiduity than applause. +About the same time, he married Arricidia, the daughter of Tertullus, who +was only a knight, but had formerly been prefect of the pretorian guards. +After her decease, he married Marcia Furnilla, of a very noble family, +but afterwards divorced her, taking from her the daughter he had by her. +Upon the expiration of his quaestorship, he was raised to the rank of +commander of a legion [779], and took the two strong cities of Tarichaea +and Gamala, in Judaea; and having his horse killed under him in a battle, +he mounted another, whose rider he had encountered and slain. + +V. Soon afterwards, when Galba came to be emperor, he was sent to +congratulate him, and turned the eyes of all people upon himself, +wherever he came; it being the general opinion amongst them, that the +emperor had sent for him with a design to adopt him for his son. But +finding all things again in confusion, he turned back upon the road; and +going to consult (467) the oracle of Venus at Paphos about his voyage, he +received assurances of obtaining the empire for himself. These hopes +were speedily strengthened, and being left to finish the reduction of +Judaea, in the final assault of Jerusalem, he slew seven of its +defenders, with the like number of arrows, and took it upon his +daughter's birth-day [780]. So great was the joy and attachment of the +soldiers, that, in their congratulations, they unanimously saluted him by +the title of Emperor [781]; and, upon his quitting the province soon +afterwards, would needs have detained him, earnestly begging him, and +that not without threats, "either to stay, or take them all with him." +This occurrence gave rise to the suspicion of his being engaged in a +design to rebel against his father, and claim for himself the government +of the East; and the suspicion increased, when, on his way to Alexandria, +he wore a diadem at the consecration of the ox Apis at Memphis; and, +though he did it only in compliance with an ancient religious usage of +the country, yet there was some who put a bad construction upon it. +Making, therefore, what haste he could into Italy, he arrived first at +Rhegium, and sailing thence in a merchant ship to Puteoli, went to Rome +with all possible expedition. Presenting himself unexpectedly to his +father, he said, by way of contradicting the strange reports raised +concerning him, "I am come, father, I am come." + +VI. From that time he constantly acted as colleague with his father, +and, indeed, as regent of the empire. He triumphed [782] (468) with his +father, bore jointly with him the office of censor [783], and was, +besides, his colleague not only in the tribunitian authority [784], but +in seven consulships [785]. Taking upon himself the care and inspection +of all offices, he dictated letters, wrote proclamations in his father's +name, and pronounced his speeches in the senate in place of the quaestor. +He likewise assumed the command of the pretorian guards, although no one +but a Roman knight had ever before been their prefect. In this he +conducted himself with great haughtiness and violence, taking off without +scruple or delay all those he had most reason to suspect, after he had +secretly sent his emissaries into the theatres and camp, to demand, as if +by general consent, that the suspected persons should be delivered up to +punishment. Among these, he invited to supper A. Caecina, a man of +consular rank, whom he ordered to be stabbed at his departure, +immediately after he had gone out of the room. To this act, indeed, he +was provoked by an imminent danger; for he had discovered a writing under +the hand of Caecina, containing an account of a plot hatched among the +soldiers. By these acts, though he provided for his future security, yet +for the present he so much incurred the hatred of the people, that +scarcely ever any one came to the empire with a more odious character, or +more universally disliked. + +VII. Besides his cruelty, he lay under the suspicion of giving (469) way +to habits of luxury, as he often prolonged his revels till midnight with +the most riotous of his acquaintance. Nor was he unsuspected of +lewdness, on account of the swarms of catamites and eunuchs about him, +and his well-known attachment to queen Berenice [786], who received from +him, as it is reported, a promise of marriage. He was supposed, besides, +to be of a rapacious disposition; for it is certain, that, in causes +which came before his father, he used to offer his interest for sale, and +take bribes. In short, people publicly expressed an unfavourable opinion +of him, and said he would prove another Nero. This prejudice, however, +turned out in the end to his advantage, and enhanced his praises to the +highest pitch when he was found to possess no vicious propensities, but, +on the contrary, the noblest virtues. His entertainments were agreeable +rather than extravagant; and he surrounded himself with such excellent +friends, that the succeeding princes adopted them as most serviceable to +themselves and the state. He immediately sent away Berenice from the +city, much against both their inclinations. Some of his old eunuchs, +though such accomplished dancers, that they bore an uncontrollable sway +upon the stage, he was so far from treating with any extraordinary +kindness, that he would not so much as witness their performances in the +crowded theatre. He violated no private right; (470) and if ever man +refrained from injustice, he did; nay, he would not accept of the +allowable and customary offerings. Yet, in munificence, he was inferior +to none of the princes before him. Having dedicated his amphitheatre +[787], and built some warm baths [788] close by it with great expedition, +he entertained the people with most magnificent spectacles. He likewise +exhibited a naval fight in the old Naumachia, besides a combat of +gladiators; and in one day brought into the theatre five thousand wild +beasts of all kinds. [789] + +(471) VIII. He was by nature extremely benevolent; for whereas all the +emperors after Tiberius, according to the example he had set them, would +not admit the grants made by former princes to be valid, unless they +received their own sanction, he confirmed them all by one general edict, +without waiting for any applications respecting them. Of all who +petitioned for any favour, he sent none away without hopes. And when his +ministers represented to him that he promised more than he could perform, +he replied, "No one ought to go away downcast from an audience with his +prince." Once at supper, reflecting that he had done nothing for any +that day, he broke out into that memorable and justly-admired saying, "My +friends, I have lost a day." [790] More particularly, he treated the +people on all occasions with so much courtesy, that, on his presenting +them with a show of gladiators, he declared, "He should manage it, not +according to his own fancy, but that of the spectators," and did +accordingly. He denied them nothing, and very frankly encouraged them to +ask what they pleased. Espousing the cause of the Thracian party among +the gladiators, he frequently joined in the popular demonstrations in +their favour, but without compromising his dignity or doing injustice. +To omit no opportunity of acquiring popularity, he sometimes made use +himself of the baths he had erected, without excluding the common people. +There happened in his reign some dreadful accidents; an eruption of Mount +Vesuvius [791], in Campania, and a fire in Rome, which continued during +three days and three nights [792]; besides a plague, such as was scarcely +ever known before. Amidst these many great disasters, he not only +manifested the concern (472) which might be expected from a prince. but +even the affection of a father, for his people; one while comforting them +by his proclamations, and another while relieving them to the utmost of +his power. He chose by lot, from amongst the men of consular rank, +commissioners for repairing the losses in Campania. The estates of those +who had perished by the eruption of Vesuvius, and who had left no heirs, +he applied to the repair of the ruined cities. With regard to the public +buildings destroyed by fire in the City, he declared that nobody should +be a loser but himself. Accordingly, he applied all the ornaments of his +palaces to the decoration of the temples, and purposes of public utility, +and appointed several men of the equestrian order to superintend the +work. For the relief of the people during the plague, he employed, in +the way of sacrifice and medicine, all means both human and divine. +Amongst the calamities of the times, were informers and their agents; a +tribe of miscreants who had grown up under the licence of former reigns. +These he frequently ordered to be scourged or beaten with sticks in the +Forum, and then, after he had obliged them to pass through the +amphitheatre as a public spectacle, commanded them to be sold for slaves, +or else banished them to some rocky islands. And to discourage such +practices for the future, amongst other things, he prohibited actions to +be successively brought under different laws for the same cause, or the +state of affairs of deceased persons to be inquired into after a certain +number of years. + +IX. Having declared that he accepted the office of Pontifex Maximus for +the purpose of preserving his hands undefiled, he faithfully adhered to +his promise. For after that time he was neither directly nor indirectly +concerned in the death of any person, though he sometimes was justly +irritated. He swore "that he would perish himself, rather than prove the +destruction of any man." Two men of patrician rank being convicted of +aspiring to the empire, he only advised them to desist, saying, "that the +sovereign power was disposed of by fate," and promised them, that if +there was any thing else they desired of him, he would grant it. He also +immediately sent messengers to the mother of one of them, who was at a +great distance, and in deep anxiety about her son, to assure her of his +safety. Nay, he not only invited them to sup with (473) him, but next +day, at a show of gladiators, purposely placed them close by him; and +handed to them the arms of the combatants for his inspection. It is said +likewise, that having had their nativities cast, he assured them, "that a +great calamity was impending on both of them, but from another hand, and +not from his." Though his brother was continually plotting against him, +almost openly stirring up the armies to rebellion, and contriving to get +away, yet he could not endure to put him to death, or to banish him from +his presence; nor did he treat him with less respect than before. But +from his first accession to the empire, he constantly declared him his +partner in it, and that he should be his successor; begging of him +sometimes in private, with tears in his eyes, "to return the affection he +had for him." + +X. Amidst all these favourable circumstances, he was cut off by an +untimely death, more to the loss of mankind than himself. At the close +of the public spectacles, he wept bitterly in the presence of the people, +and then retired into the Sabine country [793], rather melancholy, +because a victim had made its escape while he was sacrificing, and loud +thunder had been heard while the atmosphere was serene. At the first +resting-place on the road, he was seized with a fever, and being carried +forward in a litter, they say that he drew back the curtains, and looked +up to heaven, complaining heavily, "that his life was taken from him, +though he had done nothing to deserve it; for there was no action of his +that he had occasion to repent of, but one." What that was, he neither +disclosed himself, nor is it easy for us to conjecture. Some imagine +that he alluded to the connection which he had formerly had with his +brother's wife. But Domitia solemnly denied it on oath; which she would +never have done, had there been any truth in the report; nay, she would +certainly have gloried in it, as she was forward enough to boast of all +her scandalous intrigues. + +XI. He died in the same villa where his father had died (474) before +him, upon the Ides of September [the 13th of September]; two years, two +months, and twenty days after he had succeeded his father; and in the +one-and-fortieth year of his age [794]. As soon as the news of his death +was published, all people mourned for him, as for the loss of some near +relative. The senate assembled in haste, before they could be summoned +by proclamation, and locking the doors of their house at first, but +afterwards opening them, gave him such thanks, and heaped upon him such +praises, now he was dead, as they never had done whilst he was alive and +present amongst them. + + * * * * * * + +TITUS FLAVIUS VESPASIAN, the younger, was the first prince who succeeded +to the empire by hereditary right; and having constantly acted, after his +return from Judaea, as colleague with his father in the administration, +he seemed to be as well qualified by experience as he was by abilities, +for conducting the affairs of the empire. But with respect to his +natural disposition, and moral behaviour, the expectations entertained by +the public were not equally flattering. He was immoderately addicted to +luxury; he had betrayed a strong inclination to cruelty; and he lived in +the habitual practice of lewdness, no less unnatural than intemperate. +But, with a degree of virtuous resolution unexampled in history, he had +no sooner taken into his hands the entire reins of government, than he +renounced every vicious attachment. Instead of wallowing in luxury, as +before, he became a model of temperance; instead of cruelty, he displayed +the strongest proofs of humanity and benevolence; and in the room of +lewdness, he exhibited a transition to the most unblemished chastity and +virtue. In a word, so sudden and great a change was never known in the +character of mortal; and he had the peculiar glory to receive the +appellation of "the darling and delight of mankind." + +Under a prince of such a disposition, the government of the empire could +not but be conducted with the strictest regard to the public welfare. +The reform, which was begun in the late reign, he prosecuted with the +most ardent application; and, had he lived for a longer time, it is +probable that his authority and example would have produced the most +beneficial effects upon the manners of the Romans. + +During the reign of this emperor, in the seventy-ninth year of (475) the +Christian era, happened the first eruption of Mount Vesuvius, which has +ever since been celebrated for its volcano. Before this time, Vesuvius +is spoken of, by ancient writers, as being covered with orchards and +vineyards, and of which the middle was dry and barren. The eruption was +accompanied by an earthquake, which destroyed several cities of Campania, +particularly Pompeii and Herculaneum; while the lava, pouring down the +mountain in torrents, overwhelmed, in various directions, the adjacent +plains. The burning ashes were carried not only over the neighbouring +country, but as far as the shores of Egypt, Libya, and even Syria. +Amongst those to whom this dreadful eruption proved fatal, was Pliny, the +celebrated naturalist, whose curiosity to examine the phenomenon led him +so far within the verge of danger, that he could not afterwards escape. + +PLINY, surnamed the Elder, was born at Verona, of a noble family. He +distinguished himself early by his military achievements in the German +war, received the dignity of an Augur, at Rome, and was afterwards +appointed governor of Spain. In every public character, he acquitted +himself with great reputation, and enjoyed the esteem of the several +emperors under whom he lived. The assiduity with which he applied +himself to the collection of information, either curious or useful, +surpasses all example. From an early hour in the morning, until late at +night, he was almost constantly employed in discharging the duties of his +public station, in reading or hearing books read by his amanuensis, and +in extracting from them whatever seemed worthy of notice. Even during +his meals, and while travelling in his carriage upon business, he +prosecuted with unremitting zeal and diligence his taste for enquiry and +compilation. No man ever displayed so strong a persuasion of the value +of time, or availed himself so industriously of it. He considered every +moment as lost which was not employed in literary pursuits. The books +which he wrote, in consequence of this indefatigable exertion, were, +according to the account transmitted by his nephew, Pliny the younger, +numerous, and on various subjects. The catalogue of them is as follows: +a book on Equestrian Archery, which discovered much skill in the art; the +Life of Q. Pomponius Secundus; twenty books of the Wars of Germany; a +complete treatise on the Education of an Orator, in six volumes; eight +books of Doubtful Discourses, written in the latter part of the reign of +Nero, when every kind of moral discussion was attended with danger; with +a hundred and sixty volumes of remarks on the writings of the various +authors which he had perused. For the last-mentioned production only, +and before it was brought near to its accomplishment, we are told, that +he (476) was offered by Largius Licinius four hundred thousand sesterces, +amounting to upwards of three thousand two hundred pounds sterling; an +enormous sum for the copyright of a book before the invention of +printing! But the only surviving work of this voluminous author is his +Natural History, in thirty-seven books, compiled from the various writers +who had treated of that extensive and interesting subject. + +If we estimate this great work either by the authenticity of the +information which it contains, or its utility in promoting the +advancement of arts and sciences, we should not consider it as an object +of any extraordinary encomiums; but when we view it as a literary +monument, which displays the whole knowledge of the ancients, relative to +Natural History, collected during a period of about seven hundred years, +from the time of Thales the Milesian, it has a just claim to the +attention of every speculative enquirer. It is not surprising, that the +progress of the human mind, which, in moral science, after the first dawn +of enquiry, was rapid both amongst the Greeks and Romans, should be slow +in the improvement of such branches of knowledge as depended entirely on +observation and facts, which were peculiarly difficult of attainment. +Natural knowledge can only be brought to perfection by the prosecution of +enquiries in different climates, and by a communication of discoveries +amongst those by whom it is cultivated. But neither could enquiries be +prosecuted, nor discoveries communicated, with success, while the greater +part of the world was involved in barbarism, while navigation was slow +and limited, and the art of printing unknown. The consideration of these +circumstances will afford sufficient apology for the imperfect state in +which natural science existed amongst the ancients. But we proceed to +give an abstract of their extent, as they appear in the compilation of +Pliny. + +This work is divided into thirty-seven books; the first of which contains +the Preface, addressed to the emperor Vespasian, probably the father, to +whom the author pays high compliments. The second book treats of the +world, the elements, and the stars. In respect to the world, or rather +the universe, the author's opinion is the same with that of several +ancient philosophers, that it is a Deity, uncreated, infinite, and +eternal. Their notions, however, as might be expected, on a subject so +incomprehensible, are vague, confused, and imperfect. In a subsequent +chapter of the same book, where the nature of the Deity is more +particularly considered, the author's conceptions of infinite power are +so inadequate, that, by way of consolation for the limited powers of man, +he observes that there are many things even beyond the power of the +Supreme Being; such, for instance, as the annihilation of his own +existence; to which the author adds, the power (477) of rendering mortals +eternal, and of raising the dead. It deserves to be remarked, that, +though a future state of rewards and punishments was maintained by the +most eminent among the ancient philosophers, the resurrection of the body +was a doctrine with which they were wholly unacquainted. + +The author next treats of the planets, and the periods of their +respective revolutions; of the stars, comets, winds, thunder, lightning, +and other natural phenomena, concerning all which he delivers the +hypothetical notions maintained by the ancients, and mentions a variety +of extraordinary incidents which had occurred in different parts of the +world. The third book contains a general system of geography, which is +continued through the fourth, fifth, and sixth books. The seventh treats +of conception, and the generation of the human species, with a number of +miscellaneous observations, unconnected with the general subject. The +eighth treats of quadrupeds; the ninth, of aquatic animals; the tenth, of +birds; the eleventh, of insects and reptiles; the twelfth, of trees; the +thirteenth, of ointments, and of trees which grow near the sea-coast; the +fourteenth, of vines; the fifteenth, of fruit-trees; the sixteenth, of +forest-trees; the seventeenth, of the cultivation of trees; the +eighteenth, of agriculture; the nineteenth, of the nature of lint, hemp, +and similar productions; the twentieth, of the medicinal qualities of +vegetables cultivated in gardens; the twenty-first, of flowers; the +twenty-second, of the properties of herbs; the twenty-third, of the +medicines yielded by cultivated trees; the twenty-fourth, of medicines +derived from forest-trees; the twenty-fifth, of the properties of wild +herbs, and the origin of their use; the twenty-sixth, of other remedies +for diseases, and of some new diseases; the twenty-seventh, of different +kinds of herbs; the twenty-eighth, twenty-ninth, and thirtieth, of +medicines procured from animals; the thirty-first and thirty-second, of +medicines obtained from aquatic animals, with some extraordinary facts +relative to the subject; the thirty-third, of the nature of metals; the +thirty-fourth, of brass, iron, lead, and tin; the thirty-fifth, of +pictures, and observations relative to painting; the thirty-sixth, of the +nature of stones and marbles; the thirty-seventh, of the origin of gems. +To the contents of each book, the author subjoins a list of the writers +from whom his observations have been collected. + +Of Pliny's talents as a writer, it might be deemed presumptuous to form a +decided opinion from his Natural History, which is avowedly a compilation +from various authors, and executed with greater regard to the matter of +the work, than to the elegance of composition. Making allowance, +however, for a degree of credulity, common to the human mind in the early +stage of physical (478) researches, he is far from being deficient in the +essential qualifications of a writer of Natural History. His +descriptions appear to be accurate, his observations precise, his +narrative is in general perspicuous, and he often illustrates his subject +by a vivacity of thought, as well as by a happy turn of expression. It +has been equally his endeavour to give novelty to stale disquisitions, +and authority to new observations. He has both removed the rust, and +dispelled the obscurity, which enveloped the doctrines of many ancient +naturalists; but, with all his care and industry, he has exploded fewer +errors, and sanctioned a greater number of doubtful opinions, than was +consistent with the exercise of unprejudiced and severe investigation. + +Pliny was fifty-six years of age at the time of his death; the manner of +which is accurately related by his nephew, the elegant Pliny the Younger, +in a letter to Tacitus, who entertained a design of writing the life of +the naturalist. + + +FOOTNOTES: + + + +[776] Caligula. Titus was born A.U.C. 794; about A.D. 49. + +[777] The Septizonium was a circular building of seven stories. The +remains of that of Septimus Severus, which stood on the side of the +Palatine Hill, remained till the time of Pope Sixtus V., who removed it, +and employed thirty-eight of its columns in ornamenting the church of St. +Peter. It does not appear whether the Septizonium here mentioned as +existing in the time of Titus, stood on the same spot. + +[778] Britannicus, the son of Claudius and Messalina. + +[779] A.U.C. 820. + +[780] Jerusalem was taken, sacked, and burnt, by Titus, after a two +years' siege, on the 8th September, A.U.C. 821, A.D. 69; it being the +Sabbath. It was in the second year of the reign of Vespasian, when the +emperor was sixty years old, and Titus himself, as he informs us, thirty. +For particulars of the siege, see Josephus, De Bell. Jud. vi. and vii.; +Hegesippus, Excid. Hierosol. v.; Dio, lxvi.; Tacitus, Hist. v.; Orosius, +vii. 9. + +[781] For the sense in which Titus was saluted with the title of Emperor +by the troops, see JULIUS CAESAR, c. lxxvi. + +[782] The joint triumph of Vespasian and Titus, which was celebrated +A.U.C. 824, is fully described by Josephus, De Bell. Jud. vii. 24. It is +commemorated by the triumphal monument called the Arch of Titus, erected +by the senate and people of Rome after his death, and still standing at +the foot of the Palatine Hill, on the road leading from the Colosseum to +the Forum, and is one of the most beautiful as well as the most +interesting models of Roman art. It consists of four stories of the +three orders of architecture, the Corinthian being repeated in the two +highest. Some of the bas-reliefs, still in good preservation, represent +the table of the shew-bread, the seven-branched golden candlestick, the +vessel of incense, and the silver trumpets, which were taken by Titus +from the Temple at Jerusalem, and, with the book of the law, the veil of +the temple, and other spoils, were carried in the triumph. The fate of +these sacred relics is rather interesting. Josephus says, that the veil +and books of the law were deposited in the Palatium, and the rest of the +spoils in the Temple of Peace. When that was burnt, in the reign of +Commodus, these treasures were saved, and they were afterwards carried +off by Genseric to Africa. Belisarius recovered them, and brought them +to Constantinople, A.D. 520. Procopius informs us, that a Jew, who saw +them, told an acquaintance of the emperor that it would not be advisable +to carry them to the palace at Constantinople, as they could not remain +anywhere else but where Solomon had placed them. This, he said, was the +reason why Genseric had taken the Palace at Rome, and the Roman army had +in turn taken that of the Vandal kings. Upon this, the emperor was so +alarmed, that he sent the whole of them to the Christian churches at +Jerusalem. + +[783] A.U.C. 825. + +[784] A.U.C. 824. + +[785] A.U.C. 823, 825, 827-830, 832. + +[786] Berenice, whose name is written by our author and others Beronice, +was daughter of Agrippa the Great, who was by Aristobulus, grandson of +Herod the Great. Having been contracted to Mark, son of Alexander +Lysimachus, he died before their union, and Agrippa married her to Herod, +Mark's brother, for whom he had obtained from the emperor Claudius the +kingdom of Chalcis. Herod also dying, Berenice, then a widow, lived with +her brother, Agrippa, and was suspected of an incestuous intercourse with +him. It was at this time that, on their way to the imperial court at +Rome, they paid a visit to Festus, at Caesarea, and were present when St. +Paul answered his accusers so eloquently before the tribunal of the +governor. Her fascinations were so great, that, to shield herself from +the charge of incest, she prevailed on Polemon, king of Cilicia, to +submit to be circumcised, become a Jew, and marry her. That union also +proving unfortunate, she appears to have returned to Jerusalem, and +having attracted Vespasian by magnificent gifts, and the young Titus by +her extraordinary beauty, she followed them to Rome, after the +termination of the Jewish war, and had apartments in the palace, where +she lived with Titus, "to all appearance, as his wife," as Xiphilinus +informs us; and there seems no doubt that be would have married her, but +for the strong prejudices of the Romans against foreign alliances. +Suetonius tells us with what pain they separated. + +[787] The Colosseum: it had been four years in building. See VESPAS. +c. ix. + +[788] The Baths of Titus stood on the Esquiline Hill, on part of the +ground which had been the gardens of Mecaenas. Considerable remains of +them are still found among the vineyards; vaulted chambers of vast +dimensions, some of which were decorated with arabesque paintings, still +in good preservation. Titus appears to have erected a palace for himself +adjoining; for the Laocoon, which is mentioned by Pliny as standing in +this palace, was found in the neighbouring ruins. + +[789] If the statements were not well attested, we might be incredulous +as to the number of wild beasts collected for the spectacles to which the +people of Rome were so passionately devoted. The earliest account we +have of such an exhibition, was A.U.C. 502, when one hundred and forty- +two elephants, taken in Sicily, were produced. Pliny, who gives this +information, states that lions first appeared in any number, A.U.C. 652; +but these were probably not turned loose. In 661, Sylla, when he was +praetor, brought forward one hundred. In 696, besides lions, elephants, +and bears, one hundred and fifty panthers were shown for the first time. +At the dedication of Pompey's Theatre, there was the greatest exhibition +of beasts ever then known; including seventeen elephants, six hundred +lions, which were killed in the course of five days, four hundred and ten +panthers, etc. A rhinoceros also appeared for the first time. This was +A.U.C. 701. The art of taming these beasts was carried to such +perfection, that Mark Antony actually yoked them to his carriage. Julius +Caesar, in his third dictatorship, A.U.C. 708, showed a vast number of +wild beasts, among which were four hundred lions and a cameleopard. A +tiger was exhibited for the first time at the dedication of the Theatre +of Marcellus, A.U.C. 743. It was kept in a cage. Claudius afterwards +exhibited four together. The exhibition of Titus, at the dedication of +the Colosseum, here mentioned by Suetonius, seems to have been the +largest ever made; Xiphilinus even adds to the number, and says, that +including wild-boars, cranes, and other animals, no less than nine +thousand were killed. In the reigns of succeeding emperors, a new +feature was given to these spectacles, the Circus being converted into a +temporary forest, by planting large trees, in which wild animals were +turned loose, and the people were allowed to enter the wood and take what +they pleased. In this instance, the game consisted principally of beasts +of chase; and, on one occasion, one thousand stags, as many of the ibex, +wild sheep (mouflions from Sardinia?), and other grazing animals, besides +one thousand wild boars, and as many ostriches, were turned loose by the +emperor Gordian. + +[790] "Diem perdidi." This memorable speech is recorded by several +other historians, and praised by Eusebius in his Chronicles. + +[791] A.U.C. 832, A.D. 79. It is hardly necessary to refer to the well- +known Epistles of Pliny the younger, vi. 16 and 20, giving an account of +the first eruption of Vesuvius, in which Pliny, the historian, perished. +And see hereafter, p. 475. + +[792] The great fire at Rome happened in the second year of the reign of +Titus. It consumed a large portion of the city, and among the public +buildings destroyed were the temples of Serapis and Isis, that of +Neptune, the baths of Agrippa, the Septa, the theatres of Balbus and +Pompey, the buildings and library of Augustus on the Palatine, and the +temple of Jupiter in the Capitol. + +[793] See VESPASIAN, cc. i. and xxiv. The love of this emperor and his +son Titus for the rural retirement of their paternal acres in the Sabine +country, forms a striking contrast to the vicious attachment of such +tyrants as Tiberius and Caligula for the luxurious scenes of Baiae, or +the libidinous orgies of Capri. + +[794] A.U.C. 834, A.D. 82. + + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF THE CAESARS, SUETONIUS, V11 *** + +************* This file should be named st11w10.txt or st11w10.zip ************ + +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, st11w11.txt +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, st11w10a.txt + +This eBook was produced by Tapio Riikonen +and David Widger <widger@cecomet.net> + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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