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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of T. Flavius Vespasianus Augustus (Vespasian)
+by C. Suetonius Tranquillus
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: T. Flavius Vespasianus Augustus (Vespasian)
+       The Lives Of The Twelve Caesars, Volume 10.
+
+Author: C. Suetonius Tranquillus
+
+Release Date: December 14, 2004 [EBook #6395]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK T. FLAVIUS VESPASIANUS AUGUSTUS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Tapio Riikonen and David Widger
+
+
+
+
+
+                               THE LIVES
+                                   OF
+                           THE TWELVE CAESARS
+
+                                   By
+                       C. Suetonius Tranquillus;
+
+                          To which are added,
+
+         HIS LIVES OF THE GRAMMARIANS, RHETORICIANS, AND POETS.
+
+
+                          The Translation of
+                        Alexander Thomson, M.D.
+
+                        revised and corrected by
+                         T.Forester, Esq., A.M.
+
+
+
+
+T. FLAVIUS VESPASIANUS AUGUSTUS.
+
+(441)
+
+I.  The empire, which had been long thrown into a disturbed and unsetted
+state, by the rebellion and violent death of its three last rulers, was
+at length restored to peace and security by the Flavian family, whose
+descent was indeed obscure, and which boasted no ancestral honours; but
+the public had no cause to regret its elevation; though it is
+acknowledged that Domitian met with the just reward of his avarice and
+cruelty.  Titus Flavius Petro, a townsman of Reate [721], whether a
+centurion or an evocatus [722] of Pompey's party in the civil war, is
+uncertain, fled out of the battle of Pharsalia and went home; where,
+having at last obtained his pardon and discharge, he became a collector
+of the money raised by public sales in the way of auction.  His son,
+surnamed Sabinus, was never engaged in the military service, though some
+say he was a centurion of the first order, and others, that whilst he
+held that rank, he was discharged on account of his bad state of health:
+this Sabinus, I say, was a publican, and received the tax of the fortieth
+penny in Asia.  And there were remaining, at the time of the advancement
+of the family, several statues, which had been erected to him by the
+cities of that province, with this inscription: "To the honest
+Tax-farmer." [723]  He afterwards turned usurer amongst the Helvetii, and
+there died, leaving behind him his wife, Vespasia Pella, and two sons by
+her; the elder of whom, Sabinus, came to be prefect of the city, and the
+younger, Vespasian, to be emperor.  Polla, descended of a good family, at
+Nursia [724], had for her father Vespasius Pollio, thrice appointed (442)
+military tribune, and at last prefect of the camp; and her brother was a
+senator of praetorian dignity.  There is to this day, about six miles
+from Nursia, on the road to Spoletum, a place on the summit of a hill,
+called Vespasiae, where are several monuments of the Vespasii, a
+sufficient proof of the splendour and antiquity of the family.  I will
+not deny that some have pretended to say, that Petro's father was a
+native of Gallia Transpadana [725], whose employment was to hire
+workpeople who used to emigrate every year from the country of the Umbria
+into that of the Sabines, to assist them in their husbandry [726]; but
+who settled at last in the town of Reate, and there married.  But of this
+I have not been able to discover the least proof, upon the strictest
+inquiry.
+
+II.  Vespasian was born in the country of the Sabines, beyond Reate, in a
+little country-seat called Phalacrine, upon the fifth of the calends of
+December [27th November], in the evening, in the consulship of Quintus
+Sulpicius Camerinus and Caius Poppaeus Sabinus, five years before the
+death of Augustus [727]; and was educated under the care of Tertulla, his
+grandmother by the father's side, upon an estate belonging to the family,
+at Cosa [728].  After his advancement to the empire, he used frequently
+to visit the place where he had spent his infancy; and the villa was
+continued in the same condition, that he might see every thing about him
+just as he had been used to do.  And he had so great a regard for the
+memory of his grandmother, that, upon solemn occasions and festival days,
+he constantly drank out of a silver cup which she had been accustomed to
+use.  After assuming the manly habit, he had a long time a distaste for
+the senatorian toga, though his brother had obtained it; nor could he be
+persuaded by any one but his mother to sue for that badge of honour.  She
+at length drove him to it, more by taunts and reproaches, than by her
+entreaties (443) and authority, calling him now and then, by way of
+reproach, his brother's footman.  He served as military tribune in
+Thrace.  When made quaestor, the province of Crete and Cyrene fell to him
+by lot.  He was candidate for the aedileship, and soon after for the
+praetorship, but met with a repulse in the former case; though at last,
+with much difficulty, he came in sixth on the poll-books.  But the office
+of praetor he carried upon his first canvass, standing amongst the
+highest at the poll.  Being incensed against the senate, and desirous to
+gain, by all possible means, the good graces of Caius [729], he obtained
+leave to exhibit extraordinary [730] games for the emperor's victory in
+Germany, and advised them to increase the punishment of the conspirators
+against his life, by exposing their corpses unburied.  He likewise gave
+him thanks in that august assembly for the honour of being admitted to
+his table.
+
+III.  Meanwhile, he married Flavia Domitilla, who had formerly been the
+mistress of Statilius Capella, a Roman knight of Sabrata in Africa, who
+[Domitilla] enjoyed Latin rights; and was soon after declared fully and
+freely a citizen of Rome, on a trial before the court of Recovery,
+brought by her father Flavius Liberalis, a native of Ferentum, but no
+more than secretary to a quaestor.  By her he had the following children:
+Titus, Domitian, and Domitilla.  He outlived his wife and daughter, and
+lost them both before he became emperor.  After the death of his wife, he
+renewed his union [731] with his former concubine Caenis, the freedwoman
+of Antonia, and also her amanuensis, and treated her, even after he was
+emperor, almost as if she had been his lawful wife. [732]
+
+(444) IV.  In the reign of Claudius, by the interest of Narcissus, he was
+sent to Germany, in command of a legion; whence being removed into
+Britain, he engaged the enemy in thirty several battles.  He reduced
+under subjection to the Romans two very powerful tribes, and above twenty
+great towns, with the Isle of Wight, which lies close to the coast of
+Britain; partly under the command of Aulus Plautius, the consular
+lieutenant, and partly under Claudius himself [733].  For this success he
+received the triumphal ornaments, and in a short time after two
+priesthoods, besides the consulship, which he held during the two last
+months of the year [734].  The interval between that and his
+proconsulship he spent in leisure and retirement, for fear of Agrippina,
+who still held great sway over her son, and hated all the friends of
+Narcissus, who was then dead.  Afterwards he got by lot the province of
+Africa, which he governed with great reputation, excepting that once, in
+an insurrection at Adrumetum, he was pelted with turnips.  It is certain
+that he returned thence nothing richer; for his credit was so low, that
+he was obliged to mortgage his whole property to his brother, and was
+reduced to the necessity of dealing in mules, for the support of his
+rank; for which reason he was commonly called "the Muleteer."  He is said
+likewise to have been convicted of extorting from a young man of fashion
+two hundred thousand sesterces for procuring him the broad-stripe,
+contrary to the wishes of his father, and was severely reprimanded for
+it.  While in attendance upon Nero in Achaia, he frequently withdrew from
+the theatre while Nero was singing, and went to sleep if he remained,
+which gave so much (445) offence, that he was not only excluded from his
+society, but debarred the liberty of saluting him in public.  Upon this,
+he retired to a small out-of-the-way town, where he lay skulking in
+constant fear of his life, until a province, with an army, was offered
+him.
+
+A firm persuasion had long prevailed through all the East [735], that it
+was fated for the empire of the world, at that time, to devolve on some
+who should go forth from Judaea.  This prediction referred to a Roman
+emperor, as the event shewed; but the Jews, applying it to themselves,
+broke out into rebellion, and having defeated and slain their governor
+[736], routed the lieutenant of Syria [737], a man of consular rank, who
+was advancing to his assistance, and took an eagle, the standard, of one
+of his legions.  As the suppression of this revolt appeared to require a
+stronger force and an active general, who might be safely trusted in an
+affair of so much importance, Vespasian was chosen in preference to all
+others, both for his known activity, and on account of the obscurity of
+his origin and name, being a person of whom (446) there could be not the
+least jealousy.  Two legions, therefore, eight squadrons of horse, and
+ten cohorts, being added to the former troops in Judaea, and, taking with
+him his eldest son as lieutenant, as soon as he arrived in his province,
+he turned the eyes of the neighbouring provinces upon him, by reforming
+immediately the discipline of the camp, and engaging the enemy once or
+twice with such resolution, that, in the attack of a castle [738], he had
+his knee hurt by the stroke of a stone, and received several arrows in
+his shield.
+
+V.  After the deaths of Nero and Galba, whilst Otho and Vitellius were
+contending for the sovereignty, he entertained hopes of obtaining the
+empire, with the prospect of which he had long before flattered himself,
+from the following omens.  Upon an estate belonging to the Flavian
+family, in the neighbourhood of Rome, there was an old oak, sacred to
+Mars, which, at the three several deliveries of Vespasia, put out each
+time a new branch; evident intimations of the future fortune of each
+child.  The first was but a slender one, which quickly withered away; and
+accordingly, the girl that was born did not live long.  The second became
+vigorous, which portended great good fortune; but the third grew like a
+tree.  His father, Sabinus, encouraged by these omens, which were
+confirmed by the augurs, told his mother, "that her grandson would be
+emperor of Rome;" at which she laughed heartily, wondering, she said,
+"that her son should be in his dotage whilst she continued still in full
+possession of her faculties."
+
+Afterwards in his aedileship, when Caius Caesar, being enraged at his not
+taking care to have the streets kept clean, ordered the soldiers to fill
+the bosom of his gown with dirt, some persons at that time construed it
+into a sign that the government, being trampled under foot and deserted
+in some civil commotion, would fall under his protection, and as it were
+into his lap.  Once, while he was at dinner, a strange dog, that wandered
+about the streets, brought a man's hand [739], and laid it under the
+table.  And another time, while he was at supper, a plough-ox throwing
+the yoke off his neck, broke into the room, and after he had frightened
+away all the attendants, (447) on a sudden, as if he was tired, fell down
+at his feet, as he lay still upon his couch, and hung down his neck.  A
+cypress-tree likewise, in a field belonging to the family, was torn up by
+the roots, and laid flat upon the ground, when there was no violent wind;
+but next day it rose again fresher and stronger than before.
+
+He dreamt in Achaia that the good fortune of himself and his family would
+begin when Nero had a tooth drawn; and it happened that the day after, a
+surgeon coming into the hall, showed him a tooth which he had just
+extracted from Nero.  In Judaea, upon his consulting the oracle of the
+divinity at Carmel [740], the answer was so encouraging as to assure him
+of success in anything he projected, however great or important it might
+be.  And when Josephus [741], one of the noble prisoners, was put in
+chains, he confidently affirmed that he should be released in a very
+short time by the same Vespasian, but he would be emperor first [742].
+Some omens were likewise mentioned in the news from Rome, and among
+others, that Nero, towards the close of his days, was commanded in a
+dream to carry Jupiter's sacred chariot out of the sanctuary where it
+stood, to Vespasian's house, and conduct it thence into the circus.  Also
+not long afterwards, as Galba was going to the election, in which he was
+created consul for the second time, a statue of the Divine Julius [743]
+turned towards the east.  And in the field of Bedriacum [744], before the
+battle began, two eagles engaged in the sight of the army; and one of
+them being beaten, a third came from the east, and drove away the
+conqueror.
+
+(448) VI.  He made, however, no attempt upon the sovereignty, though his
+friends were very ready to support him, and even pressed him to the
+enterprise, until he was encouraged to it by the fortuitous aid of
+persons unknown to him and at a distance.  Two thousand men, drawn out of
+three legions in the Moesian army, had been sent to the assistance of
+Otho.  While they were upon their march, news came that he had been
+defeated, and had put an end to his life; notwithstanding which they
+continued their march as far as Aquileia, pretending that they gave no
+credit to the report.  There, tempted by the opportunity which the
+disorder of the times afforded them, they ravaged and plundered the
+country at discretion; until at length, fearing to be called to an
+account on their return, and punished for it, they resolved upon choosing
+and creating an emperor.  "For they were no ways inferior," they said,
+"to the army which made Galba emperor, nor to the pretorian troops which
+had set up Otho, nor the army in Germany, to whom Vitellius owed his
+elevation."  The names of all the consular lieutenants, therefore, being
+taken into consideration, and one objecting to one, and another to
+another, for various reasons; at last some of the third legion, which a
+little before Nero's death had been removed out of Syria into Moesia,
+extolled Vespasian in high terms; and all the rest assenting, his name
+was immediately inscribed on their standards.  The design was
+nevertheless quashed for a time, the troops being brought to submit to
+Vitellius a little longer.
+
+However, the fact becoming known, Tiberius Alexander, governor of Egypt,
+first obliged the legions under his command to swear obedience to
+Vespasian as their emperor, on the calends [the 1st] of July, which was
+observed ever after as the day of his accession to the empire; and upon
+the fifth of the ides of the same month [the 28th July], the army in
+Judaea, where he then was, also swore allegiance to him.  What
+contributed greatly to forward the affair, was a copy of a letter,
+whether real or counterfeit, which was circulated, and said to have been
+written by Otho before his decease to Vespasian, recommending to him in
+the most urgent terms to avenge his death, and entreating him to come to
+the aid of the commonwealth; as well as a report which was circulated,
+that Vitellius, after his success against Otho, proposed to change the
+winter quarters of the legions, and remove those in Germany to a less
+(449) hazardous station and a warmer climate.  Moreover, amongst the
+governors of provinces, Licinius Mucianus dropping the grudge arising
+from a jealousy of which he had hitherto made no secret, promised to join
+him with the Syrian army, and, among the allied kings, Volugesus, king of
+the Parthians, offered him a reinforcement of forty thousand archers.
+
+VII.  Having, therefore, entered on a civil war, and sent forward his
+generals and forces into Italy, he himself, in the meantime, passed over
+to Alexandria, to obtain possession of the key of Egypt [745].  Here
+having entered alone, without attendants, the temple of Serapis, to take
+the auspices respecting the establishment of his power, and having done
+his utmost to propitiate the deity, upon turning round, [his freedman]
+Basilides [746] appeared before him, and seemed to offer him the sacred
+leaves, chaplets, and cakes, according to the usage of the place,
+although no one had admitted him, and he had long laboured under a
+muscular debility, which would hardly have allowed him to walk into the
+temple; besides which, it was certain that at the very time he was far
+away.  Immediately after this, arrived letters with intelligence that
+Vitellius's troops had been defeated at Cremona, and he himself slain at
+Rome.  Vespasian, the new emperor, having been raised unexpectedly from a
+low estate, wanted something which might clothe him with divine majesty
+and authority.  This, likewise, was now added.  A poor man who was blind,
+and another who was lame, came both together before him, when he was
+seated on the tribunal, imploring him to heal them [747], and saying that
+they were admonished (450) in a dream by the god Serapis to seek his aid,
+who assured them that he would restore sight to the one by anointing his
+eyes with his spittle, and give strength to the leg of the other, if he
+vouchsafed but to touch it with his heel.  At first he could scarcely
+believe that the thing would any how succeed, and therefore hesitated to
+venture on making the experiment.  At length, however, by the advice of
+his friends, he made the attempt publicly, in the presence of the
+assembled multitudes, and it was crowned with success in both cases
+[748].  About the same time, at Tegea in Arcadia, by the direction (451)
+of some soothsayers, several vessels of ancient workmanship were dug out
+of a consecrated place, on which there was an effigy resembling
+Vespasian.
+
+VIII.  Returning now to Rome, under these auspices, and with a great
+reputation, after enjoying a triumph for victories over the Jews, he
+added eight consulships [749] to his former one.  He likewise assumed the
+censorship, and made it his principal concern, during the whole of his
+government, first to restore order in the state, which had been almost
+ruined, and was in a tottering condition, and then to improve it.  The
+soldiers, one part of them emboldened by victory, and the other smarting
+with the disgrace of their defeat, had abandoned themselves to every
+species of licentiousness and insolence.  Nay, the provinces, too, and
+free cities, and some kingdoms in alliance with Rome, were all in a
+disturbed state.  He, therefore, disbanded many of Vitellius's soldiers,
+and punished others; and so far was he from granting any extraordinary
+favours to the sharers of his success, that it was late before he paid
+the gratuities due to them by law.  That he might let slip no opportunity
+of reforming the discipline of the army, upon a young man's coming much
+perfumed to return him thanks (452) for having appointed him to command a
+squadron of horse, he turned away his head in disgust, and, giving him
+this sharp reprimand, "I had rather you had smelt of garlic," revoked his
+commission.  When the men belonging to the fleet, who travelled by turns
+from Ostia and Puteoli to Rome, petitioned for an addition to their pay,
+under the name of shoe-money, thinking that it would answer little
+purpose to send them away without a reply, he ordered them for the future
+to run barefooted; and so they have done ever since.  He deprived of
+their liberties, Achaia, Lycia, Rhodes, Byzantium, and Samos; and reduced
+them into the form of provinces; Thrace, also, and Cilicia, as well as
+Comagene, which until that time had been under the government of kings.
+He stationed some legions in Cappadocia on account of the frequent
+inroads of the barbarians, and, instead of a Roman knight, appointed as
+governor of it a man of consular rank.  The ruins of houses which had
+been burnt down long before, being a great desight to the city, he gave
+leave to any one who would, to take possession of the void ground and
+build upon it, if the proprietors should hesitate to perform the work
+themselves.  He resolved upon rebuilding the Capitol, and was the
+foremost to put his hand to clearing the ground of the rubbish, and
+removed some of it upon his own shoulder.  And he undertook, likewise, to
+restore the three thousand tables of brass which had been destroyed in
+the fire which consumed the Capitol; searching in all quarters for copies
+of those curious and ancient records, in which were contained the decrees
+of the senate, almost from the building of the city, as well as the acts
+of the people, relative to alliances, treaties, and privileges granted to
+any person.
+
+IX.  He likewise erected several new public buildings, namely, the temple
+of Peace [750] near the Forum, that of Claudius on the (453) Coelian
+mount, which had been begun by Agrippina, but almost entirely demolished
+by Nero [751]; and an amphitheatre [752] in the middle of the city, upon
+finding that Augustus had projected such a work.  He purified the
+senatorian and equestrian orders, which had been much reduced by the
+havoc made amongst them at several times, and was fallen into disrepute
+by neglect.  Having expelled the most unworthy, he chose in their room
+the most honourable persons in Italy and the provinces.  And to let it be
+known that those two orders differed not so much in privileges as in
+dignity, he declared publicly, when some altercation passed between a
+senator and a Roman knight, "that senators ought not to be treated with
+scurrilous language, unless they were the aggressors, and then it was
+fair and lawful to return it."
+
+X.  The business of the courts had prodigiously accumulated, partly from
+old law-suits which, on account of the interruption that had been given
+to the course of justice, still remained undecided, and partly from the
+accession of new suits arising out of the disorder of the times.  He,
+therefore, chose commissioners by lot to provide for the restitution of
+what had been seized by violence during the war, and others with
+extraordinary jurisdiction to decide causes belonging to the centumviri,
+and reduce them to as small a number as possible, for the dispatch of
+which, otherwise, the lives of the litigants could scarcely allow
+sufficient time.
+
+XI.  Lust and luxury, from the licence which had long prevailed, had also
+grown to an enormous height.  He, therefore, obtained a decree of the
+senate, that a woman who formed an union with the slave of another
+person, should be considered (454) a bondwoman herself; and that usurers
+should not be allowed to take proceedings at law for the recovery of
+money lent to young men whilst they lived in their father's family, not
+even after their fathers were dead.
+
+XII.  In other affairs, from the beginning to the end of his government,
+he conducted himself with great moderation and clemency.  He was so far
+from dissembling the obscurity of his extraction, that he frequently made
+mention of it himself.  When some affected to trace his pedigree to the
+founders of Reate, and a companion of Hercules [753], whose monument is
+still to be seen on the Salarian road, he laughed at them for it.  And he
+was so little fond of external and adventitious ornaments, that, on the
+day of his triumph [754], being quite tired of the length and tediousness
+of the procession, he could not forbear saying, "he was rightly served,
+for having in his old age been so silly as to desire a triumph; as if it
+was either due to his ancestors, or had ever been expected by himself."
+Nor would he for a long time accept of the tribunitian authority, or the
+title of Father of his Country.  And in regard to the custom of searching
+those who came to salute him, he dropped it even in the time of the civil
+war.
+
+XIII.  He bore with great mildness the freedom used by his friends, the
+satirical allusions of advocates, and the petulance of philosophers.
+Licinius Mucianus, who had been guilty of notorious acts of lewdness,
+but, presuming upon his great services, treated him very rudely, he
+reproved only in private; and when complaining of his conduct to a common
+friend of theirs, he concluded with these words, "However, I am a man."
+Salvius Liberalis, in pleading the cause of a rich man under prosecution,
+presuming to say, "What is it to Caesar, if Hipparchus possesses a
+hundred millions of sesterces?" he commended him for it.  Demetrius, the
+Cynic philosopher [755], (455) who had been sentenced to banishment,
+meeting him on the road, and refusing to rise up or salute him, nay,
+snarling at him in scurrilous language, he only called him a cur.
+
+XIV.  He was little disposed to keep up the memory of affronts or
+quarrels, nor did he harbour any resentment on account of them.  He made
+a very splendid marriage for the daughter of his enemy Vitellius, and
+gave her, besides, a suitable fortune and equipage.  Being in a great
+consternation after he was forbidden the court in the time of Nero, and
+asking those about him, what he should do? or, whither he should go? one
+of those whose office it was to introduce people to the emperor,
+thrusting him out, bid him go to Morbonia [756].  But when this same
+person came afterwards to beg his pardon, he only vented his resentment
+in nearly the same words.  He was so far from being influenced by
+suspicion or fear to seek the destruction of any one, that, when his
+friends advised him to beware of Metius Pomposianus, because it was
+commonly believed, on his nativity being cast, that he was destined by
+fate to the empire, he made him consul, promising for him, that he would
+not forget the benefit conferred.
+
+XV.  It will scarcely be found, that so much as one innocent person
+suffered in his reign, unless in his absence, and without his knowledge,
+or, at least, contrary to his inclination, and when he was imposed upon.
+Although Helvidius Priscus [757] was the only man who presumed to salute
+him on his return from Syria by his private name of Vespasian, and, when
+he came to be praetor, omitted any mark of honour to him, or even any
+mention of him in his edicts, yet he was not angry, until Helvidius
+proceeded to inveigh against him with the most scurrilous language.
+(456) Though he did indeed banish him, and afterwards ordered him to be
+put to death, yet he would gladly have saved him notwithstanding, and
+accordingly dispatched messengers to fetch back the executioners; and he
+would have saved him, had he not been deceived by a false account
+brought, that he had already perished.  He never rejoiced at the death of
+any man; nay he would shed tears, and sigh, at the just punishment of the
+guilty.
+
+XVI.  The only thing deservedly blameable in his character was his love
+of money.  For not satisfied with reviving the imposts which had been
+repealed in the time of Galba, he imposed new and onerous taxes,
+augmented the tribute of the provinces, and doubled that of some of them.
+He likewise openly engaged in a traffic, which is discreditable [758]
+even to a private individual, buying great quantities of goods, for the
+purpose of retailing them again to advantage.  Nay, he made no scruple of
+selling the great offices of the state to candidates, and pardons to
+persons under prosecution, whether they were innocent or guilty.  It is
+believed, that he advanced all the most rapacious amongst the procurators
+to higher offices, with the view of squeezing them after they had
+acquired great wealth.  He was commonly said, "to have used them as
+sponges," because it was his practice, as we may say, to wet them when
+dry, and squeeze them when wet.  It is said that he was naturally
+extremely covetous, and was upbraided with it by an old herdsman of his,
+who, upon the emperor's refusing to enfranchise him gratis, which on his
+advancement he humbly petitioned for, cried out, "That the fox changed
+his hair, but not his nature."  On the other hand, some are of opinion,
+that he was urged to his rapacious proceedings by necessity, and the
+extreme poverty of the treasury and exchequer, of which he took public
+notice in the beginning of his reign; declaring that "no less than four
+hundred thousand millions of sesterces were wanting to carry on the
+government."  This is the more likely to be true, because he applied to
+the best purposes what he procured by bad means.
+
+XVII.  His liberality, however, to all ranks of people, was excessive.
+He made up to several senators the estate required (457) by law to
+qualify them for that dignity; relieving likewise such men of consular
+rank as were poor, with a yearly allowance of five hundred thousand
+sesterces [759]; and rebuilt, in a better manner than before, several
+cities in different parts of the empire, which had been damaged by
+earthquakes or fires.
+
+XVIII.  He was a great encourager of learning and the liberal arts.  He
+first granted to the Latin and Greek professors of rhetoric the yearly
+stipend of a hundred thousand sesterces [760] each out of the exchequer.
+He also bought the freedom of superior poets and artists [761], and gave
+a noble gratuity to the restorer of the Coan of Venus [762], and to
+another artist who repaired the Colossus [763].  Some one offering to
+convey some immense columns into the Capitol at a small expense by a
+mechanical contrivance, he rewarded him very handsomely for his
+invention, but would not accept his service, saying, "Suffer me to find
+maintenance for the poor people." [764]
+
+XIX.  In the games celebrated when the stage-scenery of (458) the theatre
+of Marcellus [765] was repaired, he restored the old musical
+entertainments.  He gave Apollinaris, the tragedian, four hundred
+thousand sesterces, and to Terpinus and Diodorus, the harpers, two
+hundred thousand; to some a hundred thousand; and the least he gave to
+any of the performers was forty thousand, besides many golden crowns.  He
+entertained company constantly at his table, and often in great state and
+very sumptuously, in order to promote trade.  As in the Saturnalia he
+made presents to the men which they were to carry away with them, so did
+he to the women upon the calends of March [766]; notwithstanding which,
+he could not wipe off the disrepute of his former stinginess.  The
+Alexandrians called him constantly Cybiosactes; a name which had been
+given to one of their kings who was sordidly avaricious.  Nay, at his
+funeral, Favo, the principal mimic, personating him, and imitating, as
+actors do, both his manner of speaking and his gestures, asked aloud of
+the procurators, "how much his funeral and the procession would cost?"
+And being answered "ten millions of sesterces," he cried out, "give him
+but a hundred thousand sesterces, and they might throw his body into the
+Tiber, if they would."
+
+XX.  He was broad-set, strong-limbed, and his features gave the idea of a
+man in the act of straining himself.  In consequence, one of the city
+wits, upon the emperor's desiring him "to say something droll respecting
+himself," facetiously answered, "I will, when you have done relieving
+your bowels." [767]  He enjoyed a good state of health, though he used no
+other means to preserve it, than repeated friction, as much (459) as he
+could bear, on his neck and other parts of his body, in the tennis-court
+attached to the baths, besides fasting one day in every month.
+
+XXI.  His method of life was commonly this.  After he became emperor, he
+used to rise very early, often before daybreak.  Having read over his
+letters, and the briefs of all the departments of the government offices;
+he admitted his friends; and while they were paying him their
+compliments, he would put on his own shoes, and dress himself with his
+own hands.  Then, after the dispatch of such business as was brought
+before him, he rode out, and afterwards retired to repose, lying on his
+couch with one of his mistresses, of whom he kept several after the death
+of Caenis [768].  Coming out of his private apartments, he passed to the
+bath, and then entered the supper-room.  They say that he was never more
+good-humoured and indulgent than at that time: and therefore his
+attendants always seized that opportunity, when they had any favour to
+ask.
+
+XXII.  At supper, and, indeed, at other times, he was extremely free and
+jocose.  For he had humour, but of a low kind, and he would sometimes use
+indecent language, such as is addressed to young girls about to be
+married.  Yet there are some things related of him not void of ingenious
+pleasantry; amongst which are the following.  Being once reminded by
+Mestrius Florus, that plaustra was a more proper expression than plostra,
+he the next day saluted him by the name of Flaurus [769].  A certain lady
+pretending to be desperately enamoured of him, he was prevailed upon to
+admit her to his bed; and after he had gratified her desires, he gave her
+[770] four hundred (460) thousand sesterces.  When his steward desired to
+know how he would have the sum entered in his accounts, he replied, "For
+Vespasian's being seduced."
+
+XXIII.  He used Greek verses very wittily; speaking of a tall man, who
+had enormous parts:
+
+    Makxi bibas, kradon dolichoskion enchos;
+    Still shaking, as he strode, his vast long spear.
+
+And of Cerylus, a freedman, who being very rich, had begun to pass
+himself off as free-born, to elude the exchequer at his decease, and
+assumed the name of Laches, he said:
+
+               ----O Lachaes, Lachaes,
+    Epan apothanaes, authis ex archaes esae Kaerylos.
+
+    Ah, Laches, Laches! when thou art no more,
+    Thou'lt Cerylus be called, just as before.
+
+He chiefly affected wit upon his own shameful means of raising money, in
+order to wipe off the odium by some joke, and turn it into ridicule.  One
+of his ministers, who was much in his favour, requesting of him a
+stewardship for some person, under pretence of his being his brother, he
+deferred granting him his petition, and in the meantime sent for the
+candidate, and having squeezed out of him as much money as he had agreed
+to give to his friend at court, he appointed him immediately to the
+office.  The minister soon after renewing his application, "You must,"
+said he, "find another brother; for the one you adopted is in truth
+mine."
+
+Suspecting once, during a journey, that his mule-driver had alighted to
+shoe his mules, only in order to have an opportunity for allowing a
+person they met, who was engaged in a law-suit, to speak to him, he asked
+him, "how much he got for shoeing his mules?" and insisted on having a
+share of the profit.  When his son Titus blamed him for even laying a tax
+upon urine, he applied to his nose a piece of the money he received in
+the first instalment, and asked him, "if it stunk?"  And he replying no,
+"And yet," said he, "it is derived from urine."
+
+Some deputies having come to acquaint him that a large statue, which
+would cost a vast sum, was ordered to be erected for him at the public
+expense, he told them to pay it down immediately, (461) holding out the
+hollow of his hand, and saying, "there was a base ready for the statue."
+Not even when he was under the immediate apprehension and peril of death,
+could he forbear jesting.  For when, among other prodigies, the mausoleum
+of the Caesars suddenly flew open, and a blazing star appeared in the
+heavens; one of the prodigies, he said, concerned Julia Calvina, who was
+of the family of Augustus [771]; and the other, the king of the
+Parthians, who wore his hair long.  And when his distemper first seized
+him, "I suppose," said he, "I shall soon be a god." [772]
+
+XXIV.  In his ninth consulship, being seized, while in Campania, with a
+slight indisposition, and immediately returning to the city, he soon
+afterwards went thence to Cutiliae [773], and his estates in the country
+about Reate, where he used constantly to spend the summer.  Here, though
+his disorder much increased, and he injured his bowels by too free use of
+the cold waters, he nevertheless attended to the dispatch of business,
+and even gave audience to ambassadors in bed.  At last, being taken ill
+of a diarrhoea, to such a degree that he was ready to faint, he cried
+out, "An emperor ought to die standing upright."  In endeavouring to
+rise, he died in the hands of those who were helping him up, upon the
+eighth of the calends of July [24th June] [774], being sixty-nine years,
+one month, and seven days old.
+
+XXV.  All are agreed that he had such confidence in the calculations on
+his own nativity and that of his sons, that, after several conspiracies
+against him, he told the senate, that either his sons would succeed him,
+or nobody.  It is said likewise, that he once saw in a dream a balance in
+the middle of the porch of the Palatine house exactly poised; in one
+(462) scale of which stood Claudius and Nero, in the other, himself and
+his sons.  The event corresponded to the symbol; for the reigns of the
+two parties were precisely of the same duration. [775]
+
+     *     *     *     *     *     *
+
+Neither consanguinity nor adoption, as formerly, but great influence in
+the army having now become the road to the imperial throne, no person
+could claim a better title to that elevation than Titus Flavius
+Vespasian.  He had not only served with great reputation in the wars both
+in Britain and Judaea, but seemed as yet untainted with any vice which
+could pervert his conduct in the civil administration of the empire.  It
+appears, however, that he was prompted more by the persuasion of friends,
+than by his own ambition, to prosecute the attainment of the imperial
+dignity.  To render this enterprise more successful, recourse was had to
+a new and peculiar artifice, which, while well accommodated to the
+superstitious credulity of the Romans, impressed them with an idea, that
+Vespasian's destiny to the throne was confirmed by supernatural
+indications.  But, after his elevation, we hear no more of his miraculous
+achievements.
+
+The prosecution of the war in Britain, which had been suspended for some
+years, was resumed by Vespasian; and he sent thither Petilius Cerealis,
+who by his bravery extended the limits of the Roman province.  Under
+Julius Frontinus, successor to that general, the invaders continued to
+make farther progress in the reduction of the island: but the commander
+who finally established the dominion of the Romans in Britain, was Julius
+Agricola, not less distinguished for his military achievements, than for
+his prudent regard to the civil administration of the country.  He began
+his operations with the conquest of North Wales, whence passing over into
+the island of Anglesey, which had revolted since the time of Suetonius
+Paulinus, he again reduced it to subjection.  Then proceeding northwards
+with his victorious army, he defeated the Britons in every engagement,
+took possession of all the territories in the southern parts of the
+island, and driving before him all who refused to submit to the Roman
+arms, penetrated even into the forests and mountains of Caledonia.  He
+defeated the natives under Galgacus, their leader, in a decisive battle;
+and fixing a line of garrisons between the friths of Clyde and Forth, he
+secured the Roman province from the incursions of the people who occupied
+the parts of the island (463) beyond that boundary.  Wherever he
+established the Roman power, he introduced laws and civilization amongst
+the inhabitants, and employed every means of conciliating their
+affection, as well as of securing their obedience.
+
+The war in Judaea, which had been commenced under the former reign, was
+continued in that of Vespasian; but he left the siege of Jerusalem to be
+conducted by his son Titus, who displayed great valour and military
+talents in the prosecution of the enterprise.  After an obstinate defence
+by the Jews, that city, so much celebrated in the sacred writings, was
+finally demolished, and the glorious temple itself, the admiration of the
+world, reduced to ashes; contrary, however, to the will of Titus, who
+exerted his utmost efforts to extinguish the flames.
+
+The manners of the Romans had now attained to an enormous pitch of
+depravity, through the unbounded licentiousness of the tines; and, to the
+honour of Vespasian, he discovered great zeal in his endeavours to effect
+a national reformation.  Vigilant, active, and persevering, he was
+indefatigable in the management of public affairs, and rose in the winter
+before day-break, to give audience to his officers of state.  But if we
+give credit to the whimsical imposition of a tax upon urine, we cannot
+entertain any high opinion, either of his talents as a financier, or of
+the resources of the Roman empire.  By his encouragement of science, he
+displayed a liberality, of which there occurs no example under all the
+preceding emperors, since the time of Augustus.  Pliny the elder was now
+in the height of reputation, as well as in great favour with Vespasian;
+and it was probably owing not a little to the advice of that minister,
+that the emperor showed himself so much the patron of literary men.  A
+writer mentioned frequently by Pliny, and who lived in this reign, was
+Licinius Mucianus, a Roman knight: he treated of the history and
+geography of the eastern countries.  Juvenal, who had begun his Satires
+several years before, continued to inveigh against the flagrant vices of
+the times; but the only author whose writings we have to notice in the
+present reign, is a poet of a different class.
+
+C. VALERIUS FLACCUS wrote a poem in eight books, on the Expedition of the
+Argonauts; a subject which, next to the wars of Thebes and Troy, was in
+ancient times the most celebrated.  Of the life of this author,
+biographers have transmitted no particulars; but we may place his birth
+in the reign of Tiberius, before all the writers who flourished in the
+Augustan age were extinct.  He enjoyed the rays of the setting sun which
+had illumined that glorious period, and he discovers the efforts of an
+ambition to recall its meridian splendour.  As the poem was left (464)
+incomplete by the death of the author, we can only judge imperfectly of
+the conduct and general consistency of the fable: but the most difficult
+part having been executed, without any room for the censure of candid
+criticism, we may presume that the sequel would have been finished with
+an equal claim to indulgence, if not to applause.  The traditional
+anecdotes relative to the Argonautic expedition are introduced with
+propriety, and embellished with the graces of poetical fiction.  In
+describing scenes of tenderness, this author is happily pathetic, and in
+the heat of combat, proportionably animated.  His similes present the
+imagination with beautiful imagery, and not only illustrate, but give
+additional force to the subject.  We find in Flaccus a few expressions
+not countenanced by the authority of the most celebrated Latin writers.
+His language, however, in general, is pure; but his words are perhaps not
+always the best that might have been chosen.  The versification is
+elevated, though not uniformly harmonious; and there pervades the whole
+poem an epic dignity, which renders it superior to the production
+ascribed to Orpheus, or to that of Apollonius, on the same subject.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+[721]  Reate, the original seat of the Flavian family, was a city of the
+Sabines.  Its present name is Rieti.
+
+[722]  It does not very clearly appear what rank in the Roman armies
+was held by the evocati.  They are mentioned on three occasions by
+Suetonius, without affording us much assistance.  Caesar, like our
+author, joins them with the centurions.  See, in particular, De Bell.
+Civil. I. xvii. 4.
+
+[723]  The inscription was in Greek, kalos telothaesanti.
+
+[724]  In the ancient Umbria, afterwards the duchy of Spoleto; its modern
+name being Norcia.
+
+[725]  Gaul beyond, north of the Po, now Lombardy.
+
+[726]  We find the annual migration of labourers in husbandry a very
+common practice in ancient as well as in modern times.  At present,
+several thousand industrious labourers cross over every summer from the
+duchies of Parma and Modena, bordering on the district mentioned by
+Suetonius, to the island of Corsica; returning to the continent when the
+harvest is got in.
+
+[727]  A.U.C. 762, A.D. 10.
+
+[728]  Cosa was a place in the Volscian territory; of which Anagni was
+probably the chief town.  It lies about forty miles to the north-east of
+Rome.
+
+[729]  Caligula.
+
+[730]  These games were extraordinary, as being out of the usual course
+of those given by praetors.
+
+[731]  "Revocavit in contubernium."  From the difference of our habits,
+there is no word in the English language which exactly conveys the
+meaning of contubernium; a word which, in a military sense, the Romans
+applied to the intimate fellowship between comrades in war who messed
+together, and lived in close fellowship in the same tent.  Thence they
+transferred it to a union with one woman who was in a higher position
+than a concubine, but, for some reason, could not acquire the legal
+rights of a wife, as in the case of slaves of either sex.  A man of rank,
+also, could not marry a slave or a freedwoman, however much he might be
+attached to her.
+
+[732]  Nearly the same phrases are applied by Suetonius to Drusilla, see
+CALIGULA, c. xxiv., and to Marcella, the concubine of Commodus, by
+Herodian, I. xvi. 9., where he says that she had all the honours of an
+empress, except that the incense was not offered to her.  These
+connections resembled the left-hand marriages of the German princes.
+
+[733]  This expedition to Britain has been mentioned before, CLAUDIUS,
+c. xvii. and note; and see ib. xxiv.
+
+Valerius Flaccus, i. 8, and Silius Italicus, iii. 598, celebrate the
+triumphs of Vespasian in Britain.  In representing him, however, as
+carrying his arms among the Caledonian tribes, their flattery transferred
+to the emperor the glory of the victories gained by his lieutenant,
+Agricola.  Vespasian's own conquests, while he served in Britain, were
+principally in the territories of the Brigantes, lying north of the
+Humber, and including the present counties of York and Durham.
+
+[734]  A.U.C. 804.
+
+[735]  Tacitus, Hist. V. xiii. 3., mentions this ancient prediction, and
+its currency through the East, in nearly the same terms as Suetonius.
+The coming power is in both instances described in the plural number,
+profecti; "those shall come forth;" and Tacitus applies it to Titus as
+well as Vespasian.  The prophecy is commonly supposed to have reference
+to a passage in Micah, v. 2, "Out of thee [Bethlehem-Ephrata] shall He
+come forth, to be ruler in Israel."  Earlier prophetic intimations of a
+similar character, and pointing to a more extended dominion, have been
+traced in the sacred records of the Jews; and there is reason to believe
+that these books were at this time not unknown in the heathen world,
+particularly at Alexandria, and through the Septuagint version.  These
+predictions, in their literal sense, point to the establishment of a
+universal monarchy, which should take its rise in Judaea.  The Jews
+looked for their accomplishment in the person of one of their own nation,
+the expected Messiah, to which character there were many pretenders in
+those times.  The first disciples of Christ, during the whole period of
+his ministry, supposed that they were to be fulfilled in him.  The Romans
+thought that the conditions were answered by Vespasian, and Titus having
+been called from Judaea to the seat of empire.  The expectations
+entertained by the Jews, and naturally participated in and appropriated
+by the first converts to Christianity, having proved groundless, the
+prophecies were subsequently interpreted in a spiritual sense.
+
+[736]  Gessius Florus was at that time governor of Judaea, with the title
+and rank of prepositus, it not being a proconsular province, as the
+native princes still held some parts of it, under the protection and with
+the alliance of the Romans.  Gessius succeeded Florus Albinus, the
+successor of Felix.
+
+[737]  Cestius Gallus was consular lieutenant in Syria.
+
+[738]  See note to c. vii.
+
+[739]  A right hand was the sign of sovereign power, and, as every one
+knows, borne upon a staff among the standards of the armies.
+
+[740]  Tacitus says, "Carmel is the name both of a god and a mountain;
+but there is neither image nor temple of the god; such are the ancient
+traditions; we find there only an altar and religious awe."--Hist. xi.
+78, 4.  It also appears, from his account, that Vespasian offered
+sacrifice on Mount Carmel, where Basilides, mentioned hereafter, c. vii.,
+predicted his success from an inspection of the entrails.
+
+[741]  Josephus, the celebrated Jewish historian, who was engaged in
+these wars, having been taken prisoner, was confined in the dungeon at
+Jotapata, the castle referred to in the preceding chapter, before which
+Vespasian was wounded.--De Bell. cxi. 14.
+
+[742]  The prediction of Josephus was founded on the Jewish prophecies
+mentioned in the note to c. iv., which he, like others, applied to
+Vespasian.
+
+[743]  Julius Caesar is always called by our author after his apotheosis,
+Divus Julius.
+
+[744]  The battle at Bedriacum secured the Empire for Vitellius.  See
+OTHO, c. ix; VITELLIUS, c. x.
+
+[745]  Alexandria may well be called the key, claustra, of Egypt, which
+was the granary of Rome.  It was of the first importance that Vespasian
+should secure it at this juncture.
+
+[746]  Tacitus describes Basilides as a man of rank among the Egyptians,
+and he appears also to have been a priest, as we find him officiating at
+Mount Carmel, c. v.  This is so incompatible with his being a Roman
+freedman, that commentators concur in supposing that the word "libertus."
+although found in all the copies now extant, has crept into the text by
+some inadvertence of an early transcriber.  Basilides appears, like Philo
+Judaeus, who lived about the same period, to have been half-Greek, half-
+Jew, and to have belonged to the celebrated Platonic school of
+Alexandria.
+
+[747]  Tacitus informs us that Vespasian himself believed Basilides to
+have been at this time not only in an infirm state of health, but at the
+distance of several days' journey from Alexandria.  But (for his greater
+satisfaction) he strictly examined the priests whether Basilides had
+entered the temple on that day: he made inquiries of all he met, whether
+he had been seen in the city; nay, further, he dispatched messengers on
+horseback, who ascertained that at the time specified, Basilides was more
+than eighty miles from Alexandria.  Then Vespasian comprehended that the
+appearance of Basilides, and the answer to his prayers given through him,
+were by divine interposition.  Tacit. Hist. iv. 82. 2.
+
+[748]  The account given by Tacitus of the miracles of Vespasian is
+fuller than that of Suetonius, but does not materially vary in the
+details, except that, in his version of the story, he describes the
+impotent man to be lame in the hand, instead of the leg or the knee, and
+adds an important circumstance in the case of the blind man, that he was
+"notus tabe occulorum," notorious for the disease in his eyes.  He also
+winds up the narrative with the following statement: "They who were
+present, relate both these cures, even at this time, when there is
+nothing to be gained by lying."  Both the historians lived within a few
+years of the occurrence, but their works were not published until
+advanced periods of their lives.  The closing remark of Tacitus seems to
+indicate that, at least, he did not entirely discredit the account; and
+as for Suetonius, his pages are as full of prodigies of all descriptions,
+related apparently in all good faith, as a monkish chronicle of the
+Middle Ages.
+
+The story has the more interest, as it is one of the examples of
+successful imposture, selected by Hume in his Essay on Miracles; with the
+reply to which by Paley, in his Evidences of Christianity, most readers
+are familiar.  The commentators on Suetonius agree with Paley in
+considering the whole affair as a juggle between the priests, the
+patients, and, probably, the emperor.  But what will, perhaps, strike the
+reader as most remarkable, is the singular coincidence of the story with
+the accounts given of several of the miracles of Christ; whence it has
+been supposed, that the scene was planned in imitation of them.  It did
+not fall within the scope of Dr. Paley's argument to advert to this; and
+our own brief illustration must be strictly confined within the limits of
+historical disquisition.  Adhering to this principle, we may point out
+that if the idea of plagiarism be accepted, it receives some confirmation
+from the incident related by our author in a preceding paragraph,
+forming, it may be considered, another scene of the same drama, where we
+find Basilides appearing to Vespasian in the temple of Serapis, under
+circumstances which cannot fail to remind us of Christ's suddenly
+standing in the midst of his disciples, "when the doors were shut."  This
+incident, also, has very much the appearance of a parody on the
+evangelical history.  But if the striking similarity of the two
+narratives be thus accounted for, it is remarkable that while the priests
+of Alexandria, or, perhaps, Vespasian himself from his residence in
+Judaea, were in possession of such exact details of two of Christ's
+miracles--if not of a third striking incident in his history--we should
+find not the most distant allusion in the works of such cotemporary
+writers as Tacitus and Suetonius, to any one of the still more stupendous
+occurrences which had recently taken place in a part of the world with
+which the Romans had now very intimate relations.  The character of these
+authors induces us to hesitate in adopting the notion, that either
+contempt or disbelief would have led them to pass over such events, as
+altogether unworthy of notice; and the only other inference from their
+silence is, that they had never heard of them.  But as this can scarcely
+be reconciled with the plagiarism attributed to Vespasian or the Egyptian
+priests, it is safer to conclude that the coincidence, however singular,
+was merely fortuitous.  It may be added that Spartianus, who wrote the
+lives of Adrian and succeeding emperors, gives an account of a similar
+miracle performed by that prince in healing a blind man.
+
+[749]  A.U.C. 823-833, excepting 826 and 831.
+
+[750]  The temple of Peace, erected A.D. 71, on the conclusion of the
+wars with the Germans and the Jews, was the largest temple in Rome.
+Vespasian and Titus deposited in it the sacred vessels and other spoils
+which were carried in their triumph after the conquest of Jerusalem.
+They were consumed, and the temple much damaged, if not destroyed, by
+fire, towards the end of the reign of Commodus, in the year 191.  It
+stood in the Forum, where some ruins on a prodigious scale, still
+remaining, were traditionally considered to be those of the Temple of
+Peace, until Piranesi contended that they are part of Nero's Golden
+House.  Others suppose that they are the remains of a Basilica.  A
+beautiful fluted Corinthian column, forty-seven feet high, which was
+removed from this spot, and now stands before the church of S. Maria
+Maggiore, gives a great idea of the splendour of the original structure.
+
+[751]  This temple, converted into a Christian church by pope Simplicius,
+who flourished, A.D. 464-483, preserves much of its ancient character.
+It is now, called San Stefano in Rotondo, from its circular form; the
+thirty-four pillars, with arches springing from one to the other and
+intended to support the cupola, still remaining to prove its former
+magnificence.
+
+[752]  This amphitheatre is the famous Colosseum begun by Trajan, and
+finished by Titus.  It is needless to go into details respecting a
+building the gigantic ruins of which are so well known.
+
+[753]  Hercules is said, after conquering Geryon in Spain, to have come
+into this part of Italy.  One of his companions, the supposed founder of
+Reate, may have had the name of Flavus.
+
+[754]  Vespasian and his son Titus had a joint triumph for the conquest
+of Judaea, which is described at length by Josephus, De Bell. Jud. vii.
+16.  The coins of Vespasian exhibiting the captive Judaea (Judaea capta),
+are probably familiar to the reader.  See Harphrey's Coin Collector's
+Manual, p. 328.
+
+[755]  Demetrius, who was born at Corinth, seems to have been a close
+imitator of Diogenes, the founder of the sect.  Having come to Rome to
+study under Apollonius, he was banished to the islands, with other
+philosophers, by Vespasian.
+
+[756]  There being no such place as Morbonia, and the supposed name being
+derived from morbus, disease, some critics have supposed that Anticyra,
+the asylum of the incurables, (see CALIGULA, c. xxix.) is meant; but the
+probability is, that the expression used by the imperial chamberlain was
+only a courtly version of a phrase not very commonly adopted in the
+present day.
+
+[757]  Helvidius Priscus, a person of some celebrity as a philosopher and
+public man, is mentioned by Tacitus, Xiphilinus, and Arrian.
+
+[758]  Cicero speaks in strong terms of the sordidness of retail trade--
+Off. i. 24.
+
+[759]  The sesterce being worth about two-pence half-penny of English
+money, the salary of a Roman senator was, in round numbers, five thousand
+pounds a year; and that of a professor, as stated in the succeeding
+chapter, one thousand pounds.  From this scale, similar calculations may
+easily be made of the sums occurring in Suetonius's statements from time
+to time.  There appears to be some mistake in the sum stated in c. xvi.
+just before, as the amount seems fabulous, whether it represented the
+floating debt, or the annual revenue, of the empire.
+
+[760]  See AUGUSTUS, c. xliii.  The proscenium of the ancient theatres
+was a solid erection of an architectural design, not shifted and varied
+as our stage-scenes.
+
+[761]  Many eminent writers among the Romans were originally slaves, such
+as Terence and Phaedrus; and, still more, artists, physicians and
+artificers.  Their talents procuring their manumission, they became the
+freedmen of their former masters.  Vespasian, it appears from Suetonius,
+purchased the freedom of some persons of ability belonging to these
+classes.
+
+[762]  The Coan Venus was the chef-d'oeuvre of Apelles, a native of the
+island of Cos, in the Archipelago, who flourished in the time of
+Alexander the Great.  If it was the original painting which was now
+restored, it must have been well preserved.
+
+[763]  Probably the colossal statue of Nero (see his Life, c. xxxi.),
+afterwards placed in Vespasian's amphitheatre, which derived its name
+from it.
+
+[764]  The usual argument in all times against the introduction of
+machinery.
+
+[765]  See AUGUSTUS, c. xxix.
+
+[766]  At the men's Saturnalia, a feast held in December attended with
+much revelling, the masters waited upon their slaves; and at the women's
+Saturnalia, held on the first of March, the women served their female
+attendants, by whom also they sent presents to their friends.
+
+[767]  Notwithstanding the splendour, and even, in many respects, the
+refinement of the imperial court, the language as well as the habits of
+the highest classes in Rome seem to have been but too commonly of the
+grossest description, and every scholar knows that many of their writers
+are not very delicate in their allusions.  Apropos of the ludicrous
+account given in the text, Martial, on one occasion, uses still plainer
+language.
+
+    Utere lactucis, et mollibus utere malvis:
+    Nam faciem durum Phoebe, cacantis habes.--iii. 89.
+
+[768]  See c. iii. and note.
+
+[769]  Probably the emperor had not entirely worn off, or might even
+affect the rustic dialect of his Sabine countrymen; for among the
+peasantry the au was still pronounced o, as in plostrum for plaustrum, a
+waggon; and in orum for aurum, gold, etc.  The emperor's retort was very
+happy, Flaurus being derived from a Greek word, which signifies
+worthless, while the consular critic's proper name, Florus, was connected
+with much more agreeable associations.
+
+[770]  Some of the German critics think that the passage bears the sense
+of the gratuity having beer given by the lady, and that so parsimonious a
+prince as Vespasian was not likely to have paid such a sum as is here
+stated for a lady's proffered favours.
+
+[771]  The Flavian family had their own tomb.  See DOMITIAN, c. v.  The
+prodigy, therefore, did not concern Vespasian.  As to the tomb of the
+Julian family, see AUGUSTUS, c. ci.
+
+[772]  Alluding to the apotheosis of the emperors.
+
+[773]  Cutiliae was a small lake, about three-quarters of a mile from
+Reate, now called Lago di Contigliano.  It was very deep, and being fed
+from springs in the neighbouring hills, the water was exceedingly clear
+and cold, so that it was frequented by invalids, who required
+invigorating.  Vespasian's paternal estates lay in the neighbourhood of
+Reate.  See chap i.
+
+[774]  A.U.C. 832.
+
+[775]  Each dynasty lasted twenty-eight years.  Claudius and Nero both
+reigning fourteen; and, of the Flavius family, Vespasian reigned ten,
+Titus three, and Domitian fifteen.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of T. Flavius Vespasianus Augustus (Vespasian)
+by C. Suetonius Tranquillus
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook The Lives Of The Caesars, by Suetonius, V10
+#10 in our series by C. Suetonious Tranquillus
+
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+Title: The Lives Of The Twelve Caesars, Volume 10.
+       [VESPASIAN]
+
+Author: C. Suetonius Tranquillus
+
+Release Date: August, 2004  [EBook #6395]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on December 3, 2003]
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF THE CAESARS, SUETONIUS, V10 ***
+
+
+
+This eBook was produced by Tapio Riikonen
+and David Widger <widger@cecomet.net>
+
+
+
+
+
+                               THE LIVES
+                                   OF
+                           THE TWELVE CAESARS
+
+                                   By
+                       C. Suetonius Tranquillus;
+
+                          To which are added,
+
+         HIS LIVES OF THE GRAMMARIANS, RHETORICIANS, AND POETS.
+
+
+                          The Translation of
+                        Alexander Thomson, M.D.
+
+                        revised and corrected by
+                         T.Forester, Esq., A.M.
+
+
+
+
+(441)          
+
+
+
+                    T. FLAVIUS VESPASIANUS AUGUSTUS.
+
+
+I.  The empire, which had been long thrown into a disturbed and unsetted
+state, by the rebellion and violent death of its three last rulers, was
+at length restored to peace and security by the Flavian family, whose
+descent was indeed obscure, and which boasted no ancestral honours; but
+the public had no cause to regret its elevation; though it is
+acknowledged that Domitian met with the just reward of his avarice and
+cruelty.  Titus Flavius Petro, a townsman of Reate [721], whether a
+centurion or an evocatus [722] of Pompey's party in the civil war, is
+uncertain, fled out of the battle of Pharsalia and went home; where,
+having at last obtained his pardon and discharge, he became a collector
+of the money raised by public sales in the way of auction.  His son,
+surnamed Sabinus, was never engaged in the military service, though some
+say he was a centurion of the first order, and others, that whilst he
+held that rank, he was discharged on account of his bad state of health:
+this Sabinus, I say, was a publican, and received the tax of the fortieth
+penny in Asia.  And there were remaining, at the time of the advancement
+of the family, several statues, which had been erected to him by the
+cities of that province, with this inscription: "To the honest Tax-
+farmer." [723]  He afterwards turned usurer amongst the Helvetii, and
+there died, leaving behind him his wife, Vespasia Pella, and two sons by
+her; the elder of whom, Sabinus, came to be prefect of the city, and the
+younger, Vespasian, to be emperor.  Polla, descended of a good family, at
+Nursia [724], had for her father Vespasius Pollio, thrice appointed (442)
+military tribune, and at last prefect of the camp; and her brother was a
+senator of praetorian dignity.  There is to this day, about six miles
+from Nursia, on the road to Spoletum, a place on the summit of a hill,
+called Vespasiae, where are several monuments of the Vespasii, a
+sufficient proof of the splendour and antiquity of the family.  I will
+not deny that some have pretended to say, that Petro's father was a
+native of Gallia Transpadana [725], whose employment was to hire
+workpeople who used to emigrate every year from the country of the Umbria
+into that of the Sabines, to assist them in their husbandry [726]; but
+who settled at last in the town of Reate, and there married.  But of this
+I have not been able to discover the least proof, upon the strictest
+inquiry.
+
+II.  Vespasian was born in the country of the Sabines, beyond Reate, in a
+little country-seat called Phalacrine, upon the fifth of the calends of
+December [27th November], in the evening, in the consulship of Quintus
+Sulpicius Camerinus and Caius Poppaeus Sabinus, five years before the
+death of Augustus [727]; and was educated under the care of Tertulla, his
+grandmother by the father's side, upon an estate belonging to the family,
+at Cosa [728].  After his advancement to the empire, he used frequently
+to visit the place where he had spent his infancy; and the villa was
+continued in the same condition, that he might see every thing about him
+just as he had been used to do.  And he had so great a regard for the
+memory of his grandmother, that, upon solemn occasions and festival days,
+he constantly drank out of a silver cup which she had been accustomed to
+use.  After assuming the manly habit, he had a long time a distaste for
+the senatorian toga, though his brother had obtained it; nor could he be
+persuaded by any one but his mother to sue for that badge of honour.  She
+at length drove him to it, more by taunts and reproaches, than by her
+entreaties (443) and authority, calling him now and then, by way of
+reproach, his brother's footman.  He served as military tribune in
+Thrace.  When made quaestor, the province of Crete and Cyrene fell to him
+by lot.  He was candidate for the aedileship, and soon after for the
+praetorship, but met with a repulse in the former case; though at last,
+with much difficulty, he came in sixth on the poll-books.  But the office
+of praetor he carried upon his first canvass, standing amongst the
+highest at the poll.  Being incensed against the senate, and desirous to
+gain, by all possible means, the good graces of Caius [729], he obtained
+leave to exhibit extraordinary [730] games for the emperor's victory in
+Germany, and advised them to increase the punishment of the conspirators
+against his life, by exposing their corpses unburied.  He likewise gave
+him thanks in that august assembly for the honour of being admitted to
+his table.
+
+III.  Meanwhile, he married Flavia Domitilla, who had formerly been the
+mistress of Statilius Capella, a Roman knight of Sabrata in Africa, who
+[Domitilla] enjoyed Latin rights; and was soon after declared fully and
+freely a citizen of Rome, on a trial before the court of Recovery,
+brought by her father Flavius Liberalis, a native of Ferentum, but no
+more than secretary to a quaestor.  By her he had the following children:
+Titus, Domitian, and Domitilla.  He outlived his wife and daughter, and
+lost them both before he became emperor.  After the death of his wife, he
+renewed his union [731] with his former concubine Caenis, the freedwoman
+of Antonia, and also her amanuensis, and treated her, even after he was
+emperor, almost as if she had been his lawful wife. [732]
+
+(444) IV.  In the reign of Claudius, by the interest of Narcissus, he was
+sent to Germany, in command of a legion; whence being removed into
+Britain, he engaged the enemy in thirty several battles.  He reduced
+under subjection to the Romans two very powerful tribes, and above twenty
+great towns, with the Isle of Wight, which lies close to the coast of
+Britain; partly under the command of Aulus Plautius, the consular
+lieutenant, and partly under Claudius himself [733].  For this success he
+received the triumphal ornaments, and in a short time after two
+priesthoods, besides the consulship, which he held during the two last
+months of the year [734].  The interval between that and his
+proconsulship he spent in leisure and retirement, for fear of Agrippina,
+who still held great sway over her son, and hated all the friends of
+Narcissus, who was then dead.  Afterwards he got by lot the province of
+Africa, which he governed with great reputation, excepting that once, in
+an insurrection at Adrumetum, he was pelted with turnips.  It is certain
+that he returned thence nothing richer; for his credit was so low, that
+he was obliged to mortgage his whole property to his brother, and was
+reduced to the necessity of dealing in mules, for the support of his
+rank; for which reason he was commonly called "the Muleteer."  He is said
+likewise to have been convicted of extorting from a young man of fashion
+two hundred thousand sesterces for procuring him the broad-stripe,
+contrary to the wishes of his father, and was severely reprimanded for
+it.  While in attendance upon Nero in Achaia, he frequently withdrew from
+the theatre while Nero was singing, and went to sleep if he remained,
+which gave so much (445) offence, that he was not only excluded from his
+society, but debarred the liberty of saluting him in public.  Upon this,
+he retired to a small out-of-the-way town, where he lay skulking in
+constant fear of his life, until a province, with an army, was offered
+him.
+
+A firm persuasion had long prevailed through all the East [735], that it
+was fated for the empire of the world, at that time, to devolve on some
+who should go forth from Judaea.  This prediction referred to a Roman
+emperor, as the event shewed; but the Jews, applying it to themselves,
+broke out into rebellion, and having defeated and slain their governor
+[736], routed the lieutenant of Syria [737], a man of consular rank, who
+was advancing to his assistance, and took an eagle, the standard, of one
+of his legions.  As the suppression of this revolt appeared to require a
+stronger force and an active general, who might be safely trusted in an
+affair of so much importance, Vespasian was chosen in preference to all
+others, both for his known activity, and on account of the obscurity of
+his origin and name, being a person of whom (446) there could be not the
+least jealousy.  Two legions, therefore, eight squadrons of horse, and
+ten cohorts, being added to the former troops in Judaea, and, taking with
+him his eldest son as lieutenant, as soon as he arrived in his province,
+he turned the eyes of the neighbouring provinces upon him, by reforming
+immediately the discipline of the camp, and engaging the enemy once or
+twice with such resolution, that, in the attack of a castle [738], he had
+his knee hurt by the stroke of a stone, and received several arrows in
+his shield.
+
+V.  After the deaths of Nero and Galba, whilst Otho and Vitellius were
+contending for the sovereignty, he entertained hopes of obtaining the
+empire, with the prospect of which he had long before flattered himself,
+from the following omens.  Upon an estate belonging to the Flavian
+family, in the neighbourhood of Rome, there was an old oak, sacred to
+Mars, which, at the three several deliveries of Vespasia, put out each
+time a new branch; evident intimations of the future fortune of each
+child.  The first was but a slender one, which quickly withered away; and
+accordingly, the girl that was born did not live long.  The second became
+vigorous, which portended great good fortune; but the third grew like a
+tree.  His father, Sabinus, encouraged by these omens, which were
+confirmed by the augurs, told his mother, "that her grandson would be
+emperor of Rome;" at which she laughed heartily, wondering, she said,
+"that her son should be in his dotage whilst she continued still in full
+possession of her faculties."
+
+Afterwards in his aedileship, when Caius Caesar, being enraged at his not
+taking care to have the streets kept clean, ordered the soldiers to fill
+the bosom of his gown with dirt, some persons at that time construed it
+into a sign that the government, being trampled under foot and deserted
+in some civil commotion, would fall under his protection, and as it were
+into his lap.  Once, while he was at dinner, a strange dog, that wandered
+about the streets, brought a man's hand [739], and laid it under the
+table.  And another time, while he was at supper, a plough-ox throwing
+the yoke off his neck, broke into the room, and after he had frightened
+away all the attendants, (447) on a sudden, as if he was tired, fell down
+at his feet, as he lay still upon his couch, and hung down his neck.  A
+cypress-tree likewise, in a field belonging to the family, was torn up by
+the roots, and laid flat upon the ground, when there was no violent wind;
+but next day it rose again fresher and stronger than before.
+
+He dreamt in Achaia that the good fortune of himself and his family would
+begin when Nero had a tooth drawn; and it happened that the day after, a
+surgeon coming into the hall, showed him a tooth which he had just
+extracted from Nero.  In Judaea, upon his consulting the oracle of the
+divinity at Carmel [740], the answer was so encouraging as to assure him
+of success in anything he projected, however great or important it might
+be.  And when Josephus [741], one of the noble prisoners, was put in
+chains, he confidently affirmed that he should be released in a very
+short time by the same Vespasian, but he would be emperor first [742].
+Some omens were likewise mentioned in the news from Rome, and among
+others, that Nero, towards the close of his days, was commanded in a
+dream to carry Jupiter's sacred chariot out of the sanctuary where it
+stood, to Vespasian's house, and conduct it thence into the circus.  Also
+not long afterwards, as Galba was going to the election, in which he was
+created consul for the second time, a statue of the Divine Julius [743]
+turned towards the east.  And in the field of Bedriacum [744], before the
+battle began, two eagles engaged in the sight of the army; and one of
+them being beaten, a third came from the east, and drove away the
+conqueror.
+
+(448) VI.  He made, however, no attempt upon the sovereignty, though his
+friends were very ready to support him, and even pressed him to the
+enterprise, until he was encouraged to it by the fortuitous aid of
+persons unknown to him and at a distance.  Two thousand men, drawn out of
+three legions in the Moesian army, had been sent to the assistance of
+Otho.  While they were upon their march, news came that he had been
+defeated, and had put an end to his life; notwithstanding which they
+continued their march as far as Aquileia, pretending that they gave no
+credit to the report.  There, tempted by the opportunity which the
+disorder of the times afforded them, they ravaged and plundered the
+country at discretion; until at length, fearing to be called to an
+account on their return, and punished for it, they resolved upon choosing
+and creating an emperor.  "For they were no ways inferior," they said,
+"to the army which made Galba emperor, nor to the pretorian troops which
+had set up Otho, nor the army in Germany, to whom Vitellius owed his
+elevation."  The names of all the consular lieutenants, therefore, being
+taken into consideration, and one objecting to one, and another to
+another, for various reasons; at last some of the third legion, which a
+little before Nero's death had been removed out of Syria into Moesia,
+extolled Vespasian in high terms; and all the rest assenting, his name
+was immediately inscribed on their standards.  The design was
+nevertheless quashed for a time, the troops being brought to submit to
+Vitellius a little longer.
+
+However, the fact becoming known, Tiberius Alexander, governor of Egypt,
+first obliged the legions under his command to swear obedience to
+Vespasian as their emperor, on the calends [the 1st] of July, which was
+observed ever after as the day of his accession to the empire; and upon
+the fifth of the ides of the same month [the 28th July], the army in
+Judaea, where he then was, also swore allegiance to him.  What
+contributed greatly to forward the affair, was a copy of a letter,
+whether real or counterfeit, which was circulated, and said to have been
+written by Otho before his decease to Vespasian, recommending to him in
+the most urgent terms to avenge his death, and entreating him to come to
+the aid of the commonwealth; as well as a report which was circulated,
+that Vitellius, after his success against Otho, proposed to change the
+winter quarters of the legions, and remove those in Germany to a less
+(449) hazardous station and a warmer climate.  Moreover, amongst the
+governors of provinces, Licinius Mucianus dropping the grudge arising
+from a jealousy of which he had hitherto made no secret, promised to join
+him with the Syrian army, and, among the allied kings, Volugesus, king of
+the Parthians, offered him a reinforcement of forty thousand archers.
+
+VII.  Having, therefore, entered on a civil war, and sent forward his
+generals and forces into Italy, be himself, in the meantime, passed over
+to Alexandria, to obtain possession of the key of Egypt [745].  Here
+having entered alone, without attendants, the temple of Serapis, to take
+the auspices respecting the establishment of his power, and having done
+his utmost to propitiate the deity, upon turning round, [his freedman]
+Basilides [746] appeared before him, and seemed to offer him the sacred
+leaves, chaplets, and cakes, according to the usage of the place,
+although no one had admitted him, and he had long laboured under a
+muscular debility, which would hardly have allowed him to walk into the
+temple; besides which, it was certain that at the very time he was far
+away.  Immediately after this, arrived letters with intelligence that
+Vitellius's troops had been defeated at Cremona, and he himself slain at
+Rome.  Vespasian, the new emperor, having been raised unexpectedly from a
+low estate, wanted something which might clothe him with divine majesty
+and authority.  This, likewise, was now added.  A poor man who was blind,
+and another who was lame, came both together before him, when he was
+seated on the tribunal, imploring him to heal them [747], and saying that
+they were admonished (450) in a dream by the god Serapis to seek his aid,
+who assured them that he would restore sight to the one by anointing his
+eyes with his spittle, and give strength to the leg of the other, if he
+vouchsafed but to touch it with his heel.  At first he could scarcely
+believe that the thing would any how succeed, and therefore hesitated to
+venture on making the experiment.  At length, however, by the advice of
+his friends, he made the attempt publicly, in the presence of the
+assembled multitudes, and it was crowned with success in both cases
+[748].  About the same time, at Tegea in Arcadia, by the direction (451)
+of some soothsayers, several vessels of ancient workmanship were dug out
+of a consecrated place, on which there was an effigy resembling
+Vespasian.
+
+VIII.  Returning now to Rome, under these auspices, and with a great
+reputation, after enjoying a triumph for victories over the Jews, he
+added eight consulships [749] to his former one.  He likewise assumed the
+censorship, and made it his principal concern, during the whole of his
+government, first to restore order in the state, which had been almost
+ruined, and was in a tottering condition, and then to improve it.  The
+soldiers, one part of them emboldened by victory, and the other smarting
+with the disgrace of their defeat, had abandoned themselves to every
+species of licentiousness and insolence.  Nay, the provinces, too, and
+free cities, and some kingdoms in alliance with Rome, were all in a
+disturbed state.  He, therefore, disbanded many of Vitellius's soldiers,
+and punished others; and so far was he from granting any extraordinary
+favours to the sharers of his success, that it was late before he paid
+the gratuities due to them by law.  That he might let slip no opportunity
+of reforming the discipline of the army, upon a young man's coming much
+perfumed to return him thanks (452) for having appointed him to command a
+squadron of horse, he turned away his head in disgust, and, giving him
+this sharp reprimand, "I had rather you had smelt of garlic," revoked his
+commission.  When the men belonging to the fleet, who travelled by turns
+from Ostia and Puteoli to Rome, petitioned for an addition to their pay,
+under the name of shoe-money, thinking that it would answer little
+purpose to send them away without a reply, he ordered them for the future
+to run barefooted; and so they have done ever since.  He deprived of
+their liberties, Achaia, Lycia, Rhodes, Byzantium, and Samos; and reduced
+them into the form of provinces; Thrace, also, and Cilicia, as well as
+Comagene, which until that time had been under the government of kings.
+He stationed some legions in Cappadocia on account of the frequent
+inroads of the barbarians, and, instead of a Roman knight, appointed as
+governor of it a man of consular rank.  The ruins of houses which had
+been burnt down long before, being a great desight to the city, he gave
+leave to any one who would, to take possession of the void ground and
+build upon it, if the proprietors should hesitate to perform the work
+themselves.  He resolved upon rebuilding the Capitol, and was the
+foremost to put his hand to clearing the ground of the rubbish, and
+removed some of it upon his own shoulder.  And he undertook, likewise, to
+restore the three thousand tables of brass which had been destroyed in
+the fire which consumed the Capitol; searching in all quarters for copies
+of those curious and ancient records, in which were contained the decrees
+of the senate, almost from the building of the city, as well as the acts
+of the people, relative to alliances, treaties, and privileges granted to
+any person.
+
+IX.  He likewise erected several new public buildings, namely, the temple
+of Peace [750] near the Forum, that of Claudius on the (453) Coelian
+mount, which had been begun by Agrippina, but almost entirely demolished
+by Nero [751]; and an amphitheatre [752] in the middle of the city, upon
+finding that Augustus had projected such a work.  He purified the
+senatorian and equestrian orders, which had been much reduced by the
+havoc made amongst them at several times, and was fallen into disrepute
+by neglect.  Having expelled the most unworthy, he chose in their room
+the most honourable persons in Italy and the provinces.  And to let it be
+known that those two orders differed not so much in privileges as in
+dignity, he declared publicly, when some altercation passed between a
+senator and a Roman knight, "that senators ought not to be treated with
+scurrilous language, unless they were the aggressors, and then it was
+fair and lawful to return it."
+
+X.  The business of the courts had prodigiously accumulated, partly from
+old law-suits which, on account of the interruption that had been given
+to the course of justice, still remained undecided, and partly from the
+accession of new suits arising out of the disorder of the times.  He,
+therefore, chose commissioners by lot to provide for the restitution of
+what had been seized by violence during the war, and others with
+extraordinary jurisdiction to decide causes belonging to the centumviri,
+and reduce them to as small a number as possible, for the dispatch of
+which, otherwise, the lives of the litigants could scarcely allow
+sufficient time.
+
+XI.  Lust and luxury, from the licence which had long prevailed, had also
+grown to an enormous height.  He, therefore, obtained a decree of the
+senate, that a woman who formed an union with the slave of another
+person, should be considered (454) a bondwoman herself; and that usurers
+should not be allowed to take proceedings at law for the recovery of
+money lent to young men whilst they lived in their father's family, not
+even after their fathers were dead.
+
+XII.  In other affairs, from the beginning to the end of his government,
+he conducted himself with great moderation and clemency.  He was so far
+from dissembling the obscurity of his extraction, that he frequently made
+mention of it himself.  When some affected to trace his pedigree to the
+founders of Reate, and a companion of Hercules [753], whose monument is
+still to be seen on the Salarian road, he laughed at them for it.  And he
+was so little fond of external and adventitious ornaments, that, on the
+day of his triumph [754], being quite tired of the length and tediousness
+of the procession, he could not forbear saying, "he was rightly served,
+for having in his old age been so silly as to desire a triumph; as if it
+was either due to his ancestors, or had ever been expected by himself."
+Nor would he for a long time accept of the tribunitian authority, or the
+title of Father of his Country.  And in regard to the custom of searching
+those who came to salute him, he dropped it even in the time of the civil
+war.
+
+XIII.  He bore with great mildness the freedom used by his friends, the
+satirical allusions of advocates, and the petulance of philosophers.
+Licinius Mucianus, who had been guilty of notorious acts of lewdness,
+but, presuming upon his great services, treated him very rudely, he
+reproved only in private; and when complaining of his conduct to a common
+friend of theirs, he concluded with these words, "However, I am a man."
+Salvius Liberalis, in pleading the cause of a rich man under prosecution,
+presuming to say, "What is it to Caesar, if Hipparchus possesses a
+hundred millions of sesterces?" he commended him for it.  Demetrius, the
+Cynic philosopher [755], (455) who had been sentenced to banishment,
+meeting him on the road, and refusing to rise up or salute him, nay,
+snarling at him in scurrilous language, he only called him a cur.
+
+XIV.  He was little disposed to keep up the memory of affronts or
+quarrels, nor did he harbour any resentment on account of them.  He made
+a very splendid marriage for the daughter of his enemy Vitellius, and
+gave her, besides, a suitable fortune and equipage.  Being in a great
+consternation after he was forbidden the court in the time of Nero, and
+asking those about him, what he should do? or, whither he should go? one
+of those whose office it was to introduce people to the emperor,
+thrusting him out, bid him go to Morbonia [756].  But when this same
+person came afterwards to beg his pardon, he only vented his resentment
+in nearly the same words.  He was so far from being influenced by
+suspicion or fear to seek the destruction of any one, that, when his
+friends advised him to beware of Metius Pomposianus, because it was
+commonly believed, on his nativity being cast, that he was destined by
+fate to the empire, he made him consul, promising for him, that he would
+not forget the benefit conferred.
+
+XV.  It will scarcely be found, that so much as one innocent person
+suffered in his reign, unless in his absence, and without his knowledge,
+or, at least, contrary to his inclination, and when he was imposed upon.
+Although Helvidius Priscus [757] was the only man who presumed to salute
+him on his return from Syria by his private name of Vespasian, and, when
+he came to be praetor, omitted any mark of honour to him, or even any
+mention of him in his edicts, yet he was not angry, until Helvidius
+proceeded to inveigh against him with the most scurrilous language.
+(456) Though he did indeed banish him, and afterwards ordered him to be
+put to death, yet he would gladly have saved him notwithstanding, and
+accordingly dispatched messengers to fetch back the executioners; and he
+would have saved him, had he not been deceived by a false account
+brought, that he had already perished.  He never rejoiced at the death of
+any man; nay he would shed tears, and sigh, at the just punishment of the
+guilty.
+
+XVI.  The only thing deservedly blameable in his character was his love
+of money.  For not satisfied with reviving the imposts which had been
+repealed in the time of Galba, he imposed new and onerous taxes,
+augmented the tribute of the provinces, and doubled that of some of them.
+He likewise openly engaged in a traffic, which is discreditable [758]
+even to a private individual, buying great quantities of goods, for the
+purpose of retailing them again to advantage.  Nay, he made no scruple of
+selling the great offices of the state to candidates, and pardons to
+persons under prosecution, whether they were innocent or guilty.  It is
+believed, that he advanced all the most rapacious amongst the procurators
+to higher offices, with the view of squeezing them after they had
+acquired great wealth.  He was commonly said, "to have used them as
+sponges," because it was his practice, as we may say, to wet them when
+dry, and squeeze them when wet.  It is said that he was naturally
+extremely covetous, and was upbraided with it by an old herdsman of his,
+who, upon the emperor's refusing to enfranchise him gratis, which on his
+advancement he humbly petitioned for, cried out, "That the fox changed
+his hair, but not his nature."  On the other hand, some are of opinion,
+that he was urged to his rapacious proceedings by necessity, and the
+extreme poverty of the treasury and exchequer, of which he took public
+notice in the beginning of his reign; declaring that "no less than four
+hundred thousand millions of sesterces were wanting to carry on the
+government."  This is the more likely to be true, because he applied to
+the best purposes what he procured by bad means.
+
+XVII.  His liberality, however, to all ranks of people, was excessive.
+He made up to several senators the estate required (457) by law to
+qualify them for that dignity; relieving likewise such men of consular
+rank as were poor, with a yearly allowance of five hundred thousand
+sesterces [759]; and rebuilt, in a better manner than before, several
+cities in different parts of the empire, which had been damaged by
+earthquakes or fires.
+
+XVIII.  He was a great encourager of learning and the liberal arts.  He
+first granted to the Latin and Greek professors of rhetoric the yearly
+stipend of a hundred thousand sesterces [760] each out of the exchequer.
+He also bought the freedom of superior poets and artists [761], and gave
+a noble gratuity to the restorer of the Coan of Venus [762], and to
+another artist who repaired the Colossus [763].  Some one offering to
+convey some immense columns into the Capitol at a small expense by a
+mechanical contrivance, he rewarded him very handsomely for his
+invention, but would not accept his service, saying, "Suffer me to find
+maintenance for the poor people." [764]
+
+XIX.  In the games celebrated when the stage-scenery of (458) the theatre
+of Marcellus [765] was repaired, he restored the old musical
+entertainments.  He gave Apollinaris, the tragedian, four hundred
+thousand sesterces, and to Terpinus and Diodorus, the harpers, two
+hundred thousand; to some a hundred thousand; and the least he gave to
+any of the performers was forty thousand, besides many golden crowns.  He
+entertained company constantly at his table, and often in great state and
+very sumptuously, in order to promote trade.  As in the Saturnalia he
+made presents to the men which they were to carry away with them, so did
+he to the women upon the calends of March [766]; notwithstanding which,
+he could not wipe off the disrepute of his former stinginess.  The
+Alexandrians called him constantly Cybiosactes; a name which had been
+given to one of their kings who was sordidly avaricious.  Nay, at his
+funeral, Favo, the principal mimic, personating him, and imitating, as
+actors do, both his manner of speaking and his gestures, asked aloud of
+the procurators, "how much his funeral and the procession would cost?"
+And being answered "ten millions of sesterces," he cried out, "give him
+but a hundred thousand sesterces, and they might throw his body into the
+Tiber, if they would."
+
+XX.  He was broad-set, strong-limbed, and his features gave the idea of a
+man in the act of straining himself.  In consequence, one of the city
+wits, upon the emperor's desiring him "to say something droll respecting
+himself," facetiously answered, "I will, when you have done relieving
+your bowels." [767]  He enjoyed a good state of health, though he used no
+other means to preserve it, than repeated friction, as much (459) as he
+could bear, on his neck and other parts of his body, in the tennis-court
+attached to the baths, besides fasting one day in every month.
+
+XXI.  His method of life was commonly this.  After he became emperor, he
+used to rise very early, often before daybreak.  Having read over his
+letters, and the briefs of all the departments of the government offices;
+he admitted his friends; and while they were paying him their
+compliments, he would put on his own shoes, and dress himself with his
+own hands.  Then, after the dispatch of such business as was brought
+before him, he rode out, and afterwards retired to repose, lying on his
+couch with one of his mistresses, of whom he kept several after the death
+of Caenis [768].  Coming out of his private apartments, he passed to the
+bath, and then entered the supper-room.  They say that he was never more
+good-humoured and indulgent than at that time: and therefore his
+attendants always seized that opportunity, when they had any favour to
+ask.
+
+XXII.  At supper, and, indeed, at other times, he was extremely free and
+jocose.  For he had humour, but of a low kind, and he would sometimes use
+indecent language, such as is addressed to young girls about to be
+married.  Yet there are some things related of him not void of ingenious
+pleasantry; amongst which are the following.  Being once reminded by
+Mestrius Florus, that plaustra was a more proper expression than plostra,
+he the next day saluted him by the name of Flaurus [769].  A certain lady
+pretending to be desperately enamoured of him, he was prevailed upon to
+admit her to his bed; and after he had gratified her desires, he gave her
+[770] four hundred (460) thousand sesterces.  When his steward desired to
+know how he would have the sum entered in his accounts, he replied, "For
+Vespasian's being seduced."
+
+XXIII.  He used Greek verses very wittily; speaking of a tall man, who
+had enormous parts:
+
+    Makxi bibas, kradon dolichoskion enchos;
+    Still shaking, as he strode, his vast long spear.
+
+And of Cerylus, a freedman, who being very rich, had begun to pass
+himself off as free-born, to elude the exchequer at his decease, and
+assumed the name of Laches, he said:
+
+               ----O Lachaes, Lachaes,
+    Epan apothanaes, authis ex archaes esae Kaerylos.
+
+    Ah, Laches, Laches! when thou art no more,
+    Thou'lt Cerylus be called, just as before.
+
+He chiefly affected wit upon his own shameful means of raising money, in
+order to wipe off the odium by some joke, and turn it into ridicule.  One
+of his ministers, who was much in his favour, requesting of him a
+stewardship for some person, under pretence of his being his brother, he
+deferred granting him his petition, and in the meantime sent for the
+candidate, and having squeezed out of him as much money as he had agreed
+to give to his friend at court, he appointed him immediately to the
+office.  The minister soon after renewing his application, "You must,"
+said he, "find another brother; for the one you adopted is in truth
+mine."
+
+Suspecting once, during a journey, that his mule-driver had alighted to
+shoe his mules, only in order to have an opportunity for allowing a
+person they met, who was engaged in a law-suit, to speak to him, he asked
+him, "how much he got for shoeing his mules?" and insisted on having a
+share of the profit.  When his son Titus blamed him for even laying a tax
+upon urine, he applied to his nose a piece of the money he received in
+the first instalment, and asked him, "if it stunk?"  And he replying no,
+"And yet," said he, "it is derived from urine."
+
+Some deputies having come to acquaint him that a large statue, which
+would cost a vast sum, was ordered to be erected for him at the public
+expense, he told them to pay it down immediately, (461) holding out the
+hollow of his hand, and saying, "there was a base ready for the statue."
+Not even when he was under the immediate apprehension and peril of death,
+could he forbear jesting.  For when, among other prodigies, the mausoleum
+of the Caesars suddenly flew open, and a blazing star appeared in the
+heavens; one of the prodigies, he said, concerned Julia Calvina, who was
+of the family of Augustus [771]; and the other, the king of the
+Parthians, who wore his hair long.  And when his distemper first seized
+him, "I suppose," said he, "I shall soon be a god." [772]
+
+XXIV.  In his ninth consulship, being seized, while in Campania, with a
+slight indisposition, and immediately returning to the city, he soon
+afterwards went thence to Cutiliae [773], and his estates in the country
+about Reate, where he used constantly to spend the summer.  Here, though
+his disorder much increased, and he injured his bowels by too free use of
+the cold waters, he nevertheless attended to the dispatch of business,
+and even gave audience to ambassadors in bed.  At last, being taken ill
+of a diarrhoea, to such a degree that he was ready to faint, he cried
+out, "An emperor ought to die standing upright."  In endeavouring to
+rise, he died in the hands of those who were helping him up, upon the
+eighth of the calends of July [24th June] [774], being sixty-nine years,
+one month, and seven days old.
+
+XXV.  All are agreed that he had such confidence in the calculations on
+his own nativity and that of his sons, that, after several conspiracies
+against him, he told the senate, that either his sons would succeed him,
+or nobody.  It is said likewise, that he once saw in a dream a balance in
+the middle of the porch of the Palatine house exactly poised; in one
+(462) scale of which stood Claudius and Nero, in the other, himself and
+his sons.  The event corresponded to the symbol; for the reigns of the
+two parties were precisely of the same duration. [775]
+
+     *     *     *     *     *     *
+
+Neither consanguinity nor adoption, as formerly, but great influence in
+the army having now become the road to the imperial throne, no person
+could claim a better title to that elevation than Titus Flavius
+Vespasian.  He had not only served with great reputation in the wars both
+in Britain and Judaea, but seemed as yet untainted with any vice which
+could pervert his conduct in the civil administration of the empire.  It
+appears, however, that he was prompted more by the persuasion of friends,
+than by his own ambition, to prosecute the attainment of the imperial
+dignity.  To render this enterprise more successful, recourse was had to
+a new and peculiar artifice, which, while well accommodated to the
+superstitious credulity of the Romans, impressed them with an idea, that
+Vespasian's destiny to the throne was confirmed by supernatural
+indications.  But, after his elevation, we hear no more of his miraculous
+achievements.
+
+The prosecution of the war in Britain, which had been suspended for some
+years, was resumed by Vespasian; and he sent thither Petilius Cerealis,
+who by his bravery extended the limits of the Roman province.  Under
+Julius Frontinus, successor to that general, the invaders continued to
+make farther progress in the reduction of the island: but the commander
+who finally established the dominion of the Romans in Britain, was Julius
+Agricola, not less distinguished for his military achievements, than for
+his prudent regard to the civil administration of the country.  He began
+his operations with the conquest of North Wales, whence passing over into
+the island of Anglesey, which had revolted since the time of Suetonius
+Paulinus, he again reduced it to subjection.  Then proceeding northwards
+with his victorious army, he defeated the Britons in every engagement,
+took possession of all the territories in the southern parts of the
+island, and driving before him all who refused to submit to the Roman
+arms, penetrated even into the forests and mountains of Caledonia.  He
+defeated the natives under Galgacus, their leader, in a decisive battle;
+and fixing a line of garrisons between the friths of Clyde and Forth, he
+secured the Roman province from the incursions of the people who occupied
+the parts of the island (463) beyond that boundary.  Wherever he
+established the Roman power, he introduced laws and civilization amongst
+the inhabitants, and employed every means of conciliating their
+affection, as well as of securing their obedience.
+
+The war in Judaea, which had been commenced under the former reign, was
+continued in that of Vespasian; but he left the siege of Jerusalem to be
+conducted by his son Titus, who displayed great valour and military
+talents in the prosecution of the enterprise.  After an obstinate defence
+by the Jews, that city, so much celebrated in the sacred writings, was
+finally demolished, and the glorious temple itself, the admiration of the
+world, reduced to ashes; contrary, however, to the will of Titus, who
+exerted his utmost efforts to extinguish the flames.
+
+The manners of the Romans had now attained to an enormous pitch of
+depravity, through the unbounded licentiousness of the tines; and, to the
+honour of Vespasian, he discovered great zeal in his endeavours to effect
+a national reformation.  Vigilant, active, and persevering, he was
+indefatigable in the management of public affairs, and rose in the winter
+before day-break, to give audience to his officers of state.  But if we
+give credit to the whimsical imposition of a tax upon urine, we cannot
+entertain any high opinion, either of his talents as a financier, or of
+the resources of the Roman empire.  By his encouragement of science, he
+displayed a liberality, of which there occurs no example under all the
+preceding emperors, since the time of Augustus.  Pliny the elder was now
+in the height of reputation, as well as in great favour with Vespasian;
+and it was probably owing not a little to the advice of that minister,
+that the emperor showed himself so much the patron of literary men.  A
+writer mentioned frequently by Pliny, and who lived in this reign, was
+Licinius Mucianus, a Roman knight: he treated of the history and
+geography of the eastern countries.  Juvenal, who had begun his Satires
+several years before, continued to inveigh against the flagrant vices of
+the times; but the only author whose writings we have to notice in the
+present reign, is a poet of a different class.
+
+C. VALERIUS FLACCUS wrote a poem in eight books, on the Expedition of the
+Argonauts; a subject which, next to the wars of Thebes and Troy, was in
+ancient times the most celebrated.  Of the life of this author,
+biographers have transmitted no particulars; but we may place his birth
+in the reign of Tiberius, before all the writers who flourished in the
+Augustan age were extinct.  He enjoyed the rays of the setting sun which
+had illumined that glorious period, and he discovers the efforts of an
+ambition to recall its meridian splendour.  As the poem was left (464)
+incomplete by the death of the author, we can only judge imperfectly of
+the conduct and general consistency of the fable: but the most difficult
+part having been executed, without any room for the censure of candid
+criticism, we may presume that the sequel would have been finished with
+an equal claim to indulgence, if not to applause.  The traditional
+anecdotes relative to the Argonautic expedition are introduced with
+propriety, and embellished with the graces of poetical fiction.  In
+describing scenes of tenderness, this author is happily pathetic, and in
+the heat of combat, proportionably animated.  His similes present the
+imagination with beautiful imagery, and not only illustrate, but give
+additional force to the subject.  We find in Flaccus a few expressions
+not countenanced by the authority of the most celebrated Latin writers.
+His language, however, in general, is pure; but his words are perhaps not
+always the best that might have been chosen.  The versification is
+elevated, though not uniformly harmonious; and there pervades the whole
+poem an epic dignity, which renders it superior to the production
+ascribed to Orpheus, or to that of Apollonius, on the same subject.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+[721]  Reate, the original seat of the Flavian family, was a city of the
+Sabines.  Its present name is Rieti.
+
+[722]  It does not very clearly appear what rank in the Roman armies
+was held by the evocati.  They are mentioned on three occasions by
+Suetonius, without affording us much assistance.  Caesar, like our
+author, joins them with the centurions.  See, in particular, De Bell.
+Civil. I. xvii. 4.
+
+[723]  The inscription was in Greek, kalos telothaesanti.
+
+[724]  In the ancient Umbria, afterwards the duchy of Spoleto; its modern
+name being Norcia.
+
+[725]  Gaul beyond, north of the Po, now Lombardy.
+
+[726]  We find the annual migration of labourers in husbandry a very
+common practice in ancient as well as in modern times.  At present,
+several thousand industrious labourers cross over every summer from the
+duchies of Parma and Modena, bordering on the district mentioned by
+Suetonius, to the island of Corsica; returning to the continent when the
+harvest is got in.
+
+[727]  A.U.C. 762, A.D. 10.
+
+[728]  Cosa was a place in the Volscian territory; of which Anagni was
+probably the chief town.  It lies about forty miles to the north-east of
+Rome.
+
+[729]  Caligula.
+
+[730]  These games were extraordinary, as being out of the usual course
+of those given by praetors.
+
+[731]  "Revocavit in contubernium."  From the difference of our habits,
+there is no word in the English language which exactly conveys the
+meaning of contubernium; a word which, in a military sense, the Romans
+applied to the intimate fellowship between comrades in war who messed
+together, and lived in close fellowship in the same tent.  Thence they
+transferred it to a union with one woman who was in a higher position
+than a concubine, but, for some reason, could not acquire the legal
+rights of a wife, as in the case of slaves of either sex.  A man of rank,
+also, could not marry a slave or a freedwoman, however much he might be
+attached to her.
+
+[732]  Nearly the same phrases are applied by Suetonius to Drusilla, see
+CALIGULA, c. xxiv., and to Marcella, the concubine of Commodus, by
+Herodian, I. xvi. 9., where he says that she had all the honours of an
+empress, except that the incense was not offered to her.  These
+connections resembled the left-hand marriages of the German princes.
+
+[733]  This expedition to Britain has been mentioned before, CLAUDIUS,
+c. xvii. and note; and see ib. xxiv.
+
+Valerius Flaccus, i. 8, and Silius Italicus, iii. 598, celebrate the
+triumphs of Vespasian in Britain.  In representing him, however, as
+carrying his arms among the Caledonian tribes, their flattery transferred
+to the emperor the glory of the victories gained by his lieutenant,
+Agricola.  Vespasian's own conquests, while he served in Britain, were
+principally in the territories of the Brigantes, lying north of the
+Humber, and including the present counties of York and Durham.
+
+[734]  A.U.C. 804.
+
+[735]  Tacitus, Hist. V. xiii. 3., mentions this ancient prediction, and
+its currency through the East, in nearly the same terms as Suetonius.
+The coming power is in both instances described in the plural number,
+profecti; "those shall come forth;" and Tacitus applies it to Titus as
+well as Vespasian.  The prophecy is commonly supposed to have reference
+to a passage in Micah, v. 2, "Out of thee [Bethlehem-Ephrata] shall He
+come forth, to be ruler in Israel."  Earlier prophetic intimations of a
+similar character, and pointing to a more extended dominion, have been
+traced in the sacred records of the Jews; and there is reason to believe
+that these books were at this time not unknown in the heathen world,
+particularly at Alexandria, and through the Septuagint version.  These
+predictions, in their literal sense, point to the establishment of a
+universal monarchy, which should take its rise in Judaea.  The Jews
+looked for their accomplishment in the person of one of their own nation,
+the expected Messiah, to which character there were many pretenders in
+those times.  The first disciples of Christ, during the whole period of
+his ministry, supposed that they were to be fulfilled in him.  The Romans
+thought that the conditions were answered by Vespasian, and Titus having
+been called from Judaea to the seat of empire.  The expectations
+entertained by the Jews, and naturally participated in and appropriated
+by the first converts to Christianity, having proved groundless, the
+prophecies were subsequently interpreted in a spiritual sense.
+
+[736]  Gessius Florus was at that time governor of Judaea, with the title
+and rank of prepositus, it not being a proconsular province, as the
+native princes still held some parts of it, under the protection and with
+the alliance of the Romans.  Gessius succeeded Florus Albinus, the
+successor of Felix.
+
+[737]  Cestius Gallus was consular lieutenant in Syria.
+
+[738]  See note to c. vii.
+
+[739]  A right hand was the sign of sovereign power, and, as every one
+knows, borne upon a staff among the standards of the armies.
+
+[740]  Tacitus says, "Carmel is the name both of a god and a mountain;
+but there is neither image nor temple of the god; such are the ancient
+traditions; we find there only an altar and religious awe."--Hist. xi.
+78, 4.  It also appears, from his account, that Vespasian offered
+sacrifice on Mount Carmel, where Basilides, mentioned hereafter, c. vii.,
+predicted his success from an inspection of the entrails.
+
+[741]  Josephus, the celebrated Jewish historian, who was engaged in
+these wars, having been taken prisoner, was confined in the dungeon at
+Jotapata, the castle referred to in the preceding chapter, before which
+Vespasian was wounded.--De Bell. cxi. 14.
+
+[742]  The prediction of Josephus was founded on the Jewish prophecies
+mentioned in the note to c. iv., which he, like others, applied to
+Vespasian.
+
+[743]  Julius Caesar is always called by our author after his apotheosis,
+Divus Julius.
+
+[744]  The battle at Bedriacum secured the Empire for Vitellius.  See
+OTHO, c. ix; VITELLIUS, c. x.
+
+[745]  Alexandria may well be called the key, claustra, of Egypt, which
+was the granary of Rome.  It was of the first importance that Vespasian
+should secure it at this juncture.
+
+[746]  Tacitus describes Basilides as a man of rank among the Egyptians,
+and he appears also to have been a priest, as we find him officiating at
+Mount Carmel, c. v.  This is so incompatible with his being a Roman
+freedman, that commentators concur in supposing that the word "libertus."
+although found in all the copies now extant, has crept into the text by
+some inadvertence of an early transcriber.  Basilides appears, like Philo
+Judaeus, who lived about the same period, to have been half-Greek, half-
+Jew, and to have belonged to the celebrated Platonic school of
+Alexandria.
+
+[747]  Tacitus informs us that Vespasian himself believed Basilides to
+have been at this time not only in an infirm state of health, but at the
+distance of several days' journey from Alexandria.  But (for his greater
+satisfaction) he strictly examined the priests whether Basilides had
+entered the temple on that day: he made inquiries of all he met, whether
+he had been seen in the city; nay, further, he dispatched messengers on
+horseback, who ascertained that at the time specified, Basilides was more
+than eighty miles from Alexandria.  Then Vespasian comprehended that the
+appearance of Basilides, and the answer to his prayers given through him,
+were by divine interposition.  Tacit. Hist. iv. 82. 2.
+
+[748]  The account given by Tacitus of the miracles of Vespasian is
+fuller than that of Suetonius, but does not materially vary in the
+details, except that, in his version of the story, he describes the
+impotent man to be lame in the hand, instead of the leg or the knee, and
+adds an important circumstance in the case of the blind man, that he was
+"notus tabe occulorum," notorious for the disease in his eyes.  He also
+winds up the narrative with the following statement: "They who were
+present, relate both these cures, even at this time, when there is
+nothing to be gained by lying."  Both the historians lived within a few
+years of the occurrence, but their works were not published until
+advanced periods of their lives.  The closing remark of Tacitus seems to
+indicate that, at least, he did not entirely discredit the account; and
+as for Suetonius, his pages are as full of prodigies of all descriptions,
+related apparently in all good faith, as a monkish chronicle of the
+Middle Ages.
+
+The story has the more interest, as it is one of the examples of
+successful imposture, selected by Hume in his Essay on Miracles; with the
+reply to which by Paley, in his Evidences of Christianity, most readers
+are familiar.  The commentators on Suetonius agree with Paley in
+considering the whole affair as a juggle between the priests, the
+patients, and, probably, the emperor.  But what will, perhaps, strike the
+reader as most remarkable, is the singular coincidence of the story with
+the accounts given of several of the miracles of Christ; whence it has
+been supposed, that the scene was planned in imitation of them.  It did
+not fall within the scope of Dr. Paley's argument to advert to this; and
+our own brief illustration must be strictly confined within the limits of
+historical disquisition.  Adhering to this principle, we may point out
+that if the idea of plagiarism be accepted, it receives some confirmation
+from the incident related by our author in a preceding paragraph,
+forming, it may be considered, another scene of the same drama, where we
+find Basilides appearing to Vespasian in the temple of Serapis, under
+circumstances which cannot fail to remind us of Christ's suddenly
+standing in the midst of his disciples, "when the doors were shut."  This
+incident, also, has very much the appearance of a parody on the
+evangelical history.  But if the striking similarity of the two
+narratives be thus accounted for, it is remarkable that while the priests
+of Alexandria, or, perhaps, Vespasian himself from his residence in
+Judaea, were in possession of such exact details of two of Christ's
+miracles--if not of a third striking incident in his history--we should
+find not the most distant allusion in the works of such cotemporary
+writers as Tacitus and Suetonius, to any one of the still more stupendous
+occurrences which had recently taken place in a part of the world with
+which the Romans had now very intimate relations.  The character of these
+authors induces us to hesitate in adopting the notion, that either
+contempt or disbelief would have led them to pass over such events, as
+altogether unworthy of notice; and the only other inference from their
+silence is, that they had never heard of them.  But as this can scarcely
+be reconciled with the plagiarism attributed to Vespasian or the Egyptian
+priests, it is safer to conclude that the coincidence, however singular,
+was merely fortuitous.  It may be added that Spartianus, who wrote the
+lives of Adrian and succeeding emperors, gives an account of a similar
+miracle performed by that prince in healing a blind man.
+
+[749]  A.U.C. 823-833, excepting 826 and 831.
+
+[750]  The temple of Peace, erected A.D. 71, on the conclusion of the
+wars with the Germans and the Jews, was the largest temple in Rome.
+Vespasian and Titus deposited in it the sacred vessels and other spoils
+which were carried in their triumph after the conquest of Jerusalem.
+They were consumed, and the temple much damaged, if not destroyed, by
+fire, towards the end of the reign of Commodus, in the year 191.  It
+stood in the Forum, where some ruins on a prodigious scale, still
+remaining, were traditionally considered to be those of the Temple of
+Peace, until Piranesi contended that they are part of Nero's Golden
+House.  Others suppose that they are the remains of a Basilica.  A
+beautiful fluted Corinthian column, forty-seven feet high, which was
+removed from this spot, and now stands before the church of S. Maria
+Maggiore, gives a great idea of the splendour of the original structure.
+
+[751]  This temple, converted into a Christian church by pope Simplicius,
+who flourished, A.D. 464-483, preserves much of its ancient character.
+It is now, called San Stefano in Rotondo, from its circular form; the
+thirty-four pillars, with arches springing from one to the other and
+intended to support the cupola, still remaining to prove its former
+magnificence.
+
+[752]  This amphitheatre is the famous Colosseum begun by Trajan, and
+finished by Titus.  It is needless to go into details respecting a
+building the gigantic ruins of which are so well known.
+
+[753]  Hercules is said, after conquering Geryon in Spain, to have come
+into this part of Italy.  One of his companions, the supposed founder of
+Reate, may have had the name of Flavus.
+
+[754]  Vespasian and his son Titus had a joint triumph for the conquest
+of Judaea, which is described at length by Josephus, De Bell. Jud. vii.
+16.  The coins of Vespasian exhibiting the captive Judaea (Judaea capta),
+are probably familiar to the reader.  See Harphrey's Coin Collector's
+Manual, p. 328.
+
+[755]  Demetrius, who was born at Corinth, seems to have been a close
+imitator of Diogenes, the founder of the sect.  Having come to Rome to
+study under Apollonius, he was banished to the islands, with other
+philosophers, by Vespasian.
+
+[756]  There being no such place as Morbonia, and the supposed name being
+derived from morbus, disease, some critics have supposed that Anticyra,
+the asylum of the incurables, (see CALIGULA, c. xxix.) is meant; but the
+probability is, that the expression used by the imperial chamberlain was
+only a courtly version of a phrase not very commonly adopted in the
+present day.
+
+[757]  Helvidius Priscus, a person of some celebrity as a philosopher and
+public man, is mentioned by Tacitus, Xiphilinus, and Arrian.
+
+[758]  Cicero speaks in strong terms of the sordidness of retail trade--
+Off. i. 24.
+
+[759]  The sesterce being worth about two-pence half-penny of English
+money, the salary of a Roman senator was, in round numbers, five thousand
+pounds a year; and that of a professor, as stated in the succeeding
+chapter, one thousand pounds.  From this scale, similar calculations may
+easily be made of the sums occurring in Suetonius's statements from time
+to time.  There appears to be some mistake in the sum stated in c. xvi.
+just before, as the amount seems fabulous, whether it represented the
+floating debt, or the annual revenue, of the empire.
+
+[760]  See AUGUSTUS, c. xliii.  The proscenium of the ancient theatres
+was a solid erection of an architectural design, not shifted and varied
+as our stage-scenes.
+
+[761]  Many eminent writers among the Romans were originally slaves, such
+as Terence and Phaedrus; and, still more, artists, physicians and
+artificers.  Their talents procuring their manumission, they became the
+freedmen of their former masters.  Vespasian, it appears from Suetonius,
+purchased the freedom of some persons of ability belonging to these
+classes.
+
+[762]  The Coan Venus was the chef-d'oeuvre of Apelles, a native of the
+island of Cos, in the Archipelago, who flourished in the time of
+Alexander the Great.  If it was the original painting which was now
+restored, it must have been well preserved.
+
+[763]  Probably the colossal statue of Nero (see his Life, c. xxxi.),
+afterwards placed in Vespasian's amphitheatre, which derived its name
+from it.
+
+[764]  The usual argument in all times against the introduction of
+machinery.
+
+[765]  See AUGUSTUS, c. xxix.
+
+[766]  At the men's Saturnalia, a feast held in December attended with
+much revelling, the masters waited upon their slaves; and at the women's
+Saturnalia, held on the first of March, the women served their female
+attendants, by whom also they sent presents to their friends.
+
+[767]  Notwithstanding the splendour, and even, in many respects, the
+refinement of the imperial court, the language as well as the habits of
+the highest classes in Rome seem to have been but too commonly of the
+grossest description, and every scholar knows that many of their writers
+are not very delicate in their allusions.  Apropos of the ludicrous
+account given in the text, Martial, on one occasion, uses still plainer
+language.
+
+    Utere lactucis, et mollibus utere malvis:
+    Nam faciem durum Phoebe, cacantis habes.--iii. 89.
+
+[768]  See c. iii. and note.
+
+[769]  Probably the emperor had not entirely worn off, or might even
+affect the rustic dialect of his Sabine countrymen; for among the
+peasantry the au was still pronounced o, as in plostrum for plaustrum, a
+waggon; and in orum for aurum, gold, etc.  The emperor's retort was very
+happy, Flaurus being derived from a Greek word, which signifies
+worthless, while the consular critic's proper name, Florus, was connected
+with much more agreeable associations.
+
+[770]  Some of the German critics think that the passage bears the sense
+of the gratuity having beer given by the lady, and that so parsimonious a
+prince as Vespasian was not likely to have paid such a sum as is here
+stated for a lady's proffered favours.
+
+[771]  The Flavian family had their own tomb.  See DOMITIAN, c. v.  The
+prodigy, therefore, did not concern Vespasian.  As to the tomb of the
+Julian family, see AUGUSTUS, c. ci.
+
+[772]  Alluding to the apotheosis of the emperors.
+
+[773]  Cutiliae was a small lake, about three-quarters of a mile from
+Reate, now called Lago di Contigliano.  It was very deep, and being fed
+from springs in the neighbouring hills, the water was exceedingly clear
+and cold, so that it was frequented by invalids, who required
+invigorating.  Vespasian's paternal estates lay in the neighbourhood of
+Reate.  See chap i.
+
+[774]  A.U.C. 832.
+
+[775]  Each dynasty lasted twenty-eight years.  Claudius and Nero both
+reigning fourteen; and, of the Flavius family, Vespasian reigned ten,
+Titus three, and Domitian fifteen.
+
+
+
+
+
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