initial commit of ebook 6394HEADmain

7 files changed, 1926 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/6394.txt b/6394.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ab7775
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6394.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,963 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Aulus Vitellius (Vitellius),
+by C. Suetonius Tranquillus
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Aulus Vitellius (Vitellius)
+       The Lives Of The Twelve Caesars, Volume 9.
+
+Author: C. Suetonius Tranquillus
+
+Release Date: October 22, 2006 [EBook #6394]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AULUS VITELLIUS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Tapio Riikonen and David Widger
+
+
+
+
+
+                               THE LIVES
+                                   OF
+                           THE TWELVE CAESARS
+
+                                   By
+                       C. Suetonius Tranquillus;
+
+                          To which are added,
+
+         HIS LIVES OF THE GRAMMARIANS, RHETORICIANS, AND POETS.
+
+
+                          The Translation of
+                        Alexander Thomson, M.D.
+
+                        revised and corrected by
+                         T.Forester, Esq., A.M.
+
+
+
+
+AULUS VITELLIUS.
+(427)
+
+I.  Very different accounts are given of the origin of the Vitellian
+family.  Some describe it as ancient and noble, others as recent and
+obscure, nay, extremely mean.  I am inclined to think, that these several
+representations have been made by the flatterers and detractors of
+Vitellius, after he became emperor, unless the fortunes of the family
+varied before.  There is extant a memoir addressed by Quintus Eulogius to
+Quintus Vitellius, quaestor to the Divine Augustus, in which it is said,
+that the Vitellii were descended from Faunus, king of the aborigines, and
+Vitellia [689], who was worshipped in many places as a goddess, and that
+they reigned formerly over the whole of Latium: that all who were left of
+the family removed out of the country of the Sabines to Rome, and were
+enrolled among the patricians: that some monuments of the family
+continued a long time; as the Vitellian Way, reaching from the Janiculum
+to the sea, and likewise a colony of that name, which, at a very remote
+period of time, they desired leave from the government to defend against
+the Aequicolae [690], with a force raised by their own family only: also
+that, in the time of the war with the Samnites, some of the Vitellii who
+went with the troops levied for the security of Apulia, settled at
+Nuceria [691], and their descendants, a long time afterwards, returned
+again to Rome, and were admitted (428) into the patrician order.  On the
+other hand, the generality of writers say that the founder of the family
+was a freedman.  Cassius Severus [692] and some others relate that he was
+likewise a cobbler, whose son having made a considerable fortune by
+agencies and dealings in confiscated property, begot, by a common
+strumpet, daughter of one Antiochus, a baker, a child, who afterwards
+became a Roman knight.  Of these different accounts the reader is left to
+take his choice.
+
+II.  It is certain, however, that Publius Vitellius, of Nuceria, whether
+of an ancient family, or of low extraction, was a Roman knight, and a
+procurator to Augustus.  He left behind him four sons, all men of very
+high station, who had the same cognomen, but the different praenomina of
+Aulus, Quintus, Publius, and Lucius.  Aulus died in the enjoyment of the
+consulship [693], which office he bore jointly with Domitius, the father
+of Nero Caesar.  He was elegant to excess in his manner of living, and
+notorious for the vast expense of his entertainments.  Quintus was
+deprived of his rank of senator, when, upon a motion made by Tiberius, a
+resolution passed to purge the senate of those who were in any respect
+not duly qualified for that honour.  Publius, an intimate friend and
+companion of Germanicus, prosecuted his enemy and murderer, Cneius Piso,
+and procured sentence against him.  After he had been made proctor, being
+arrested among the accomplices of Sejanus, and delivered into the hands
+of his brother to be confined in his house, he opened a vein with a
+penknife, intending to bleed himself to death.  He suffered, however, the
+wound to be bound up and cured, not so much from repenting the resolution
+he had formed, as to comply with the importunity of his relations.  He
+died afterwards a natural death during his confinement.  Lucius, after
+his consulship [694], was made governor of Syria [695], and by his
+politic management not only brought Artabanus, king of the Parthians, to
+give him an interview, but to worship the standards of the Roman legions.
+He afterwards filled two ordinary consulships [696], and also the
+censorship [697] jointly with the emperor Claudius.  Whilst that (429)
+prince was absent upon his expedition into Britain [698], the care of the
+empire was committed to him, being a man of great integrity and industry.
+But he lessened his character not a little, by his passionate fondness
+for an abandoned freedwoman, with whose spittle, mixed with honey, he
+used to anoint his throat and jaws, by way of remedy for some complaint,
+not privately nor seldom, but daily and publicly.  Being extravagantly
+prone to flattery, it was he who gave rise to the worship of Caius Caesar
+as a god, when, upon his return from Syria, he would not presume to
+accost him any otherwise than with his head covered, turning himself
+round, and then prostrating himself upon the earth.  And to leave no
+artifice untried to secure the favour of Claudius, who was entirely
+governed by his wives and freedmen, he requested as the greatest favour
+from Messalina, that she would be pleased to let him take off her shoes;
+which, when he had done, he took her right shoe, and wore it constantly
+betwixt his toga and his tunic, and from time to time covered it with
+kisses.  He likewise worshipped golden images of Narcissus and Pallas
+among his household gods.  It was he, too, who, when Claudius exhibited
+the secular games, in his compliments to him upon that occasion, used
+this expression, "May you often do the same."
+
+III.  He died of palsy, the day after his seizure with it, leaving behind
+him two sons, whom he had by a most excellent and respectable wife,
+Sextilia.  He had lived to see them both consuls, the same year and
+during the whole year also; the younger succeeding the elder for the last
+six months [699].  The senate honoured him after his decease with a
+funeral at the public expense, and with a statue in the Rostra, which had
+this inscription upon the base: "One who was steadfast in his loyalty to
+his prince." The emperor Aulus Vitellius, the son of this Lucius, was born
+upon the eighth of the calends of October [24th September], or, as some
+say, upon the seventh of the ides of September [7th September], in the
+consulship of Drusus Caesar and Norbanus Flaccus [700].  His parents were
+so (430) terrified with the predictions of astrologers upon the
+calculation of his nativity, that his father used his utmost endeavours
+to prevent his being sent governor into any of the provinces, whilst he
+was alive.  His mother, upon his being sent to the legions [701], and
+also upon his being proclaimed emperor, immediately lamented him as
+utterly ruined.  He spent his youth amongst the catamites of Tiberius at
+Capri, was himself constantly stigmatized with the name of Spintria
+[702], and was supposed to have been the occasion of his father's
+advancement, by consenting to gratify the emperor's unnatural lust.
+
+IV.  In the subsequent part of his life, being still most scandalously
+vicious, he rose to great favour at court; being upon a very intimate
+footing with Caius [Caligula], because of his fondness for
+chariot-driving, and with Claudius for his love of gaming.  But he was in
+a still higher degree acceptable to Nero, as well on the same accounts, as
+for a particular service which he rendered him.  When Nero presided in the
+games instituted by himself, though he was extremely desirous to perform
+amongst the harpers, yet his modesty would not permit him, notwithstanding
+the people entreated much for it.  Upon his quitting the theatre,
+Vitellius fetched him back again, pretending to represent the determined
+wishes of the people, and so afforded him the opportunity of yielding to
+their in treaties.
+
+V.  By the favour of these three princes, he was not only advanced to the
+great offices of state, but to the highest dignities of the sacred order;
+after which he held the proconsulship of Africa, and had the
+superintendence of the public works, in which appointment his conduct,
+and, consequently, his reputation, were very different.  For he governed
+the province with singular integrity during two years, in the latter of
+which he acted as deputy to his brother, who succeeded him.  But in his
+office in the city, he was said to pillage the temples of their gifts and
+ornaments, and to have exchanged brass and tin for gold and silver. [703]
+
+VI.  He took to wife Petronia, the daughter of a man of consular rank,
+and had by her a son named Petronius, who was blind of an eye.  The
+mother being willing to appoint this youth her heir, upon condition that
+he should be released from his father's authority, the latter discharged
+him accordingly; but shortly after, as was believed, murdered him,
+charging him with a design upon his life, and pretending that he had,
+from consciousness of his guilt, drank the poison he had prepared for his
+father.  Soon afterwards, he married Galeria Fundana, the daughter of a
+man of pretorian rank, and had by her both sons and daughters.  Among the
+former was one who had such a stammering in his speech, that he was
+little better than if he had been dumb.
+
+VII.  He was sent by Galba into Lower Germany [704], contrary to his
+expectation.  It is supposed that he was assisted in procuring this
+appointment by the interest of Titus Junius, a man of great influence at
+that time; whose friendship he had long before gained by favouring the
+same set of charioteers with him in the Circensian games.  But Galba
+openly declared that none were less to be feared than those who only
+cared for their bellies, and that even his enormous appetite must be
+satisfied with the plenty of that province; so that it is evident he was
+selected for that government more out of contempt than kindness.  It is
+certain, that when he was to set out, he had not money for the expenses
+of his journey; he being at that time so much straitened in his
+circumstances, that he was obliged to put his wife and children, whom he
+left at Rome, into a poor lodging which he hired for them, in order that
+he might let his own house for the remainder of the year; and he pawned a
+pearl taken from his mother's ear-ring, to defray his expenses on the
+road.  A crowd of creditors who were waiting to stop him, and amongst
+them the people of Sineussa and Formia, whose taxes he had converted to
+his own use, he eluded, by alarming them with the apprehension of false
+accusation.  He had, however, sued a certain freedman, who was clamorous
+in demanding a debt of him, under pretence that he had kicked him; which
+action he would not withdraw, until he had wrung from the freedman fifty
+thousand sesterces.  Upon his arrival in the province, the army, (432)
+which was disaffected to Galba, and ripe for insurrection, received him
+with open arms, as if he had been sent them from heaven.  It was no small
+recommendation to their favour, that he was the son of a man who had been
+thrice consul, was in the prime of life, and of an easy, prodigal
+disposition.  This opinion, which had been long entertained of him,
+Vitellius confirmed by some late practices; having kissed all the common
+soldiers whom he met with upon the road, and been excessively complaisant
+in the inns and stables to the muleteers and travellers; asking them in a
+morning, if they had got their breakfasts, and letting them see, by
+belching, that he had eaten his.
+
+VIII.  After he had reached the camp, he denied no man any thing he asked
+for, and pardoned all who lay under sentence for disgraceful conduct or
+disorderly habits.  Before a month, therefore, had passed, without regard
+to the day or season, he was hurried by the soldiers out of his
+bed-chamber, although it was evening, and he in an undress, and
+unanimously saluted by the title of EMPEROR [705].  He was then carried
+round the most considerable towns in the neighbourhood, with the sword of
+the Divine Julius in his hand; which had been taken by some person out of
+the temple of Mars, and presented to him when he was first saluted.  Nor
+did he return to the pretorium, until his dining-room was in flames from
+the chimney's taking fire.  Upon this accident, all being in
+consternation, and considering it as an unlucky omen, he cried out,
+"Courage, boys! it shines brightly upon us."  And this was all he said to
+the soldiers.  The army of the Upper Province likewise, which had before
+declared against Galba for the senate, joining in the proceedings, he very
+eagerly accepted the cognomen of Germanicus, offered him by the unanimous
+consent of both armies, but deferred assuming that of Augustus, and
+refused for ever that of Caesar.
+
+IX.  Intelligence of Galba's death arriving soon after, when he had
+settled his affairs in Germany he divided his troops into two bodies,
+intending to send one of them before him against Otho, and to follow with
+the other himself.  The army he sent forward had a lucky omen; for,
+suddenly, an eagle cams flying up to them on the right, and having
+hovered (433) round the standards, flew gently before them on their road.
+But, on the other hand, when he began his own march, all the equestrian
+statues, which were erected for him in several places, fell suddenly down
+with their legs broken; and the laurel crown, which he had put on as
+emblematical of auspicious fortune, fell off his head into a river.  Soon
+afterwards, at Vienne [706], as he was upon the tribunal administering
+justice, a cock perched upon his shoulder, and afterwards upon his head.
+The issue corresponded to these omens; for he was not able to keep the
+empire which had been secured for him by his lieutenants.
+
+X.  He heard of the victory at Bedriacum [707], and the death of Otho,
+whilst he was yet in Gaul, and without the least hesitation, by a single
+proclamation, disbanded all the pretorian cohorts, as having, by their
+repeated treasons, set a dangerous example to the rest of the army;
+commanding them to deliver up their arms to his tribunes.  A hundred and
+twenty of them, under whose hands he had found petitions presented to
+Otho, for rewards of their service in the murder of Galba, he besides
+ordered to be sought out and punished.  So far his conduct deserved
+approbation, and was such as to afford hope of his becoming an excellent
+prince, had he not managed his other affairs in a way more corresponding
+with his own disposition, and his former manner of life, than to the
+imperial dignity.  For, having begun his march, he rode through every
+city in his route in a triumphal procession; and sailed down the rivers
+in ships, fitted out with the greatest elegance, and decorated with
+various kinds of crowns, amidst the most extravagant entertainments.
+Such was the want of discipline, and the licentiousness both in his
+family and army, that, not satisfied with the provision every where made
+for them at the public expense, they committed every kind of robbery and
+insult upon the inhabitants, setting slaves at liberty as they pleased;
+and if any dared to make resistance, they dealt blows and abuse,
+frequently wounds, and sometimes slaughter amongst them.  When he reached
+the plains on which the battles (434) were fought [708], some of those
+around him being offended at the smell of the carcases which lay rotting
+upon the ground, he had the audacity to encourage them by a most
+detestable remark, "That a dead enemy smelt not amiss, especially if he
+were a fellow-citizen."  To qualify, however, the offensiveness of the
+stench, he quaffed in public a goblet of wine, and with equal vanity and
+insolence distributed a large quantity of it among his troops.  On his
+observing a stone with an inscription upon it to the memory of Otho, he
+said, "It was a mausoleum good enough for such a prince."  He also sent
+the poniard, with which Otho killed himself, to the colony of Agrippina
+[709], to be dedicated to Mars.  Upon the Appenine hills he celebrated a
+Bacchanalian feast.
+
+XI.  At last he entered the City with trumpets sounding, in his general's
+cloak, and girded with his sword, amidst a display of standards and
+banners; his attendants being all in the military habit, and the arms of
+the soldiers unsheathed.  Acting more and more in open violation of all
+laws, both divine and human, he assumed the office of Pontifex Maximus,
+upon the day of the defeat at the Allia [710]; ordered the magistrates to
+be elected for ten years of office; and made himself consul for life.  To
+put it out of all doubt what model he intended to follow in his
+government of the empire, he made his offerings to the shade of Nero in
+the midst of the Campus Martius, and with a full assembly of the public
+priests attending him.  And at a solemn entertainment, he desired a
+harper who pleased the company much, to sing something in praise of
+Domitius; and upon his beginning some songs of Nero's, he started up in
+presence of the whole assembly, and could not refrain from applauding
+him, by clapping his hands.
+
+XII.  After such a commencement of his career, he conducted (435) his
+affairs, during the greater part of his reign, entirely by the advice and
+direction of the vilest amongst the players and charioteers, and
+especially his freedman Asiaticus.  This fellow had, when young, been
+engaged with him in a course of mutual and unnatural pollution, but,
+being at last quite tired of the occupation, ran away.  His master, some
+time after, caught him at Puteoli, selling a liquor called Posca [711],
+and put him in chains, but soon released him, and retained him in his
+former capacity.  Growing weary, however, of his rough and stubborn
+temper, he sold him to a strolling fencing-master; after which, when the
+fellow was to have been brought up to play his part at the conclusion of
+an entertainment of gladiators, he suddenly carried him off, and at
+length, upon his being advanced to the government of a province, gave him
+his freedom.  The first day of his reign, he presented him with the gold
+rings at supper, though in the morning, when all about him requested that
+favour in his behalf, he expressed the utmost abhorrence of putting so
+great a stain upon the equestrian order.
+
+XIII.  He was chiefly addicted to the vices of luxury and cruelty.  He
+always made three meals a day, sometimes four: breakfast, dinner, and
+supper, and a drunken revel after all.  This load of victuals he could
+well enough bear, from a custom to which he had enured himself, of
+frequently vomiting.  For these several meals he would make different
+appointments at the houses of his friends on the same day.  None ever
+entertained him at less expense than four hundred thousand sesterces
+[712].  The most famous was a set entertainment given him by his brother,
+at which, it is said, there were served up no less than two thousand
+choice fishes, and seven thousand birds.  Yet even this supper he himself
+outdid, at a feast which he gave upon the first use of a dish which had
+been made for him, and which, for its extraordinary size, he called "The
+Shield of Minerva."  In this dish there were tossed up together the
+livers of char-fish, the brains of pheasants and peacocks, with the
+tongues of flamingos, and the entrails of lampreys, which had been
+brought in ships of war as far as (436) from the Carpathian Sea, and the
+Spanish Straits.  He was not only a man of an insatiable appetite, but
+would gratify it likewise at unseasonable times, and with any garbage
+that came in his way; so that, at a sacrifice, he would snatch from the
+fire flesh and cakes, and eat them upon the spot.  When he travelled, he
+did the same at the inns upon the road, whether the meat was fresh
+dressed and hot, or what had been left the day before, and was
+half-eaten.
+
+XIV.  He delighted in the infliction of punishments, and even those which
+were capital, without any distinction of persons or occasions.  Several
+noblemen, his school-fellows and companions, invited by him to court, he
+treated with such flattering caresses, as seemed to indicate an affection
+short only of admitting them to share the honours of the imperial
+dignity; yet he put them all to death by some base means or other.  To
+one he gave poison with his own hand, in a cup of cold water which he
+called for in a fever.  He scarcely spared one of all the usurers,
+notaries, and publicans, who had ever demanded a debt of him at Rome, or
+any toll or custom upon the road.  One of these, while in the very act of
+saluting him, he ordered for execution, but immediately sent for him
+back; upon which all about him applauding his clemency, he commanded him
+to be slain in his own presence, saying, "I have a mind to feed my eyes."
+Two sons who interceded for their father, he ordered to be executed with
+him.  A Roman knight, upon his being dragged away for execution, and
+crying out to him, "You are my heir," he desired to produce his will: and
+finding that he had made his freedman joint heir with him, he commanded
+that both he and the freedman should have their throats cut.  He put to
+death some of the common people for cursing aloud the blue party in the
+Circensian games; supposing it to be done in contempt of himself, and the
+expectation of a revolution in the government.  There were no persons he
+was more severe against than jugglers and astrologers; end as soon as any
+one of them was informed against, he put him to death without the
+formality of a trial.  He was enraged against them, because, after his
+proclamation by which he commanded all astrologers to quit home, and
+Italy also, before the calends [the first] of October, a bill was
+immediately posted about the city, with the following words:--"TAKE
+NOTICE: [713] The Chaldaeans also decree that Vitellius Germanicus shall
+be no more, by the day of the said calends."  He was even suspected of
+being accessary to his mother's death, by forbidding sustenance to be
+given her when she was unwell; a German witch [714], whom he held to be
+oracular, having told him, "That he would long reign in security if he
+survived his mother."  But others say, that being quite weary of the
+state of affairs, and apprehensive of the future, she obtained without
+difficulty a dose of poison from her son.
+
+XV.  In the eighth month of his reign, the troops both in Moesia and
+Pannonia revolted from him; as did likewise, of the armies beyond sea,
+those in Judaea and Syria, some of which swore allegiance to Vespasian as
+emperor in his own presence, and others in his absence.  In order,
+therefore, to secure the favour and affection of the people, Vitellius
+lavished on all around whatever he had it in his power to bestow, both
+publicly and privately, in the most extravagant manner.  He also levied
+soldiers in the city, and promised all who enlisted as volunteers, not
+only their discharge after the victory was gained, but all the rewards
+due to veterans who had served their full time in the wars.  The enemy
+now pressing forward both by sea and land, on one hand he opposed against
+them his brother with a fleet, the new levies, and a body of gladiators,
+and in another quarter the troops and generals who were engaged at
+Bedriacum.  But being beaten or betrayed in every direction, he agreed
+with Flavius Sabinus, Vespasian's brother, to abdicate, on condition of
+having his life spared, and a hundred millions of sesterces granted him;
+and he immediately, upon the palace-steps, publicly declared to a large
+body of soldiers there assembled, "that he resigned the government, which
+he had accepted reluctantly;" but they all remonstrating against it, he
+deferred the conclusion of the treaty.  Next day, early in the morning,
+he came down to the Forum in a very mean habit, and with many tears
+repeated the (438) declaration from a writing which he held in his hand;
+but the soldiers and people again interposing, and encouraging him not to
+give way, but to rely on their zealous support, he recovered his courage,
+and forced Sabinus, with the rest of the Flavian party, who now thought
+themselves secure, to retreat into the Capitol, where he destroyed them
+all by setting fire to the temple of Jupiter, whilst he beheld the
+contest and the fire from Tiberius's house [715], where he was feasting.
+Not long after, repenting of what he had done, and throwing the blame of
+it upon others, he called a meeting, and swore "that nothing was dearer
+to him than the public peace;" which oath he also obliged the rest to
+take.  Then drawing a dagger from his side, he presented it first to the
+consul, and, upon his refusing it, to the magistrates, and then to every
+one of the senators; but none of them being willing to accept it, he went
+away, as if he meant to lay it up in the temple of Concord; but some
+crying out to him, "You are Concord," he came back again, and said that
+he would not only keep his weapon, but for the future use the cognomen of
+Concord.
+
+XVI.  He advised the senate to send deputies, accompanied by the Vestal
+Virgins, to desire peace, or, at least, time for consultation.  The day
+after, while he was waiting for an answer, he received intelligence by a
+scout, that the enemy was advancing.  Immediately, therefore, throwing
+himself into a small litter, borne by hand, with only two attendants, a
+baker and a cook, he privately withdrew to his father's house, on the
+Aventine hill, intending to escape thence into Campania.  But a
+groundless report being circulated, that the enemy was willing to come to
+terms, he suffered himself to be carried back to the palace.  Finding,
+however, nobody there, and those who were with him stealing away, he
+girded round his waist a belt full of gold pieces, and then ran into the
+porter's lodge, tying the dog before the door, and piling up against it
+the bed and bedding.
+
+XVII.  By this time the forerunners of the enemy's army had broken into
+the palace, and meeting with nobody, searched, as was natural, every
+corner.  Being dragged by them out of his cell, and asked "who he was?"
+(for they did not recognize him), "and if he knew where Vitellius was?"
+he deceived them by a falsehood.  But at last being discovered, he begged
+hard to be detained in custody, even were it in a prison; pretending to
+have something to say which concerned Vespasian's security.
+Nevertheless, he was dragged half-naked into the Forum, with his hands
+tied behind him, a rope about his neck, and his clothes torn, amidst the
+most contemptuous abuse, both by word and deed, along the Via Sacra; his
+head being held back by the hair, in the manner of condemned criminals,
+and the point of a sword put under his chin, that he might hold up his
+face to public view; some of the mob, meanwhile, pelting him with dung
+and mud, whilst others called him "an incendiary and glutton."  They also
+upbraided him with the defects of his person, for he was monstrously
+tall, and had a face usually very red with hard-drinking, a large belly,
+and one thigh weak, occasioned by a chariot running against him, as he
+was attending upon Caius [716], while he was driving.  At length, upon
+the Scalae Gemoniae, he was tormented and put to death in lingering
+tortures, and then dragged by a hook into the Tiber.
+
+XVIII.  He perished with his brother and son [717], in the fifty-seventh
+year of his age [718], and verified the prediction of those who, from the
+omen which happened to him at Vienne, as before related [719], foretold
+that he would be made prisoner by some man of Gaul.  For he was seized by
+Antoninus Primus, a general of the adverse party, who was born at
+Toulouse, and, when a boy, had the cognomen of Becco [720], which
+signifies a cock's beak.
+
+     *     *     *     *     *     *
+
+(440) After the extinction of the race of the Caesars, the possession of
+the imperial power became extremely precarious; and great influence in
+the army was the means which now invariably led to the throne.  The
+soldiers having arrogated to themselves the right of nomination, they
+either unanimously elected one and the same person, or different parties
+supporting the interests of their respective favourites, there arose
+between them a contention, which was usually determined by an appeal to
+arms, and followed by the assassination of the unsuccessful competitor.
+Vitellius, by being a parasite of all the emperors from Tiberius to Nero
+inclusively, had risen to a high military rank, by which, with a spirit
+of enterprise, and large promises to the soldiery, it was not difficult
+to snatch the reins of government, while they were yet fluctuating in the
+hands of Otho.  His ambition prompted to the attempt, and his boldness
+was crowned with success.  In the service of the four preceding emperors,
+Vitellius had imbibed the principal vices of them all: but what chiefly
+distinguished him was extreme voraciousness, which, though he usually
+pampered it with enormous luxury, could yet be gratified by the vilest
+and most offensive garbage.  The pusillanimity discovered by this emperor
+at his death, forms a striking contrast to the heroic behaviour of Otho.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+[689]  Faunus was supposed to be the third king who reigned over the
+original inhabitants of the central parts of Italy, Saturn being the
+first.  Virgil makes his wife's name Marica--
+
+    Hunc Fauna, et nympha genitum Laurente Marica
+    Accipimus.--Aen. vii. 47.
+
+Her name may have been changed after her deification; but we have no
+other accounts than those preserved by Suetonius, of several of the
+traditions handed down from the fabulous ages respecting the Vitellian
+family.
+
+[690]  The Aequicolae were probably a tribe inhabiting the heights in the
+neighbourhood of Rome.  Virgil describes them, Aen. vii. 746.
+
+[691]  Nuceria, now Nocera, is a town near Mantua; but Livy, in treating
+of the war with the Samnites, always speaks of Luceria, which Strabo
+calls a town in Apulia.
+
+[692]  Cassius Severus is mentioned before, in AUGUSTUS, c. lvi.;
+CALIGULA, c. xvi., etc.
+
+[693]  A.U.C. 785.
+
+[694]  A.U.C. 787.
+
+[695]  He is frequently commended by Josephus for his kindness to the
+Jews.  See, particularly, Antiq. VI. xviii.
+
+[696]  A.U.C. 796, 800.
+
+[697]  A.U.C. 801.
+
+[698]  A.U.C. 797.  See CLAUDIUS, c. xvii.
+
+[699]  A.U.C. 801.
+
+[700]  A.U.C. 767; being the year after the death of the emperor
+Augustus; from whence it appears that Vitellius was seventeen years older
+than Otho, both being at an advanced age when they were raised to the
+imperial dignity.
+
+[701]  He was sent to Germany by Galba.
+
+[702]  See TIBERIUS, c. xliii.
+
+[703]  Julius Caesar, also, was said to have exchanged brass for gold in
+the Capitol, Junius, c. liv.  The tin which we here find in use at Rome,
+was probably brought from the Cassiterides, now the Scilly islands.
+whence it had been an article of commerce by the Phoenicians and
+Carthaginians from a very early period.
+
+[704]  A.U.C. 821.
+
+[705]  A.U.C. 822.
+
+[706]  Vienne was a very ancient city of the province of Narbonne, famous
+in ecclesiastical history as the early seat of a bishopric in Gaul.
+
+[707]  See OTHO, c. ix.
+
+[708]  See OTHO, c. ix.
+
+[709]  Agrippina, the wife of Nero and mother of Germanicus, founded a
+colony on the Rhine at the place of her birth.  Tacit. Annal. b. xii.  It
+became a flourishing city, and its origin may be traced in its modern
+name, Cologne.
+
+[710]  A dies non fastus, an unlucky day in the Roman calendar, being the
+anniversary of their great defeat by the Gauls on the river Allia, which
+joins the Tiber about five miles from Rome.  This disaster happened on
+the 16th of the calends of August [17th July].
+
+[711]  Posca was sour wine or vinegar mixed with water, which was used by
+the Roman soldiery as their common drink.  It has been found beneficial
+in the cure of putrid diseases.
+
+[712]  Upwards of 4000 pounds sterling.  See note, p. 487.
+
+[713]  In imitation of the form of the public edicts, which began with
+the words, BONUM FACTUM.
+
+[714]  Catta muliere: The Catti were a German tribe who inhabited the
+present countries of Hesse or Baden.  Tacitus, De Mor. Germ., informs us
+that the Germans placed great confidence in the prophetical inspirations
+which they attributed to their women.
+
+[715]  Suetonius does not supply any account of the part added by
+Tiberius to the palace of the Caesars on the Palatine, although, as it
+will be recollected, he has mentioned or described the works of Augustus,
+Caligula, and Nero.  The banquetting-room here mentioned would easily
+command a view of the Capitol, across the narrow intervening valley.
+Flavius Sabinus, Vespasian's brother, was prefect of the city.
+
+[716]  Caligula.
+
+[717]  Lucius and Germanicus, the brother and son of Vitellius, were
+slain near Terracina; the former was marching to his brother's relief.
+
+[718]  A.U.C. 822.
+
+[719]  c. ix.
+
+[720]  Becco, from whence the French bec, and English beak; with,
+probably, the family names of Bec or Bek.  This distinguished provincial,
+under his Latin name of Antoninus Primus, commanded the seventh legion in
+Gaul.  His character is well drawn by Tacitus, in his usual terse style,
+Hist. XI. 86. 2.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Aulus Vitellius (Vitellius),
+by C. Suetonius Tranquillus
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AULUS VITELLIUS ***
+
+***** This file should be named 6394.txt or 6394.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/9/6394/
+
+Produced by Tapio Riikonen and David Widger
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/6394.zip b/6394.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ea9110
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6394.zip
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ac422b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #6394 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6394)
diff --git a/old/st09w10.txt b/old/st09w10.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c886b03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/st09w10.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,947 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook The Lives Of The Caesars, by Suetonius, V9
+#9 in our series by C. Suetonious Tranquillus
+
+Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the
+copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing
+this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook.
+
+This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project
+Gutenberg file.  Please do not remove it.  Do not change or edit the
+header without written permission.
+                    
+Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the
+eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file.  Included is
+important information about your specific rights and restrictions in
+how the file may be used.  You can also find out about how to make a
+donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved.
+
+
+**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts**
+
+**EBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971**
+
+*****These EBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers*****
+
+
+Title: The Lives Of The Twelve Caesars, Volume 9.
+       [VITELLIUS]
+
+Author: C. Suetonius Tranquillus
+
+Release Date: August, 2004  [EBook #6394]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on December 3, 2003]
+
+Edition: 10
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+
+
+
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF THE CAESARS, SUETONIUS, V9 ***
+
+
+
+This eBook was produced by Tapio Riikonen
+and David Widger <widger@cecomet.net>
+
+
+
+
+
+                               THE LIVES
+                                   OF
+                           THE TWELVE CAESARS
+
+                                   By
+                       C. Suetonius Tranquillus;
+
+                          To which are added,
+
+         HIS LIVES OF THE GRAMMARIANS, RHETORICIANS, AND POETS.
+
+
+                          The Translation of
+                        Alexander Thomson, M.D.
+
+                        revised and corrected by
+                         T.Forester, Esq., A.M.
+
+
+
+
+
+(427)
+
+
+                            AULUS VITELLIUS.
+
+
+I.  Very different accounts are given of the origin of the Vitellian
+family.  Some describe it as ancient and noble, others as recent and
+obscure, nay, extremely mean.  I am inclined to think, that these several
+representations have been made by the flatterers and detractors of
+Vitellius, after he became emperor, unless the fortunes of the family
+varied before.  There is extant a memoir addressed by Quintus Eulogius to
+Quintus Vitellius, quaestor to the Divine Augustus, in which it is said,
+that the Vitellii were descended from Faunus, king of the aborigines, and
+Vitellia [689], who was worshipped in many places as a goddess, and that
+they reigned formerly over the whole of Latium: that all who were left of
+the family removed out of the country of the Sabines to Rome, and were
+enrolled among the patricians: that some monuments of the family
+continued a long time; as the Vitellian Way, reaching from the Janiculum
+to the sea, and likewise a colony of that name, which, at a very remote
+period of time, they desired leave from the government to defend against
+the Aequicolae [690], with a force raised by their own family only: also
+that, in the time of the war with the Samnites, some of the Vitellii who
+went with the troops levied for the security of Apulia, settled at
+Nuceria [691], and their descendants, a long time afterwards, returned
+again to Rome, and were admitted (428) into the patrician order.  On the
+other hand, the generality of writers say that the founder of the family
+was a freedman.  Cassius Severus [692] and some others relate that he was
+likewise a cobbler, whose son having made a considerable fortune by
+agencies and dealings in confiscated property, begot, by a common
+strumpet, daughter of one Antiochus, a baker, a child, who afterwards
+became a Roman knight.  Of these different accounts the reader is left to
+take his choice.
+
+II.  It is certain, however, that Publius Vitellius, of Nuceria, whether
+of an ancient family, or of low extraction, was a Roman knight, and a
+procurator to Augustus.  He left behind him four sons, all men of very
+high station, who had the same cognomen, but the different praenomina of
+Aulus, Quintus, Publius, and Lucius.  Aulus died in the enjoyment of the
+consulship [693], which office he bore jointly with Domitius, the father
+of Nero Caesar.  He was elegant to excess in his manner of living, and
+notorious for the vast expense of his entertainments.  Quintus was
+deprived of his rank of senator, when, upon a motion made by Tiberius, a
+resolution passed to purge the senate of those who were in any respect
+not duly qualified for that honour.  Publius, an intimate friend and
+companion of Germanicus, prosecuted his enemy and murderer, Cneius Piso,
+and procured sentence against him.  After he had been made proctor, being
+arrested among the accomplices of Sejanus, and delivered into the hands
+of his brother to be confined in his house, he opened a vein with a
+penknife, intending to bleed himself to death.  He suffered, however, the
+wound to be bound up and cured, not so much from repenting the resolution
+he had formed, as to comply with the importunity of his relations.  He
+died afterwards a natural death during his confinement.  Lucius, after
+his consulship [694], was made governor of Syria [695], and by his
+politic management not only brought Artabanus, king of the Parthians, to
+give him an interview, but to worship the standards of the Roman legions.
+He afterwards filled two ordinary consulships [696], and also the
+censorship [697] jointly with the emperor Claudius.  Whilst that (429)
+prince was absent upon his expedition into Britain [698], the care of the
+empire was committed to him, being a man of great integrity and industry.
+But he lessened his character not a little, by his passionate fondness
+for an abandoned freedwoman, with whose spittle, mixed with honey, he
+used to anoint his throat and jaws, by way of remedy for some complaint,
+not privately nor seldom, but daily and publicly.  Being extravagantly
+prone to flattery, it was he who gave rise to the worship of Caius Caesar
+as a god, when, upon his return from Syria, he would not presume to
+accost him any otherwise than with his head covered, turning himself
+round, and then prostrating himself upon the earth.  And to leave no
+artifice untried to secure the favour of Claudius, who was entirely
+governed by his wives and freedmen, he requested as the greatest favour
+from Messalina, that she would be pleased to let him take off her shoes;
+which, when he had done, he took her right shoe, and wore it constantly
+betwixt his toga and his tunic, and from time to time covered it with
+kisses.  He likewise worshipped golden images of Narcissus and Pallas
+among his household gods.  It was he, too, who, when Claudius exhibited
+the secular games, in his compliments to him upon that occasion, used
+this expression, "May you often do the same."
+
+III.  He died of palsy, the day after his seizure with it, leaving behind
+him two sons, whom he had by a most excellent and respectable wife,
+Sextilia.  He had lived to see them both consuls, the same year and
+during the whole year also; the younger succeeding the elder for the last
+six months [699].  The senate honoured him after his decease with a
+funeral at the public expense, and with a statue in the Rostra, which had
+this inscription upon the base: "One who was steadfast in his loyalty to
+his prince "The emperor Aulus Vitellius, the son of this Lucius, was born
+upon the eighth of the calends of October [24th September], or, as some
+say, upon the seventh of the ides of September [7th September], in the
+consulship of Drusus Caesar and Norbanus Flaccus [700].  His parents were
+so (430) terrified with the predictions of astrologers upon the
+calculation of his nativity, that his father used his utmost endeavours
+to prevent his being sent governor into any of the provinces, whilst he
+was alive.  His mother, upon his being sent to the legions [701], and
+also upon his being proclaimed emperor, immediately lamented him as
+utterly ruined.  He spent his youth amongst the catamites of Tiberius at
+Capri, was himself constantly stigmatized with the name of Spintria
+[702], and was supposed to have been the occasion of his father's
+advancement, by consenting to gratify the emperor's unnatural lust.
+
+IV.  In the subsequent part of his life, being still most scandalously
+vicious, he rose to great favour at court; being upon a very intimate
+footing with Caius [Caligula], because of his fondness for chariot-
+driving, and with Claudius for his love of gaming.  But he was in a still
+higher degree acceptable to Nero, as well on the same accounts, as for a
+particular service which he rendered him.  When Nero presided in the
+games instituted by himself, though he was extremely desirous to perform
+amongst the harpers, yet his modesty would not permit him,
+notwithstanding the people entreated much for it.  Upon his quitting the
+theatre, Vitellius fetched him back again, pretending to represent the
+determined wishes of the people, and so afforded him the opportunity of
+yielding to their in treaties.
+
+V.  By the favour of these three princes, he was not only advanced to the
+great offices of state, but to the highest dignities of the sacred order;
+after which he held the proconsulship of Africa, and had the
+superintendence of the public works, in which appointment his conduct,
+and, consequently, his reputation, were very different.  For he governed
+the province with singular integrity during two years, in the latter of
+which he acted as deputy to his brother, who succeeded him.  But in his
+office in the city, he was said to pillage the temples of their gifts and
+ornaments, and to have exchanged brass and tin for gold and silver. [703]
+
+VI.  He took to wife Petronia, the daughter of a man of consular rank,
+and had by her a son named Petronius, who was blind of an eye.  The
+mother being willing to appoint this youth her heir, upon condition that
+he should be released from his father's authority, the latter discharged
+him accordingly; but shortly after, as was believed, murdered him,
+charging him with a design upon his life, and pretending that he had,
+from consciousness of his guilt, drank the poison he had prepared for his
+father.  Soon afterwards, he married Galeria Fundana, the daughter of a
+man of pretorian rank, and had by her both sons and daughters.  Among the
+former was one who had such a stammering in his speech, that he was
+little better than if he had been dumb.
+
+VII.  He was sent by Galba into Lower Germany [704], contrary to his
+expectation.  It is supposed that he was assisted in procuring this
+appointment by the interest of Titus Junius, a man of great influence at
+that time; whose friendship he had long before gained by favouring the
+same set of charioteers with him in the Circensian games.  But Galba
+openly declared that none were less to be feared than those who only
+cared for their bellies, and that even his enormous appetite must be
+satisfied with the plenty of that province; so that it is evident he was
+selected for that government more out of contempt than kindness.  It is
+certain, that when he was to set out, he had not money for the expenses
+of his journey; he being at that time so much straitened in his
+circumstances, that he was obliged to put his wife and children, whom he
+left at Rome, into a poor lodging which he hired for them, in order that
+he might let his own house for the remainder of the year; and he pawned a
+pearl taken from his mother's ear-ring, to defray his expenses on the
+road.  A crowd of creditors who were waiting to stop him, and amongst
+them the people of Sineussa and Formia, whose taxes he had converted to
+his own use, he eluded, by alarming them with the apprehension of false
+accusation.  He had, however, sued a certain freedman, who was clamorous
+in demanding a debt of him, under pretence that he had kicked him; which
+action he would not withdraw, until he had wrung from the freedman fifty
+thousand sesterces.  Upon his arrival in the province, the army, (432)
+which was disaffected to Galba, and ripe for insurrection, received him
+with open arms, as if he had been sent them from heaven.  It was no small
+recommendation to their favour, that he was the son of a man who had been
+thrice consul, was in the prime of life, and of an easy, prodigal
+disposition.  This opinion, which had been long entertained of him,
+Vitellius confirmed by some late practices; having kissed all the common
+soldiers whom he met with upon the road, and been excessively complaisant
+in the inns and stables to the muleteers and travellers; asking them in a
+morning, if they had got their breakfasts, and letting them see, by
+belching, that he had eaten his.
+
+VIII.  After he had reached the camp, he denied no man any thing he asked
+for, and pardoned all who lay under sentence for disgraceful conduct or
+disorderly habits.  Before a month, therefore, had passed, without regard
+to the day or season, he was hurried by the soldiers out of his bed-
+chamber, although it was evening, and he in an undress, and unanimously
+saluted by the title of EMPEROR [705].  He was then carried round the
+most considerable towns in the neighbourhood, with the sword of the
+Divine Julius in his hand; which had been taken by some person out of the
+temple of Mars, and presented to him when he was first saluted.  Nor did
+he return to the pretorium, until his dining-room was in flames from the
+chimney's taking fire.  Upon this accident, all being in consternation,
+and considering it as an unlucky omen, he cried out, "Courage, boys! it
+shines brightly upon us."  And this was all he said to the soldiers.  The
+army of the Upper Province likewise, which had before declared against
+Galba for the senate, joining in the proceedings, he very eagerly
+accepted the cognomen of Germanicus, offered him by the unanimous consent
+of both armies, but deferred assuming that of Augustus, and refused for
+ever that of Caesar.
+
+IX.  Intelligence of Galba's death arriving soon after, when he had
+settled his affairs in Germany he divided his troops into two bodies,
+intending to send one of them before him against Otho, and to follow with
+the other himself.  The army he sent forward had a lucky omen; for,
+suddenly, an eagle cams flying up to them on the right, and having
+hovered (433) round the standards, flew gently before them on their road.
+But, on the other hand, when he began his own march, all the equestrian
+statues, which were erected for him in several places, fell suddenly down
+with their legs broken; and the laurel crown, which he had put on as
+emblematical of auspicious fortune, fell off his head into a river.  Soon
+afterwards, at Vienne [706], as he was upon the tribunal administering
+justice, a cock perched upon his shoulder, and afterwards upon his head.
+The issue corresponded to these omens; for he was not able to keep the
+empire which had been secured for him by his lieutenants.
+
+X.  He heard of the victory at Bedriacum [707], and the death of Otho,
+whilst he was yet in Gaul, and without the least hesitation, by a single
+proclamation, disbanded all the pretorian cohorts, as having, by their
+repeated treasons, set a dangerous example to the rest of the army;
+commanding them to deliver up their arms to his tribunes.  A hundred and
+twenty of them, under whose hands he had found petitions presented to
+Otho, for rewards of their service in the murder of Galba, he besides
+ordered to be sought out and punished.  So far his conduct deserved
+approbation, and was such as to afford hope of his becoming an excellent
+prince, had he not managed his other affairs in a way more corresponding
+with his own disposition, and his former manner of life, than to the
+imperial dignity.  For, having begun his march, he rode through every
+city in his route in a triumphal procession; and sailed down the rivers
+in ships, fitted out with the greatest elegance, and decorated with
+various kinds of crowns, amidst the most extravagant entertainments.
+Such was the want of discipline, and the licentiousness both in his
+family and army, that, not satisfied with the provision every where made
+for them at the public expense, they committed every kind of robbery and
+insult upon the inhabitants, setting slaves at liberty as they pleased;
+and if any dared to make resistance, they dealt blows and abuse,
+frequently wounds, and sometimes slaughter amongst them.  When he reached
+the plains on which the battles (434) were fought [708], some of those
+around him being offended at the smell of the carcases which lay rotting
+upon the ground, he had the audacity to encourage them by a most
+detestable remark, "That a dead enemy smelt not amiss, especially if he
+were a fellow-citizen."  To qualify, however, the offensiveness of the
+stench, he quaffed in public a goblet of wine, and with equal vanity and
+insolence distributed a large quantity of it among his troops.  On his
+observing a stone with an inscription upon it to the memory of Otho, he
+said, "It was a mausoleum good enough for such a prince."  He also sent
+the poniard, with which Otho killed himself, to the colony of Agrippina
+[709], to be dedicated to Mars.  Upon the Appenine hills he celebrated a
+Bacchanalian feast.
+
+XI.  At last he entered the City with trumpets sounding, in his general's
+cloak, and girded with his sword, amidst a display of standards and
+banners; his attendants being all in the military habit, and the arms of
+the soldiers unsheathed.  Acting more and more in open violation of all
+laws, both divine and human, he assumed the office of Pontifex Maximus,
+upon the day of the defeat at the Allia [710]; ordered the magistrates to
+be elected for ten years of office; and made himself consul for life.  To
+put it out of all doubt what model he intended to follow in his
+government of the empire, he made his offerings to the shade of Nero in
+the midst of the Campus Martius, and with a full assembly of the public
+priests attending him.  And at a solemn entertainment, he desired a
+harper who pleased the company much, to sing something in praise of
+Domitius; and upon his beginning some songs of Nero's, he started up in
+presence of the whole assembly, and could not refrain from applauding
+him, by clapping his hands.
+
+XII.  After such a commencement of his career, he conducted (435) his
+affairs, during the greater part of his reign, entirely by the advice and
+direction of the vilest amongst the players and charioteers, and
+especially his freedman Asiaticus.  This fellow had, when young, been
+engaged with him in a course of mutual and unnatural pollution, but,
+being at last quite tired of the occupation, ran away.  His master, some
+time after, caught him at Puteoli, selling a liquor called Posca [711],
+and put him in chains, but soon released him, and retained him in his
+former capacity.  Growing weary, however, of his rough and stubborn
+temper, he sold him to a strolling fencing-master; after which, when the
+fellow was to have been brought up to play his part at the conclusion of
+an entertainment of gladiators, he suddenly carried him off, and at
+length, upon his being advanced to the government of a province, gave him
+his freedom.  The first day of his reign, he presented him with the gold
+rings at supper, though in the morning, when all about him requested that
+favour in his behalf, he expressed the utmost abhorrence of putting so
+great a stain upon the equestrian order.
+
+XIII.  He was chiefly addicted to the vices of luxury and cruelty.  He
+always made three meals a day, sometimes four: breakfast, dinner, and
+supper, and a drunken revel after all.  This load of victuals he could
+well enough bear, from a custom to which he had enured himself, of
+frequently vomiting.  For these several meals he would make different
+appointments at the houses of his friends on the same day.  None ever
+entertained him at less expense than four hundred thousand sesterces
+[712].  The most famous was a set entertainment given him by his brother,
+at which, it is said, there were served up no less than two thousand
+choice fishes, and seven thousand birds.  Yet even this supper he himself
+outdid, at a feast which he gave upon the first use of a dish which had
+been made for him, and which, for its extraordinary size, he called "The
+Shield of Minerva."  In this dish there were tossed up together the
+livers of char-fish, the brains of pheasants and peacocks, with the
+tongues of flamingos, and the entrails of lampreys, which had been
+brought in ships of war as far as (436) from the Carpathian Sea, and the
+Spanish Straits.  He was not only a man of an insatiable appetite, but
+would gratify it likewise at unseasonable times, and with any garbage
+that came in his way; so that, at a sacrifice, he would snatch from the
+fire flesh and cakes, and eat them upon the spot.  When he travelled, he
+did the same at the inns upon the road, whether the meat was fresh
+dressed and hot, or what had been left the day before, and was half-
+eaten.
+
+XIV.  He delighted in the infliction of punishments, and even those which
+were capital, without any distinction of persons or occasions.  Several
+noblemen, his school-fellows and companions, invited by him to court, he
+treated with such flattering caresses, as seemed to indicate an affection
+short only of admitting them to share the honours of the imperial
+dignity; yet he put them all to death by some base means or other.  To
+one he gave poison with his own hand, in a cup of cold water which he
+called for in a fever.  He scarcely spared one of all the usurers,
+notaries, and publicans, who had ever demanded a debt of him at Rome, or
+any toll or custom upon the road.  One of these, while in the very act of
+saluting him, he ordered for execution, but immediately sent for him
+back; upon which all about him applauding his clemency, he commanded him
+to be slain in his own presence, saying, "I have a mind to feed my eyes."
+Two sons who interceded for their father, he ordered to be executed with
+him.  A Roman knight, upon his being dragged away for execution, and
+crying out to him, "You are my heir," he desired to produce his will: and
+finding that he had made his freedman joint heir with him, he commanded
+that both he and the freedman should have their throats cut.  He put to
+death some of the common people for cursing aloud the blue party in the
+Circensian games; supposing it to be done in contempt of himself, and the
+expectation of a revolution in the government.  There were no persons he
+was more severe against than jugglers and astrologers; end as soon as any
+one of them was informed against, he put him to death without the
+formality of a trial.  He was enraged against them, because, after his
+proclamation by which he commanded all astrologers to quit home, and
+Italy also, before the calends [the first] of October, a bill was
+immediately posted about the city, with the following words:--"TAKE
+NOTICE: [713] The Chaldaeans also decree that Vitellius Germanicus shall
+be no more, by the day of the said calends."  He was even suspected of
+being accessary to his mother's death, by forbidding sustenance to be
+given her when she was unwell; a German witch [714], whom he held to be
+oracular, having told him, "That he would long reign in security if he
+survived his mother."  But others say, that being quite weary of the
+state of affairs, and apprehensive of the future, she obtained without
+difficulty a dose of poison from her son.
+
+XV.  In the eighth month of his reign, the troops both in Moesia and
+Pannonia revolted from him; as did likewise, of the armies beyond sea,
+those in Judaea and Syria, some of which swore allegiance to Vespasian as
+emperor in his own presence, and others in his absence.  In order,
+therefore, to secure the favour and affection of the people, Vitellius
+lavished on all around whatever he had it in his power to bestow, both
+publicly and privately, in the most extravagant manner.  He also levied
+soldiers in the city, and promised all who enlisted as volunteers, not
+only their discharge after the victory was gained, but all the rewards
+due to veterans who had served their full time in the wars.  The enemy
+now pressing forward both by sea and land, on one hand he opposed against
+them his brother with a fleet, the new levies, and a body of gladiators,
+and in another quarter the troops and generals who were engaged at
+Bedriacum.  But being beaten or betrayed in every direction, he agreed
+with Flavius Sabinus, Vespasian's brother, to abdicate, on condition of
+having his life spared, and a hundred millions of sesterces granted him;
+and he immediately, upon the palace-steps, publicly declared to a large
+body of soldiers there assembled, "that he resigned the government, which
+he had accepted reluctantly;" but they all remonstrating against it, he
+deferred the conclusion of the treaty.  Next day, early in the morning,
+he came down to the Forum in a very mean habit, and with many tears
+repeated the (438) declaration from a writing which he held in his hand;
+but the soldiers and people again interposing, and encouraging him not to
+give way, but to rely on their zealous support, he recovered his courage,
+and forced Sabinus, with the rest of the Flavian party, who now thought
+themselves secure, to retreat into the Capitol, where he destroyed them
+all by setting fire to the temple of Jupiter, whilst he beheld the
+contest and the fire from Tiberius's house [715], where he was feasting.
+Not long after, repenting of what he had done, and throwing the blame of
+it upon others, he called a meeting, and swore "that nothing was dearer
+to him than the public peace;" which oath he also obliged the rest to
+take.  Then drawing a dagger from his side, he presented it first to the
+consul, and, upon his refusing it, to the magistrates, and then to every
+one of the senators; but none of them being willing to accept it, he went
+away, as if he meant to lay it up in the temple of Concord; but some
+crying out to him, "You are Concord," he came back again, and said that
+he would not only keep his weapon, but for the future use the cognomen of
+Concord.
+
+XVI.  He advised the senate to send deputies, accompanied by the Vestal
+Virgins, to desire peace, or, at least, time for consultation.  The day
+after, while he was waiting for an answer, he received intelligence by a
+scout, that the enemy was advancing.  Immediately, therefore, throwing
+himself into a small litter, borne by hand, with only two attendants, a
+baker and a cook, he privately withdrew to his father's house, on the
+Aventine hill, intending to escape thence into Campania.  But a
+groundless report being circulated, that the enemy was willing to come to
+terms, he suffered himself to be carried back to the palace.  Finding,
+however, nobody there, and those who were with him stealing away, he
+girded round his waist a belt full of gold pieces, and then ran into the
+porter's lodge, tying the dog before the door, and piling up against it
+the bed and bedding.
+
+XVII.  By this time the forerunners of the enemy's army had broken into
+the palace, and meeting with nobody, searched, as was natural, every
+corner.  Being dragged by them out of his cell, and asked "who he was?"
+(for they did not recognize him), "and if he knew where Vitellius was?"
+he deceived them by a falsehood.  But at last being discovered, he begged
+hard to be detained in custody, even were it in a prison; pretending to
+have something to say which concerned Vespasian's security.
+Nevertheless, he was dragged half-naked into the Forum, with his hands
+tied behind him, a rope about his neck, and his clothes torn, amidst the
+most contemptuous abuse, both by word and deed, along the Via Sacra; his
+head being held back by the hair, in the manner of condemned criminals,
+and the point of a sword put under his chin, that he might hold up his
+face to public view; some of the mob, meanwhile, pelting him with dung
+and mud, whilst others called him "an incendiary and glutton."  They also
+upbraided him with the defects of his person, for he was monstrously
+tall, and had a face usually very red with hard-drinking, a large belly,
+and one thigh weak, occasioned by a chariot running against him, as he
+was attending upon Caius [716], while he was driving.  At length, upon
+the Scalae Gemoniae, he was tormented and put to death in lingering
+tortures, and then dragged by a hook into the Tiber.
+
+XVIII.  He perished with his brother and son [717], in the fifty-seventh
+year of his age [718], and verified the prediction of those who, from the
+omen which happened to him at Vienne, as before related [719], foretold
+that he would be made prisoner by some man of Gaul.  For he was seized by
+Antoninus Primus, a general of the adverse party, who was born at
+Toulouse, and, when a boy, had the cognomen of Becco [720], which
+signifies a cock's beak.
+
+     *     *     *     *     *     *
+
+(440) After the extinction of the race of the Caesars, the possession of
+the imperial power became extremely precarious; and great influence in
+the army was the means which now invariably led to the throne.  The
+soldiers having arrogated to themselves the right of nomination, they
+either unanimously elected one and the same person, or different parties
+supporting the interests of their respective favourites, there arose
+between them a contention, which was usually determined by an appeal to
+arms, and followed by the assassination of the unsuccessful competitor.
+Vitellius, by being a parasite of all the emperors from Tiberius to Nero
+inclusively, had risen to a high military rank, by which, with a spirit
+of enterprise, and large promises to the soldiery, it was not difficult
+to snatch the reins of government, while they were yet fluctuating in the
+hands of Otho.  His ambition prompted to the attempt, and his boldness
+was crowned with success.  In the service of the four preceding emperors,
+Vitellius had imbibed the principal vices of them all: but what chiefly
+distinguished him was extreme voraciousness, which, though he usually
+pampered it with enormous luxury, could yet be gratified by the vilest
+and most offensive garbage.  The pusillanimity discovered by this emperor
+at his death, forms a striking contrast to the heroic behaviour of Otho.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+[689]  Faunus was supposed to be the third king who reigned over the
+original inhabitants of the central parts of Italy, Saturn being the
+first.  Virgil makes his wife's name Marica--
+
+    Hunc Fauna, et nympha genitum Laurente Marica
+    Accipimus.--Aen. vii. 47.
+
+Her name may have been changed after her deification; but we have no
+other accounts than those preserved by Suetonius, of several of the
+traditions handed down from the fabulous ages respecting the Vitellian
+family.
+
+[690]  The Aequicolae were probably a tribe inhabiting the heights in the
+neighbourhood of Rome.  Virgil describes them, Aen. vii. 746.
+
+[691]  Nuceria, now Nocera, is a town near Mantua; but Livy, in treating
+of the war with the Samnites, always speaks of Luceria, which Strabo
+calls a town in Apulia.
+
+[692]  Cassius Severus is mentioned before, in AUGUSTUS, c. lvi.;
+CALIGULA, c. xvi., etc.
+
+[693]  A.U.C. 785.
+
+[694]  A.U.C. 787.
+
+[695]  He is frequently commended by Josephus for his kindness to the
+Jews.  See, particularly, Antiq. VI. xviii.
+
+[696]  A.U.C. 796, 800.
+
+[697]  A.U.C. 801.
+
+[698]  A.U.C. 797.  See CLAUDIUS, c. xvii.
+
+[699]  A.U.C. 801.
+
+[700]  A.U.C. 767; being the year after the death of the emperor
+Augustus; from whence it appears that Vitellius was seventeen years older
+than Otho, both being at an advanced age when they were raised to the
+imperial dignity.
+
+[701]  He was sent to Germany by Galba.
+
+[702]  See TIBERIUS, c. xliii.
+
+[703]  Julius Caesar, also, was said to have exchanged brass for gold in
+the Capitol, Junius, c. liv.  The tin which we here find in use at Rome,
+was probably brought from the Cassiterides, now the Scilly islands.
+whence it had been an article of commerce by the Phoenicians and
+Carthaginians from a very early period.
+
+[704]  A.U.C. 821.
+
+[705]  A.U.C. 822.
+
+[706]  Vienne was a very ancient city of the province of Narbonne, famous
+in ecclesiastical history as the early seat of a bishopric in Gaul.
+
+[707]  See OTHO, c. ix.
+
+[708]  See OTHO, c. ix.
+
+[709]  Agrippina, the wife of Nero and mother of Germanicus, founded a
+colony on the Rhine at the place of her birth.  Tacit. Annal. b. xii.  It
+became a flourishing city, and its origin may be traced in its modern
+name, Cologne.
+
+[710]  A dies non fastus, an unlucky day in the Roman calendar, being the
+anniversary of their great defeat by the Gauls on the river Allia, which
+joins the Tiber about five miles from Rome.  This disaster happened on
+the 16th of the calends of August [17th July].
+
+[711]  Posca was sour wine or vinegar mixed with water, which was used by
+the Roman soldiery as their common drink.  It has been found beneficial
+in the cure of putrid diseases.
+
+[712]  Upwards of 4000 pounds sterling.  See note, p. 4S7.
+
+[713]  In imitation of the form of the public edicts, which began with
+the words, BONUM FACTUM.
+
+[714]  Catta muliere: The Catti were a German tribe who inhabited the
+present countries of Hesse or Baden.  Tacitus, De Mor. Germ., informs us
+that the Germans placed great confidence in the prophetical inspirations
+which they attributed to their women.
+
+[715]  Suetonius does not supply any account of the part added by
+Tiberius to the palace of the Caesars on the Palatine, although, as it
+will be recollected, he has mentioned or described the works of Augustus,
+Caligula, and Nero.  The banquetting-room here mentioned would easily
+command a view of the Capitol, across the narrow intervening valley.
+Flavius Sabinus, Vespasian's brother, was prefect of the city.
+
+[716]  Caligula.
+
+[717]  Lucius and Germanicus, the brother and son of Vitellius, were
+slain near Terracina; the former was marching to his brother's relief.
+
+[718]  A.U.C. 822.
+
+[719]  c. ix.
+
+[720]  Becco, from whence the French bec, and English beak; with,
+probably, the family names of Bec or Bek.  This distinguished provincial,
+under his Latin name of Antoninus Primus, commanded the seventh legion in
+Gaul.  His character is well drawn by Tacitus, in his usual terse style,
+Hist. XI. 86. 2.
+
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF THE CAESARS, SUETONIUS, V9 ***
+
+************ This file should be named st09w10.txt or st09w10.zip ************
+
+Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, st09w11.txt
+VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, st09w10a.txt
+
+This eBook was produced by Tapio Riikonen
+and David Widger <widger@cecomet.net>
+
+Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we usually do not
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+We are now trying to release all our eBooks one year in advance
+of the official release dates, leaving time for better editing.
+Please be encouraged to tell us about any error or corrections,
+even years after the official publication date.
+
+Please note neither this listing nor its contents are final til
+midnight of the last day of the month of any such announcement.
+The official release date of all Project Gutenberg eBooks is at
+Midnight, Central Time, of the last day of the stated month.  A
+preliminary version may often be posted for suggestion, comment
+and editing by those who wish to do so.
+
+Most people start at our Web sites at:
+http://gutenberg.net or
+http://promo.net/pg
+
+These Web sites include award-winning information about Project
+Gutenberg, including how to donate, how to help produce our new
+eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter (free!).
+
+
+Those of you who want to download any eBook before announcement
+can get to them as follows, and just download by date.  This is
+also a good way to get them instantly upon announcement, as the
+indexes our cataloguers produce obviously take a while after an
+announcement goes out in the Project Gutenberg Newsletter.
+
+http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext03 or
+ftp://ftp.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext03
+
+Or /etext02, 01, 00, 99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90
+
+Just search by the first five letters of the filename you want,
+as it appears in our Newsletters.
+
+
+Information about Project Gutenberg (one page)
+
+We produce about two million dollars for each hour we work.  The
+time it takes us, a rather conservative estimate, is fifty hours
+to get any eBook selected, entered, proofread, edited, copyright
+searched and analyzed, the copyright letters written, etc.   Our
+projected audience is one hundred million readers.  If the value
+per text is nominally estimated at one dollar then we produce $2
+million dollars per hour in 2002 as we release over 100 new text
+files per month:  1240 more eBooks in 2001 for a total of 4000+
+We are already on our way to trying for 2000 more eBooks in 2002
+If they reach just 1-2% of the world's population then the total
+will reach over half a trillion eBooks given away by year's end.
+
+The Goal of Project Gutenberg is to Give Away 1 Trillion eBooks!
+This is ten thousand titles each to one hundred million readers,
+which is only about 4% of the present number of computer users.
+
+Here is the briefest record of our progress (* means estimated):
+
+eBooks Year Month
+
+    1  1971 July
+   10  1991 January
+  100  1994 January
+ 1000  1997 August
+ 1500  1998 October
+ 2000  1999 December
+ 2500  2000 December
+ 3000  2001 November
+ 4000  2001 October/November
+ 6000  2002 December*
+ 9000  2003 November*
+10000  2004 January*
+
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation has been created
+to secure a future for Project Gutenberg into the next millennium.
+
+We need your donations more than ever!
+
+As of February, 2002, contributions are being solicited from people
+and organizations in: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut,
+Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois,
+Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts,
+Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New
+Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio,
+Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South
+Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West
+Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.
+
+We have filed in all 50 states now, but these are the only ones
+that have responded.
+
+As the requirements for other states are met, additions to this list
+will be made and fund raising will begin in the additional states.
+Please feel free to ask to check the status of your state.
+
+In answer to various questions we have received on this:
+
+We are constantly working on finishing the paperwork to legally
+request donations in all 50 states.  If your state is not listed and
+you would like to know if we have added it since the list you have,
+just ask.
+
+While we cannot solicit donations from people in states where we are
+not yet registered, we know of no prohibition against accepting
+donations from donors in these states who approach us with an offer to
+donate.
+
+International donations are accepted, but we don't know ANYTHING about
+how to make them tax-deductible, or even if they CAN be made
+deductible, and don't have the staff to handle it even if there are
+ways.
+
+Donations by check or money order may be sent to:
+
+Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+PMB 113
+1739 University Ave.
+Oxford, MS 38655-4109
+
+Contact us if you want to arrange for a wire transfer or payment
+method other than by check or money order.
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation has been approved by
+the US Internal Revenue Service as a 501(c)(3) organization with EIN
+[Employee Identification Number] 64-622154.  Donations are
+tax-deductible to the maximum extent permitted by law.  As fund-raising
+requirements for other states are met, additions to this list will be
+made and fund-raising will begin in the additional states.
+
+We need your donations more than ever!
+
+You can get up to date donation information online at:
+
+http://www.gutenberg.net/donation.html
+
+
+***
+
+If you can't reach Project Gutenberg,
+you can always email directly to:
+
+Michael S. Hart <hart@pobox.com>
+
+Prof. Hart will answer or forward your message.
+
+We would prefer to send you information by email.
+
+
+**The Legal Small Print**
+
+
+(Three Pages)
+
+***START**THE SMALL PRINT!**FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN EBOOKS**START***
+Why is this "Small Print!" statement here? You know: lawyers.
+They tell us you might sue us if there is something wrong with
+your copy of this eBook, even if you got it for free from
+someone other than us, and even if what's wrong is not our
+fault. So, among other things, this "Small Print!" statement
+disclaims most of our liability to you. It also tells you how
+you may distribute copies of this eBook if you want to.
+
+*BEFORE!* YOU USE OR READ THIS EBOOK
+By using or reading any part of this PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
+eBook, you indicate that you understand, agree to and accept
+this "Small Print!" statement. If you do not, you can receive
+a refund of the money (if any) you paid for this eBook by
+sending a request within 30 days of receiving it to the person
+you got it from. If you received this eBook on a physical
+medium (such as a disk), you must return it with your request.
+
+ABOUT PROJECT GUTENBERG-TM EBOOKS
+This PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBook, like most PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBooks,
+is a "public domain" work distributed by Professor Michael S. Hart
+through the Project Gutenberg Association (the "Project").
+Among other things, this means that no one owns a United States copyright
+on or for this work, so the Project (and you!) can copy and
+distribute it in the United States without permission and
+without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth
+below, apply if you wish to copy and distribute this eBook
+under the "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark.
+
+Please do not use the "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark to market
+any commercial products without permission.
+
+To create these eBooks, the Project expends considerable
+efforts to identify, transcribe and proofread public domain
+works. Despite these efforts, the Project's eBooks and any
+medium they may be on may contain "Defects". Among other
+things, Defects may take the form of incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
+intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged
+disk or other eBook medium, a computer virus, or computer
+codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.
+
+LIMITED WARRANTY; DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES
+But for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described below,
+[1] Michael Hart and the Foundation (and any other party you may
+receive this eBook from as a PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBook) disclaims
+all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including
+legal fees, and [2] YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE OR
+UNDER STRICT LIABILITY, OR FOR BREACH OF WARRANTY OR CONTRACT,
+INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE
+OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE
+POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+If you discover a Defect in this eBook within 90 days of
+receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any)
+you paid for it by sending an explanatory note within that
+time to the person you received it from. If you received it
+on a physical medium, you must return it with your note, and
+such person may choose to alternatively give you a replacement
+copy. If you received it electronically, such person may
+choose to alternatively give you a second opportunity to
+receive it electronically.
+
+THIS EBOOK IS OTHERWISE PROVIDED TO YOU "AS-IS". NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARE MADE TO YOU AS
+TO THE EBOOK OR ANY MEDIUM IT MAY BE ON, INCLUDING BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A
+PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
+Some states do not allow disclaimers of implied warranties or
+the exclusion or limitation of consequential damages, so the
+above disclaimers and exclusions may not apply to you, and you
+may have other legal rights.
+
+INDEMNITY
+You will indemnify and hold Michael Hart, the Foundation,
+and its trustees and agents, and any volunteers associated
+with the production and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
+texts harmless, from all liability, cost and expense, including
+legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the
+following that you do or cause:  [1] distribution of this eBook,
+[2] alteration, modification, or addition to the eBook,
+or [3] any Defect.
+
+DISTRIBUTION UNDER "PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm"
+You may distribute copies of this eBook electronically, or by
+disk, book or any other medium if you either delete this
+"Small Print!" and all other references to Project Gutenberg,
+or:
+
+[1]  Only give exact copies of it.  Among other things, this
+     requires that you do not remove, alter or modify the
+     eBook or this "small print!" statement.  You may however,
+     if you wish, distribute this eBook in machine readable
+     binary, compressed, mark-up, or proprietary form,
+     including any form resulting from conversion by word
+     processing or hypertext software, but only so long as
+     *EITHER*:
+
+     [*]  The eBook, when displayed, is clearly readable, and
+          does *not* contain characters other than those
+          intended by the author of the work, although tilde
+          (~), asterisk (*) and underline (_) characters may
+          be used to convey punctuation intended by the
+          author, and additional characters may be used to
+          indicate hypertext links; OR
+
+     [*]  The eBook may be readily converted by the reader at
+          no expense into plain ASCII, EBCDIC or equivalent
+          form by the program that displays the eBook (as is
+          the case, for instance, with most word processors);
+          OR
+
+     [*]  You provide, or agree to also provide on request at
+          no additional cost, fee or expense, a copy of the
+          eBook in its original plain ASCII form (or in EBCDIC
+          or other equivalent proprietary form).
+
+[2]  Honor the eBook refund and replacement provisions of this
+     "Small Print!" statement.
+
+[3]  Pay a trademark license fee to the Foundation of 20% of the
+     gross profits you derive calculated using the method you
+     already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  If you
+     don't derive profits, no royalty is due.  Royalties are
+     payable to "Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation"
+     the 60 days following each date you prepare (or were
+     legally required to prepare) your annual (or equivalent
+     periodic) tax return.  Please contact us beforehand to
+     let us know your plans and to work out the details.
+
+WHAT IF YOU *WANT* TO SEND MONEY EVEN IF YOU DON'T HAVE TO?
+Project Gutenberg is dedicated to increasing the number of
+public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed
+in machine readable form.
+
+The Project gratefully accepts contributions of money, time,
+public domain materials, or royalty free copyright licenses.
+Money should be paid to the:
+"Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+If you are interested in contributing scanning equipment or
+software or other items, please contact Michael Hart at:
+hart@pobox.com
+
+[Portions of this eBook's header and trailer may be reprinted only
+when distributed free of all fees.  Copyright (C) 2001, 2002 by
+Michael S. Hart.  Project Gutenberg is a TradeMark and may not be
+used in any sales of Project Gutenberg eBooks or other materials be
+they hardware or software or any other related product without
+express permission.]
+
+*END THE SMALL PRINT! FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN EBOOKS*Ver.02/11/02*END*
diff --git a/old/st09w10.zip b/old/st09w10.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62a1b69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/st09w10.zip