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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of M. Salvius Otho (Otho),
+by C. Suetonius Tranquillus
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: M. Salvius Otho (Otho)
+       The Lives Of The Twelve Caesars, Volume 8.
+
+Author: C. Suetonius Tranquillus
+
+Release Date: December 14, 2004 [EBook #6393]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK M. SALVIUS OTHO ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Tapio Riikonen and David Widger
+
+
+
+
+
+                               THE LIVES
+                                   OF
+                           THE TWELVE CAESARS
+
+                                   By
+                       C. Suetonius Tranquillus;
+
+                          To which are added,
+
+         HIS LIVES OF THE GRAMMARIANS, RHETORICIANS, AND POETS.
+
+
+                          The Translation of
+                        Alexander Thomson, M.D.
+
+                        revised and corrected by
+                         T.Forester, Esq., A.M.
+
+
+
+
+A.  SALVIUS OTHO.
+
+(416)
+
+I.  The ancestors of Otho were originally of the town of Ferentum, of an
+ancient and honourable family, and, indeed, one of the most considerable
+in Etruria.  His grandfather, M. Salvius Otho (whose father was a Roman
+knight, but his mother of mean extraction, for it is not certain whether
+she was free-born), by the favour of Livia Augusta, in whose house he had
+his education, was made a senator, but never rose higher than the
+praetorship.  His father, Lucius Otho, was by the mother's side nobly
+descended, allied to several great families, and so dearly beloved by
+Tiberius, and so much resembled him in his features, that most people
+believed Tiberius was his father.  He behaved with great strictness and
+severity, not only in the city offices, but in the pro-consulship of
+Africa, and some extraordinary commands in the army.  He had the courage
+to punish with death some soldiers in Illyricum, who, in the disturbance
+attempted by Camillus, upon changing their minds, had put their generals
+to the sword, as promoters of that insurrection against Claudius.  He
+ordered the execution to take place in the front of the camp [670], and
+under his own eyes; though he knew they had been advanced to higher ranks
+in the army by Claudius, on that very account.  By this action he
+acquired fame, but lessened his favour at court; which, however, he soon
+recovered, by discovering to Claudius a design upon his life, carried on
+by a Roman knight [671], and which he had learnt from some of his slaves.
+For the senate ordered a statue of him to be erected in the palace; an
+honour which had been conferred but upon very few before him.  And
+Claudius advanced him to the dignity of a patrician, commending him, at
+the same time, in the highest terms, and concluding with these words: "A
+man, than whom I don't so (417) much as wish to have children that should
+be better."  He had two sons by a very noble woman, Albia Terentia,
+namely; Lucius Titianus, and a younger called Marcus, who had the same
+cognomen as himself.  He had also a daughter, whom he contracted to
+Drusus, Germanicus's son, before she was of marriageable age.
+
+II.  The emperor Otho was born upon the fourth of the calends of May
+[28th April], in the consulship of Camillus Aruntius and Domitius
+Aenobarbus [672].  He was from his earliest youth so riotous and wild,
+that he was often severely scourged by his father.  He was said to run
+about in the night-time, and seize upon any one he met, who was either
+drunk or too feeble to make resistance, and toss him in a blanket [673].
+After his father's death, to make his court the more effectually to a
+freedwoman about the palace, who was in great favour, he pretended to be
+in love with her, though she was old, and almost decrepit.  Having by her
+means got into Nero's good graces, he soon became one of the principal
+favourites, by the congeniality of his disposition to that of the emperor
+or, as some say, by the reciprocal practice of mutual pollution.  He had
+so great a sway at court, that when a man of consular rank was condemned
+for bribery, having tampered with him for a large sum of money, to
+procure his pardon; before he had quite effected it, he scrupled not to
+introduce him into the senate, to return his thanks.
+
+III.  Having, by means of this woman, insinuated himself into all the
+emperor's secrets, he, upon the day designed for the murder of his
+mother, entertained them both at a very splendid feast, to prevent
+suspicion.  Poppaea Sabina, for whom Nero entertained such a violent
+passion that he had taken her from her husband [674] and entrusted her to
+him, he received, and went through the form of marrying her.  And not
+satisfied with obtaining her favours, he loved her so extravagantly, that
+he could not with patience bear Nero for his rival.  It is certainly
+believed that he not only refused admittance to those who were sent by
+Nero to fetch her, but that, on one (418) occasion, he shut him out, and
+kept him standing before the door, mixing prayers and menaces in vain,
+and demanding back again what was entrusted to his keeping.  His
+pretended marriage, therefore, being dissolved, he was sent lieutenant
+into Lusitania.  This treatment of him was thought sufficiently severe,
+because harsher proceedings might have brought the whole farce to light,
+which, notwithstanding, at last came out, and was published to the world
+in the following distich:--
+
+    Cur Otho mentitus sit, quaeritis, exul honore?
+      Uxoris moechus caeperat esse suae.
+
+    You ask why Otho's banish'd?  Know, the cause
+    Comes not within the verge of vulgar laws.
+    Against all rules of fashionable life,
+    The rogue had dared to sleep with his own wife.
+
+He governed the province in quality of quaestor for ten years, with
+singular moderation and justice.
+
+IV.  As soon as an opportunity of revenge offered, he readily joined in
+Galba's enterprises, and at the same time conceived hopes of obtaining
+the imperial dignity for himself.  To this he was much encouraged by the
+state of the times, but still more by the assurances given him by
+Seleucus, the astrologer, who, having formerly told him that he would
+certainly out-live Nero, came to him at that juncture unexpectedly,
+promising him again that he should succeed to the empire, and that in a
+very short time.  He, therefore, let slip no opportunity of making his
+court to every one about him by all manner of civilities.  As often as he
+entertained Galba at supper, he distributed to every man of the cohort
+which attended the emperor on guard, a gold piece; endeavouring likewise
+to oblige the rest of the soldiers in one way or another.  Being chosen
+an arbitrator by one who had a dispute with his neighbour about a piece
+of land, he bought it, and gave it him; so that now almost every body
+thought and said, that he was the only man worthy of succeeding to the
+empire.
+
+V.  He entertained hopes of being adopted by Galba, and expected it every
+day.  But finding himself disappointed, by Piso's being preferred before
+him, he turned his thoughts to obtaining his purpose by the use of
+violence; and to this he was instigated, as well by the greatness of his
+debts, as by resentment (419) at Galba's conduct towards him.  For he did
+not conceal his conviction, "that he could not stand his ground unless he
+became emperor, and that it signified nothing whether he fell by the
+hands of his enemies in the field, or of his creditors in the Forum."  He
+had a few days before squeezed out of one of the emperor's slaves a
+million of sesterces for procuring him a stewardship; and this was the
+whole fund he had for carrying on so great an enterprise.  At first the
+design was entrusted to only five of the guard, but afterwards to ten
+others, each of the five naming two.  They had every one ten thousand
+sesterces paid down, and were promised fifty thousand more.  By these,
+others were drawn in, but not many; from a confident assurance, that when
+the matter came to the crisis, they should have enough to join them.
+
+VI.  His first intention was, immediately after the departure of Piso, to
+seize the camp, and fall upon Galba, whilst he was at supper in the
+palace; but he was restrained by a regard for the cohort at that time on
+duty, lest he should bring too great an odium upon it; because it
+happened that the same cohort was on guard before, both when Caius was
+slain, and Nero deserted.  For some time afterwards, he was restrained
+also by scruples about the omens, and by the advice of Seleucus.  Upon
+the day fixed at last for the enterprise, having given his accomplices
+notice to wait for him in the Forum near the temple of Saturn, at the
+gilded mile-stone [675], he went in the morning to pay his respects to
+Galba; and being received with a kiss as usual, he attended him at
+sacrifice, and heard the predictions of the augur [676].  A freedman of
+his, then bringing (420) him word that the architects were come, which
+was the signal agreed upon, he withdrew, as if it were with a design to
+view a house upon sale, and went out by a back-door of the palace to the
+place appointed.  Some say he pretended to be seized with an ague fit,
+and ordered those about him to make that excuse for him, if he was
+inquired after.  Being then quickly concealed in a woman's litter, he
+made the best of his way for the camp.  But the bearers growing tired, he
+got out, and began to run.  His shoe becoming loose, he stopped again,
+but being immediately raised by his attendants upon their shoulders, and
+unanimously saluted by the title of EMPEROR, he came amidst auspicious
+acclamations and drawn swords into the Principia [677] in the camp; all
+who met him joining in the cavalcade, as if they had been privy to the
+design.  Upon this, sending some soldiers to dispatch Galba and Piso, he
+said nothing else in his address to the soldiery, to secure their
+affections, than these few words: "I shall be content with whatever ye
+think fit to leave me."
+
+VII.  Towards the close of the day, he entered the senate, and after he
+had made a short speech to them, pretending that he had been seized in
+the streets, and compelled by violence to assume the imperial authority,
+which he designed to exercise in conjunction with them, he retired to the
+palace.  Besides other compliments which he received from those who
+flocked about him to congratulate and flatter him, he was called Nero by
+the mob, and manifested no intention of declining that cognomen.  Nay,
+some authors relate, that he used it in his official acts, and the first
+letters he sent to the (421) governors of provinces.  He suffered all his
+images and statues to be replaced, and restored his procurators and
+freedmen to their former posts.  And the first writing which he signed as
+emperor, was a promise of fifty millions of sesterces to finish the
+Golden-house [678].  He is said to have been greatly frightened that
+night in his sleep, and to have groaned heavily; and being found, by
+those who came running in to see what the matter was, lying upon the
+floor before his bed, he endeavoured by every kind of atonement to
+appease the ghost of Galba, by which he had found himself violently
+tumbled out of bed.  The next day, as he was taking the omens, a great
+storm arising, and sustaining a grievous fall, he muttered to himself
+from time to time:
+
+        Ti gar moi kai makrois aulois; [679]
+    What business have I the loud trumpets to sound!
+
+VIII.  About the same time, the armies in Germany took an oath to
+Vitellius as emperor.  Upon receiving this intelligence, he advised the
+senate to send thither deputies, to inform them, that a prince had been
+already chosen; and to persuade them to peace and a good understanding.
+By letters and messages, however, he offered Vitellius to make him his
+colleague in the empire, and his son-in-law.  But a war being now
+unavoidable, and the generals and troops sent forward by Vitellius,
+advancing, he had a proof of the attachment and fidelity of the pretorian
+guards, which had nearly proved fatal to the senatorian order.  It had
+been judged proper that some arms should be given out of the stores, and
+conveyed to the fleet by the marine troops.  While they were employed in
+fetching these from the camp in the night, some of the guards suspecting
+treachery, excited a tumult; and suddenly the whole body, without any of
+their officers at their head, ran to the palace, demanding that the
+entire senate should be put to the sword; and having repulsed some of the
+(422) tribunes who endeavoured to stop them, and slain others, they
+broke, all bloody as they were, into the banquetting room, inquiring for
+the emperor; nor would they quit the place until they had seen him.  He
+now entered upon his expedition against Vitellius with great alacrity,
+but too much precipitation, and without any regard to the ominous
+circumstances which attended it.  For the Ancilia [680] had been taken
+out of the temple of Mars, for the usual procession, but were not yet
+replaced; during which interval it had of old been looked upon as very
+unfortunate to engage in any enterprise.  He likewise set forward upon
+the day when the worshippers of the Mother of the gods [681] begin their
+lamentations and wailing.  Besides these, other unlucky omens attended
+him.  For, in a victim offered to Father Dis [682], he found the signs
+such as upon all other occasions are regarded as favourable; whereas, in
+that sacrifice, the contrary intimations are judged the most propitious.
+At his first setting forward, he was stopped by inundations of the Tiber;
+and at twenty miles' distance from the city, found the road blocked up by
+the fall of houses.
+
+IX.  Though it was the general opinion that it would be proper to
+protract the war, as the enemy were distressed by (423) famine and the
+straitness of their quarters, yet he resolved with equal rashness to
+force them to an engagement as soon as possible; whether from impatience
+of prolonged anxiety, and in the hope of bringing matters to an issue
+before the arrival of Vitellius, or because he could not resist the
+ardour of the troops, who were all clamorous for battle.  He was not,
+however, present at any of those which ensued, but stayed behind at
+Brixellum [683].  He had the advantage in three slight engagements, near
+the Alps, about Placentia, and a place called Castor's [684]; but was, by
+a fraudulent stratagem of the enemy, defeated in the last and greatest
+battle, at Bedriacum [685].  For, some hopes of a conference being given,
+and the soldiers being drawn up to hear the conditions of peace declared,
+very unexpectedly, and amidst their mutual salutations, they were obliged
+to stand to their arms.  Immediately upon this he determined to put an
+end to his life, more, as many think, and not without reason, out of
+shame, at persisting in a struggle for the empire to the hazard of the
+public interest and so many lives, than from despair, or distrust of his
+troops.  For he had still in reserve, and in full force, those whom he
+had kept about him for a second trial of his fortune, and others were
+coming up from Dalmatia, Pannonia, and Moesia; nor were the troops lately
+defeated so far discouraged as not to be ready, even of themselves, to
+run all risks in order to wipe off their recent disgrace.
+
+X.  My father, Suetonius Lenis [686], was in this battle, being at (424)
+that time an angusticlavian tribune in the thirteenth legion.  He used
+frequently to say, that Otho, before his advancement to the empire, had
+such an abhorrence of civil war, that once, upon hearing an account given
+at table of the death of Cassius and Brutus, he fell into a trembling,
+and that he never would have interfered with Galba, but that he was
+confident of succeeding in his enterprise without a war.  Moreover, that
+he was then encouraged to despise life by the example of a common
+soldier, who bringing news of the defeat of the army, and finding that he
+met with no credit, but was railed at for a liar and a coward, as if he
+had run away from the field of battle, fell upon his sword at the
+emperor's feet; upon the sight of which, my father said that Otho cried
+out, "that he would expose to no farther danger such brave men, who had
+deserved so well at his hands."  Advising therefore his brother, his
+brother's son, and the rest of his friends, to provide for their security
+in the best manner they could, after he had embraced and kissed them, he
+sent them away; and then withdrawing into a private room by himself, he
+wrote a letter of consolation to his sister, containing two sheets.  He
+likewise sent another to Messalina, Nero's widow, whom he had intended to
+marry, committing to her the care of his relics and memory.  He then
+burnt all the letters which he had by him, to prevent the danger and
+mischief that might otherwise befall the writers from the conqueror.
+What ready money he had, he distributed among his domestics.
+
+XI.  And now being prepared, and just upon the point of dispatching
+himself, he was induced to suspend the execution of his purpose by a
+great tumult which had broken out in the camp.  Finding that some of the
+soldiers who were making off had been seized and detained as deserters,
+"Let us add," said he, "this night to our life."  These were his very
+words.
+
+He then gave orders that no violence should be offered to any one; and
+keeping his chamber-door open until late at night, he allowed all who
+pleased the liberty to come and see him.  At last, after quenching his
+thirst with a draught of cold water, he took up two poniards, and having
+examined the points of both, put one of them under his pillow, and
+shutting his chamber-door, slept very soundly, until, awaking about break
+of day, he stabbed himself under the left pap.  Some persons bursting
+into the room upon his first groan, he at one time covered, and at
+another exposed his wound to the view of the bystanders, and thus life
+soon ebbed away.  His funeral was hastily performed, according to his own
+order, in the thirty-eighth year of his age, and ninety-fifth day of his
+reign. [687]
+
+XII.  The person and appearance of Otho no way corresponded to the great
+spirit he displayed on this occasion; for he is said to have been of low
+stature, splay-footed, and bandy-legged.  He was, however, effeminately
+nice in the care of his person: the hair on his body he plucked out by
+the roots; and because he was somewhat bald, he wore a kind of peruke, so
+exactly fitted to his head, that nobody could have known it for such.  He
+used to shave every day, and rub his face with soaked bread; the use of
+which he began when the down first appeared upon his chin, to prevent his
+having any beard.  It is said likewise that he celebrated publicly the
+sacred rites of Isis [688], clad in a linen garment, such as is used by
+the worshippers of that goddess.  These circumstances, I imagine, caused
+the world to wonder the more that his death was so little in character
+with his life.  Many of the soldiers who were present, kissing and
+bedewing with their tears his hands and feet as he lay dead, and
+celebrating him as "a most gallant man, and an incomparable emperor,"
+immediately put an end to their own lives upon the spot, not far from his
+funeral pile.
+
+(426) Many of those likewise who were at a distance, upon hearing the
+news of his death, in the anguish of their hearts, began fighting amongst
+themselves, until they dispatched one another.  To conclude: the
+generality of mankind, though they hated him whilst living, yet highly
+extolled him after his death; insomuch that it was the common talk and
+opinion, "that Galba had been driven to destruction by his rival, not so
+much for the sake of reigning himself, as of restoring Rome to its
+ancient liberty."
+
+     *     *     *     *     *     *
+
+It is remarkable, in the fortune of this emperor, that he owed both his
+elevation and catastrophe to the inextricable embarrassments in which he
+was involved; first, in respect of pecuniary circumstances, and next, of
+political.  He was not, so far as we can learn, a follower of any of the
+sects of philosophers which justified, and even recommended suicide, in
+particular cases: yet he perpetrated that act with extraordinary coolness
+and resolution; and, what is no less remarkable, from the motive, as he
+avowed, of public expediency only.  It was observed of him, for many
+years after his death, that "none ever died like Otho."
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+[670]  On the esplanade, where the standards, objects of religious
+reverence, were planted.  See note to c. vi.  Criminals were usually
+executed outside the Vallum, and in the presence of a centurion.
+
+[671]  Probably one of the two mentioned in CLAUDIUS, c. xiii.
+
+[672]  A.U.C. 784 or 785.
+
+[673]  "Distento sago impositum in sublime jactare."
+
+[674]  See NERO, c. xxxv.
+
+[675]  The Milliare Aureum was a pillar of stone set up at the top of the
+Forum, from which all the great military roads throughout Italy started,
+the distances to the principal towns being marked upon it.  Dio (lib.
+liv.) says that it was erected by the emperor Augustus, when he was
+curator of the roads.
+
+[676]  Haruspex, Auspex, or Augur, denoted any person who foretold
+futurity, or interpreted omens.  There was at Rome a body of priests, or
+college, under this title, whose office it was to foretell future events,
+chiefly from the flight, chirping, or feeding of birds, and from other
+appearances.  They were of the greatest authority in the Roman state; for
+nothing of importance was done in public affairs, either at home or
+abroad, in peace or war, without consulting them.  The Romans derived the
+practice of augury chiefly from the Tuscans; and anciently their youth
+used to be instructed as carefully in this art, as afterwards they were
+in the Greek literature.  For this purpose, by a decree of the senate, a
+certain number of the sons of the leading men at Rome was sent to the
+twelve states of Etruria for instruction.
+
+[677]  See before, note, c. i. The Principia was a broad open space,
+which separated the lower part of the Roman camp from the upper, and
+extended the whole breadth of the camp.  In this place was erected the
+tribunal of the general, when he either administered justice or harangued
+the army.  Here likewise the tribunes held their courts, and punishments
+were inflicted.  The principal standards of the army, as it has been
+already mentioned, were deposited in the Principia; and in it also stood
+the altars of the gods, and the images of the Emperors, by which the
+soldiers swore.
+
+[678]  See NERO, c. xxxi.  The sum estimated as requisite for its
+completion amounted to 2,187,500 pounds of our money.
+
+[679]  The two last words, literally translated, mean "long trumpets;"
+such as were used at sacrifices.  The sense is, therefore, "What have I
+to do, my hands stained with blood, with performing religious
+ceremonies!"
+
+[680]  The Ancile was a round shield, said to have fallen from heaven in
+the reign of Numa, and supposed to be the shield of Mars.  It was kept
+with great care in the sanctuary of his temple, as a symbol of the
+perpetuity of the Roman empire; and that it might not be stolen, eleven
+others were made exactly similar to it.
+
+[681]  This ideal personage, who has been mentioned before, AUGUSTUS,
+c. lxviii., was the goddess Cybele, the wife of Saturn, called also Rhea,
+Ops, Vesta, Magna, Mater, etc.  She was painted as a matron, crowned with
+towers, sitting in a chariot drawn by lions.  A statue of her, brought
+from Pessinus in Phrygia to Rome, in the time of the second Punic war,
+was much honoured there.  Her priests, called the Galli and Corybantes,
+were castrated; and worshipped her with the sound of drums, tabors,
+pipes, and cymbals.  The rites of this goddess were disgraced by great
+indecencies.
+
+[682]  Otherwise called Orcus, Pluto, Jupiter Infernus, and Stygnis.  He
+was the brother of Jupiter, and king of the infernal regions.  His wife
+was Proserpine, the daughter of Ceres, whom he carried off as she was
+gathering flowers in the plains of Enna, in Sicily.  The victims offered
+to the infernal gods were black: they were killed with their faces bent
+downwards; the knife was applied from below, and the blood was poured
+into a ditch.
+
+[683]  A town between Mantua and Cremona.
+
+[684]  The temple of Castor.  It stood about twelve miles from Cremona.
+Tacitus gives some details of this action.  Hist. ii. 243.
+
+[685]  Both Greek and Latin authors differ in the mode of spelling the
+name of this place, the first syllable being written Beb, Bet, and Bret.
+It is now a small village called Labino, between Cremona and Verona.
+
+[686]  Lenis was a name of similar signification with that of
+Tranquillus, borne by his son, the author of the present work.  We find
+from Tacitus, that there was, among Otho's generals, in this battle,
+another person of the name of Suetonius, whose cognomen was Paulinus;
+with whom our author's father must not be confounded.  Lenis was only a
+tribune of the thirteenth legion, the position of which in the battle is
+mentioned by Tacitus, Hist. xi. 24, and was angusticlavius, wearing only
+the narrow stripe, as not being of the senatorial order; while Paulinus
+was a general, commanding a legion, at least, and a consular man; having
+filled that Office A.U.C. 818.  There seems no doubt that Suetonius
+Paulinus was the same general who distinguished himself by his successes
+and cruelties in Britain.  NERO, c. xviii., and note.
+
+Not to extend the present note, we may shortly refer to our author's
+having already mentioned his grandfather (CALIGULA, c. xix.); besides
+other sources from which he drew his information.  He tells us that he
+himself was then a boy.  We have now arrived at the times in which his
+father bore a part.  Such incidental notices, dropped by historical
+writers, have a certain value in enabling us to form a judgment on the
+genuineness of their narratives as to contemporaneous, or recent, events.
+
+[687]  A.U.C. 823.
+
+[688]  Jupiter, to prevent the discovery of his amour with Io, the
+daughter of the river Inachus, transformed her into a heifer, in which
+metamorphosis she was placed by Juno under the watchful inspection of
+Argus; but flying into Egypt, and her keeper being killed by Mercury, she
+recovered her human shape, and was married to Osiris.  Her husband
+afterwards became a god of the Egyptians, and she a goddess, under the
+name of Isis.  She was represented with a mural crown on her head, a
+cornucopia in one hand, and a sistrum (a musical instrument) in the
+other.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's M. Salvius Otho (Otho),
+by C. Suetonius Tranquillus
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK M. SALVIUS OTHO ***
+
+***** This file should be named 6393.txt or 6393.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook The Lives Of The Caesars, by Suetonius, V8
+#8 in our series by C. Suetonious Tranquillus
+
+Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the
+copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing
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+Title: The Lives Of The Twelve Caesars, Volume 8.
+       [OTHO]
+
+Author: C. Suetonius Tranquillus
+
+Release Date: August, 2004  [EBook #6393]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on December 3, 2003]
+
+Edition: 10
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+Language: English
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF THE CAESARS, SUETONIUS, V8 ***
+
+
+
+This eBook was produced by Tapio Riikonen
+and David Widger <widger@cecomet.net>
+
+
+
+
+
+                               THE LIVES
+                                   OF
+                           THE TWELVE CAESARS
+
+                                   By
+                       C. Suetonius Tranquillus;
+
+                          To which are added,
+
+         HIS LIVES OF THE GRAMMARIANS, RHETORICIANS, AND POETS.
+
+
+                          The Translation of
+                        Alexander Thomson, M.D.
+
+                        revised and corrected by
+                         T.Forester, Esq., A.M.
+
+
+
+
+(416)
+
+
+                            M. SALVIUS OTHO.
+
+
+I.  The ancestors of Otho were originally of the town of Ferentum, of an
+ancient and honourable family, and, indeed, one of the most considerable
+in Etruria.  His grandfather, M. Salvius Otho (whose father was a Roman
+knight, but his mother of mean extraction, for it is not certain whether
+she was free-born), by the favour of Livia Augusta, in whose house he had
+his education, was made a senator, but never rose higher than the
+praetorship.  His father, Lucius Otho, was by the mother's side nobly
+descended, allied to several great families, and so dearly beloved by
+Tiberius, and so much resembled him in his features, that most people
+believed Tiberius was his father.  He behaved with great strictness and
+severity, not only in the city offices, but in the pro-consulship of
+Africa, and some extraordinary commands in the army.  He had the courage
+to punish with death some soldiers in Illyricum, who, in the disturbance
+attempted by Camillus, upon changing their minds, had put their generals
+to the sword, as promoters of that insurrection against Claudius.  He
+ordered the execution to take place in the front of the camp [670], and
+under his own eyes; though he knew they had been advanced to higher ranks
+in the army by Claudius, on that very account.  By this action he
+acquired fame, but lessened his favour at court; which, however, he soon
+recovered, by discovering to Claudius a design upon his life, carried on
+by a Roman knight [671], and which he had learnt from some of his slaves.
+For the senate ordered a statue of him to be erected in the palace; an
+honour which had been conferred but upon very few before him.  And
+Claudius advanced him to the dignity of a patrician, commending him, at
+the same time, in the highest terms, and concluding with these words: "A
+man, than whom I don't so (417) much as wish to have children that should
+be better."  He had two sons by a very noble woman, Albia Terentia,
+namely; Lucius Titianus, and a younger called Marcus, who had the same
+cognomen as himself.  He had also a daughter, whom he contracted to
+Drusus, Germanicus's son, before she was of marriageable age.
+
+II.  The emperor Otho was born upon the fourth of the calends of May
+[28th April], in the consulship of Camillus Aruntius and Domitius
+Aenobarbus [672].  He was from his earliest youth so riotous and wild,
+that he was often severely scourged by his father.  He was said to run
+about in the night-time, and seize upon any one he met, who was either
+drunk or too feeble to make resistance, and toss him in a blanket [673].
+After his father's death, to make his court the more effectually to a
+freedwoman about the palace, who was in great favour, he pretended to be
+in love with her, though she was old, and almost decrepit.  Having by her
+means got into Nero's good graces, he soon became one of the principal
+favourites, by the congeniality of his disposition to that of the emperor
+or, as some say, by the reciprocal practice of mutual pollution.  He had
+so great a sway at court, that when a man of consular rank was condemned
+for bribery, having tampered with him for a large sum of money, to
+procure his pardon; before he had quite effected it, he scrupled not to
+introduce him into the senate, to return his thanks.
+
+III.  Having, by means of this woman, insinuated himself into all the
+emperor's secrets, he, upon the day designed for the murder of his
+mother, entertained them both at a very splendid feast, to prevent
+suspicion.  Poppaea Sabina, for whom Nero entertained such a violent
+passion that he had taken her from her husband [674] and entrusted her to
+him, he received, and went through the form of marrying her.  And not
+satisfied with obtaining her favours, he loved her so extravagantly, that
+he could not with patience bear Nero for his rival.  It is certainly
+believed that he not only refused admittance to those who were sent by
+Nero to fetch her, but that, on one (418) occasion, he shut him out, and
+kept him standing before the door, mixing prayers and menaces in vain,
+and demanding back again what was entrusted to his keeping.  His
+pretended marriage, therefore, being dissolved, he was sent lieutenant
+into Lusitania.  This treatment of him was thought sufficiently severe,
+because harsher proceedings might have brought the whole farce to light,
+which, notwithstanding, at last came out, and was published to the world
+in the following distich:--
+
+    Cur Otho mentitus sit, quaeritis, exul honore?
+      Uxoris moechus caeperat esse suae.
+
+    You ask why Otho's banish'd?  Know, the cause
+    Comes not within the verge of vulgar laws.
+    Against all rules of fashionable life,
+    The rogue had dared to sleep with his own wife.
+
+He governed the province in quality of quaestor for ten years, with
+singular moderation and justice.
+
+IV.  As soon as an opportunity of revenge offered, he readily joined in
+Galba's enterprises, and at the same time conceived hopes of obtaining
+the imperial dignity for himself.  To this he was much encouraged by the
+state of the times, but still more by the assurances given him by
+Seleucus, the astrologer, who, having formerly told him that he would
+certainly out-live Nero, came to him at that juncture unexpectedly,
+promising him again that he should succeed to the empire, and that in a
+very short time.  He, therefore, let slip no opportunity of making his
+court to every one about him by all manner of civilities.  As often as he
+entertained Galba at supper, he distributed to every man of the cohort
+which attended the emperor on guard, a gold piece; endeavouring likewise
+to oblige the rest of the soldiers in one way or another.  Being chosen
+an arbitrator by one who had a dispute with his neighbour about a piece
+of land, he bought it, and gave it him; so that now almost every body
+thought and said, that he was the only man worthy of succeeding to the
+empire.
+
+V.  He entertained hopes of being adopted by Galba, and expected it every
+day.  But finding himself disappointed, by Piso's being preferred before
+him, he turned his thoughts to obtaining his purpose by the use of
+violence; and to this he was instigated, as well by the greatness of his
+debts, as by resentment (419) at Galba's conduct towards him.  For he did
+not conceal his conviction, "that he could not stand his ground unless he
+became emperor, and that it signified nothing whether he fell by the
+hands of his enemies in the field, or of his creditors in the Forum."  He
+had a few days before squeezed out of one of the emperor's slaves a
+million of sesterces for procuring him a stewardship; and this was the
+whole fund he had for carrying on so great an enterprise.  At first the
+design was entrusted to only five of the guard, but afterwards to ten
+others, each of the five naming two.  They had every one ten thousand
+sesterces paid down, and were promised fifty thousand more.  By these,
+others were drawn in, but not many; from a confident assurance, that when
+the matter came to the crisis, they should have enough to join them.
+
+VI.  His first intention was, immediately after the departure of Piso, to
+seize the camp, and fall upon Galba, whilst he was at supper in the
+palace; but he was restrained by a regard for the cohort at that time on
+duty, lest he should bring too great an odium upon it; because it
+happened that the same cohort was on guard before, both when Caius was
+slain, and Nero deserted.  For some time afterwards, he was restrained
+also by scruples about the omens, and by the advice of Seleucus.  Upon
+the day fixed at last for the enterprise, having given his accomplices
+notice to wait for him in the Forum near the temple of Saturn, at the
+gilded mile-stone [675], he went in the morning to pay his respects to
+Galba; and being received with a kiss as usual, he attended him at
+sacrifice, and heard the predictions of the augur [676].  A freedman of
+his, then bringing (420) him word that the architects were come, which
+was the signal agreed upon, he withdrew, as if it were with a design to
+view a house upon sale, and went out by a back-door of the palace to the
+place appointed.  Some say he pretended to be seized with an ague fit,
+and ordered those about him to make that excuse for him, if he was
+inquired after.  Being then quickly concealed in a woman's litter, he
+made the best of his way for the camp.  But the bearers growing tired, he
+got out, and began to run.  His shoe becoming loose, he stopped again,
+but being immediately raised by his attendants upon their shoulders, and
+unanimously saluted by the title of EMPEROR, he came amidst auspicious
+acclamations and drawn swords into the Principia [677] in the camp; all
+who met him joining in the cavalcade, as if they had been privy to the
+design.  Upon this, sending some soldiers to dispatch Galba and Piso, he
+said nothing else in his address to the soldiery, to secure their
+affections, than these few words: "I shall be content with whatever ye
+think fit to leave me."
+
+VII.  Towards the close of the day, he entered the senate, and after he
+had made a short speech to them, pretending that he had been seized in
+the streets, and compelled by violence to assume the imperial authority,
+which he designed to exercise in conjunction with them, he retired to the
+palace.  Besides other compliments which he received from those who
+flocked about him to congratulate and flatter him, he was called Nero by
+the mob, and manifested no intention of declining that cognomen.  Nay,
+some authors relate, that he used it in his official acts, and the first
+letters he sent to the (421) governors of provinces.  He suffered all his
+images and statues to be replaced, and restored his procurators and
+freedmen to their former posts.  And the first writing which he signed as
+emperor, was a promise of fifty millions of sesterces to finish the
+Golden-house [678].  He is said to have been greatly frightened that
+night in his sleep, and to have groaned heavily; and being found, by
+those who came running in to see what the matter was, lying upon the
+floor before his bed, he endeavoured by every kind of atonement to
+appease the ghost of Galba, by which he had found himself violently
+tumbled out of bed.  The next day, as he was taking the omens, a great
+storm arising, and sustaining a grievous fall, he muttered to himself
+from time to time:
+
+        Ti gar moi kai makrois aulois; [679]
+    What business have I the loud trumpets to sound!
+
+VIII.  About the same time, the armies in Germany took an oath to
+Vitellius as emperor.  Upon receiving this intelligence, he advised the
+senate to send thither deputies, to inform them, that a prince had been
+already chosen; and to persuade them to peace and a good understanding.
+By letters and messages, however, he offered Vitellius to make him his
+colleague in the empire, and his son-in-law.  But a war being now
+unavoidable, and the generals and troops sent forward by Vitellius,
+advancing, he had a proof of the attachment and fidelity of the pretorian
+guards, which had nearly proved fatal to the senatorian order.  It had
+been judged proper that some arms should be given out of the stores, and
+conveyed to the fleet by the marine troops.  While they were employed in
+fetching these from the camp in the night, some of the guards suspecting
+treachery, excited a tumult; and suddenly the whole body, without any of
+their officers at their head, ran to the palace, demanding that the
+entire senate should be put to the sword; and having repulsed some of the
+(422) tribunes who endeavoured to stop them, and slain others, they
+broke, all bloody as they were, into the banquetting room, inquiring for
+the emperor; nor would they quit the place until they had seen him.  He
+now entered upon his expedition against Vitellius with great alacrity,
+but too much precipitation, and without any regard to the ominous
+circumstances which attended it.  For the Ancilia [680] had been taken
+out of the temple of Mars, for the usual procession, but were not yet
+replaced; during which interval it had of old been looked upon as very
+unfortunate to engage in any enterprise.  He likewise set forward upon
+the day when the worshippers of the Mother of the gods [681] begin their
+lamentations and wailing.  Besides these, other unlucky omens attended
+him.  For, in a victim offered to Father Dis [682], he found the signs
+such as upon all other occasions are regarded as favourable; whereas, in
+that sacrifice, the contrary intimations are judged the most propitious.
+At his first setting forward, he was stopped by inundations of the Tiber;
+and at twenty miles' distance from the city, found the road blocked up by
+the fall of houses.
+
+IX.  Though it was the general opinion that it would be proper to
+protract the war, as the enemy were distressed by (423) famine and the
+straitness of their quarters, yet he resolved with equal rashness to
+force them to an engagement as soon as possible; whether from impatience
+of prolonged anxiety, and in the hope of bringing matters to an issue
+before the arrival of Vitellius, or because he could not resist the
+ardour of the troops, who were all clamorous for battle.  He was not,
+however, present at any of those which ensued, but stayed behind at
+Brixellum [683].  He had the advantage in three slight engagements, near
+the Alps, about Placentia, and a place called Castor's [684]; but was, by
+a fraudulent stratagem of the enemy, defeated in the last and greatest
+battle, at Bedriacum [685].  For, some hopes of a conference being given,
+and the soldiers being drawn up to hear the conditions of peace declared,
+very unexpectedly, and amidst their mutual salutations, they were obliged
+to stand to their arms.  Immediately upon this he determined to put an
+end to his life, more, as many think, and not without reason, out of
+shame, at persisting in a struggle for the empire to the hazard of the
+public interest and so many lives, than from despair, or distrust of his
+troops.  For he had still in reserve, and in full force, those whom he
+had kept about him for a second trial of his fortune, and others were
+coming up from Dalmatia, Pannonia, and Moesia; nor were the troops lately
+defeated so far discouraged as not to be ready, even of themselves, to
+run all risks in order to wipe off their recent disgrace.
+
+X.  My father, Suetonius Lenis [686], was in this battle, being at (424)
+that time an angusticlavian tribune in the thirteenth legion.  He used
+frequently to say, that Otho, before his advancement to the empire, had
+such an abhorrence of civil war, that once, upon hearing an account given
+at table of the death of Cassius and Brutus, he fell into a trembling,
+and that he never would have interfered with Galba, but that he was
+confident of succeeding in his enterprise without a war.  Moreover, that
+he was then encouraged to despise life by the example of a common
+soldier, who bringing news of the defeat of the army, and finding that he
+met with no credit, but was railed at for a liar and a coward, as if he
+had run away from the field of battle, fell upon his sword at the
+emperor's feet; upon the sight of which, my father said that Otho cried
+out, "that he would expose to no farther danger such brave men, who had
+deserved so well at his hands."  Advising therefore his brother, his
+brother's son, and the rest of his friends, to provide for their security
+in the best manner they could, after he had embraced and kissed them, he
+sent them away; and then withdrawing into a private room by himself, he
+wrote a letter of consolation to his sister, containing two sheets.  He
+likewise sent another to Messalina, Nero's widow, whom he had intended to
+marry, committing to her the care of his relics and memory.  He then
+burnt all the letters which he had by him, to prevent the danger and
+mischief that might otherwise befall the writers from the conqueror.
+What ready money he had, he distributed among his domestics.
+
+XI.  And now being prepared, and just upon the point of dispatching
+himself, he was induced to suspend the execution of his purpose by a
+great tumult which had broken out in the camp.  Finding that some of the
+soldiers who were making off had been seized and detained as deserters,
+"Let us add," said he, "this night to our life."  These were his very
+words.
+
+He then gave orders that no violence should be offered to any one; and
+keeping his chamber-door open until late at night, he allowed all who
+pleased the liberty to come and see him.  At last, after quenching his
+thirst with a draught of cold water, he took up two poniards, and having
+examined the points of both, put one of them under his pillow, and
+shutting his chamber-door, slept very soundly, until, awaking about break
+of day, he stabbed himself under the left pap.  Some persons bursting
+into the room upon his first groan, he at one time covered, and at
+another exposed his wound to the view of the bystanders, and thus life
+soon ebbed away.  His funeral was hastily performed, according to his own
+order, in the thirty-eighth year of his age, and ninety-fifth day of his
+reign. [687]
+
+XII.  The person and appearance of Otho no way corresponded to the great
+spirit he displayed on this occasion; for he is said to have been of low
+stature, splay-footed, and bandy-legged.  He was, however, effeminately
+nice in the care of his person: the hair on his body he plucked out by
+the roots; and because he was somewhat bald, he wore a kind of peruke, so
+exactly fitted to his head, that nobody could have known it for such.  He
+used to shave every day, and rub his face with soaked bread; the use of
+which he began when the down first appeared upon his chin, to prevent his
+having any beard.  It is said likewise that he celebrated publicly the
+sacred rites of Isis [688], clad in a linen garment, such as is used by
+the worshippers of that goddess.  These circumstances, I imagine, caused
+the world to wonder the more that his death was so little in character
+with his life.  Many of the soldiers who were present, kissing and
+bedewing with their tears his hands and feet as he lay dead, and
+celebrating him as "a most gallant man, and an incomparable emperor,"
+immediately put an end to their own lives upon the spot, not far from his
+funeral pile.
+
+(426) Many of those likewise who were at a distance, upon hearing the
+news of his death, in the anguish of their hearts, began fighting amongst
+themselves, until they dispatched one another.  To conclude: the
+generality of mankind, though they hated him whilst living, yet highly
+extolled him after his death; insomuch that it was the common talk and
+opinion, "that Galba had been driven to destruction by his rival, not so
+much for the sake of reigning himself, as of restoring Rome to its
+ancient liberty."
+
+     *     *     *     *     *     *
+
+It is remarkable, in the fortune of this emperor, that he owed both his
+elevation and catastrophe to the inextricable embarrassments in which he
+was involved; first, in respect of pecuniary circumstances, and next, of
+political.  He was not, so far as we can learn, a follower of any of the
+sects of philosophers which justified, and even recommended suicide, in
+particular cases: yet he perpetrated that act with extraordinary coolness
+and resolution; and, what is no less remarkable, from the motive, as he
+avowed, of public expediency only.  It was observed of him, for many
+years after his death, that "none ever died like Otho."
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+[670]  On the esplanade, where the standards, objects of religious
+reverence, were planted.  See note to c. vi.  Criminals were usually
+executed outside the Vallum, and in the presence of a centurion.
+
+[671]  Probably one of the two mentioned in CLAUDIUS, c. xiii.
+
+[672]  A.U.C. 784 or 785.
+
+[673]  "Distento sago impositum in sublime jactare."
+
+[674]  See NERO, c. xxxv.
+
+[675]  The Milliare Aureum was a pillar of stone set up at the top of the
+Forum, from which all the great military roads throughout Italy started,
+the distances to the principal towns being marked upon it.  Dio (lib.
+liv.) says that it was erected by the emperor Augustus, when he was
+curator of the roads.
+
+[676]  Haruspex, Auspex, or Augur, denoted any person who foretold
+futurity, or interpreted omens.  There was at Rome a body of priests, or
+college, under this title, whose office it was to foretell future events,
+chiefly from the flight, chirping, or feeding of birds, and from other
+appearances.  They were of the greatest authority in the Roman state; for
+nothing of importance was done in public affairs, either at home or
+abroad, in peace or war, without consulting them.  The Romans derived the
+practice of augury chiefly from the Tuscans; and anciently their youth
+used to be instructed as carefully in this art, as afterwards they were
+in the Greek literature.  For this purpose, by a decree of the senate, a
+certain number of the sons of the leading men at Rome was sent to the
+twelve states of Etruria for instruction.
+
+[677]  See before, note, c. i. The Principia was a broad open space,
+which separated the lower part of the Roman camp from the upper, and
+extended the whole breadth of the camp.  In this place was erected the
+tribunal of the general, when he either administered justice or harangued
+the army.  Here likewise the tribunes held their courts, and punishments
+were inflicted.  The principal standards of the army, as it has been
+already mentioned, were deposited in the Principia; and in it also stood
+the altars of the gods, and the images of the Emperors, by which the
+soldiers swore.
+
+[678]  See NERO, c. xxxi.  The sum estimated as requisite for its
+completion amounted to 2,187,500 pounds of our money.
+
+[679]  The two last words, literally translated, mean "long trumpets;"
+such as were used at sacrifices.  The sense is, therefore, "What have I
+to do, my hands stained with blood, with performing religious
+ceremonies!"
+
+[680]  The Ancile was a round shield, said to have fallen from heaven in
+the reign of Numa, and supposed to be the shield of Mars.  It was kept
+with great care in the sanctuary of his temple, as a symbol of the
+perpetuity of the Roman empire; and that it might not be stolen, eleven
+others were made exactly similar to it.
+
+[681]  This ideal personage, who has been mentioned before, AUGUSTUS,
+c. lxviii., was the goddess Cybele, the wife of Saturn, called also Rhea,
+Ops, Vesta, Magna, Mater, etc.  She was painted as a matron, crowned with
+towers, sitting in a chariot drawn by lions.  A statue of her, brought
+from Pessinus in Phrygia to Rome, in the time of the second Punic war,
+was much honoured there.  Her priests, called the Galli and Corybantes,
+were castrated; and worshipped her with the sound of drums, tabors,
+pipes, and cymbals.  The rites of this goddess were disgraced by great
+indecencies.
+
+[682]  Otherwise called Orcus, Pluto, Jupiter Infernus, and Stygnis.  He
+was the brother of Jupiter, and king of the infernal regions.  His wife
+was Proserpine, the daughter of Ceres, whom he carried off as she was
+gathering flowers in the plains of Enna, in Sicily.  The victims offered
+to the infernal gods were black: they were killed with their faces bent
+downwards; the knife was applied from below, and the blood was poured
+into a ditch.
+
+[683]  A town between Mantua and Cremona.
+
+[684]  The temple of Castor.  It stood about twelve miles from Cremona.
+Tacitus gives some details of this action.  Hist. ii. 243.
+
+[685]  Both Greek and Latin authors differ in the mode of spelling the
+name of this place, the first syllable being written Beb, Bet, and Bret.
+It is now a small village called Labino, between Cremona and Verona.
+
+[686]  Lenis was a name of similar signification with that of
+Tranquillus, borne by his son, the author of the present work.  We find
+from Tacitus, that there was, among Otho's generals, in this battle,
+another person of the name of Suetonius, whose cognomen was Paulinus;
+with whom our author's father must not be confounded.  Lenis was only a
+tribune of the thirteenth legion, the position of which in the battle is
+mentioned by Tacitus, Hist. xi. 24, and was angusticlavius, wearing only
+the narrow stripe, as not being of the senatorial order; while Paulinus
+was a general, commanding a legion, at least, and a consular man; having
+filled that Office A.U.C. 818.  There seems no doubt that Suetonius
+Paulinus was the same general who distinguished himself by his successes
+and cruelties in Britain.  NERO, c. xviii., and note.
+
+Not to extend the present note, we may shortly refer to our author's
+having already mentioned his grandfather (CALIGULA, c. xix.); besides
+other sources from which he drew his information.  He tells us that he
+himself was then a boy.  We have now arrived at the times in which his
+father bore a part.  Such incidental notices, dropped by historical
+writers, have a certain value in enabling us to form a judgment on the
+genuineness of their narratives as to contemporaneous, or recent, events.
+
+[687]  A.U.C. 823.
+
+[688]  Jupiter, to prevent the discovery of his amour with Io, the
+daughter of the river Inachus, transformed her into a heifer, in which
+metamorphosis she was placed by Juno under the watchful inspection of
+Argus; but flying into Egypt, and her keeper being killed by Mercury, she
+recovered her human shape, and was married to Osiris.  Her husband
+afterwards became a god of the Egyptians, and she a goddess, under the
+name of Isis.  She was represented with a mural crown on her head, a
+cornucopia in one hand, and a sistrum (a musical instrument) in the
+other.
+
+
+
+
+
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