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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/6394.txt b/6394.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0ab7775 --- /dev/null +++ b/6394.txt @@ -0,0 +1,963 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Aulus Vitellius (Vitellius), +by C. Suetonius Tranquillus + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Aulus Vitellius (Vitellius) + The Lives Of The Twelve Caesars, Volume 9. + +Author: C. Suetonius Tranquillus + +Release Date: October 22, 2006 [EBook #6394] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AULUS VITELLIUS *** + + + + +Produced by Tapio Riikonen and David Widger + + + + + + THE LIVES + OF + THE TWELVE CAESARS + + By + C. Suetonius Tranquillus; + + To which are added, + + HIS LIVES OF THE GRAMMARIANS, RHETORICIANS, AND POETS. + + + The Translation of + Alexander Thomson, M.D. + + revised and corrected by + T.Forester, Esq., A.M. + + + + +AULUS VITELLIUS. +(427) + +I. Very different accounts are given of the origin of the Vitellian +family. Some describe it as ancient and noble, others as recent and +obscure, nay, extremely mean. I am inclined to think, that these several +representations have been made by the flatterers and detractors of +Vitellius, after he became emperor, unless the fortunes of the family +varied before. There is extant a memoir addressed by Quintus Eulogius to +Quintus Vitellius, quaestor to the Divine Augustus, in which it is said, +that the Vitellii were descended from Faunus, king of the aborigines, and +Vitellia [689], who was worshipped in many places as a goddess, and that +they reigned formerly over the whole of Latium: that all who were left of +the family removed out of the country of the Sabines to Rome, and were +enrolled among the patricians: that some monuments of the family +continued a long time; as the Vitellian Way, reaching from the Janiculum +to the sea, and likewise a colony of that name, which, at a very remote +period of time, they desired leave from the government to defend against +the Aequicolae [690], with a force raised by their own family only: also +that, in the time of the war with the Samnites, some of the Vitellii who +went with the troops levied for the security of Apulia, settled at +Nuceria [691], and their descendants, a long time afterwards, returned +again to Rome, and were admitted (428) into the patrician order. On the +other hand, the generality of writers say that the founder of the family +was a freedman. Cassius Severus [692] and some others relate that he was +likewise a cobbler, whose son having made a considerable fortune by +agencies and dealings in confiscated property, begot, by a common +strumpet, daughter of one Antiochus, a baker, a child, who afterwards +became a Roman knight. Of these different accounts the reader is left to +take his choice. + +II. It is certain, however, that Publius Vitellius, of Nuceria, whether +of an ancient family, or of low extraction, was a Roman knight, and a +procurator to Augustus. He left behind him four sons, all men of very +high station, who had the same cognomen, but the different praenomina of +Aulus, Quintus, Publius, and Lucius. Aulus died in the enjoyment of the +consulship [693], which office he bore jointly with Domitius, the father +of Nero Caesar. He was elegant to excess in his manner of living, and +notorious for the vast expense of his entertainments. Quintus was +deprived of his rank of senator, when, upon a motion made by Tiberius, a +resolution passed to purge the senate of those who were in any respect +not duly qualified for that honour. Publius, an intimate friend and +companion of Germanicus, prosecuted his enemy and murderer, Cneius Piso, +and procured sentence against him. After he had been made proctor, being +arrested among the accomplices of Sejanus, and delivered into the hands +of his brother to be confined in his house, he opened a vein with a +penknife, intending to bleed himself to death. He suffered, however, the +wound to be bound up and cured, not so much from repenting the resolution +he had formed, as to comply with the importunity of his relations. He +died afterwards a natural death during his confinement. Lucius, after +his consulship [694], was made governor of Syria [695], and by his +politic management not only brought Artabanus, king of the Parthians, to +give him an interview, but to worship the standards of the Roman legions. +He afterwards filled two ordinary consulships [696], and also the +censorship [697] jointly with the emperor Claudius. Whilst that (429) +prince was absent upon his expedition into Britain [698], the care of the +empire was committed to him, being a man of great integrity and industry. +But he lessened his character not a little, by his passionate fondness +for an abandoned freedwoman, with whose spittle, mixed with honey, he +used to anoint his throat and jaws, by way of remedy for some complaint, +not privately nor seldom, but daily and publicly. Being extravagantly +prone to flattery, it was he who gave rise to the worship of Caius Caesar +as a god, when, upon his return from Syria, he would not presume to +accost him any otherwise than with his head covered, turning himself +round, and then prostrating himself upon the earth. And to leave no +artifice untried to secure the favour of Claudius, who was entirely +governed by his wives and freedmen, he requested as the greatest favour +from Messalina, that she would be pleased to let him take off her shoes; +which, when he had done, he took her right shoe, and wore it constantly +betwixt his toga and his tunic, and from time to time covered it with +kisses. He likewise worshipped golden images of Narcissus and Pallas +among his household gods. It was he, too, who, when Claudius exhibited +the secular games, in his compliments to him upon that occasion, used +this expression, "May you often do the same." + +III. He died of palsy, the day after his seizure with it, leaving behind +him two sons, whom he had by a most excellent and respectable wife, +Sextilia. He had lived to see them both consuls, the same year and +during the whole year also; the younger succeeding the elder for the last +six months [699]. The senate honoured him after his decease with a +funeral at the public expense, and with a statue in the Rostra, which had +this inscription upon the base: "One who was steadfast in his loyalty to +his prince." The emperor Aulus Vitellius, the son of this Lucius, was born +upon the eighth of the calends of October [24th September], or, as some +say, upon the seventh of the ides of September [7th September], in the +consulship of Drusus Caesar and Norbanus Flaccus [700]. His parents were +so (430) terrified with the predictions of astrologers upon the +calculation of his nativity, that his father used his utmost endeavours +to prevent his being sent governor into any of the provinces, whilst he +was alive. His mother, upon his being sent to the legions [701], and +also upon his being proclaimed emperor, immediately lamented him as +utterly ruined. He spent his youth amongst the catamites of Tiberius at +Capri, was himself constantly stigmatized with the name of Spintria +[702], and was supposed to have been the occasion of his father's +advancement, by consenting to gratify the emperor's unnatural lust. + +IV. In the subsequent part of his life, being still most scandalously +vicious, he rose to great favour at court; being upon a very intimate +footing with Caius [Caligula], because of his fondness for +chariot-driving, and with Claudius for his love of gaming. But he was in +a still higher degree acceptable to Nero, as well on the same accounts, as +for a particular service which he rendered him. When Nero presided in the +games instituted by himself, though he was extremely desirous to perform +amongst the harpers, yet his modesty would not permit him, notwithstanding +the people entreated much for it. Upon his quitting the theatre, +Vitellius fetched him back again, pretending to represent the determined +wishes of the people, and so afforded him the opportunity of yielding to +their in treaties. + +V. By the favour of these three princes, he was not only advanced to the +great offices of state, but to the highest dignities of the sacred order; +after which he held the proconsulship of Africa, and had the +superintendence of the public works, in which appointment his conduct, +and, consequently, his reputation, were very different. For he governed +the province with singular integrity during two years, in the latter of +which he acted as deputy to his brother, who succeeded him. But in his +office in the city, he was said to pillage the temples of their gifts and +ornaments, and to have exchanged brass and tin for gold and silver. [703] + +VI. He took to wife Petronia, the daughter of a man of consular rank, +and had by her a son named Petronius, who was blind of an eye. The +mother being willing to appoint this youth her heir, upon condition that +he should be released from his father's authority, the latter discharged +him accordingly; but shortly after, as was believed, murdered him, +charging him with a design upon his life, and pretending that he had, +from consciousness of his guilt, drank the poison he had prepared for his +father. Soon afterwards, he married Galeria Fundana, the daughter of a +man of pretorian rank, and had by her both sons and daughters. Among the +former was one who had such a stammering in his speech, that he was +little better than if he had been dumb. + +VII. He was sent by Galba into Lower Germany [704], contrary to his +expectation. It is supposed that he was assisted in procuring this +appointment by the interest of Titus Junius, a man of great influence at +that time; whose friendship he had long before gained by favouring the +same set of charioteers with him in the Circensian games. But Galba +openly declared that none were less to be feared than those who only +cared for their bellies, and that even his enormous appetite must be +satisfied with the plenty of that province; so that it is evident he was +selected for that government more out of contempt than kindness. It is +certain, that when he was to set out, he had not money for the expenses +of his journey; he being at that time so much straitened in his +circumstances, that he was obliged to put his wife and children, whom he +left at Rome, into a poor lodging which he hired for them, in order that +he might let his own house for the remainder of the year; and he pawned a +pearl taken from his mother's ear-ring, to defray his expenses on the +road. A crowd of creditors who were waiting to stop him, and amongst +them the people of Sineussa and Formia, whose taxes he had converted to +his own use, he eluded, by alarming them with the apprehension of false +accusation. He had, however, sued a certain freedman, who was clamorous +in demanding a debt of him, under pretence that he had kicked him; which +action he would not withdraw, until he had wrung from the freedman fifty +thousand sesterces. Upon his arrival in the province, the army, (432) +which was disaffected to Galba, and ripe for insurrection, received him +with open arms, as if he had been sent them from heaven. It was no small +recommendation to their favour, that he was the son of a man who had been +thrice consul, was in the prime of life, and of an easy, prodigal +disposition. This opinion, which had been long entertained of him, +Vitellius confirmed by some late practices; having kissed all the common +soldiers whom he met with upon the road, and been excessively complaisant +in the inns and stables to the muleteers and travellers; asking them in a +morning, if they had got their breakfasts, and letting them see, by +belching, that he had eaten his. + +VIII. After he had reached the camp, he denied no man any thing he asked +for, and pardoned all who lay under sentence for disgraceful conduct or +disorderly habits. Before a month, therefore, had passed, without regard +to the day or season, he was hurried by the soldiers out of his +bed-chamber, although it was evening, and he in an undress, and +unanimously saluted by the title of EMPEROR [705]. He was then carried +round the most considerable towns in the neighbourhood, with the sword of +the Divine Julius in his hand; which had been taken by some person out of +the temple of Mars, and presented to him when he was first saluted. Nor +did he return to the pretorium, until his dining-room was in flames from +the chimney's taking fire. Upon this accident, all being in +consternation, and considering it as an unlucky omen, he cried out, +"Courage, boys! it shines brightly upon us." And this was all he said to +the soldiers. The army of the Upper Province likewise, which had before +declared against Galba for the senate, joining in the proceedings, he very +eagerly accepted the cognomen of Germanicus, offered him by the unanimous +consent of both armies, but deferred assuming that of Augustus, and +refused for ever that of Caesar. + +IX. Intelligence of Galba's death arriving soon after, when he had +settled his affairs in Germany he divided his troops into two bodies, +intending to send one of them before him against Otho, and to follow with +the other himself. The army he sent forward had a lucky omen; for, +suddenly, an eagle cams flying up to them on the right, and having +hovered (433) round the standards, flew gently before them on their road. +But, on the other hand, when he began his own march, all the equestrian +statues, which were erected for him in several places, fell suddenly down +with their legs broken; and the laurel crown, which he had put on as +emblematical of auspicious fortune, fell off his head into a river. Soon +afterwards, at Vienne [706], as he was upon the tribunal administering +justice, a cock perched upon his shoulder, and afterwards upon his head. +The issue corresponded to these omens; for he was not able to keep the +empire which had been secured for him by his lieutenants. + +X. He heard of the victory at Bedriacum [707], and the death of Otho, +whilst he was yet in Gaul, and without the least hesitation, by a single +proclamation, disbanded all the pretorian cohorts, as having, by their +repeated treasons, set a dangerous example to the rest of the army; +commanding them to deliver up their arms to his tribunes. A hundred and +twenty of them, under whose hands he had found petitions presented to +Otho, for rewards of their service in the murder of Galba, he besides +ordered to be sought out and punished. So far his conduct deserved +approbation, and was such as to afford hope of his becoming an excellent +prince, had he not managed his other affairs in a way more corresponding +with his own disposition, and his former manner of life, than to the +imperial dignity. For, having begun his march, he rode through every +city in his route in a triumphal procession; and sailed down the rivers +in ships, fitted out with the greatest elegance, and decorated with +various kinds of crowns, amidst the most extravagant entertainments. +Such was the want of discipline, and the licentiousness both in his +family and army, that, not satisfied with the provision every where made +for them at the public expense, they committed every kind of robbery and +insult upon the inhabitants, setting slaves at liberty as they pleased; +and if any dared to make resistance, they dealt blows and abuse, +frequently wounds, and sometimes slaughter amongst them. When he reached +the plains on which the battles (434) were fought [708], some of those +around him being offended at the smell of the carcases which lay rotting +upon the ground, he had the audacity to encourage them by a most +detestable remark, "That a dead enemy smelt not amiss, especially if he +were a fellow-citizen." To qualify, however, the offensiveness of the +stench, he quaffed in public a goblet of wine, and with equal vanity and +insolence distributed a large quantity of it among his troops. On his +observing a stone with an inscription upon it to the memory of Otho, he +said, "It was a mausoleum good enough for such a prince." He also sent +the poniard, with which Otho killed himself, to the colony of Agrippina +[709], to be dedicated to Mars. Upon the Appenine hills he celebrated a +Bacchanalian feast. + +XI. At last he entered the City with trumpets sounding, in his general's +cloak, and girded with his sword, amidst a display of standards and +banners; his attendants being all in the military habit, and the arms of +the soldiers unsheathed. Acting more and more in open violation of all +laws, both divine and human, he assumed the office of Pontifex Maximus, +upon the day of the defeat at the Allia [710]; ordered the magistrates to +be elected for ten years of office; and made himself consul for life. To +put it out of all doubt what model he intended to follow in his +government of the empire, he made his offerings to the shade of Nero in +the midst of the Campus Martius, and with a full assembly of the public +priests attending him. And at a solemn entertainment, he desired a +harper who pleased the company much, to sing something in praise of +Domitius; and upon his beginning some songs of Nero's, he started up in +presence of the whole assembly, and could not refrain from applauding +him, by clapping his hands. + +XII. After such a commencement of his career, he conducted (435) his +affairs, during the greater part of his reign, entirely by the advice and +direction of the vilest amongst the players and charioteers, and +especially his freedman Asiaticus. This fellow had, when young, been +engaged with him in a course of mutual and unnatural pollution, but, +being at last quite tired of the occupation, ran away. His master, some +time after, caught him at Puteoli, selling a liquor called Posca [711], +and put him in chains, but soon released him, and retained him in his +former capacity. Growing weary, however, of his rough and stubborn +temper, he sold him to a strolling fencing-master; after which, when the +fellow was to have been brought up to play his part at the conclusion of +an entertainment of gladiators, he suddenly carried him off, and at +length, upon his being advanced to the government of a province, gave him +his freedom. The first day of his reign, he presented him with the gold +rings at supper, though in the morning, when all about him requested that +favour in his behalf, he expressed the utmost abhorrence of putting so +great a stain upon the equestrian order. + +XIII. He was chiefly addicted to the vices of luxury and cruelty. He +always made three meals a day, sometimes four: breakfast, dinner, and +supper, and a drunken revel after all. This load of victuals he could +well enough bear, from a custom to which he had enured himself, of +frequently vomiting. For these several meals he would make different +appointments at the houses of his friends on the same day. None ever +entertained him at less expense than four hundred thousand sesterces +[712]. The most famous was a set entertainment given him by his brother, +at which, it is said, there were served up no less than two thousand +choice fishes, and seven thousand birds. Yet even this supper he himself +outdid, at a feast which he gave upon the first use of a dish which had +been made for him, and which, for its extraordinary size, he called "The +Shield of Minerva." In this dish there were tossed up together the +livers of char-fish, the brains of pheasants and peacocks, with the +tongues of flamingos, and the entrails of lampreys, which had been +brought in ships of war as far as (436) from the Carpathian Sea, and the +Spanish Straits. He was not only a man of an insatiable appetite, but +would gratify it likewise at unseasonable times, and with any garbage +that came in his way; so that, at a sacrifice, he would snatch from the +fire flesh and cakes, and eat them upon the spot. When he travelled, he +did the same at the inns upon the road, whether the meat was fresh +dressed and hot, or what had been left the day before, and was +half-eaten. + +XIV. He delighted in the infliction of punishments, and even those which +were capital, without any distinction of persons or occasions. Several +noblemen, his school-fellows and companions, invited by him to court, he +treated with such flattering caresses, as seemed to indicate an affection +short only of admitting them to share the honours of the imperial +dignity; yet he put them all to death by some base means or other. To +one he gave poison with his own hand, in a cup of cold water which he +called for in a fever. He scarcely spared one of all the usurers, +notaries, and publicans, who had ever demanded a debt of him at Rome, or +any toll or custom upon the road. One of these, while in the very act of +saluting him, he ordered for execution, but immediately sent for him +back; upon which all about him applauding his clemency, he commanded him +to be slain in his own presence, saying, "I have a mind to feed my eyes." +Two sons who interceded for their father, he ordered to be executed with +him. A Roman knight, upon his being dragged away for execution, and +crying out to him, "You are my heir," he desired to produce his will: and +finding that he had made his freedman joint heir with him, he commanded +that both he and the freedman should have their throats cut. He put to +death some of the common people for cursing aloud the blue party in the +Circensian games; supposing it to be done in contempt of himself, and the +expectation of a revolution in the government. There were no persons he +was more severe against than jugglers and astrologers; end as soon as any +one of them was informed against, he put him to death without the +formality of a trial. He was enraged against them, because, after his +proclamation by which he commanded all astrologers to quit home, and +Italy also, before the calends [the first] of October, a bill was +immediately posted about the city, with the following words:--"TAKE +NOTICE: [713] The Chaldaeans also decree that Vitellius Germanicus shall +be no more, by the day of the said calends." He was even suspected of +being accessary to his mother's death, by forbidding sustenance to be +given her when she was unwell; a German witch [714], whom he held to be +oracular, having told him, "That he would long reign in security if he +survived his mother." But others say, that being quite weary of the +state of affairs, and apprehensive of the future, she obtained without +difficulty a dose of poison from her son. + +XV. In the eighth month of his reign, the troops both in Moesia and +Pannonia revolted from him; as did likewise, of the armies beyond sea, +those in Judaea and Syria, some of which swore allegiance to Vespasian as +emperor in his own presence, and others in his absence. In order, +therefore, to secure the favour and affection of the people, Vitellius +lavished on all around whatever he had it in his power to bestow, both +publicly and privately, in the most extravagant manner. He also levied +soldiers in the city, and promised all who enlisted as volunteers, not +only their discharge after the victory was gained, but all the rewards +due to veterans who had served their full time in the wars. The enemy +now pressing forward both by sea and land, on one hand he opposed against +them his brother with a fleet, the new levies, and a body of gladiators, +and in another quarter the troops and generals who were engaged at +Bedriacum. But being beaten or betrayed in every direction, he agreed +with Flavius Sabinus, Vespasian's brother, to abdicate, on condition of +having his life spared, and a hundred millions of sesterces granted him; +and he immediately, upon the palace-steps, publicly declared to a large +body of soldiers there assembled, "that he resigned the government, which +he had accepted reluctantly;" but they all remonstrating against it, he +deferred the conclusion of the treaty. Next day, early in the morning, +he came down to the Forum in a very mean habit, and with many tears +repeated the (438) declaration from a writing which he held in his hand; +but the soldiers and people again interposing, and encouraging him not to +give way, but to rely on their zealous support, he recovered his courage, +and forced Sabinus, with the rest of the Flavian party, who now thought +themselves secure, to retreat into the Capitol, where he destroyed them +all by setting fire to the temple of Jupiter, whilst he beheld the +contest and the fire from Tiberius's house [715], where he was feasting. +Not long after, repenting of what he had done, and throwing the blame of +it upon others, he called a meeting, and swore "that nothing was dearer +to him than the public peace;" which oath he also obliged the rest to +take. Then drawing a dagger from his side, he presented it first to the +consul, and, upon his refusing it, to the magistrates, and then to every +one of the senators; but none of them being willing to accept it, he went +away, as if he meant to lay it up in the temple of Concord; but some +crying out to him, "You are Concord," he came back again, and said that +he would not only keep his weapon, but for the future use the cognomen of +Concord. + +XVI. He advised the senate to send deputies, accompanied by the Vestal +Virgins, to desire peace, or, at least, time for consultation. The day +after, while he was waiting for an answer, he received intelligence by a +scout, that the enemy was advancing. Immediately, therefore, throwing +himself into a small litter, borne by hand, with only two attendants, a +baker and a cook, he privately withdrew to his father's house, on the +Aventine hill, intending to escape thence into Campania. But a +groundless report being circulated, that the enemy was willing to come to +terms, he suffered himself to be carried back to the palace. Finding, +however, nobody there, and those who were with him stealing away, he +girded round his waist a belt full of gold pieces, and then ran into the +porter's lodge, tying the dog before the door, and piling up against it +the bed and bedding. + +XVII. By this time the forerunners of the enemy's army had broken into +the palace, and meeting with nobody, searched, as was natural, every +corner. Being dragged by them out of his cell, and asked "who he was?" +(for they did not recognize him), "and if he knew where Vitellius was?" +he deceived them by a falsehood. But at last being discovered, he begged +hard to be detained in custody, even were it in a prison; pretending to +have something to say which concerned Vespasian's security. +Nevertheless, he was dragged half-naked into the Forum, with his hands +tied behind him, a rope about his neck, and his clothes torn, amidst the +most contemptuous abuse, both by word and deed, along the Via Sacra; his +head being held back by the hair, in the manner of condemned criminals, +and the point of a sword put under his chin, that he might hold up his +face to public view; some of the mob, meanwhile, pelting him with dung +and mud, whilst others called him "an incendiary and glutton." They also +upbraided him with the defects of his person, for he was monstrously +tall, and had a face usually very red with hard-drinking, a large belly, +and one thigh weak, occasioned by a chariot running against him, as he +was attending upon Caius [716], while he was driving. At length, upon +the Scalae Gemoniae, he was tormented and put to death in lingering +tortures, and then dragged by a hook into the Tiber. + +XVIII. He perished with his brother and son [717], in the fifty-seventh +year of his age [718], and verified the prediction of those who, from the +omen which happened to him at Vienne, as before related [719], foretold +that he would be made prisoner by some man of Gaul. For he was seized by +Antoninus Primus, a general of the adverse party, who was born at +Toulouse, and, when a boy, had the cognomen of Becco [720], which +signifies a cock's beak. + + * * * * * * + +(440) After the extinction of the race of the Caesars, the possession of +the imperial power became extremely precarious; and great influence in +the army was the means which now invariably led to the throne. The +soldiers having arrogated to themselves the right of nomination, they +either unanimously elected one and the same person, or different parties +supporting the interests of their respective favourites, there arose +between them a contention, which was usually determined by an appeal to +arms, and followed by the assassination of the unsuccessful competitor. +Vitellius, by being a parasite of all the emperors from Tiberius to Nero +inclusively, had risen to a high military rank, by which, with a spirit +of enterprise, and large promises to the soldiery, it was not difficult +to snatch the reins of government, while they were yet fluctuating in the +hands of Otho. His ambition prompted to the attempt, and his boldness +was crowned with success. In the service of the four preceding emperors, +Vitellius had imbibed the principal vices of them all: but what chiefly +distinguished him was extreme voraciousness, which, though he usually +pampered it with enormous luxury, could yet be gratified by the vilest +and most offensive garbage. The pusillanimity discovered by this emperor +at his death, forms a striking contrast to the heroic behaviour of Otho. + + + + +FOOTNOTES: + + +[689] Faunus was supposed to be the third king who reigned over the +original inhabitants of the central parts of Italy, Saturn being the +first. Virgil makes his wife's name Marica-- + + Hunc Fauna, et nympha genitum Laurente Marica + Accipimus.--Aen. vii. 47. + +Her name may have been changed after her deification; but we have no +other accounts than those preserved by Suetonius, of several of the +traditions handed down from the fabulous ages respecting the Vitellian +family. + +[690] The Aequicolae were probably a tribe inhabiting the heights in the +neighbourhood of Rome. Virgil describes them, Aen. vii. 746. + +[691] Nuceria, now Nocera, is a town near Mantua; but Livy, in treating +of the war with the Samnites, always speaks of Luceria, which Strabo +calls a town in Apulia. + +[692] Cassius Severus is mentioned before, in AUGUSTUS, c. lvi.; +CALIGULA, c. xvi., etc. + +[693] A.U.C. 785. + +[694] A.U.C. 787. + +[695] He is frequently commended by Josephus for his kindness to the +Jews. See, particularly, Antiq. VI. xviii. + +[696] A.U.C. 796, 800. + +[697] A.U.C. 801. + +[698] A.U.C. 797. See CLAUDIUS, c. xvii. + +[699] A.U.C. 801. + +[700] A.U.C. 767; being the year after the death of the emperor +Augustus; from whence it appears that Vitellius was seventeen years older +than Otho, both being at an advanced age when they were raised to the +imperial dignity. + +[701] He was sent to Germany by Galba. + +[702] See TIBERIUS, c. xliii. + +[703] Julius Caesar, also, was said to have exchanged brass for gold in +the Capitol, Junius, c. liv. The tin which we here find in use at Rome, +was probably brought from the Cassiterides, now the Scilly islands. +whence it had been an article of commerce by the Phoenicians and +Carthaginians from a very early period. + +[704] A.U.C. 821. + +[705] A.U.C. 822. + +[706] Vienne was a very ancient city of the province of Narbonne, famous +in ecclesiastical history as the early seat of a bishopric in Gaul. + +[707] See OTHO, c. ix. + +[708] See OTHO, c. ix. + +[709] Agrippina, the wife of Nero and mother of Germanicus, founded a +colony on the Rhine at the place of her birth. Tacit. Annal. b. xii. It +became a flourishing city, and its origin may be traced in its modern +name, Cologne. + +[710] A dies non fastus, an unlucky day in the Roman calendar, being the +anniversary of their great defeat by the Gauls on the river Allia, which +joins the Tiber about five miles from Rome. This disaster happened on +the 16th of the calends of August [17th July]. + +[711] Posca was sour wine or vinegar mixed with water, which was used by +the Roman soldiery as their common drink. It has been found beneficial +in the cure of putrid diseases. + +[712] Upwards of 4000 pounds sterling. See note, p. 487. + +[713] In imitation of the form of the public edicts, which began with +the words, BONUM FACTUM. + +[714] Catta muliere: The Catti were a German tribe who inhabited the +present countries of Hesse or Baden. Tacitus, De Mor. Germ., informs us +that the Germans placed great confidence in the prophetical inspirations +which they attributed to their women. + +[715] Suetonius does not supply any account of the part added by +Tiberius to the palace of the Caesars on the Palatine, although, as it +will be recollected, he has mentioned or described the works of Augustus, +Caligula, and Nero. The banquetting-room here mentioned would easily +command a view of the Capitol, across the narrow intervening valley. +Flavius Sabinus, Vespasian's brother, was prefect of the city. + +[716] Caligula. + +[717] Lucius and Germanicus, the brother and son of Vitellius, were +slain near Terracina; the former was marching to his brother's relief. + +[718] A.U.C. 822. + +[719] c. ix. + +[720] Becco, from whence the French bec, and English beak; with, +probably, the family names of Bec or Bek. This distinguished provincial, +under his Latin name of Antoninus Primus, commanded the seventh legion in +Gaul. His character is well drawn by Tacitus, in his usual terse style, +Hist. XI. 86. 2. + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Aulus Vitellius (Vitellius), +by C. 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Suetonius Tranquillus + +Release Date: August, 2004 [EBook #6394] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on December 3, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + + + + + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF THE CAESARS, SUETONIUS, V9 *** + + + +This eBook was produced by Tapio Riikonen +and David Widger <widger@cecomet.net> + + + + + + THE LIVES + OF + THE TWELVE CAESARS + + By + C. Suetonius Tranquillus; + + To which are added, + + HIS LIVES OF THE GRAMMARIANS, RHETORICIANS, AND POETS. + + + The Translation of + Alexander Thomson, M.D. + + revised and corrected by + T.Forester, Esq., A.M. + + + + + +(427) + + + AULUS VITELLIUS. + + +I. Very different accounts are given of the origin of the Vitellian +family. Some describe it as ancient and noble, others as recent and +obscure, nay, extremely mean. I am inclined to think, that these several +representations have been made by the flatterers and detractors of +Vitellius, after he became emperor, unless the fortunes of the family +varied before. There is extant a memoir addressed by Quintus Eulogius to +Quintus Vitellius, quaestor to the Divine Augustus, in which it is said, +that the Vitellii were descended from Faunus, king of the aborigines, and +Vitellia [689], who was worshipped in many places as a goddess, and that +they reigned formerly over the whole of Latium: that all who were left of +the family removed out of the country of the Sabines to Rome, and were +enrolled among the patricians: that some monuments of the family +continued a long time; as the Vitellian Way, reaching from the Janiculum +to the sea, and likewise a colony of that name, which, at a very remote +period of time, they desired leave from the government to defend against +the Aequicolae [690], with a force raised by their own family only: also +that, in the time of the war with the Samnites, some of the Vitellii who +went with the troops levied for the security of Apulia, settled at +Nuceria [691], and their descendants, a long time afterwards, returned +again to Rome, and were admitted (428) into the patrician order. On the +other hand, the generality of writers say that the founder of the family +was a freedman. Cassius Severus [692] and some others relate that he was +likewise a cobbler, whose son having made a considerable fortune by +agencies and dealings in confiscated property, begot, by a common +strumpet, daughter of one Antiochus, a baker, a child, who afterwards +became a Roman knight. Of these different accounts the reader is left to +take his choice. + +II. It is certain, however, that Publius Vitellius, of Nuceria, whether +of an ancient family, or of low extraction, was a Roman knight, and a +procurator to Augustus. He left behind him four sons, all men of very +high station, who had the same cognomen, but the different praenomina of +Aulus, Quintus, Publius, and Lucius. Aulus died in the enjoyment of the +consulship [693], which office he bore jointly with Domitius, the father +of Nero Caesar. He was elegant to excess in his manner of living, and +notorious for the vast expense of his entertainments. Quintus was +deprived of his rank of senator, when, upon a motion made by Tiberius, a +resolution passed to purge the senate of those who were in any respect +not duly qualified for that honour. Publius, an intimate friend and +companion of Germanicus, prosecuted his enemy and murderer, Cneius Piso, +and procured sentence against him. After he had been made proctor, being +arrested among the accomplices of Sejanus, and delivered into the hands +of his brother to be confined in his house, he opened a vein with a +penknife, intending to bleed himself to death. He suffered, however, the +wound to be bound up and cured, not so much from repenting the resolution +he had formed, as to comply with the importunity of his relations. He +died afterwards a natural death during his confinement. Lucius, after +his consulship [694], was made governor of Syria [695], and by his +politic management not only brought Artabanus, king of the Parthians, to +give him an interview, but to worship the standards of the Roman legions. +He afterwards filled two ordinary consulships [696], and also the +censorship [697] jointly with the emperor Claudius. Whilst that (429) +prince was absent upon his expedition into Britain [698], the care of the +empire was committed to him, being a man of great integrity and industry. +But he lessened his character not a little, by his passionate fondness +for an abandoned freedwoman, with whose spittle, mixed with honey, he +used to anoint his throat and jaws, by way of remedy for some complaint, +not privately nor seldom, but daily and publicly. Being extravagantly +prone to flattery, it was he who gave rise to the worship of Caius Caesar +as a god, when, upon his return from Syria, he would not presume to +accost him any otherwise than with his head covered, turning himself +round, and then prostrating himself upon the earth. And to leave no +artifice untried to secure the favour of Claudius, who was entirely +governed by his wives and freedmen, he requested as the greatest favour +from Messalina, that she would be pleased to let him take off her shoes; +which, when he had done, he took her right shoe, and wore it constantly +betwixt his toga and his tunic, and from time to time covered it with +kisses. He likewise worshipped golden images of Narcissus and Pallas +among his household gods. It was he, too, who, when Claudius exhibited +the secular games, in his compliments to him upon that occasion, used +this expression, "May you often do the same." + +III. He died of palsy, the day after his seizure with it, leaving behind +him two sons, whom he had by a most excellent and respectable wife, +Sextilia. He had lived to see them both consuls, the same year and +during the whole year also; the younger succeeding the elder for the last +six months [699]. The senate honoured him after his decease with a +funeral at the public expense, and with a statue in the Rostra, which had +this inscription upon the base: "One who was steadfast in his loyalty to +his prince "The emperor Aulus Vitellius, the son of this Lucius, was born +upon the eighth of the calends of October [24th September], or, as some +say, upon the seventh of the ides of September [7th September], in the +consulship of Drusus Caesar and Norbanus Flaccus [700]. His parents were +so (430) terrified with the predictions of astrologers upon the +calculation of his nativity, that his father used his utmost endeavours +to prevent his being sent governor into any of the provinces, whilst he +was alive. His mother, upon his being sent to the legions [701], and +also upon his being proclaimed emperor, immediately lamented him as +utterly ruined. He spent his youth amongst the catamites of Tiberius at +Capri, was himself constantly stigmatized with the name of Spintria +[702], and was supposed to have been the occasion of his father's +advancement, by consenting to gratify the emperor's unnatural lust. + +IV. In the subsequent part of his life, being still most scandalously +vicious, he rose to great favour at court; being upon a very intimate +footing with Caius [Caligula], because of his fondness for chariot- +driving, and with Claudius for his love of gaming. But he was in a still +higher degree acceptable to Nero, as well on the same accounts, as for a +particular service which he rendered him. When Nero presided in the +games instituted by himself, though he was extremely desirous to perform +amongst the harpers, yet his modesty would not permit him, +notwithstanding the people entreated much for it. Upon his quitting the +theatre, Vitellius fetched him back again, pretending to represent the +determined wishes of the people, and so afforded him the opportunity of +yielding to their in treaties. + +V. By the favour of these three princes, he was not only advanced to the +great offices of state, but to the highest dignities of the sacred order; +after which he held the proconsulship of Africa, and had the +superintendence of the public works, in which appointment his conduct, +and, consequently, his reputation, were very different. For he governed +the province with singular integrity during two years, in the latter of +which he acted as deputy to his brother, who succeeded him. But in his +office in the city, he was said to pillage the temples of their gifts and +ornaments, and to have exchanged brass and tin for gold and silver. [703] + +VI. He took to wife Petronia, the daughter of a man of consular rank, +and had by her a son named Petronius, who was blind of an eye. The +mother being willing to appoint this youth her heir, upon condition that +he should be released from his father's authority, the latter discharged +him accordingly; but shortly after, as was believed, murdered him, +charging him with a design upon his life, and pretending that he had, +from consciousness of his guilt, drank the poison he had prepared for his +father. Soon afterwards, he married Galeria Fundana, the daughter of a +man of pretorian rank, and had by her both sons and daughters. Among the +former was one who had such a stammering in his speech, that he was +little better than if he had been dumb. + +VII. He was sent by Galba into Lower Germany [704], contrary to his +expectation. It is supposed that he was assisted in procuring this +appointment by the interest of Titus Junius, a man of great influence at +that time; whose friendship he had long before gained by favouring the +same set of charioteers with him in the Circensian games. But Galba +openly declared that none were less to be feared than those who only +cared for their bellies, and that even his enormous appetite must be +satisfied with the plenty of that province; so that it is evident he was +selected for that government more out of contempt than kindness. It is +certain, that when he was to set out, he had not money for the expenses +of his journey; he being at that time so much straitened in his +circumstances, that he was obliged to put his wife and children, whom he +left at Rome, into a poor lodging which he hired for them, in order that +he might let his own house for the remainder of the year; and he pawned a +pearl taken from his mother's ear-ring, to defray his expenses on the +road. A crowd of creditors who were waiting to stop him, and amongst +them the people of Sineussa and Formia, whose taxes he had converted to +his own use, he eluded, by alarming them with the apprehension of false +accusation. He had, however, sued a certain freedman, who was clamorous +in demanding a debt of him, under pretence that he had kicked him; which +action he would not withdraw, until he had wrung from the freedman fifty +thousand sesterces. Upon his arrival in the province, the army, (432) +which was disaffected to Galba, and ripe for insurrection, received him +with open arms, as if he had been sent them from heaven. It was no small +recommendation to their favour, that he was the son of a man who had been +thrice consul, was in the prime of life, and of an easy, prodigal +disposition. This opinion, which had been long entertained of him, +Vitellius confirmed by some late practices; having kissed all the common +soldiers whom he met with upon the road, and been excessively complaisant +in the inns and stables to the muleteers and travellers; asking them in a +morning, if they had got their breakfasts, and letting them see, by +belching, that he had eaten his. + +VIII. After he had reached the camp, he denied no man any thing he asked +for, and pardoned all who lay under sentence for disgraceful conduct or +disorderly habits. Before a month, therefore, had passed, without regard +to the day or season, he was hurried by the soldiers out of his bed- +chamber, although it was evening, and he in an undress, and unanimously +saluted by the title of EMPEROR [705]. He was then carried round the +most considerable towns in the neighbourhood, with the sword of the +Divine Julius in his hand; which had been taken by some person out of the +temple of Mars, and presented to him when he was first saluted. Nor did +he return to the pretorium, until his dining-room was in flames from the +chimney's taking fire. Upon this accident, all being in consternation, +and considering it as an unlucky omen, he cried out, "Courage, boys! it +shines brightly upon us." And this was all he said to the soldiers. The +army of the Upper Province likewise, which had before declared against +Galba for the senate, joining in the proceedings, he very eagerly +accepted the cognomen of Germanicus, offered him by the unanimous consent +of both armies, but deferred assuming that of Augustus, and refused for +ever that of Caesar. + +IX. Intelligence of Galba's death arriving soon after, when he had +settled his affairs in Germany he divided his troops into two bodies, +intending to send one of them before him against Otho, and to follow with +the other himself. The army he sent forward had a lucky omen; for, +suddenly, an eagle cams flying up to them on the right, and having +hovered (433) round the standards, flew gently before them on their road. +But, on the other hand, when he began his own march, all the equestrian +statues, which were erected for him in several places, fell suddenly down +with their legs broken; and the laurel crown, which he had put on as +emblematical of auspicious fortune, fell off his head into a river. Soon +afterwards, at Vienne [706], as he was upon the tribunal administering +justice, a cock perched upon his shoulder, and afterwards upon his head. +The issue corresponded to these omens; for he was not able to keep the +empire which had been secured for him by his lieutenants. + +X. He heard of the victory at Bedriacum [707], and the death of Otho, +whilst he was yet in Gaul, and without the least hesitation, by a single +proclamation, disbanded all the pretorian cohorts, as having, by their +repeated treasons, set a dangerous example to the rest of the army; +commanding them to deliver up their arms to his tribunes. A hundred and +twenty of them, under whose hands he had found petitions presented to +Otho, for rewards of their service in the murder of Galba, he besides +ordered to be sought out and punished. So far his conduct deserved +approbation, and was such as to afford hope of his becoming an excellent +prince, had he not managed his other affairs in a way more corresponding +with his own disposition, and his former manner of life, than to the +imperial dignity. For, having begun his march, he rode through every +city in his route in a triumphal procession; and sailed down the rivers +in ships, fitted out with the greatest elegance, and decorated with +various kinds of crowns, amidst the most extravagant entertainments. +Such was the want of discipline, and the licentiousness both in his +family and army, that, not satisfied with the provision every where made +for them at the public expense, they committed every kind of robbery and +insult upon the inhabitants, setting slaves at liberty as they pleased; +and if any dared to make resistance, they dealt blows and abuse, +frequently wounds, and sometimes slaughter amongst them. When he reached +the plains on which the battles (434) were fought [708], some of those +around him being offended at the smell of the carcases which lay rotting +upon the ground, he had the audacity to encourage them by a most +detestable remark, "That a dead enemy smelt not amiss, especially if he +were a fellow-citizen." To qualify, however, the offensiveness of the +stench, he quaffed in public a goblet of wine, and with equal vanity and +insolence distributed a large quantity of it among his troops. On his +observing a stone with an inscription upon it to the memory of Otho, he +said, "It was a mausoleum good enough for such a prince." He also sent +the poniard, with which Otho killed himself, to the colony of Agrippina +[709], to be dedicated to Mars. Upon the Appenine hills he celebrated a +Bacchanalian feast. + +XI. At last he entered the City with trumpets sounding, in his general's +cloak, and girded with his sword, amidst a display of standards and +banners; his attendants being all in the military habit, and the arms of +the soldiers unsheathed. Acting more and more in open violation of all +laws, both divine and human, he assumed the office of Pontifex Maximus, +upon the day of the defeat at the Allia [710]; ordered the magistrates to +be elected for ten years of office; and made himself consul for life. To +put it out of all doubt what model he intended to follow in his +government of the empire, he made his offerings to the shade of Nero in +the midst of the Campus Martius, and with a full assembly of the public +priests attending him. And at a solemn entertainment, he desired a +harper who pleased the company much, to sing something in praise of +Domitius; and upon his beginning some songs of Nero's, he started up in +presence of the whole assembly, and could not refrain from applauding +him, by clapping his hands. + +XII. After such a commencement of his career, he conducted (435) his +affairs, during the greater part of his reign, entirely by the advice and +direction of the vilest amongst the players and charioteers, and +especially his freedman Asiaticus. This fellow had, when young, been +engaged with him in a course of mutual and unnatural pollution, but, +being at last quite tired of the occupation, ran away. His master, some +time after, caught him at Puteoli, selling a liquor called Posca [711], +and put him in chains, but soon released him, and retained him in his +former capacity. Growing weary, however, of his rough and stubborn +temper, he sold him to a strolling fencing-master; after which, when the +fellow was to have been brought up to play his part at the conclusion of +an entertainment of gladiators, he suddenly carried him off, and at +length, upon his being advanced to the government of a province, gave him +his freedom. The first day of his reign, he presented him with the gold +rings at supper, though in the morning, when all about him requested that +favour in his behalf, he expressed the utmost abhorrence of putting so +great a stain upon the equestrian order. + +XIII. He was chiefly addicted to the vices of luxury and cruelty. He +always made three meals a day, sometimes four: breakfast, dinner, and +supper, and a drunken revel after all. This load of victuals he could +well enough bear, from a custom to which he had enured himself, of +frequently vomiting. For these several meals he would make different +appointments at the houses of his friends on the same day. None ever +entertained him at less expense than four hundred thousand sesterces +[712]. The most famous was a set entertainment given him by his brother, +at which, it is said, there were served up no less than two thousand +choice fishes, and seven thousand birds. Yet even this supper he himself +outdid, at a feast which he gave upon the first use of a dish which had +been made for him, and which, for its extraordinary size, he called "The +Shield of Minerva." In this dish there were tossed up together the +livers of char-fish, the brains of pheasants and peacocks, with the +tongues of flamingos, and the entrails of lampreys, which had been +brought in ships of war as far as (436) from the Carpathian Sea, and the +Spanish Straits. He was not only a man of an insatiable appetite, but +would gratify it likewise at unseasonable times, and with any garbage +that came in his way; so that, at a sacrifice, he would snatch from the +fire flesh and cakes, and eat them upon the spot. When he travelled, he +did the same at the inns upon the road, whether the meat was fresh +dressed and hot, or what had been left the day before, and was half- +eaten. + +XIV. He delighted in the infliction of punishments, and even those which +were capital, without any distinction of persons or occasions. Several +noblemen, his school-fellows and companions, invited by him to court, he +treated with such flattering caresses, as seemed to indicate an affection +short only of admitting them to share the honours of the imperial +dignity; yet he put them all to death by some base means or other. To +one he gave poison with his own hand, in a cup of cold water which he +called for in a fever. He scarcely spared one of all the usurers, +notaries, and publicans, who had ever demanded a debt of him at Rome, or +any toll or custom upon the road. One of these, while in the very act of +saluting him, he ordered for execution, but immediately sent for him +back; upon which all about him applauding his clemency, he commanded him +to be slain in his own presence, saying, "I have a mind to feed my eyes." +Two sons who interceded for their father, he ordered to be executed with +him. A Roman knight, upon his being dragged away for execution, and +crying out to him, "You are my heir," he desired to produce his will: and +finding that he had made his freedman joint heir with him, he commanded +that both he and the freedman should have their throats cut. He put to +death some of the common people for cursing aloud the blue party in the +Circensian games; supposing it to be done in contempt of himself, and the +expectation of a revolution in the government. There were no persons he +was more severe against than jugglers and astrologers; end as soon as any +one of them was informed against, he put him to death without the +formality of a trial. He was enraged against them, because, after his +proclamation by which he commanded all astrologers to quit home, and +Italy also, before the calends [the first] of October, a bill was +immediately posted about the city, with the following words:--"TAKE +NOTICE: [713] The Chaldaeans also decree that Vitellius Germanicus shall +be no more, by the day of the said calends." He was even suspected of +being accessary to his mother's death, by forbidding sustenance to be +given her when she was unwell; a German witch [714], whom he held to be +oracular, having told him, "That he would long reign in security if he +survived his mother." But others say, that being quite weary of the +state of affairs, and apprehensive of the future, she obtained without +difficulty a dose of poison from her son. + +XV. In the eighth month of his reign, the troops both in Moesia and +Pannonia revolted from him; as did likewise, of the armies beyond sea, +those in Judaea and Syria, some of which swore allegiance to Vespasian as +emperor in his own presence, and others in his absence. In order, +therefore, to secure the favour and affection of the people, Vitellius +lavished on all around whatever he had it in his power to bestow, both +publicly and privately, in the most extravagant manner. He also levied +soldiers in the city, and promised all who enlisted as volunteers, not +only their discharge after the victory was gained, but all the rewards +due to veterans who had served their full time in the wars. The enemy +now pressing forward both by sea and land, on one hand he opposed against +them his brother with a fleet, the new levies, and a body of gladiators, +and in another quarter the troops and generals who were engaged at +Bedriacum. But being beaten or betrayed in every direction, he agreed +with Flavius Sabinus, Vespasian's brother, to abdicate, on condition of +having his life spared, and a hundred millions of sesterces granted him; +and he immediately, upon the palace-steps, publicly declared to a large +body of soldiers there assembled, "that he resigned the government, which +he had accepted reluctantly;" but they all remonstrating against it, he +deferred the conclusion of the treaty. Next day, early in the morning, +he came down to the Forum in a very mean habit, and with many tears +repeated the (438) declaration from a writing which he held in his hand; +but the soldiers and people again interposing, and encouraging him not to +give way, but to rely on their zealous support, he recovered his courage, +and forced Sabinus, with the rest of the Flavian party, who now thought +themselves secure, to retreat into the Capitol, where he destroyed them +all by setting fire to the temple of Jupiter, whilst he beheld the +contest and the fire from Tiberius's house [715], where he was feasting. +Not long after, repenting of what he had done, and throwing the blame of +it upon others, he called a meeting, and swore "that nothing was dearer +to him than the public peace;" which oath he also obliged the rest to +take. Then drawing a dagger from his side, he presented it first to the +consul, and, upon his refusing it, to the magistrates, and then to every +one of the senators; but none of them being willing to accept it, he went +away, as if he meant to lay it up in the temple of Concord; but some +crying out to him, "You are Concord," he came back again, and said that +he would not only keep his weapon, but for the future use the cognomen of +Concord. + +XVI. He advised the senate to send deputies, accompanied by the Vestal +Virgins, to desire peace, or, at least, time for consultation. The day +after, while he was waiting for an answer, he received intelligence by a +scout, that the enemy was advancing. Immediately, therefore, throwing +himself into a small litter, borne by hand, with only two attendants, a +baker and a cook, he privately withdrew to his father's house, on the +Aventine hill, intending to escape thence into Campania. But a +groundless report being circulated, that the enemy was willing to come to +terms, he suffered himself to be carried back to the palace. Finding, +however, nobody there, and those who were with him stealing away, he +girded round his waist a belt full of gold pieces, and then ran into the +porter's lodge, tying the dog before the door, and piling up against it +the bed and bedding. + +XVII. By this time the forerunners of the enemy's army had broken into +the palace, and meeting with nobody, searched, as was natural, every +corner. Being dragged by them out of his cell, and asked "who he was?" +(for they did not recognize him), "and if he knew where Vitellius was?" +he deceived them by a falsehood. But at last being discovered, he begged +hard to be detained in custody, even were it in a prison; pretending to +have something to say which concerned Vespasian's security. +Nevertheless, he was dragged half-naked into the Forum, with his hands +tied behind him, a rope about his neck, and his clothes torn, amidst the +most contemptuous abuse, both by word and deed, along the Via Sacra; his +head being held back by the hair, in the manner of condemned criminals, +and the point of a sword put under his chin, that he might hold up his +face to public view; some of the mob, meanwhile, pelting him with dung +and mud, whilst others called him "an incendiary and glutton." They also +upbraided him with the defects of his person, for he was monstrously +tall, and had a face usually very red with hard-drinking, a large belly, +and one thigh weak, occasioned by a chariot running against him, as he +was attending upon Caius [716], while he was driving. At length, upon +the Scalae Gemoniae, he was tormented and put to death in lingering +tortures, and then dragged by a hook into the Tiber. + +XVIII. He perished with his brother and son [717], in the fifty-seventh +year of his age [718], and verified the prediction of those who, from the +omen which happened to him at Vienne, as before related [719], foretold +that he would be made prisoner by some man of Gaul. For he was seized by +Antoninus Primus, a general of the adverse party, who was born at +Toulouse, and, when a boy, had the cognomen of Becco [720], which +signifies a cock's beak. + + * * * * * * + +(440) After the extinction of the race of the Caesars, the possession of +the imperial power became extremely precarious; and great influence in +the army was the means which now invariably led to the throne. The +soldiers having arrogated to themselves the right of nomination, they +either unanimously elected one and the same person, or different parties +supporting the interests of their respective favourites, there arose +between them a contention, which was usually determined by an appeal to +arms, and followed by the assassination of the unsuccessful competitor. +Vitellius, by being a parasite of all the emperors from Tiberius to Nero +inclusively, had risen to a high military rank, by which, with a spirit +of enterprise, and large promises to the soldiery, it was not difficult +to snatch the reins of government, while they were yet fluctuating in the +hands of Otho. His ambition prompted to the attempt, and his boldness +was crowned with success. In the service of the four preceding emperors, +Vitellius had imbibed the principal vices of them all: but what chiefly +distinguished him was extreme voraciousness, which, though he usually +pampered it with enormous luxury, could yet be gratified by the vilest +and most offensive garbage. The pusillanimity discovered by this emperor +at his death, forms a striking contrast to the heroic behaviour of Otho. + + +FOOTNOTES: + + +[689] Faunus was supposed to be the third king who reigned over the +original inhabitants of the central parts of Italy, Saturn being the +first. Virgil makes his wife's name Marica-- + + Hunc Fauna, et nympha genitum Laurente Marica + Accipimus.--Aen. vii. 47. + +Her name may have been changed after her deification; but we have no +other accounts than those preserved by Suetonius, of several of the +traditions handed down from the fabulous ages respecting the Vitellian +family. + +[690] The Aequicolae were probably a tribe inhabiting the heights in the +neighbourhood of Rome. Virgil describes them, Aen. vii. 746. + +[691] Nuceria, now Nocera, is a town near Mantua; but Livy, in treating +of the war with the Samnites, always speaks of Luceria, which Strabo +calls a town in Apulia. + +[692] Cassius Severus is mentioned before, in AUGUSTUS, c. lvi.; +CALIGULA, c. xvi., etc. + +[693] A.U.C. 785. + +[694] A.U.C. 787. + +[695] He is frequently commended by Josephus for his kindness to the +Jews. See, particularly, Antiq. VI. xviii. + +[696] A.U.C. 796, 800. + +[697] A.U.C. 801. + +[698] A.U.C. 797. See CLAUDIUS, c. xvii. + +[699] A.U.C. 801. + +[700] A.U.C. 767; being the year after the death of the emperor +Augustus; from whence it appears that Vitellius was seventeen years older +than Otho, both being at an advanced age when they were raised to the +imperial dignity. + +[701] He was sent to Germany by Galba. + +[702] See TIBERIUS, c. xliii. + +[703] Julius Caesar, also, was said to have exchanged brass for gold in +the Capitol, Junius, c. liv. The tin which we here find in use at Rome, +was probably brought from the Cassiterides, now the Scilly islands. +whence it had been an article of commerce by the Phoenicians and +Carthaginians from a very early period. + +[704] A.U.C. 821. + +[705] A.U.C. 822. + +[706] Vienne was a very ancient city of the province of Narbonne, famous +in ecclesiastical history as the early seat of a bishopric in Gaul. + +[707] See OTHO, c. ix. + +[708] See OTHO, c. ix. + +[709] Agrippina, the wife of Nero and mother of Germanicus, founded a +colony on the Rhine at the place of her birth. Tacit. Annal. b. xii. It +became a flourishing city, and its origin may be traced in its modern +name, Cologne. + +[710] A dies non fastus, an unlucky day in the Roman calendar, being the +anniversary of their great defeat by the Gauls on the river Allia, which +joins the Tiber about five miles from Rome. This disaster happened on +the 16th of the calends of August [17th July]. + +[711] Posca was sour wine or vinegar mixed with water, which was used by +the Roman soldiery as their common drink. It has been found beneficial +in the cure of putrid diseases. + +[712] Upwards of 4000 pounds sterling. See note, p. 4S7. + +[713] In imitation of the form of the public edicts, which began with +the words, BONUM FACTUM. + +[714] Catta muliere: The Catti were a German tribe who inhabited the +present countries of Hesse or Baden. Tacitus, De Mor. Germ., informs us +that the Germans placed great confidence in the prophetical inspirations +which they attributed to their women. + +[715] Suetonius does not supply any account of the part added by +Tiberius to the palace of the Caesars on the Palatine, although, as it +will be recollected, he has mentioned or described the works of Augustus, +Caligula, and Nero. The banquetting-room here mentioned would easily +command a view of the Capitol, across the narrow intervening valley. +Flavius Sabinus, Vespasian's brother, was prefect of the city. + +[716] Caligula. + +[717] Lucius and Germanicus, the brother and son of Vitellius, were +slain near Terracina; the former was marching to his brother's relief. + +[718] A.U.C. 822. + +[719] c. ix. + +[720] Becco, from whence the French bec, and English beak; with, +probably, the family names of Bec or Bek. This distinguished provincial, +under his Latin name of Antoninus Primus, commanded the seventh legion in +Gaul. His character is well drawn by Tacitus, in his usual terse style, +Hist. XI. 86. 2. + + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF THE CAESARS, SUETONIUS, V9 *** + +************ This file should be named st09w10.txt or st09w10.zip ************ + +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, st09w11.txt +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, st09w10a.txt + +This eBook was produced by Tapio Riikonen +and David Widger <widger@cecomet.net> + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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