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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0ff332f --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #63825 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/63825) diff --git a/old/63825-8.txt b/old/63825-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 660afc7..0000000 --- a/old/63825-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5925 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The National Geographic Magazine, Vol. -III., PP. 205-261, I-XXXV, PL. 21, February 19, 1892, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The National Geographic Magazine, Vol. III., PP. 205-261, I-XXXV, PL. 21, February 19, 1892 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: November 21, 2020 [EBook #63825] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, FEB 19, 1892 *** - - - - -Produced by Ron Swanson - - - - - -VOL. III, PP. 205-261, I-XXXV, PL. 21, FEBRUARY 19, 1892 - -THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE - - - - -WASHINGTON - -PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY. - -Price, 75 cents. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - Page. -The Cartography and Observations of Bering's First Voyage; by - A. W. GREELY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 - -Height and Position of Mount St. Elias; by ISRAEL C. RUSSELL . . 231 - -The Heart of Africa; by E. C. HORE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 - -Report of Committee on Exploration in Alaska . . . . . . . . . . 248 - -Notes--La Carte de France, dite de l'Etat Major, par M. J. COLLET 250 - - Polar Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 - - The Crossing of Tibet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 - - Statistics of Railways in United States . . . . . . . . . 255 - -Index to volume III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 - - Title-page and Imprimatur of Board of Managers . . . . . . . i - - Contents and Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii - - Publications of the National Geographic Society . . . . . . . v - - Proceedings of the National Geographic Society . . . . . . . vii - - Officers of the Society for 1892 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv - - Members of the Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv - - -{205} - - -VOL. III, PP. 205-230, PL. 21, JANUARY 28, 1892 - -THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE - - - - -THE CARTOGRAPHY AND OBSERVATIONS OF BERING'S FIRST VOYAGE. - -BY GENERAL A. W. GREELY. - -(_Presented before the Society March 20, 1891._) - - -It was with no ordinary pleasure that the members of the National -Geographic Society listened to the critical review and admirable essay -on Bering's first expedition, 1725-1730, read before this Society, -together with a translation of Bering's report on the expedition in -question, by one of our learned and distinguished members, Professor -William H. Dall. The subject then under consideration is one of great -interest, and this Society owes a debt of gratitude to Professor Dall -for his assiduous labor in collating and translating the available -data on this voyage, and must indorse the general conclusions reached -in a critical essay which is the result of careful, conscientious -research conjoined to much erudition. It is especially fortunate, in -view of the vagueness of Bering's report, that it should have been -translated and reviewed by a traveler and investigator so thoroughly -familiar with the topography of Bering strait and the adjacent region. - -{206} It may appear somewhat presumptuous for the present writer to -further dwell on some points of subordinate importance, even with the -view of supplementing the investigations of Professor Dall; but he is -encouraged to the effort by the admirable spirit in which that -gentleman works, which is so clearly indicated in his own words: "I am -well aware this paper cannot be regarded as a finality, but as a -contribution to the geographical history of North America it will not -be without its value." This spirit encourages every one to contribute -his mite to elucidate the history of this interesting and ill-known -period. - -The supplementary remarks now presented mainly relate to two points: -first, the cartographic reproduction of Bering's discoveries; second, -the alleged observations of lunar eclipses in Kamshatka by Bering and -his lieutenants in 1728-'29. - -In attempting to add to Professor Dall's essay or to elucidate some -points, it is but natural to felicitate one's self that chance has put -in one's way rare data in the shape of text and map. Nevertheless, -much difficulty has been experienced in efforts to consult -publications and charts bearing on this subject, as supplementary to -the data in the writer's own library. Fortunately, among his personal -books and maps are the following, which have escaped the critical, if -not casual, observation of Professor Dall: - -1. The original Hague[1] edition of Père du Halde, which Dall was -unable to consult; it is entitled "Description Géographique, -Historique, Chronologique, Politique, et Physique de l'Empire et de la -Tartarie Chinoise," etc. 4 vols., 4°: à la Haye, 1736. - -[Footnote 1: The first edition, in French, was published at Paris, 4 -vols., folio, 1735.] - -2. De l'Isle's scattered essays, entitled "Mémoires pour servir à -l'histoire et au progres de l'Astronomie, de la Géographie, et de la -Physique, etc., etc.: à St. Petersbourg, de l'imprimeris de l'Académie -des Sciences. MDCCXXXVIII [1738]." - -3. "Atlas Russien: contenant une Carte Générale et dix-neuf Cartes -particulieres de tout l'Empire de Russie et des Pays limitrophes -construites conformément aux règles de la Geographie et aux dernières -Observations. Par l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. -Petersbourg. St. Petersbourg, 1745." - -This was the first atlas published in Russia in the map department -established by order of Peter the Great in the Academy of Sciences of -St. Petersburg. It includes a general map of the Russian Empire and -nineteen maps of provinces. - -{207} 4. "Carte de la Sibérie et des Pays voisins. Pour servir a -Histoire générale des Voyages par le S. Bellin, Ing. de la Marine," -two parts, undated, but to which E. Dufosse, of Paris, assigns the -date of 1749. The atlas for this work was originally published by Abbe -Prevost at Paris, 1747, et seq., the charts being engraved by Bellin. - -This chart appears on casual inspection to be more accurate than -either that of d'Anville or of de l'Isle, or of the Russian atlas. - -5. The very interesting and valuable map of J. N. de l'Isle, Paris, -1752 (without, however, the accompanying memoir). - -I do not think the original map has ever fallen under the notice of -Professor Dall, although a garbled reproduction of it is mentioned in -his review as follows: - -"A chart which deserves notice, though almost wholly fictitious, being -chiefly devoted to the spurious discoveries of the alleged Admiral de -Fonte, was issued by J. N. de l'Isle with the concurrence of M. P. -Bauche or at his suggestion. It appeared at Paris in 1752, and was -copied for Jeffery's second edition of voyages from Asia to America in -1764. I do not know if this copy appeared in the first edition, but -presume it did." - -As the original of de l'Isle's chart (1752) is here exhibited -to-night, it is evident that Jeffery was careless, and that the map, -which I infer Dall has never seen, is really more valuable than is set -forth in his address; otherwise so critical an observer as Dall would -not have said: "I suspect this (referring to d'Anville's map of 1753, -with Bering island thereon) is the first publication of a cartographic -kind on which Bering island is laid down, as the map of the Imperial -Academy of Sciences, embodying the geographical results of Bering's -voyage to the coast of America, was not engraved until a year later, -while de l'Isle's of 1752 does not contain them." You will see that -this is an error, for the "I(sle) de Beering" is plainly inscribed on -the map. (This map has been reproduced by photolithography and forms -the accompanying plate 21.) - -[Illustration: PLATE 21. CARTE GÉNÉRALE DES DÉCOUVERTES de l'Amiral de -Fonte.] - -Dall further describes the copy of this map in the following terms: - -"Connected with America and north of the Chukchi peninsula is land -with an island off it corresponding not badly to Wrangell and Herald -islands and marked 'Discovered in 1722.' It is possible that this land -is a hypothetical compound of the land reported by the Chukchis east -of the strait with that which they knew to be visible in clear weather -from Cape Yakan, more or less confused accounts of which had long been -current among persons interested in these regions." - -{208} The legend on the original chart indicates that Dall's surmise -is correct, for the copy is not only abbreviated, but is in error as -to date. On the original it runs: "Grande Terre découverte en 1723 au -s'enfeuit les Tzutzy l'orsqu'ils sont poursuivis par les Russes que ne -les ont pas encore soumis." - -There is another important legend on a very large imaginary island -about five degrees of longitude to the east of Bering island. On the -northern side of this land the text runs thus: "Terres dont le -Capitaine Beering's à en des indices dans son premier voyages en -1728." On the southern edge is the legend: "Cotes vues par Mrs. -Tchirikow et de l'Isle en Septembre 1741." Immediately south of the -land are two route tracks, with these legends: "Route du Kamtschatka a -l'Amerique par le Capitaine Tchirikow et Mr. de l'Isle de la Croyere -en Juin et Juillet, 1741," "Retour de l'Amerique au Kamtschatka en -Aout et Septembre 1741." The latter route track touches an indentation -in the southwestern coast, as though the vessel had entered the bay, -which has five mountains in the background. - -The legend--"Terres vues par les Russes en 1741 ou le Capitaine -Tchirikow perdit sa Chaloupe armée de 10 hommes"--is likewise of -interest, as controverting the statement that "De l'Isle's (chart) of -1752 does not contain ... the geographical results of Bering's voyage -to the coast of America." It embodies a large part, but not all, of -the discoveries. - -6. Buache's memoir and maps entitled: "Considerations geographiques et -physiques sur les Nouvelles Decouvertes au Nord de la Grande Mer, -appellee vulgairement la Mer du Sud; avec des Cartes qui y sont -relatives. Par Philippe Buache, Premier Geographe," etc. A Paris -M.DCC.LIII [1753], 4°, 158 pp. With my copy there is a separate -pamphlet, consisting of 13 maps, folio, with a preface and index, -quarto. The preface (4°, two leaves unpaged) is entitled: "Exposé des -Découvertes au Nord de la Grande Mer, etc., etc. Presenté au Roy le 2. -Septembre 1753, par Philippe Buache, etc." The index (4°, 4 pp.) runs: -"Liste des Cartes concernant les Nouvelles Découvertes au Nord de la -Grande Mer, &c. Par Philippe Buache, &c. Janvier, 1755." - -These thirteen maps are very interesting. The first and second charts -bear particularly on the subject of this paper. The first is entitled: -"Carte des Nouvelles Découvertes entre la partie Orient'le de l'Asie -et l'Occid'le de l'Amerique avec des Vues sur la Gr'de Terre reconnue -par les Russes en 1741 &c., &c. Dressée {209} par Philippe Buache. -Presentée a l'Acad. des Sciences le 9. Aout 1752 et approuvée dans son -Assemblée du 6. Septembre suivant." - -This map, somewhat fuller in details than that of de l'Isle, shows: -"Découvertes des Russes depuis 20 ans." There are route tracks of the -first expedition marked: "Route des Russes au N.E. et au N. en 1728 et -1731," and "Retour en 1731." Two route tracks of the later voyage have -the legends: "Route de Kamtchatka a l'Amerique en 1741. Retour des -Russes au Kamtchatka." Other legends are as follows: "Isle Beering;" -"Detroit du Nord" (Bering strait); "Terre déc. en 1723 par les Russes, -ou Isle dont le P. Avril a parle" (large land near Wrangell island); -"Terres reconnues par les Russes" (American coast in latitude 56 N.); -"Côtes vues par les Russes en 1741; Port ou les Russes ont aborde" -(fictitious and extensive land east of Bering island, on which are -also the following: "Puchochotskes selon Strahlenberg," and "Terre -habitée, ou Presqu' Isle, que je suppose joindre les découvertes des -Russes avec celles de l'Am'l de Fonte"). - -The second map, "Carte des Découv'tes de l'Am'al de Fonte avec les -Terres vuës et reconnues par les Russes, par Philippe Buache," has -other pertinent and interesting legends. In Bering strait appears: -"Beering a trouvé au N. et a l'E. de ce parage que la Mer y etoit -libre," and immediately eastward on the American coast below the -parallel of the arctic circle: "Terre découv. en 1731, et ou les -Russes ont rencontré un home qui s'est dit habitant d'un gr'd -Continent." On the American coast from 55° to 57° north latitude: -"Terres déc. en Juill., 1741, et où les Russes ont laisse 10 homes qu' -ils n' ont pu rejoindre." Over "Terre habitée," a large land just east -of Bering island: "Le Capitaine Beering a trouvé dans ce parage de 50 -à 60 deg. les Indices d'une Côte et une gr. Riv. ou il a envoye -quelqu's homes qui ne sont revenus." - -It is evident that these maps must have been actually published as -early as September 2, 1753, the date on which was presented the -"Exposé des Découvertes, etc., au Roy," but the charts give no further -indication than the legend: "Publiée sous le privilege de l'Acad. -R'le. des Sc. du 6 Sept'bre, 1752: à Paris." The actual date of issue -may or may not have been earlier than the map of de l'Isle of -September 9, 1752. - -7. (Possibly most important of all) a letter of an officer of the -Russian Navy. This appeared first in Russian, presumably {210} printed -at St. Petersburg in 1752 or 1753; the original Russian I have not -seen. It was translated, however, into French and printed at Berlin -(not dated) in 1753, under the following title: "Lettre d'un officier -de la Marine Russienne. A un Seigneur de la Cour concernant la carte -des nouvelles découvertes au nord de la mer du Sud et le mémoire qui y -sert d'explication. Publiée par M. de l'Isle, à Paris en 1752. Traduit -de l'Original Russe, à Berlin, chez Haude et Sperer, Libraires de la -Cour et de l'Academie Royale (1753)." - -This edition forms part of my library, and is the only copy which I -know of in the United States. It is not to be found in the Library of -Congress, the Astor Library, the Boston Athenæum, or the Boston Public -Library. It is not even in the Royal Library at St. Petersburg, but, -as might be anticipated, is in the British Museum. I find it nowhere -catalogued in any bibliography of arctic or subarctic works. The -French edition was inserted, with some changes, it is believed, in the -eighteenth volume of the Nouvelle Bibliotheque Germanique. - -8. "A letter from a Russian Sea-Officer to a Person of Distinction at -the Court of St. Petersburg, containing Remarks on Mr. de l'Isle's -Chart and Memoir relative to the New Discoveries North and East from -Kamtschatka, together with some Observations on that Letter by Arthur -Dobbs, Governor of East Carolina, to which is added Mr. de l'Isle's -Explanatory Memoir on his Chart." 8vo, 85 pp., London, 1754. - -The "Arthur Dobbs" who published this edition, and who possibly was -the translator thereof, is well known as the energetic promoter of the -discovery of the "northwest passage," and was personally interested in -discovery voyages to Hudson bay. The explanatory memoir of de l'Isle's -chart is a translation of the memoir previously mentioned as belonging -to the map of 1752, which memoir I have not been able to consult in -the original French. It may be added that Dobbs' reproduction of the -"Letter from a Russian naval officer" is not accurate, the translation -in places being so carelessly or indifferently made that the text -cannot be relied on for critical purposes. - -This English translation is to be found neither in the Library of -Congress, the Boston Public Library, the Boston Athenæum, nor in the -Library of the American Geographic Society. It is, however, in the -Astor Library, and a second copy at one time belonged to the library -of Mr. J. C. Brevoort. - -{211} 9. "Mappe Monde. Carte Universelle de la Terre. Par J. B. Nolin, -Geographe." 1755, 20¼ x 27 inches. On this appear the legends: "I. de -Beering; Detroit de Nord; Terres découvertes par les Ruses [sic] en -1741; Terres veues en 1741." - -It is quite possible that this is the first map of the world on which -Bering island was charted. - -10. John Christopher Adelung's very interesting history of sea voyages -for the discovery of a "northeast passage," which was published in -quarto form under the following title: "Geschichte der Schiffahrten -und Versuche welche zur Entdeckung des Nordöstlichen Weges nach Japan -und China von verschiedenen Nationen unternommen worden. Zum Behufe -der Erdbeschreibung und Naturgeschichte dieser Gegenden entworfen von -Johann Christoph Adelung, Herzoglich Sachsichen Rath Halle bey Johann -Justinus Gebauer, 1768." - -11. Notice des Ouvrages de M. d'Anville. 8°, Paris, An. X [1802], 120 -pp. By Barbic du Bocage. - -In addition to these and other works from my own collection, I have -consulted at the library of the United States Naval Observatory, in -this city, "Histoire de l'Academie Royale des Sciences, Année 1750," -Paris, 1754, and the same, "Année 1754," Paris, 1757, which contain -articles on de l'Isle's manuscript maps of 1731 and 1752, the latter -being substantially identical with the published map of 1752. - - * * * * * - -From Dall's review we learn that Lauridsen is responsible for the -statement that the discoveries of Bering in his first voyage were -shown on a chart made at Moscow in 1731, but no authority is given as -to the cartographer. Later I shall adduce evidence to confirm Dall's -opinion that the Moscow map was merely a copy, such as were -distributed to personages of importance or to those connected with the -expedition. It is further susceptible of, as I think, tolerably -satisfactory proof that the outlines of Kamshatka, with fairly correct -meridians of longitude, were made public in a chart by de l'Isle not -in 1731, but the year following, 1732, and it is likely that the lost -map of that year was substantially reproduced in the chart of 1752, -which I have the pleasure of now presenting for your examination. - -De l'Isle presented this map to the Academy of Sciences of Paris on -April 8, 1750. The circumstances connected with the {212} presentation -have been drawn from the official records of the Royal Academy of -Sciences, and are as follows:[2] - -Cette année (1750) M. de l'Isle lut à l'assemblee publique de -l'Acadèmie, un Mémoire sur les Nouvelles Découvertes au nord de la mer -du Sud; et presenta en meme temps une Carte que M. Buache avoit -dressée sur ses Mémoires, et qui representoit ces Découvertes avec -toute la partie du Globe terrestre, à laquelle elles appartiennent. -Ces Ouvrages, alors manuscrit, furent depuis publiés en 1752, M. -Buache presenta dans cette meme année la première partie de ses -Considérations géographiques sur le meme sujet, avec les Cartes qui y -étoient relatives.[3] - -"Muni de ces premières connoissances [referring to the discoveries of -1729-1739] M. de l'Isle traça une carte qui representoit l'extremite -orientale de l'Asie, avec la partie opposée de l'Amerique -septentrionale qui y répond, afin de faire voir aisément ce qui -restoit à découvrir, et il dressa un Mémoire dans lequel il exposoit -la manière qu'il jugeoit la plus avantageuse pour faire ces -découvertes."[4] - -"Mais les vaisseaux Russes qui avoient été envoyés pour les -découvertes dont nous venous de parler (1731-1741), n'étant pas encore -revenus lorsqu'elle lui fut envoyé il extremit l'examen après son -retour en France, qui étoit assez prochain. A son arrivée, il -communiqua ses vues et cette relation a M. Buache; celui-ci, qui par -la," etc., etc.[5] - -"Cette Mémoire [de l'Isle, 1750] étoit accompagnée d'une carte qui -étoit comme l'esquisse du système géographique de M. de l'Isle sur -cette partie."[6] - -[Footnote 2: Extracts from Histoire de l'Acadèmie Royale des Sciences, -Année MDCCL (1750), 4°, Paris, 1754; and the same, Année 1753, 4°, -Paris, 1757.] - -[Footnote 3:_ Loc. cit._, "Année MDCCL," p. 142.] - -[Footnote 4: _Ibid._, p. 151.] - -[Footnote 5: _Ibid._, p. 145.] - -[Footnote 6: _Loc. cit._, "Année 1753," p. 263.] - -It has been pointed out by several authorities that some of M. de -l'Isle's statements in his memoir of 1752 are to be received with -caution, especially his elaborate endeavors to impress the Paris -Academy with the belief that the discoveries of Bering subsequent to -the first voyage were the result of his (de l'Isle's) own carefully -considered instructions. In this connection Adelung says: - -"De l'Isle, in his Explication de la carte des nouvelles découvertes -au Nord [1752], traces out his proposed route quite differently -[referring to de l'Isle's previous statements in his report to the St. -Petersburg Academy in 1732], somewhat as if it had been outlined in -view of accomplished facts." - -{213} It behooves us, then, to inquire carefully into the authenticity -of the alleged map of de l'Isle of 1731, since if he antedated his -opinions as to the route he might also have antedated his map. -Fortunately we do not have to depend only on de l'Isle's own -statement, either in 1750 before the Academy of Sciences at Paris, or -as published in 1738 at St. Petersburg and printed at the printing -office of the Royal Academy; for we also have extraneous and -convincing evidence, even from sources critically hostile to the -French astronomer. - -M. de l'Isle, in his Mémoires sur les Nouvelles découvertes au Nord de -la mer du Sud, Paris, 1752, says: - -"After I had, near twenty years ago, got these first informations of -the longitude of Kamschatka by means of Captain Bering's map and -journal, I made use of them in constructing the map, representing the -eastern extremity of Asia, with the opposite coast of North America, -in order to show at once what still remains for discovery between two -large parts of the world. - -"This map I had the honor of presenting to the Empress Anne and the -Senate, in order to animate the Russians to undertake these -discoveries, and it took effect, this princess ordering a second -voyage to be made according to the plan which I had drawn up for it." - -"Two maps," he adds, were presented to the Academy in Paris, "one -being a copy of the map which I had drawn at St. Petersburg, 1731, on -Captain Bering's first voyage, and had the honor of presenting to the -Empress Anne and the Senate, with a manuscript memoir explaining its -use and construction." The other map (from which the lithograph before -you was lately reproduced) was, according to de l'Isle, only changed -by adding the later discoveries of Bering and his lieutenants. - -De l'Isle further says of this chart: - -"The second manuscript map which I laid before the Academy at Paris -was in all respects like the former, only with the advantages of the -new discoveries made since 1731." - -Ph. Buache, the French geographer, made for de l'Isle a reduced copy -of the second chart, and it is supposed that the map before you is a -substantial reproduction of that copy. - -In the preface to de l'Isle's scattered essays, 1738, St. Petersburg, -page 2, we find: - -"Aiant comparé la situation du Kamschatka et des pais voisins, avec -celle de la Chine, du roiaume de Corée, du Japon, et de la terre -d'Yeco, qui m'étoit connue d'ailleurs, je me suis fait un sistème, & -j'ai dressé l'an {214} 1731, une carte de cette extremité orientale de -l'Asie. J'ai marque aussi sur cette carte les dernières terres connues -de l'Amerique, les plus voisines de cette partie septentrionale de -l'Asie, afin de faire voir ce qui restoit encore d'inconnu entre-deux. -On trouvera dans ce recueil une reduction de cette carte, avec le -Mémoire que j'ai dressé dans ce temsla, & lu a l'Academie, dans lequel -je rends raison de la construction de cette carte." - -Only one volume of de l'Isle's essays appeared, so that the map and -memoir promised in the introduction were never, so far as can be -learned, published in their original form. The statements made by de -l'Isle, however, unless definitely refuted, should be given full -credit, seeing that the work was published by the Academy of Sciences -at St. Petersburg, to which the map and memoir were presented, as is -claimed, only seven years earlier. A doubt does, however, exist as to -the date of the map made by de l'Isle. On this point Adelung, in his -"History of Northeastern Voyages," Halle, 1768, page 569, evidently -quoting from Müller, says: - -"On the 17th of April, 1732, the order was, therefore, sent from the -privy Cabinet to the Senate, which thereupon inquired of the Academy -of Sciences of St. Petersburg what and how much had as yet been found -out about Kamschatka, the surrounding countries and waters. The -Academy confided the making of the report to Mr. Delisle, who prepared -a chart upon which Kamschatka, Jeso, according to the description of -the crew upon the Castricom, the Staten island, Company island, and -the coast of Gama were designated. This chart was supplemented by a -memoir in which he described the discoveries already made and -suggested various routes for making new ones. He expressed himself in -regard to those routes in the following manner: 'If one have attained -the northern boundary of Asia, and at the same time the eastern -limits, as far as Captain Bering went on his first voyage, one cannot -fail to arrive in America, and might even choose the route, either -northeast or southeast, whichever he prefers, as he would have, at -most, only 600 miles to pass over. 2. Or, without venturing so far, it -would perhaps be better and more comfortable to sail from the east -coast of Kamschatka, go directly east, to look for the neighboring -country which Bering found traces of in his first voyage. 3. Finally, -he thought that if they should sail southeast from Kamschatka they -would perhaps more speedily and more certainly discover the country -seen by Juan de Gama.'" - -Can the inconsistency between the dates, as given by Müller and -Adelung on the one hand, and by de l'Isle on the other, be reconciled, -or is it apparent rather than real? As Bering, according to the -Russian marine officer (Waxel?) returned to St. Petersburg on March 1, -1730, it is reasonable to suppose that de l'Isle, {215} whose duties -were those of a cartographer, had finished within the next year and a -half his reproduction of Bering's working chart. The fact that the -order of inquiry about the results of the voyage did not leave the -privy council until April 17, 1732, does not necessarily indicate that -the map at least, if not the memoir, was not already prepared, even if -not in possession of the Academy of Sciences. It appears probable that -the map may have been drawn by de l'Isle in 1731, but it is quite -certain that it was not made public until 1732. - -Lauridsen speaks of a map in Moscow in 1731, and, as it is evident -from "Lettre d'un" that there was no difficulty in persons of -influence procuring copies from the Senate, it is likely that the -Moscow chart was a copy of the map of de l'Isle, and that the date of -1731 is correct; but this theory must rest on Lauridsen producing -evidence that such a map existed in Moscow in 1731. - -The Russian officer speaks with authority as to the map of 1732. -Commenting on de l'Isle's account of the circumstances under which he -compiled the map of 1732, he continues as follows: - -"The Empress Anne having directed her Senate to give instructions to -M. Bering for the second voyage, that body believed that it could not -act with success unless it obtained from the Academy the fullest -information relative to the situation of the lands and seas to be -traversed. Therefore the Academy was so ordered by the Senate, which -enjoined on M. de l'Isle the construction of the map of which I speak, -and, for a clearer understanding, an explanatory memoir; which being -done, both map and memoir were presented to the Academy by the Senate. -Consequently, there is no reason to doubt that, far from exciting the -Russians to new discoveries, far from being the cause of Bering's -second voyage, M. de l'Isle only worked under specific orders. It is -quite another question whether or not the memoir contributed to the -success of the expedition, which I will discuss later. However that -may be, the Senate gave a copy of it, as well as of the map, to M. -Bering. I took a second copy of the memoir, which enabled me to -compare it with what M. de l'Isle has now said to us of it in his -later memoir of Paris." - -These and other statements confirm those of de l'Isle as to the date -of the map, in which year d'Anville engraved it (1732, or 1731 at the -earliest), and likewise indicate that copies of both map and memoir -were obtainable without great difficulty. - -An interesting note as to the authenticity and origin of the {216} -chart of d'Anville, 1737, appears in the narrative of Adelung, who -speaks with a certain air of authority. He says: - -"These Beering maps were, after the captain's return, sent from Russia -to the King of Poland, who presented them to Mr. du Halde or, rather, -to Mr. d'Anville, who made the charts for his work. Du Halde is -therefore very correctly informed when he, in the Mémoires de Trevoux -(737 pages, 2,389 f.) considers these charts questionable and imagines -that they were merely made by d'Anville from Beering's journal." - -But further evidence from an unquestionable source is available as to -date. The charts in du Halde's "China" were engraved between the years -1729 and 1734, and all but the general maps were completed prior to -1733. The date 1732 is assigned by d'Anville's colleague to the map of -Bering's journey. Of these maps it is further said: - -"They form what is commonly known as d'Anville's Atlas of China. -Nevertheless this geographer did not participate equally in the -production of all. The detailed maps (of which the Bering map is one) -were furnished by the Jesuits and he only supervised the engraving, -but the general charts were entirely the work of d'Anville, who -reconstructed and amplified them from all possible sources. They were -reproduced at Hague under the title 'New Atlas of China,' etc., by M. -d'Anville." - -These statements of d'Anville's colleague, M. Barbic du Bocage, are -thus verified by du Halde, page lxix: - -"Pour les Cartes Générales, nous y avons peu touché & celle du Voyage -du Capitaine Beerings paroit sans le moindre changement." - -In the Russian atlas, 1745, the explanatory text regarding map 19, -whereon appears the extreme northeastern coast of Siberia and the -greater part of Kamshatka, runs as follows: - -"We have determined the location of these provinces in part by -astronomical observations which have been made there, and in part upon -certain geographical and hydrographic maps which have been transmitted -to us." - -So far as Kamshatka and the Bering strait regions go, it is reasonable -to believe that this chart, since it was published by the Royal -Academy of Sciences, is substantially a reproduction of the map -transmitted to the Academy by de l'Isle in 1732, especially as this -geographer was employed for about thirteen years in amassing data for -the atlas in question. - -{217} The writer has very carefully compared the chart of Kamshatka -and adjoining regions as published in d'Anville's atlas of 1736, in -the Russian atlas of 1745, and in the de l'Isle chart of 1752. From -comparisons he is led to believe that these maps have substantially -the same basis--that is, the chart prepared by de l'Isle in 1732 for -the Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. In this connection the -criticism of the Russian officer is significant. He says: "I will now -finish with a general observation about the part of Siberia that we -see on M. de l'Isle's chart (1752). It is simply a copy of the Russian -atlas (1745), without even corrections of the errors of drawing and -writing which have crept into that work." Elsewhere he adds: "We can -correct the error of M. de l'Isle, who places Bering island at 54 -degrees, only a short distance from Avatscha, whereas it is on the -56th parallel, 60 miles off Avatscha and 40 Dutch miles from the mouth -of the Kamschatka river." - -It is worthy of note that on Bellin's map of 1749(?) Bering island is -crossed by the 56th parallel of latitude, and that along the southern -edge of the Arctic ocean is a route track, marked "Voyage fait par Mer -en 1648 par 3 vaisseaux Russiens dont un est parvenu a la -Kamtschatka." On de l'Isle's chart of 1752 also appears the route of -1648, but Bering island is in latitude 54°. As to the position of -Bering isle, the truth, as the Wise Man tells us is oft the case, -abides between the two, as the 55th parallel intersects the land in -question. At Cape Shelagskoi, d'Anville, 1737, the Russian atlas of -1745 and the de l'Isle of 1752 agree in charting four islands -northeast of the cape instead of two islands to the west. This -indicates a common origin to the charts, and where else can it be -ascribed than to the de l'Isle map of 1732? The Russian officer, -however, gives a clue as to the date when work on the map was -commenced. He says: - -"At that time I visited M. de l'Isle. I was a witness of his -geographical labors as far as they had new discoveries for their -object. I acted as interpreter to M. Bering in the conversations which -he had with him; and I can assert positively that when M. de l'Isle -began that chart the second expedition was already ordered, and -Captain Bering, knowing what was still wanting to his discoveries, -offered to continue them and his lieutenants with him, and they -received promotion in consequence." - -Lauridsen says: - -"On January 5, 1732, the Senate gave him leave of absence to go to St. -Petersburg.... Almost simultaneously he was promoted, in regular {218} -succession, to the position of captain-commander in the Russian fleet, -the next position below that of rear-admiral." - -This indicates that the expedition was decided on at least as early as -January 5, 1732; possibly earlier. Fortunately we are not left to -inference, for elsewhere the Russian officer says: - -"Mr. de l'Isle 'throws discredit on our discoveries by leaving on his -chart the fictitious land of Gama, which, in order to avoid -conflicting with our accounts, he places (in 1752) a little more to -the west and south than he did on his chart of 1732.'" - -This definitely fixes the year in which de l'Isle presented the map to -the Senate. - -We learn, however, from Lauridsen that "as early as April 17 (1732) -the Empress ordered that Bering's proposition should be executed, and -charged the Senate to take the necessary steps for that purpose.... On -May 2 it [_i.e._, the Senate] promulgated two ukases, in which it -declared the objects of the expedition and sought to indicate the -necessary means." It is very improbable that, in the case of so -dilatory a man as de l'Isle, this chart could have been elaborated and -drawn, the memoir written, a report made by the Academy to the Senate, -and action be taken in the fifteen days which elapsed between the -order for the chart and Bering's instructions. It is possible that the -chart was drawn at the end of 1731, and that de l'Isle, for obvious -reasons, gave it the earliest possible date. - -In giving an account of Bering's provisions, as Dall says, every -historian has followed a mutilated, if not garbled, paragraph from -Bering's original report. The excerpts from Brooke's translation of du -Halde, which was followed in Campbell's edition of Harris' Voyages, -are as follows: - -"The provisions consisted of carrots for want of corn [= grain or -wheat], the fat of fish, uncured, served instead of butter, and salt -fish supplied the place of all other meats." - -"Fish oil was his butter and dried fish his beef and pork. Salt he was -obliged to get from the sea; ... he distilled spirits from 'sweet -straw.'" - -It appears from Bering's own journal, as well as from du Halde's -account, that in 1727 Bering ordered one of his officers to endeavor -to "deliver to the command at Kamschatka some part of the provisions, -iron, and tar." Bering himself said that he was obliged to use tar -made from the native spruce, "since {219} the tar which we should have -brought with us had not arrived." This is confirmed by the additional -note in du Halde, which says that the provisions, iron, pitch, and tar -did not arrive till 1728, conveying the inference that it came too -late to be of service. Bering appears to have had, on July 3, 1727, -2,300 poods of flour, equal to about 8,300 pounds, which would be less -than a year's supply for his entire party. I cannot agree with Dall -that Bering had plenty of flour or meal and meat. - -I have said "From Bering's own report," because it seems incredible -that du Halde did not have a transcript of Bering's report, since his -narrative (du Halde's) follows almost word for word Dall's -translation. It is not surprising that different transcripts should -differ slightly on unimportant matters. - -However this may be, it is evident that Brooke's translation of du -Halde is careless. For instance, in Brooke's translation (edition -London, 1736) of du Halde, on page 430, the number of Bering's party -should be 33 instead of 30, and on page 440, where the voyage from -Ochotsk to Takutski is given as from July 23 to October 2, the -first-named date should be July 29. - -Dall doubts that "carrots" were of Bering's provisions. Brooke omits -the italicized words of du Halde's narrative (p. 567, la Haye, 1736): -"Les provisions consistoient en carottes _et en racines_." As -indicated by context, the roots were radishes and turnips. The word -"carottes" is explained by a passage in Grieve's Kamshatka as follows: -"The morkovai poushki, or _carrot_ bunches, are so called because they -are like carrots in their leaf as well as in taste. They likewise eat -this green in the spring, but they oftener sour it like sour crout or -make a liquor with it." Doubtless Bering took these "carrot bunches" -with him. - -Another question which has engaged my attention is that concerning the -lunar eclipses which Bering or his party is said to have observed in -the winter 1728-'9. Dall says: "In none of the published reports of -the expedition is any mention made by Bering or his officers of the -occurrence or observation of an eclipse.... However, Middendorf states -(Sib. Reise, iv. I, p. 56) that Bering and his lieutenants in the -years 1728 and 1729 observed in Kamtschatka two eclipses of the moon, -by which they corrected the longitude. He gives," says Dall, "no -authority for this statement, and it is probable that an eclipse -observed at Ilimsk, in middle Siberia, by Chirikoff is thus -erroneously referred {220} to." Mr. Marcus Baker, in a paper appended -to Dall's account, makes it evident that such eclipses, if any, were -those of February 25 (local calendar), 1728, or February 24, 1729. - -My own investigations confirm the statements of Middendorf, and in -support of this I refer to de l'Isle and to the author of the -"Letter." In this connection, however, we have the clear and definite -statements of de l'Isle, both in his essays of 1738 at St. Petersburg -and his memoir of 1752 at Paris. These statements are fully confirmed -by the evidence of the Russian marine officer, who certainly served -with Bering in his later expeditions if not in the first, and whose -familiarity with all the records and papers should have enabled him -definitely to contradict de l'Isle on the main question instead of -correcting him in details. In his St. Petersburg memoirs of 1738 (page -10) de l'Isle writes: - -"On verra a cette occasion la situation du Kamtchatka de terminée par -deux eclipses de Lune, que M. le Capitaine Bering & ses gens y sont -observées dans leur premier voyage [the expedition 1725-'30], & dont -j'ai rendu compte a l'Academie aussi-tot que ces observations m'ont -ete communiquées." - -In the paper of Paris, 1752 ("Nouvelles découvertes au Nord de la Mer -du Sud") de l'Isle says on this point: - -"Captain Beering and his lieutenant likewise took observations at -Kamschatka of two eclipses of the moon in the years 1728 and 1729, -which helped me to chart the longitude of that eastern extremity of -Asia with all the precision which the nature of these observations, -made by seamen and with their own instruments, would admit of; but -these first determinations have been since confirmed by observations -on Jupiter's satellites, taken in that place with the utmost accuracy -by my brother and some Russians conversant in this kind of -observations and who were provided with the best of instruments." - -It appeared to me possible that the report on the eclipses of the moon -made by de l'Isle to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences might be -traced up among the archives of that society. In searching for -information on this point it was learned from Mr. O. Fassig, librarian -of the Signal Office, that among the unpublished manuscripts in the -Pulkova library, St. Petersburg, were a number by de l'Isle. A list of -the manuscripts of M. de l'Isle was compiled and published in 1844 by -the distinguished astronometer O. Struve, and among the number is one -entitled: "Observations pour la longitude du Kamchat, d'ou se conclut -aussi de Tobolsk. 1729, MSS." - -{221} It was reasonable, in view of de l'Isle's statements in 1738, to -suppose that this is the report made to the Academy by him as soon as -the observations were furnished him. I had hoped to present with this -sketch definite information on this point, since a kinsman of the -collator of the manuscripts (I refer to the very distinguished -representative of Russia to the United States, M. de Struve) most -courteously offered his valuable mediation in the matter. -Unfortunately, I have as yet no further information, but I expect a -communication as to the contents of the MSS. at an early day. - -Criticising the memoir of de l'Isle of 1752, the Russian officer -ridicules the author for speaking of Kamshatka as a town, but he -adds:[7] - -"It is certain likewise that M. Bering and his lieutenant, M. -Tschirikow [quoting from de l'Isle's Memoir of 1752], had, in the -years 1728 and 1729, observed at Kamschatka two eclipses of the moon; -but that by these observations M. de l'Isle was enabled to determine -the longitude of this most eastern part of Asia, with such precision -that the same had been confirmed in the second expedition, by precise -observations of the satellites of Jupiter is what I cannot well -conceive. Mr. de l'Isle himself intimates that Messieurs Bering and -Tschirikow were not provided with astronomical instruments. They -observed both these eclipses by the help, not of pendulums, but of -their watches, without being able to know whether they went right or -wrong; which makes it almost incredible that a determination based on -these two eclipses should exactly agree with that deduced from the -observations of Jupiter's satellites." - -[Footnote 7: "Une Lettre," Berlin, p. 19.] - -The officer, from his own account, served with Bering. In the -introduction to "Une Lettre" he says: - -"The orders of your Excellency [to whom the letter was addressed as -written by his orders] will be complied with by me with more than one -inspiring motive, and I shall not dwell on my unfitness, although I -could find excellent pretexts for such an excuse, inasmuch as many of -greater experience and equal application participated with me in the -discoveries which resulted from the two voyages, called by us the -Kamtschatkan expeditions. The only grounds on which preference could -be shown me over them arise from my being charged, after my return -from America, with the comparison of the journals of the various -vessels together and with whatever was elsewhere to be found relative -to lands situated in the South Sea, in order to therefrom construct a -map which should accurately represent them all." - -{222} This officer, then, should be the very best authority on this -question, especially as he gives details, is always exact in his -dates, and sets no value on the observations. Whether or not such -observations of lunar eclipses took place, these extracts tend to -confirm Dall's opinion that they served no purpose in determining the -longitude of Kamshatka. - -The letter and its author are worth some attention at our hands. As -has been said, it was published anonymously, and I do not know that -its authorship has ever been traced. It appears from the letter that -the writer was an officer of the Russian navy; that he was a Russian; -that he was on familiar terms with both Bering and de l'Isle; that he -acted as interpreter between them in 1730-1731; that he was with -Bering in his last voyage to America, and was one of the ship-wrecked -mariners on Bering island, and that on his return to St. Petersburg he -was charged with the compilations from the various ship journals. As -the naval officer states he was with Bering on Bering island, it is -evident that it must have been either Swen Waxel, Sophron Chitrow, or -Steller, the well-known scientific professor serving with Bering's -expedition. It could not have been Steller, since the professor was a -German, and moreover he died in November, 1746, prior to the date of -the letter. It is improbable that it was Chitrow, who was originally -in a subordinate position as a master-of-fleet, but while serving in -Kamshatka and prior to Bering's second voyage was made a lieutenant. -It is not likely that a subordinate of Chitrow's position should have -been so situated in St. Petersburg as to have served as an interpreter -between Bering and de l'Isle. It is therefore more than probable that -Lieutenant Swen Waxel was the author of the letter. In further -confirmation, this officer says that he is charged with the -preparation of a chart out of the material furnished by the maps and -journals of the separate vessels. As we know from other sources, Waxel -later made a chart of the Kamschatka region. - -Waxel displayed great energy and excellent judgment in conducting -affairs on Bering island, both before and after Bering's death, and it -is gratifying to note his intellectual discrimination in dealing with -de l'Isle's fictitious account of a journey in America said to have -been made by one Admiral de Fonte. Waxel skilfully dissects this -geographical invention, clearly proving its inconsistencies, while -geographical writers in England were engaged years later in -endeavoring to prove its truthfulness. - -{223} It is significant that although Waxel omits any reference to it, -the following paragraph, which is evidently intended to be exculpatory -of Bering's turning back at the most northerly point of his first -voyage, forms part of Bering's report as translated by Dall: "Neither -from the Chukchi coast nor to the eastward could any extension of the -land be observed." This very important sentence does not appear in -du Halde's account, and evidently was not in the copy which was -furnished him. Possibly the person who furnished the copy to du Halde -omitted it. Elsewhere Waxel adds: - -"I say nothing here which I have not repeatedly heard M. Bering say. I -also saw his instructions." - -This gives value to his statements in reference to Bering's efforts to -find land east of Avatscha bay, whereof Waxel quotes de l'Isle as -saying: - -"On his return to Kamtschatka (in 1729) M. Bering learned that there -was a land to the east, which could be seen in clear, fine weather. He -attempted to go thither, after having repaired the damage his vessel -had suffered in a storm. The second attempt was fruitless, for after -sailing about forty leagues to the east without seeing land, he was -assailed by a violent tempest and a contrary wind, which quickly drove -him back to the port whence he had emerged." - -In criticism Waxel adds: - -"Would not this narrative lead one to believe that the second attempt -of M. Bering had been made immediately after the first voyage [in -1729]? However, it was entirely otherwise: Before making this journey -M. Bering wintered at Kamtschatka, set sail only on June 5, 1729, and, -_without intending to return to the port which he was quitting_, -doubled the southern point of Kamtschatka and went straight to the -mouth of the river Bolschaia-Reka and thence to Ochozk." - -He further says: - -"Perhaps it may appear strange that M. Bering during this voyage did -not fall in with the island (Bering island) whereon he was shipwrecked -during his second expedition; but the isle might have been hidden by -fogs, which are very common in that sea." - -Waxel's account of the second voyage is worth translating, being the -plain tale of a participant, who is as modest as he is truthful, for -Waxel nowhere mentions his own name nor the {224} efficient service he -rendered first to his chief and later to his shipwrecked comrades. He -writes in "Une Lettre" as follows: - -"Let us now come to the details of the second expedition, which M. de -l'Isle pretends owes its origin to a map of _his_ and was undertaken -according to a memoir made by himself. 'I had the honor,' he says, 'in -1731 to present this chart to the Empress Anne and to the Senate, in -order to stimulate the Russians to explorations of what still remained -to be discovered, and it had its effect.' Was it time or age which -caused M. de l'Isle to commit this error? Could he have forgotten the -orders which led him to make the chart in question? Had he remembered -it, perhaps he would not have said that he presented the chart to the -Empress, and still less that he made it in order to excite the -Russians to new discoveries. At that time I visited M. de l'Isle; I -was a witness of his geographical labors, as far as they had new -discoveries for their object; I acted as interpreter to M. Bering in -the conversations which he had with him; and I can assert positively -that when M. de l'Isle began that chart the second expedition was -already ordered, and Captain Bering, knowing what was still wanting to -his discoveries, offered to continue them and his lieutenants with -him; and they each received promotion in consequence. - -"It is therefore true that M. de l'Isle's work must be attributed to -the orders of his superiors; and I remember that the Empress Anne -having commissioned her secretary to give the necessary instructions -to M. Bering for his new voyage, the latter did not think he could -carry it on successfully without getting from the Academy all the -information possible concerning the countries and waters where he was -to navigate. The Academy was therefore called upon by the Senate, and -it ordered M. de l'Isle to compile the chart of which I speak, and in -order that it might be better understood, to explain it in a memoir; -which having been done, the chart and the memoir were presented to the -Senate by the Academy; so that there can be no possible doubt that, so -far from having stimulated the Russians to new discoveries, so far -from having occasioned the new voyage of M. Bering, M. de l'Isle only -worked according to the orders he had received. There arises another -question, as to whether the memoir caused the success of the -expedition, which I will treat later on. However that may be, the -Senate gave a copy of it to M. Bering as well as of the chart. I took -a second copy, which enables me to compare it with what M. de l'Isle -tells us about it in his last memoir from Paris. - -"He pretends to have proposed three different routes to be followed in -order to discover what was still unknown. The first, to sail straight -to Japan, pass Yeco, or rather the straits which separate it from the -island of the States and the land of the Company, to discover what is -to the north of Yeco and search for the passage between that country -and the coast of eastern Tartary. This is what is called giving advice -after the event. In the original memoir there is not a word said about -any such researches. M. de l'Isle contents himself with proposing -three different routes for finding the countries lying near to -Kamshatka on the east. {225} The first two, we must admit, agree well -enough with the second and third routes mentioned in the Paris memoir. -They are expressed in these terms: - -"1. 'If one advances to the most northern extremity of Asia, and at -the same time the most eastern point reached by Captain Bering (wrong -supposition, as I have already remarked), one cannot fail to reach -America, no matter what route one takes between the northeast and -southeast, at a distance of not more than 600 leagues (great error in -estimating the distance of the opposite lands of Asia and America, -since they are only separated in the north by a narrow strait which -widens as it goes south).' - -"2. 'Without going so far, it would perhaps be easier to start from -the eastern coast of Kamshatka, sail directly east and reconnoitre the -neighboring land, of which M. Bering discovered indications on his -first voyage.' - -"In regard to the third route, M. de l'Isle conjectures as follows: - -"3. 'Perhaps the countries seen by Don Juan de Gama might be found -more speedily and with more certitude by seeking them to the southeast -of Kamshatka;' the outcome of which project showed him his mistake, -which is apparently the reason that induced him to change it to that -of the route by Japan and Yeco. - -"Nothing is so imperfect in detail, and withal so dry, as the recital -of M. Bering's voyage with which M. de l'Isle regales us. He makes him -start in 1741 to look to the east of Kamshatka for the land which he -had seen indications of in his first voyage. 'He did not go very far,' -he says, 'for, being assailed by a violent storm during thick weather, -he could not remain at sea, and brought up on a desert island in -latitude 54°, only a short distance from the Port of Avatcha from -whence he had sailed.' - -"M. Bering, then, did nothing but fail, and he did so soon after -leaving port. I must therefore supplement the meagreness of M. de -l'Isle's relation by giving an account of the voyage of M. Bering and -the other officers, chiefs of these expeditions, which will be so much -the more easy as I took part in them and as I can, besides, refer to -the charts and journals of each vessel as proofs of my correctness. - -"The Captain Commanding Bering and Captains Spangenberg and -Tschirikow, with several other naval officers, left St. Petersburg in -the spring of 1733. They waited at Yakouzk and Ochozk until the -vessels being built at this latter place for their expedition were -completed, and when all was ready for the departure of M. de -Spangenberg he was dispatched first, according to the orders of the -Senate. He started, then, from Ochozk in the month of June, 1738, -having three vessels under his command, to which he added a large -covered row-boat of 24 oars, which he caused to be constructed at -Bolscherezkoi Ostrog in Kamshatka, where he wintered. This boat was to -be used to go into the narrow straits between the islands that they -might find and where the ships could not go. In the summer of 1739 he -went to Japan, the long chain of islands situated between Japan and -Kamshatka serving to guide him. He landed at two different places in -Japan and was received with great civility by the people of the -country; but he never went to Matsmai, the principal place {226} on -the island of Yeco, as M. de l'Isle erroneously states. He thought he -had sufficiently complied with his instructions without doing so, and -returning to Ochozk, passed the winter at Yakouzk. As soon as a -detailed account of this voyage was seen in St. Petersburg they -concluded by the route which M. Spangenberg had followed that he must -have passed near the coast of Corea, and he was therefore ordered to -make a second voyage in order to confirm the first. He started in 1741 -and 1742, but his ship, built hastily and of unseasoned wood, leaked -and obliged him to return. - -"MM. Bering and Tschirikow left Ochozk the 4th of September, 1740. -They both had the same destination; the second was to follow the track -of the first. They only took different vessels so as to be able to -assist each other more efficaciously in case of any accident. Without -entering the Bolschaia-Reka river, as is customary in coming from -Ochozk, they immediately rounded the southern point of Kamshatka and -anchored at Avatscha, or port of St. Peter and St. Paul, as they -called it. While wintering in these places, they made all their -preparations for commencing in spring their principal voyage, which -was to have America as its object. Owing, however, to the uncertainty -as to the route which they were to follow, M. Bering assembled a naval -council on the 4th of May, 1741, and it was resolved to endeavor first -to discover the land of Don Juan de Gama, a fatal resolution which was -the cause of all of our disasters. The 4th June we put to sea. -M. Bering had on his vessel, sent by the Academy, an adjutant, -M. Steller, physician by profession, but above all well versed in all -that pertained to natural history. M. de la Croyere was with -M. Tschirikow. Although M. Bering and M. Tschirikow were not to -separate, according to their instructions, they could not avoid it, -for eight days after sailing they were separated by storms and fogs. -The search for the pretended land of Gama caused them to direct their -course southeast; they continued to sail in that direction as far as -the 46th degree without, however, finding the slightest vestige of it. -They then changed their course to the northeast and both reached the -coast of America, but in different places and without knowing of the -whereabouts of the other. M. Bering and we who accompanied him saw -land for the first time after being six weeks at sea. We then -calculated that we were about five hundred Dutch leagues from -Avatscha. We provided ourselves with fresh water. We saw indications -of inhabitants, but could perceive no one. After being at anchor three -days, M. Bering consulted with his officers, and it was resolved to -return. The 21st July we weighed anchor before sunrise. There was -nothing to do but to follow the coast, which stretched westward; but -navigation was seriously embarrassed by frequent islands, and when we -tried to put to sea we were met by storms and contrary winds, which -caused us new delays every day. In order to procure fresh water, we -returned towards the coast, from which we had kept as far as possible. -Soon it was in sight, seeming about ten miles distant. We anchored -between the islands, and the one where we landed was -Schoumagin-Ostrow. The water was good, but although taken from a lake, -there was, nevertheless, some sea water in it brought by the tide, -which sometimes inundated the island. Afterwards {227} we felt -disastrous effects from its use, in sickness and the loss of several -of our men, who died. We tried in vain during three or four days to -discover some natives of the country, whose fires we could see at -night on the coast. The 4th of September these savages finally came, -of themselves, in little canoes, and, having announced their arrival -to us by a loud cry, they presented us with their calumets, in sign of -peace. These calumets were sticks with the wings of falcons attached -to the end. We understood from their gestures that they were inviting -us to come on land in order to furnish us with provisions and fresh -water. We wished to profit by the opportunity, and some of us ventured -to follow them; but soon, however, misunderstandings arose and all -communication was broken off. - -"The 6th of September, after having at first had a tolerably good wind -for the voyage, we began to find that as we advanced the obstacles -were increasing, nothing but coasts and islands on every side. -M. Bering wished to get away from them by sailing more southwards, -and, in truth, for several days the sea appeared much more free. Our -joy, however, was of short duration. The 24th of September, in -latitude 54 degrees, we came upon coasts bordered with a number of -islands, and at the same time a violent tempest arose, which lasted -seventeen days and sent us back a distance of eighty miles. An old -pilot acknowledged that during the fifty years that he had followed -the sea he had never seen such a storm. We should then stop calling -this ocean 'Pacific.' This name may, perhaps, be suitable to it in the -tropics, but certainly is wrongly given to it here. The weather became -calm again, but our provisions were by this time considerably -diminished and there was only about a third of our crew who remained -well and serviceable after all the hardships to which they had been -exposed. There was still more than half of our way to make, counting -from the extreme point of our voyage in the East to Avatscha. In view -of these facts, many of us were of opinion that it would be better to -winter somewhere in America, rather than run the risk of encountering -new dangers worse, perhaps, than those we had just escaped; and these -counsels came near prevailing over those who were of opinion that we -should make a supreme effort to reach Avatscha, and that it would be -time to think of seeking another refuge when we had lost all hope of -succeeding in so doing. The month of October, however, was passed as -fruitlessly as the preceding ones. The 30th of that month we came upon -two islands, which seemed to us to bear some resemblance to the first -two of those islands which stretch from the southern extremity of -Kamshatka to Japan. Thereupon we directed our course northwards, and -the 4th November, having observed the latitude, we found that we were -under the 56th parallel. The 5th, however, finished our voyage. -Wishing to sail to the west, we struck upon a desert island, where we -had a good prospect of finishing our lives. Our vessel went to pieces -upon one of those banks with which the island is surrounded, and we -were not long in seeking land, which we fortunately reached with -everything which we thought we should need. By a special dispensation -of Providence, the winds and waves threw the remains of our vessel on -shore; we gathered them {228} together to try, with the aid of God, to -put ourselves in a position to leave this sorry dwelling. The island -where we now found ourselves was destitute of trees. We were, -therefore, obliged to depend upon the wood that the sea brought us to -build our cabins and warm ourselves. We gave to this desert place the -name of Bering island, in honor of the chief of our expedition, and it -was there that he died, on the 8th of December, of grief and sorrow at -having to give up all hope of returning to Kamshatka. He refused to -eat or drink, and disdained the shelter of our cabins; his advanced -age could not rally under such a disaster. We young men kept our -courage up, resisted with firmness all discouragement, made it a duty -to still enjoy life and to make as much as we could out of our prison -home. Before our arrival, Bering island was the refuge only of the -inhabitants of the sea, who came there to breathe the air and deposit -their young. We were, therefore, able at first to observe these -creatures very closely without their taking fright. It was only after -having seen several of their number fall before our guns that they -fled at our approach. We killed a great number of them, as much to -furnish us with food as for their skins. It was by these valuable -spoils, splendid castor skins, that we were repaid in some measure for -our sufferings. - -"At the approach of spring the following year we built of the remains -of our vessel, as we had intended, a large covered boat, furnished -with anchors and sails and able to live at sea if not exposed to -storms. In this boat we confided ourselves to the sea, trusting in -Providence, the 17th of August, 1742, and after nine days at sea, with -beautiful calm weather, we arrived safely at Avatscha on the 26th, -giving thanks to the Almighty, who had delivered us from such great -dangers, and imbued us with gratitude such as time can never efface. - -"From this account we can correct the error of M. de l'Isle, who -places Bering island at the 54th degree, only a short distance from -Avatscha, whereas it is on the 56th parallel, sixty miles from -Avatscha and forty Dutch miles from the mouth of the Kamshatka river. - -"The voyage of M. Tschirikow, although attended with less fatigue and -danger, was not less painful to him. His tender heart, which his -profession of mariner had not rendered indifferent to the sufferings -of others, was indeed sorely tried. After parting from M. Bering, -sailing northwest, he came on the 15th of July to a country the shores -of which were lined with rugged rocks, at the foot of which rolled a -deep sea. He prudently refrained from approaching too near the shore, -but at the end of three days sent the pilot, Abraham Dementiew, with a -crew of ten men, to reconnoiter the country. Neither Dementiew nor any -of those who accompanied him ever returned; and most sincerely was he -mourned, and deservedly so, for he was young, good-looking, of an -honorable family, steady and clever in his profession, and zealous in -the service of his country. After waiting six days, M. Tschirikow sent -the boatman, Sidor Sawelef, with three men, but they did not return -any more than the others. While waiting for their return we constantly -saw smoke on the shores, and the day after the departure of the -boatman two men, in different boats, came from the spot where -Dementiew and Sawelew had {229} landed. When they had approached near -enough to be heard they began to call out, 'Agai, agai,' and then went -back. M. Tschirikow did not know what to think of their conduct, and -now, despairing of the return of his men and having no more boats to -send on shore, he determined, on the 27th of July, to leave the place, -follow the coast as much as possible, and then return to Kamshatka. -M. de l'Isle, then, makes an addition of his own when he says that -'M. Tschirikow made many excursions into the country, during the month -of August, while waiting for the return of his men.' To return to the -truth, M. Tschirikow, in a distance of one hundred miles, never lost -sight of land; he battled often with contrary winds, had much anxiety -on account of the heavy fogs, and lost an anchor which he had put out, -not far from the coast, in a moment of great danger. He was visited by -twenty-one canoes, of tanned skins, each one containing a man; but -this was all--for he was unable to converse with them. The scarcity of -water and the scurvy carried off many of his men. Among the officers -he lost two lieutenants--Lichatschew and Plautin, fine men and -excellent mariners--who might have rendered good service had they -lived. M. Tschirikow himself began to have the symptoms of disease, -but good food and the air on land restored him to health. M. de la -Croyere was not so fortunate; he appeared to have held his own until -he was just at the point of death. His companions marveled at the good -effects of the large quantities of brandy which he drank every day; -but they soon saw that the only good it did him was to make him forget -his sufferings. He died on the 10th of October, as they were entering -the port of Avatscha, having dressed himself to go on shore and having -celebrated his arrival by new excesses. We cannot ignore the important -service rendered by M. de la Croyere to the expedition, when he -recognized the Americans who came to M. Tschirikow as bearing great -resemblance to the inhabitants of Canada, whom he had met while -serving in that country seventeen years before coming to Russia, with -the King of France's troops." - - * * * * * - -NOTE.--A pamphlet which has just come into my possession, entitled -"Lettre de Monsieur d'Anville au R. P. Castel, Jesuit. Au sujet des -Pays de Kamtchatka," etc. (24mo, Paris, 1737), throws some light on -the map of du Halde (1732), and definitely fixes the date and locality -of the observation of the eclipse of the moon referred to by de l'Isle -and the Russian officer, as well as later geographers. - -D'Anville says: - -"The map of Bering's voyage is attributed to me.... The only part I -had therein was to reduce it from the much larger original map, of -which I had made a tracing by means of oiled paper.... I first learned -of Bering's voyage by letters from de l'Isle, then in Russia; and -finally an account of this voyage having been sent to R. P. du Halde -by His Majesty Stanislas, King of Poland, it was placed in my hands. - -{230} "Likewise, both by a sheet of _astronomical observations made by -Bering which came to me_ later, and by the same letters of M. de -l'Isle, I knew that the mouth of the river of Kamtchatka was found by -astronomical determination to be in latitude 56° and some minutes. - -"Bering in his navigation doubled the southern point of this continent -[Kamshatka] in latitude 51° 10", as is expressly noted in the sheet of -_observations_ which is now before me. - -"But though the solution of the difficulty in the case of the Land of -Jeco may be very simple and natural, yet it was not obvious to me, it -may be said, for Bering's voyage and observations caused me to recur -to this subject, and I can no longer doubt that the eastern coast of -Tartary should be moved to the east as far as the maps of the Jesuits -first indicated; for although M. de Strahlenberg in his excellent map -of Siberia shows only 65° of longitude between Tobolsk and Okhotsk, -and there are even less in de l'Isle's map of Tartary, yet Bering's -map indicates that there are 74°. - -"It was found that it (Ohkotz) is 25° off of the meridian of Peking, -which the observations of P. Gaubil placed in 113° fifty-odd minutes -from Paris, so that it closely approximates the 139° which we have -found it to be from Bering's observations. This determination does not -differ much from the result of some astronomical observations, which, -as I learn from China, M. de l'Isle, now in Russia, contemplated using -in order to ascertain approximately the longitude of Kamtchat. The -observation upon which I place the most dependence, and which likewise -gives the greatest difference, is of an eclipse of the moon of -February 25, 1728, of which the end was observed on the west coast of -Kamtshat in latitude 52° 46' N., Sirius having an altitude of 19° 18' -to the west, wherefrom M. de l'Isle calculated that the true time -answered to 6h. 52m. p.m. - -"This eclipse, the end especially, fell throughout Europe in the -daytime, but having been observed at Carthagena, West Indies, by -D. Jean Herrera, where it ended at 3h. 34m. a.m., a difference of -8h. 42m. is deduced between the meridians of Carthagena and the coast -of Kamtshat." - -It is thus evident that Bering observed an eclipse of the moon in -Kamshatka, and that the observations came into the hands of -M. d'Anville. - -A. W. G. - -JANUARY 21, 1892. - - -{231} - - -HEIGHT AND POSITION OF MOUNT ST. ELIAS. - -BY - -ISRAEL C. RUSSELL. - -(_Laid before the Board of Managers December 11, 1891_.) - - -The height and position of Mount St. Elias have been measured several -times during the past century with varying results. The measurements -made prior to 1891 have been summarized and discussed by W. H. Dall, -of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.[1] The various results -obtained are shown in the following table. With the exception of the -position determined by Malaspina and the measurements of 1891, they -are copied from Dall's report. - -[Footnote 1: Rep. of the Superintendent of the U. S. Coast Survey for -1875, pp. 157-188.] - - _Height and Position of Mount St. Elias_. - - -----+--------------------+-------------+-------------+------------- - Date.| Authority. | Height. | Latitude. | Longitude. - -----+--------------------+-------------+-------------+------------- - 1786 | La Pérouse | 12,672 feet | 60° 15' 00" | 140° 10' 00" - 1791 | Malaspina | 17,851 " | 60 17 35 | 140 52 17 - 1794 | Vancouver | ----------- | 60 22 30 | 140 39 00 - 1847 | Russian Hydrogra- | | | - | phic Chart, 1378 | 17,850 " | 60 21 00 | 141 00 00 - 1847 | Tebenkof (Notes) | 16,938 " | 60 22 36 | 140 54 00 - 1849 | Tebenkof | | | - | (Chart VII) | 16,938 " | 60 21 30 | 140 54 00 - | Bach. Can. Inseln | 16,758 " | 60 17 30 | 140 51 00 - 1872 | English Admiralty | - | Chart 2172 | 14,970 " | 60 21 00 | 141 00 00 - 1874 | U. S. Coast Survey | 19,500±400 "| 60 20 45 | 141 00 12 - 1891 | Nat. Geog. Soc. Ex.| 18,100±100 "| 60 17 51 | 140 55 30 - -----+--------------------+-------------+-------------+------------- - -The position given by Malaspina is from a report on astronomical -observations made during his voyage,[2] which places the mountain in -longitude 134° 33' 10" west of Cadiz. Taking {232} the longitude of -Cadiz as 6° 19' 07" west of Greenwich, the figures given in the table -are obtained. - -[Footnote 2: Memorias sobre las obversaciones astronomicas hechas por -les navegantes Españoles en distintos lugares del globe; Por Don Josef -Espinosa y Tello. Madrid, en la Imprente real, Ano de 1809: 2 vols., -large 8°; vol. 1, pp. 57-60. My attention was directed to this work by -Dr. Dall, who owns the only copy I have seen.] - -The data from which the various determinations made previous to 1874 -were obtained have not been published. The observations made by -Messrs. Dall and Baker, of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, are -published in full in the annual report of that Survey for 1875, -already referred to. The observations made by myself last summer as a -part of the work of an expedition sent to Mount St. Elias by the -National Geographic Society and the U. S. Geological Survey, from -which the height and position of the mountain have been computed, are -as follows: - -A base line 16,876 feet long was measured on the beach at Icy bay. The -line, with the exception of section _C_ to _D_, as shown below, was -measured three times in sections of about 3,000 feet each. The -distances given below in columns 1 and 2 were obtained with a 100-foot -steel tape, and those given in column 3 with a 300-foot iron wire. -These are rough measurements, made without the use of a plumb-bob and -without taking account of temperature. The ground was quite smooth, -with a rise of about five feet in the center; but section _C_ to _D_ -was crossed by a stream channel about 300 feet broad and twenty feet -deep. Throughout much of the distance the ground was covered with -grass, which was only partially cleared away. The stations at the ends -of the line were ten feet above high tide. The bearing of the line -from the western base was S. 89° E., magnetic. - - _Measurements of Base Line_. - - ---------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------- - | 1. | 2. | 3. | Mean. - ---------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------- - | _Ft. in._ | _Ft. in._ | _Ft. in._ | _Ft. in._ - Western base to | | | | - station _A_ | 3,179 10 | 3,178 7 | 3,178 9 | 3,179 1 - Station _A_ to | | | | - station _B_ | 2,355 2 | 2,354 1 | 2,354 2 | 2,354 6 - Station _B_ to | | | | - station _C_ | 3,589 0 | 3,587 9 | 3,586 0 | 3,587 7 - Station _C_ to | | | | - station _D_ | Rejected. | 2,609 2 | 2,609 5 | 2,609 3 - Station _D_ to | | | Not | - eastern base | 5,145 5 | 5,144 10 | measured. | 5,145 1 - | | | | --------- - Length of base line | | | | 16,875 6 - ---------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------- - -The measurements of angles were made with a gradienter reading by -vernier to minutes. The error of the vertical arc was -3', and -remained constant during the observations. - -{233} _Measurements of Angles at Western Base_. - - ------------+----------+----------+---------+----------------------- - | Right | Left | Vertical| - | vernier. | vernier. | angle. | Date. - ------------+----------+----------+---------+----------------------- - St. Elias | 218° 35' | 38° 35' | +5° 40' | 1891, Aug. 14, 10 a.m. - 1. Eastern | 317 6 | 137 7 | ------- | " " " - base | | | | - ------------+----------+----------+---------+----------------------- - St. Elias | 218 34 | 38 37 | +5 40 | " " " - 2. Eastern | 317 6 | 137 7 | ------- | " " " - base | | | | - ------------+----------+----------+---------+----------------------- - St. Elias | 218 37 | 38 39 | +5 40 | " " " - 3. Eastern | 317 6 | 137 8 | ------- | " " " - base | | | | - ------------+----------+----------+---------+----------------------- - St. Elias | 261 41 | 81 43 | +5 40 | " " " - 4. Eastern | 0 10 | 180 11 | ------- | " " " - base | | | | - ------------+----------+----------+---------+----------------------- - St. Elias | 261 41 | 81 43 | +5 40 | " " " - 5. Eastern | 0 10 | 180 10 | ------- | " " " - base | | | | - ------------+----------+----------+---------+----------------------- - St. Elias | 50 15 | 230 15 | +5 40 | " " 6 p.m. - 6. Eastern | 148 45 | 328 45 | ------- | " " " - base | | | | - ------------+----------+----------+---------+----------------------- - St. Elias | 50 15 | -------- | ------- | " " " - 7. Eastern | 148 45 | -------- | ------- | " " " - base | | | | - ------------+----------+----------+---------+----------------------- - St. Elias | 181 5 | 1 5 | +5 40 | " " " - 8. Eastern | 279 30 | 99 32 | ------- | " " " - base | | | | - ------------+----------+----------+---------+----------------------- - - - _Measurements of Angles at Eastern Base_. - - ------------+----------+----------+---------+----------------------- - | Right | Left | Vertical| - | vernier. | vernier. | angle. | Date. - ------------+----------+----------+---------+----------------------- - St. Elias | 252° 26' | 72° 27' | +5° 34' | 1891, Aug. 17, 11.30 - 1. Western | 176 19 | 356 19 | ------- | " " a.m. - base | | | | - ------------+----------+----------+---------+----------------------- - St. Elias | 252 26 | 72 26 | +5 34 | " " " - 2. Western | 176 19 | 356 19 | ------- | " " " - base | | | | - ------------+----------+----------+---------+----------------------- - St. Elias | 252 25 | 72 26 | +5 34 | " " " - 3. Western | 176 19 | 356 19 | ------- | " " " - base | | | | - ------------+----------+----------+---------+----------------------- - St. Elias | 252 26 | 72 27 | +5 34 | " " " - 4. Western | 176 19 | 356 19 | ------- | " " " - base | | | | - ------------+----------+----------+---------+----------------------- - St. Elias | 252 26 | 72 26 | +5 34 | " " " - 5. Western | 176 19 | -------- | ------- | " " " - base | | | | - ------------+----------+----------+---------+----------------------- - St. Elias | 252 27 | 72 28 | +5 34 | " " 2 p.m. - 6. Western | 176 20 | 356 20 | ------- | " " " - base | | | | - ------------+----------+----------+---------+----------------------- - St. Elias | 252 28 | -------- | ------- | " " 4.30 - 7. Western | 176 21 | -------- | ------- | " " p.m. - base | | | | - ------------+----------+----------+---------+----------------------- - -{234} From these observations the following angles between the base -line and the line of sight to the summit of Mount St. Elias are -obtained. The correction for error of vertical circle has been applied -to the angles of elevation. - - _Resulting Angles_. - --------------------------------------+ - | WESTERN BASE. | - --+-----------+-----------+-----------+ - | | | Corrected | - | Right | Left | Vertical | - | vernier. | vernier. | angle. | - --+-----------+-----------+-----------+ - 1 | 98° 31' | 98° 32' | +5° 43' | - 2 | 98 32 | 98 30 | +5 43 | - 3 | 98 29 | 98 29 | +5 43 | - 4 | 98 29 | 98 28 | +5 43 | - 5 | 98 29 | 98 27 | +5 43 | - 6 | 98 30 | 98 30 | +5 43 | - 7 | 98 30 | --------- | +5 43 | - 8 | 98 25 | 98 27 | +5 43 | - --+-----------+-----------+-----------+ - | 98 29 22 | 98 29 00 | | - --+-----------+-----------+-----------+ - Mean 98° 29' 12" +5° 43' | - --------------------------------------+ - | EASTERN BASE. | - --+-----------+-----------+-----------+ - | | | Corrected | - | Right | Left | Vertical | - | vernier. | vernier. | angle. | - --+-----------+-----------+-----------+ - 1 | 76° 7' | 76° 8' | +5° 37' | - 2 | 76 7 | 76 7 | +5 37 | - 3 | 76 6 | 76 7 | +5 37 | - 4 | 76 7 | 76 8 | +5 37 | - 5 | 76 7 | --------- | +5 37 | - 6 | 76 7 | 76 8 | +5 37 | - 7 | 76 7 | | | - --+-----------+-----------+-----------+ - | 76 6 51 | 76 7 36 | | - --+-----------+-----------+-----------+ - Mean 76° 7' 10" +5° 37' | - --------------------------------------+ - -The known elements of the triangle from which the distance of St. -Elias from the ends of the base line may be determined are: - -[Illustration: Distance triangle.] - -These data were sent from the field to the Secretary of the National -Geographic Society, and, in connection with other measurements made at -the same time, have been computed by {235} Mr. S. S. Gannett, of the -United States Geological Survey. The results of the computation, so -far as they relate to Mount St. Elias, are given below: - - _Computation of the Height of Mount St. Elias_. - ------------------------------------------------------------------- - _Station_. _Angle_. 16,876 _ft. log._ - Dist. E. base--W. base = 4.227270 - St. Elias 5° 23' 38" A. C. log. sine = 1.026862 - Western base 98 29 12 log. sine = 9.995218 - Eastern base 76 07 10 log. sine = 9.987129 - ---------- -------- - St. Elias--W. base = 5.241261 - St. Elias--E. base = 5.249350 - ------------------------------------------------------------------- - _log. feet_. _log. miles_. _miles_. - Log. distance: St. Elias--W. base = 5.241261 1.518627 33.01 - Log. tan angle of elevation 5° 43' = 9.000465 - -------- - 17447 ft. 4.241726 - Curvature and refraction = +623 - Western base above sea = +10 Correction for curvature and - ----- refraction in feet = 4/7 sq. - St. Elias above sea = 18080 ft. of dist. in miles. - - log. distance miles = 1.51863 - 1.51863 - log. 4 = 0.60206 - A. C. log. 7 = 9.15490 - ------- - log. 623 ft. = 2.79422 - ------------------------------------------------------------------- - _log. feet_. _log. miles_. _miles_. - Log. distance: St. Elias--E. base = 5.249350 1.526716 33.63 - Log. tan 5° 37' 8.992750 1.526716 - -------- 0.602060 - 17462 = 4.242100 9.154902 - Curvature and refraction = +646 -------- - E. base above sea = +10 log. 646 ft. = 2.810394 - ----- - St. Elias above sea = 18118 ft. - ------------------------------------------------------------------- - Mean elevation above sea level = 18099 ft.; - or in round numbers 18,100 ft. - -Mr. A. Lindenkohl, of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, and Mr. -S. S. Gannett have each computed the geographic position of Mount St. -Elias, using the azimuth and angle of elevation of the mountain -obtained by the U. S. Coast Survey at Port Mulgrave in 1874,[3] and -the elevation given above. From {236} these data the approximate -position of Mount St. Elias was found to be: - - Lat., 60° 17' 51" N. - Long., 140° 55' 30" W. - -[Footnote 3: Report of the Superintendent of the U. S. Coast Survey -for 1875, Appendix 10, pp. 157-188.] - -The computation by which these results were obtained is given below: - - _Computation of Geographic Position of Mount St. Elias_. - ------------------------------------------------------------------- - Azimuth: Port Mulgrave to Mount St. Elias = 142° 17' 17" - Diff. azimuth -59 55 - + 180° +180° - ------------- - Azimuth: Mount St. Elias to Port Mulgrave = 321° 17' 22" - - ----------------------------------------------------------------- - - _Latitude_. _Longitude_. - 59° 33' 42" = Port Mulgrave 139° 46' 16" - +44 09 = Diff. lat. +1 09 14 = Diff. long. - ---------- ----------- - 60° 17' 51" = Mount St. Elias 140° 55' 30" - - -------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 1st Term. 2d Term. - _Log. meters_. - Log. K = (Dist., Mulgrave-St. Elias) = 5.0183184 K^2 = 0.0366 - Log. cosine azimuth, Z, 142° 17' 17" = 9.8982292 Sine^2 Z = 9.5731 - Log. B = 8.5093902 Log. C = 1.6335 - --------- ------ - Log. 2666".5 = 3.4259378 Log. 17".6 = 1.2432 - 1st term = + 2666".5 - 2nd term = - 17 .6 - ------- - Difference lat. = 2648".9 - - -------------------------------------------------------------------- - - Log. K = 5.0183184 - Log. sine azimuth = 9.7865328 - Log. A[4] = 8.5086148 - Arithmetical complement 60° 17' 51" = 0.3049593 - --------- - Log. diff. in longitude 4153".6 = 3.6184253 - - -------------------------------------------------------------------- - - Log. diff. long. = 3.61843 - Log. sine mean latitude 59° 55' 46" = 9.93722 - ------- - Log. diff. azimuth--3595" = 3.55565 - --------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Footnote 4: _A_, _B_ and _C_ are terms depending on the size and -figure of the earth and the latitude of the place.] - -{237} The geographic position of Mount St. Elias is of popular -interest in connection with the boundaries of Alaska. - -In the convention between Great Britain and Russia,[5] wherein the -boundaries of Alaska are supposed to be defined, it is stated that the -boundary, beginning at the south, after leaving Portland channel, -shall follow the summit of the mountains situated parallel to the -coast as far as the 141st meridian, and from there northward the said -meridian shall be the boundary to the Arctic ocean. Whenever the -summit of the mountains between Portland channel and the 141st -meridian "shall prove to be at the distance of more than ten marine -leagues from the ocean, the limit between the British possessions and -the line of coast which is to belong to Russia, above mentioned, shall -be formed by a line parallel to the windings of the coast and which -shall never exceed the distance of ten marine leagues therefrom." - -[Footnote 5: Message from the President of the United States, -transmitting Report on the boundary line between Alaska and British -Columbia. 50th Congress, 2d session, Ex. Doc. No. 146, Senate, 1889.] - -As Mount St. Elias is approximately in longitude 140° 55' 30" west -from Greenwich, as already shown, it is therefore only 4' and 30" of -longitude or 2½ statute miles east of the boundary of the main portion -of Alaska. Its distance from the nearest point on the coast is 33 -statute miles. There is no coast range in southeastern Alaska parallel -with the coast within the limits specified by the treaty, and the -boundary must therefore be considered as a line parallel with the -coast and ten marine leagues, or 34½ statute miles, inland. The -mountain is thus one and one-half miles south of the boundary and -within the territory of the United States. Its position is so near the -junction of the boundary separating southeastern Alaska from the -Northwest Territory with the 141st meridian that it is practically a -corner monument of our national domain. - - -{238} - - -THE HEART OF AFRICA. - -BY E. C. HORE. - -(_Abstracts of two Lectures presented before the Society March 6 and -March 13, 1891_.) - - -I. - -The subject of Africa and its people has recently become a most -interesting and popular one. We are but now beginning to realize the -size and importance of Africa, as we are reminded that it contains -nearly one-fourth part of the land area of the world; that it has -mountains at least 1,000 feet higher than the most lofty American -peaks; that the known extent of the Nile and the Congo now make them -the rivals of the Yang-tse-Kiang and the Mississippi as the longest -rivers in the world; that its central regions, instead of the great -desert blank so long shown on our maps, is a rich and beautiful -elevated region, having upon its heights a splendid collection of -fresh-water lakes or inland seas, fertilizing by their outflowing -streams the whole continent; and that it is known to contain over -250,000,000 people, or about one-seventh part of the world's -population. It is called the "dark continent:" rather should it be -called the "new world," in which our interest and -responsibility--political, commercial and social--is rapidly growing. - -For purposes of general description, there are three great divisions -of the African continent and its peoples and affairs: - -_The northern division_, stamped and characterized--men, manners and -things--by the orientalism of its conquering settlers, so intimately -blended by blood, religion and character with the natives as to have -become essentially African, its original peoples so thoroughly -influenced by the incoming foreigners as to be now essentially -oriental; - -_The southern division_, overrun in more modern times by foreigners of -other races, and having its own peculiar civilization and -characteristics due to that influx; and - -{239} _Central Africa_, including all that portion of the continent -lying between, say, the Albert Nyanza and the river Zambesi, and -Zanzibar and the Congo mouth, and which, although no part now remains -of it that is not nominally the territory either of the Congo Free -state or some European power, is still almost entirely in the -possession and occupation of its lawful owners, the native uncivilized -tribes. - -As well as this transverse political division of Africa, we may make -what may be called a concentric analysis. Commencing with the outer -_skin_, the 16,000 miles of African coast, we find upon it certain -excrescences, which, if our examination went but skin-deep, might well -lead us to regard Africa not as a "new," but as an "old, old" world. -On the north and east the remains of ancient civilizations, Morocco, -Tangier, Egypt, remind us of Africa's bygone grandeur--remind us how -very much of forms of beauty and secrets of science and art came to us -in the birth of civilized Europe from or through Africa. On the south -and west again, memorials of Phoenician, of Portuguese, of Dutch, -English and American conquering visitors and adventurers remind us of -the constant preying of the nations on the dark continent--remind us, -through certain prison castles still to be seen on the western coast, -of the great world's crime, the slave trade. But on the outer surface -of Africa other signs are to be read: North, south, east and west -there are ports and roadsteads forested with the masts of the world's -shipping conveying to Africa's every shore those products of the -civilized world which, according to their nature for good or harm, are -to influence and civilize the Africans; carrying away from her shore -the land's products--a constant stream, increasing perhaps just now, -but which has always been flowing--of wool, cotton, oil, rich spices, -dyes and medicinal and ornamental woods, india-rubber, gum-copal, -ivory, precious stones, gold. Are these the products of a desert land -inhabited only by a lazy and savage people? - -Following our concentric analysis, the first layer behind the outer -skin of Africa may be said to consist of a verdant slope, broad and -luxuriant in the tropics, where nature herself has been lavish, -narrower, but still ever widening, in the drier north and south, as -the oriental and the European respectively advance their groves of -fruit and fields of corn, maintained in luxuriance alike by the vapors -of the sea and the down drainage from the higher lands, and from the -same causes also malarious and {240} unhealthy. In another sense, too, -this outer belt is both rich and unhappy. Into it come those men and -things representing "civilization" from afar. To it, from the -interior, gravitate those of the natives who are influenced by contact -with those men and things, deprived to a great extent of the old -uncivilized condition and its innocencies and partially imbued with -what of civilization has come to them. Mankind, too, in this outer -belt is often only too rank and unhealthy in his character. It is -truly "darkest Africa;" for, first, the slave trade and then the rum -bottle have in many parts been the preponderating representatives to -them of outer civilization. - -The next layer is a step or terrace of flat sandy semi-arid country, -narrow in the tropics, widening toward each extreme, until it bulges -out in the north into the Sahara desert, in the south into the -Kalahari, some parts always bare and sandy or covered with a sparkling -saline or alkaline deposit, some parts forming broad savannas or -prairies, bearing rich grasses in the rains, burnt bare in the dry -season; others covered with thickets of thorns or stunted and crippled -trees under the same variations of seasons. This is the land of the -ostrich and the pelican, the scene of vast prairie fires or whirling -dust spouts; it is the land also of the nomad man. Across the Sahara -the wandering Arab leads his camels from oasis to oasis; amid the -wastes of the Kalahari the homeless Bushman finds a congenial hunting -territory; in the narrow, tropical parts such semi-nomads as the -Somali, the Wamasai, and the Wagogo lead their cattle from place to -place, as the grass and water serve them with the seasons. - -This terrace or flat sandy belt being crossed, we come to the true -central region of Africa, a long irregular oval-shaped elevation of -mountain masses, spreading out in many places as vast plateaus and -forming altogether that mysterious elevated region reported from time -to time by old investigators as well as compilers of native reports as -the Mountains of the Moon. In the crevices of this central mass, in -rocky basins, in fathomless chasms, in vast depressions of the -plateaus, lie those great natural rainwater tanks known as the central -African lakes. On and around it are the richest and most beautiful and -healthful countries. Spreading over it and around its beautiful waters -are the most intelligent and industrious of the native African tribes, -their native industry and enterprise yet almost undisturbed by the -{241} busy excitement of civilization. Hence there may fairly be drawn -something like a sample of the real African native character and -condition. They live in families; among them the family tie and the -rights of property are regarded; conscience pronounces criminal and -offensive the same irregularities as are so regarded among civilized -peoples; in stature and physical condition they come up to the best -standards. I argue that the life and condition which presents this -state of things after isolation for thousands of years from all we -call civilized can scarcely be called evil or degraded. - -Among these people, both pastoral and agricultural, are to be found in -progress the germs at least of all the useful arts--the procuring and -working of both iron and copper, pottery-making, the spinning and -weaving of cotton cloth, the very beautiful development of plaiting of -all kinds of vegetal fibers into string, rope, mats, baskets and -cloth; and where valuable materials and products are naturally -confined to particular localities, as is the case sometimes with oil, -salt, etc., it is manufactured and distributed. Too often are people -described as lacking in industry who are not the same as ourselves; -but it seems to me ridiculous that a man should be called lazy because -he has ample leisure between his busy times, who has made with his own -hands, from nature's absolutely raw material, his house, his axe and -hoe and spear, his clothing and ornaments, his furniture, his corn -mill, all things that he has, and who, though liable often in a -lifetime to have to repeat that whole process over again, has the -energy and enterprise to commence afresh. Too often have the same -people been called savage and bloodthirsty who, through all experience -and by all their traditions getting naturally to regard unintroduced -armed strangers as enemies, have the same desperate energy to defend -themselves and their own which, as displayed by our own ancestral -relatives, we love to term patriotism and courage. - -In a fairly central position on this great central elevation is the -elongated basin surrounded by a mountain rim in the bottom of which, -in a long chasm, lies Lake Tanganyika, in a position alike so central -and so unique that I have termed it the Heart of Africa. Inside the -mountain basin rim, the rainfall all converges into Tanganyika; -outside, it all flows to the outer shores of the continent by the -Nile, the Congo or the Zambesi. Fifteen years ago the waters of Lake -Tanganyika, having very slowly {242} gained upon the evaporation (the -then only means of carrying off its surplus) attained to the height of -the lowest gap in its rim and commenced to flow out, and thence its -surplus water ever since has found an exit and now forms part of the -Congo system. Tanganyika is 400 miles long and from 15 to 50 miles in -width, and is 2,700 feet above the sea. - -To leave, however, this very rough general description of Africa at -this point would convey a wrong idea. We have described the verdant -slope from the coast, the terrace of flatter country, the central -elevation and its heart; now we may imagine a series of great ridges -and furrows and other radial features diverging from the heart of -Africa to its very shores, besides certain isolated ridges and peaks, -some of them snow-clad, and certain isolated depressions forming lakes -or swamps; first the three great furrows of the Nile, Zambesi and -Congo and the three great ridges formed by their dividing water-sheds, -and so on through fan-like expansions of rim or ridges and furrows -until the previously described concentric formation, although still -there, is considerably cut up. - -The great central mountain mass, buttressed by its far-stretching -ridges, forms _the backbone_, from which, outward and downward, in -intricate articulations, extends the complicated _bony skeleton_ of -Africa. - -Set like sparkling jewels in its crevices and depressions, the great -lakes send forth the streams which, flowing through gaps in their -surrounding mountain barriers, rushing through narrow channels, oozing -slowly through elevated flats or bounding in beautiful cascades over -steep steps, and carrying the vitalizing fluid in every direction -through the length and breadth of Africa, form _its system of -circulation_. - -Bordering the great lakes and clustering on the slopes, forests of -gigantic trees form the _flesh and muscle_ of this great creation; -preserved in perpetual verdure wherever water constantly remains and -in long extending lines and network fringing the ever-winding banks of -the streams, and finally joining with the verdant belt of the -sea-coast to form the brilliant _epidermis_ of the whole, and forming -background and filling to the network of these prominent features, in -broad concentric curves and in belts and patches, the more stunted -thorny growth, long grass, broad savanna and sandy plain, ever -changing in color and aspect. - -The great new and beautiful world of Africa lies open before {243} us; -250,000,000 intelligent and courageous people have become exposed to -the influence, for good or evil, of the civilized races. What shall we -do with it and them? Quite possible is it fairly and honestly so to -explore and deal with both country and people as to develop its -resources and benefit them, while adding to the world's treasury of -comfort-bringing products and human brotherhood the riches and the -friendship of a new continent; but it must be by peaceful and just -measures and by honest trade with wholesome wares. - - -II. - -As a practical way of leading you in imagination to the heart of -Africa, and as indicating the circumstances and experience upon which -my observations on Africa are based, I shall describe one of my many -journeys. - -In the year 1882 I had the honor to be leader of the largest European -expedition that has yet entered Africa, having in it, for instance, -200 more men than the Emin Pasha relief expedition. There were ten -Europeans, all told, who represented survey and navigation, medicine, -carpentry, blacksmithing, and other specially selected talent for the -purpose of exploration and civilization, as well as those specially -devoted to the teaching of Christianity, which was the ultimate aim of -all. We entered Africa from the village of Saadani, on the eastern -coast, opposite Zanzibar, our destination being the shores of Lake -Tanganyika at Ujiji. - -To make not only our progress sure, but work and residence at our -destination safe and possible in such a land, we had stores of -groceries, medicines, tools and clothing, and a large quantity of -calico and other cloth, which forms the currency of the country, for -the purchase of supplies and payment of wages to porters, servants and -workmen. - -The special locality to be worked being the countries surrounding Lake -Tanganyika, to which that extensive and beautiful inland sea gives -access, we carried with us also, for its navigation, a sailing boat -built of steel, of the form of a sea-going life-boat, and constructed -in small sections and pieces for transport. This boat I designed -myself. Six of the sections were to travel on {244} specially -constructed light carts, drawn by African natives, and the rest, in -small pieces, were to be carried by the porters in the ordinary way. - -The mode of travel was walking, except when now and then an invalid -was carried in a hammock. The method of transport was by means of -native porters, hundreds of whom devote themselves to this work. They -are paid $5 per month as wages, payable at Zanzibar on their return to -the coast, less such advance in kind as they may draw from their -leader along the road. In addition, they get a regular allowance of -two yards of white calico per seven days, each man, as barter with -which to obtain food. - -The organization and start of such a party took some time, and parties -of from 100 to 300 were dispatched along the road as things were -ready, until, when I started with the final rear guard, we had on the -road over 900 of these porters, with their headmen and petty officers, -all under complete organization. - -The first start of the boat-section carts was the scene of apparent -disaster. The men, wild with excitement and uniting their shouts with -those of onlookers, were beyond all restraint for the moment, and as -they rounded a sharp turn to get out of the village of Saadani, over -went the carts, one after the other, on their sides; and it was some -time before I could train the men to steer more carefully or to move -gently down a declivity. In time, however, the whole thing worked -well. The fore compartment of the boat, going stem first, often forced -its own way through masses of brush and creeper, helping to clear the -way for the narrower sections, whose carts insinuated themselves -through surprisingly small gaps. The men themselves were most zealous -in the service, and as we emerged from lengthy stretches of jungle, -ascended steep river banks, or jolted whole days over rugged stony -places unharmed, we made up our minds that, these carts would "go -anywhere." In twenty days we reached Upwapwa, 200 miles from the -coast, and joined an advance party awaiting us; and after a few days -rest and reorganization, we started once more westward. - -The first village beyond, in the country of Ugogo, was thirty miles -off. The first day was a comparatively easy march to a watering place, -but the next two days gave us tough work. The thick, tangled, thorny -scrub became quite dense, and for those two days we had to cut our way -through it foot by foot. Hour {245} after hour the twang of the -sword-bayonets and the thud of the axes were almost the only sounds to -be heard till the train of carts moved slowly on as the way was -opened. Toward evening of the second day we followed a narrow pass -along the side of a rocky river bed, stout, inflexible trunks and -branches here projecting into our path. On some of these ebony bars -the axes resounded as on an anvil, and they yielded only to the more -patient saw. As the sun descended we began to flag, but help was at -hand; for a party coming back to us from the camp ahead with food and -water, we picked up strength and spirit and reached camp late in the -evening. - -The level plains of Ugogo, which here represent the flat, open step or -terrace to which I have referred in the general description of Africa, -enabled us to make a week or so of splendid and comfortable marches. -Ugogo passed, there lay before us the much-dreaded wilderness, -so-called, of the Magunda-Mkali, separated from Ugogo by a steep, -rocky ascent, which we could only tackle one cart at a time, and we -soon came to a point so rugged with broken rocks that we could proceed -no further; but the sections were unlashed, the carts taken to pieces, -and all handed or dragged across the difficult place and put together -again beyond. Over the scrubby, rugged hill and dale of Magunda-Mkali, -without inhabitants, 20 to 25 miles a day was often made; every man -knew the necessity of pushing on for food and water, and the danger, -from wild beasts or wandering highwaymen, of lagging in the rear. - -On, on, went the novel train, through weary miles of forest, across -the scorched plain, rattling over the hard sun-baked footprints of the -elephant and rhinoceros; on through grassy glades where the nimble -antelope bounded, scared out of our path, and the zebra and giraffe -were startled by the rattling of these strange disturbers of their -solitude; on still, through miles of swamp, with its croaking legions; -on through scenes of surpassing beauty, bright flowers and gleaming -birds and butterflies; on past the bleaching bones of other travelers -waylaid or exhausted, till the sun creeps up high overhead and eager -glances are cast at green spots where water once had been; on, till -the pace grows slow with weariness and thirst, and still on, till it -revives again as the welcome messenger from the front appears in sight -with water or the camp-fires tell of food and rest. - -Completing this difficult section of the journey and mounting {246} to -the beautiful forests and numerous villages of Unyamwesi, we had -arrived upon the central heights of the continent, which everything -around us bespoke its best part; the clearer, more healthy air, the -rich land, the open forests, the numerous and industrious people, all -spoke eloquently of a better and brighter state of things in the -interior of Africa than on its outside. - -At Urambo we elicited the pleased surprise of our friend, the famous -chief Mirambo. Said Mirambo, laying his hand emphatically on one of -the boat sections, "This boat and these carts are mine, and all -Unyamwesi is yours." It was his way of expressing sympathy and -admiration of what he considered to be a very wonderful enterprise, -and we left him pondering more deeply than ever on the doings of the -"white men." - -The rains were now at hand and the country rich and verdant; we -hastened on with all speed possible to enable us to cross the -Malagarasi river before it should be too swollen. Emerging from -elevated forest land to a view of the valley of the river, it appears -like a vast level expanse of harmless grass, but the swift river is -flowing in the bottom. The toll required by the natives being paid, we -descended to the river through the thick grass. We crossed the river -in tiny dug-out or bark canoes managed by the natives. One old man, a -leader among these ferrymen, we had especial cause to notice; we -called him "the old admiral." He wore a curious skull cap apparently -made of bladder, and presented a most odd appearance. To him we paid a -special fee of propitiation for the boatmen. As we proceeded down -toward the river the first sign of it among the long grass was quiet -shallow water on the path; this grew deeper and deeper as we walked on -until we were immersed to the armpits, the grass rising avenue-like -overhead. We emerged upon a small island or rising ground, and the -river proper was before us. On this little eminence stood "the old -admiral" superintending all. The porters and their ordinary loads all -crossed in the usual way, two or three at a time in the little canoes. -The two large carts, with the bow and stern compartments of the boats, -were floated along the watery avenue by the buoyancy of their -tank-like loads; the others came, sections and carts, separately. The -fare for each load was one yard of calico, but when the carts appeared -there was general astonishment among the ferrymen, who showed signs of -clearing off altogether; "the old admiral" alone was unmoved; his -stolid countenance showed no sign, but a deep bass growl, {247} "Eight -yards, eight yards for these!" expressed at once his nonchalance and -his determination; and eight yards we had to pay. All was safely got -over in a day. Two of the bark canoes were lashed together with poles -across, and one section or one cart at a time laid on top, and thus -all was carried across. - -Obstacles which further back would have been regarded as great -hindrances were now made little of; success seemed assured to all, and -the men even began to rehearse their triumphal entry into Ujiji. One -more difficult river, the Lusugi, we had to cross. We reached its -banks, down a rocky descent, late one night in a heavy fall of rain. -We waited an hour or two next morning till the river had somewhat -subsided, and then commenced work. Two or three volunteers swam across -with a stout rope, which was then hauled tight across the stream. The -porters, holding this rope in one hand, slowly but surely made their -way across. Then the carts and sections were attached to a block -running on the rope, and so, carefully attended by two or three men, -were floated over in safety. - -Ujiji was now only a few marches ahead. The view of the lake was -caught at last, a narrow strip of its waters gleaming in the sun in -the distance, and next morning we slowly marched into Ujiji in a -compact body. The boat was duly launched and has now been for years at -work on Lake Tanganyika in the cause of civilization and Christianity. - -The _completion_ of this journey, however, was but the _commencement_ -of a still larger enterprise in the region reached. Stations were -established among the tribes on the lake shores; a larger vessel, with -steam power, was built and launched on the lake, and a substantial -mission was established and is still at work at a point which is only -400 miles from that point on the Congo river accessible to the -steamers of the missions there. - - * * * * * - -All the work I have described was done at the expense of the London -Missionary Society. - - -{248} - - -REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON EXPLORATION IN ALASKA. - -(_Accepted April 3, 1891_.) - - -_Washington, D. C., April 3, 1891_. - -TO THE BOARD OF MANAGERS OF THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY, - _Washington, D. C._ - -_Gentlemen_: Your Committee, instructed "to consider the advisability -of further Alaskan exploration by the Society this year and if deemed -advisable, to consider and report upon ways and means for -accomplishing it," respectfully submit the following report: - -The general question of desirability has been decided affirmatively by -the Board of Managers; it therefore is inferred that the question of -advisability may be taken as involved in that of ways and means. - -In outlining a plan of work, concerning which such inquiry is to be -made, it has been found necessary, in the lack of formulated opinion -by the Society, to make assumptions as to what should be its purpose -and policy in undertaking exploration. It is assumed tentatively that -in order best to further the object for which the Society is -organized, namely, "the increase and diffusion of geographic -knowledge," the aim in exploration should be not so much to promote -the growth of science as to diffuse a general interest in geographic -work in its several departments, and, adhering to the principle of -attractiveness, to increase the sum of knowledge by discovery and by -the addition of general and elementary facts rather than by detailed -investigation, for appreciation of which scientific training must be -presupposed. It is furthermore believed that the policy of the Society -should be to invite coöperation, offering opportunity at the same time -for special study in related sciences; to effect the organization and -devise the plan, and itself to take part directly in field work only -so far as may be necessary to initiate and promote it. - -Your Committee find that apparently it will be practicable, {249} with -coöperation, for the Society to extend this year the exploration work -of last year in the vicinity of Mount St. Elias. Specifically it is -recommended that the plan be to determine directly, from a long base -line near the coast, the height of the mountain, to ascend it, to -observe systematically the unique phenomena of physical geography of -the Malaspina glacier from Icy bay to the initial point of last year's -exploration, and to explore the Seward glacier to its head if deemed -advisable after the ascent of the peak. - -In view of the fact that it is the purpose of the Coast and Geodetic -Survey to carry the international boundary survey into this region -within one or two years, it is considered inexpedient for the Society -to undertake extended topographic work. It is, however, submitted, as -a principle which this Society should emphasize in projecting -exploration, that facts of physical geography have minimum value and -may lead to false conclusions unless correlated through their space -relations; and it is recommended that the expedition aim always to -employ such means as may be practicable for making record of its -course and of its observations in approximate geometric relation to -surroundings. - -Conditional offers of coöperation have been made by the Revenue Marine -Service, the Geological Survey, the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and the -Century Company of New York. Transportation from Seattle to Alaska and -return, it is thought, may be secured on the steamer Corwin, and that -vessel's commander, Captain Hooper, has expressed a desire to extend -his coast-line exploration of last year by making a survey of -Disenchantment bay. The Geological Survey offers to detail Mr. Russell -to conduct the expedition, and to bear the expense of a number of -field hands and of their equipment. The Coast and Geodetic Survey has -expressed a desire to aid, if practicable, by beginning boundary work -in the same field this year, and incidentally to do other surveying -with special relation to the work of the expedition. The Century -Company offers to send an artist experienced in Alpine work and to pay -the greater portion of his expenses. The opportunity for study of the -fauna and flora of the region it is thought should not be neglected. - -The cost to the Society, wholly in items of field expense otherwise -unprovided for, which may be considered as the cost of enabling the -combination to work as one organization, is estimated at $500. - -{250} The expedition should leave Seattle in the latter part of May, -aiming to reach Icy bay by the first of June, and field work should -close by the end of September. - -Your committee consider further exploration in Alaska by the Society -this year as practicable, and recommend that the proposed expedition -be authorized, and that Mr. Russell be at once invited to organize and -conduct it, under the auspices of the Society. - -Very respectfully, - - G. K. GILBERT, - EVERETT HAYDEN, - WILLARD D. JOHNSON, - _Committee on Exploration_. - - - - -NOTES. - - -_La Carte de France, dite de l'Etat Major, par M. J. Collet. Paris, -1887. 8vo, pp. 92, with 4 plates._--This pamphlet describes the great -"Staff Map" of France, recently completed, giving its history, the -methods employed in the field and office work, the contents of the -map, and the means of representing the various features therein -described. The scale of the map is 1:80,000. Relief is represented by -hachures, for drawing which approximate contour lines have been -located, but these are not otherwise used. A great variety of cultural -features are shown, many of which are ephemeral, and which contribute -to the overloading of the map with details. Moreover, as the time -which has ordinarily elapsed between the survey and the issuance of -the work in printed form is ten or twelve years, most of this culture -has become not only of no value but misleading by the time it is -published. - -The account of the organization and methods by which the map has been -produced is of special interest. The primary triangulation upon which -it is based is one of the most elaborate and accurate ever executed in -any country. No expense has been spared in this direction. Within this -triangulation is a secondary triangulation, also very elaborate, from -the stations of which numerous additional points are cut in, or -located by unclosed triangles. All this work is of the highest order -of excellence, being infinitely more accurate than the map requires. -{251} With this, however, the accuracy appears to end. The detail -consists of the map, or the map proper, little more than a compilation -of commune cadastral plans. These were fitted to the triangulation -points and to one another, a process which appears to have been by no -means easy of satisfactory accomplishment. This adjustment having been -completed, the culture was brought up to date of survey and a survey -was made of the relief features by the use of such inferior -instruments as the clinometer compass and chain. - -The principal and obvious criticism upon such work is that it is -top-heavy. The triangulation is far more elaborate than is required, -while the provision for making the map itself is by no means -comparable with it: it is as far below the requirements of the scale -as the triangulation is above it. - -This leads up to a broader proposition, which may be stated thus: That -the general tendency of surveying organizations is in the direction -illustrated by that of the "French Staff." Organized originally for -map-making, they progress little by little in the direction of -devoting their energies to geodetic work, while at the same time the -topographic work proper, for which they were created, is belittled and -neglected. As a consequence the latter depreciates in quality and -diminishes in quantity; the main purpose of the organization is lost, -and a mere means becomes the ultimate end of the work. This tendency -should be recognized in map-making organizations. The weakness of our -modern maps is seldom in the primary control. It is easy to do -triangulation of sufficient accuracy for the control of maps upon such -scales as that above considered, little knowledge or experience being -required beyond that gained at our engineering schools; while the more -accurate triangulation, generally known as geodetic work, requires -merely better instruments, more time, and more experienced observers. - -The weak features of maps are generally the details, the part of the -work that, strange to say, is usually relegated to the lowest grade of -professional men. This weakness consists in an insufficiency of minor -locations for the control of the sketch and in unfaithful sketching. -It is the sketching that requires the most careful attention and the -best and most experienced men. The instrumental portion of the work is -the least difficult; the artistic portion, or sketching, is the most -difficult. It would seem more logical and would doubtless produce -better results to reverse the {252} usual order of promotion and place -the topographer above the triangulator. Moreover, the triangulation -should be regarded as merely a means for the correction of the -sketching, and it should be required only that it be of sufficiently -high grade to meet this condition. The minor locations should be -sufficiently numerous and well distributed to fully control and -correct the sketching; and finally the sketching should be as faithful -a representation of the topography as is consistent with the necessary -generalization of the surface features. - -H. G. - - * * * * * - -_Polar Regions_.--The _Societe de Geographie_ of Paris in its -Proceedings publishes the following communication from M. Ch. Rabot on -the new Danish expedition engaged in the exploration of the eastern -coast of Greenland, under the command of Lieutenant Ryder, of the -royal Danish navy. The expedition has in view the examination of the -unknown coast between Franz-Josef fiord, in latitude 73°, and the most -northerly point reached by Commander Holm and Lieutenant Garde, about -latitude 66°. Lieutenant Ryder left Copenhagen June 7, 1891, in the -Norwegian whaler _Hekla_, which had been chartered by the Danish -government. The first ice was met on the 20th, in latitude 68° 12', -longitude 13° 05' west. Unable to pass through the pack to the -Greenland shore after several attempts, the ship proceeded northward, -and in the vicinity of Jan Mayen made soundings and successful -dredgings. Several attempts to reach the coast of Greenland were made -from the 75th parallel southward, but without success up to July 2, -when the _Hekla_ was in latitude 71° 31', longitude 6° 30' west. Since -that date there has been no direct news, but on July 26, in latitude -72° 40', longitude 14° 25' west, the English whaler _Active_ saw the -_Hekla_ a few miles to the northeast, heading to the south-southwest. -On August 2 the _Active_, in latitude 71° 40', approached within 12 -miles of the coast, and on August 20, in 70° 30', was within 7 miles -of the mainland. In both instances the intervening sea was free of -ice. The English captain believes that the _Hekla_ made the eastern -coast in about 71° 30'. The _Hekla_ is provisioned for the winter, and -there is a prospect of marked success by the Danish officers in their -undertaking. - - * * * * * - -{253} _The Crossing of Tibet_.--The explorations of Mr. Rockhill in -Tibet and his renewed attempt to reach Lassa, the "holy city" of that -country, creates an unusual interest for Americans in the account of -the crossing of Tibet by M. G. Bonvalot, Prince Henri d'Orleans, and -P. Dedeken, published in the last Bulletin of the Paris Geographical -Society. - -Six days' journey from Moscow brought the party through Russia and -Turkestan to Kouldja (45° N., 41° W.), in extreme western Mongolia. -Having obtained authority from the Chinese governor of the province to -proceed, the party, aggregating 15 in number, left that place -September 12, 1889, with Batang, China, as an objective point. On -October 5, after a journey of about 450 miles, during which they -crossed the Thian-chan ("heavenly") mountains by Narat pass, they -camped at Korla, near Bagratch-koul. Here they were warned that they -could proceed no farther, and the governor of Ili sent an order to -arrest them. The mandarin and other local authorities did not, -however, actively oppose their departure, which took place during the -night of October 10, the party then consisting of 20 horsemen and 40 -pack-animals. On October 28 they reached Kara-douran, the western end -of Lob-nor. A side trip by d'Orleans and Dedeken to Lob-nor proved it -to be no longer a lake but a series of swamps and sandy islands, with -the water nowhere more than four feet deep. Meantime Bonavolot -accumulated supplies and replaced from the hardy Mongols the more -timid among their camp-followers, the party being reduced to seven, -with a few extra men for a short distance. - -Quitting Tcharkalik on November 17, they followed the route taken by -Carey; but on the advice of the natives they resolved after crossing -the Altyn-tagh to go directly southward instead of turning eastward, -and thus to attempt a new route, on which they were beset by the usual -physical discomforts attendant on travel at great elevations. On these -mountain ranges they saw only wild sheep, blue hares, wild horses, -crows and partridges. On December 5, just south of a large salt lake -(Ouzoun-tchour), they, saw a caravan of Kalmouk pilgrims returning -from Lassa by an unknown route, which they refused to make known, and -decided to temporarily abandon their idea of reaching Batang and -instead to go direct to Lassa by retracing the caravan trail. From -this point (about 38° 30' N. and 87° 30' W.) they proceeded directly -southward. The region penetrated was unknown, the winds {254} violent -the entire day, the desert treeless and without water, the route lined -with the carcasses of camels and their drivers, the only fuel the dung -of wandering yaks or caravan camels, and the trail so indistinct that -at times they marched by compass. The elevation gradually and steadily -increased to 15,000 and even 16,500 feet; the mountain fever became -worse, the storms more violent and continuous, and the temperature -ranged from 7° (-14° C.), with wind, at midday to 30° below zero -(-33° C.) at night. One by one their horses and camels died, and also -an old Kirgese who followed them. Extensive glaciers were passed, from -which flow on the one side the Salouen and Mekong into Indian ocean, -and on the other the Yang-tse to China sea. On January 8, 1890, they -skirted a large unfrozen lake named Montcalm, 50 miles long by 12 -miles wide, and on January 14 traversed Duplex pass, 20,000 feet -elevation. On the 31st they finally ran across a man, a wild Tibetan, -small, thin, with enormous lips, long knotted hair, clothed in -sheepskin and armed with a saber and flint-lock gun, whom they called -"appa" (father); he knew neither Chinese nor Mogul, but spoke Tibetan -of which the travelers knew scarcely a dozen words. Other Tibetans, -with flocks of sheep, soon appeared and sold them mutton, a little -salt, and rancid butter, and then followed on horseback for fifteen -days without losing sight of the explorers. Often they were counseled -in Mogul by those in authority to turn back. - -In the middle of February they reached lake Nam-tso ("heaven"), or -Tengri-nor, a large frozen body of water. Out of 40 camels only 15 -remained, and, of 20 horses but one survived; three of the party of -seven were in desperate state of health, while all were worn out and -almost without provisions. They were finally obliged to stop in a -mountain pass of the Nindjin-tangla, which led directly to Lassa, then -not more than sixty miles distant. On February 17 the Tibetan -authorities sent a large party to meet them and ask their intentions. -Mistaken for Russians, it took 13 days to convince the authorities -that they were French. They received presents from the authorities and -obtained costumes from Lassa, but found it impossible to visit the -"holy city." After 49 days of negotiation, on April 5, provided with -arms, provisions and horses, and also a safe permit from the Talia -lama to cross Tibet to Batang by an unknown route, they started -eastward, on a course nearly {255} parallel to and north of Salouen -river, reaching Sô and once again seeing houses on April 15. They -arrived at Batang early in June, their route some distance west of it -having joined the Imperial highway from Pekin to Lassa over which -l'Abbe Huc travelled. From Tatsien-lou, where the French Tibetan -mission is located, their route turned southward to Red river, which -was reached, at Manhoau, on September 21, when their journey -practically ended, as Hanoai was reached two days later. - -An excellent map of the itinerary, by Prince Henri, accompanies the -article. - -A. W. G. - - * * * * * - -_Third Annual Report on the Statistics of Railways in the United -States to the Interstate Commerce Commission, for the year ending -June 30, 1890_: Washington, Government Printing Office, 1891 (advance -copy, pp. 1-100).--This pamphlet, by Professor Henry C. Adams, is -issued in advance of the full report, which is promised to comprise -about 875 pages. It contains a summary, digest and discussion of the -full report. - -It appears that the total railroad mileage on June 30, 1890, was -163,597, an increase of 5,838 miles during the year. The increase came -mainly from southeastern and western states. This mileage was owned by -1,797 distinct corporate bodies, but entirely controlled in one way or -another by only 747 companies. To illustrate the extent to which -consolidation of railroad property has gone, it may be stated that -47.5 per cent of all railroad mileage is controlled by but forty -companies, and that 65.4 per cent is controlled by seventy-five -companies. The greatest mileage controlled by one company is 6,053, -operated by the Southern Pacific company. - -The total capital and bonded debt of railroad companies was -$9,871,378,389, or $60,340 per mile. Stock and bonds were about equal -in amount. Mr. Adams estimates the value of railroad property by -capitalizing at 5 per cent the dividends and interest on bonds paid -during the year, reaching as a result $6,627,461,140, or about 2/3 of -the nominal capital and bonded debt. The justice of this method may -fairly be questioned. A comparison of the ruling prices of -dividend-paying stocks with the rate per cent of the dividend shows -that 5 per cent stocks are above par and that 4 per cent stocks -average nearly par. {256} Moreover, it is well known that many -railroads are built and operated, not for their own immediate earnings -but to give value to other property of the companies, notably to -lands, from the sale or lease of which the companies derive profits. -Again, many railroads are built, not for present but for future -profits, after they shall have induced settlement of their territory; -and, furthermore, numerous branch roads have been built as defensive -measures to prevent rivals from occupying territory; and in many cases -earnings are used in betterment of property instead of distributing it -as dividends. In all these cases the roads have value, although they -are not paying dividends. - -Taking all these matters into account, it does not appear that the -railroad stocks of the country have, collectively, been watered to any -great extent, if by "watering" is meant expanding nominal values above -actual values. - -Concerning dividends paid on stock, Mr. Adams presents a table showing -that 63.76 per cent of all stock paid no dividends; that but 6.47 per -cent paid less than 4 per cent; that 25.26 per cent paid from 4 to 8 -per cent, the remainder paying above 8 per cent. It appears that in -the northeastern states much the highest dividends were paid, while in -the west, so far as dividends are concerned, the stockholders have to -wait for future developments. - -The total passenger mileage for the year was 11,847,785,617, a slight -increase over the previous year. The total freight mileage was -76,207,047,298, an increase of nearly 10 per cent over that of the -previous year. The gross earnings of the year were $1,051,877,632, and -the operating expenses $692,093,971, leaving as the income from -operations $359,783,661. The income from other sources was -$126,767,064, and the total deductions from income were $384,792,138, -leaving as the net income $101,758,587, out of which there was paid as -dividends on stock $89,688,204. - -The magnitude of the railway interests of the country is set forth in -the above enormous figures. It is still further emphasized by the fact -that nearly three-quarters of a million men are in the employ of this -industry. Assuming that each such employé supports two others besides -himself, it is seen that the railroad interest supports two and a -quarter millions, or more than one thirtieth of the inhabitants of the -country. - -H. G. - - -{257} - - -INDEX. - - -ABBE, CLEVELAND, cited on isostaths, 43 ---, Record of communication by, viii --- -- -- discussion by, viii - -ABORIGINES of South America, 7 - -ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Russian, Quotation from records of, 212 - -ADAMS, HENRY C., Review of report on railway operations by, 255 - -ADELUNG, J. C., Geographic work by, 211 ---, Quotation from, on de l'Isle's map, 212, 213, 214 - -ADMIRALTY BAY, 56 - -AFRICA, Area of, 32 ---, Conquest and division of, 31 ---, Natural divisions of, 238 ---, Population of, 238 --- (The Heart of); E. C. Hore, 238 - -AGASSIZ GLACIER, Ascent of, 147 --- -- named, 73 - -AGE of St. Elias range, 175 - -ALASKA (An expedition to Mount St. Elias,); I. C. Russell, 53 ---, Boundaries of, 237 ---, Early works concerning, 206 ---, Report of committee on exploration in, 248 - -ALLEN, JAMES, cited on isostaths, 44 - -ALPENSTOCKS, Necessity for, 165 - -ALPINE glaciers, 176, 180 - -ALTON, EDMUND, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75 - -ALVORD, H. E., Remarks by, at field meeting, x - -AMAZON, Discovery of the, 11 ---, Sketch of the, 4 - -AMENDMENT to by-laws proposed, xii - -ANDES, General description of the, 1 - -ANEMOMETER formula devised by C. F. Marvin, 49 - -ANGOT, A., Reference to work of, 46 - -ANTIQUITIES of Peru, 8 - -ARCHANGELICA, Mention of, 89, 114 - -ARGENTINE REPUBLIC, Sketch of, 19 - -ASIA, Exploration in, 253 - -ATREVIDA, Mention of the, 63, 92, 105 - -AURIFEROUS sands from Yakutat bay, 196 - -AVALANCHES, 145, 155 - - -BAIE DE MONTI, 56 --- named by La Pérouse, 60 - -BAKER, MARCUS, cited on early eclipses, 220 --- -- -- Mount St. Elias, 232 ---, Explorations by, 70, 72 ---, Reference to bibliography by, 58 ---, Record of discussion by, viii, ix - -BASE LINE, Measurement of, 86 - -BATES, H. W., Quotation from, on South America, 29 - -BEAR, Meeting with the, 94, 109 - -BELCHER, SIR EDWARD, Explorations by, 68, 69 - -BELL, A. GRAHAM, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75 - -BELL, CHARLES J., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75 - -BELLIN, S., Geographic work by, 207 - -BERING BAY, Mention of, 56 - -BERING'S first voyage (The cartography and observations of); A. W. - Greely, 205 --- provisions, 219 - -BERING, VITUS, Explorations by, 58 - -BERG, M., cited on thunderstorms, 44 - -BIEN, MORRIS, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75 - -BIGELOW, F. H., Record of communication by, viii - -BIRNIE, JR., ROGERS, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75 - -BLACK GLACIER, Brief account of, 101, 104 - -BLODGETT, J. H., Record of discussion by, vii, ix - -BLOSSOM ISLAND, Description of, 113, 122 - -BOARD ON GEOGRAPHIC NAMES, Institution of the, 39 - -BONVALOT, G., Crossing of Tibet by, 253 - -BOURSIN, HENRY, Mention of, 79 - -BRAZIL, Revolution in, 36 ---, Sketch of, 17 - -BROKA, GEORGE, Explorations by, 73, 74 - -BUACHE, PHILLIPE, Geographic work by, 208 - -BUCHAN, ALEX., Reference to work of, 44 - -BUCKLE, SIR HENRY, Quotation from, on tropical America, 29 - -BY-LAWS, Proposed amendment to the, xii - - -CAMP hands, 166 - -CARPENTER, Z. T., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75 - -CARTOGRAPHY, Discussion of, 251 --- (The) and Observations of Bering's First Voyage; A. W. Greely, 205 - -CASCADE GLACIER named, 144 - -CENTURY COMPANY, Offer of coöperation by, 249 - -CHAIX HILLS named, 73 - -CHARIOT, THE, Mention of, 140 - -CHATHAM, Mention of, 66 - -CHERIKOF, ALEXEI, Explorations of, 58 - -CHINA, Exploration in, 253 - -CHRISTIE, J. H., Member of expedition, 76 ---, Work of, 82, 83, 84, 96, 103, 112, 113, 123, 162 - -CLIMATE of South America, 6 - -CLOVER, RICHARDSON, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75 - -COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY, Explorations by, 70, 72 ---, Offer of coöperation by, 249 - -COLD WAVES, Prediction of, 51 - -COLLETT, M. J., Review of map described by, 250 - -COMMERCE of South America, 17, 19, 23 - -COOK, CAPTAIN JAMES, Explorations of, 58 - -CORDILLERAS of South America, 1 - -CORWIN CLIFFS, Mention of, 138 - -CORWIN (The) in Disenchantment bay, 100 --- Return of the, 163 - -CREVASSES, 181, 182 --- at Pinnacle pass, 130 - -CROSS SOUND, visited by Vancouver's expedition, 67 - -CRUMBACK, J. H., Member of expedition, 76 ---, Work of, 96, 103, 122, 125, 129, 131, 135, 137 - -CURTIS, W. E., Record of communication by, xi - -CYCLONES, Theory of, 42 - - -DAGELET, M., Mention of, 60 - -DAHLGREN, ULRICA, Presentation of flag by, viii - -{258} - -DALL, W. H., cited on Bering's first voyage, 205 --- -- -- -- supplies, 219 --- -- -- de l'Isle's map, 218 --- -- -- early eclipses, 219 --- -- -- Mount St. Elias, 231 ---, Explorations by, 70, 72 ---, Quotation from, on map by de l'Isle, 207 ---, Record of discussion by, vii ---, Reference to bibliography by, 58 - -DALTON, JOHN, Glacier named for, 98 ---, Mention of, 73 - -D'ANVILLE, M., cited on early eclipses, 229 - -DAVIS, W. M., Reference to meteorologic review by, 47 - -DEDEKEN, P., Crossing of Tibet by, 253 - -DEFINITION of formations in St. Elias region, 167 - -DEKALB, COURTENAY, Record of communication by, ix - -DE L'ISLE, J. N., Authenticity of map by, 211, 213 ---, Geographic work by, 206 ---, Map by, 207 ---, Quotation from, on eclipses, 220 - -DE MONTI BAY, Arrival at, 79 - -DESCUBIERTA (The), Mention of, 63 - -DESENGAÑO BAY, named by Malaspina, 63 - -DEVIL'S CLUB (_Panax horridum_), Mention of, 95, 115 - -DIGGES' SOUND, named by Vancouver, 68 - -DILLER, J. S., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75 - -DIP at Pinnacle pass, 140 - -DISCOVERY (The), Mention of, 66 - -DISENCHANTMENT BAY, Canoe trip in, 96, 103 ---, Last view of, 163 ---, Mention of, 56 ---, visited by Malaspina, 63, 64 - -DIXON, CAPTAIN GEORGE, Explorations of, 60, 62 - -DOBBINS, J. W., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75 - -DOBBS, ARTHUR, Geographic work by, 210 - -DOME PASS named, 146 - -DONEY, L. S., Member of expedition, 76 ---, Work of, 85, 158, 159, 160, 162 - -D'ORLEANS, PRINCE HENRI, Crossing of Tibet by, 253 - -DOUGLASS, E. M., Record of discussion by, xi - -DOUGLASS, CAPTAIN, Explorations of, 62 - -DRY BAY, Mention of, 55 - -DU BOCAGE, BARBIC, Geographic work by, 211 ---, Quotation from, on de l'Isle's map, 216 - -DU FOSSE, E., cited on early publications, 207 - -DU HALDE, PÈRE, Geographic work by, 206 ---, Quotation from, on de l'Isle's map, 218 - - -EARTHQUAKES, South American, 2 - -ECLIPSES, Early, observed in Kamshatka, 219, 229 - -EIFFEL TOWER, Use of, in meteorology, 46 - -EKHOLM, NILS, cited on isostaths, 43 - -ELDORADO, Early accounts of, 14 - -ELECTION of officers, xii - -ESPERANZA, POINT, Mention of, 14, 85 - -EXPEDITION (An) to Mount St. Elias, Alaska; I. C. Russell, 53 - -EXPLORATION in Alaska, 248 - - -FARENHOLT, LIEUTENANT COMMANDER O. F., of U. S. S. _Pinta_, 79 - -FAULTED pebble from Pinnacle pass, 171 - -FAULTS 83, 136 ---, Thrust, in Hitchcock range, 118 - -FERREL, WILLIAM, cited on cyclones, 42 ---, Reference to treatise by, 47 - -FINLEY, J. P., Reference to work of, 50 - -FLORAL HILLS, Brief account of, 105, 108 - -FLORAL PASS, Brief account of, 105, 108, 110 - -FORMATIONS of the St. Elias region, 167 - -FOSSILS at Pinnacle pass, 140 ---, Description of, of Yakutat system, 172 - -FOSSIL PLANTS, Report on, by Lester F. Ward, 199, 200 - -FRANCE, Review of Staff Map of, 250 - - -GABBRO on the Marvine glacier, 123 - -GALIANO, DON DIONISIO ALCALA, Mention of, 63 - -GALIANO GLACIER, Visit to, 89, 90 - -GANNETT, HENRY, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75 ---, Instructions from, 194 ---, Review of railway operations by, 255 --- -- -- Staff Map of France, by, 250 - -GANNETT, S. S., Computation of height of Mount St. Elias, by, 235 - -GEOGRAPHIC names, Board of, 39 - -GEOGRAPHY of the Air; A. W. Greely, 41 --- -- -- Land; H. G. Ogden, 31 - -GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, Acknowledgments to, 40 ---, Instructions from, 192, 193, 194 ---, Offer of coöperation by, 249 - -GEOLOGY of the St. Elias region, 167, 174, 190, 191 - -GILBERT, G. K., Instructions from, 192, 193 ---, Record of discussion by, vii, ix, x ---, Remarks by, at field meeting, x ---, Report on exploration by, 250 - -GLACIAL currents, 187 --- river, Example of, 183 --- streams, 183, 184 - -GLACIER BAY, Mention of, 67 - -GLACIERS in Disenchantment bay in 1792, 64, 65, 97 --- -- -- -- observed by Malaspina, 64, 65 --- -- -- -- -- -- Puget, 67, 68 --- of the St. Elias region, 176 --- west of Icy bay, 187 - -GRACE, M. P., Financial operations by, 23 - -GREELY, A. W., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75 --- cited on Mississippi floods, 38 ---; Geography of the Air, 41 ---, Note by, on polar regions, 252 --- -- -- -- the crossing of Tibet, 253 ---, Record of communication by, vii, viii, xi ---; The Cartography and Observations of Bering's First Voyage, 205 - -GUIANA, Sketch of, 13 - -GUIDES, Use of, in ascending St. Elias, 166 - -GUYOT GLACIER named, 73 - - -HAENKE, D. TADEO, Haenke island named for, 65 - -HAENKE ISLAND, Condition of, when seen by Malaspina, 63, 64, 65, 97 ---, Visit to, 96, 103 - -HANN, JULIUS, cited on cyclones, 42 - -HAYDEN, DR. F. V., Glacier named for, 108 - -HAYDEN, EVERETT, Contributions to exploration fund by, 75 ---, Record of discussion by, vii, viii, ix, xi ---, Report on exploration by, 250 - -HAYDEN GLACIER, Brief account of, 108, 110, 111 - -HAYS, J. W., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75 - -HAZEN, H. A., Reference to work of, 50 - -HEIGHT and position of St. Elias, 189, 190 - -HENDRIKSEN, REVEREND CARL J., Mention of, 80, 83 - -HILL, S. A., Reference to work of, 47 - -HILL, R. T., Record of communication by, xiii - -HITCHCOCK, PROFESSOR EDWARD, Range named for, 112 - -HITCHCOCK RANGE, Brief account of, 112 --- from Pinnacle pass, 133 ---, Structure of, 118 - -{259} - -HOOGEWERFF, J. A., Record of communication by, viii - -HOOPER, CAPTAIN C. L., Navigation of Disenchantment bay, 56, 100 ---, Offer of coöperation by, 249 - -HORE, E. C., Record of address by, vii ---; The Heart of Africa, 238 - -HOSMER, E. S., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75 ---, Return of, 83 ---, Volunteer assistant, 76 - -HOTCHKISS, JED., Record of communication by, ix, x ---, Testimonial to, x - -HOVEY, H. C., Record of communication by, x ---, Remarks by, at field meeting, x - -HOWELL, E. E., Record of communication by, xi - -HUBBARD, GARDINER G., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75 ---, Glacier named for, 99 ---, Presentation of flag by, viii ---, Record of presidential address by, xiii ---; South America: Annual address by the President, 1 - -HUBBARD GLACIER, Brief description of, 99 - -HUC, L'ABBÉ, Route of, 255 - -HUGHES, T. MCKENNEY, Record of communication by, x - - -ICEBERGS, Formation of, 98, 99, 101, 102 --- in Yakutat bay, Description of, 87 - -ICE tunnels, 184 - -INCAS of Peru, 8 - -INDIANS of South America, 7 - -INSTRUCTIONS from Geological Survey, 192, 193, 194 --- -- National Geographic Society, 194 - -IRVING, PROFESSOR R. D., Mountain named for, 144 - - -JACKSON, SHELDON, Record of discussion by, ix - -JOHNSON, J. B., Record of discussion by, xi - -JOHNSON, WILLARD D., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75 ---, Exploration planned by, 75 ---, Record of discussion by, vii ---, Report on exploration by, 250 - -JUDD, J. G., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75 - -JUNGEN, ENSIGN C. W., Mention of, 81 - - -KAMSHATKA, Cartography of, 217 ---, Early eclipses in, 219, 229 - -KERR, MARK B., assigned as an assistant, 75 --- cited on Mount St. Elias, 39 ---, Report on topographic work by, 195 - -KHANTAAK ISLAND, Village on, 79, 80 - -KING, HARRY, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75 - -KNAPP, HON. LYMAN E., Mention of, 79 - -KNIGHT ISLAND, Scenery near, 83 --- named by Puget, 68 - -KNOWLTON, F. H., Report on fossil plants, 199 - - -LA BOUSSOLE, Mention of, 58 - -LAKE CASTANI named, 73 - -LAKELETS on the glaciers, 119, 120 - -LAKES, Abandoned beds of, near Blossom island, 116 - -LA PÉROUSE, J. F. S., Explorations of, 58, 60 - -LA PLATA river, Sketch of, 5 - -LASSA, recent attempt to reach, 253 - -L'ASTROLABE, Mention of, 58 - -LAURIDSEN, P., cited on early maps, 215 ---, Quotation from, on de l'Isle's map, 217 - -LEACH, BOYNTON, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75 - -LEVÉE systems of the Mississippi, 37 - -LIBBEY, PROFESSOR WILLIAM, Explorations by, 72, 73 - -LINDENKOHL, A., Computation of position of Mount St. Elias by, 235 - -LINDSLEY, W. L., Member of expedition, 76 ---, Work of, 122, 131, 134, 135, 139, 144, 149, 150, 153, 157, 158, - 164 - -LITTLEHALES, G. W., Record of discussion by, vii - -LITUYA BAY, Mention of, 55 - -LOB-NOR, Character of, 253 - -LOGAN, SIR W. E., Mountain named for, 141 - -LONDON MISSIONARY SOCIETY, Acknowledgments to, 247 - -LUCIA GLACIER, Brief account of, 192 --- --, Crossing of, 105, 106, 108, 109 - -LYNN CANAL, Mention of, 78 - - -MALASPINA, ALEJANDRO, cited on Mount St. Elias, 231 ---, Explorations of, 62, 66 - -MALASPINA GLACIER, Character of, 187 --- described and named, 71, 72 ---, Excursion on, 120, 121, 162 --- from Blossom island, 118, 119 ---, Mention of, 56 - -MALDONADO, Reference to, 62, 63 - -MAPS of Alaska, Rare, 206 --- (Staff) of France, Review of the, 250 - -MARVIN, C. F., Reference to work of, 48 - -MARVINE, A. R., Glacier named for, 112 - -MARVINE GLACIER, Account of, 112, 122, 124 - -MCCARTENEY, C. M., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75 - -MCGEE, W J, Record of communication by, xiii ---, Record of discussion by, x, xi - -MELVILLE, G. W., Record of communication by, viii - -MENDENHALL, T. C., Record of discussion by, xi - -METEOROLOGY, Condition of, 41 - -MEYER, HUGO, Reference to work of, 47 - -MIRAGE in Yakutat bay, 87 - -MISSISSIPPI RIVER, Flood of, 37 - -MONSOONS, Characteristics of, 47 - -MONGOLIA, Exploration in, 255 - -MOON, Mountains of the, 240 - -MORAINES, 195 ---, Medial, on the Marvine glacier, 123 --- on the Malaspina glacier, 134 --- near Yakutat bay, 191 - -MOUNTAINS of South America, 1 - -MOUNT AUGUSTA, Avalanches on the sides of, 145 --- Elevation of, 117 - -MOUNT BERING, Height and condition of, 65 - -MOUNT COOK, Appearance of, 92 --- named, 72 ---, Rocks composing, 92 - -MOUNT FAIRWEATHER, Height of, 69 - -MOUNT LOGAN named, 141 - -MOUNT MALASPINA, Elevation of, 117 --- named, 72 - -MOUNT NEWTON named, 146 - -MOUNT ST. ELIAS, Expedition to, 53 --- (see St. Elias, Mount). - -MOUNT VANCOUVER named, 72 - -MUIR GLACIER, Visit to, 78, 79 - -MULGRAVE, LORD, Port Mulgrave named for, 60 - - -NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY, Instructions from, 194 - -NÉVÉ fields, 180, 181, 182 - -NEWELL, F. H., Record of communication by, xi - -{260} - -NEWTON GLACIER, Ascent of, 150 - -NEWTON, HENRY, Mountain named for, 146 - -NEW YORK TIMES, Expedition of the, 72, 73 - -NICARAGUA CANAL, Progress of the, 37 - -NOLIN, J. B., Geographic work by, 211 - -NOMENCLATURE, Geographic, 39 - -NORDHOFF, CHARLES, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75 - -NORRIS GLACIER, Mention of, 78 - -NUNATAK in Lucia glacier, 106 - - -OFFICERS, Election of, xii - -OGDEN, H. G.; Geography of the Land, 31 ---, Record of communication by, xi ---, Record of discussion by, viii, xi - -OIL stoves, Use of, 164 - -OREL, Mention of the, 70 - -ORINOCO RIVER, Sketch of, 3 - -ORTHOGRAPHY of geographic names, 39 - -ORTON, JAMES, Quotation from, on South America, 28 - -OTKRYTIE, Mention of the, 69 - -OUTFIT necessary for Alaskan expeditions, 165 - - -PANAX HORRIDUM, 95, 115 - -PAMPAS, Characteristics of, 19 - -PANAMA CANAL project, Revival of the, 37 - -PAN-AMERICAN congress, Work of the, 36 --- railway route, 27 - -PARTRIDGE, WILLAIM, Member of expedition, 76 ---, Work of, 158, 159, 162 - -PARTSCH, DR., Reference to work of, 46 - -PEARY, R. E., Record of communication by, viii - -PERU, Incas of, 8 ---, Sketch of, 22 - -PHIPPS, C. J., Port Mulgrave named for, 60 - -PIEDMONT glaciers, Characteristics of, 122, 176, 185, 186 --- --, Example of, 120, 121 --- type of glaciers, Mention of, 57 - -PIMPLUNA rocks, Mention of, 70, 187 - -PINNACLE PASS cliffs, Account of, 132, 137 --- --, Height of, 137 --- --, View from, 132 ---, Description of, 130, 132 --- named, 130 - -PINNACLE SYSTEM, Description of rocks of, 167 --- named, 131 - -PINTA, Mention of the, 79, 81 - -PIZARRO, GONZALO, Discovery of the Amazon by, 11 - -PLANTS on Blossom island, 114 - -POINT ESPERANZA, Camp at, 82, 84, 85 - -POINT GLORIOUS named, 137 - -POINT RIOU, Mention of, 69 - -POLAR regions, Recent work in, 252 - -POMORTSEW, DR., Reference to work of, 46 - -POPULATION of Africa, 238 --- of South America, 6, 15 - -PORT MULGRAVE, 56 --- named by Dixon, 60 - -POWELL, J. W., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75 ---, Record of communication by, viii --- -- -- discussion by, x --- -- -- introductory remarks by, xiii - -POWELL, WILLIAM B., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75 - -PUERTO DEL DESENGAÑO, Mention of, 56 - -PUGET, PETER, Explorations of, 66, 68 - -PYRAMID HARBOR, Mention of, 78 - - -QUEEN CHARLOTTE, Mention of the, 60 ---, Voyage on the, 78, 79 - - -RABOT, CH., cited on polar exploration, 252 - -RAILROADS, South American, 25 ---, Statistics of, 255 - -RALEIGH, SIR WALTER, Expeditions by, 14 - -RATIONS, 164 - -REPORT on sands from Yakutat bay by J. Stanley-Brown, 196 - -RESOLUTION relating to publication, xii - -REVENUE MARINE SERVICE, Offer of coöperation by, 249 - -REYNOLDS, J. J., Remarks by, at field meeting, x - -RIO DE LA PLATA, Sketch of, 5 - -RIVERS, Glacial, 183 --- of South America, 3 - -ROCKHILL, W. W., Reference to explorations by, 253 - -ROPE CLIFF named, 149 - -ROUTE (New), Suggested, 163, 164 - -RUSSELL, I. C.; An Expedition to Mount St. Elias, 53 --- cited on Mount St. Elias, 39 ---, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75 ---, Height and Position of Mount St. Elias, 231 ---, Proposed exploration by, 249 ---, Record of communication by, vii, xi --- -- -- discussion by, vii, ix - -RUSSELL, THOMAS, Acknowledgments to, 62 --- cited on cyclones, 43 ---, Reference to work of, 51 - -RUSSIAN Academy of Sciences, Quotation from records of, 212 - -"RUSSIAN OFFICER," Geographic work by the, 209 ---, Identity of the, 222 ---, Quotation from the, on de l'Isle's map, 215, 217 --- -- -- -- -- -- writings, 221 - - -SALMON fishing, 162 - -SANDS, Auriferous, from Yakutat bay, 196 - -SAN FRANCISCO RIVER, Sketch of, 5 - -SANGAI, Active vulcanism of, 2 - -SCHWATKA, LIEUTENANT FREDERICK, Explorations by, 72, 73 - -SERPENTINE on the Marvine glacier, 123 - -SETON-KARR, H. W., Explorations of, 72, 73 - -SEWARD GLACIER, Crevasses on, 133, 179, 180 ---, Crossing of, 142 ---, Description of, 177, 178, 179 - -SEWARD, HON. W. H., Glacier named for, 129 - -SHARP, BENJAMIN, Record of communication by, xiii - -SHENDUN, Field meeting at, ix, x - -SIEMENS, WERNER VON, cited on air currents, 45 - -SITKA, Arrival at, 79 - -SNOW crests, Figures of, 143 --- line, Description of Alpine glaciers above, 180 --- -- -- -- -- -- below, 183 --- --, Elevation of, 92, 111 --- on mountain crests, 182 - -SOUNDINGS in Disenchantment bay, 56 - -SOUTH AMERICA: Annual address by the President; Gardiner G. Hubbard, 1 - -SPRUNG, A., cited on air currents, 45 - -STAMY, THOMAS, Member of expedition, 76 ---, Work of, 137, 139, 144, 150, 153, 157, 158, 160 - -STANLEY-BROWN, J., Record of communication by, vii ---, Report on sands from Yakutat bay by, 196 - -{261} - -ST. ELIAS, Described by La Pérouse, 59, 60 ---, Discovery of, by Bering, 58 --- expedition, Review of, 39 ---, First full view of, 135 --- (Height and position of Mount); I. C. Russell, 231 --- -- -- -- -- 40, 189, 190 --- -- -- -- -- determined by La Pérouse, 60 --- -- -- -- -- -- -- Tebenkof, 69 --- -- -- -- -- -- -- Malaspina, 64, 65, 66 --- range, Age of, 175 --- --, Character of peaks of, 175 --- region, Glaciers of the, 176 --- schist, Description of rocks of, 167, 173 ---, Suggested new route to, 163, 164 --- uplift, 190 - -STEIN, ROBERT, Translations by, 59, 64, 65, 66 - -STEPNIAK, SERGIUS, Record of address by, viii - -STRAIT OF ANNAN, 56 - -STRUCTURE, 174 - -STRUVE, CH., Acknowledgments to, 221 - -STRUVE, O., cited on manuscript records, 220 - -SWISS guides in Alaskan exploration, 166 - -SULPHUR, Mention of the, 69 - - -TAKU GLACIER, Mention of, 78 - -TAKU INLET, Visit to, 78 - -TANGANYIKA, LAKE, Characteristics of, 241 - -TEBENKOF, CAPTAIN, Notes on Alaska by, 69, 70 - -TERRACE on northern shore of Yakutat bay, 82, 85 --- point, Brief account of, 106 - -THUNDERSTORMS, Relation of, to air-pressure, 44 - -THOMPSON, GILBERT, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75 - -TIBET, Note on the crossing of, 253 - -TIDE-WATER glaciers defined, 101 - -TOPOGRAPHIC work, Report on, 195 - -TOPHAM, EDWIN, Explorations by, 73, 74 - -TOPHAM, W. H., Explorations by, 73, 74 ---, Reference to map by, 177 - -TORNADOES, Results of, 50 - -TRADE, South American, 23 - -TRIANGULATION, Commencement of, 86 - -TUCKER, J. RANDOLPH, Remarks by, at field meeting, x - -TUNNELS, Ice, 184 - -TYNDALL GLACIER named, 73 - -TYNDALL, J., cited on marginal crevasses, 127 - - -VAN BEBBER, A., Reference to work of, 47 - -VANCOUVER, CAPTAIN GEORGE, Explorations by, 66, 68 - -VERATRUM VIRIDE, Mention of, 114 - -VOLCANOES of the Andes, 2 - - -WARD, LESTER F., Report on fossil plants, 199, 200 - -WAXEL, SWEN, Quotations from, on de l'Isle's map, 223 ---, Translations from letter by, 224 ---, Work of, 222 - -WHITE, THOMAS, Member of expedition, 76 ---, Work of, 158, 160 - -WILLIAMS, C. A., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75 - -WILLIAMS, WILLIAM, Explorations by, 73, 74 - -WILLIS, BAILY, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75 - -WILSON, H. M., Record of communication by, ix - - -YAKUTAT BAY, Arrival at, 79 ---, Base camp on western shore of, 86, 89 ---, Shores of described, 57 ---, Synonomy of, 56 - -YAKUTAT INDIANS described by Dixon, 61 --- system, Description of rocks of, 167 --- -- named, 131 - - -{i} - - -THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE - -VOLUME III, 1891 - - - - -[Illustration: National Geographic Society seal] - - - - -WASHINGTON - -PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY - -1892 - - -{ii} - - -OFFICERS OF THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY - -1891 - - - GARDINER G. HUBBARD, _President_ - - HERBERT G. OGDEN | - EVERETT HAYDEN | - A. W. GREELY | _Vice-Presidents_ - C. HART MERRIAM | - HENRY GANNETT | - - CHARLES J. BELL, _Treasurer_ - - MARCUS BAKER | - C. A. KENASTON | _Secretaries_ - - ROGERS BIRNIE, JR. | - G. K. GILBERT | - G. BROWN GOODE | - WILLARD D. JOHNSON | - W J MCGEE | _Managers_ - T. C. MENDENHALL | - W. B. POWELL | - B. H. WARDER | - - - - - PRINTERS - JUDD & DETWEILER - WASHINGTON - - ENGRAVERS - MOSS ENGRAVING CO. - NEW YORK - - -{iii} - - -_CONTENTS_. - - Page. -South America: Annual Address by the President, GARDINER G. - HUBBARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - -Geography of the Land: Annual Report by Vice-President HERBERT G. - OGDEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 - -Geography of the Air: Annual Report by Vice-President A. W. - GREELY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 - -An Expedition to Mount St. Elias, Alaska; by ISRAEL C. RUSSELL . 53 - Introduction--The Southern Coast of Alaska . . . . . . . . . 55 - Part I--Previous Explorations in the St. Elias Region . . . . 58 - Part II--Narrative of the St. Elias Expedition of 1890 . . . 75 - Part III--Sketch of the Geology of the St. Elias Region . . . 167 - Part IV--Glaciers of the St. Elias Region . . . . . . . . . . 176 - Part V--Height and Position of Mount St. Elias . . . . . . . 189 - Appendix A--Official Instructions governing the Expedition . 192 - Appendix B--Report on topographic Work; by MARK B. KERR . . . 195 - Appendix C--Report on auriferous Sands from Yakutat Bay; by - J. STANLEY-BROWN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 - Appendix D--Report on fossil Plants; by LESTER F. WARD . . . 199 - Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 - -The Cartography and Observations of Bering's First Voyage; by - A. W. GREELY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 - -Height and Position of Mount St. Elias; by ISRAEL C. RUSSELL . . 231 - -The Heart of Africa; by E. C. HORE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 - -Report of Committee on Exploration in Alaska . . . . . . . . . . 248 - -Notes--La Carte de France, dite de l'Etat Major, par M. J. COLLET 250 - - Polar Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 - - The Crossing of Tibet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 - - Statistics of Railways in United States . . . . . . . . . 255 - -Index to volume III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 - - Title-page and Imprimatur of Board of Mangers . . . . . . . . i - - Contents and Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii - - Publications of the National Geographic Society . . . . . . . v - - Proceedings of the National Geographic Society . . . . . . . vii - - Officers of the Society for 1892 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv - - Members of the Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv - - -{iv} - - -_ILLUSTRATIONS_. - - Page. -Plate 1--South America (map) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 2--Sketch Map of Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 - 3--Map of the St. Elias Region, after La Pérouse . . . . . 59 - 4--Map of the eastern Shore of Yakutat Bay, after Dixon . 61 - 5--Map of the St. Elias Region, after Malaspina . . . . . 64 - 6--Map of Bay de Monti, after Malaspina . . . . . . . . . 64 - 7--Map of Disenchantment Bay, after Malaspina . . . . . . 67 - 8--Sketch Map of St. Elias Region, by MARK B. KERR . . . . 74 - 9--The Hubbard Glacier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 - 10--Wall of Ice on eastern Side of Atrevida Glacier . . . . 105 - 11--View on Atrevida Glacier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 - 12--Entrance of an Ice Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 - 13--Deltas in an abandoned Lake Bed . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 - 14--A River on Lucia Glacier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 - 15--Entrance to a glacial Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 - 16--View of Malaspina Glacier from Blossom Island . . . . . 120 - 17--Moraines on Marvine Glacier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 - 18--View of the Hitchcock Range from near Dome Pass . . . . 144 - 19--View of Mount St. Elias from Dome Pass . . . . . . . . 146 - 20--View of Mount St. Elias from Seward Glacier . . . . . . 175 - 21--Carte Générale des Découvertes de l'Amiral de Fonte - (1752) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 - -RUSSELL: Figure 1--Diagram illustrating the Formation of Icebergs 101 - 2--View of a glacial Lakelet . . . . . . . . . . 120 - 3--Section of a glacial Lakelet . . . . . . . . . 120 - 4--Diagram illustrating the Formation of marginal - Crevasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 - 5--Crevasses near Pinnacle Pass . . . . . . . . . 130 - 6--Snow Crests on Ridges and Peaks . . . . . . . 143 - 7--Faulted Pebble from Pinnacle Pass . . . . . . 171 - 8--Faulted Pebble from Pinnacle Pass . . . . . . 171 - -{v} - - -PUBLICATIONS OF THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY. - - -REGULAR PUBLICATIONS. - -In addition to announcements of meetings and various circulars sent to -members from time to time, the Society issues a single serial -publication entitled THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE. During the -first two years of the existence of the Society this serial was issued -in quarterly numbers. With the beginning of the third year of the -Society and the third volume of the _Magazine_ the form of publication -was changed, and the serial now appears at irregular intervals in -parts or brochures (designated by pages and designed either for -separate preservation or for gathering into volumes) which consist -either of single memoirs or of magazine brochures made up of articles, -notes, abstracts, and other geographic matter, together with the -Proceedings and other administrative records of the Society. - -The _Magazine_ is mailed free to members of the Society and to -exchanges. The first two volumes, as well as the separate brochures of -the third and the complete volume, are sold at the prices given below -by the Secretary, Mr. F. H. Newell, U. S. Geological Survey, -Washington, D. C. - - To To the - Members. Public. - Volume I, 1889: 4 numbers, 334 pages, 16 plates - and 26 figures . . . . . . . . . $1 40 $2 00 - Volume II, 1890: 5 numbers, 344 pages, 10 plates - and 11 figures . . . . . . . . . 1 40 2 00 - Volume III, 1891: Comprising: - South America; Annual Address by the President, - Gardiner G. Hubbard: pp. 1-30, pl. 1, - March 28, 1891 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $0 15 $0 25 - Geography of the Land; Annual Report by - Vice-President Herbert G. Ogden: pp. 31-40, - April 30, 1891 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 25 - Geography of the Air; Annual Report by - Vice-President A. W. Greely: pp. 41-52, - May 1, 1891 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 25 - An Expedition to Mount St. Elias, by - I. C. Russell: pp. 53-204 (with 8 figures), - pls. 2-20, May 29, 1891 85 1 50 - Magazine brochure, pp. 205-261, i-xxxv, pl. 21, - February 19, 1892 40 75 - ----- ----- - 1 60 3 00 - - -{vi} IRREGULAR PUBLICATIONS. - -In the interests of exact bibliography, the Society takes cognizance -of all publications issued either wholly or partly under its auspices. -Each author of a memoir published in THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE -receives 25 copies, and is authorized to order any number of -additional copies at a slight advance on the cost of press-work and -paper; and these separate brochures are identical with those of the -regular edition issued by the Society. Contributors to the magazine -brochures are authorized to order any number of copies of their -contributions at a slight advance on cost of press-work and paper, -provided these separates bear the original pagination and a printed -reference to the serial and volume from which they are extracted; but -such separates are bibliographically distinct from the brochures -issued by the Society. The _Magazine_ is not copyrighted, and articles -may be reprinted freely; and a record of reprints, so far as known, is -kept. - -The following separates and reprints from volume III have been issued: - - _Editions uniform with the Brochures of the Magazine_. - - Pages 1-30, plate 1: 150 copies, March 28, 1891. - " 31-40, 25 " May 2, 1891. - " 41-52, 25 " " 2, 1891. - " 53-204, plates 2-20: 250 " " 29, 1891. - - _Special Editions_. - - Pages 205-230, plate 21: 50 copies, February 18, 1892. - " 231-237, 100 " " 16, 1892. - " v, 1,000 " " 19, 1892. - " xv-xxxv, 50 " " 13, 1892. - - _Reprints_. - - Pages 196-198, 100 copies, January 3, 1892. - - -{vii} - - -PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY. - -(_Abstract of Minutes_.) - - -_March 6, 1891. 49th meeting_. - -Meeting held in the Assembly Hall of the Cosmos Club. Vice-President -Hayden in the chair. Attendance, 50. - -Captain E. C. Hore, master mariner, delivered an address on "A -narrative of ten years' work and travel in the African lake region." -_Abstract entitled "The Heart of Africa" printed in this volume, pp. -238-243_. - - -_March 13, 1891. Special meeting_. - -Meeting held in the Lecture Room of the National Museum. -Vice-President Ogden in the chair. Attendance, 850. - -Captain E. C. Hore repeated his former lecture with additions. -_Abstract printed in this volume, pp. 243-247_. - - -_March 20, 1891. 50th meeting_. - -Meeting held in the Assembly Hall of the Cosmos Club. Mr. G. K. -Gilbert in the chair. Attendance, 35. - -Vice-President Greely read a paper on "The cartography and -observations of Bering's first voyage." The paper was discussed by -Messrs Dall, Blodgett, Littlehales, and Vice-President Hayden. -_Printed in this volume, pp. 205-230, pl. 21_. - -Mr. J. Stanley-Brown presented a paper on "Auriferous sands from -Yakutat bay." _Printed in this volume, pp. 196-198_. - -Mr. I. C. Russell read a paper on "The geology of the Mount St. Elias -region, Alaska." The paper was discussed by Messrs Gilbert (who had -resigned the chair to Vice-President Hayden), Dall, Johnson, and -Russell. _Incorporated in the memoir forming pp. 53-204, pls. 2-20, of -this volume_. - - -{viii} _March 31, 1891. Special meeting_. - -Meeting held in the Law Lecture Room of Columbian University. -Vice-President Ogden in the chair. Attendance, 300. - -Mr. Sergius Stepniak delivered an address on "The Russian peasantry." - - -_April 3, 1891. 51st meeting_. - -Meeting held in the Assembly Hall of the Cosmos Club, Vice-President -Hayden in the chair. Attendance, 35. - -A paper on "The Mackenzie river and Colinson," by Vice-President -Greely, was read by title in the absence of the author. - -Ensign J. A. Hoogewerff, U. S. N., presented an account of the -"Magnetic work of the United States Naval Observatory." The paper was -discussed by Messrs Baker, Abbe, Ogden, Hayden, and Hoogewerff. - -Mr. F. H. Bigelow presented a paper on "Auroral streamers." - -Mr. Cleveland Abbe made some remarks on "Theories of magnetic -phenomena." - - -_April 11, 1891. Special meeting_. - -Meeting held in the Lecture Hall of the National Museum. President -Hubbard in the chair. Attendance, 750. - -Major J. W. Powell delivered an address on "The Grand cañon of -Colorado river." - - -_April 17, 1891. 52d meeting_. - -Meeting held in Lincoln Hall. President Hubbard in the chair. -Attendance, 1,000. - -Mr. Geo. W. Melville, Engineer-in-Chief, U. S. N., briefly explained -the purposes of arctic exploration. - -Civil Engineer R. E. Peary, U. S. N., addressed the Society on the -subject of his proposed northern Greenland expedition of 1891-92. The -lecturer exhibited and explained a number of lantern-slide views -illustrating arctic scenery and modes of traveling. - -On the conclusion of the address a United States flag, provided for -the purpose by Miss Ulrica Dahlgren, was presented by the President on -behalf of the Society to Lieut. Peary, who responded feelingly. - - -{ix} _April 24, 1891. Special meeting_. - -Meeting held in the Lecture Room of the National Museum. Attendance, -400. - -Mr. H. M. Wilson, of the United States Geological Survey, delivered an -address on the subject "India: Its geography and people." At the close -of the lecture Mr. Wilson exhibited and explained a number of -lantern-slides made from views taken by him while traveling in India. - - -_May 1, 1891. 53d meeting_. - -Meeting held in the Lecture Hall of the National Museum. -Vice-President Hayden in the chair. Attendance, 600. - -Mr. Courtenay De Kalb delivered an address on "The great Amazon: -Personal investigations on the Great River and in its upper valley." -At the close of the lecture Mr. De Kalb exhibited a number of -lantern-slide views, which he described. - - -_May 15, 1891. 54th meeting_. - -Meeting held in the Assembly Hall of the Cosmos Club. Vice-President -Hayden in the chair. Attendance, 25. - -At the request of the Board of Managers, Mr. Marcus Baker made a -statement relative to plans by the Board for further Alaskan -exploration in the vicinity of Mount St. Elias under the conduct of -Mr. I. C. Russell, to be prosecuted the coming season. - -Mr. Gilbert, complying with the request of the Chairman, addressed the -Society upon some of the questions involved in Alaskan geology. - -Dr. Sheldon Jackson, at the invitation of the Society, spoke on the -general aspects of the Alaskan coast and the inhabitants of the -country. - -Remarks were made, following Dr. Jackson's address, by the Chairman, -Mr. J. H. Blodgett, and others. - -In connection with the announcement of the proposed Field Day, June 3 -and 4 next, to the grottoes near Shendun, in the Shenandoah valley, -Virginia, Major Jed. Hotchkiss gave an interesting account of the -topography of the valley. - -An exhibition of lantern-slide views of Alaskan coast scenery -followed, the pictures being explained by Mr. I. C. Russell. - - -{x} _May 29, 1891. 55th meeting_. - -Meeting held in the Lecture Room of the National Museum. Attendance, -800. - -Reverend Dr. H. C. Hovey delivered an address on "Subterranean scenery -as found in the grottoes of the Shenandoah and other caverns of -Virginia," with illustrations from lantern-slide views exhibited for -the first time. Following the address, Major Hotchkiss illustrated -with free-hand sketches on the blackboard the topography of the valley -of Virginia, interspersing his remarks with war reminiscences. - - -_June 3 and 4. Field meeting_. - -About 80 members left Washington on special train June 3, arriving at -3 p.m. at Shendun, Virginia, where they were entertained by the -Grottoes company. Weir cave was visited that afternoon, and in the -evening a meeting was held in the hotel parlor, at which remarks were -made by Mr. G. K. Gilbert, Reverend Dr. H. C. Hovey, Major H. E. -Alvord, Captain Morton, General J. J. Reynolds, and Hon. J. Randolph -Tucker. The next morning Major Hotchkiss entertained the company with -a description of the resources of the Valley of Virginia, his remarks -being illustrated by free-hand sketches. The Cave of the Fountain was -then visited, and, after presenting a testimonial to Major Hotchkiss -for the hospitality of the Grottoes company, the party left for -Washington. - - -_October 15, 1891. Special meeting_. - -Meeting held in the Assembly Hall of the Cosmos Club. President -Hubbard in the chair. Attendance, 50. - -Professor T. McKenney Hughes, professor of geology at Cambridge -University, England, gave a sketch of geological problems and the -larger questions of geology in England. - -Messrs Powell, McGee, and Gilbert made remarks on the geologic -subjects touched upon by Professor Hughes. - - -_November 13, 1891. 56th meeting_. - -Meeting held in the Lecture Hall of Columbian University. President -Hubbard in the chair. Attendance, 400. - -The exercises consisted of an exhibition of Arctic photographs {xi} -by General A. W. Greely, U. S. A., comprising lantern-slide views from -photographs taken during the expedition to Lady Franklin bay in 1881, -and never before exhibited in the city. - - -_November 27, 1891. 57th meeting_. - -Meeting held in the Assembly Hall of the Cosmos Club. Vice-President -Hayden in the chair. Attendance, 65. - -Mr. Herbert G. Ogden made an oral communication on "The geographic -position of Mount St. Elias," illustrated by a chart exhibiting the -position of St. Elias, Icy bay, Yakutat bay, and the adjacent coast as -determined (1) from various surveys compiled by the United States -Coast and Geodetic Survey, (2) by Mark B. Kerr during the first -expedition of the Society, and (3) by I. C. Russell during the second -expedition. - -The communication was discussed by Messrs Mendenhall, Douglas, and -Vice-President Hayden. - -Mr. E. E. Howell then exhibited and briefly described a relief model -of the United States, constructed on the natural curvature, the -vertical scale being three times that of the horizontal. - -Remarks were made by Messrs Ogden, McGee, Johnson, Mendenhall, Howell, -Hayden, and others. - - -_December 4, 1891. Special meeting_. - -Meeting held in the Lecture Hall of Columbian University. - -Mr. William Eleroy Curtis delivered an address on "Portraits of -Columbus." The lecturer exhibited copies of all Columbus' portraits -extant, these having been prepared for the World's Columbian -exposition. - - -_December 11, 1891. 58th meeting_. - -Meeting held in the Lecture Hall of Columbian University. -Vice-President Greely in the chair. Attendance, 400. - -Mr. I. C. Russell gave an account of the Mount St. Elias exploration -of last summer, illustrated by a map and lantern slides. - - -_December 18, 1891. Special meeting_. - -Meeting held in the Lecture Hall of Columbian University. -Vice-President Hayden in the chair. Attendance, 100. - -Mr. F. H. Newell delivered an address on "Petroleum and natural gas." -The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides made from photographs -taken in the oil regions of the United States. - - -{xii} _December 23, 1891. 59th_ (_4th annual_) _meeting_. - -Meeting held in the Assembly Hall of the Cosmos Club. Vice-President -Greely in the chair. - -The annual report of the Secretaries was presented, amended, and -adopted. - -The annual report of the Treasurer was presented and referred to an -auditing committee consisting of Messrs P. H. Christie, Middleton -Smith, and E. E. Haskell. - -The annual election of officers for the year 1892 was then held, with -the following result: - - _President_--Gardiner G. Hubbard. - - _Vice-Presidents_--H. G. Ogden (land). - Everett Hayden (sea). - A. W. Greely (air). - C. Hart Merriam (life). - Henry Gannett (art). - - _Treasurer_--C. J. Bell. - - _Recording Secretary_--F. H. Newell. - - _Corresponding Secretary_--E. R. Scidmore. - - _Managers_--Marcus Baker. - H. F. Blount. - G. K. Gilbert. - John Hyde. - W J McGee. - T. C. Mendenhall. - W. B. Powell. - Edwin Willits. - -The following resolution was adopted: - -_Resolved_, That the Board of Managers be requested to consider -whether, instead of the present policy of publishing only a few -selected articles, these might not advantageously be replaced by a -greater variety of less lengthy and expensive works, and whether a few -pages of geographic notes might not be inserted. - -Mr. Hayden gave notice of the following proposed amendment to the -By-laws: - -In article IV, instead of five vice-presidents, read six -vice-presidents, and insert at the end of list of departments of -geographic science, after geographic art, the words "commercial -geography." - - -{xiii} _December 30, 1891. Special meeting_. - -Meeting held in the Lecture Hall of the National Museum. President -Hubbard in the chair. Attendance, 200. - -Professor Benjamin Sharp of the Academy of Natural Sciences of -Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, made an address upon Peary and the western -Greenland expedition. The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides -from photographs taken on the expedition while along the shores of -Greenland and at Peary's camp. - - -_January 8, 1892. 60th meeting_. - -Meeting held in the Assembly Hall of the Cosmos Club. Vice-President -Merriam in the chair. Attendance, 150. - -Mr. W J McGee delivered an address on "The Eastern Sierra Madre of -Mexico," his lecture being illustrated by lantern slides made from -photographs taken in the vicinity of Monterey, Saltillo, Matehuala, -Miquihuana, Doctor Arroyo, and the hacienda El Carmen. Professor R. T. -Hill described the similarity of topographic features of that region -to those of the Great Basin of the United States. - - -_January 15, 1892. Special meeting_. - -Meeting held in the Lecture Hall of Columbian University. -Vice-President Hayden in the chair. Attendance, 100. - -The President, Mr. Gardiner G. Hubbard, delivered his annual address -on the subject of "The Evolution of Transportation." Major J. W. -Powell prefaced the President's address by brief introductory remarks. - - -{xiv} - - -OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY. - -1892. - - - _President_. - - GARDINER G. HUBBARD. - - - _Vice-Presidents_. - - HERBERT G. OGDEN. - EVERETT HAYDEN. - A. W. GREELY. - C. HART MERRIAM. - HENRY GANNETT. - - - _Treasurer_. - - CHARLES J. BELL. - - - _Secretaries_. - - F. H. NEWELL. E. R. SCIDMORE. - - - _Managers_. - - MARCUS BAKER. W J MCGEE. - HENRY F. BLOUNT. T. C. MENDENHALL. - G. K. GILBERT. W. B. POWELL. - JOHN HYDE. EDWIN WILLITS. - - -{xv} - - -MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY. - -1892. - - - _a_, original members. _c_, corresponding members. - _l_, life members. * Deceased. - -In cases where no city is given in the address, Washington, D. C., is -to be understood. - - -ABBE, PROF. CLEVELAND, _a_, _l_, - Weather Bureau. - -ABERT, S. T., - 722 Seventeenth Street. - -ACKERMAN, ENS. A. A., U. S. N., _c_, - Navy Department. - -ACKLEY, LIEUT. COMDR. S. M., U. S. N., - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -ADDISON, A. D., - 808 Seventeenth Street. - -AHERN, LIEUT. GEORGE P., U. S. A., _c_, - College of Montana, Deer Lodge, Mont. - -AHERN, JEREMIAH, - U. S. Geological Survey, Los Angeles, Cal. - -ALLEN, DR. J. A., - American Museum Natural History, New York, N. Y. - -ALTON, EDMUND, - Wormley's Hotel. - -ALVORD, MAJ. HENRY E., _c_, - Md. Agricultural College, College Park, Maryland. - -ANDREWS, ENS. PHILIP, U. S. N., - Navy Department. - -APLIN, S. A., JR., - Geological Survey. - -ASPINWALL, REV. J. A., - 17 Dupont Circle. - -AYRES, MISS SUSAN C., _a_, - 1813 Thirteenth Street. - -BABB, CYRUS C., - Geological Survey. - -BABER, HON. GEORGE, - 1416 K Street. - -BAKER, DR. FRANK, _a_, - Smithsonian Institution. - -BAKER, LUCIUS, _c_, - P. O. Drawer T, Fresno, Cal. - -{xvi} - -BAKER, MARCUS, _a_, - Geological Survey. - -BALDWIN, H. L., JR., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -BALL, CHAS. B., - 942 T Street. - -BANCROFT, REV. DR. CECIL F. P., _c_, - Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass. - -BARKER, COMDR. ALBERT S., U. S. N., - Navy Department. - -BARNARD, E. C., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -BARNES, CHARLES A., _c_, - P. O. Box 1198, Seattle, Wash. - -BARROLL, LIEUT. HENRY H., U. S. N., _c_, - Navy Department. - -BARTLE, R. F., - 947 Virginia Avenue SW. - -BARTLETT, COMDR. J. R., U. S. N., _a_, - Navy Department. - -BARTLETT, P. V. S., - U. S. Geological Survey, Berkeley, Cal. - -BASSETT, C. C., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -BATCHELDER, C. F., _c_, - 7 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, Mass. - -BAUER, LOUIS A., - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -BAYLEY, DR. W. S., _c_, - Colby University, Waterville, Me. - -BEAMAN, W. M., - Geological Survey. - -BELL, A. GRAHAM, _a_, - Volta Bureau, 3414 Q Street. - -BELL, PROF. A. MELVILLE, - 1525 Thirty-fifth Street. - -BELL, C. J., _a_, - 1406 G Street. - -BERGMANN, H. H., - 511 Seventh Street. - -BERNADOU, ENS. JOHN B., U. S. N., _c_, - Navy Department. - -BIEN, JULIUS, _a_, - P. O. Box 3557, New York, N. Y. - -BIEN, MORRIS, _a_, - Geological Survey. - -BIGELOW, PROF. FRANK H., - 1416 K Street. - -{xvii} - -BIRCH, CHARLES E., - Hydrographic Office. - -BIRNEY, GEN. WILLIAM, - 458 Louisiana Avenue. - -BLAIR, H. B., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -BLODGETT, JAMES H., _a_, - 1237 Massachusetts Avenue. - -BLOUNT, HENRY F., - 1405 G Street. - -BODFISH, SUMNER H., _a_, - 58 B Street NE. - -BOURSIN, HENRY, - Douglas, Alaska. - -BOWERS, DR. STEPHEN, _c_, - Ventura, Cal. - -BRECKINRIDGE, GEN. J. C., U. S. A., - War Department. - -BRIGHT, RICHARD R., - Navy Department. - -BRITTON, A. T., - 1405 G Street. - -BROWNELL, ERNEST H., _c_, - Bristol, R. I. - -BUCKLEY, MISS M. L., - Bureau of Pensions. - -BURNETT, CHARLES A., _c_, - 620 Burke Building, Seattle, Wash. - -BURTON, PROF. A. E., _a_, - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass. - -CAMPBELL, M. R., - Geological Survey. - -CANNON, H. B., - Department of Agriculture. - -CANTWELL, LIEUT. J. C., U. S. R. M., _c_, - 1818 Sacramento Street, San Francisco, Cal. - -CARMAN, MISS ADA, - 1351 Q Street. - -CARROLL, CAPT. JAMES, _c_, - Juneau, Alaska. - -CHAMBERLIN, PROF. T. C., _c_, - 772 Langdon Street, Madison, Wis. - -CHAPIN, FREDERICK E., - 3043 P Street. - -CHAPIN, DR. J. H., - Meriden, Conn. - -CHAPMAN, R. H., _a_, - U. S. Geological Survey, Berkeley, Cal. - -{xviii} - -CHATARD, DR. THOMAS M., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -CHENERY, LIEUT. COMDR. LEONARD, U. S. N., _c_, - University Club, New York, N. Y. - -CHESTER, COMDR. C. M., U. S. N., _c_, - U. S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md. - -CHRISTIE, JAMES II., _c_, - Olga, Wash. - -CHRISTIE, P. H., - Geological Survey. - -CLARK, E. B., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -CLARK, DR. WM. B., _c_, - Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. - -CLOVER, LIEUT. COMDR. RICHARDSON, U. S. N., - Hydrographic Office. - -COLE, T. L., - 12 Corcoran Building. - -COLONNA, B. A., - 138 B Street NE. - -COLTON, FRANCIS, - The Shoreham. - -COMSTOCK, MRS. SARAH C., - 1464 Rhode Island Avenue. - -COOK, FRED. W., _c_, - P. O. Box 140, Sault de Ste. Marie, Mich. - -COURT, E. E., - Hydrographic Office. - -CRAIGHEAD, REV. DR. J. G., - 1223 Eleventh Street. - -CROFFUT, W. A., - Geological Survey. - -CUMMIN, ROBT. D., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -CUMMINGS, PROF. GEO. J., - Howard University. - -CUNNINGHAM, JOHN M., _c_, - Cosmos Club, San Francisco, Cal. - -CURTIS, WILLIAM E., _a_, - 2 Lafayette Square. - -DALL, MRS. CAROLINE H., - 1526 Eighteenth Street. - -DALL, WM. H., - National Museum. - -DALY, HON. CHAS. P., - 84 Clinton Place, New York, N. Y. - -DARTON, N. H., - Geological Survey. - -{xix} - -DAVIDGE, WALTER DORSEY, JR., - 1 Corcoran Building. - -DAVIDSON, PROF. GEORGE, _a_, _c_, - U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, San Francisco, Cal. - -DAVIS, ARTHUR P., _a_, - U. S. Geological Survey, Los Angeles, Cal. - -DAVIS, PROF. W. M., _a_, - 2 Bond Street, Cambridge, Mass. - -DAWSON, MISS A. B., - Geological Survey. - -DAY, DR. DAVID T., - Geological Survey. - -DAY, E. WARREN, - War Department. - -DENNEY, MISS L. A., - 707 Thirteenth Street. - -DENNY, A. A., _c_, - 1328 Front Street, Seattle, Wash. - -DIEBITSCH, EMIL, - U. S. Naval Station, Port Royal, S. C. - -DILLER, J. S., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -DOBBINS, J. W., - U. S. Geological Survey, Berkeley, Cal. - -DOUGLAS, E. M., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -DOW, CAPT. JOHN M., - 83 W. Seventy-first Street, New York, N. Y. - -DUNCKLEE, JOHN B., - 912 French Street. - -DUNNINGTON, A. F., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -DURAND, JOHN, - 164 Bd. Montparnasse, Paris, France. - -DUTTON, MAJ. C. E., U. S. A., _a_, - San Antonio, Tex. - -DYER, LIEUT. G. L., U. S. N., - Navy Pay Office, San Francisco, Cal. - -EDMANDS, PROF. J. RAYNER, - Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. - -EDSON, JOHN JOY, - 1003 F Street. - -EDSON, JOSEPH R., _a_, - 1003 F Street. - -EIMBECK, WILLIAM, - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -ELDRIDGE, G. H., - Geological Survey. - -{xx} - -ELIOT, CHARLES, - Room 50, 50 State Street, Boston, Mass. - -ELLICOTT, ENS. JOHN M., U. S. N., - 2023 I Street. - -ELMORE, HERBERT W., - Geological Survey. - -ERBACH, JOHN, - Geological Survey. - -EVANS, H. C., - 804 Eleventh Street. - -FAIRCHILD, PROF. H. L., _c_, - University of Rochester, Rochester, N. Y. - -FAIRFIELD, GEORGE A., _a_, - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -FAIRFIELD, W. BROWNE, _a_, - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -FARMER, R. A., - Geological Survey. - -FERNOW, B. E., _a_, - Department of Agriculture. - -FEUSIER, H. E. CLERMONT, - 819 Grove Street, San Francisco, Cal. - -FISCHER, E. G., _a_, - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -FISCHER, L. A., - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -FITCH, C. H., _a_, - 3025 N Street. - -FLEMER, J. A., - 412 A Street SE. - -FLETCHER, L. C., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -FLETCHER, DR. ROBERT, _a_, - Army Medical Museum. - -FLINT, CHARLES, - 1519 O Street. - -FLINT, COL. WESTON, - 1101 K Street. - -FLOYD, FRED. W., - 539 W. Twentieth Street, New York, N. Y. - -FOGG, LINDLEY, - Sixth Auditor's Office. - -FOSTER, PROF. RICHARD, - Howard University. - -FRASER, DANIEL, - 458 Pennsylvania Avenue. - -FREER, DR. JAMES A., - 1523 I Street. - -{xxi} - -FULLER, MISS ADELAIDE H., - 1321 Rhode Island Avenue. - -GAGE, N. P., _a_, - Seaton School. - -GANE, H. S., _c_, - Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. - -GANNETT, HENRY, _a_, - Geological Survey. - -GANNETT, S. S., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -GARDNER, C. L., - 1710 Sixteenth Street. - -GARRISON, MISS CARL L., - Phelps School. - -GILBERT, G. K., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -GILL, WILSON L., _c_, - Room 57, 115 Broadway, New York, N. Y. - -GILMAN, DR. DANIEL C., _a_, - Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. - -GOLDIE, R. H., _c_, - P. O. Box 1110, Seattle, Wash. - -GOODALL, F. H., - Second Auditor's Office. - -GOODALL, OTIS B., - 932 P Street. - -GOODE, DR. G. BROWN, _a_, - Smithsonian Institution. - -GOODE, R. U., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -GOODFELLOW, EDWARD, _a_, - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -GOODISON, PROF. JOHN, - State Normal School, Ypsilanti, Mich. - -GORHAM, GEO. C., - 1763 Q Street. - -GRAHAM, MISS A. M., - 1234 Massachusetts Avenue. - -GRAHAM, ANDREW B., - 1230 Pennsylvania Avenue. - -GRANGER, F. D., - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -GRAVES, WALTER H., - Geological Survey. - -GREELY, GEN. A. W., U. S. A., _a_, - 1914 G Street. - -GRIFFITH, G. BERKELEY, - 1630 Rhode Island Avenue. - -{xxii} - -GRISWOLD, W. T., _a_, - U. S. Geological Survey, Boise, Idaho. - -GROEGER, G. G., _c_, - 310 Chamber of Commerce Building, Chicago, Ill. - -GULLIVER, F. P., _c_, - Norwich, Conn. - -GUNION, MRS. REBECCA E., - 927 O Street. - -GURLEY, CHARLES L., - 1401 Sixteenth Street. - -HACKETT, M., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -HAGADORN, LIEUT. CHAS. B., U. S. A., _c_, - Fort Leavenworth, Kans. - -HALE, L. P., _c_, - Canton, N. Y. - -HARRINGTON, PROF. MARK W., - Weather Bureau. - -HARRIS, DR. T. W., - Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. - -HARRISON, D. C., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -HARRISON, PROF. THOS. F., _c_, - 221 W. Forty-fifth Street, New York, N. Y. - -HARROD, MAJ. B. M., - City Engineer's Office, New Orleans, La. - -HART, PROF. ALBERT BUSHNELL, - 15 Appian Way, Cambridge, Mass. - -HART, JUAN, _c_, - El Paso, Tex. - -HASBROUCK, E. M., - 1610 Fifteenth Street. - -HASKELL, E. E., _a_, - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -HAWKINS, GEO. T., - Geological Survey. - -HAY, PROF. ROBERT, - P. O. Box 562, Junction City, Kans. - -HAYDEN, EVERETT, _a_, - Hydrographic Office. - -HAYDEN, J. J., - 929 K Street. - -HAYES, DR. C. WILLARD, - Geological Survey. - -HAYES, PROF. ELLEN, _c_, - Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass. - -HAYS, J. W., - Oxford, N. C. - -{xxiii} - -HAZARD, DANIEL L., - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -HEATON, A. G., - 1618 Seventeenth Street. - -HEILPRIN, GILES F., - 1227 Pennsylvania Avenue. - -HENRY, A. J., _a_, - 948 S Street. - -HENSHAW, H. W., _a_, - Bureau of Ethnology. - -HERRLE, G., _a_, - Hydrographic Office. - -HERRON, WM. H., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -HILL, PROF. R. T., - 910 Fifteenth Street. - -HINDS, DR. CLARA BLISS, - 1331 Fourteenth Street. - -HINMAN, RUSSELL, - 806 Broadway, New York, N. Y. - -HITCHCOCK, PROF. C. H., _c_, - Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H. - -HOBBS, DR. WM. H., _c_, - University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. - -HODGKINS, PROF. H. L., _a_, - Columbian University. - -HODGKINS, W. C., - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -HOLDEN, PROF. E. S., _c_, - Lick Observatory, Mount Hamilton, Cal. - -HOLDEN, MRS. L. E., - P. O. Box 1027, Salt Lake, Utah. - -HOLDEN, LUTHER L., - 7 Warren Square, Jamaica Plain, Mass. - -HOLLERITH, HERMAN, - 501 F Street. - -HOLMES, PROF. J. A., _c_, - Chapel Hill, N. C. - -HOLT, H. P. R., - Takoma Park, D. C. - -HORE, CAPT. EDWARD C., _c_, - Royal Geographical Society, London, England. - -HORNADAY, W. T., _a_, - 44 Niagara Street, Buffalo, N. Y. - -HORNBLOWER, J. C., - 1402 M Street. - -HOSKINS, PROF. L. M., _c_, - University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. - -{xxiv} - -HOSMER, EDWARD STURGES, _l_, - 1330 L Street. - -HOTCHKISS, MAJ. JED., - Staunton, Va. - -HOVEY, REV. DR. H. C., - 60 Crescent Street, Middletown, Conn. - -HOWARD, ENS. W. L., U. S. N., _c_, - Navy Pay Office, San Francisco, Cal. - -HOWELL, D. J., _a_, - 918 F Street. - -HOWELL, EDWIN E., _a_, - 612 Seventeenth Street. - -HUBBARD, GARDINER G., _a_, - 1328 Connecticut Avenue. - -HUTCHINSON, JOHN, - 933 H Street. - -HUTCHINSON, W. J., - 1707 Massachusetts Avenue. - -HYDE, G. E., - Geological Survey. - -HYDE, JOHN, - 2820 P Street. - -IARDELLA, C. T., _a_, - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -INGRAHAM, PROF. E. S., _c_, - Seattle, Wash. - -JACKSON, REV. DR. SHELDON, - 1830 Ninth Street. - -JENNEY, DR. W. P., - Geological Survey. - -JENNINGS, J. H., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -JEWETT, W. P., _c_, - 180 E. Third Street, St. Paul, Minn. - -JOHNSON, MISS ALICE BURGES, - 501 Maple Avenue. - -JOHNSON, A. B., _a_, - Light House Board. - -JOHNSON, E. KURTZ, - 1600 Massachusetts Avenue. - -JOHNSON, DR. H. L. E., - 1400 L Street. - -JOHNSON, J. B., - Howard University. - -JOHNSON, REV. J. G., - 381 Dearborn Avenue, Chicago, Ill. - -JOHNSON, JEROME F., - 1326 F Street. - -{xxv} - -JOHNSON, MRS. MARY DAVIS, _c_, - Sitka, Alaska. - -JOHNSON, STUART P., - U. S. Geological Survey, Berkeley, Cal. - -JOHNSON, WILLARD D., _a_, - U. S. Geological Survey, Berkeley, Cal. - -JUDD, JOHN G., - 420 Eleventh Street. - -JUDSON, EGBERT, _c_, - 402 Front Street, San Francisco, Cal. - -JUNKEN, CHARLES, - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -JUNKEN, CHAS. A., - Ordnance Office, War Department. - -JÜSSEN, EDMUND, - In care W. Tudor, Temple, Ga. - -KARL, ANTON, _a_, - 1230 Eleventh Street. - -KAUFFMANN, S. H., _a_, - 1421 Massachusetts Avenue. - -KAVANAUGH, MISS K., - Sixth Auditor's Office. - -KENASTON, PROF. C. A., _a_, - Room 4, 26 Court Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. - -KENDALL, MISS ELIZABETH, _c_, - Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass. - -KENNAN, GEORGE, _a_, - In care J. B. Pond, Everett House, New York, N. Y. - -KENNEDY, DR. GEO. G., _l_, - 284 Warren Street, Roxbury, Mass. - -KENNON, LIEUT. L. W. V., U. S. A., - War Department. - -KERR, H. S., _c_, - Salt Lake, Utah. - -KERR, MARK B., _a_, - 402 Front Street, San Francisco, Cal. - -KIMBALL, E. F., - Post Office Department. - -KIMBALL, DR. E. S., - 737 Thirteenth Street. - -KIMBALL, S. I., _a_, - Life Saving Service. - -KING, PROF. F. H., - 1500 University Avenue, Madison, Wis. - -KING, PROF. HARRY, _a_, - Geological Survey. - -KING, WM. B., - 1328 Twelfth Street. - -{xxvi} - -KLAKRING, ALFRED, - Hydrographic Office. - -KLOTZ, OTTO J., _c_, - Interior Department, Preston, Ontario, Canada. - -KNAPP, HON. LYMAN E., - Sitka, Alaska. - -KOCH, PETER, _a_, - Bozeman, Mont. - -KRAMER, WILLIAM, - -KÜBEL, S. J., - Geological Survey. - -LACKLAND, W. E., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -LADD, GEORGE E., - Melrose Highlands, Mass. - -LAMBERT, M. B., - Geological Survey. - -LAMBORN, DR. ROBERT H., - 32 Nassau Street, New York, N. Y. - -LAWSON, PROF. A. C., - University of California, Berkeley, Cal. - -LAWSON, MISS JEANNE W., - 1231 New Hampshire Avenue. - -LEACH, BOYNTON, - Hydrographic Office. - -LEVERETT, FRANK, _c_, - U. S. Geological Survey, Madison, Wis. - -LIBBEY, PROF. WILLIAM, JR., _c_, - 20 Bayard Avenue, Princeton, N. J. - -LINCOLN, JOHN J., - Geological Survey. - -LINDENKOHL, A., _a_, - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -LINDENKOHL, H., _a_, - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -LINDSLEY, WM. L., _c_, - Corner Banner and Republican Streets, Seattle, Wash. - -LITTLEHALES, G. W., - 928 Twenty-third Street. - -LOOKER, HENRY B., - 918 F Street. - -LOOKER, THOS. H., U. S. N., - 1312 Thirtieth Street. - -LOOMIS, HENRY B., _c_, - Seattle, Wash. - -LOVELL, W. H., - Geological Survey. - -{xxvii} - -LYONS, JOSEPH, - 1003 F Street. - -MCCARTENEY, LIEUT. CHAS. M., U. S. N., - Hydrographic Office. - -MCCRACKEN, R. H., _c_, - P. O. Box 495, San Antonio, Tex. - -MCGEE, MRS. ANITA NEWCOMB, - 2410 Fourteenth Street. - -MCGEE, W J, _a_, - Geological Surrey. - -MCGILL, MISS MARY C., - 336 C Street. - -MCGRATH, JOHN E., - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -MCKEE, REDICK H., _a_, - U. S. Geological Survey, Berkeley, Cal. - -MCKINNEY, R. C., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -MCLAUGHLIN, DR. T. N., - 1226 N Street. - -MACKAYE, J. M., _c_. - Shirley, Mass. - -MAHER, JAMES A., _a_, - P. O. Box 35, Johnson City, Tenn. - -MANNING, VAN. H., JR., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -MARINDIN, HENRY L., - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -MARKS, DR. A. J., _c_, - 419 Madison Street, Toledo, O. - -MARSHALL, R. B., - U. S. Geological Survey, Berkeley, Cal. - -MASON, PROF. O. T., - 1777 Massachusetts Avenue. - -MATTHEWS, DR. W., U. S. A., _a_, - Fort Wingate, N. M. - -MELVILLE, ENG. IN CHIEF GEO. W., U. S. N., _a_, _l_, - Navy Department. - -MENDENHALL, DR. T. C., - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -MENOCAL, CIV. ENG. A. G., U. S. N., _a_, - 44 Wall Street, New York, N. Y. - -MERRIAM, DR. C. HART, _a_, - Department of Agriculture. - -MERRILL, PROF. J. A., _c_, - State Normal School, Warrensburg, Mo. - -MESTON, R. D., - 1227 L Street. - -{xxviii} - -METZGER, F. P., - Geological Survey. - -MILEY, A. E., - Sixth Auditor's Office. - -MINDELEFF, MME. JULIE, - 1401 Stoughton Street. - -MINDELEFF, VICTOR, - Ohio National Bank Building. - -MITCHELL, PROF. HENRY, _a_, - 18 Hawthorne Street, Roxbury, Mass. - -MOSMAN, A. T., _a_, - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -MUIR, PROF. JOHN, - Martinez, Cal. - -MUIR, ENS. W. C. P., U. S. N., - In care Hon. J. L. Beckham, Shelbyville, Ky. - -MUNROE, HERSEY, - Geological Survey. - -MURLIN, A. E., - Geological Survey. - -MURRAY, B. P., - 10 Third Street NE. - -NELL, LOUIS, _a_, - Geological Survey. - -NEWELL, F. H., - Geological Survey. - -NILES, PROF. WM. H., - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass. - -NORDHOFF, CHARLES, _a_, - Coronado, Cal. - -NORMAN-NERUDA, L., _c_, - Devonshire Club, St. James Street, London, England. - -NORTHUP, C. G., - U. S. Senate. - -NOYES, CROSBY S., - 1101 Pennsylvania Avenue. - -OGDEN, HERBERT G., _a_, - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -O'HALLORAN, T. M., - Hydrographic Office. - -O'HARE, DANIEL P., - Geological Survey. - -OLDRINI, PROF. ALEXANDER, - 1437 L Street. - -OLNEY, CHAS. F., - 137 Jennings Avenue, Cleveland, O. - -OSBORN, LIEUT. A. P., U. S. N., _c_, - Navy Pay Office, San Francisco, Cal. - -{xxix} - -OSBORNE, DR. GEO. L., _c_, - State Normal School, Warrensburg, Mo. - -OTIS, HAMILTON, _c_, - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass. - -OTIS, WILLIAM H., - U. S. Geological Survey, Berkeley, Cal. - -PALMER, T. S., - Department of Agriculture. - -PARKER, E. W., - Geological Survey. - -PARSONS, FRANCIS H., _a_, - 210 First Street SE. - -PEALE, DR. A. C., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -PEARY, CIV. ENG. R. E., U. S. N., - Navy Department. - -PELLEW, HENRY E., - 1637 Massachusetts Avenue. - -PENROSE, R. A. F., JR., - 1331 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pa. - -PERKINS, E. T., JR., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -PETERS, EUGENE, - 458 Pennsylvania Avenue. - -PETERS, LIEUT. G. H., U. S. N., _a_, - Navy Department. - -PETERS, WILLIAM J., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -PETROFF, IVAN, _c_, - 2148 Pennsylvania Avenue. - -PHILLIPS, ASA E., - District Engineer Department. - -PHILLIPS, R. HENRY, - Room 110, 1419 New York Avenue. - -PICKERING, PROF. EDWARD C., - Harvard Observatory, Cambridge, Mass. - -PICKING, CAPT. HENRY F., U. S. N., - Navy Department. - -PIERCE, JOSIAH, JR., - 11 South Street, Baltimore, Md. - -POLLOK, ANTHONY, - 620 F Street. - -*POND, EDWIN J., - -POWELL, MAJ. J. W., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -POWELL, PROF. W. B., _a_, - Franklin School. - -{xxx} - -PRENTISS, DR. D. WEBSTER, _a_, - 1101 Fourteenth Street. - -PRINCE, HON. L. BRADFORD, _c_, - Santa Fe, N. M. - -PROWELL, GEO. R., _c_, - Hanover, Pa. - -PUMPELLY, PROF. RAPHAEL, - U. S. Geological Survey, Newport, R. I. - -RAMSEY, F. M., _c_, - Lampasas, Tex. - -RANKIN, REV. DR. J. E., - Howard University. - -REID, PROF. HARRY FIELDING, _c_, - Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, O. - -RENSHAWE, JNO. H., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -RICE, PROF. WM. NORTH, _c_, - Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn. - -RICHARDSON, DR. C. W., - 1102 L Street. - -RICHARDSON, T. J., _c_, - 734 E. Fifteenth Street, Minneapolis, Minn. - -RICHMOND, CHAS. W., - In care U. S. Consul, Greytown, Nicaragua. - -RICHTER, MISS C. M., - 330 A Street SE. - -RICKSECKER, EUGENE, _a_, _c_, - P. O. Box 289, Seattle, Wash. - -RITTER, H. P., _a_, - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -RIZER, COL. H. C., - Geological Survey. - -ROBBINS, A. G., _c_, - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass. - -ROBERTS, A. C., _a_, - Hydrographic Office. - -ROCHESTER, GEN. WM. B., U. S. A., - 1320 Eighteenth Street. - -ROCK, MILES, - 1430 Chapin Street. - -ROGERS, JNO. B., _c_, - Columbia Athletic Club. - -ROTCH, A. LAWRENCE, - 3 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Mass. - -RUSSEL, LIEUT. EDGAR, U. S. A., _c_, - Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Tex. - -RUSSELL, ISRAEL C., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -{xxxi} - -SANDERS, HENRY P., - 1504 Twenty-first Street. - -SARGENT, PROF. C. S., _a_, - Brookline, Mass. - -SCHAAP, C. H., _c_, - P. O. Box 32, Sitka, Alaska. - -SCHLEY, CAPT. W. S., U. S. N., _a_, - Navy Department. - -SCHMIDT, FRED. A., - 504 Ninth Street. - -SCHMITT, EWALD, - 2235 Thirteenth Street. - -SCHWATKA, FREDERICK, _c_, - 1108 First Avenue, Rock Island, Ill. - -SCIDMORE, MISS ELIZA RUHAMAH, - 1502 Twenty-first Street. - -SCOTT, W. O. N., - 603 Fifteenth Street. - -SCUDDER, PROF. S. H., _a_, - Cambridge, Mass. - -SHALER, PROF. N. S., _a_, - 25 Quincy Street, Cambridge, Mass. - -SHEPARD, PROF. EDWARD M., - Drury College, Springfield, Mo. - -SHEPARD, J. L. N., _c_, - 402 Front Street, San Francisco, Cal. - -SHEPARD, CAPT. L. G., U. S. R. M., - Treasury Department. - -SINCLAIR, C. H., - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -SINCLAIR, J. C., - 718 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa. - -SLOAN, ROBERT S., _c_, - Oswego. N. Y. - -SMITH, EDWIN, _a_, - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -SMITH, REV. ERNEST C., _c_, - Framingham, Mass. - -SMITH, PROF. EUGENE A., _c_, - University, Ala. - -SMITH, MIDDLETON, _a_, - P. O. Box 572. - -SMOCK, DR. J. C., _c_, - State Geological Survey, Trenton, N. J. - -SNELL, MERWIN-MARIE, - Catholic University of America. - -SOMMER, E. J., _a_, - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -{xxxii} - -SPENCER, JAS. W., - Geological Survey. - -STANLEY-BROWN, JOSEPH, - Geological Survey. - -STANWOOD, JAMES HUGH, _c_, - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass. - -STEDMAN, J. M., _c_, - Trinity University, Durham, N. C. - -STEIN, ROBERT, - Geological Survey. - -STOCKTON, LT. COMDR. CHARLES H., U. S. N., _a_, _c_, - Naval War College, Newport, R. I. - -STONE, JAMES S., _c_, - 131 Vernon Street, Newton, Mass. - -SUTTON, FRANK, - Geological Survey. - -SWAN, HON. JAMES G., _c_, - Port Townsend, Wash. - -TALBOT, MRS. LAURA OSBORNE, - 927 P Street. - -TARR, R. S., _c_, - Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. - -TAYLOR, DANIEL F., - 918 F Street. - -TAYLOR, JAS. L., - 1515 Twentieth Street. - -THOMAS, MISS MARY VON E., _a_, - 235 New Jersey Avenue SE. - -THOMPSON, PROF. A. H., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -THOMPSON, GILBERT, _a_, - Geological Survey. - -THOMPSON, LAURENCE, _a_, - 1628 S Street. - -THOMPSON, CAPT. R. E., U. S. A., _a_, - War Department. - -THOMPSON, J. W., - 1419 I Street. - -TISDELL, WILLARD P., - 1323 Thirteenth Street. - -TITTMANN, O. H., _a_, - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -TOWNSEND, MRS. JULIA C., - 1316 R Street. - -TOWSON, R. M., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -TURNER, J. HENRY, - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -{xxxiii} - -TWEEDY, FRANK, _a_, - Geological Survey. - -URQUHART, CHAS. F., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -VAN HISE, PROF. C. R., _l_, - U. S. Geological Survey, Madison, Wis. - -VASEY, DR. GEORGE, _a_, - Department of Agriculture. - -VERGES, L. F., _c_, - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass. - -VINAL, W. IRVING, _a_, - 1106 A Street NE. - -VIVIAN, THOMAS J., - 212 New Jersey Avenue. - -WADDEY, JOHN A., - Hydrographic Office. - -WADHAMS, LIEUT. A. V., U. S. N., _c_, - Andover, Mass. - -WALCOTT, CHAS. D., _a_, - National Museum. - -WALKER, ELTON D., _c_, - Fort Sheridan, Ill. - -WALLACE, HAMILTON S., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -WANAMAKER, HON. JOHN, - 1731 I Street. - -WARD, PROF. HENRY A., _c_, - 10 College Avenue, Rochester, N. Y. - -WARD, LESTER F., _a_, - 1464 Rhode Island Avenue. - -WARD, ROBERT DEC., - Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. - -WARDER, B. H., - 1515 K Street. - -WARTEGG, ERNST VON HESSE, _c_, - Bern, Switzerland. - -WEED, WALTER HARVEY, _a_, - Geological Survey. - -WEIR, JOHN B., _a_, - The Fredonia. - -WELD GEO. F., - Metropolitan Club. - -WELLING, DR. JAMES C., _a_, - 1302 Connecticut Avenue. - -WELLS, E. HAZARD, - The "Post," Cincinnati, O. - -{xxxiv} - -WEST, PRESTON C. F., _c_, - Calumet, Mich. - -WHITE, DR. C. H., U. S. N., - In care A. B. Gilman, Haverhill, Mass. - -WHITE, DAVID, - Geological Survey. - -WHITING, HENRY L., - U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, West Tisbury, Mass. - -WILDER, GEN. J. T., _a_, _l_, - Johnson City, Tenn. - -WILDER, MISS MARY, - Johnson City, Tenn. - -WILLENBÜCHER, EUGENE, - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -WILLENBÜCHER, W. C., - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -WILLIAMS, CHARLES AUGUSTUS, - 1301 Eighteenth Street. - -WILLIAMS, DR. GEO. H., - 803 Cathedral Street, Baltimore, Md. - -WILLIAMS, PROF. H. S., _c_, - Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. - -WILLIAMS, WILLIAM, _c_, - University Club, New York, N. Y. - -WILLIS, BAILEY, _a_, - Geological Survey. - -WILLIS, MRS. BAILEY, - 1006 Twenty-second Street. - -WILLITS, HON. EDWIN, - Department of Agriculture. - -WILSON, H. M., _a_, - Geological Survey. - -WILSON, THOMAS, - 1218 Connecticut Avenue. - -WINCHELL, PROF. N. H., _c_, - 120 State Street, Minneapolis, Minn. - -WINES, M. W., - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -WINSLOW, PROF. ARTHUR, - State Geological Survey, Jefferson City, Mo. - -WINSTON, ISAAC, - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -WINTER, DR. JOHN T., - 1528 Ninth Street. - -*WOODWARD, A. E., - -{xxxv} - -WOODWARD, R. S., _a_, - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -WRIGHT, ENS. BENJAMIN, U. S. N., - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - -YEATES, CHAS. M., _a_, _c_, - 404½ Liberty Street, Winston, N. C. - -YOUNG, F. A., - Coast and Geodetic Survey. - - * * * * * - -_Summary_. - - Active members 373 - Corresponding members 95 - Life members 6 - --- - Total 474 - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The National Geographic Magazine, Vol. -III., PP. 205-261, I-XXXV, PL. 21, February 19, 1892, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, FEB 19, 1892 *** - -***** This file should be named 63825-8.txt or 63825-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/8/2/63825/ - -Produced by Ron Swanson -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - diff --git a/old/63825-8.zip b/old/63825-8.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a67f6ab..0000000 --- a/old/63825-8.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/63825-h.zip b/old/63825-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a881091..0000000 --- a/old/63825-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/63825-h/63825-h.htm b/old/63825-h/63825-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 7bdcc40..0000000 --- a/old/63825-h/63825-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6619 +0,0 @@ - -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> - -<html> -<head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> - <title>The Project Gutenberg e-Book of The National Geographic Magazine, Vol. III, PP. 205-261, I-XXXV, PL. 21, February 19, 1892, by Various</title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/img-cover.jpg"> - <style type="text/css"> - <!-- - body {margin:12%; text-align:justify} - h1 {text-align:center} - h2 {text-align:center} - h3 {text-align:center} - h4 {text-align:center} - h5 {text-align:center} - .pagenum {position:absolute; left:92%; text-align:right;} --> - </style> -</head> - -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The National Geographic Magazine, Vol. -III., PP. 205-261, I-XXXV, PL. 21, February 19, 1892, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The National Geographic Magazine, Vol. III., PP. 205-261, I-XXXV, PL. 21, February 19, 1892 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: November 21, 2020 [EBook #63825] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, FEB 19, 1892 *** - - - - -Produced by Ron Swanson - - - - - -</pre> - -<center><img src="images/img-cover.jpg" alt="cover"></center> -<br> -<br> -<br> -<br> -<h3>CONTENTS.</h3> -<hr align="center" width="25%"> -<br> -<p><a href="#page205">The Cartography and Observations of Bering's First Voyage</a>; by - A. W. G<small>REELY</small></p> - -<p><a href="#page231">Height and Position of Mount St. Elias</a>; by I<small>SRAEL</small> C. R<small>USSELL</small></p> - -<p><a href="#page238">The Heart of Africa</a>; by E. C. H<small>ORE</small></p> - -<p><a href="#page248">Report of Committee on Exploration in Alaska</a></p> - -<p>Notes—<a href="#page250">La Carte de France, dite de l'Etat Major</a>, par M. J. C<small>OLLET</small></p> - -<blockquote><a href="#page252">Polar Regions</a></blockquote> - -<blockquote><a href="#page253">The Crossing of Tibet</a></blockquote> - -<blockquote><a href="#page255">Statistics of Railways in United States</a></blockquote> - -<p><a href="#page257">Index to volume III</a></p> - -<blockquote><a href="#pagei">Title-page and Imprimatur of Board of Managers</a></blockquote> - -<blockquote><a href="#pageiii">Contents and Illustrations</a></blockquote> - -<blockquote><a href="#pagev">Publications of the National Geographic Society</a></blockquote> - -<blockquote><a href="#pagevii">Proceedings of the National Geographic Society</a></blockquote> - -<blockquote><a href="#pagexiv">Officers of the Society for 1892</a></blockquote> - -<blockquote><a href="#pagexv">Members of the Society</a></blockquote> -<br> -<br> -<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page205"><small><small>[p. 205]</small></small></a></span> -<center><small>V<small>OL</small>. III, PP. 205–230, PL. 21 - - - -J<small>ANUARY</small> 28, 1892</small></center> -<h4>THE</h4> -<h2>NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE.</h2> -<hr> -<br> -<br> -<br> -<br> -<h3>THE CARTOGRAPHY AND OBSERVATIONS</h3> -<h4>OF</h4> -<h3>BERING'S FIRST VOYAGE.</h3> -<h5>BY</h5> -<h4>GENERAL A. W. GREELY.</h4> - -<center><small>(<i>Presented before the Society March 20, 1891.</i>)</small></center> -<br> -<hr align="center" width="25%"> -<br> -<p>It was with no ordinary pleasure that the members of the National -Geographic Society listened to the critical review and admirable essay -on Bering's first expedition, 1725–1730, read before this Society, -together with a translation of Bering's report on the expedition in -question, by one of our learned and distinguished members, Professor -William H. Dall. The subject then under consideration is one of great -interest, and this Society owes a debt of gratitude to Professor Dall -for his assiduous labor in collating and translating the available -data on this voyage, and must indorse the general conclusions reached -in a critical essay which is the result of careful, conscientious -research conjoined to much erudition. It is especially fortunate, in -view of the vagueness of Bering's report, that it should have been -translated and reviewed by a traveler and investigator so thoroughly -familiar with the topography of Bering strait and the adjacent region.</p> - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page206"><small><small>[p. 206]</small></small></a></span> -<p>It may appear somewhat presumptuous for the present writer to -further dwell on some points of subordinate importance, even with the -view of supplementing the investigations of Professor Dall; but he is -encouraged to the effort by the admirable spirit in which that -gentleman works, which is so clearly indicated in his own words: "I am -well aware this paper cannot be regarded as a finality, but as a -contribution to the geographical history of North America it will not -be without its value." This spirit encourages every one to contribute -his mite to elucidate the history of this interesting and ill-known period.</p> - -<p>The supplementary remarks now presented mainly relate to two points: -first, the cartographic reproduction of Bering's discoveries; second, -the alleged observations of lunar eclipses in Kamshatka by Bering and -his lieutenants in 1728–'29.</p> - -<p>In attempting to add to Professor Dall's essay or to elucidate some -points, it is but natural to felicitate one's self that chance has put -in one's way rare data in the shape of text and map. Nevertheless, -much difficulty has been experienced in efforts to consult -publications and charts bearing on this subject, as supplementary to -the data in the writer's own library. Fortunately, among his personal -books and maps are the following, which have escaped the critical, if -not casual, observation of Professor Dall:</p> - -<p>1. The original Hague<small><small><sup>1</sup></small></small> edition of Père du Halde, which Dall was -unable to consult; it is entitled "Description Géographique, -Historique, Chronologique, Politique, et Physique de l'Empire et de la -Tartarie Chinoise," etc. 4 vols., 4°: à la Haye, 1736.</p> - -<blockquote><small><small><sup>1</sup></small> The first edition, in French, was published at Paris, 4 -vols., folio, 1735.</small></blockquote> - -<p>2. De l'Isle's scattered essays, entitled "Mémoires pour servir à -l'histoire et au progres de l'Astronomie, de la Géographie, et de la -Physique, etc., etc.: à St. Petersbourg, de l'imprimeris de l'Académie -des Sciences. MDCCXXXVIII [1738]."</p> - -<p>3. "Atlas Russien: contenant une Carte Générale et dix-neuf Cartes -particulieres de tout l'Empire de Russie et des Pays limitrophes -construites conformément aux règles de la Geographie et aux dernières -Observations. Par l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. -Petersbourg. St. Petersbourg, 1745."</p> - -<p>This was the first atlas published in Russia in the map department -established by order of Peter the Great in the Academy of Sciences of -St. Petersburg. It includes a general map of the Russian Empire and -nineteen maps of provinces.</p> - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page207"><small><small>[p. 207]</small></small></a></span> -<p>4. "Carte de la Sibérie et des Pays voisins. Pour servir a -Histoire générale des Voyages par le S. Bellin, Ing. de la Marine," -two parts, undated, but to which E. Dufosse, of Paris, assigns the -date of 1749. The atlas for this work was originally published by Abbe -Prevost at Paris, 1747, et seq., the charts being engraved by Bellin.</p> - -<p>This chart appears on casual inspection to be more accurate than -either that of d'Anville or of de l'Isle, or of the Russian atlas.</p> - -<p>5. The very interesting and valuable map of J. N. de l'Isle, Paris, -1752 (without, however, the accompanying memoir).</p> - -<p>I do not think the original map has ever fallen under the notice of -Professor Dall, although a garbled reproduction of it is mentioned in -his review as follows:</p> - -<blockquote><small>"A chart which deserves notice, though almost wholly fictitious, being -chiefly devoted to the spurious discoveries of the alleged Admiral de -Fonte, was issued by J. N. de l'Isle with the concurrence of M. P. -Bauche or at his suggestion. It appeared at Paris in 1752, and was -copied for Jeffery's second edition of voyages from Asia to America in -1764. I do not know if this copy appeared in the first edition, but -presume it did."</small></blockquote> - -<p>As the original of de l'Isle's chart (1752) is here exhibited -to-night, it is evident that Jeffery was careless, and that the map, -which I infer Dall has never seen, is really more valuable than is set -forth in his address; otherwise so critical an observer as Dall would -not have said: "I suspect this (referring to d'Anville's map of 1753, -with Bering island thereon) is the first publication of a cartographic -kind on which Bering island is laid down, as the map of the Imperial -Academy of Sciences, embodying the geographical results of Bering's -voyage to the coast of America, was not engraved until a year later, -while de l'Isle's of 1752 does not contain them." You will see that -this is an error, for the "I(sle) de Beering" is plainly inscribed on -the map. (This map has been reproduced by photolithography and forms -the accompanying plate 21.)</p> - -<center><img src="images/21.jpg" alt="cover"></center> - -<p>Dall further describes the copy of this map in the following terms:</p> - -<blockquote><small>"Connected with America and north of the Chukchi peninsula is land -with an island off it corresponding not badly to Wrangell and Herald -islands and marked 'Discovered in 1722.' It is possible that this land -is a hypothetical compound of the land reported by the Chukchis east -of the strait with that which they knew to be visible in clear weather -from Cape Yakan, more or less confused accounts of which had long been -current among persons interested in these regions."</small></blockquote> - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page208"><small><small>[p. 208]</small></small></a></span> -<p>The legend on the original chart indicates that Dall's surmise -is correct, for the copy is not only abbreviated, but is in error as -to date. On the original it runs: "Grande Terre découverte en 1723 au -s'enfeuit les Tzutzy l'orsqu'ils sont poursuivis par les Russes que ne -les ont pas encore soumis."</p> - -<p>There is another important legend on a very large imaginary island -about five degrees of longitude to the east of Bering island. On the -northern side of this land the text runs thus: "Terres dont le -Capitaine Beering's à en des indices dans son premier voyages en -1728." On the southern edge is the legend: "Cotes vues par Mrs. -Tchirikow et de l'Isle en Septembre 1741." Immediately south of the -land are two route tracks, with these legends: "Route du Kamtschatka a -l'Amerique par le Capitaine Tchirikow et Mr. de l'Isle de la Croyere -en Juin et Juillet, 1741," "Retour de l'Amerique au Kamtschatka en -Aout et Septembre 1741." The latter route track touches an indentation -in the southwestern coast, as though the vessel had entered the bay, -which has five mountains in the background.</p> - -<p>The legend—"Terres vues par les Russes en 1741 ou le Capitaine -Tchirikow perdit sa Chaloupe armée de 10 hommes"—is likewise of -interest, as controverting the statement that "De l'Isle's (chart) of -1752 does not contain ... the geographical results of Bering's voyage -to the coast of America." It embodies a large part, but not all, of -the discoveries.</p> - -<p>6. Buache's memoir and maps entitled: "Considerations geographiques et -physiques sur les Nouvelles Decouvertes au Nord de la Grande Mer, -appellee vulgairement la Mer du Sud; avec des Cartes qui y sont -relatives. Par Philippe Buache, Premier Geographe," etc. A Paris -M.DCC.LIII [1753], 4°, 158 pp. With my copy there is a separate -pamphlet, consisting of 13 maps, folio, with a preface and index, -quarto. The preface (4°, two leaves unpaged) is entitled: "Exposé des -Découvertes au Nord de la Grande Mer, etc., etc. Presenté au Roy le 2. -Septembre 1753, par Philippe Buache, etc." The index (4°, 4 pp.) runs: -"Liste des Cartes concernant les Nouvelles Découvertes au Nord de la -Grande Mer, &c. Par Philippe Buache, &c. Janvier, 1755."</p> - -<p>These thirteen maps are very interesting. The first and second charts -bear particularly on the subject of this paper. The first is entitled: -"Carte des Nouvelles Découvertes entre la partie Orient'le de l'Asie -et l'Occid'le de l'Amerique avec des Vues sur la Gr'de Terre reconnue -par les Russes en 1741 &c., &c. Dressée -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page209"><small><small>[p. 209]</small></small></a></span> par Philippe Buache. -Presentée a l'Acad. des Sciences le 9. Aout 1752 et approuvée dans son -Assemblée du 6. Septembre suivant."</p> - -<p>This map, somewhat fuller in details than that of de l'Isle, shows: -"Découvertes des Russes depuis 20 ans." There are route tracks of the -first expedition marked: "Route des Russes au N.E. et au N. en 1728 et -1731," and "Retour en 1731." Two route tracks of the later voyage have -the legends: "Route de Kamtchatka a l'Amerique en 1741. Retour des -Russes au Kamtchatka." Other legends are as follows: "Isle Beering;" -"Detroit du Nord" (Bering strait); "Terre déc. en 1723 par les Russes, -ou Isle dont le P. Avril a parle" (large land near Wrangell island); -"Terres reconnues par les Russes" (American coast in latitude 56 N.); -"Côtes vues par les Russes en 1741; Port ou les Russes ont aborde" -(fictitious and extensive land east of Bering island, on which are -also the following: "Puchochotskes selon Strahlenberg," and "Terre -habitée, ou Presqu' Isle, que je suppose joindre les découvertes des -Russes avec celles de l'Am'l de Fonte").</p> - -<p>The second map, "Carte des Découv'tes de l'Am'al de Fonte avec les -Terres vuës et reconnues par les Russes, par Philippe Buache," has -other pertinent and interesting legends. In Bering strait appears: -"Beering a trouvé au N. et a l'E. de ce parage que la Mer y etoit -libre," and immediately eastward on the American coast below the -parallel of the arctic circle: "Terre découv. en 1731, et ou les -Russes ont rencontré un home qui s'est dit habitant d'un gr'd -Continent." On the American coast from 55° to 57° north latitude: -"Terres déc. en Juill., 1741, et où les Russes ont laisse 10 homes qu' -ils n' ont pu rejoindre." Over "Terre habitée," a large land just east -of Bering island: "Le Capitaine Beering a trouvé dans ce parage de 50 -à 60 deg. les Indices d'une Côte et une gr. Riv. ou il a envoye -quelqu's homes qui ne sont revenus."</p> - -<p>It is evident that these maps must have been actually published as -early as September 2, 1753, the date on which was presented the -"Exposé des Découvertes, etc., au Roy," but the charts give no further -indication than the legend: "Publiée sous le privilege de l'Acad. -R'le. des Sc. du 6 Sept'bre, 1752: à Paris." The actual date of issue -may or may not have been earlier than the map of de l'Isle of -September 9, 1752.</p> - -<p>7. (Possibly most important of all) a letter of an officer of the -Russian Navy. This appeared first in Russian, presumably -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page210"><small><small>[p. 210]</small></small></a></span> printed -at St. Petersburg in 1752 or 1753; the original Russian I have not -seen. It was translated, however, into French and printed at Berlin -(not dated) in 1753, under the following title: "Lettre d'un officier -de la Marine Russienne. A un Seigneur de la Cour concernant la carte -des nouvelles découvertes au nord de la mer du Sud et le mémoire qui y -sert d'explication. Publiée par M. de l'Isle, à Paris en 1752. Traduit -de l'Original Russe, à Berlin, chez Haude et Sperer, Libraires de la -Cour et de l'Academie Royale (1753)."</p> - -<p>This edition forms part of my library, and is the only copy which I -know of in the United States. It is not to be found in the Library of -Congress, the Astor Library, the Boston Athenæum, or the Boston Public -Library. It is not even in the Royal Library at St. Petersburg, but, -as might be anticipated, is in the British Museum. I find it nowhere -catalogued in any bibliography of arctic or subarctic works. The -French edition was inserted, with some changes, it is believed, in the -eighteenth volume of the Nouvelle Bibliotheque Germanique.</p> - -<p>8. "A letter from a Russian Sea-Officer to a Person of Distinction at -the Court of St. Petersburg, containing Remarks on Mr. de l'Isle's -Chart and Memoir relative to the New Discoveries North and East from -Kamtschatka, together with some Observations on that Letter by Arthur -Dobbs, Governor of East Carolina, to which is added Mr. de l'Isle's -Explanatory Memoir on his Chart." 8vo, 85 pp., London, 1754.</p> - -<p>The "Arthur Dobbs" who published this edition, and who possibly was -the translator thereof, is well known as the energetic promoter of the -discovery of the "northwest passage," and was personally interested in -discovery voyages to Hudson bay. The explanatory memoir of de l'Isle's -chart is a translation of the memoir previously mentioned as belonging -to the map of 1752, which memoir I have not been able to consult in -the original French. It may be added that Dobbs' reproduction of the -"Letter from a Russian naval officer" is not accurate, the translation -in places being so carelessly or indifferently made that the text -cannot be relied on for critical purposes.</p> - -<p>This English translation is to be found neither in the Library of -Congress, the Boston Public Library, the Boston Athenæum, nor in the -Library of the American Geographic Society. It is, however, in the -Astor Library, and a second copy at one time belonged to the library -of Mr. J. C. Brevoort.</p> - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page211"><small><small>[p. 211]</small></small></a></span> -<p>9. "Mappe Monde. Carte Universelle de la Terre. Par J. B. Nolin, -Geographe." 1755, 20¼ x 27 inches. On this appear the legends: "I. de -Beering; Detroit de Nord; Terres découvertes par les Ruses [sic] en -1741; Terres veues en 1741."</p> - -<p>It is quite possible that this is the first map of the world on which -Bering island was charted.</p> - -<p>10. John Christopher Adelung's very interesting history of sea voyages -for the discovery of a "northeast passage," which was published in -quarto form under the following title: "Geschichte der Schiffahrten -und Versuche welche zur Entdeckung des Nordöstlichen Weges nach Japan -und China von verschiedenen Nationen unternommen worden. Zum Behufe -der Erdbeschreibung und Naturgeschichte dieser Gegenden entworfen von -Johann Christoph Adelung, Herzoglich Sachsichen Rath Halle bey Johann -Justinus Gebauer, 1768."</p> - -<p>11. Notice des Ouvrages de M. d'Anville. 8°, Paris, An. X [1802], 120 -pp. By Barbic du Bocage.</p> - -<p>In addition to these and other works from my own collection, I have -consulted at the library of the United States Naval Observatory, in -this city, "Histoire de l'Academie Royale des Sciences, Année 1750," -Paris, 1754, and the same, "Année 1754," Paris, 1757, which contain -articles on de l'Isle's manuscript maps of 1731 and 1752, the latter -being substantially identical with the published map of 1752.</p> -<br> - -<p>From Dall's review we learn that Lauridsen is responsible for the -statement that the discoveries of Bering in his first voyage were -shown on a chart made at Moscow in 1731, but no authority is given as -to the cartographer. Later I shall adduce evidence to confirm Dall's -opinion that the Moscow map was merely a copy, such as were -distributed to personages of importance or to those connected with the -expedition. It is further susceptible of, as I think, tolerably -satisfactory proof that the outlines of Kamshatka, with fairly correct -meridians of longitude, were made public in a chart by de l'Isle not -in 1731, but the year following, 1732, and it is likely that the lost -map of that year was substantially reproduced in the chart of 1752, -which I have the pleasure of now presenting for your examination.</p> - -<p>De l'Isle presented this map to the Academy of Sciences of Paris on -April 8, 1750. The circumstances connected with the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page212"><small><small>[p. 212]</small></small></a></span> presentation -have been drawn from the official records of the Royal Academy of -Sciences, and are as follows:<small><small><sup>2</sup></small></small></p> - -<blockquote><small>Cette année (1750) M. de l'Isle lut à l'assemblee publique de -l'Acadèmie, un Mémoire sur les Nouvelles Découvertes au nord de la mer -du Sud; et presenta en meme temps une Carte que M. Buache avoit -dressée sur ses Mémoires, et qui representoit ces Découvertes avec -toute la partie du Globe terrestre, à laquelle elles appartiennent. -Ces Ouvrages, alors manuscrit, furent depuis publiés en 1752, M. -Buache presenta dans cette meme année la première partie de ses -Considérations géographiques sur le meme sujet, avec les Cartes qui y -étoient relatives.<small><sup>3</sup></small></small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small>"Muni de ces premières connoissances [referring to the discoveries of -1729–1739] M. de l'Isle traça une carte qui representoit l'extremite -orientale de l'Asie, avec la partie opposée de l'Amerique -septentrionale qui y répond, afin de faire voir aisément ce qui -restoit à découvrir, et il dressa un Mémoire dans lequel il exposoit -la manière qu'il jugeoit la plus avantageuse pour faire ces -découvertes."<small><sup>4</sup></small></small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small>"Mais les vaisseaux Russes qui avoient été envoyés pour les -découvertes dont nous venous de parler (1731–1741), n'étant pas encore -revenus lorsqu'elle lui fut envoyé il extremit l'examen après son -retour en France, qui étoit assez prochain. A son arrivée, il -communiqua ses vues et cette relation a M. Buache; celui-ci, qui par -la," etc., etc.<small><sup>5</sup></small></small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small>"Cette Mémoire [de l'Isle, 1750] étoit accompagnée d'une carte qui -étoit comme l'esquisse du système géographique de M. de l'Isle sur -cette partie."<small><sup>6</sup></small></small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small><small><sup>2</sup></small> Extracts from Histoire de l'Acadèmie Royale des Sciences, -Année MDCCL (1750), 4°, Paris, 1754; and the same, Année 1753, 4°, -Paris, 1757.</small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small><small><sup>3</sup></small><i> Loc. cit.</i>, "Année MDCCL," p. 142.</small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small><small><sup>4</sup></small> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 151.</small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small><small><sup>5</sup></small> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 145.</small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small><small><sup>6</sup></small> <i>Loc. cit.</i>, "Année 1753," p. 263.</small></blockquote> - -<p>It has been pointed out by several authorities that some of M. de -l'Isle's statements in his memoir of 1752 are to be received with -caution, especially his elaborate endeavors to impress the Paris -Academy with the belief that the discoveries of Bering subsequent to -the first voyage were the result of his (de l'Isle's) own carefully -considered instructions. In this connection Adelung says:</p> - -<blockquote><small>"De l'Isle, in his Explication de la carte des nouvelles découvertes -au Nord [1752], traces out his proposed route quite differently -[referring to de l'Isle's previous statements in his report to the St. -Petersburg Academy in 1732], somewhat as if it had been outlined in -view of accomplished facts."</small></blockquote> - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page213"><small><small>[p. 213]</small></small></a></span> -<p>It behooves us, then, to inquire carefully into the authenticity -of the alleged map of de l'Isle of 1731, since if he antedated his -opinions as to the route he might also have antedated his map. -Fortunately we do not have to depend only on de l'Isle's own -statement, either in 1750 before the Academy of Sciences at Paris, or -as published in 1738 at St. Petersburg and printed at the printing -office of the Royal Academy; for we also have extraneous and -convincing evidence, even from sources critically hostile to the -French astronomer.</p> - -<p>M. de l'Isle, in his Mémoires sur les Nouvelles découvertes au Nord de -la mer du Sud, Paris, 1752, says:</p> - -<blockquote><small>"After I had, near twenty years ago, got these first informations of -the longitude of Kamschatka by means of Captain Bering's map and -journal, I made use of them in constructing the map, representing the -eastern extremity of Asia, with the opposite coast of North America, -in order to show at once what still remains for discovery between two -large parts of the world.</small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small>"This map I had the honor of presenting to the Empress Anne and the -Senate, in order to animate the Russians to undertake these -discoveries, and it took effect, this princess ordering a second -voyage to be made according to the plan which I had drawn up for it."</small></blockquote> - -<p>"Two maps," he adds, were presented to the Academy in Paris, "one -being a copy of the map which I had drawn at St. Petersburg, 1731, on -Captain Bering's first voyage, and had the honor of presenting to the -Empress Anne and the Senate, with a manuscript memoir explaining its -use and construction." The other map (from which the lithograph before -you was lately reproduced) was, according to de l'Isle, only changed -by adding the later discoveries of Bering and his lieutenants.</p> - -<p>De l'Isle further says of this chart:</p> - -<blockquote><small>"The second manuscript map which I laid before the Academy at Paris -was in all respects like the former, only with the advantages of the -new discoveries made since 1731."</small></blockquote> - -<p>Ph. Buache, the French geographer, made for de l'Isle a reduced copy -of the second chart, and it is supposed that the map before you is a -substantial reproduction of that copy.</p> - -<p>In the preface to de l'Isle's scattered essays, 1738, St. Petersburg, -page 2, we find:</p> - -<blockquote><small>"Aiant comparé la situation du Kamschatka et des pais voisins, avec -celle de la Chine, du roiaume de Corée, du Japon, et de la terre -d'Yeco, qui m'étoit connue d'ailleurs, je me suis fait un sistème, & -j'ai dressé l'an <span class="pagenum"><a name="page214"><small>[p. 214]</small></a></span> -1731, une carte de cette extremité orientale de -l'Asie. J'ai marque aussi sur cette carte les dernières terres connues -de l'Amerique, les plus voisines de cette partie septentrionale de -l'Asie, afin de faire voir ce qui restoit encore d'inconnu entre-deux. -On trouvera dans ce recueil une reduction de cette carte, avec le -Mémoire que j'ai dressé dans ce temsla, & lu a l'Academie, dans lequel -je rends raison de la construction de cette carte."</small></blockquote> - -<p>Only one volume of de l'Isle's essays appeared, so that the map and -memoir promised in the introduction were never, so far as can be -learned, published in their original form. The statements made by de -l'Isle, however, unless definitely refuted, should be given full -credit, seeing that the work was published by the Academy of Sciences -at St. Petersburg, to which the map and memoir were presented, as is -claimed, only seven years earlier. A doubt does, however, exist as to -the date of the map made by de l'Isle. On this point Adelung, in his -"History of Northeastern Voyages," Halle, 1768, page 569, evidently -quoting from Müller, says:</p> - -<blockquote><small>"On the 17th of April, 1732, the order was, therefore, sent from the -privy Cabinet to the Senate, which thereupon inquired of the Academy -of Sciences of St. Petersburg what and how much had as yet been found -out about Kamschatka, the surrounding countries and waters. The -Academy confided the making of the report to Mr. Delisle, who prepared -a chart upon which Kamschatka, Jeso, according to the description of -the crew upon the Castricom, the Staten island, Company island, and -the coast of Gama were designated. This chart was supplemented by a -memoir in which he described the discoveries already made and -suggested various routes for making new ones. He expressed himself in -regard to those routes in the following manner: 'If one have attained -the northern boundary of Asia, and at the same time the eastern -limits, as far as Captain Bering went on his first voyage, one cannot -fail to arrive in America, and might even choose the route, either -northeast or southeast, whichever he prefers, as he would have, at -most, only 600 miles to pass over. 2. Or, without venturing so far, it -would perhaps be better and more comfortable to sail from the east -coast of Kamschatka, go directly east, to look for the neighboring -country which Bering found traces of in his first voyage. 3. Finally, -he thought that if they should sail southeast from Kamschatka they -would perhaps more speedily and more certainly discover the country -seen by Juan de Gama.'"</small></blockquote> - -<p>Can the inconsistency between the dates, as given by Müller and -Adelung on the one hand, and by de l'Isle on the other, be reconciled, -or is it apparent rather than real? As Bering, according to the -Russian marine officer (Waxel?) returned to St. Petersburg on March 1, -1730, it is reasonable to suppose that de l'Isle, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page215"><small><small>[p. 215]</small></small></a></span> whose duties -were those of a cartographer, had finished within the next year and a -half his reproduction of Bering's working chart. The fact that the -order of inquiry about the results of the voyage did not leave the -privy council until April 17, 1732, does not necessarily indicate that -the map at least, if not the memoir, was not already prepared, even if -not in possession of the Academy of Sciences. It appears probable that -the map may have been drawn by de l'Isle in 1731, but it is quite -certain that it was not made public until 1732.</p> - -<p>Lauridsen speaks of a map in Moscow in 1731, and, as it is evident -from "Lettre d'un" that there was no difficulty in persons of -influence procuring copies from the Senate, it is likely that the -Moscow chart was a copy of the map of de l'Isle, and that the date of -1731 is correct; but this theory must rest on Lauridsen producing -evidence that such a map existed in Moscow in 1731.</p> - -<p>The Russian officer speaks with authority as to the map of 1732. -Commenting on de l'Isle's account of the circumstances under which he -compiled the map of 1732, he continues as follows:</p> - -<blockquote><small>"The Empress Anne having directed her Senate to give instructions to -M. Bering for the second voyage, that body believed that it could not -act with success unless it obtained from the Academy the fullest -information relative to the situation of the lands and seas to be -traversed. Therefore the Academy was so ordered by the Senate, which -enjoined on M. de l'Isle the construction of the map of which I speak, -and, for a clearer understanding, an explanatory memoir; which being -done, both map and memoir were presented to the Academy by the Senate. -Consequently, there is no reason to doubt that, far from exciting the -Russians to new discoveries, far from being the cause of Bering's -second voyage, M. de l'Isle only worked under specific orders. It is -quite another question whether or not the memoir contributed to the -success of the expedition, which I will discuss later. However that -may be, the Senate gave a copy of it, as well as of the map, to M. -Bering. I took a second copy of the memoir, which enabled me to -compare it with what M. de l'Isle has now said to us of it in his -later memoir of Paris."</small></blockquote> - -<p>These and other statements confirm those of de l'Isle as to the date -of the map, in which year d'Anville engraved it (1732, or 1731 at the -earliest), and likewise indicate that copies of both map and memoir -were obtainable without great difficulty.</p> - -<p>An interesting note as to the authenticity and origin of the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page216"><small><small>[p. 216]</small></small></a></span> -chart of d'Anville, 1737, appears in the narrative of Adelung, who -speaks with a certain air of authority. He says:</p> - -<blockquote><small>"These Beering maps were, after the captain's return, sent from Russia -to the King of Poland, who presented them to Mr. du Halde or, rather, -to Mr. d'Anville, who made the charts for his work. Du Halde is -therefore very correctly informed when he, in the Mémoires de Trevoux -(737 pages, 2,389 f.) considers these charts questionable and imagines -that they were merely made by d'Anville from Beering's journal."</small></blockquote> - -<p>But further evidence from an unquestionable source is available as to -date. The charts in du Halde's "China" were engraved between the years -1729 and 1734, and all but the general maps were completed prior to -1733. The date 1732 is assigned by d'Anville's colleague to the map of -Bering's journey. Of these maps it is further said:</p> - -<blockquote><small>"They form what is commonly known as d'Anville's Atlas of China. -Nevertheless this geographer did not participate equally in the -production of all. The detailed maps (of which the Bering map is one) -were furnished by the Jesuits and he only supervised the engraving, -but the general charts were entirely the work of d'Anville, who -reconstructed and amplified them from all possible sources. They were -reproduced at Hague under the title 'New Atlas of China,' etc., by M. -d'Anville."</small></blockquote> - -<p>These statements of d'Anville's colleague, M. Barbic du Bocage, are -thus verified by du Halde, page lxix:</p> - -<blockquote><small>"Pour les Cartes Générales, nous y avons peu touché & celle du Voyage -du Capitaine Beerings paroit sans le moindre changement."</small></blockquote> - -<p>In the Russian atlas, 1745, the explanatory text regarding map 19, -whereon appears the extreme northeastern coast of Siberia and the -greater part of Kamshatka, runs as follows:</p> - -<blockquote><small>"We have determined the location of these provinces in part by -astronomical observations which have been made there, and in part upon -certain geographical and hydrographic maps which have been transmitted -to us."</small></blockquote> - -<p>So far as Kamshatka and the Bering strait regions go, it is reasonable -to believe that this chart, since it was published by the Royal -Academy of Sciences, is substantially a reproduction of the map -transmitted to the Academy by de l'Isle in 1732, especially as this -geographer was employed for about thirteen years in amassing data for -the atlas in question.</p> - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page217"><small><small>[p. 217]</small></small></a></span> -<p>The writer has very carefully compared the chart of Kamshatka -and adjoining regions as published in d'Anville's atlas of 1736, in -the Russian atlas of 1745, and in the de l'Isle chart of 1752. From -comparisons he is led to believe that these maps have substantially -the same basis—that is, the chart prepared by de l'Isle in 1732 for -the Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. In this connection the -criticism of the Russian officer is significant. He says: "I will now -finish with a general observation about the part of Siberia that we -see on M. de l'Isle's chart (1752). It is simply a copy of the Russian -atlas (1745), without even corrections of the errors of drawing and -writing which have crept into that work." Elsewhere he adds: "We can -correct the error of M. de l'Isle, who places Bering island at 54 -degrees, only a short distance from Avatscha, whereas it is on the -56th parallel, 60 miles off Avatscha and 40 Dutch miles from the mouth -of the Kamschatka river."</p> - -<p>It is worthy of note that on Bellin's map of 1749(?) Bering island is -crossed by the 56th parallel of latitude, and that along the southern -edge of the Arctic ocean is a route track, marked "Voyage fait par Mer -en 1648 par 3 vaisseaux Russiens dont un est parvenu a la -Kamtschatka." On de l'Isle's chart of 1752 also appears the route of -1648, but Bering island is in latitude 54°. As to the position of -Bering isle, the truth, as the Wise Man tells us is oft the case, -abides between the two, as the 55th parallel intersects the land in -question. At Cape Shelagskoi, d'Anville, 1737, the Russian atlas of -1745 and the de l'Isle of 1752 agree in charting four islands -northeast of the cape instead of two islands to the west. This -indicates a common origin to the charts, and where else can it be -ascribed than to the de l'Isle map of 1732? The Russian officer, -however, gives a clue as to the date when work on the map was -commenced. He says:</p> - -<blockquote><small>"At that time I visited M. de l'Isle. I was a witness of his -geographical labors as far as they had new discoveries for their -object. I acted as interpreter to M. Bering in the conversations which -he had with him; and I can assert positively that when M. de l'Isle -began that chart the second expedition was already ordered, and -Captain Bering, knowing what was still wanting to his discoveries, -offered to continue them and his lieutenants with him, and they -received promotion in consequence."</small></blockquote> - -<p>Lauridsen says:</p> - -<blockquote><small>"On January 5, 1732, the Senate gave him leave of absence to go to St. -Petersburg.... Almost simultaneously he was promoted, in regular -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page218"><small><small>[p. 218]</small></small></a></span> -succession, to the position of captain-commander in the Russian fleet, -the next position below that of rear-admiral."</small></blockquote> - -<p>This indicates that the expedition was decided on at least as early as -January 5, 1732; possibly earlier. Fortunately we are not left to -inference, for elsewhere the Russian officer says:</p> - -<blockquote><small>"Mr. de l'Isle 'throws discredit on our discoveries by leaving on his -chart the fictitious land of Gama, which, in order to avoid -conflicting with our accounts, he places (in 1752) a little more to -the west and south than he did on his chart of 1732.'"</small></blockquote> - -<p>This definitely fixes the year in which de l'Isle presented the map to -the Senate.</p> - -<p>We learn, however, from Lauridsen that "as early as April 17 (1732) -the Empress ordered that Bering's proposition should be executed, and -charged the Senate to take the necessary steps for that purpose.... On -May 2 it [<i>i.e.</i>, the Senate] promulgated two ukases, in which it -declared the objects of the expedition and sought to indicate the -necessary means." It is very improbable that, in the case of so -dilatory a man as de l'Isle, this chart could have been elaborated and -drawn, the memoir written, a report made by the Academy to the Senate, -and action be taken in the fifteen days which elapsed between the -order for the chart and Bering's instructions. It is possible that the -chart was drawn at the end of 1731, and that de l'Isle, for obvious -reasons, gave it the earliest possible date.</p> - -<p>In giving an account of Bering's provisions, as Dall says, every -historian has followed a mutilated, if not garbled, paragraph from -Bering's original report. The excerpts from Brooke's translation of du -Halde, which was followed in Campbell's edition of Harris' Voyages, -are as follows:</p> - -<blockquote><small>"The provisions consisted of carrots for want of corn [= grain or -wheat], the fat of fish, uncured, served instead of butter, and salt -fish supplied the place of all other meats."</small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small>"Fish oil was his butter and dried fish his beef and pork. Salt he was -obliged to get from the sea; ... he distilled spirits from 'sweet -straw.'"</small></blockquote> - -<p>It appears from Bering's own journal, as well as from du Halde's -account, that in 1727 Bering ordered one of his officers to endeavor -to "deliver to the command at Kamschatka some part of the provisions, -iron, and tar." Bering himself said that he was obliged to use tar -made from the native spruce, "since -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page219"><small><small>[p. 219]</small></small></a></span> -the tar which we should have -brought with us had not arrived." This is confirmed by the additional -note in du Halde, which says that the provisions, iron, pitch, and tar -did not arrive till 1728, conveying the inference that it came too -late to be of service. Bering appears to have had, on July 3, 1727, -2,300 poods of flour, equal to about 8,300 pounds, which would be less -than a year's supply for his entire party. I cannot agree with Dall -that Bering had plenty of flour or meal and meat.</p> - -<p>I have said "From Bering's own report," because it seems incredible -that du Halde did not have a transcript of Bering's report, since his -narrative (du Halde's) follows almost word for word Dall's -translation. It is not surprising that different transcripts should -differ slightly on unimportant matters.</p> - -<p>However this may be, it is evident that Brooke's translation of du -Halde is careless. For instance, in Brooke's translation (edition -London, 1736) of du Halde, on page 430, the number of Bering's party -should be 33 instead of 30, and on page 440, where the voyage from -Ochotsk to Takutski is given as from July 23 to October 2, the -first-named date should be July 29.</p> - -<p>Dall doubts that "carrots" were of Bering's provisions. Brooke omits -the italicized words of du Halde's narrative (p. 567, la Haye, 1736): -"Les provisions consistoient en carottes <i>et en racines</i>." As -indicated by context, the roots were radishes and turnips. The word -"carottes" is explained by a passage in Grieve's Kamshatka as follows: -"The morkovai poushki, or <i>carrot</i> bunches, are so called because they -are like carrots in their leaf as well as in taste. They likewise eat -this green in the spring, but they oftener sour it like sour crout or -make a liquor with it." Doubtless Bering took these "carrot bunches" -with him.</p> - -<p>Another question which has engaged my attention is that concerning the -lunar eclipses which Bering or his party is said to have observed in -the winter 1728–'9. Dall says: "In none of the published reports of -the expedition is any mention made by Bering or his officers of the -occurrence or observation of an eclipse.... However, Middendorf states -(Sib. Reise, iv. I, p. 56) that Bering and his lieutenants in the -years 1728 and 1729 observed in Kamtschatka two eclipses of the moon, -by which they corrected the longitude. He gives," says Dall, "no -authority for this statement, and it is probable that an eclipse -observed at Ilimsk, in middle Siberia, by Chirikoff is thus -erroneously referred <span class="pagenum"><a name="page220"><small><small>[p. 220]</small></small></a></span> -to." Mr. Marcus Baker, in a paper appended -to Dall's account, makes it evident that such eclipses, if any, were -those of February 25 (local calendar), 1728, or February 24, 1729.</p> - -<p>My own investigations confirm the statements of Middendorf, and in -support of this I refer to de l'Isle and to the author of the -"Letter." In this connection, however, we have the clear and definite -statements of de l'Isle, both in his essays of 1738 at St. Petersburg -and his memoir of 1752 at Paris. These statements are fully confirmed -by the evidence of the Russian marine officer, who certainly served -with Bering in his later expeditions if not in the first, and whose -familiarity with all the records and papers should have enabled him -definitely to contradict de l'Isle on the main question instead of -correcting him in details. In his St. Petersburg memoirs of 1738 (page -10) de l'Isle writes:</p> - -<blockquote><small>"On verra a cette occasion la situation du Kamtchatka de terminée par -deux eclipses de Lune, que M. le Capitaine Bering & ses gens y sont -observées dans leur premier voyage [the expedition 1725–'30], & dont -j'ai rendu compte a l'Academie aussi-tot que ces observations m'ont -ete communiquées."</small></blockquote> - -<p>In the paper of Paris, 1752 ("Nouvelles découvertes au Nord de la Mer -du Sud") de l'Isle says on this point:</p> - -<blockquote><small>"Captain Beering and his lieutenant likewise took observations at -Kamschatka of two eclipses of the moon in the years 1728 and 1729, -which helped me to chart the longitude of that eastern extremity of -Asia with all the precision which the nature of these observations, -made by seamen and with their own instruments, would admit of; but -these first determinations have been since confirmed by observations -on Jupiter's satellites, taken in that place with the utmost accuracy -by my brother and some Russians conversant in this kind of -observations and who were provided with the best of instruments."</small></blockquote> - -<p>It appeared to me possible that the report on the eclipses of the moon -made by de l'Isle to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences might be -traced up among the archives of that society. In searching for -information on this point it was learned from Mr. O. Fassig, librarian -of the Signal Office, that among the unpublished manuscripts in the -Pulkova library, St. Petersburg, were a number by de l'Isle. A list of -the manuscripts of M. de l'Isle was compiled and published in 1844 by -the distinguished astronometer O. Struve, and among the number is one -entitled: "Observations pour la longitude du Kamchat, d'ou se conclut -aussi de Tobolsk. 1729, MSS."</p> - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page221"><small><small>[p. 221]</small></small></a></span> -<p>It was reasonable, in view of de l'Isle's statements in 1738, to -suppose that this is the report made to the Academy by him as soon as -the observations were furnished him. I had hoped to present with this -sketch definite information on this point, since a kinsman of the -collator of the manuscripts (I refer to the very distinguished -representative of Russia to the United States, M. de Struve) most -courteously offered his valuable mediation in the matter. -Unfortunately, I have as yet no further information, but I expect a -communication as to the contents of the MSS. at an early day.</p> - -<p>Criticising the memoir of de l'Isle of 1752, the Russian officer -ridicules the author for speaking of Kamshatka as a town, but he -adds:<small><small><sup>7</sup></small></small></p> - -<blockquote><small>"It is certain likewise that M. Bering and his lieutenant, M. -Tschirikow [quoting from de l'Isle's Memoir of 1752], had, in the -years 1728 and 1729, observed at Kamschatka two eclipses of the moon; -but that by these observations M. de l'Isle was enabled to determine -the longitude of this most eastern part of Asia, with such precision -that the same had been confirmed in the second expedition, by precise -observations of the satellites of Jupiter is what I cannot well -conceive. Mr. de l'Isle himself intimates that Messieurs Bering and -Tschirikow were not provided with astronomical instruments. They -observed both these eclipses by the help, not of pendulums, but of -their watches, without being able to know whether they went right or -wrong; which makes it almost incredible that a determination based on -these two eclipses should exactly agree with that deduced from the -observations of Jupiter's satellites."</small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small><small><sup>7</sup></small> "Une Lettre," Berlin, p. 19.</small></blockquote> - -<p>The officer, from his own account, served with Bering. In the -introduction to "Une Lettre" he says:</p> - -<blockquote><small>"The orders of your Excellency [to whom the letter was addressed as -written by his orders] will be complied with by me with more than one -inspiring motive, and I shall not dwell on my unfitness, although I -could find excellent pretexts for such an excuse, inasmuch as many of -greater experience and equal application participated with me in the -discoveries which resulted from the two voyages, called by us the -Kamtschatkan expeditions. The only grounds on which preference could -be shown me over them arise from my being charged, after my return -from America, with the comparison of the journals of the various -vessels together and with whatever was elsewhere to be found relative -to lands situated in the South Sea, in order to therefrom construct a -map which should accurately represent them all."</small></blockquote> - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page222"><small><small>[p. 222]</small></small></a></span> -<p>This officer, then, should be the very best authority on this -question, especially as he gives details, is always exact in his -dates, and sets no value on the observations. Whether or not such -observations of lunar eclipses took place, these extracts tend to -confirm Dall's opinion that they served no purpose in determining the -longitude of Kamshatka.</p> - -<p>The letter and its author are worth some attention at our hands. As -has been said, it was published anonymously, and I do not know that -its authorship has ever been traced. It appears from the letter that -the writer was an officer of the Russian navy; that he was a Russian; -that he was on familiar terms with both Bering and de l'Isle; that he -acted as interpreter between them in 1730–1731; that he was with -Bering in his last voyage to America, and was one of the ship-wrecked -mariners on Bering island, and that on his return to St. Petersburg he -was charged with the compilations from the various ship journals. As -the naval officer states he was with Bering on Bering island, it is -evident that it must have been either Swen Waxel, Sophron Chitrow, or -Steller, the well-known scientific professor serving with Bering's -expedition. It could not have been Steller, since the professor was a -German, and moreover he died in November, 1746, prior to the date of -the letter. It is improbable that it was Chitrow, who was originally -in a subordinate position as a master-of-fleet, but while serving in -Kamshatka and prior to Bering's second voyage was made a lieutenant. -It is not likely that a subordinate of Chitrow's position should have -been so situated in St. Petersburg as to have served as an interpreter -between Bering and de l'Isle. It is therefore more than probable that -Lieutenant Swen Waxel was the author of the letter. In further -confirmation, this officer says that he is charged with the -preparation of a chart out of the material furnished by the maps and -journals of the separate vessels. As we know from other sources, Waxel -later made a chart of the Kamschatka region.</p> - -<p>Waxel displayed great energy and excellent judgment in conducting -affairs on Bering island, both before and after Bering's death, and it -is gratifying to note his intellectual discrimination in dealing with -de l'Isle's fictitious account of a journey in America said to have -been made by one Admiral de Fonte. Waxel skilfully dissects this -geographical invention, clearly proving its inconsistencies, while -geographical writers in England were engaged years later in -endeavoring to prove its truthfulness.</p> - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page223"><small><small>[p. 223]</small></small></a></span> -<p>It is significant that although Waxel omits any reference to it, -the following paragraph, which is evidently intended to be exculpatory -of Bering's turning back at the most northerly point of his first -voyage, forms part of Bering's report as translated by Dall: "Neither -from the Chukchi coast nor to the eastward could any extension of the -land be observed." This very important sentence does not appear in du -Halde's account, and evidently was not in the copy which was furnished -him. Possibly the person who furnished the copy to du Halde omitted -it. Elsewhere Waxel adds:</p> - -<blockquote><small>"I say nothing here which I have not repeatedly heard M. Bering say. I -also saw his instructions."</small></blockquote> - -<p>This gives value to his statements in reference to Bering's efforts to -find land east of Avatscha bay, whereof Waxel quotes de l'Isle as -saying:</p> - -<blockquote><small>"On his return to Kamtschatka (in 1729) M. Bering learned that there -was a land to the east, which could be seen in clear, fine weather. He -attempted to go thither, after having repaired the damage his vessel -had suffered in a storm. The second attempt was fruitless, for after -sailing about forty leagues to the east without seeing land, he was -assailed by a violent tempest and a contrary wind, which quickly drove -him back to the port whence he had emerged."</small></blockquote> - -<p>In criticism Waxel adds:</p> - -<blockquote><small>"Would not this narrative lead one to believe that the second attempt -of M. Bering had been made immediately after the first voyage [in -1729]? However, it was entirely otherwise: Before making this journey -M. Bering wintered at Kamtschatka, set sail only on June 5, 1729, and, -<i>without intending to return to the port which he was quitting</i>, -doubled the southern point of Kamtschatka and went straight to the -mouth of the river Bolschaia-Reka and thence to Ochozk."</small></blockquote> - -<p>He further says:</p> - -<blockquote><small>"Perhaps it may appear strange that M. Bering during this voyage did -not fall in with the island (Bering island) whereon he was shipwrecked -during his second expedition; but the isle might have been hidden by -fogs, which are very common in that sea."</small></blockquote> - -<p>Waxel's account of the second voyage is worth translating, being the -plain tale of a participant, who is as modest as he is truthful, for -Waxel nowhere mentions his own name nor the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page224"><small><small>[p. 224]</small></small></a></span> -efficient service he -rendered first to his chief and later to his shipwrecked comrades. He -writes in "Une Lettre" as follows:</p> - -<blockquote><small>"Let us now come to the details of the second expedition, which M. de -l'Isle pretends owes its origin to a map of <i>his</i> and was undertaken -according to a memoir made by himself. 'I had the honor,' he says, 'in -1731 to present this chart to the Empress Anne and to the Senate, in -order to stimulate the Russians to explorations of what still remained -to be discovered, and it had its effect.' Was it time or age which -caused M. de l'Isle to commit this error? Could he have forgotten the -orders which led him to make the chart in question? Had he remembered -it, perhaps he would not have said that he presented the chart to the -Empress, and still less that he made it in order to excite the -Russians to new discoveries. At that time I visited M. de l'Isle; I -was a witness of his geographical labors, as far as they had new -discoveries for their object; I acted as interpreter to M. Bering in -the conversations which he had with him; and I can assert positively -that when M. de l'Isle began that chart the second expedition was -already ordered, and Captain Bering, knowing what was still wanting to -his discoveries, offered to continue them and his lieutenants with -him; and they each received promotion in consequence.</small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small>"It is therefore true that M. de l'Isle's work must be attributed to -the orders of his superiors; and I remember that the Empress Anne -having commissioned her secretary to give the necessary instructions -to M. Bering for his new voyage, the latter did not think he could -carry it on successfully without getting from the Academy all the -information possible concerning the countries and waters where he was -to navigate. The Academy was therefore called upon by the Senate, and -it ordered M. de l'Isle to compile the chart of which I speak, and in -order that it might be better understood, to explain it in a memoir; -which having been done, the chart and the memoir were presented to the -Senate by the Academy; so that there can be no possible doubt that, so -far from having stimulated the Russians to new discoveries, so far -from having occasioned the new voyage of M. Bering, M. de l'Isle only -worked according to the orders he had received. There arises another -question, as to whether the memoir caused the success of the -expedition, which I will treat later on. However that may be, the -Senate gave a copy of it to M. Bering as well as of the chart. I took -a second copy, which enables me to compare it with what M. de l'Isle -tells us about it in his last memoir from Paris.</small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small>"He pretends to have proposed three different routes to be followed in -order to discover what was still unknown. The first, to sail straight -to Japan, pass Yeco, or rather the straits which separate it from the -island of the States and the land of the Company, to discover what is -to the north of Yeco and search for the passage between that country -and the coast of eastern Tartary. This is what is called giving advice -after the event. In the original memoir there is not a word said about -any such researches. M. de l'Isle contents himself with proposing -three different routes for finding the countries lying near to -Kamshatka on the east. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page225"><small>[p. 225]</small></a></span> -The first two, we must admit, agree well -enough with the second and third routes mentioned in the Paris memoir. -They are expressed in these terms:</small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small>"1. 'If one advances to the most northern extremity of Asia, and at -the same time the most eastern point reached by Captain Bering (wrong -supposition, as I have already remarked), one cannot fail to reach -America, no matter what route one takes between the northeast and -southeast, at a distance of not more than 600 leagues (great error in -estimating the distance of the opposite lands of Asia and America, -since they are only separated in the north by a narrow strait which -widens as it goes south).'</small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small>"2. 'Without going so far, it would perhaps be easier to start from -the eastern coast of Kamshatka, sail directly east and reconnoitre the -neighboring land, of which M. Bering discovered indications on his -first voyage.'</small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small>"In regard to the third route, M. de l'Isle conjectures as follows:</small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small>"3. 'Perhaps the countries seen by Don Juan de Gama might be found -more speedily and with more certitude by seeking them to the southeast -of Kamshatka;' the outcome of which project showed him his mistake, -which is apparently the reason that induced him to change it to that -of the route by Japan and Yeco.</small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small>"Nothing is so imperfect in detail, and withal so dry, as the recital -of M. Bering's voyage with which M. de l'Isle regales us. He makes him -start in 1741 to look to the east of Kamshatka for the land which he -had seen indications of in his first voyage. 'He did not go very far,' -he says, 'for, being assailed by a violent storm during thick weather, -he could not remain at sea, and brought up on a desert island in -latitude 54°, only a short distance from the Port of Avatcha from -whence he had sailed.'</small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small>"M. Bering, then, did nothing but fail, and he did so soon after -leaving port. I must therefore supplement the meagreness of M. de -l'Isle's relation by giving an account of the voyage of M. Bering and -the other officers, chiefs of these expeditions, which will be so much -the more easy as I took part in them and as I can, besides, refer to -the charts and journals of each vessel as proofs of my correctness.</small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small>"The Captain Commanding Bering and Captains Spangenberg and -Tschirikow, with several other naval officers, left St. Petersburg in -the spring of 1733. They waited at Yakouzk and Ochozk until the -vessels being built at this latter place for their expedition were -completed, and when all was ready for the departure of M. de -Spangenberg he was dispatched first, according to the orders of the -Senate. He started, then, from Ochozk in the month of June, 1738, -having three vessels under his command, to which he added a large -covered row-boat of 24 oars, which he caused to be constructed at -Bolscherezkoi Ostrog in Kamshatka, where he wintered. This boat was to -be used to go into the narrow straits between the islands that they -might find and where the ships could not go. In the summer of 1739 he -went to Japan, the long chain of islands situated between Japan and -Kamshatka serving to guide him. He landed at two different places in -Japan and was received with great civility by the people of the -country; but he never went to Matsmai, the principal place -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page226"><small>[p. 226]</small></a></span> on -the island of Yeco, as M. de l'Isle erroneously states. He thought he -had sufficiently complied with his instructions without doing so, and -returning to Ochozk, passed the winter at Yakouzk. As soon as a -detailed account of this voyage was seen in St. Petersburg they -concluded by the route which M. Spangenberg had followed that he must -have passed near the coast of Corea, and he was therefore ordered to -make a second voyage in order to confirm the first. He started in 1741 -and 1742, but his ship, built hastily and of unseasoned wood, leaked -and obliged him to return.</small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small>"MM. Bering and Tschirikow left Ochozk the 4th of September, 1740. -They both had the same destination; the second was to follow the track -of the first. They only took different vessels so as to be able to -assist each other more efficaciously in case of any accident. Without -entering the Bolschaia-Reka river, as is customary in coming from -Ochozk, they immediately rounded the southern point of Kamshatka and -anchored at Avatscha, or port of St. Peter and St. Paul, as they -called it. While wintering in these places, they made all their -preparations for commencing in spring their principal voyage, which -was to have America as its object. Owing, however, to the uncertainty -as to the route which they were to follow, M. Bering assembled a naval -council on the 4th of May, 1741, and it was resolved to endeavor first -to discover the land of Don Juan de Gama, a fatal resolution which was -the cause of all of our disasters. The 4th June we put to sea. M. -Bering had on his vessel, sent by the Academy, an adjutant, M. -Steller, physician by profession, but above all well versed in all -that pertained to natural history. M. de la Croyere was with M. -Tschirikow. Although M. Bering and M. Tschirikow were not to separate, -according to their instructions, they could not avoid it, for eight -days after sailing they were separated by storms and fogs. The search -for the pretended land of Gama caused them to direct their course -southeast; they continued to sail in that direction as far as the 46th -degree without, however, finding the slightest vestige of it. They -then changed their course to the northeast and both reached the coast -of America, but in different places and without knowing of the -whereabouts of the other. M. Bering and we who accompanied him saw -land for the first time after being six weeks at sea. We then -calculated that we were about five hundred Dutch leagues from -Avatscha. We provided ourselves with fresh water. We saw indications -of inhabitants, but could perceive no one. After being at anchor three -days, M. Bering consulted with his officers, and it was resolved to -return. The 21st July we weighed anchor before sunrise. There was -nothing to do but to follow the coast, which stretched westward; but -navigation was seriously embarrassed by frequent islands, and when we -tried to put to sea we were met by storms and contrary winds, which -caused us new delays every day. In order to procure fresh water, we -returned towards the coast, from which we had kept as far as possible. -Soon it was in sight, seeming about ten miles distant. We anchored -between the islands, and the one where we landed was -Schoumagin-Ostrow. The water was good, but although taken from a lake, -there was, nevertheless, some sea water in it brought by the tide, -which sometimes inundated the island. Afterwards -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page227"><small>[p. 227]</small></a></span> we felt -disastrous effects from its use, in sickness and the loss of several -of our men, who died. We tried in vain during three or four days to -discover some natives of the country, whose fires we could see at -night on the coast. The 4th of September these savages finally came, -of themselves, in little canoes, and, having announced their arrival -to us by a loud cry, they presented us with their calumets, in sign of -peace. These calumets were sticks with the wings of falcons attached -to the end. We understood from their gestures that they were inviting -us to come on land in order to furnish us with provisions and fresh -water. We wished to profit by the opportunity, and some of us ventured -to follow them; but soon, however, misunderstandings arose and all -communication was broken off.</small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small>"The 6th of September, after having at first had a tolerably good wind -for the voyage, we began to find that as we advanced the obstacles -were increasing, nothing but coasts and islands on every side. M. -Bering wished to get away from them by sailing more southwards, and, -in truth, for several days the sea appeared much more free. Our joy, -however, was of short duration. The 24th of September, in latitude 54 -degrees, we came upon coasts bordered with a number of islands, and at -the same time a violent tempest arose, which lasted seventeen days and -sent us back a distance of eighty miles. An old pilot acknowledged -that during the fifty years that he had followed the sea he had never -seen such a storm. We should then stop calling this ocean 'Pacific.' -This name may, perhaps, be suitable to it in the tropics, but -certainly is wrongly given to it here. The weather became calm again, -but our provisions were by this time considerably diminished and there -was only about a third of our crew who remained well and serviceable -after all the hardships to which they had been exposed. There was -still more than half of our way to make, counting from the extreme -point of our voyage in the East to Avatscha. In view of these facts, -many of us were of opinion that it would be better to winter somewhere -in America, rather than run the risk of encountering new dangers -worse, perhaps, than those we had just escaped; and these counsels -came near prevailing over those who were of opinion that we should -make a supreme effort to reach Avatscha, and that it would be time to -think of seeking another refuge when we had lost all hope of -succeeding in so doing. The month of October, however, was passed as -fruitlessly as the preceding ones. The 30th of that month we came upon -two islands, which seemed to us to bear some resemblance to the first -two of those islands which stretch from the southern extremity of -Kamshatka to Japan. Thereupon we directed our course northwards, and -the 4th November, having observed the latitude, we found that we were -under the 56th parallel. The 5th, however, finished our voyage. -Wishing to sail to the west, we struck upon a desert island, where we -had a good prospect of finishing our lives. Our vessel went to pieces -upon one of those banks with which the island is surrounded, and we -were not long in seeking land, which we fortunately reached with -everything which we thought we should need. By a special dispensation -of Providence, the winds and waves threw the remains of our vessel on -shore; we gathered them -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page228"><small>[p. 228]</small></a></span> -together to try, with the aid of God, -to put ourselves in a position to leave this sorry dwelling. The -island where we now found ourselves was destitute of trees. We were, -therefore, obliged to depend upon the wood that the sea brought us to -build our cabins and warm ourselves. We gave to this desert place the -name of Bering island, in honor of the chief of our expedition, and it -was there that he died, on the 8th of December, of grief and sorrow at -having to give up all hope of returning to Kamshatka. He refused to -eat or drink, and disdained the shelter of our cabins; his advanced -age could not rally under such a disaster. We young men kept our -courage up, resisted with firmness all discouragement, made it a duty -to still enjoy life and to make as much as we could out of our prison -home. Before our arrival, Bering island was the refuge only of the -inhabitants of the sea, who came there to breathe the air and deposit -their young. We were, therefore, able at first to observe these -creatures very closely without their taking fright. It was only after -having seen several of their number fall before our guns that they -fled at our approach. We killed a great number of them, as much to -furnish us with food as for their skins. It was by these valuable -spoils, splendid castor skins, that we were repaid in some measure for -our sufferings.</small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small>"At the approach of spring the following year we built of the remains -of our vessel, as we had intended, a large covered boat, furnished -with anchors and sails and able to live at sea if not exposed to -storms. In this boat we confided ourselves to the sea, trusting in -Providence, the 17th of August, 1742, and after nine days at sea, with -beautiful calm weather, we arrived safely at Avatscha on the 26th, -giving thanks to the Almighty, who had delivered us from such great -dangers, and imbued us with gratitude such as time can never efface.</small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small>"From this account we can correct the error of M. de l'Isle, who -places Bering island at the 54th degree, only a short distance from -Avatscha, whereas it is on the 56th parallel, sixty miles from -Avatscha and forty Dutch miles from the mouth of the Kamshatka river.</small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small>"The voyage of M. Tschirikow, although attended with less fatigue and -danger, was not less painful to him. His tender heart, which his -profession of mariner had not rendered indifferent to the sufferings -of others, was indeed sorely tried. After parting from M. Bering, -sailing northwest, he came on the 15th of July to a country the shores -of which were lined with rugged rocks, at the foot of which rolled a -deep sea. He prudently refrained from approaching too near the shore, -but at the end of three days sent the pilot, Abraham Dementiew, with a -crew of ten men, to reconnoiter the country. Neither Dementiew nor any -of those who accompanied him ever returned; and most sincerely was he -mourned, and deservedly so, for he was young, good-looking, of an -honorable family, steady and clever in his profession, and zealous in -the service of his country. After waiting six days, M. Tschirikow sent -the boatman, Sidor Sawelef, with three men, but they did not return -any more than the others. While waiting for their return we constantly -saw smoke on the shores, and the day after the departure of the -boatman two men, in different boats, came from the spot where -Dementiew and Sawelew had -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page229"><small>[p. 229]</small></a></span> -landed. When they had approached near -enough to be heard they began to call out, 'Agai, agai,' and then went -back. M. Tschirikow did not know what to think of their conduct, and -now, despairing of the return of his men and having no more boats to -send on shore, he determined, on the 27th of July, to leave the place, -follow the coast as much as possible, and then return to Kamshatka. M. -de l'Isle, then, makes an addition of his own when he says that 'M. -Tschirikow made many excursions into the country, during the month of -August, while waiting for the return of his men.' To return to the -truth, M. Tschirikow, in a distance of one hundred miles, never lost -sight of land; he battled often with contrary winds, had much anxiety -on account of the heavy fogs, and lost an anchor which he had put out, -not far from the coast, in a moment of great danger. He was visited by -twenty-one canoes, of tanned skins, each one containing a man; but -this was all—for he was unable to converse with them. The scarcity of -water and the scurvy carried off many of his men. Among the officers -he lost two lieutenants—Lichatschew and Plautin, fine men and -excellent mariners—who might have rendered good service had they -lived. M. Tschirikow himself began to have the symptoms of disease, -but good food and the air on land restored him to health. M. de la -Croyere was not so fortunate; he appeared to have held his own until -he was just at the point of death. His companions marveled at the good -effects of the large quantities of brandy which he drank every day; -but they soon saw that the only good it did him was to make him forget -his sufferings. He died on the 10th of October, as they were entering -the port of Avatscha, having dressed himself to go on shore and having -celebrated his arrival by new excesses. We cannot ignore the important -service rendered by M. de la Croyere to the expedition, when he -recognized the Americans who came to M. Tschirikow as bearing great -resemblance to the inhabitants of Canada, whom he had met while -serving in that country seventeen years before coming to Russia, with -the King of France's troops."</small></blockquote> -<br> -<hr align="center" width="25%"> -<br> -<p>N<small>OTE</small>.—A pamphlet which has just come into my possession, entitled -"Lettre de Monsieur d'Anville au R. P. Castel, Jesuit. Au sujet des -Pays de Kamtchatka," etc. (24mo, Paris, 1737), throws some light on -the map of du Halde (1732), and definitely fixes the date and locality -of the observation of the eclipse of the moon referred to by de l'Isle -and the Russian officer, as well as later geographers.</p> - -<p>D'Anville says:</p> - -<blockquote><small>"The map of Bering's voyage is attributed to me.... -The only part I had therein was to reduce it from the much larger -original map, of which I had made a tracing by means of oiled -paper.... I first learned of Bering's voyage by letters from de -l'Isle, then in Russia; and finally an account of this voyage having -been sent to R. P. du Halde by His Majesty Stanislas, King of Poland, -it was placed in my hands.</small></blockquote> - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page230"><small><small>[p. 230]</small></small></a></span> -<blockquote><small>"Likewise, both by a sheet of <i>astronomical observations made by -Bering which came to me</i> later, and by the same letters of M. de -l'Isle, I knew that the mouth of the river of Kamtchatka was found by -astronomical determination to be in latitude 56° and some minutes.</small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small>"Bering in his navigation doubled the southern point of this continent -[Kamshatka] in latitude 51° 10", as is expressly noted in the sheet of -<i>observations</i> which is now before me.</small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small>"But though the solution of the difficulty in the case of the Land of -Jeco may be very simple and natural, yet it was not obvious to me, it -may be said, for Bering's voyage and observations caused me to recur -to this subject, and I can no longer doubt that the eastern coast of -Tartary should be moved to the east as far as the maps of the Jesuits -first indicated; for although M. de Strahlenberg in his excellent map -of Siberia shows only 65° of longitude between Tobolsk and Okhotsk, -and there are even less in de l'Isle's map of Tartary, yet Bering's -map indicates that there are 74°.</small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small>"It was found that it (Ohkotz) is 25° off of the meridian of Peking, -which the observations of P. Gaubil placed in 113° fifty-odd minutes -from Paris, so that it closely approximates the 139° which we have -found it to be from Bering's observations. This determination does not -differ much from the result of some astronomical observations, which, -as I learn from China, M. de l'Isle, now in Russia, contemplated using -in order to ascertain approximately the longitude of Kamtchat. The -observation upon which I place the most dependence, and which likewise -gives the greatest difference, is of an eclipse of the moon of -February 25, 1728, of which the end was observed on the west coast of -Kamtshat in latitude 52° 46' N., Sirius having an altitude of 19° 18' -to the west, wherefrom M. de l'Isle calculated that the true time -answered to 6h. 52m. p.m.</small></blockquote> - -<blockquote><small>"This eclipse, the end especially, fell throughout Europe in the -daytime, but having been observed at Carthagena, West Indies, by D. -Jean Herrera, where it ended at 3h. 34m. a.m., a difference of 8h. -42m. is deduced between the meridians of Carthagena and the coast of -Kamtshat."</small></blockquote> - -<p>It is thus evident that Bering observed an eclipse of the moon in -Kamshatka, and that the observations came into the hands of M. -d'Anville.</p> - -<div align="right">A. W. G. </div> - -<blockquote>J<small>ANUARY</small> 21, 1892.</blockquote> -<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page231"><small><small>[p. 231]</small></small></a></span> -<br> -<br> -<h3>HEIGHT AND POSITION OF MOUNT ST. ELIAS.</h3> - -<h5>BY</h5> - -<h4>ISRAEL C. RUSSELL.</h4> - -<center><small>(<i>Laid before the Board of Managers December 11, 1891</i>.)</small></center> -<br> -<hr align="center" width="25%"> -<br> -<p>The height and position of Mount St. Elias have been measured several -times during the past century with varying results. The measurements -made prior to 1891 have been summarized and discussed by W. H. Dall, -of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.<small><small><sup>1</sup></small></small> The various results -obtained are shown in the following table. With the exception of the -position determined by Malaspina and the measurements of 1891, they -are copied from Dall's report.</p> - -<blockquote><small><small><sup>1</sup></small> Rep. of the Superintendent of the U. S. Coast Survey for -1875, pp. 157–188.</small></blockquote> -<br> -<center><i>Height and Position of Mount St. Elias</i>.</center> -<br> -<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" summary="Height and Position of St Elias"> - <tr> - <td align="center"><u>Date.</u></td> - <td align="center"><u>Authority.</u></td> - <td align="center"><u>Height.</u></td> - <td align="center"><u>Latitude.</u></td> - <td align="center"><u>Longitude.</u></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1786</td> - <td>La Pérouse</td> - <td align="right">12,672 feet</td> - <td>60° 15' 00"</td> - <td>140° 10' 00"</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1791</td> - <td>Malaspina</td> - <td align="right">17,851 feet</td> - <td>60° 17' 35"</td> - <td>140° 52' 17"</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1794</td> - <td>Vancouver</td> - <td align="right">—————</td> - <td>60° 22' 30"</td> - <td>140° 39' 00"</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1847</td> - <td>Russian Hydrographic Chart, 1378</td> - <td align="right">17,850 feet</td> - <td>60° 21' 00"</td> - <td>141° 00' 00"</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1847</td> - <td>Tebenkof (Notes)</td> - <td align="right">16,938 feet</td> - <td>60° 22' 36"</td> - <td>140° 54' 00"</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1849</td> - <td>Tebenkof (Chart VII)</td> - <td align="right">16,938 feet</td> - <td>60° 21' 30"</td> - <td>140° 54' 00"</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td>Bach. Can. Inseln</td> - <td align="right">16,758 feet</td> - <td>60° 17' 30"</td> - <td>140° 51' 00"</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1872</td> - <td>English Admiralty Chart 2172</td> - <td align="right">14,970 feet</td> - <td>60° 21' 00"</td> - <td>141° 00' 00"</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1874</td> - <td>U. S. Coast Survey</td> - <td align="right">19,500±400 feet</td> - <td>60° 20' 45"</td> - <td>141° 00' 12"</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1891</td> - <td>Nat. Geog. Soc. Ex.</td> - <td align="right">18,100±100 feet</td> - <td>60° 17' 51"</td> - <td>140° 55' 30"</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The position given by Malaspina is from a report on astronomical -observations made during his voyage,<small><small><sup>2</sup></small></small> which places the mountain in -longitude 134° 33' 10" west of Cadiz. Taking -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page232"><small><small>[p. 232]</small></small></a></span> -the longitude of -Cadiz as 6° 19' 07" west of Greenwich, the figures given in the table -are obtained.</p> - -<blockquote><small><small><sup>2</sup></small> Memorias sobre las obversaciones astronomicas hechas por -les navegantes Españoles en distintos lugares del globe; Por Don Josef -Espinosa y Tello. Madrid, en la Imprente real, Ano de 1809: 2 vols., -large 8°; vol. 1, pp. 57–60. My attention was directed to this work by -Dr. Dall, who owns the only copy I have seen.</small></blockquote> - -<p>The data from which the various determinations made previous to 1874 -were obtained have not been published. The observations made by -Messrs. Dall and Baker, of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, are -published in full in the annual report of that Survey for 1875, -already referred to. The observations made by myself last summer as a -part of the work of an expedition sent to Mount St. Elias by the -National Geographic Society and the U. S. Geological Survey, from -which the height and position of the mountain have been computed, are -as follows:</p> - -<p>A base line 16,876 feet long was measured on the beach at Icy bay. The -line, with the exception of section <i>C</i> to <i>D</i>, as shown below, was -measured three times in sections of about 3,000 feet each. The -distances given below in columns 1 and 2 were obtained with a 100-foot -steel tape, and those given in column 3 with a 300-foot iron wire. -These are rough measurements, made without the use of a plumb-bob and -without taking account of temperature. The ground was quite smooth, -with a rise of about five feet in the center; but section <i>C</i> to <i>D</i> -was crossed by a stream channel about 300 feet broad and twenty feet -deep. Throughout much of the distance the ground was covered with -grass, which was only partially cleared away. The stations at the ends -of the line were ten feet above high tide. The bearing of the line -from the western base was S. 89° E., magnetic.</p> -<br> -<center><i>Measurements of Base Line</i>.</center> -<br> -<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" summary="Measurements of Base Line"> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td align="center"><b>1.</b></td> - <td align="center"><b>2.</b></td> - <td align="center"><b>3.</b></td> - <td align="center">Mean.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><i>Ft. in.</i></td> - <td><i>Ft. in.</i></td> - <td><i>Ft. in.</i></td> - <td> <i>Ft. in.</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Western base to station <i>A</i> </td> - <td>3,179 10</td> - <td>3,178 7</td> - <td>3,178 9</td> - <td> 3,179 1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Station <i>A</i> to station <i>B</i></td> - <td>2,355 2</td> - <td>2,354 1</td> - <td>2,354 2</td> - <td> 2,354 6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Station <i>B</i> to station <i>C</i></td> - <td>3,589 0</td> - <td>3,587 9</td> - <td>3,586 0</td> - <td> 3,587 7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Station <i>C</i> to station <i>D</i></td> - <td>Rejected.</td> - <td>2,609 2</td> - <td>2,609 5</td> - <td> 2,609 3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td valign="top">Station <i>D</i> to eastern base</td> - <td valign="top">5,145 5</td> - <td valign="top">5,144 10</td> - <td>Not meas-<br>ured.</td> - <td valign="top"><u> 5,145 1</u></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td align="right">Length of base line</td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td>16,875 6</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The measurements of angles were made with a gradienter reading by -vernier to minutes. The error of the vertical arc was –3', and -remained constant during the observations.</p> - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page233"><small><small>[p. 233]</small></small></a></span> -<br> -<center><i>Measurements of Angles at Western Base</i>.</center> -<br> -<table align="center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" summary="Measurements of Angles at Western Base"> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td align="center">Right<br>vernier.</td> - <td align="center">Left<br>vernier.</td> - <td align="center">Vertical<br>angle.</td> - <td align="center">Date.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1.</td> - <td>St. Elias<br>Eastern base</td> - <td align="right">218° 35'<br>317 6 </td> - <td align="right">38° 35'<br>137 7 </td> - <td align="right">+5° 40'<br>—— </td> - <td>1891, Aug. 14, 10 a.m.<br> - " - " "</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>2.</td> - <td>St. Elias<br>Eastern base</td> - <td align="right">218° 34'<br>317 6 </td> - <td align="right">38° 37'<br>137 7 </td> - <td align="right">+5° 40'<br>—— </td> - <td> " - " "<br> - " - " "</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>3.</td> - <td>St. Elias<br>Eastern base</td> - <td align="right">218° 37'<br>317 6 </td> - <td align="right">38° 39'<br>137 8 </td> - <td align="right">+5° 40'<br>—— </td> - <td> " - " "<br> - " - " "</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>4.</td> - <td>St. Elias<br>Eastern base</td> - <td align="right">261° 41'<br>0 10 </td> - <td align="right">81° 43'<br>180 11 </td> - <td align="right">+5° 40'<br>—— </td> - <td> " - " "<br> - " - " "</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>5.</td> - <td>St. Elias<br>Eastern base</td> - <td align="right">261° 41'<br>0 10 </td> - <td align="right">81° 43'<br>180 10 </td> - <td align="right">+5° 40'<br>—— </td> - <td> " - " "<br> - " - " "</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>6.</td> - <td>St. Elias<br>Eastern base</td> - <td align="right">50° 15'<br>148 45 </td> - <td align="right">230° 15'<br>328 45 </td> - <td align="right">+5° 40'<br>—— </td> - <td>1891, Aug. 14, 6 p.m.<br> - " - " "</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>7.</td> - <td>St. Elias<br>Eastern base</td> - <td align="right">50° 15'<br>148 45 </td> - <td align="right">—— <br>—— </td> - <td align="right">—— <br>—— </td> - <td> " - " "<br> - " - " "</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>8.</td> - <td>St. Elias<br>Eastern base</td> - <td align="right">181° 5'<br>279 30 </td> - <td align="right">1° 5'<br>99 32 </td> - <td align="right">+5° 40'<br>—— </td> - <td> " - " "<br> - " - " "</td> - </tr> -</table> -<br><br> -<center><i>Measurements of Angles at Eastern Base</i>.</center> -<br> -<table align="center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" summary="Measurements of Angles at Eastern Base"> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td align="center">Right<br>vernier.</td> - <td align="center">Left<br>vernier.</td> - <td align="center">Vertical<br>angle.</td> - <td align="center">Date.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1.</td> - <td>St. Elias<br>Western base</td> - <td align="right">252° 26'<br>176 19 </td> - <td align="right">72° 27'<br>356 19 </td> - <td align="right">+5° 34'<br>—— </td> - <td>1891, Aug. 17, 11.30 a.m.<br> - " - " "</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>2.</td> - <td>St. Elias<br>Western base</td> - <td align="right">252° 26'<br>176 19 </td> - <td align="right">72° 26'<br>356 19 </td> - <td align="right">+5° 34'<br>—— </td> - <td> " - " "<br> - " - " "</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>3.</td> - <td>St. Elias<br>Western base</td> - <td align="right">252° 25'<br>176 19 </td> - <td align="right">72° 26'<br>356 19 </td> - <td align="right">+5° 34'<br>—— </td> - <td> " - " "<br> - " - " "</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>4.</td> - <td>St. Elias<br>Western base</td> - <td align="right">252° 26'<br>176 19 </td> - <td align="right">72° 27'<br>356 19 </td> - <td align="right">+5° 34'<br>—— </td> - <td> " - " "<br> - " - " "</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>5.</td> - <td>St. Elias<br>Western base</td> - <td align="right">252° 26'<br>176 19 </td> - <td align="right">72° 26'<br>—— </td> - <td align="right">+5° 34'<br>—— </td> - <td> " - " "<br> - " - " "</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>6.</td> - <td>St. Elias<br>Western base</td> - <td align="right">252° 27'<br>176 20 </td> - <td align="right">72° 28'<br>356 20 </td> - <td align="right">+5° 34'<br>—— </td> - <td>1891, Aug. 17, 2 p.m.<br> - " - " "</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>7.</td> - <td>St. Elias<br>Western base</td> - <td align="right">252° 28'<br>176 21 </td> - <td align="right">—— <br>—— </td> - <td align="right">—— <br>—— </td> - <td>1891, Aug. 17, 4.30 p.m.<br> - " - " "</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page234"><small><small>[p. 234]</small></small></a></span> -<p>From these observations the following angles between the base -line and the line of sight to the summit of Mount St. Elias are -obtained. The correction for error of vertical circle has been applied -to the angles of elevation.</p> -<br> -<center><i>Resulting Angles</i>.</center> -<br> -<table align="center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" summary="Resulting anles"> - <tr> - <td align="center" colspan="4">W<small>ESTERN</small> B<small>ASE</small>.</td> - <td align="center" colspan="4">E<small>ASTERN</small> B<small>ASE</small>.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td align="center">Right<br>vernier.</td> - <td align="center">Left<br>vernier.</td> - <td align="center">Corrected<br>vertical<br>angle.</td> - <td> </td> - <td align="center">Right<br>vernier.</td> - <td align="center">Left<br>vernier.</td> - <td align="center">Corrected<br>vertical<br>angle.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1<br>2<br>3<br>4<br>5<br>6<br>7<br>8</td> - <td>98° 31'<br>98 32<br>98 29<br>98 29<br>98 29<br>98 30<br>98 30<br>98 25</td> - <td>98° 32'<br>98 30<br>98 29<br>98 28<br>98 27<br>98 30<br> ——<br>98 27</td> - <td align="center">+5° 43'<br>+5 43'<br>+5 43'<br>+5 43'<br>+5 43'<br>+5 43'<br>+5 43'<br>+5 43'</td> - <td>1<br>2<br>3<br>4<br>5<br>6<br>7<br> </td> - <td>76° 7'<br>76 7<br>76 6<br>76 7<br>76 7<br>76 7<br>76 7<br> </td> - <td>76° 8'<br>76 7<br>76 7<br>76 8<br> ——<br>76 8<br> <br> </td> - <td align="center">+5° 37'<br>+5 37<br>+5 37<br>+5 37<br>+5 37<br>+5 37<br> <br> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td>98 29 22</td> - <td>98 29 00</td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td>76 6 51</td> - <td>76 7 36</td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4"> Mean 98° 29' 12" +5° 43'</td> - <td colspan="4"> Mean 76° 7' 10" +5° 37'</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The known elements of the triangle from which the distance of St. -Elias from the ends of the base line may be determined are:</p> - -<center><img src="images/triangle.jpg" alt="distance triangle"></center> - -<p>These data were sent from the field to the Secretary of the National -Geographic Society, and, in connection with other measurements made at -the same time, have been computed by -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page235"><small><small>[p. 235]</small></small></a></span> -Mr. S. S. Gannett, of the -United States Geological Survey. The results of the computation, so -far as they relate to Mount St. Elias, are given below:</p> -<br> -<center><i>Computation of the Height of Mount St. Elias</i>.</center> -<br> -<hr> -<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" summary="Computation of height"> - <tr> - <td align="center"><i>Station</i>.</td> - <td align="center"><i>Angle</i>.</td> - <td align="center" colspan="2">16,876 <i>ft. log.</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td>Dist. E. base — W. base =</td> - <td>4.227270</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Elias</td> - <td> 5° 23' 38"</td> - <td>A. C. log. sine =</td> - <td>1.026862</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Western base</td> - <td>98 29 12</td> - <td> log. sine =</td> - <td>9.995218</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Eastern base</td> - <td><u>76 07 10</u></td> - <td> log. sine =</td> - <td><u>9.987129</u></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td>St. Elias — W. base =</td> - <td>5.241261</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td>St. Elias — E. base =</td> - <td>5.249350</td> - </tr> -</table> -<hr> -<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" summary="Computation of height2"> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td align="center"><i>log. feet</i>.</td> - <td align="center"><i>log. miles</i>.</td> - <td align="center"><i>miles</i>.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2">Log. distance: St. Elias — W. base = </td> - <td align="right">5.241261</td> - <td align="right">1.518627</td> - <td align="right">33.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2">Log. tan angle of elevation 5° 43' =</td> - <td align="right"><u>9.000465</u></td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td align="right">17447 ft. </td> - <td align="right">4.241726</td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Curvature and refraction =</td> - <td align="right">+623 </td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Western base above sea</td> - <td align="right"><u> +10</u> </td> - <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">Correction for curvature and<br>refraction in feet = <small><sup>4</sup></small>/<small>7</small> sq. of<br>dist. in miles.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Elias above sea =</td> - <td align="right">18080 ft. </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td colspan="2">log. distance miles =</td> - <td align="right">1.51863</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td align="right">1.51863</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td colspan="2"> log. 4 =</td> - <td align="right"> 0.60206</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td colspan="2">A. C. log. 7 =</td> - <td align="right"><u>9.15490</u></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td colspan="2">log. 623 ft. =</td> - <td align="right">2.79422</td> - </tr> -</table> -<hr> -<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" summary="Computation of height3"> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td align="center"><i>log. feet</i>.</td> - <td align="center"><i>log. miles</i>.</td> - <td align="center"><i>miles</i>.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2">Log. distance: St. Elias — E. base = </td> - <td align="right">5.249350</td> - <td align="right">1.526716</td> - <td align="right">33.63</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2">Log. tan 5° 37'</td> - <td align="right"><u>8.992750</u></td> - <td align="right">1.526716</td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td align="right">0.602060</td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td align="right">17462 = </td> - <td align="right">4.242100</td> - <td align="right"><u>9.154902</u></td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Curvature and refraction</td> - <td align="right">+646 </td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>E. base above sea</td> - <td align="right"><u> +10</u> </td> - <td align="right">log. 646 ft.</td> - <td align="right">= 2.810394</td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Elias above sea =</td> - <td align="right">18118 ft. </td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> -<hr> -<center>Mean elevation above sea level = 18099 ft.; or in round numbers 18,100 ft.</center> - -<p>Mr. A. Lindenkohl, of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, and Mr. S. -S. Gannett have each computed the geographic position of Mount St. -Elias, using the azimuth and angle of elevation of the mountain -obtained by the U. S. Coast Survey at Port Mulgrave in 1874,<small><small><sup>3</sup></small></small> and -the elevation given above. From -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page236"><small><small>[p. 236]</small></small></a></span> -these data the approximate -position of Mount St. Elias was found to be:</p> - -<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" summary="St Elias position"> - <tr> - <td>Lat.,</td> - <td align="right">60° 17' 51" N.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Long.,</td> - <td align="right">140° 55' 30" W.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<blockquote><small><small><sup>3</sup></small> Report of the Superintendent of the U. S. Coast Survey -for 1875, Appendix 10, pp. 157–188.</small></blockquote> - -<p>The computation by which these results were obtained is given below:</p> -<br> -<center><i>Computation of Geographic Position of Mount St. Elias</i>.</center> -<br> -<hr> -<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" summary="computation of position"> - <tr> - <td>Azimuth: Port Mulgrave to Mount St. Elias =</td> - <td align="right">142° 17' 17"</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Diff. azimuth</td> - <td align="right">–59 55 </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> + 180°</td> - <td align="right">+<u>180° </u></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Azimuth: Mount St. Elias to Port Mulgrave =</td> - <td align="right">321° 17' 22"</td> - </tr> -</table> -<hr> -<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" summary="computation of position2"> - <tr> - <td align="center"><i>Latitude</i>.</td> - <td> </td> - <td align="center"><i>Longitude</i>.</td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td align="right">59° 33' 42"</td> - <td>= Port Mulgrave</td> - <td align="right">139° 46' 16"</td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td align="right"><u>+44 09 </u></td> - <td>= Diff. lat.</td> - <td align="right"><u>+1 09 14 </u></td> - <td>= Diff. long.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td align="right">60° 17' 51"</td> - <td>= Mount St. Elias </td> - <td align="right">140° 55' 30"</td> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> -<hr> -<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" summary="computation of position3"> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td align="center">1st Term.</td> - <td> </td> - <td align="center">2d Term.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td align="center"><i>Log. meters</i>.</td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2">Log. K = (Distance, Mulgrave — St.Elias)</td> - <td align="right">= 5.0183184</td> - <td> K<small><sup>2</sup></small></td> - <td>= 0.0366</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2">Log. cosine azimuth, Z, 142° 17' 17"</td> - <td align="right">= 9.8982292</td> - <td> Sine<small><sup>2</sup></small> Z</td> - <td>= 9.5731</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2">Log. B</td> - <td align="right">= <u>8.5093902</u></td> - <td> Log. C</td> - <td>= <u>1.6335</u></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td align="right" colspan="2">Log. 2666".5</td> - <td align="right">= 3.4259378</td> - <td> Log. 17".6</td> - <td>= 1.2432</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td align="right">1st term =</td> - <td>+ 2666".5</td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td align="right">2d term =</td> - <td>–<u> 17 .6</u></td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td align="right">Difference lat. =</td> - <td> 2648".9</td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> -<hr> -<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" summary="computation of position4"> - <tr> - <td>Log. K</td> - <td>= 5.0183184</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Log. sine azimuth</td> - <td>= 9.7865328</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Log. A<small><small><sup>4</sup></small></small></td> - <td>= 8.5086148</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Arithmetical complement 60° 17' 51"</td> - <td>=<u> 0.3049593</u></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Log. diff. in longitude 4153".6</td> - <td>= 3.6184253</td> - </tr> -</table> -<hr> -<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" summary="computation of position5"> - <tr> - <td>Log. diff. long.</td> - <td>= 3.61843</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Log. sine mean latitude 59° 55' 46"</td> - <td>=<u> 9.93722</u></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Log. diff. azimuth — 3595"</td> - <td>= 3.55565</td> - </tr> -</table> -<hr> - -<blockquote><small><small><sup>4</sup></small> <i>A</i>, <i>B</i> and <i>C</i> are terms depending on the size and -figure of the earth and the latitude of the place.</small></blockquote> - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page237"><small><small>[p. 237]</small></small></a></span> -<p>The geographic position of Mount St. Elias is of popular -interest in connection with the boundaries of Alaska.</p> - -<p>In the convention between Great Britain and -Russia,<small><small><sup>5</sup></small></small> wherein the -boundaries of Alaska are supposed to be defined, it is stated that the -boundary, beginning at the south, after leaving Portland channel, -shall follow the summit of the mountains situated parallel to the -coast as far as the 141st meridian, and from there northward the said -meridian shall be the boundary to the Arctic ocean. Whenever the -summit of the mountains between Portland channel and the 141st -meridian "shall prove to be at the distance of more than ten marine -leagues from the ocean, the limit between the British possessions and -the line of coast which is to belong to Russia, above mentioned, shall -be formed by a line parallel to the windings of the coast and which -shall never exceed the distance of ten marine leagues therefrom."</p> - -<blockquote><small><small><sup>5</sup></small> Message from the President of the United States, -transmitting Report on the boundary line between Alaska and British -Columbia. 50th Congress, 2d session, Ex. Doc. No. 146, Senate, 1889.</small></blockquote> - -<p>As Mount St. Elias is approximately in longitude 140° 55' 30" west -from Greenwich, as already shown, it is therefore only 4' and 30" of -longitude or 2½ statute miles east of the boundary of the main portion -of Alaska. Its distance from the nearest point on the coast is 33 -statute miles. There is no coast range in southeastern Alaska parallel -with the coast within the limits specified by the treaty, and the -boundary must therefore be considered as a line parallel with the -coast and ten marine leagues, or 34½ statute miles, inland. The -mountain is thus one and one-half miles south of the boundary and -within the territory of the United States. Its position is so near the -junction of the boundary separating southeastern Alaska from the -Northwest Territory with the 141st meridian that it is practically a -corner monument of our national domain.</p> -<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page238"><small><small>[p. 238]</small></small></a></span> -<br> -<br> -<h3>THE HEART OF AFRICA.</h3> - -<h5>BY</h5> - -<h4>E. C. HORE.</h4> - -<center><small>(<i>Abstracts of two Lectures presented before the Society March 6 and -March 13, 1891</i>.)</small></center> -<br> -<hr align="center" width="25%"> - -<h5>I.</h5> - -<p>The subject of Africa and its people has recently become a most -interesting and popular one. We are but now beginning to realize the -size and importance of Africa, as we are reminded that it contains -nearly one-fourth part of the land area of the world; that it has -mountains at least 1,000 feet higher than the most lofty American -peaks; that the known extent of the Nile and the Congo now make them -the rivals of the Yang-tse-Kiang and the Mississippi as the longest -rivers in the world; that its central regions, instead of the great -desert blank so long shown on our maps, is a rich and beautiful -elevated region, having upon its heights a splendid collection of -fresh-water lakes or inland seas, fertilizing by their outflowing -streams the whole continent; and that it is known to contain over -250,000,000 people, or about one-seventh part of the world's -population. It is called the "dark continent:" rather should it be -called the "new world," in which our interest and -responsibility—political, commercial and social—is rapidly growing.</p> - -<p>For purposes of general description, there are three great divisions -of the African continent and its peoples and affairs:</p> - -<blockquote><i>The northern division</i>, stamped and characterized—men, manners and -things—by the orientalism of its conquering settlers, so intimately -blended by blood, religion and character with the natives as to have -become essentially African, its original peoples so thoroughly -influenced by the incoming foreigners as to be now essentially -oriental;</blockquote> - -<blockquote><i>The southern division</i>, overrun in more modern times by foreigners of -other races, and having its own peculiar civilization and -characteristics due to that influx; and</blockquote> - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page239"><small><small>[p. 239]</small></small></a></span> -<blockquote><i>Central Africa</i>, including all that portion of the continent -lying between, say, the Albert Nyanza and the river Zambesi, and -Zanzibar and the Congo mouth, and which, although no part now remains -of it that is not nominally the territory either of the Congo Free -state or some European power, is still almost entirely in the -possession and occupation of its lawful owners, the native uncivilized tribes.</blockquote> - -<p>As well as this transverse political division of Africa, we may make -what may be called a concentric analysis. Commencing with the outer -<i>skin</i>, the 16,000 miles of African coast, we find upon it certain -excrescences, which, if our examination went but skin-deep, might well -lead us to regard Africa not as a "new," but as an "old, old" world. -On the north and east the remains of ancient civilizations, Morocco, -Tangier, Egypt, remind us of Africa's bygone grandeur—remind us how -very much of forms of beauty and secrets of science and art came to us -in the birth of civilized Europe from or through Africa. On the south -and west again, memorials of Phoenician, of Portuguese, of Dutch, -English and American conquering visitors and adventurers remind us of -the constant preying of the nations on the dark continent—remind us, -through certain prison castles still to be seen on the western coast, -of the great world's crime, the slave trade. But on the outer surface -of Africa other signs are to be read: North, south, east and west -there are ports and roadsteads forested with the masts of the world's -shipping conveying to Africa's every shore those products of the -civilized world which, according to their nature for good or harm, are -to influence and civilize the Africans; carrying away from her shore -the land's products—a constant stream, increasing perhaps just now, -but which has always been flowing—of wool, cotton, oil, rich spices, -dyes and medicinal and ornamental woods, india-rubber, gum-copal, -ivory, precious stones, gold. Are these the products of a desert land -inhabited only by a lazy and savage people?</p> - -<p>Following our concentric analysis, the first layer behind the outer -skin of Africa may be said to consist of a verdant slope, broad and -luxuriant in the tropics, where nature herself has been lavish, -narrower, but still ever widening, in the drier north and south, as -the oriental and the European respectively advance their groves of -fruit and fields of corn, maintained in luxuriance alike by the vapors -of the sea and the down drainage from the higher lands, and from the -same causes also malarious and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page240"><small><small>[p. 240]</small></small></a></span> -unhealthy. In another sense, too, -this outer belt is both rich and unhappy. Into it come those men and -things representing "civilization" from afar. To it, from the -interior, gravitate those of the natives who are influenced by contact -with those men and things, deprived to a great extent of the old -uncivilized condition and its innocencies and partially imbued with -what of civilization has come to them. Mankind, too, in this outer -belt is often only too rank and unhealthy in his character. It is -truly "darkest Africa;" for, first, the slave trade and then the rum -bottle have in many parts been the preponderating representatives to -them of outer civilization.</p> - -<p>The next layer is a step or terrace of flat sandy semi-arid country, -narrow in the tropics, widening toward each extreme, until it bulges -out in the north into the Sahara desert, in the south into the -Kalahari, some parts always bare and sandy or covered with a sparkling -saline or alkaline deposit, some parts forming broad savannas or -prairies, bearing rich grasses in the rains, burnt bare in the dry -season; others covered with thickets of thorns or stunted and crippled -trees under the same variations of seasons. This is the land of the -ostrich and the pelican, the scene of vast prairie fires or whirling -dust spouts; it is the land also of the nomad man. Across the Sahara -the wandering Arab leads his camels from oasis to oasis; amid the -wastes of the Kalahari the homeless Bushman finds a congenial hunting -territory; in the narrow, tropical parts such semi-nomads as the -Somali, the Wamasai, and the Wagogo lead their cattle from place to -place, as the grass and water serve them with the seasons.</p> - -<p>This terrace or flat sandy belt being crossed, we come to the true -central region of Africa, a long irregular oval-shaped elevation of -mountain masses, spreading out in many places as vast plateaus and -forming altogether that mysterious elevated region reported from time -to time by old investigators as well as compilers of native reports as -the Mountains of the Moon. In the crevices of this central mass, in -rocky basins, in fathomless chasms, in vast depressions of the -plateaus, lie those great natural rainwater tanks known as the central -African lakes. On and around it are the richest and most beautiful and -healthful countries. Spreading over it and around its beautiful waters -are the most intelligent and industrious of the native African tribes, -their native industry and enterprise yet almost undisturbed by the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page241"><small><small>[p. 241]</small></small></a></span> -busy excitement of civilization. Hence there may fairly be drawn -something like a sample of the real African native character and -condition. They live in families; among them the family tie and the -rights of property are regarded; conscience pronounces criminal and -offensive the same irregularities as are so regarded among civilized -peoples; in stature and physical condition they come up to the best -standards. I argue that the life and condition which presents this -state of things after isolation for thousands of years from all we -call civilized can scarcely be called evil or degraded.</p> - -<p>Among these people, both pastoral and agricultural, are to be found in -progress the germs at least of all the useful arts—the procuring and -working of both iron and copper, pottery-making, the spinning and -weaving of cotton cloth, the very beautiful development of plaiting of -all kinds of vegetal fibers into string, rope, mats, baskets and -cloth; and where valuable materials and products are naturally -confined to particular localities, as is the case sometimes with oil, -salt, etc., it is manufactured and distributed. Too often are people -described as lacking in industry who are not the same as ourselves; -but it seems to me ridiculous that a man should be called lazy because -he has ample leisure between his busy times, who has made with his own -hands, from nature's absolutely raw material, his house, his axe and -hoe and spear, his clothing and ornaments, his furniture, his corn -mill, all things that he has, and who, though liable often in a -lifetime to have to repeat that whole process over again, has the -energy and enterprise to commence afresh. Too often have the same -people been called savage and bloodthirsty who, through all experience -and by all their traditions getting naturally to regard unintroduced -armed strangers as enemies, have the same desperate energy to defend -themselves and their own which, as displayed by our own ancestral -relatives, we love to term patriotism and courage.</p> - -<p>In a fairly central position on this great central elevation is the -elongated basin surrounded by a mountain rim in the bottom of which, -in a long chasm, lies Lake Tanganyika, in a position alike so central -and so unique that I have termed it the Heart of Africa. Inside the -mountain basin rim, the rainfall all converges into Tanganyika; -outside, it all flows to the outer shores of the continent by the -Nile, the Congo or the Zambesi. Fifteen years ago the waters of Lake -Tanganyika, having very slowly -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page242"><small><small>[p. 242]</small></small></a></span> -gained upon the evaporation (the -then only means of carrying off its surplus) attained to the height of -the lowest gap in its rim and commenced to flow out, and thence its -surplus water ever since has found an exit and now forms part of the -Congo system. Tanganyika is 400 miles long and from 15 to 50 miles in -width, and is 2,700 feet above the sea.</p> - -<p>To leave, however, this very rough general description of Africa at -this point would convey a wrong idea. We have described the verdant -slope from the coast, the terrace of flatter country, the central -elevation and its heart; now we may imagine a series of great ridges -and furrows and other radial features diverging from the heart of -Africa to its very shores, besides certain isolated ridges and peaks, -some of them snow-clad, and certain isolated depressions forming lakes -or swamps; first the three great furrows of the Nile, Zambesi and -Congo and the three great ridges formed by their dividing water-sheds, -and so on through fan-like expansions of rim or ridges and furrows -until the previously described concentric formation, although still -there, is considerably cut up.</p> - -<p>The great central mountain mass, buttressed by its far-stretching -ridges, forms <i>the backbone</i>, from which, outward and downward, in -intricate articulations, extends the complicated <i>bony skeleton</i> of Africa.</p> - -<p>Set like sparkling jewels in its crevices and depressions, the great -lakes send forth the streams which, flowing through gaps in their -surrounding mountain barriers, rushing through narrow channels, oozing -slowly through elevated flats or bounding in beautiful cascades over -steep steps, and carrying the vitalizing fluid in every direction -through the length and breadth of Africa, form <i>its system of circulation</i>.</p> - -<p>Bordering the great lakes and clustering on the slopes, forests of -gigantic trees form the <i>flesh and muscle</i> of this great creation; -preserved in perpetual verdure wherever water constantly remains and -in long extending lines and network fringing the ever-winding banks of -the streams, and finally joining with the verdant belt of the -sea-coast to form the brilliant <i>epidermis</i> of the whole, and forming -background and filling to the network of these prominent features, in -broad concentric curves and in belts and patches, the more stunted -thorny growth, long grass, broad savanna and sandy plain, ever -changing in color and aspect.</p> - -<p>The great new and beautiful world of Africa lies open before -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page243"><small><small>[p. 243]</small></small></a></span> us; -250,000,000 intelligent and courageous people have become exposed to -the influence, for good or evil, of the civilized races. What shall we -do with it and them? Quite possible is it fairly and honestly so to -explore and deal with both country and people as to develop its -resources and benefit them, while adding to the world's treasury of -comfort-bringing products and human brotherhood the riches and the -friendship of a new continent; but it must be by peaceful and just -measures and by honest trade with wholesome wares.</p> -<br> -<hr align="center" width="25%"> - -<h5>II.</h5> - -<p>As a practical way of leading you in imagination to the heart of -Africa, and as indicating the circumstances and experience upon which -my observations on Africa are based, I shall describe one of my many journeys.</p> - -<p>In the year 1882 I had the honor to be leader of the largest European -expedition that has yet entered Africa, having in it, for instance, -200 more men than the Emin Pasha relief expedition. There were ten -Europeans, all told, who represented survey and navigation, medicine, -carpentry, blacksmithing, and other specially selected talent for the -purpose of exploration and civilization, as well as those specially -devoted to the teaching of Christianity, which was the ultimate aim of -all. We entered Africa from the village of Saadani, on the eastern -coast, opposite Zanzibar, our destination being the shores of Lake -Tanganyika at Ujiji.</p> - -<p>To make not only our progress sure, but work and residence at our -destination safe and possible in such a land, we had stores of -groceries, medicines, tools and clothing, and a large quantity of -calico and other cloth, which forms the currency of the country, for -the purchase of supplies and payment of wages to porters, servants and workmen.</p> - -<p>The special locality to be worked being the countries surrounding Lake -Tanganyika, to which that extensive and beautiful inland sea gives -access, we carried with us also, for its navigation, a sailing boat -built of steel, of the form of a sea-going life-boat, and constructed -in small sections and pieces for transport. This boat I designed -myself. Six of the sections were to travel on -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page244"><small><small>[p. 244]</small></small></a></span> specially -constructed light carts, drawn by African natives, and the rest, in -small pieces, were to be carried by the porters in the ordinary way.</p> - -<p>The mode of travel was walking, except when now and then an invalid -was carried in a hammock. The method of transport was by means of -native porters, hundreds of whom devote themselves to this work. They -are paid $5 per month as wages, payable at Zanzibar on their return to -the coast, less such advance in kind as they may draw from their -leader along the road. In addition, they get a regular allowance of -two yards of white calico per seven days, each man, as barter with -which to obtain food.</p> - -<p>The organization and start of such a party took some time, and parties -of from 100 to 300 were dispatched along the road as things were -ready, until, when I started with the final rear guard, we had on the -road over 900 of these porters, with their headmen and petty officers, -all under complete organization.</p> - -<p>The first start of the boat-section carts was the scene of apparent -disaster. The men, wild with excitement and uniting their shouts with -those of onlookers, were beyond all restraint for the moment, and as -they rounded a sharp turn to get out of the village of Saadani, over -went the carts, one after the other, on their sides; and it was some -time before I could train the men to steer more carefully or to move -gently down a declivity. In time, however, the whole thing worked -well. The fore compartment of the boat, going stem first, often forced -its own way through masses of brush and creeper, helping to clear the -way for the narrower sections, whose carts insinuated themselves -through surprisingly small gaps. The men themselves were most zealous -in the service, and as we emerged from lengthy stretches of jungle, -ascended steep river banks, or jolted whole days over rugged stony -places unharmed, we made up our minds that, these carts would "go -anywhere." In twenty days we reached Upwapwa, 200 miles from the -coast, and joined an advance party awaiting us; and after a few days -rest and reorganization, we started once more westward.</p> - -<p>The first village beyond, in the country of Ugogo, was thirty miles -off. The first day was a comparatively easy march to a watering place, -but the next two days gave us tough work. The thick, tangled, thorny -scrub became quite dense, and for those two days we had to cut our way -through it foot by foot. Hour -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page245"><small><small>[p. 245]</small></small></a></span> -after hour the twang of the -sword-bayonets and the thud of the axes were almost the only sounds to -be heard till the train of carts moved slowly on as the way was -opened. Toward evening of the second day we followed a narrow pass -along the side of a rocky river bed, stout, inflexible trunks and -branches here projecting into our path. On some of these ebony bars -the axes resounded as on an anvil, and they yielded only to the more -patient saw. As the sun descended we began to flag, but help was at -hand; for a party coming back to us from the camp ahead with food and -water, we picked up strength and spirit and reached camp late in the evening.</p> - -<p>The level plains of Ugogo, which here represent the flat, open step or -terrace to which I have referred in the general description of Africa, -enabled us to make a week or so of splendid and comfortable marches. -Ugogo passed, there lay before us the much-dreaded wilderness, -so-called, of the Magunda-Mkali, separated from Ugogo by a steep, -rocky ascent, which we could only tackle one cart at a time, and we -soon came to a point so rugged with broken rocks that we could proceed -no further; but the sections were unlashed, the carts taken to pieces, -and all handed or dragged across the difficult place and put together -again beyond. Over the scrubby, rugged hill and dale of Magunda-Mkali, -without inhabitants, 20 to 25 miles a day was often made; every man -knew the necessity of pushing on for food and water, and the danger, -from wild beasts or wandering highwaymen, of lagging in the rear.</p> - -<p>On, on, went the novel train, through weary miles of forest, across -the scorched plain, rattling over the hard sun-baked footprints of the -elephant and rhinoceros; on through grassy glades where the nimble -antelope bounded, scared out of our path, and the zebra and giraffe -were startled by the rattling of these strange disturbers of their -solitude; on still, through miles of swamp, with its croaking legions; -on through scenes of surpassing beauty, bright flowers and gleaming -birds and butterflies; on past the bleaching bones of other travelers -waylaid or exhausted, till the sun creeps up high overhead and eager -glances are cast at green spots where water once had been; on, till -the pace grows slow with weariness and thirst, and still on, till it -revives again as the welcome messenger from the front appears in sight -with water or the camp-fires tell of food and rest.</p> - -<p>Completing this difficult section of the journey and mounting -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page246"><small><small>[p. 246]</small></small></a></span> to -the beautiful forests and numerous villages of Unyamwesi, we had -arrived upon the central heights of the continent, which everything -around us bespoke its best part; the clearer, more healthy air, the -rich land, the open forests, the numerous and industrious people, all -spoke eloquently of a better and brighter state of things in the -interior of Africa than on its outside.</p> - -<p>At Urambo we elicited the pleased surprise of our friend, the famous -chief Mirambo. Said Mirambo, laying his hand emphatically on one of -the boat sections, "This boat and these carts are mine, and all -Unyamwesi is yours." It was his way of expressing sympathy and -admiration of what he considered to be a very wonderful enterprise, -and we left him pondering more deeply than ever on the doings of the -"white men."</p> - -<p>The rains were now at hand and the country rich and verdant; we -hastened on with all speed possible to enable us to cross the -Malagarasi river before it should be too swollen. Emerging from -elevated forest land to a view of the valley of the river, it appears -like a vast level expanse of harmless grass, but the swift river is -flowing in the bottom. The toll required by the natives being paid, we -descended to the river through the thick grass. We crossed the river -in tiny dug-out or bark canoes managed by the natives. One old man, a -leader among these ferrymen, we had especial cause to notice; we -called him "the old admiral." He wore a curious skull cap apparently -made of bladder, and presented a most odd appearance. To him we paid a -special fee of propitiation for the boatmen. As we proceeded down -toward the river the first sign of it among the long grass was quiet -shallow water on the path; this grew deeper and deeper as we walked on -until we were immersed to the armpits, the grass rising avenue-like -overhead. We emerged upon a small island or rising ground, and the -river proper was before us. On this little eminence stood "the old -admiral" superintending all. The porters and their ordinary loads all -crossed in the usual way, two or three at a time in the little canoes. -The two large carts, with the bow and stern compartments of the boats, -were floated along the watery avenue by the buoyancy of their -tank-like loads; the others came, sections and carts, separately. The -fare for each load was one yard of calico, but when the carts appeared -there was general astonishment among the ferrymen, who showed signs of -clearing off altogether; "the old admiral" alone was unmoved; his -stolid countenance showed no sign, but a deep bass growl, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page247"><small><small>[p. 247]</small></small></a></span> "Eight -yards, eight yards for these!" expressed at once his nonchalance and -his determination; and eight yards we had to pay. All was safely got -over in a day. Two of the bark canoes were lashed together with poles -across, and one section or one cart at a time laid on top, and thus -all was carried across.</p> - -<p>Obstacles which further back would have been regarded as great -hindrances were now made little of; success seemed assured to all, and -the men even began to rehearse their triumphal entry into Ujiji. One -more difficult river, the Lusugi, we had to cross. We reached its -banks, down a rocky descent, late one night in a heavy fall of rain. -We waited an hour or two next morning till the river had somewhat -subsided, and then commenced work. Two or three volunteers swam across -with a stout rope, which was then hauled tight across the stream. The -porters, holding this rope in one hand, slowly but surely made their -way across. Then the carts and sections were attached to a block -running on the rope, and so, carefully attended by two or three men, -were floated over in safety.</p> - -<p>Ujiji was now only a few marches ahead. The view of the lake was -caught at last, a narrow strip of its waters gleaming in the sun in -the distance, and next morning we slowly marched into Ujiji in a -compact body. The boat was duly launched and has now been for years at -work on Lake Tanganyika in the cause of civilization and Christianity.</p> - -<p>The <i>completion</i> of this journey, however, was but the <i>commencement</i> -of a still larger enterprise in the region reached. Stations were -established among the tribes on the lake shores; a larger vessel, with -steam power, was built and launched on the lake, and a substantial -mission was established and is still at work at a point which is only -400 miles from that point on the Congo river accessible to the -steamers of the missions there.</p> -<br> - -<p>All the work I have described was done at the expense of the London -Missionary Society.</p> -<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page248"><small><small>[p. 248]</small></small></a></span> -<br> -<br> -<h3>REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON EXPLORATION IN ALASKA.</h3> - -<center><small>(<i>Accepted April 3, 1891</i>.)</small></center> -<br> -<hr align="center" width="25%"> -<br> -<div align="right"><i>Washington, D. C., April 3, 1891</i>. </div> - -<p>T<small>O THE</small> B<small>OARD OF</small> M<small>ANAGERS OF -THE</small> N<small>ATIONAL</small> G<small>EOGRAPHIC</small> S<small>OCIETY</small>,<br> - <i>Washington, D. C.</i></p> - -<p><i>Gentlemen:</i> Your Committee, instructed "to consider the advisability -of further Alaskan exploration by the Society this year and if deemed -advisable, to consider and report upon ways and means for -accomplishing it," respectfully submit the following report:</p> - -<p>The general question of desirability has been decided affirmatively by -the Board of Managers; it therefore is inferred that the question of -advisability may be taken as involved in that of ways and means.</p> - -<p>In outlining a plan of work, concerning which such inquiry is to be -made, it has been found necessary, in the lack of formulated opinion -by the Society, to make assumptions as to what should be its purpose -and policy in undertaking exploration. It is assumed tentatively that -in order best to further the object for which the Society is -organized, namely, "the increase and diffusion of geographic -knowledge," the aim in exploration should be not so much to promote -the growth of science as to diffuse a general interest in geographic -work in its several departments, and, adhering to the principle of -attractiveness, to increase the sum of knowledge by discovery and by -the addition of general and elementary facts rather than by detailed -investigation, for appreciation of which scientific training must be -presupposed. It is furthermore believed that the policy of the Society -should be to invite coöperation, offering opportunity at the same time -for special study in related sciences; to effect the organization and -devise the plan, and itself to take part directly in field work only -so far as may be necessary to initiate and promote it.</p> - -<p>Your Committee find that apparently it will be practicable, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page249"><small><small>[p. 249]</small></small></a></span> with -coöperation, for the Society to extend this year the exploration work -of last year in the vicinity of Mount St. Elias. Specifically it is -recommended that the plan be to determine directly, from a long base -line near the coast, the height of the mountain, to ascend it, to -observe systematically the unique phenomena of physical geography of -the Malaspina glacier from Icy bay to the initial point of last year's -exploration, and to explore the Seward glacier to its head if deemed -advisable after the ascent of the peak.</p> - -<p>In view of the fact that it is the purpose of the Coast and Geodetic -Survey to carry the international boundary survey into this region -within one or two years, it is considered inexpedient for the Society -to undertake extended topographic work. It is, however, submitted, as -a principle which this Society should emphasize in projecting -exploration, that facts of physical geography have minimum value and -may lead to false conclusions unless correlated through their space -relations; and it is recommended that the expedition aim always to -employ such means as may be practicable for making record of its -course and of its observations in approximate geometric relation to -surroundings.</p> - -<p>Conditional offers of coöperation have been made by the Revenue Marine -Service, the Geological Survey, the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and the -Century Company of New York. Transportation from Seattle to Alaska and -return, it is thought, may be secured on the steamer Corwin, and that -vessel's commander, Captain Hooper, has expressed a desire to extend -his coast-line exploration of last year by making a survey of -Disenchantment bay. The Geological Survey offers to detail Mr. Russell -to conduct the expedition, and to bear the expense of a number of -field hands and of their equipment. The Coast and Geodetic Survey has -expressed a desire to aid, if practicable, by beginning boundary work -in the same field this year, and incidentally to do other surveying -with special relation to the work of the expedition. The Century -Company offers to send an artist experienced in Alpine work and to pay -the greater portion of his expenses. The opportunity for study of the -fauna and flora of the region it is thought should not be neglected.</p> - -<p>The cost to the Society, wholly in items of field expense otherwise -unprovided for, which may be considered as the cost of enabling the -combination to work as one organization, is estimated at $500.</p> - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page250"><small><small>[p. 250]</small></small></a></span> -<p>The expedition should leave Seattle in the latter part of May, -aiming to reach Icy bay by the first of June, and field work should -close by the end of September.</p> - -<p>Your committee consider further exploration in Alaska by the Society -this year as practicable, and recommend that the proposed expedition -be authorized, and that Mr. Russell be at once invited to organize and -conduct it, under the auspices of the Society.</p> - -<div align="right">Very respectfully, - - - - <br> -G. K. G<small>ILBERT</small>, - <br> -E<small>VERETT</small> H<small>AYDEN</small>, - <br> -W<small>ILLARD</small> D. J<small>OHNSON</small>, - <br> -<i>Committee on Exploration</i>. </div> -<br> -<hr align="center" width="25%"> -<br> -<br> -<h3>NOTES.</h3> -<br> -<p><i>La Carte de France, dite de l'Etat Major, par M. J. Collet. Paris, -1887. 8vo, pp. 92, with 4 plates.</i>—This pamphlet describes the great -"Staff Map" of France, recently completed, giving its history, the -methods employed in the field and office work, the contents of the -map, and the means of representing the various features therein -described. The scale of the map is 1:80,000. Relief is represented by -hachures, for drawing which approximate contour lines have been -located, but these are not otherwise used. A great variety of cultural -features are shown, many of which are ephemeral, and which contribute -to the overloading of the map with details. Moreover, as the time -which has ordinarily elapsed between the survey and the issuance of -the work in printed form is ten or twelve years, most of this culture -has become not only of no value but misleading by the time it is published.</p> - -<p>The account of the organization and methods by which the map has been -produced is of special interest. The primary triangulation upon which -it is based is one of the most elaborate and accurate ever executed in -any country. No expense has been spared in this direction. Within this -triangulation is a secondary triangulation, also very elaborate, from -the stations of which numerous additional points are cut in, or -located by unclosed triangles. All this work is of the highest order -of excellence, being infinitely more accurate than the map requires. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page251"><small><small>[p. 251]</small></small></a></span> -With this, however, the accuracy appears to end. The detail -consists of the map, or the map proper, little more than a compilation -of commune cadastral plans. These were fitted to the triangulation -points and to one another, a process which appears to have been by no -means easy of satisfactory accomplishment. This adjustment having been -completed, the culture was brought up to date of survey and a survey -was made of the relief features by the use of such inferior -instruments as the clinometer compass and chain.</p> - -<p>The principal and obvious criticism upon such work is that it is -top-heavy. The triangulation is far more elaborate than is required, -while the provision for making the map itself is by no means -comparable with it: it is as far below the requirements of the scale -as the triangulation is above it.</p> - -<p>This leads up to a broader proposition, which may be stated thus: That -the general tendency of surveying organizations is in the direction -illustrated by that of the "French Staff." Organized originally for -map-making, they progress little by little in the direction of -devoting their energies to geodetic work, while at the same time the -topographic work proper, for which they were created, is belittled and -neglected. As a consequence the latter depreciates in quality and -diminishes in quantity; the main purpose of the organization is lost, -and a mere means becomes the ultimate end of the work. This tendency -should be recognized in map-making organizations. The weakness of our -modern maps is seldom in the primary control. It is easy to do -triangulation of sufficient accuracy for the control of maps upon such -scales as that above considered, little knowledge or experience being -required beyond that gained at our engineering schools; while the more -accurate triangulation, generally known as geodetic work, requires -merely better instruments, more time, and more experienced observers.</p> - -<p>The weak features of maps are generally the details, the part of the -work that, strange to say, is usually relegated to the lowest grade of -professional men. This weakness consists in an insufficiency of minor -locations for the control of the sketch and in unfaithful sketching. -It is the sketching that requires the most careful attention and the -best and most experienced men. The instrumental portion of the work is -the least difficult; the artistic portion, or sketching, is the most -difficult. It would seem more logical and would doubtless produce -better results to reverse the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page252"><small><small>[p. 252]</small></small></a></span> -usual order of promotion and place -the topographer above the triangulator. Moreover, the triangulation -should be regarded as merely a means for the correction of the -sketching, and it should be required only that it be of sufficiently -high grade to meet this condition. The minor locations should be -sufficiently numerous and well distributed to fully control and -correct the sketching; and finally the sketching should be as faithful -a representation of the topography as is consistent with the necessary -generalization of the surface features.</p> - -<div align="right"><small>H. G.</small> </div> -<br> -<hr align="center" width="10%"> -<br> -<p><i>Polar Regions</i>.—The <i>Societe de Geographie</i> of Paris in its -Proceedings publishes the following communication from M. Ch. Rabot on -the new Danish expedition engaged in the exploration of the eastern -coast of Greenland, under the command of Lieutenant Ryder, of the -royal Danish navy. The expedition has in view the examination of the -unknown coast between Franz-Josef fiord, in latitude 73°, and the most -northerly point reached by Commander Holm and Lieutenant Garde, about -latitude 66°. Lieutenant Ryder left Copenhagen June 7, 1891, in the -Norwegian whaler <i>Hekla</i>, which had been chartered by the Danish -government. The first ice was met on the 20th, in latitude 68° 12', -longitude 13° 05' west. Unable to pass through the pack to the -Greenland shore after several attempts, the ship proceeded northward, -and in the vicinity of Jan Mayen made soundings and successful -dredgings. Several attempts to reach the coast of Greenland were made -from the 75th parallel southward, but without success up to July 2, -when the <i>Hekla</i> was in latitude 71° 31', longitude 6° 30' west. Since -that date there has been no direct news, but on July 26, in latitude -72° 40', longitude 14° 25' west, the English whaler <i>Active</i> saw the -<i>Hekla</i> a few miles to the northeast, heading to the south-southwest. -On August 2 the <i>Active</i>, in latitude 71° 40', approached within 12 -miles of the coast, and on August 20, in 70° 30', was within 7 miles -of the mainland. In both instances the intervening sea was free of -ice. The English captain believes that the <i>Hekla</i> made the eastern -coast in about 71° 30'. The <i>Hekla</i> is provisioned for the winter, and -there is a prospect of marked success by the Danish officers in their -undertaking.<p> -<br> -<hr align="center" width="10%"> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page253"><small><small>[p. 253]</small></small></a></span> -<br> -<p><i>The Crossing of Tibet</i>.—The explorations of Mr. Rockhill in -Tibet and his renewed attempt to reach Lassa, the "holy city" of that -country, creates an unusual interest for Americans in the account of -the crossing of Tibet by M. G. Bonvalot, Prince Henri d'Orleans, and -P. Dedeken, published in the last Bulletin of the Paris Geographical Society.</p> - -<p>Six days' journey from Moscow brought the party through Russia and -Turkestan to Kouldja (45° N., 41° W.), in extreme western Mongolia. -Having obtained authority from the Chinese governor of the province to -proceed, the party, aggregating 15 in number, left that place -September 12, 1889, with Batang, China, as an objective point. On -October 5, after a journey of about 450 miles, during which they -crossed the Thian-chan ("heavenly") mountains by Narat pass, they -camped at Korla, near Bagratch-koul. Here they were warned that they -could proceed no farther, and the governor of Ili sent an order to -arrest them. The mandarin and other local authorities did not, -however, actively oppose their departure, which took place during the -night of October 10, the party then consisting of 20 horsemen and 40 -pack-animals. On October 28 they reached Kara-douran, the western end -of Lob-nor. A side trip by d'Orleans and Dedeken to Lob-nor proved it -to be no longer a lake but a series of swamps and sandy islands, with -the water nowhere more than four feet deep. Meantime Bonavolot -accumulated supplies and replaced from the hardy Mongols the more -timid among their camp-followers, the party being reduced to seven, -with a few extra men for a short distance.</p> - -<p>Quitting Tcharkalik on November 17, they followed the route taken by -Carey; but on the advice of the natives they resolved after crossing -the Altyn-tagh to go directly southward instead of turning eastward, -and thus to attempt a new route, on which they were beset by the usual -physical discomforts attendant on travel at great elevations. On these -mountain ranges they saw only wild sheep, blue hares, wild horses, -crows and partridges. On December 5, just south of a large salt lake -(Ouzoun-tchour), they, saw a caravan of Kalmouk pilgrims returning -from Lassa by an unknown route, which they refused to make known, and -decided to temporarily abandon their idea of reaching Batang and -instead to go direct to Lassa by retracing the caravan trail. From -this point (about 38° 30' N. and 87° 30' W.) they proceeded directly -southward. The region penetrated was unknown, the winds -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page254"><small><small>[p. 254]</small></small></a></span> violent -the entire day, the desert treeless and without water, the route lined -with the carcasses of camels and their drivers, the only fuel the dung -of wandering yaks or caravan camels, and the trail so indistinct that -at times they marched by compass. The elevation gradually and steadily -increased to 15,000 and even 16,500 feet; the mountain fever became -worse, the storms more violent and continuous, and the temperature -ranged from 7° (–14° C.), with wind, at midday to 30° below zero (–33° -C.) at night. One by one their horses and camels died, and also an old -Kirgese who followed them. Extensive glaciers were passed, from which -flow on the one side the Salouen and Mekong into Indian ocean, and on -the other the Yang-tse to China sea. On January 8, 1890, they skirted -a large unfrozen lake named Montcalm, 50 miles long by 12 miles wide, -and on January 14 traversed Duplex pass, 20,000 feet elevation. On the -31st they finally ran across a man, a wild Tibetan, small, thin, with -enormous lips, long knotted hair, clothed in sheepskin and armed with -a saber and flint-lock gun, whom they called "appa" (father); he knew -neither Chinese nor Mogul, but spoke Tibetan of which the travelers -knew scarcely a dozen words. Other Tibetans, with flocks of sheep, -soon appeared and sold them mutton, a little salt, and rancid butter, -and then followed on horseback for fifteen days without losing sight -of the explorers. Often they were counseled in Mogul by those in -authority to turn back.</p> - -<p>In the middle of February they reached lake Nam-tso ("heaven"), or -Tengri-nor, a large frozen body of water. Out of 40 camels only 15 -remained, and, of 20 horses but one survived; three of the party of -seven were in desperate state of health, while all were worn out and -almost without provisions. They were finally obliged to stop in a -mountain pass of the Nindjin-tangla, which led directly to Lassa, then -not more than sixty miles distant. On February 17 the Tibetan -authorities sent a large party to meet them and ask their intentions. -Mistaken for Russians, it took 13 days to convince the authorities -that they were French. They received presents from the authorities and -obtained costumes from Lassa, but found it impossible to visit the -"holy city." After 49 days of negotiation, on April 5, provided with -arms, provisions and horses, and also a safe permit from the Talia -lama to cross Tibet to Batang by an unknown route, they started -eastward, on a course nearly -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page255"><small><small>[p. 255]</small></small></a></span> -parallel to and north of Salouen -river, reaching Sô and once again seeing houses on April 15. They -arrived at Batang early in June, their route some distance west of it -having joined the Imperial highway from Pekin to Lassa over which -l'Abbe Huc travelled. From Tatsien-lou, where the French Tibetan -mission is located, their route turned southward to Red river, which -was reached, at Manhoau, on September 21, when their journey -practically ended, as Hanoai was reached two days later.</p> - -<p>An excellent map of the itinerary, by Prince Henri, accompanies the -article.</p> - -<div align="right"><small>A. W. G.</small> </div> -<br> -<hr align="center" width="10%"> -<br> -<p><i>Third Annual Report on the Statistics of Railways in the United -States to the Interstate Commerce Commission, for the year ending June -30, 1890:</i> Washington, Government Printing Office, 1891 (advance copy, -pp. 1–100).—This pamphlet, by Professor Henry C. Adams, is issued in -advance of the full report, which is promised to comprise about 875 -pages. It contains a summary, digest and discussion of the full report.</p> - -<p>It appears that the total railroad mileage on June 30, 1890, was -163,597, an increase of 5,838 miles during the year. The increase came -mainly from southeastern and western states. This mileage was owned by -1,797 distinct corporate bodies, but entirely controlled in one way or -another by only 747 companies. To illustrate the extent to which -consolidation of railroad property has gone, it may be stated that -47.5 per cent of all railroad mileage is controlled by but forty -companies, and that 65.4 per cent is controlled by seventy-five -companies. The greatest mileage controlled by one company is 6,053, -operated by the Southern Pacific company.</p> - -<p>The total capital and bonded debt of railroad companies was -$9,871,378,389, or $60,340 per mile. Stock and bonds were about equal -in amount. Mr. Adams estimates the value of railroad property by -capitalizing at 5 per cent the dividends and interest on bonds paid -during the year, reaching as a result $6,627,461,140, or about <small><sup>2</sup></small>/<small>3</small> of -the nominal capital and bonded debt. The justice of this method may -fairly be questioned. A comparison of the ruling prices of -dividend-paying stocks with the rate per cent of the dividend shows -that 5 per cent stocks are above par and that 4 per cent stocks -average nearly par. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page256"><small><small>[p. 256]</small></small></a></span> -Moreover, it is well known that many -railroads are built and operated, not for their own immediate earnings -but to give value to other property of the companies, notably to -lands, from the sale or lease of which the companies derive profits. -Again, many railroads are built, not for present but for future -profits, after they shall have induced settlement of their territory; -and, furthermore, numerous branch roads have been built as defensive -measures to prevent rivals from occupying territory; and in many cases -earnings are used in betterment of property instead of distributing it -as dividends. In all these cases the roads have value, although they -are not paying dividends.</p> - -<p>Taking all these matters into account, it does not appear that the -railroad stocks of the country have, collectively, been watered to any -great extent, if by "watering" is meant expanding nominal values above -actual values.</p> - -<p>Concerning dividends paid on stock, Mr. Adams presents a table showing -that 63.76 per cent of all stock paid no dividends; that but 6.47 per -cent paid less than 4 per cent; that 25.26 per cent paid from 4 to 8 -per cent, the remainder paying above 8 per cent. It appears that in -the northeastern states much the highest dividends were paid, while in -the west, so far as dividends are concerned, the stockholders have to -wait for future developments.</p> - -<p>The total passenger mileage for the year was 11,847,785,617, a slight -increase over the previous year. The total freight mileage was -76,207,047,298, an increase of nearly 10 per cent over that of the -previous year. The gross earnings of the year were $1,051,877,632, and -the operating expenses $692,093,971, leaving as the income from -operations $359,783,661. The income from other sources was -$126,767,064, and the total deductions from income were $384,792,138, -leaving as the net income $101,758,587, out of which there was paid as -dividends on stock $89,688,204.</p> - -<p>The magnitude of the railway interests of the country is set forth in -the above enormous figures. It is still further emphasized by the fact -that nearly three-quarters of a million men are in the employ of this -industry. Assuming that each such employé supports two others besides -himself, it is seen that the railroad interest supports two and a -quarter millions, or more than one thirtieth of the inhabitants of the country.</p> - -<div align="right"><small>H. G.</small> </div> -<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page257"><small><small>[p. 257]</small></small></a></span> -<br> -<br> -<h3>INDEX.</h3> -<hr align="center" width="25%"> -<br> - -A<small>BBE</small>, C<small>LEVELAND</small>, cited on isostaths, 43<br> -—, Record of communication by, <a href="#pageviii">viii</a><br> -— — — discussion by, <a href="#pageviii">viii</a><br> -<br> -A<small>BORIGINES</small> of South America, 7<br> -<br> -A<small>CADEMY OF</small> S<small>CIENCES</small>, Russian, Quotation from records of, <a href="#page212">212</a><br> -<br> -A<small>DAMS</small>, H<small>ENRY</small> C., Review of report on railway operations by, <a href="#page255">255</a><br> -<br> -A<small>DELUNG</small>, J. C., Geographic work by, <a href="#page211">211</a><br> -—, Quotation from, on de l'Isle's map, <a href="#page212">212</a>, -<a href="#page213">213</a>, <a href="#page214">214</a><br> -<br> -A<small>DMIRALTY BAY</small>, 56<br> -<br> -A<small>FRICA</small>, Area of, 32<br> -—, Conquest and division of, 31<br> -—, Natural divisions of, <a href="#page238">238</a><br> -—, Population of, <a href="#page238">238</a><br> -— (The Heart of); E. C. Hore, <a href="#page238">238</a><br> -<br> -A<small>GASSIZ GLACIER</small>, Ascent of, 147<br> -— — named, 73<br> -<br> -A<small>GE</small> of St. Elias range, 175<br> -<br> -A<small>LASKA</small> (An expedition to Mount St. Elias,); I. C. Russell, 53<br> -—, Boundaries of, <a href="#page237">237</a><br> -—, Early works concerning, <a href="#page206">206</a><br> -—, Report of committee on exploration in, <a href="#page248">248</a><br> -<br> -A<small>LLEN</small>, J<small>AMES</small>, cited on isostaths, 44<br> -<br> -A<small>LPENSTOCKS</small>, Necessity for, 165<br> -<br> -A<small>LPINE</small> glaciers, 176, 180<br> -<br> -A<small>LTON</small>, E<small>DMUND</small>, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75<br> -<br> -A<small>LVORD</small>, H. E., Remarks by, at field meeting, <a href="#pagex">x</a><br> -<br> -A<small>MAZON</small>, Discovery of the, 11<br> -—, Sketch of the, 4<br> -<br> -A<small>MENDMENT</small> to by-laws proposed, <a href="#pagexii">xii</a><br> -<br> -A<small>NDES</small>, General description of the, 1<br> -<br> -A<small>NEMOMETER</small> formula devised by C. F. Marvin, 49<br> -<br> -A<small>NGOT</small>, A., Reference to work of, 46<br> -<br> -A<small>NTIQUITIES</small> of Peru, 8<br> -<br> -A<small>RCHANGELICA</small>, Mention of, 89, 114<br> -<br> -A<small>RGENTINE</small> R<small>EPUBLIC</small>, Sketch of, 19<br> -<br> -A<small>SIA</small>, Exploration in, <a href="#page253">253</a><br> -<br> -A<small>TREVIDA</small>, Mention of the, 63, 92, 105<br> -<br> -A<small>URIFEROUS</small> sands from Yakutat bay, 196<br> -<br> -A<small>VALANCHES</small>, 145, 155<br> -<br> -<br> -B<small>AIE DE</small> M<small>ONTI</small>, 56<br> -— named by La Pérouse, 60<br> -<br> -B<small>AKER</small>, M<small>ARCUS</small>, cited on early eclipses, <a href="#page220">220</a><br> -— — — Mount St. Elias, <a href="#page232">232</a><br> -—, Explorations by, 70, 72<br> -—, Reference to bibliography by, 58<br> -—, Record of discussion by, <a href="#pageviii">viii</a>, <a href="#pageix">ix</a><br> -<br> -B<small>ASE</small> L<small>INE</small>, Measurement of, 86<br> -<br> -B<small>ATES</small>, H. W., Quotation from, on South America, 29<br> -<br> -B<small>EAR</small>, Meeting with the, 94, 109<br> -<br> -B<small>ELCHER</small>, S<small>IR</small> E<small>DWARD</small>, Explorations by, 68, 69<br> -<br> -B<small>ELL</small>, A. G<small>RAHAM</small>, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75<br> -<br> -B<small>ELL</small>, C<small>HARLES</small> J., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75<br> -<br> -B<small>ELLIN</small>, S., Geographic work by, <a href="#page207">207</a><br> -<br> -B<small>ERING BAY</small>, Mention of, 56<br> -<br> -B<small>ERING'S</small> first voyage (The cartography and observations of); A. W. Greely, <a href="#page205">205</a><br> -— provisions, <a href="#page219">219</a><br> -<br> -B<small>ERING</small>, V<small>ITUS</small>, Explorations by, 58<br> -<br> -B<small>ERG</small>, M., cited on thunderstorms, 44<br> -<br> -B<small>IEN</small>, M<small>ORRIS</small>, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75<br> -<br> -B<small>IGELOW</small>, F. H., Record of communication by, <a href="#pageviii">viii</a><br> -<br> -B<small>IRNIE</small>, J<small>R</small>., R<small>OGERS</small>, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75<br> -<br> -B<small>LACK</small> G<small>LACIER</small>, Brief account of, 101, 104<br> -<br> -B<small>LODGETT</small>, J. H., Record of discussion by, <a href="#pagevii">vii</a>, <a href="#pageix">ix</a><br> -<br> -B<small>LOSSOM</small> I<small>SLAND</small>, Description of, 113, 122<br> -<br> -B<small>OARD ON GEOGRAPHIC NAMES</small>, Institution of the, 39<br> -<br> -B<small>ONVALOT</small>, G., Crossing of Tibet by, <a href="#page253">253</a><br> -<br> -B<small>OURSIN</small>, H<small>ENRY</small>, Mention of, 79<br> -<br> -B<small>RAZIL</small>, Revolution in, 36<br> -—, Sketch of, 17<br> -<br> -B<small>ROKA</small>, G<small>EORGE</small>, Explorations by, 73, 74<br> -<br> -B<small>UACHE</small>, P<small>HILLIPE</small>, Geographic work by, <a href="#page208">208</a><br> -<br> -B<small>UCHAN</small>, A<small>LEX</small>., Reference to work of, 44<br> -<br> -B<small>UCKLE</small>, S<small>IR</small> H<small>ENRY</small>, Quotation from, on tropical America, 29<br> -<br> -B<small>Y-LAWS</small>, Proposed amendment to the, <a href="#pagexii">xii</a><br> -<br> -<br> -C<small>AMP</small> hands, 166<br> -<br> -C<small>ARPENTER</small>, Z. T., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75<br> -<br> -C<small>ARTOGRAPHY</small>, Discussion of, <a href="#page251">251</a><br> -— (The) and Observations of Bering's First Voyage; A. W. Greely, <a href="#page205">205</a><br> -<br> -C<small>ASCADE</small> G<small>LACIER</small> named, 144<br> -<br> -C<small>ENTURY</small> C<small>OMPANY</small>, Offer of coöperation by, <a href="#page249">249</a><br> -<br> -C<small>HAIX HILLS</small> named, 73<br> -<br> -C<small>HARIOT</small>, T<small>HE</small>, Mention of, 140<br> -<br> -C<small>HATHAM</small>, Mention of, 66<br> -<br> -C<small>HERIKOF</small>, A<small>LEXEI</small>, Explorations of, 58<br> -<br> -C<small>HINA</small>, Exploration in, <a href="#page253">253</a><br> -<br> -C<small>HRISTIE</small>, J. H., Member of expedition, 76<br> -—, Work of, 82, 83, 84, 96, 103, 112, 113, 123, 162<br> -<br> -C<small>LIMATE</small> of South America, 6<br> -<br> -C<small>LOVER</small>, R<small>ICHARDSON</small>, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75<br> -<br> -C<small>OAST AND</small> G<small>EODETIC</small> S<small>URVEY</small>, Explorations by, 70, 72<br> -—, Offer of coöperation by, <a href="#page249">249</a><br> -<br> -C<small>OLD WAVES</small>, Prediction of, 51<br> -<br> -C<small>OLLETT</small>, M. J., Review of map described by, <a href="#page250">250</a><br> -<br> -C<small>OMMERCE</small> of South America, 17, 19, 23<br> -<br> -C<small>OOK</small>, C<small>APTAIN</small> J<small>AMES</small>, Explorations of, 58<br> -<br> -C<small>ORDILLERAS</small> of South America, 1<br> -<br> -C<small>ORWIN CLIFFS</small>, Mention of, 138<br> -<br> -C<small>ORWIN</small> (The) in Disenchantment bay, 100<br> -— Return of the, 163<br> -<br> -C<small>REVASSES</small>, 181, 182<br> -— at Pinnacle pass, 130<br> -<br> -C<small>ROSS SOUND</small>, visited by Vancouver's expedition, 67<br> -<br> -C<small>RUMBACK</small>, J. H., Member of expedition, 76<br> -—, Work of, 96, 103, 122, 125, 129, 131, 135, 137<br> -<br> -C<small>URTIS</small>, W. E., Record of communication by, <a href="#pagexi">xi</a><br> -<br> -C<small>YCLONES</small>, Theory of, 42<br> -<br> -<br> -D<small>AGELET</small>, M., Mention of, 60<br> -<br> -D<small>AHLGREN</small>, U<small>LRICA</small>, Presentation of flag by, <a href="#pageviii">viii</a><br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page258"><small><small>[p. 258]</small></small></a></span> -<br> -D<small>ALL</small>, W. H., cited on Bering's first voyage, <a href="#page205">205</a><br> -— — — — supplies, <a href="#page219">219</a><br> -— — — de l'Isle's map, <a href="#page218">218</a><br> -— — — early eclipses, <a href="#page219">219</a><br> -— — — Mount St. Elias, <a href="#page231">231</a><br> -—, Explorations by, 70, 72<br> -—, Quotation from, on map by de l'Isle, <a href="#page207">207</a><br> -—, Record of discussion by, <a href="#pagevii">vii</a><br> -—, Reference to bibliography by, 58<br> -<br> -D<small>ALTON</small>, J<small>OHN</small>, Glacier named for, 98<br> -—, Mention of, 73<br> -<br> -D'A<small>NVILLE</small>, M., cited on early eclipses, <a href="#page229">229</a><br> -<br> -D<small>AVIS</small>, W. M., Reference to meteorologic review by, 47<br> -<br> -D<small>EDEKEN</small>, P., Crossing of Tibet by, <a href="#page253">253</a><br> -<br> -D<small>EFINITION</small> of formations in St. Elias region, 167<br> -<br> -D<small>E</small>K<small>ALB</small>, C<small>OURTENAY</small>, Record of communication by, <a href="#pageix">ix</a><br> -<br> -D<small>E L</small>'I<small>SLE</small>, J. N., Authenticity of map by, <a href="#page211">211</a>, <a href="#page213">213</a><br> -—, Geographic work by, <a href="#page206">206</a><br> -—, Map by, <a href="#page207">207</a><br> -—, Quotation from, on eclipses, <a href="#page220">220</a><br> -<br> -D<small>E</small> M<small>ONTI BAY</small>, Arrival at, 79<br> -<br> -D<small>ESCUBIERTA</small> (The), Mention of, 63<br> -<br> -D<small>ESENGAÑO BAY</small>, named by Malaspina, 63<br> -<br> -D<small>EVIL'S CLUB</small> (<i>Panax horridum</i>), Mention of, 95, 115<br> -<br> -D<small>IGGES' SOUND</small>, named by Vancouver, 68<br> -<br> -D<small>ILLER</small>, J. S., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75<br> -<br> -D<small>IP</small> at Pinnacle pass, 140<br> -<br> -D<small>ISCOVERY</small> (The), Mention of, 66<br> -<br> -D<small>ISENCHANTMENT BAY</small>, Canoe trip in, 96, 103<br> -—, Last view of, 163<br> -—, Mention of, 56<br> -—, visited by Malaspina, 63, 64<br> -<br> -D<small>IXON</small>, C<small>APTAIN</small> G<small>EORGE</small>, Explorations of, 60, 62<br> -<br> -D<small>OBBINS</small>, J. W., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75<br> -<br> -D<small>OBBS</small>, A<small>RTHUR</small>, Geographic work by, <a href="#page210">210</a><br> -<br> -D<small>OME PASS</small> named, 146<br> -<br> -D<small>ONEY</small>, L. S., Member of expedition, 76<br> -—, Work of, 85, 158, 159, 160, 162<br> -<br> -D'O<small>RLEANS</small>, P<small>RINCE</small> H<small>ENRI</small>, Crossing of Tibet by, <a href="#page253">253</a><br> -<br> -D<small>OUGLASS</small>, E. M., Record of discussion by, <a href="#pagexi">xi</a><br> -<br> -D<small>OUGLASS</small>, C<small>APTAIN</small>, Explorations of, 62<br> -<br> -D<small>RY BAY</small>, Mention of, 55<br> -<br> -D<small>U</small> B<small>OCAGE</small>, B<small>ARBIC</small>, Geographic work by, <a href="#page211">211</a><br> -—, Quotation from, on de l'Isle's map, <a href="#page216">216</a><br> -<br> -D<small>U</small> F<small>OSSE</small>, E., cited on early publications, <a href="#page207">207</a><br> -<br> -D<small>U</small> H<small>ALDE</small>, P<small>ÈRE</small>, Geographic work by, <a href="#page206">206</a><br> -—, Quotation from, on de l'Isle's map, <a href="#page218">218</a><br> -<br> -<br> -E<small>ARTHQUAKES</small>, South American, 2<br> -<br> -E<small>CLIPSES</small>, Early, observed in Kamshatka, <a href="#page219">219</a>, <a href="#page229">229</a><br> -<br> -E<small>IFFEL TOWER</small>, Use of, in meteorology, 46<br> -<br> -E<small>KHOLM</small>, N<small>ILS</small>, cited on isostaths, 43<br> -<br> -E<small>LDORADO</small>, Early accounts of, 14<br> -<br> -E<small>LECTION</small> of officers, <a href="#pagexii">xii</a><br> -<br> -E<small>SPERANZA</small>, P<small>OINT</small>, Mention of, 14, 85<br> -<br> -E<small>XPEDITION</small> (An) to Mount St. Elias, Alaska; I. C. Russell, 53<br> -<br> -E<small>XPLORATION</small> in Alaska, <a href="#page248">248</a><br> -<br> -<br> -F<small>ARENHOLT</small>, L<small>IEUTENANT</small> C<small>OMMANDER</small> O. F., of U. S. S. <i>Pinta</i>, 79<br> -<br> -F<small>AULTED</small> pebble from Pinnacle pass, 171<br> -<br> -F<small>AULTS</small> 83, 136<br> -—, Thrust, in Hitchcock range, 118<br> -<br> -F<small>ERREL</small>, W<small>ILLIAM</small>, cited on cyclones, 42<br> -—, Reference to treatise by, 47<br> -<br> -F<small>INLEY</small>, J. P., Reference to work of, 50<br> -<br> -F<small>LORAL HILLS</small>, Brief account of, 105, 108<br> -<br> -F<small>LORAL PASS</small>, Brief account of, 105, 108, 110<br> -<br> -F<small>ORMATIONS</small> of the St. Elias region, 167<br> -<br> -F<small>OSSILS</small> at Pinnacle pass, 140<br> -—, Description of, of Yakutat system, 172<br> -<br> -F<small>OSSIL PLANTS</small>, Report on, by Lester F. Ward, 199, 200<br> -<br> -F<small>RANCE</small>, Review of Staff Map of, <a href="#page250">250</a><br> -<br> -<br> -G<small>ABBRO</small> on the Marvine glacier, 123<br> -<br> -G<small>ALIANO</small>, D<small>ON</small> D<small>IONISIO</small> A<small>LCALA</small>, Mention of, 63<br> -<br> -G<small>ALIANO GLACIER</small>, Visit to, 89, 90<br> -<br> -G<small>ANNETT</small>, H<small>ENRY</small>, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75<br> -—, Instructions from, 194<br> -—, Review of railway operations by, <a href="#page208">255</a><br> -— — — Staff Map of France, by, <a href="#page250">250</a><br> -<br> -G<small>ANNETT</small>, S. S., Computation of height of Mount St. Elias, by, <a href="#page235">235</a><br> -<br> -G<small>EOGRAPHIC</small> names, Board of, 39<br> -<br> -G<small>EOGRAPHY</small> of the Air; A. W. Greely, 41<br> -— — — Land; H. G. Ogden, 31<br> -<br> -G<small>EOLOGICAL</small> S<small>URVEY</small>, Acknowledgments to, 40<br> -—, Instructions from, 192, 193, 194<br> -—, Offer of coöperation by, <a href="#page249">249</a><br> -<br> -G<small>EOLOGY</small> of the St. Elias region, 167, 174, 190, 191<br> -<br> -G<small>ILBERT</small>, G. K., Instructions from, 192, 193<br> -—, Record of discussion by, <a href="#pagevii">vii</a>, <a href="#pageix">ix</a>, <a href="#pagex">x</a><br> -—, Remarks by, at field meeting, <a href="#pagex">x</a><br> -—, Report on exploration by, <a href="#page250">250</a><br> -<br> -G<small>LACIAL</small> currents, 187<br> -— river, Example of, 183<br> -— streams, 183, 184<br> -<br> -G<small>LACIER BAY</small>, Mention of, 67<br> -<br> -G<small>LACIERS</small> in Disenchantment bay in 1792, 64, 65, 97<br> -— — — — observed by Malaspina, 64, 65<br> -— — — — — — Puget, 67, 68<br> -— of the St. Elias region, 176<br> -— west of Icy bay, 187<br> -<br> -G<small>RACE</small>, M. P., Financial operations by, 23<br> -<br> -G<small>REELY</small>, A. W., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75<br> -— cited on Mississippi floods, 38<br> -—; Geography of the Air, 41<br> -—, Note by, on polar regions, <a href="#page252">252</a><br> -— — — — the crossing of Tibet, <a href="#page253">253</a><br> -—, Record of communication by, vii, <a href="#pageviii">viii</a>, <a href="#pagexi">xi</a><br> -—; The Cartography and Observations of Bering's First Voyage, <a href="#page205">205</a><br> -<br> -G<small>UIANA</small>, Sketch of, 13<br> -<br> -G<small>UIDES</small>, Use of, in ascending St. Elias, 166<br> -<br> -G<small>UYOT GLACIER</small> named, 73<br> -<br> -<br> -H<small>AENKE</small>, D. T<small>ADEO</small>, Haenke island named for, 65<br> -<br> -H<small>AENKE ISLAND</small>, Condition of, when seen by Malaspina, 63, 64, 65, 97<br> -—, Visit to, 96, 103<br> -<br> -H<small>ANN</small>, J<small>ULIUS</small>, cited on cyclones, 42<br> -<br> -H<small>AYDEN</small>, D<small>R</small>. F. V., Glacier named for, 108<br> -<br> -H<small>AYDEN</small>, E<small>VERETT</small>, Contributions to exploration fund by, 75<br> -—, Record of discussion by, vii, <a href="#pageviii">viii</a>, <a href="#pageix">ix</a>, <a href="#pagexi">xi</a><br> -—, Report on exploration by, <a href="#page250">250</a><br> -<br> -H<small>AYDEN GLACIER</small>, Brief account of, 108, 110, 111<br> -<br> -H<small>AYS</small>, J. W., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75<br> -<br> -H<small>AZEN</small>, H. A., Reference to work of, 50<br> -<br> -H<small>EIGHT</small> and position of St. Elias, 189, 190<br> -<br> -H<small>ENDRIKSEN</small>, R<small>EVEREND</small> C<small>ARL</small> J., Mention of, 80, 83<br> -<br> -H<small>ILL</small>, S. A., Reference to work of, 47<br> -<br> -H<small>ILL</small>, R. T., Record of communication by, <a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a><br> -<br> -H<small>ITCHCOCK</small>, P<small>ROFESSOR</small> E<small>DWARD</small>, Range named for, 112<br> -<br> -H<small>ITCHCOCK</small> R<small>ANGE</small>, Brief account of, 112<br> -— from Pinnacle pass, 133<br> -—, Structure of, 118<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page259"><small><small>[p. 259]</small></small></a></span> -<br> -H<small>OOGEWERFF</small>, J. A., Record of communication by, <a href="#pageviii">viii</a><br> -<br> -H<small>OOPER</small>, C<small>APTAIN</small> C. L., Navigation of Disenchantment bay, 56, 100<br> -—, Offer of coöperation by, <a href="#page249">249</a><br> -<br> -H<small>ORE</small>, E. C., Record of address by, <a href="#pagevii">vii</a><br> -—; The Heart of Africa, <a href="#page238">238</a><br> -<br> -H<small>OSMER</small>, E. S., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75<br> -—, Return of, 83<br> -—, Volunteer assistant, 76<br> -<br> -H<small>OTCHKISS</small>, J<small>ED</small>., Record of communication by, <a href="#pageix">ix</a>, <a href="#pagex">x</a><br> -—, Testimonial to, <a href="#pagex">x</a><br> -<br> -H<small>OVEY</small>, H. C., Record of communication by, <a href="#pagex">x</a><br> -—, Remarks by, at field meeting, <a href="#pagex">x</a><br> -<br> -H<small>OWELL</small>, E. E., Record of communication by, <a href="#pagexi">xi</a><br> -<br> -H<small>UBBARD</small>, G<small>ARDINER</small> G., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75<br> -—, Glacier named for, 99<br> -—, Presentation of flag by, <a href="#pageviii">viii</a><br> -—, Record of presidential address by, <a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a><br> -—; South America: Annual address by the President, 1<br> -<br> -H<small>UBBARD GLACIER</small>, Brief description of, 99<br> -<br> -H<small>UC, L</small>'A<small>BBÉ</small>, Route of, <a href="#page255">255</a><br> -<br> -H<small>UGHES</small>, T. M<small>C</small>K<small>ENNEY</small>, Record of communication by, <a href="#pagex">x</a><br> -<br> -<br> -I<small>CEBERGS</small>, Formation of, 98, 99, 101, 102<br> -— in Yakutat bay, Description of, 87<br> -<br> -I<small>CE</small> tunnels, 184<br> -<br> -I<small>NCAS</small> of Peru, 8<br> -<br> -I<small>NDIANS</small> of South America, 7<br> -<br> -I<small>NSTRUCTIONS</small> from Geological Survey, 192, 193, 194<br> -— — National Geographic Society, 194<br> -<br> -I<small>RVING</small>, P<small>ROFESSOR</small> R. D., Mountain named for, 144<br> -<br> -<br> -J<small>ACKSON</small>, S<small>HELDON</small>, Record of discussion by, <a href="#pageix">ix</a><br> -<br> -J<small>OHNSON</small>, J. B., Record of discussion by, <a href="#pagexi">xi</a><br> -<br> -J<small>OHNSON</small>, W<small>ILLARD</small> D., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75<br> -—, Exploration planned by, 75<br> -—, Record of discussion by, <a href="#pagevii">vii</a><br> -—, Report on exploration by, <a href="#page250">250</a><br> -<br> -J<small>UDD</small>, J. G., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75<br> -<br> -J<small>UNGEN</small>, E<small>NSIGN</small> C. W., Mention of, 81<br> -<br> -<br> -K<small>AMSHATKA</small>, Cartography of, <a href="#page217">217</a><br> -—, Early eclipses in, <a href="#page219">219</a>, <a href="#page229">229</a><br> -<br> -K<small>ERR</small>, M<small>ARK</small> B., assigned as an assistant, 75<br> -— cited on Mount St. Elias, 39<br> -—, Report on topographic work by, 195<br> -<br> -K<small>HANTAAK ISLAND</small>, Village on, 79, 80<br> -<br> -K<small>ING</small>, H<small>ARRY</small>, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75<br> -<br> -K<small>NAPP</small>, H<small>ON</small>. L<small>YMAN</small> E., Mention of, 79<br> -<br> -K<small>NIGHT ISLAND</small>, Scenery near, 83<br> -— named by Puget, 68<br> -<br> -K<small>NOWLTON</small>, F. H., Report on fossil plants, 199<br> -<br> -<br> -L<small>A</small> B<small>OUSSOLE</small>, Mention of, 58<br> -<br> -L<small>AKE</small> C<small>ASTANI</small> named, 73<br> -<br> -L<small>AKELETS</small> on the glaciers, 119, 120<br> -<br> -L<small>AKES</small>, Abandoned beds of, near Blossom island, 116<br> -<br> -L<small>A</small> P<small>ÉROUSE</small>, J. F. S., Explorations of, 58, 60<br> -<br> -L<small>A</small> P<small>LATA</small> river, Sketch of, 5<br> -<br> -L<small>ASSA</small>, recent attempt to reach, <a href="#page253">253</a><br> -<br> -L'A<small>STROLABE</small>, Mention of, 58<br> -<br> -L<small>AURIDSEN</small>, P., cited on early maps, <a href="#page215">215</a><br> -—, Quotation from, on de l'Isle's map, <a href="#page217">217</a><br> -<br> -L<small>EACH</small>, B<small>OYNTON</small>, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75<br> -<br> -L<small>EVÉE</small> systems of the Mississippi, 37<br> -<br> -L<small>IBBEY</small>, P<small>ROFESSOR</small> W<small>ILLIAM</small>, Explorations by, 72, 73<br> -<br> -L<small>INDENKOHL</small>, A., Computation of position of Mount St. Elias by, <a href="#page235">235</a><br> -<br> -L<small>INDSLEY</small>, W. L., Member of expedition, 76<br> -—, Work of, 122, 131, 134, 135, 139, 144, 149, 150, 153, 157, 158, 164<br> -<br> -L<small>ITTLEHALES</small>, G. W., Record of discussion by, <a href="#pagevii">vii</a><br> -<br> -L<small>ITUYA BAY</small>, Mention of, 55<br> -<br> -L<small>OB-NOR</small>, Character of, <a href="#page253">253</a><br> -<br> -L<small>OGAN</small>, S<small>IR</small> W. E., Mountain named for, 141<br> -<br> -L<small>ONDON</small> M<small>ISSIONARY</small> S<small>OCIETY</small>, Acknowledgments to, <a href="#page247">247</a><br> -<br> -L<small>UCIA GLACIER</small>, Brief account of, 192<br> -— —, Crossing of, 105, 106, 108, 109<br> -<br> -L<small>YNN CANAL</small>, Mention of, 78<br> -<br> -<br> -M<small>ALASPINA</small>, A<small>LEJANDRO</small>, cited on Mount St. Elias, <a href="#page231">231</a><br> -—, Explorations of, 62, 66<br> -<br> -M<small>ALASPINA GLACIER</small>, Character of, 187<br> -— described and named, 71, 72<br> -—, Excursion on, 120, 121, 162<br> -— from Blossom island, 118, 119<br> -—, Mention of, 56<br> -<br> -M<small>ALDONADO</small>, Reference to, 62, 63<br> -<br> -M<small>APS</small> of Alaska, Rare, <a href="#page206">206</a><br> -— (Staff) of France, Review of the, <a href="#page250">250</a><br> -<br> -M<small>ARVIN</small>, C. F., Reference to work of, 48<br> -<br> -M<small>ARVINE</small>, A. R., Glacier named for, 112<br> -<br> -M<small>ARVINE GLACIER</small>, Account of, 112, 122, 124<br> -<br> -M<small>C</small>C<small>ARTENEY</small>, C. M., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75<br> -<br> -M<small>C</small>G<small>EE</small>, W J, Record of communication by, <a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a><br> -—, Record of discussion by, <a href="#pagex">x</a>, <a href="#pagexi">xi</a><br> -<br> -M<small>ELVILLE</small>, G. W., Record of communication by, <a href="#pageviii">viii</a><br> -<br> -M<small>ENDENHALL</small>, T. C., Record of discussion by, <a href="#pagexi">xi</a><br> -<br> -M<small>ETEOROLOGY</small>, Condition of, 41<br> -<br> -M<small>EYER</small>, H<small>UGO</small>, Reference to work of, 47<br> -<br> -M<small>IRAGE</small> in Yakutat bay, 87<br> -<br> -M<small>ISSISSIPPI RIVER</small>, Flood of, 37<br> -<br> -M<small>ONSOONS</small>, Characteristics of, 47<br> -<br> -M<small>ONGOLIA</small>, Exploration in, <a href="#page255">255</a><br> -<br> -M<small>OON</small>, Mountains of the, <a href="#page240">240</a><br> -<br> -M<small>ORAINES</small>, 195<br> -—, Medial, on the Marvine glacier, 123<br> -— on the Malaspina glacier, 134<br> -— near Yakutat bay, 191<br> -<br> -M<small>OUNTAINS</small> of South America, 1<br> -<br> -M<small>OUNT</small> A<small>UGUSTA</small>, Avalanches on the sides of, 145<br> -— Elevation of, 117<br> -<br> -M<small>OUNT</small> B<small>ERING</small>, Height and condition of, 65<br> -<br> -M<small>OUNT</small> C<small>OOK</small>, Appearance of, 92<br> -— named, 72<br> -—, Rocks composing, 92<br> -<br> -M<small>OUNT</small> F<small>AIRWEATHER</small>, Height of, 69<br> -<br> -M<small>OUNT</small> L<small>OGAN</small> named, 141<br> -<br> -M<small>OUNT</small> M<small>ALASPINA</small>, Elevation of, 117<br> -— named, 72<br> -<br> -M<small>OUNT</small> N<small>EWTON</small> named, 146<br> -<br> -M<small>OUNT</small> S<small>T</small>. E<small>LIAS</small>, Expedition to, 53<br> -— (see <a href="#stelias">St. Elias, Mount</a>).<br> -<br> -M<small>OUNT</small> V<small>ANCOUVER</small> named, 72<br> -<br> -M<small>UIR GLACIER</small>, Visit to, 78, 79<br> -<br> -M<small>ULGRAVE</small>, L<small>ORD</small>, Port Mulgrave named for, 60<br> -<br> -<br> -N<small>ATIONAL</small> G<small>EOGRAPHIC</small> S<small>OCIETY</small>, Instructions from, 194<br> -<br> -N<small>ÉVÉ</small> fields, 180, 181, 182<br> -<br> -N<small>EWELL</small>, F. H., Record of communication by, <a href="#pagexi">xi</a><br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page260"><small><small>[p. 260]</small></small></a></span> -<br> -N<small>EWTON GLACIER</small>, Ascent of, 150<br> -<br> -N<small>EWTON</small>, H<small>ENRY</small>, Mountain named for, 146<br> -<br> -N<small>EW</small> Y<small>ORK</small> T<small>IMES</small>, Expedition of the, 72, 73<br> -<br> -N<small>ICARAGUA</small> C<small>ANAL</small>, Progress of the, 37<br> -<br> -N<small>OLIN</small>, J. B., Geographic work by, <a href="#page211">211</a><br> -<br> -N<small>OMENCLATURE</small>, Geographic, 39<br> -<br> -N<small>ORDHOFF</small>, C<small>HARLES</small>, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75<br> -<br> -N<small>ORRIS GLACIER</small>, Mention of, 78<br> -<br> -N<small>UNATAK</small> in Lucia glacier, 106<br> -<br> -<br> -O<small>FFICERS</small>, Election of, <a href="#pagexii">xii</a><br> -<br> -O<small>GDEN</small>, H. G.; Geography of the Land, 31<br> -—, Record of communication by, <a href="#pagexi">xi</a><br> -—, Record of discussion by, <a href="#pageviii">viii</a>, <a href="#pagexi">xi</a><br> -<br> -O<small>IL</small> stoves, Use of, 164<br> -<br> -O<small>REL</small>, Mention of the, 70<br> -<br> -O<small>RINOCO RIVER</small>, Sketch of, 3<br> -<br> -O<small>RTHOGRAPHY</small> of geographic names, 39<br> -<br> -O<small>RTON</small>, J<small>AMES</small>, Quotation from, on South America, 28<br> -<br> -O<small>TKRYTIE</small>, Mention of the, 69<br> -<br> -O<small>UTFIT</small> necessary for Alaskan expeditions, 165<br> -<br> -<br> -P<small>ANAX HORRIDUM</small>, 95, 115<br> -<br> -P<small>AMPAS</small>, Characteristics of, 19<br> -<br> -P<small>ANAMA CANAL</small> project, Revival of the, 37<br> -<br> -P<small>AN</small>-A<small>MERICAN</small> congress, Work of the, 36<br> -— railway route, 27<br> -<br> -P<small>ARTRIDGE</small>, W<small>ILLAIM</small>, Member of expedition, 76<br> -—, Work of, 158, 159, 162<br> -<br> -P<small>ARTSCH</small>, D<small>R</small>., Reference to work of, 46<br> -<br> -P<small>EARY</small>, R. E., Record of communication by, <a href="#pageviii">viii</a><br> -<br> -P<small>ERU</small>, Incas of, 8<br> -—, Sketch of, 22<br> -<br> -P<small>HIPPS</small>, C. J., Port Mulgrave named for, 60<br> -<br> -P<small>IEDMONT</small> glaciers, Characteristics of, 122, 176, 185, 186<br> -— —, Example of, 120, 121<br> -— type of glaciers, Mention of, 57<br> -<br> -P<small>IMPLUNA</small> rocks, Mention of, 70, 187<br> -<br> -P<small>INNACLE PASS</small> cliffs, Account of, 132, 137<br> -— —, Height of, 137<br> -— —, View from, 132<br> -—, Description of, 130, 132<br> -— named, 130<br> -<br> -P<small>INNACLE SYSTEM</small>, Description of rocks of, 167<br> -— named, 131<br> -<br> -P<small>INTA</small>, Mention of the, 79, 81<br> -<br> -P<small>IZARRO</small>, G<small>ONZALO</small>, Discovery of the Amazon by, 11<br> -<br> -P<small>LANTS</small> on Blossom island, 114<br> -<br> -P<small>OINT</small> E<small>SPERANZA</small>, Camp at, 82, 84, 85<br> -<br> -P<small>OINT</small> G<small>LORIOUS</small> named, 137<br> -<br> -P<small>OINT</small> R<small>IOU</small>, Mention of, 69<br> -<br> -P<small>OLAR</small> regions, Recent work in, 252<br> -<br> -P<small>OMORTSEW</small>, D<small>R</small>., Reference to work of, 46<br> -<br> -P<small>OPULATION</small> of Africa, <a href="#page238">238</a><br> -— of South America, 6, 15<br> -<br> -P<small>ORT</small> M<small>ULGRAVE</small>, 56<br> -— named by Dixon, 60<br> -<br> -P<small>OWELL</small>, J. W., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75<br> -—, Record of communication by, <a href="#pageviii">viii</a><br> -— — — discussion by, <a href="#pagex">x</a><br> -— — — introductory remarks by, <a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a><br> -<br> -P<small>OWELL</small>, W<small>ILLIAM</small> B., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75<br> -<br> -P<small>UERTO DEL</small> D<small>ESENGAÑO</small>, Mention of, 56<br> -<br> -P<small>UGET</small>, P<small>ETER</small>, Explorations of, 66, 68<br> -<br> -P<small>YRAMID HARBOR</small>, Mention of, 78<br> -<br> -<br> -Q<small>UEEN</small> C<small>HARLOTTE</small>, Mention of the, 60<br> -—, Voyage on the, 78, 79<br> -<br> -<br> -R<small>ABOT</small>, C<small>H</small>., cited on polar exploration, <a href="#page252">252</a><br> -<br> -R<small>AILROADS</small>, South American, 25<br> -—, Statistics of, <a href="#page255">255</a><br> -<br> -R<small>ALEIGH</small>, S<small>IR</small> W<small>ALTER</small>, Expeditions by, 14<br> -<br> -R<small>ATIONS</small>, 164<br> -<br> -R<small>EPORT</small> on sands from Yakutat bay by J. Stanley-Brown, 196<br> -<br> -R<small>ESOLUTION</small> relating to publication, <a href="#pagexii">xii</a><br> -<br> -R<small>EVENUE</small> M<small>ARINE</small> S<small>ERVICE</small>, Offer of coöperation by, <a href="#page249">249</a><br> -<br> -R<small>EYNOLDS</small>, J. J., Remarks by, at field meeting, <a href="#pagex">x</a><br> -<br> -R<small>IO DE LA</small> P<small>LATA</small>, Sketch of, 5<br> -<br> -R<small>IVERS</small>, Glacial, 183<br> -— of South America, 3<br> -<br> -R<small>OCKHILL</small>, W. W., Reference to explorations by, <a href="#page253">253</a><br> -<br> -R<small>OPE CLIFF</small> named, 149<br> -<br> -R<small>OUTE</small> (New), Suggested, 163, 164<br> -<br> -R<small>USSELL</small>, I. C.; An Expedition to Mount St. Elias, 53<br> -— cited on Mount St. Elias, 39<br> -—, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75<br> -—, Height and Position of Mount St. Elias, <a href="#page231">231</a><br> -—, Proposed exploration by, <a href="#page249">249</a><br> -—, Record of communication by, <a href="#pagevii">vii</a>, <a href="#pagexi">xi</a><br> -— — — discussion by, <a href="#pagevii">vii</a>, <a href="#pageix">ix</a><br> -<br> -R<small>USSELL</small>, T<small>HOMAS</small>, Acknowledgments to, 62<br> -— cited on cyclones, 43<br> -—, Reference to work of, 51<br> -<br> -R<small>USSIAN</small> Academy of Sciences, Quotation from records of, <a href="#page212">212</a><br> -<br> -"R<small>USSIAN</small> O<small>FFICER</small>," Geographic work by the, <a href="#page209">209</a><br> -—, Identity of the, <a href="#page222">222</a><br> -—, Quotation from the, on de l'Isle's map, <a href="#page215">215</a>, <a href="#page217">217</a><br> -— — — — — — writings, <a href="#page221">221</a><br> -<br> -<br> -S<small>ALMON</small> fishing, 162<br> -<br> -S<small>ANDS</small>, Auriferous, from Yakutat bay, 196<br> -<br> -S<small>AN</small> F<small>RANCISCO RIVER</small>, Sketch of, 5<br> -<br> -S<small>ANGAI</small>, Active vulcanism of, 2<br> -<br> -S<small>CHWATKA</small>, L<small>IEUTENANT</small> F<small>REDERICK</small>, Explorations by, 72, 73<br> -<br> -S<small>ERPENTINE</small> on the Marvine glacier, 123<br> -<br> -S<small>ETON</small>-K<small>ARR</small>, H. W., Explorations of, 72, 73<br> -<br> -S<small>EWARD GLACIER</small>, Crevasses on, 133, 179, 180<br> -—, Crossing of, 142<br> -—, Description of, 177, 178, 179<br> -<br> -S<small>EWARD</small>, H<small>ON</small>. W. H., Glacier named for, 129<br> -<br> -S<small>HARP</small>, B<small>ENJAMIN</small>, Record of communication by, <a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a><br> -<br> -S<small>HENDUN</small>, Field meeting at, <a href="#pageix">ix</a>, <a href="#pagex">x</a><br> -<br> -S<small>IEMENS</small>, W<small>ERNER VON</small>, cited on air currents, 45<br> -<br> -S<small>ITKA</small>, Arrival at, 79<br> -<br> -S<small>NOW</small> crests, Figures of, 143<br> -— line, Description of Alpine glaciers above, 180<br> -— — — — — — below, 183<br> -— —, Elevation of, 92, 111<br> -— on mountain crests, 182<br> -<br> -S<small>OUNDINGS</small> in Disenchantment bay, 56<br> -<br> -S<small>OUTH</small> A<small>MERICA</small>: Annual address by the President; Gardiner G. Hubbard, 1<br> -<br> -S<small>PRUNG</small>, A., cited on air currents, 45<br> -<br> -S<small>TAMY</small>, T<small>HOMAS</small>, Member of expedition, 76<br> -—, Work of, 137, 139, 144, 150, 153, 157, 158, 160<br> -<br> -S<small>TANLEY</small>-B<small>ROWN</small>, J., Record of communication by, <a href="#pagevii">vii</a><br> -—, Report on sands from Yakutat bay by, 196<br> -<a name="stelias"></a> -<br> -S<small>T</small>. E<small>LIAS</small>, Described by La Pérouse, 59, 60<br> -—, Discovery of, by Bering, 58<br> -— expedition, Review of, 39<br> -—, First full view of, 135<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page261"><small><small>[p. 261]</small></small></a></span> -— (Height and position of Mount); I. C. Russell, <a href="#page231">231</a><br> -— — — — — 40, 189, 190<br> -— — — — — determined by La Pérouse, 60<br> -— — — — — — — Tebenkof, 69<br> -— — — — — — — Malaspina, 64, 65, 66<br> -— range, Age of, 175<br> -— —, Character of peaks of, 175<br> -— region, Glaciers of the, 176<br> -— schist, Description of rocks of, 167, 173<br> -—, Suggested new route to, 163, 164<br> -— uplift, 190<br> -<br> -S<small>TEIN</small>, R<small>OBERT</small>, Translations by, 59, 64, 65, 66<br> -<br> -S<small>TEPNIAK</small>, S<small>ERGIUS</small>, Record of address by, <a href="#pageviii">viii</a><br> -<br> -S<small>TRAIT OF</small> A<small>NNAN</small>, 56<br> -<br> -S<small>TRUCTURE</small>, 174<br> -<br> -S<small>TRUVE</small>, C<small>H</small>., Acknowledgments to, <a href="#page221">221</a><br> -<br> -S<small>TRUVE</small>, O., cited on manuscript records, <a href="#page220">220</a><br> -<br> -S<small>WISS</small> guides in Alaskan exploration, 166<br> -<br> -S<small>ULPHUR</small>, Mention of the, 69<br> -<br> -<br> -T<small>AKU GLACIER</small>, Mention of, 78<br> -<br> -T<small>AKU INLET</small>, Visit to, 78<br> -<br> -T<small>ANGANYIKA</small>, L<small>AKE</small>, Characteristics of, <a href="#page241">241</a><br> -<br> -T<small>EBENKOF</small>, C<small>APTAIN</small>, Notes on Alaska by, 69, 70<br> -<br> -T<small>ERRACE</small> on northern shore of Yakutat bay, 82, 85<br> -— point, Brief account of, 106<br> -<br> -T<small>HUNDERSTORMS</small>, Relation of, to air-pressure, 44<br> -<br> -T<small>HOMPSON</small>, G<small>ILBERT</small>, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75<br> -<br> -T<small>IBET</small>, Note on the crossing of, <a href="#page253">253</a><br> -<br> -T<small>IDE-WATER</small> glaciers defined, 101<br> -<br> -T<small>OPOGRAPHIC</small> work, Report on, 195<br> -<br> -T<small>OPHAM</small>, E<small>DWIN</small>, Explorations by, 73, 74<br> -<br> -T<small>OPHAM</small>, W. H., Explorations by, 73, 74<br> -—, Reference to map by, 177<br> -<br> -T<small>ORNADOES</small>, Results of, 50<br> -<br> -T<small>RADE</small>, South American, 23<br> -<br> -T<small>RIANGULATION</small>, Commencement of, 86<br> -<br> -T<small>UCKER</small>, J. R<small>ANDOLPH</small>, Remarks by, at field meeting, <a href="#pagex">x</a><br> -<br> -T<small>UNNELS</small>, Ice, 184<br> -<br> -T<small>YNDALL GLACIER</small> named, 73<br> -<br> -T<small>YNDALL</small>, J., cited on marginal crevasses, 127<br> -<br> -<br> -V<small>AN</small> B<small>EBBER</small>, A., Reference to work of, 47<br> -<br> -V<small>ANCOUVER</small>, C<small>APTAIN</small> G<small>EORGE</small>, Explorations by, 66, 68<br> -<br> -V<small>ERATRUM VIRIDE</small>, Mention of, 114<br> -<br> -V<small>OLCANOES</small> of the Andes, 2<br> -<br> -<br> -W<small>ARD</small>, L<small>ESTER</small> F., Report on fossil plants, 199, 200<br> -<br> -W<small>AXEL</small>, S<small>WEN</small>, Quotations from, on de l'Isle's map, <a href="#page223">223</a><br> -—, Translations from letter by, <a href="#page224">224</a><br> -—, Work of, <a href="#page222">222</a><br> -<br> -W<small>HITE</small>, T<small>HOMAS</small>, Member of expedition, 76<br> -—, Work of, 158, 160<br> -<br> -W<small>ILLIAMS</small>, C. A., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75<br> -<br> -W<small>ILLIAMS</small>, W<small>ILLIAM</small>, Explorations by, 73, 74<br> -<br> -W<small>ILLIS</small>, B<small>AILY</small>, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75<br> -<br> -W<small>ILSON</small>, H. M., Record of communication by, <a href="#pageix">ix</a><br> -<br> -<br> -Y<small>AKUTAT BAY</small>, Arrival at, 79<br> -—, Base camp on western shore of, 86, 89<br> -—, Shores of described, 57<br> -—, Synonomy of, 56<br> -<br> -Y<small>AKUTAT</small> I<small>NDIANS</small> described by Dixon, 61<br> -— system, Description of rocks of, 167<br> -— — named, 131<br> -<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagei"><small><small>[p. i]</small></small></a></span> -<br> -<br> -<h4>THE</h4> -<h3>NATIONAL</h3> -<h2>GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE</h2> -<br> -<h4>VOLUME III, 1891</h4> -<br> -<br> -<br> -<br> -<center><img src="images/seal.jpg" alt="seal"></center> -<br> -<br> -<br> -<br> -<h4>WASHINGTON</h4> - -<h5>PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY</h5> - -<h5>1892</h5> -<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pageii"><small><small>[p. ii]</small></small></a></span> -<br> -<br> -<h3>OFFICERS OF THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY</h3> - -<h5>1891</h5> - -<hr align="center" width="25%"> -<br> -<br> -<table align="center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" summary="1891 officers"> - <tr> - <td>GARDINER G. HUBBARD,</td> - <td><i>President</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>HERBERT G. OGDEN<br>EVERETT HAYDEN<br>A. W. GREELY<br>C. HART - MERRIAM<br>HENRY GANNETT</td> - <td><i>Vice-Presidents</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>CHARLES J. BELL,</td> - <td><i>Treasurer</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>MARCUS BAKER<br>C. A. KENASTON</td> - <td><i>Secretaries</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>ROGERS BIRNIE, J<small>R</small>.<br>G. K. GILBERT<br>G. BROWN GOODE<br>WILLARD D. - JOHNSON<br>W J MCGEE<br>T. C. MENDENHALL<br>W. B. POWELL<br>B. H. WARDER</td> - <td><i>Managers</i></td> - </tr> -</table> -<br> -<br> -<hr align="center" width="25%"> -<br> -<br> -<center><small>P<small>RINTERS</small></small><br> -JUDD & DETWEILER<br> -<small>W<small>ASHINGTON</small></small></center> -<br> -<center><small>E<small>NGRAVERS</small></small><br> -MOSS ENGRAVING CO.<br> -<small>N<small>EW</small> Y<small>ORK</small></small></center> -<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pageiii"><small><small>[p. iii]</small></small></a></span> -<br> -<br> -<h3><i>CONTENTS</i>.</h3> -<hr align="center" width="25%"> -<br> -<center><small>(Page numbers, when given, indicate an earlier issue of Volume -3.)</small></center> -<br> -<p>South America: Annual Address by the President, G<small>ARDINER</small> G. -H<small>UBBARD</small> <small>(page 1)</small></p> - -<p>Geography of the Land: Annual Report by Vice-President H<small>ERBERT</small> G. - O<small>GDEN</small> <small>(page 31)</small></p> - -<p>Geography of the Air: Annual Report by Vice-President A. W. - G<small>REELY</small> <small>(page 41)</small></p> - -<p>An Expedition to Mount St. Elias, Alaska; by I<small>SRAEL</small> C. -R<small>USSELL</small> <small>(page 53)</small><br> - Introduction—The Southern Coast -of Alaska <small>(page 55)</small><br> - Part I—Previous -Explorations in the St. Elias Region <small>(page 58)</small><br> - Part II—Narrative of -the St. Elias Expedition of 1890 <small>(page 75)</small><br> - Part III—Sketch of the -Geology of the St. Elias Region <small>(page 167)</small><br> - Part IV—Glaciers of the -St. Elias Region <small>(page 176)</small><br> - Part V—Height and -Position of Mount St. Elias <small>(page 189)</small><br> - Appendix A—Official -Instructions governing the Expedition <small>(page 192)</small><br> - Appendix B—Report on -topographic Work; by M<small>ARK</small> B. K<small>ERR</small> <small>(page 195)</small><br> - Appendix C—Report on -auriferous Sands from Yakutat Bay; by J. S<small>TANLEY</small>-B<small>ROWN</small> <small>(page 196)</small><br> - Appendix D—Report on -fossil Plants; by L<small>ESTER</small> F. W<small>ARD</small> <small>(page 199)</small><br> - Index <small>(page 201)</small></p> - -<p><a href="#page205">The Cartography and Observations of Bering's First Voyage</a>; by -A. W. G<small>REELY</small></p> - -<p><a href="#page231">Height and Position of Mount St. Elias</a>; by I<small>SRAEL</small> C. R<small>USSELL</small></p> - -<p><a href="#page238">The Heart of Africa</a>; by E. C. H<small>ORE</small></p> - -<p><a href="#page248">Report of Committee on Exploration in Alaska</a></p> - -<p>Notes—<a href="#page250">La Carte de France, dite de l'Etat Major</a>, par M. J. C<small>OLLET</small></p> - -<blockquote><a href="#page252">Polar Regions</a></blockquote> - -<blockquote><a href="#page253">The Crossing of Tibet</a></blockquote> - -<blockquote><a href="#page255">Statistics of Railways in United States</a></blockquote> - -<p><a href="#page257">Index to volume III</a></p> - -<blockquote><a href="#pagei">Title-page and Imprimatur of Board of Managers</a></blockquote> - -<blockquote><a href="#pageiii">Contents and Illustrations</a></blockquote> - -<blockquote><a href="#pagev">Publications of the National Geographic Society</a></blockquote> - -<blockquote><a href="#pagevii">Proceedings of the National Geographic Society</a></blockquote> - -<blockquote><a href="#pagexiv">Officers of the Society for 1892</a></blockquote> - -<blockquote><a href="#pagexv">Members of the Society</a></blockquote> -<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pageiv"><small><small>[p. iv]</small></small></a></span> -<br> -<br> -<h3><i>ILLUSTRATIONS</i>.</h3> -<hr align="center" width="25%"> -<br> -<center><small>(Page numbers, when given, indicate an earlier issue of Volume -3.)</small></center> -<br> -<p>Plate 1—South America (map) <small>(page 1)</small><br> - 2—Sketch Map of Alaska <small>(page 57)</small><br> - 3—Map of the St. Elias Region, after La Pérouse <small>(page 59)</small><br> - 4—Map of the eastern Shore of Yakutat Bay, after Dixon <small>(page 61)</small><br> - 5—Map of the St. Elias Region, after Malaspina <small>(page 64)</small><br> - 6—Map of Bay de Monti, after Malaspina <small>(page 64)</small><br> - 7—Map of Disenchantment Bay, after Malaspina <small>(page 67)</small><br> - 8—Sketch Map of St. Elias Region, by M<small>ARK</small> B. K<small>ERR</small> <small>(page 74)</small><br> - 9—The Hubbard Glacier <small>(page 99)</small><br> - 10—Wall of Ice on eastern Side of Atrevida Glacier <small>(page 105)</small><br> - 11—View on Atrevida Glacier <small>(page 105)</small><br> - 12—Entrance of an Ice Tunnel <small>(page 106)</small><br> - 13—Deltas in an abandoned Lake Bed <small>(page 106)</small><br> - 14—A River on the Lucia Glacier <small>(page 106)</small><br> - 15—Entrance to a glacial Tunnel <small>(page 107)</small><br> - 16—View of Malaspina Glacier from Blossom Island <small>(page 120)</small><br> - 17—Moraines on Marvine Glacier <small>(page 123)</small><br> - 18—View of the Hitchcock Range from near Dome Pass <small>(page 144)</small><br> - 19—View of Mount St. Elias from Dome Pass <small>(page 146)</small><br> - 20—View of Mount St. Elias from Seward Glacier <small>(page 175)</small><br> - <a href="#page207">21—Carte Générale des Découvertes de l'Amiral de Fonte (1752)</a></p> - -<p>R<small>USSELL</small>: Figure 1—Diagram illustrating the Formation of Icebergs <small>(page 101)</small><br> - -2—View of a glacial Lakelet <small>(page 120)</small><br> - -3—Section of a glacial Lakelet <small>(page 120)</small><br> - -4—Diagram illustrating the Formation of marginal Crevasses <small>(page 128)</small><br> - -5—Crevasses near Pinnacle Pass <small>(page 130)</small><br> - -6—Snow Crests on Ridges and Peaks <small>(page 143)</small><br> - -7—Faulted Pebble from Pinnacle Pass <small>(page 171)</small><br> - -8—Faulted Pebble from Pinnacle Pass <small>(page 171)</small></p> -<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagev"><small><small>[p. v]</small></small></a></span> -<br> -<br> -<h3>PUBLICATIONS OF THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY.</h3> - -<h4>REGULAR PUBLICATIONS.</h4> -<br> -<p>In addition to announcements of meetings and various circulars sent to -members from time to time, the Society issues a single serial -publication entitled T<small>HE</small> N<small>ATIONAL</small> G<small>EOGRAPHIC</small> M<small>AGAZINE</small>. During the -first two years of the existence of the Society this serial was issued -in quarterly numbers. With the beginning of the third year of the -Society and the third volume of the <i>Magazine</i> the form of publication -was changed, and the serial now appears at irregular intervals in -parts or brochures (designated by pages and designed either for -separate preservation or for gathering into volumes) which consist -either of single memoirs or of magazine brochures made up of articles, -notes, abstracts, and other geographic matter, together with the -Proceedings and other administrative records of the Society.</p> - -<p>The <i>Magazine</i> is mailed free to members of the Society and to -exchanges. The first two volumes, as well as the separate brochures of -the third and the complete volume, are sold at the prices given below -by the Secretary, Mr. F. H. Newell, U. S. Geological Survey, -Washington, D. C.</p> - -<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" summary="publications"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"> </td> - <td align="center"><small>To<br>Members</small>.</td> - <td align="center"><small>To the<br>Public</small>.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2">Volume I, 1889: 4 numbers, 334 pages, 16 plates and 26 figures</td> - <td align="right">$1 40</td> - <td align="right">$2 00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2">Volume II, 1890: 5 numbers, 344 pages, 10 plates and 11 figures</td> - <td align="right">1 40</td> - <td align="right">2 00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2">Volume III, 1891: Comprising:</td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td>South America; Annual Address by the President, - Gardiner G. Hubbard: pp. 1–30, pl. 1, March 28, 1891</td> - <td align="right">$0 15</td> - <td align="right">$0 25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td>Geography of the Land; Annual Report by - Vice-President Herbert G. Ogden: pp. 31–40, April 30, 1891</td> - <td align="right">0 10</td> - <td align="right">0 25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td>Geography of the Air; Annual Report by - Vice-President A. W. Greely: pp. 41–52, May 1, 1891</td> - <td align="right">0 10</td> - <td align="right">0 25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td>An Expedition to Mount St. Elias, by - I. C. Russell: pp. 53–204 (with 8 figures), pls. 2–20, May 29, 1891</td> - <td align="right">0 85</td> - <td align="right">1 50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td> Magazine brochure, pp. 205–261, i–xxxv, pl. 21, February 19, 1892</td> - <td align="right"><u>0 40</u></td> - <td align="right"><u>0 75</u></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"> </td> - <td align="right">1 60</td> - <td align="right">3 00</td> - </tr> -</table> -<br> -<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagevi"><small><small>[p. vi]</small></small></a></span> -<h4>IRREGULAR PUBLICATIONS.</h4> -<br> -<p>In the interests of exact bibliography, the Society takes cognizance -of all publications issued either wholly or partly under its auspices. -Each author of a memoir published in T<small>HE</small> N<small>ATIONAL</small> G<small>EOGRAPHIC</small> M<small>AGAZINE</small> -receives 25 copies, and is authorized to order any number of -additional copies at a slight advance on the cost of press-work and -paper; and these separate brochures are identical with those of the -regular edition issued by the Society. Contributors to the magazine -brochures are authorized to order any number of copies of their -contributions at a slight advance on cost of press-work and paper, -provided these separates bear the original pagination and a printed -reference to the serial and volume from which they are extracted; but -such separates are bibliographically distinct from the brochures -issued by the Society. The <i>Magazine</i> is not copyrighted, and articles -may be reprinted freely; and a record of reprints, so far as known, is kept.</p> - -<p>The following separates and reprints from volume III have been issued:</p> - -<center><i>Editions uniform with the Brochures of the Magazine</i>.</center> -<br> -<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" summary="irregular publications"> - <tr> - <td>Pages 1–30, plate 1:</td> - <td align="right">150 copies,</td> - <td>March 28, 1891.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pages 31–40,</td> - <td align="right">25 copies,</td> - <td>May 2, 1891.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pages 41–52,</td> - <td align="right">25 copies,</td> - <td>May 2, 1891.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pages 53–204, plates 2–20:</td> - <td align="right">250 copies,</td> - <td>May 29, 1891.</td> - </tr> -</table> -<br> -<br> -<center><i>Special Editions</i>.</center> -<br> -<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" summary="special editions"> - <tr> - <td>Pages 205–230, plate 21:</td> - <td align="right">50 copies,</td> - <td>February 18, 1892.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pages 231–237,</td> - <td align="right">100 copies,</td> - <td>February 16, 1892.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Page v,</td> - <td align="right">1000 copies,</td> - <td>February 19, 1892.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pages xv–xxxv,</td> - <td align="right">50 copies,</td> - <td>February 13, 1892.</td> - </tr> -</table> -<br> -<br> -<center><i>Reprints</i>.</center> -<br> -<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" summary="reprints"> - <tr> - <td>Pages 196–198,</td> - <td align="right">100 copies,</td> - <td>January 3, 1892.</td> - </tr> -</table> -<br> -<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagevii"><small><small>[p. vii]</small></small></a></span> -<br> -<br> -<h4>PROCEEDINGS</h4> -<h5>OF THE</h5> -<h3>NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY.</h3> - -<center>(<i>Abstract of Minutes</i>.)</center> -<br> -<hr align="center" width="25%"> -<br> -<center><i>March 6, 1891. 49th meeting</i>.</center> - -<p>Meeting held in the Assembly Hall of the Cosmos Club. Vice-President -Hayden in the chair. Attendance, 50.</p> - -<p>Captain E. C. Hore, master mariner, delivered an address on "A -narrative of ten years' work and travel in the African lake region." -<i>Abstract entitled "The Heart of Africa" printed in this volume, pp. -238–243</i>.</p> -<br> -<center><i>March 13, 1891. Special meeting</i>.</center> - -<p>Meeting held in the Lecture Room of the National Museum. -Vice-President Ogden in the chair. Attendance, 850.</p> - -<p>Captain E. C. Hore repeated his former lecture with additions. -<i>Abstract printed in this volume, pp. 243–247</i>.</p> -<br> -<center><i>March 20, 1891. 50th meeting</i>.</center> - -<p>Meeting held in the Assembly Hall of the Cosmos Club. Mr. G. K. -Gilbert in the chair. Attendance, 35.</p> - -<p>Vice-President Greely read a paper on "The cartography and -observations of Bering's first voyage." The paper was discussed by -Messrs Dall, Blodgett, Littlehales, and Vice-President Hayden. -<i>Printed in this volume, pp. 205–230, pl. 21</i>.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. Stanley-Brown presented a paper on "Auriferous sands from -Yakutat bay." <i>Printed in this volume, pp. 196–198</i>.</p> - -<p>Mr. I. C. Russell read a paper on "The geology of the Mount St. Elias -region, Alaska." The paper was discussed by Messrs Gilbert (who had -resigned the chair to Vice-President Hayden), Dall, Johnson, and -Russell. <i>Incorporated in the memoir forming pp. 53–204, pls. 2–20, of -this volume</i>.</p> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pageviii"><small><small>[p. viii]</small></small></a></span> -<br> -<center><i>March 31, 1891. Special meeting</i>.</center> - -<p>Meeting held in the Law Lecture Room of Columbian University. -Vice-President Ogden in the chair. Attendance, 300.</p> - -<p>Mr. Sergius Stepniak delivered an address on "The Russian peasantry."</p> -<br> -<center><i>April 3, 1891. 51st meeting</i>.</center> - -<p>Meeting held in the Assembly Hall of the Cosmos Club, Vice-President -Hayden in the chair. Attendance, 35.</p> - -<p>A paper on "The Mackenzie river and Colinson," by Vice-President -Greely, was read by title in the absence of the author.</p> - -<p>Ensign J. A. Hoogewerff, U. S. N., presented an account of the -"Magnetic work of the United States Naval Observatory." The paper was -discussed by Messrs Baker, Abbe, Ogden, Hayden, and Hoogewerff.</p> - -<p>Mr. F. H. Bigelow presented a paper on "Auroral streamers."</p> - -<p>Mr. Cleveland Abbe made some remarks on "Theories of magnetic phenomena."</p> -<br> -<center><i>April 11, 1891. Special meeting</i>.</center> - -<p>Meeting held in the Lecture Hall of the National Museum. President -Hubbard in the chair. Attendance, 750.</p> - -<p>Major J. W. Powell delivered an address on "The Grand cañon of -Colorado river."</p> -<br> -<center><i>April 17, 1891. 52d meeting</i>.</center> - -<p>Meeting held in Lincoln Hall. President Hubbard in the chair. -Attendance, 1,000.</p> - -<p>Mr. Geo. W. Melville, Engineer-in-Chief, U. S. N., briefly explained -the purposes of arctic exploration.</p> - -<p>Civil Engineer R. E. Peary, U. S. N., addressed the Society on the -subject of his proposed northern Greenland expedition of 1891–92. The -lecturer exhibited and explained a number of lantern-slide views -illustrating arctic scenery and modes of traveling.</p> - -<p>On the conclusion of the address a United States flag, provided for -the purpose by Miss Ulrica Dahlgren, was presented by the President on -behalf of the Society to Lieut. Peary, who responded feelingly.</p> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pageix"><small><small>[p. ix]</small></small></a></span> -<br> -<center><i>April 24, 1891. Special meeting</i>.</center> - -<p>Meeting held in the Lecture Room of the National Museum. Attendance, 400.</p> - -<p>Mr. H. M. Wilson, of the United States Geological Survey, delivered an -address on the subject "India: Its geography and people." At the close -of the lecture Mr. Wilson exhibited and explained a number of -lantern-slides made from views taken by him while traveling in India.</p> -<br> -<center><i>May 1, 1891. 53d meeting</i>.</center> - -<p>Meeting held in the Lecture Hall of the National Museum. -Vice-President Hayden in the chair. Attendance, 600.</p> - -<p>Mr. Courtenay De Kalb delivered an address on "The great Amazon: -Personal investigations on the Great River and in its upper valley." -At the close of the lecture Mr. De Kalb exhibited a number of -lantern-slide views, which he described.</p> -<br> -<center><i>May 15, 1891. 54th meeting</i>.</center> - -<p>Meeting held in the Assembly Hall of the Cosmos Club. Vice-President -Hayden in the chair. Attendance, 25.</p> - -<p>At the request of the Board of Managers, Mr. Marcus Baker made a -statement relative to plans by the Board for further Alaskan -exploration in the vicinity of Mount St. Elias under the conduct of -Mr. I. C. Russell, to be prosecuted the coming season.</p> - -<p>Mr. Gilbert, complying with the request of the Chairman, addressed the -Society upon some of the questions involved in Alaskan geology.</p> - -<p>Dr. Sheldon Jackson, at the invitation of the Society, spoke on the -general aspects of the Alaskan coast and the inhabitants of the country.</p> - -<p>Remarks were made, following Dr. Jackson's address, by the Chairman, -Mr. J. H. Blodgett, and others.</p> - -<p>In connection with the announcement of the proposed Field Day, June 3 -and 4 next, to the grottoes near Shendun, in the Shenandoah valley, -Virginia, Major Jed. Hotchkiss gave an interesting account of the -topography of the valley.</p> - -<p>An exhibition of lantern-slide views of Alaskan coast scenery -followed, the pictures being explained by Mr. I. C. Russell.</p> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagex"><small><small>[p. x]</small></small></a></span> -<br> -<center><i>May 29, 1891. 55th meeting</i>.</center> - -<p>Meeting held in the Lecture Room of the National Museum. Attendance, 800.</p> - -<p>Reverend Dr. H. C. Hovey delivered an address on "Subterranean scenery -as found in the grottoes of the Shenandoah and other caverns of -Virginia," with illustrations from lantern-slide views exhibited for -the first time. Following the address, Major Hotchkiss illustrated -with free-hand sketches on the blackboard the topography of the valley -of Virginia, interspersing his remarks with war reminiscences.</p> -<br> -<center><i>June 3 and 4. Field meeting</i>.</center> - -<p>About 80 members left Washington on special train June 3, arriving at -3 p.m. at Shendun, Virginia, where they were entertained by the -Grottoes company. Weir cave was visited that afternoon, and in the -evening a meeting was held in the hotel parlor, at which remarks were -made by Mr. G. K. Gilbert, Reverend Dr. H. C. Hovey, Major H. E. -Alvord, Captain Morton, General J. J. Reynolds, and Hon. J. Randolph -Tucker. The next morning Major Hotchkiss entertained the company with -a description of the resources of the Valley of Virginia, his remarks -being illustrated by free-hand sketches. The Cave of the Fountain was -then visited, and, after presenting a testimonial to Major Hotchkiss -for the hospitality of the Grottoes company, the party left for -Washington.</p> -<br> -<center><i>October 15, 1891. Special meeting</i>.</center> - -<p>Meeting held in the Assembly Hall of the Cosmos Club. President -Hubbard in the chair. Attendance, 50.</p> - -<p>Professor T. McKenney Hughes, professor of geology at Cambridge -University, England, gave a sketch of geological problems and the -larger questions of geology in England.</p> - -<p>Messrs Powell, McGee, and Gilbert made remarks on the geologic -subjects touched upon by Professor Hughes.</p> -<br> -<center><i>November 13, 1891. 56th meeting</i>.</center> - -<p>Meeting held in the Lecture Hall of Columbian University. President -Hubbard in the chair. Attendance, 400.</p> - -<p>The exercises consisted of an exhibition of Arctic photographs -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexi"><small><small>[p. xi]</small></small></a></span> -by General A. W. Greely, U. S. A., comprising lantern-slide views from -photographs taken during the expedition to Lady Franklin bay in 1881, -and never before exhibited in the city.</p> -<br> -<center><i>November 27, 1891. 57th meeting</i>.</center> - -<p>Meeting held in the Assembly Hall of the Cosmos Club. Vice-President -Hayden in the chair. Attendance, 65.</p> - -<p>Mr. Herbert G. Ogden made an oral communication on "The geographic -position of Mount St. Elias," illustrated by a chart exhibiting the -position of St. Elias, Icy bay, Yakutat bay, and the adjacent coast as -determined (1) from various surveys compiled by the United States -Coast and Geodetic Survey, (2) by Mark B. Kerr during the first -expedition of the Society, and (3) by I. C. Russell during the second -expedition.</p> - -<p>The communication was discussed by Messrs Mendenhall, Douglas, and -Vice-President Hayden.</p> - -<p>Mr. E. E. Howell then exhibited and briefly described a relief model -of the United States, constructed on the natural curvature, the -vertical scale being three times that of the horizontal.</p> - -<p>Remarks were made by Messrs Ogden, McGee, Johnson, Mendenhall, Howell, -Hayden, and others.</p> -<br> -<center><i>December 4, 1891. Special meeting</i>.</center> - -<p>Meeting held in the Lecture Hall of Columbian University.</p> - -<p>Mr. William Eleroy Curtis delivered an address on "Portraits of -Columbus." The lecturer exhibited copies of all Columbus' portraits -extant, these having been prepared for the World's Columbian exposition.</p> -<br> -<center><i>December 11, 1891. 58th meeting</i>.</center> - -<p>Meeting held in the Lecture Hall of Columbian University. -Vice-President Greely in the chair. Attendance, 400.</p> - -<p>Mr. I. C. Russell gave an account of the Mount St. Elias exploration -of last summer, illustrated by a map and lantern slides.</p> -<br> -<center><i>December 18, 1891. Special meeting</i>.</center> - -<p>Meeting held in the Lecture Hall of Columbian University. -Vice-President Hayden in the chair. Attendance, 100.</p> - -<p>Mr. F. H. Newell delivered an address on "Petroleum and natural gas." -The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides made from photographs -taken in the oil regions of the United States.</p> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexii"><small><small>[p. xii]</small></small></a></span> -<br> -<center><i>December 23, 1891. 59th</i> (<i>4th annual</i>) <i>meeting</i>.</center> - -<p>Meeting held in the Assembly Hall of the Cosmos Club. Vice-President -Greely in the chair.</p> - -<p>The annual report of the Secretaries was presented, amended, and -adopted.</p> - -<p>The annual report of the Treasurer was presented and referred to an -auditing committee consisting of Messrs P. H. Christie, Middleton -Smith, and E. E. Haskell.</p> - -<p>The annual election of officers for the year 1892 was then held, with -the following result:</p> - -<blockquote><i>President</i>—Gardiner G. Hubbard.</blockquote> - -<blockquote><i>Vice-Presidents</i>—H. G. Ogden (land).<br> - - -Everett Hayden (sea).<br> - - -A. W. Greely (air).<br> - - -C. Hart Merriam (life).<br> - - -Henry Gannett (art).</blockquote> - -<blockquote><i>Treasurer</i>—C. J. Bell.</blockquote> - -<blockquote><i>Recording Secretary</i>—F. H. Newell.</blockquote> - -<blockquote><i>Corresponding Secretary</i>—E. R. Scidmore.</blockquote> - -<blockquote><i>Managers</i>—Marcus Baker.<br> - - -H. F. Blount.<br> - - -G. K. Gilbert.<br> - - -John Hyde.<br> - - -W J McGee.<br> - - -T. C. Mendenhall.<br> - - -W. B. Powell.<br> - - -Edwin Willits.</blockquote> - -<p>The following resolution was adopted:</p> - -<blockquote><i>Resolved</i>, That the Board of Managers be requested to consider -whether, instead of the present policy of publishing only a few -selected articles, these might not advantageously be replaced by a -greater variety of less lengthy and expensive works, and whether a few -pages of geographic notes might not be inserted.</blockquote> - -<p>Mr. Hayden gave notice of the following proposed amendment to the -By-laws:</p> - -<blockquote>In article IV, instead of five vice-presidents, read six -vice-presidents, and insert at the end of list of departments of -geographic science, after geographic art, the words "commercial -geography."</blockquote> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexiii"><small><small>[p. xiii]</small></small></a></span> -<br> -<center><i>December 30, 1891. Special meeting</i>.</center> - -<p>Meeting held in the Lecture Hall of the National Museum. President -Hubbard in the chair. Attendance, 200.</p> - -<p>Professor Benjamin Sharp of the Academy of Natural Sciences of -Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, made an address upon Peary and the western -Greenland expedition. The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides -from photographs taken on the expedition while along the shores of -Greenland and at Peary's camp.</p> -<br> -<center><i>January 8, 1892. 60th meeting</i>.</center> - -<p>Meeting held in the Assembly Hall of the Cosmos Club. Vice-President -Merriam in the chair. Attendance, 150.</p> - -<p>Mr. W J McGee delivered an address on "The Eastern Sierra Madre of -Mexico," his lecture being illustrated by lantern slides made from -photographs taken in the vicinity of Monterey, Saltillo, Matehuala, -Miquihuana, Doctor Arroyo, and the hacienda El Carmen. Professor R. T. -Hill described the similarity of topographic features of that region -to those of the Great Basin of the United States.</p> -<br> -<center><i>January 15, 1892. Special meeting</i>.</center> - -<p>Meeting held in the Lecture Hall of Columbian University. -Vice-President Hayden in the chair. Attendance, 100.</p> - -<p>The President, Mr. Gardiner G. Hubbard, delivered his annual address -on the subject of "The Evolution of Transportation." Major J. W. -Powell prefaced the President's address by brief introductory remarks.</p> -<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexiv"><small><small>[p. xiv]</small></small></a></span> -<br> -<br> -<h3>OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY.</h3> - -<h4>1892.</h4> -<br> -<hr align="center" width="25%"> -<br> -<br> -<center><i>President</i>.</center> -<br> -<center>GARDINER G. HUBBARD.</center> -<br> -<br> -<center><i>Vice-Presidents</i>.</center> -<br> -<center>HERBERT G. OGDEN.<br> -EVERETT HAYDEN.<br> -A. W. GREELY.<br> -C. HART MERRIAM.<br> -HENRY GANNETT.</center> -<br> -<br> -<center><i>Treasurer</i>.</center> -<br> -<center>CHARLES J. BELL.</center> -<br> -<br> -<center><i>Secretaries</i>.</center> -<br> -<center>F. H. NEWELL.<br> -E. R. SCIDMORE.</center> -<br> -<br> -<center><i>Managers</i>.</center> -<br> -<center>MARCUS BAKER.<br> -HENRY F. BLOUNT.<br> -G. K. GILBERT.<br> -JOHN HYDE.<br> -W J M<small>C</small>GEE.<br> -T. C. MENDENHALL.<br> -W. B. POWELL.<br> -EDWIN WILLITS.</center> -<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexv"><small><small>[p. xv]</small></small></a></span> -<br> -<br> -<h3>MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.</h3> - -<h4>1892.</h4> -<br> -<hr align="center" width="25%"> -<br> -<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" summary="member codes"> - <tr> - <td><small><i>a</i>, original members.</small></td> - <td><small><i>c</i>, corresponding members.</small></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><small><i>l</i>, life members.</small></td> - <td><small>* Deceased.</small></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"><small>In cases where no city is given in the address, Washington, D. C., is -to be understood.</small></td> - </tr> -</table> -<br> -<hr align="center" width="25%"> -<br> -<br> -A<small>BBE</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. C<small>LEVELAND</small>, <i>a</i>, <i>l</i>,<br> - Weather Bureau.<br> -<br> -A<small>BERT</small>, S. T.,<br> - 722 Seventeenth Street.<br> -<br> -A<small>CKERMAN</small>, E<small>NS</small>. A. A., U. S. N., <i>c</i>,<br> - Navy Department.<br> -<br> -A<small>CKLEY</small>, L<small>IEUT</small>. C<small>OMDR</small>. S. M., U. S. N.,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -A<small>DDISON</small>, A. D.,<br> - 808 Seventeenth Street.<br> -<br> -A<small>HERN</small>, L<small>IEUT</small>. G<small>EORGE</small> P., U. S. A., <i>c</i>,<br> - College of Montana, Deer Lodge, Mont.<br> -<br> -A<small>HERN</small>, J<small>EREMIAH</small>,<br> - U. S. Geological Survey, Los Angeles, Cal.<br> -<br> -A<small>LLEN</small>, D<small>R</small>. J. A.,<br> - American Museum Natural History, New York, N. Y.<br> -<br> -A<small>LTON</small>, E<small>DMUND</small>,<br> - Wormley's Hotel.<br> -<br> -A<small>LVORD</small>, M<small>AJ</small>. H<small>ENRY</small> E., <i>c</i>,<br> - Md. Agricultural College, College Park, Maryland.<br> -<br> -A<small>NDREWS</small>, E<small>NS</small>. P<small>HILIP</small>, U. S. N.,<br> - Navy Department.<br> -<br> -A<small>PLIN</small>, S. A., J<small>R</small>.,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -A<small>SPINWALL</small>, R<small>EV</small>. J. A.,<br> - 17 Dupont Circle.<br> -<br> -A<small>YRES</small>, M<small>ISS</small> S<small>USAN</small> C., <i>a</i>,<br> - 1813 Thirteenth Street.<br> -<br> -B<small>ABB</small>, C<small>YRUS</small> C.,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -B<small>ABER</small>, H<small>ON</small>. G<small>EORGE</small>,<br> - 1416 K Street.<br> -<br> -B<small>AKER</small>, D<small>R</small>. F<small>RANK</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - Smithsonian Institution.<br> -<br> -B<small>AKER</small>, L<small>UCIUS</small>, <i>c</i>,<br> - P. O. Drawer T, Fresno, Cal.<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexvi"><small><small>[p. xvi]</small></small></a></span> -<br> -B<small>AKER</small>, M<small>ARCUS</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -B<small>ALDWIN</small>, H. L., J<small>R</small>., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -B<small>ALL</small>, C<small>HAS</small>. B.,<br> - 942 T Street.<br> -<br> -B<small>ANCROFT</small>, R<small>EV</small>. D<small>R</small>. C<small>ECIL</small> F. P., <i>c</i>,<br> - Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass.<br> -<br> -B<small>ARKER</small>, C<small>OMDR</small>. A<small>LBERT</small> S., U. S. N.,<br> - Navy Department.<br> -<br> -B<small>ARNARD</small>, E. C., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -B<small>ARNES</small>, C<small>HARLES</small> A., <i>c</i>,<br> - P. O. Box 1198, Seattle, Wash.<br> -<br> -B<small>ARROLL</small>, L<small>IEUT</small>. H<small>ENRY</small> H., U. S. N., <i>c</i>,<br> - Navy Department.<br> -<br> -B<small>ARTLE</small>, R. F.,<br> - 947 Virginia Avenue SW.<br> -<br> -B<small>ARTLETT</small>, C<small>OMDR</small>. J. R., U. S. N., <i>a</i>,<br> - Navy Department.<br> -<br> -B<small>ARTLETT</small>, P. V. S.,<br> - U. S. Geological Survey, Berkeley, Cal.<br> -<br> -B<small>ASSETT</small>, C. C., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -B<small>ATCHELDER</small>, C. F., <i>c</i>,<br> - 7 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, Mass.<br> -<br> -B<small>AUER</small>, L<small>OUIS</small> A.,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -B<small>AYLEY</small>, D<small>R</small>. W. S., <i>c</i>,<br> - Colby University, Waterville, Me.<br> -<br> -B<small>EAMAN</small>, W. M.,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -B<small>ELL</small>, A. G<small>RAHAM</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - Volta Bureau, 3414 Q Street.<br> -<br> -B<small>ELL</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. A. M<small>ELVILLE</small>,<br> - 1525 Thirty-fifth Street.<br> -<br> -B<small>ELL</small>, C. J., <i>a</i>,<br> - 1406 G Street.<br> -<br> -B<small>ERGMANN</small>, H. H.,<br> - 511 Seventh Street.<br> -<br> -B<small>ERNADOU</small>, E<small>NS</small>. J<small>OHN</small> B., U. S. N., <i>c</i>,<br> - Navy Department.<br> -<br> -B<small>IEN</small>, J<small>ULIUS</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - P. O. Box 3557, New York, N. Y.<br> -<br> -B<small>IEN</small>, M<small>ORRIS</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -B<small>IGELOW</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. F<small>RANK</small> H.,<br> - 1416 K Street.<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexvii"><small><small>[p. xvii]</small></small></a></span> -<br> -B<small>IRCH</small>, C<small>HARLES</small> E.,<br> - Hydrographic Office.<br> -<br> -B<small>IRNEY</small>, G<small>EN</small>. W<small>ILLIAM</small>,<br> - 458 Louisiana Avenue.<br> -<br> -B<small>LAIR</small>, H. B., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -B<small>LODGETT</small>, J<small>AMES</small> H., <i>a</i>,<br> - 1237 Massachusetts Avenue.<br> -<br> -B<small>LOUNT</small>, H<small>ENRY</small> F.,<br> - 1405 G Street.<br> -<br> -B<small>ODFISH</small>, S<small>UMNER</small> H., <i>a</i>,<br> - 58 B Street NE.<br> -<br> -B<small>OURSIN</small>, H<small>ENRY</small>,<br> - Douglas, Alaska.<br> -<br> -B<small>OWERS</small>, D<small>R</small>. S<small>TEPHEN</small>, <i>c</i>,<br> - Ventura, Cal.<br> -<br> -B<small>RECKINRIDGE</small>, G<small>EN</small>. J. C., U. S. A.,<br> - War Department.<br> -<br> -B<small>RIGHT</small>, R<small>ICHARD</small> R.,<br> - Navy Department.<br> -<br> -B<small>RITTON</small>, A. T.,<br> - 1405 G Street.<br> -<br> -B<small>ROWNELL</small>, E<small>RNEST</small> H., <i>c</i>,<br> - Bristol, R. I.<br> -<br> -B<small>UCKLEY</small>, M<small>ISS</small> M. L.,<br> - Bureau of Pensions.<br> -<br> -B<small>URNETT</small>, C<small>HARLES</small> A., <i>c</i>,<br> - 620 Burke Building, Seattle, Wash.<br> -<br> -B<small>URTON</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. A. E., <i>a</i>,<br> - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass.<br> -<br> -C<small>AMPBELL</small>, M. R.,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -C<small>ANNON</small>, H. B.,<br> - Department of Agriculture.<br> -<br> -C<small>ANTWELL</small>, L<small>IEUT</small>. J. C., U. S. R. M., <i>c</i>,<br> - 1818 Sacramento Street, San Francisco, Cal.<br> -<br> -C<small>ARMAN</small>, M<small>ISS</small> A<small>DA</small>,<br> - 1351 Q Street.<br> -<br> -C<small>ARROLL</small>, C<small>APT</small>. J<small>AMES</small>, <i>c</i>,<br> - Juneau, Alaska.<br> -<br> -C<small>HAMBERLIN</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. T. C., <i>c</i>,<br> - 772 Langdon Street, Madison, Wis.<br> -<br> -C<small>HAPIN</small>, F<small>REDERICK</small> E.,<br> - 3043 P Street.<br> -<br> -C<small>HAPIN</small>, D<small>R</small>. J. H.,<br> - Meriden, Conn.<br> -<br> -C<small>HAPMAN</small>, R. H., <i>a</i>,<br> - U. S. Geological Survey, Berkeley, Cal.<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexviii"><small><small>[p. xviii]</small></small></a></span> -<br> -C<small>HATARD</small>, D<small>R</small>. T<small>HOMAS</small> M., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -C<small>HENERY</small>, L<small>IEUT</small>. C<small>OMDR</small>. L<small>EONARD</small>, U. S. N., <i>c</i>,<br> - University Club, New York, N. Y.<br> -<br> -C<small>HESTER</small>, C<small>OMDR</small>. C. M., U. S. N., <i>c</i>,<br> - U. S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md.<br> -<br> -C<small>HRISTIE</small>, J<small>AMES</small> II., <i>c</i>,<br> - Olga, Wash.<br> -<br> -C<small>HRISTIE</small>, P. H.,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -C<small>LARK</small>, E. B., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -C<small>LARK</small>, D<small>R</small>. W<small>M</small>. B., <i>c</i>,<br> - Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.<br> -<br> -C<small>LOVER</small>, L<small>IEUT</small>. C<small>OMDR</small>. R<small>ICHARDSON</small>, U. S. N.,<br> - Hydrographic Office.<br> -<br> -C<small>OLE</small>, T. L.,<br> - 12 Corcoran Building.<br> -<br> -C<small>OLONNA</small>, B. A.,<br> - 138 B Street NE.<br> -<br> -C<small>OLTON</small>, F<small>RANCIS</small>,<br> - The Shoreham.<br> -<br> -C<small>OMSTOCK</small>, M<small>RS</small>. S<small>ARAH</small> C.,<br> - 1464 Rhode Island Avenue.<br> -<br> -C<small>OOK</small>, F<small>RED</small>. W., <i>c</i>,<br> - P. O. Box 140, Sault de Ste. Marie, Mich.<br> -<br> -C<small>OURT</small>, E. E.,<br> - Hydrographic Office.<br> -<br> -C<small>RAIGHEAD</small>, R<small>EV</small>. D<small>R</small>. J. G.,<br> - 1223 Eleventh Street.<br> -<br> -C<small>ROFFUT</small>, W. A.,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -C<small>UMMIN</small>, R<small>OBT</small>. D., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -C<small>UMMINGS</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. G<small>EO</small>. J.,<br> - Howard University.<br> -<br> -C<small>UNNINGHAM</small>, J<small>OHN</small> M., <i>c</i>,<br> - Cosmos Club, San Francisco, Cal.<br> -<br> -C<small>URTIS</small>, W<small>ILLIAM</small> E., <i>a</i>,<br> - 2 Lafayette Square.<br> -<br> -D<small>ALL</small>, M<small>RS</small>. C<small>AROLINE</small> H.,<br> - 1526 Eighteenth Street.<br> -<br> -D<small>ALL</small>, W<small>M</small>. H.,<br> - National Museum.<br> -<br> -D<small>ALY</small>, H<small>ON</small>. C<small>HAS</small>. P.,<br> - 84 Clinton Place, New York, N. Y.<br> -<br> -D<small>ARTON</small>, N. H.,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexix"><small><small>[p. xix]</small></small></a></span> -<br> -D<small>AVIDGE</small>, W<small>ALTER</small> D<small>ORSEY</small>, J<small>R</small>.,<br> - 1 Corcoran Building.<br> -<br> -D<small>AVIDSON</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. G<small>EORGE</small>, <i>a</i>, <i>c</i>,<br> - U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, San Francisco, Cal.<br> -<br> -D<small>AVIS</small>, A<small>RTHUR</small> P., <i>a</i>,<br> - U. S. Geological Survey, Los Angeles, Cal.<br> -<br> -D<small>AVIS</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. W. M., <i>a</i>,<br> - 2 Bond Street, Cambridge, Mass.<br> -<br> -D<small>AWSON</small>, M<small>ISS</small> A. B.,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -D<small>AY</small>, D<small>R</small>. D<small>AVID</small> T.,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -D<small>AY</small>, E. W<small>ARREN</small>,<br> - War Department.<br> -<br> -D<small>ENNEY</small>, M<small>ISS</small> L. A.,<br> - 707 Thirteenth Street.<br> -<br> -D<small>ENNY</small>, A. A., <i>c</i>,<br> - 1328 Front Street, Seattle, Wash.<br> -<br> -D<small>IEBITSCH</small>, E<small>MIL</small>,<br> - U. S. Naval Station, Port Royal, S. C.<br> -<br> -D<small>ILLER</small>, J. S., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -D<small>OBBINS</small>, J. W.,<br> - U. S. Geological Survey, Berkeley, Cal.<br> -<br> -D<small>OUGLAS</small>, E. M., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -D<small>OW</small>, C<small>APT</small>. J<small>OHN</small> M.,<br> - 83 W. Seventy-first Street, New York, N. Y.<br> -<br> -D<small>UNCKLEE</small>, J<small>OHN</small> B.,<br> - 912 French Street.<br> -<br> -D<small>UNNINGTON</small>, A. F., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -D<small>URAND</small>, J<small>OHN</small>,<br> - 164 Bd. Montparnasse, Paris, France.<br> -<br> -D<small>UTTON</small>, M<small>AJ</small>. C. E., U. S. A., <i>a</i>,<br> - San Antonio, Tex.<br> -<br> -D<small>YER</small>, L<small>IEUT</small>. G. L., U. S. N.,<br> - Navy Pay Office, San Francisco, Cal.<br> -<br> -E<small>DMANDS</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. J. R<small>AYNER</small>,<br> - Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.<br> -<br> -E<small>DSON</small>, J<small>OHN</small> J<small>OY</small>,<br> - 1003 F Street.<br> -<br> -E<small>DSON</small>, J<small>OSEPH</small> R., <i>a</i>,<br> - 1003 F Street.<br> -<br> -E<small>IMBECK</small>, W<small>ILLIAM</small>,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -E<small>LDRIDGE</small>, G. H.,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexx"><small><small>[p. xx]</small></small></a></span> -<br> -E<small>LIOT</small>, C<small>HARLES</small>,<br> - Room 50, 50 State Street, Boston, Mass.<br> -<br> -E<small>LLICOTT</small>, E<small>NS</small>. J<small>OHN</small> M., U. S. N.,<br> - 2023 I Street.<br> -<br> -E<small>LMORE</small>, H<small>ERBERT</small> W.,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -E<small>RBACH</small>, J<small>OHN</small>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -E<small>VANS</small>, H. C.,<br> - 804 Eleventh Street.<br> -<br> -F<small>AIRCHILD</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. H. L., <i>c</i>,<br> - University of Rochester, Rochester, N. Y.<br> -<br> -F<small>AIRFIELD</small>, G<small>EORGE</small> A., <i>a</i>,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -F<small>AIRFIELD</small>, W. B<small>ROWNE</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -F<small>ARMER</small>, R. A.,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -F<small>ERNOW</small>, B. E., <i>a</i>,<br> - Department of Agriculture.<br> -<br> -F<small>EUSIER</small>, H. E. C<small>LERMONT</small>,<br> - 819 Grove Street, San Francisco, Cal.<br> -<br> -F<small>ISCHER</small>, E. G., <i>a</i>,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -F<small>ISCHER</small>, L. A.,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -F<small>ITCH</small>, C. H., <i>a</i>,<br> - 3025 N Street.<br> -<br> -F<small>LEMER</small>, J. A.,<br> - 412 A Street SE.<br> -<br> -F<small>LETCHER</small>, L. C., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -F<small>LETCHER</small>, D<small>R</small>. R<small>OBERT</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - Army Medical Museum.<br> -<br> -F<small>LINT</small>, C<small>HARLES</small>,<br> - 1519 O Street.<br> -<br> -F<small>LINT</small>, C<small>OL</small>. W<small>ESTON</small>,<br> - 1101 K Street.<br> -<br> -F<small>LOYD</small>, F<small>RED</small>. W.,<br> - 539 W. Twentieth Street, New York, N. Y.<br> -<br> -F<small>OGG</small>, L<small>INDLEY</small>,<br> - Sixth Auditor's Office.<br> -<br> -F<small>OSTER</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. R<small>ICHARD</small>,<br> - Howard University.<br> -<br> -F<small>RASER</small>, D<small>ANIEL</small>,<br> - 458 Pennsylvania Avenue.<br> -<br> -F<small>REER</small>, D<small>R</small>. J<small>AMES</small> A.,<br> - 1523 I Street.<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexxi"><small><small>[p. xxi]</small></small></a></span> -F<small>ULLER</small>, M<small>ISS</small> A<small>DELAIDE</small> H.,<br> - 1321 Rhode Island Avenue.<br> -<br> -G<small>AGE</small>, N. P., <i>a</i>,<br> - Seaton School.<br> -<br> -G<small>ANE</small>, H. S., <i>c</i>,<br> - Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.<br> -<br> -G<small>ANNETT</small>, H<small>ENRY</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -G<small>ANNETT</small>, S. S., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -G<small>ARDNER</small>, C. L.,<br> - 1710 Sixteenth Street.<br> -<br> -G<small>ARRISON</small>, M<small>ISS</small> C<small>ARL</small> L.,<br> - Phelps School.<br> -<br> -G<small>ILBERT</small>, G. K., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -G<small>ILL</small>, W<small>ILSON</small> L., <i>c</i>,<br> - Room 57, 115 Broadway, New York, N. Y.<br> -<br> -G<small>ILMAN</small>, D<small>R</small>. D<small>ANIEL</small> C., <i>a</i>,<br> - Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.<br> -<br> -G<small>OLDIE</small>, R. H., <i>c</i>,<br> - P. O. Box 1110, Seattle, Wash.<br> -<br> -G<small>OODALL</small>, F. H.,<br> - Second Auditor's Office.<br> -<br> -G<small>OODALL</small>, O<small>TIS</small> B.,<br> - 932 P Street.<br> -<br> -G<small>OODE</small>, D<small>R</small>. G. B<small>ROWN</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - Smithsonian Institution.<br> -<br> -G<small>OODE</small>, R. U., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -G<small>OODFELLOW</small>, E<small>DWARD</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -G<small>OODISON</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. J<small>OHN</small>,<br> - State Normal School, Ypsilanti, Mich.<br> -<br> -G<small>ORHAM</small>, G<small>EO</small>. C.,<br> - 1763 Q Street.<br> -<br> -G<small>RAHAM</small>, M<small>ISS</small> A. M.,<br> - 1234 Massachusetts Avenue.<br> -<br> -G<small>RAHAM</small>, A<small>NDREW</small> B.,<br> - 1230 Pennsylvania Avenue.<br> -<br> -G<small>RANGER</small>, F. D.,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -G<small>RAVES</small>, W<small>ALTER</small> H.,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -G<small>REELY</small>, G<small>EN</small>. A. W., U. S. A., <i>a</i>,<br> - 1914 G Street.<br> -<br> -G<small>RIFFITH</small>, G. B<small>ERKELEY</small>,<br> - 1630 Rhode Island Avenue.<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexxii"><small><small>[p. xxii]</small></small></a></span> -G<small>RISWOLD</small>, W. T., <i>a</i>,<br> - U. S. Geological Survey, Boise, Idaho.<br> -<br> -G<small>ROEGER</small>, G. G., <i>c</i>,<br> - 310 Chamber of Commerce Building, Chicago, Ill.<br> -<br> -G<small>ULLIVER</small>, F. P., <i>c</i>,<br> - Norwich, Conn.<br> -<br> -G<small>UNION</small>, M<small>RS</small>. R<small>EBECCA</small> E.,<br> - 927 O Street.<br> -<br> -G<small>URLEY</small>, C<small>HARLES</small> L.,<br> - 1401 Sixteenth Street.<br> -<br> -H<small>ACKETT</small>, M., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -H<small>AGADORN</small>, L<small>IEUT</small>. C<small>HAS</small>. B., U. S. A., <i>c</i>,<br> - Fort Leavenworth, Kans.<br> -<br> -H<small>ALE</small>, L. P., <i>c</i>,<br> - Canton, N. Y.<br> -<br> -H<small>ARRINGTON</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. M<small>ARK</small> W.,<br> - Weather Bureau.<br> -<br> -H<small>ARRIS</small>, D<small>R</small>. T. W.,<br> - Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.<br> -<br> -H<small>ARRISON</small>, D. C., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -H<small>ARRISON</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. T<small>HOS</small>. F., <i>c</i>,<br> - 221 W. Forty-fifth Street, New York, N. Y.<br> -<br> -H<small>ARROD</small>, M<small>AJ</small>. B. M.,<br> - City Engineer's Office, New Orleans, La.<br> -<br> -H<small>ART</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. A<small>LBERT</small> B<small>USHNELL</small>,<br> - 15 Appian Way, Cambridge, Mass.<br> -<br> -H<small>ART</small>, J<small>UAN</small>, <i>c</i>,<br> - El Paso, Tex.<br> -<br> -H<small>ASBROUCK</small>, E. M.,<br> - 1610 Fifteenth Street.<br> -<br> -H<small>ASKELL</small>, E. E., <i>a</i>,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -H<small>AWKINS</small>, G<small>EO</small>. T.,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -H<small>AY</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. R<small>OBERT</small>,<br> - P. O. Box 562, Junction City, Kans.<br> -<br> -H<small>AYDEN</small>, E<small>VERETT</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - Hydrographic Office.<br> -<br> -H<small>AYDEN</small>, J. J.,<br> - 929 K Street.<br> -<br> -H<small>AYES</small>, D<small>R</small>. C. W<small>ILLARD</small>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -H<small>AYES</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. E<small>LLEN</small>, <i>c</i>,<br> - Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass.<br> -<br> -H<small>AYS</small>, J. W.,<br> - Oxford, N. C.<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexxiii"><small><small>[p. xxiii]</small></small></a></span> -H<small>AZARD</small>, D<small>ANIEL</small> L.,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -H<small>EATON</small>, A. G.,<br> - 1618 Seventeenth Street.<br> -<br> -H<small>EILPRIN</small>, G<small>ILES</small> F.,<br> - 1227 Pennsylvania Avenue.<br> -<br> -H<small>ENRY</small>, A. J., <i>a</i>,<br> - 948 S Street.<br> -<br> -H<small>ENSHAW</small>, H. W., <i>a</i>,<br> - Bureau of Ethnology.<br> -<br> -H<small>ERRLE</small>, G., <i>a</i>,<br> - Hydrographic Office.<br> -<br> -H<small>ERRON</small>, W<small>M</small>. H., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -H<small>ILL</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. R. T.,<br> - 910 Fifteenth Street.<br> -<br> -H<small>INDS</small>, D<small>R</small>. C<small>LARA</small> B<small>LISS</small>,<br> - 1331 Fourteenth Street.<br> -<br> -H<small>INMAN</small>, R<small>USSELL</small>,<br> - 806 Broadway, New York, N. Y.<br> -<br> -H<small>ITCHCOCK</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. C. H., <i>c</i>,<br> - Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H.<br> -<br> -H<small>OBBS</small>, D<small>R</small>. W<small>M</small>. H., <i>c</i>,<br> - University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.<br> -<br> -H<small>ODGKINS</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. H. L., <i>a</i>,<br> - Columbian University.<br> -<br> -H<small>ODGKINS</small>, W. C.,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -H<small>OLDEN</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. E. S., <i>c</i>,<br> - Lick Observatory, Mount Hamilton, Cal.<br> -<br> -H<small>OLDEN</small>, M<small>RS</small>. L. E.,<br> - P. O. Box 1027, Salt Lake, Utah.<br> -<br> -H<small>OLDEN</small>, L<small>UTHER</small> L.,<br> - 7 Warren Square, Jamaica Plain, Mass.<br> -<br> -H<small>OLLERITH</small>, H<small>ERMAN</small>,<br> - 501 F Street.<br> -<br> -H<small>OLMES</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. J. A., <i>c</i>,<br> - Chapel Hill, N. C.<br> -<br> -H<small>OLT</small>, H. P. R.,<br> - Takoma Park, D. C.<br> -<br> -H<small>ORE</small>, C<small>APT</small>. E<small>DWARD</small> C., <i>c</i>,<br> - Royal Geographical Society, London, England.<br> -<br> -H<small>ORNADAY</small>, W. T., <i>a</i>,<br> - 44 Niagara Street, Buffalo, N. Y.<br> -<br> -H<small>ORNBLOWER</small>, J. C.,<br> - 1402 M Street.<br> -<br> -H<small>OSKINS</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. L. M., <i>c</i>,<br> - University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexxiv"><small><small>[p. xxiv]</small></small></a></span> -H<small>OSMER</small>, E<small>DWARD</small> S<small>TURGES</small>, <i>l</i>,<br> - 1330 L Street.<br> -<br> -H<small>OTCHKISS</small>, M<small>AJ</small>. J<small>ED</small>.,<br> - Staunton, Va.<br> -<br> -H<small>OVEY</small>, R<small>EV</small>. D<small>R</small>. H. C.,<br> - 60 Crescent Street, Middletown, Conn.<br> -<br> -H<small>OWARD</small>, E<small>NS</small>. W. L., U. S. N., <i>c</i>,<br> - Navy Pay Office, San Francisco, Cal.<br> -<br> -H<small>OWELL</small>, D. J., <i>a</i>,<br> - 918 F Street.<br> -<br> -H<small>OWELL</small>, E<small>DWIN</small> E., <i>a</i>,<br> - 612 Seventeenth Street.<br> -<br> -H<small>UBBARD</small>, G<small>ARDINER</small> G., <i>a</i>,<br> - 1328 Connecticut Avenue.<br> -<br> -H<small>UTCHINSON</small>, J<small>OHN</small>,<br> - 933 H Street.<br> -<br> -H<small>UTCHINSON</small>, W. J.,<br> - 1707 Massachusetts Avenue.<br> -<br> -H<small>YDE</small>, G. E.,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -H<small>YDE</small>, J<small>OHN</small>,<br> - 2820 P Street.<br> -<br> -I<small>ARDELLA</small>, C. T., <i>a</i>,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -I<small>NGRAHAM</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. E. S., <i>c</i>,<br> - Seattle, Wash.<br> -<br> -J<small>ACKSON</small>, R<small>EV</small>. D<small>R</small>. S<small>HELDON</small>,<br> - 1830 Ninth Street.<br> -<br> -J<small>ENNEY</small>, D<small>R</small>. W. P.,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -J<small>ENNINGS</small>, J. H., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -J<small>EWETT</small>, W. P., <i>c</i>,<br> - 180 E. Third Street, St. Paul, Minn.<br> -<br> -J<small>OHNSON</small>, M<small>ISS</small> A<small>LICE</small> B<small>URGES</small>,<br> - 501 Maple Avenue.<br> -<br> -J<small>OHNSON</small>, A. B., <i>a</i>,<br> - Light House Board.<br> -<br> -J<small>OHNSON</small>, E. K<small>URTZ</small>,<br> - 1600 Massachusetts Avenue.<br> -<br> -J<small>OHNSON</small>, D<small>R</small>. H. L. E.,<br> - 1400 L Street.<br> -<br> -J<small>OHNSON</small>, J. B.,<br> - Howard University.<br> -<br> -J<small>OHNSON</small>, R<small>EV</small>. J. G.,<br> - 381 Dearborn Avenue, Chicago, Ill.<br> -<br> -J<small>OHNSON</small>, J<small>EROME</small> F.,<br> - 1326 F Street.<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexxv"><small><small>[p. xxv]</small></small></a></span> -J<small>OHNSON</small>, M<small>RS</small>. M<small>ARY</small> D<small>AVIS</small>, <i>c</i>,<br> - Sitka, Alaska.<br> -<br> -J<small>OHNSON</small>, S<small>TUART</small> P.,<br> - U. S. Geological Survey, Berkeley, Cal.<br> -<br> -J<small>OHNSON</small>, W<small>ILLARD</small> D., <i>a</i>,<br> - U. S. Geological Survey, Berkeley, Cal.<br> -<br> -J<small>UDD</small>, J<small>OHN</small> G.,<br> - 420 Eleventh Street.<br> -<br> -J<small>UDSON</small>, E<small>GBERT</small>, <i>c</i>,<br> - 402 Front Street, San Francisco, Cal.<br> -<br> -J<small>UNKEN</small>, C<small>HARLES</small>,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -J<small>UNKEN</small>, C<small>HAS</small>. A.,<br> - Ordnance Office, War Department.<br> -<br> -J<small>ÜSSEN</small>, E<small>DMUND</small>,<br> - In care W. Tudor, Temple, Ga.<br> -<br> -K<small>ARL</small>, A<small>NTON</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - 1230 Eleventh Street.<br> -<br> -K<small>AUFFMANN</small>, S. H., <i>a</i>,<br> - 1421 Massachusetts Avenue.<br> -<br> -K<small>AVANAUGH</small>, M<small>ISS</small> K.,<br> - Sixth Auditor's Office.<br> -<br> -K<small>ENASTON</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. C. A., <i>a</i>,<br> - Room 4, 26 Court Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.<br> -<br> -K<small>ENDALL</small>, M<small>ISS</small> E<small>LIZABETH</small>, <i>c</i>,<br> - Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass.<br> -<br> -K<small>ENNAN</small>, G<small>EORGE</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - In care J. B. Pond, Everett House, New York, N. Y.<br> -<br> -K<small>ENNEDY</small>, D<small>R</small>. G<small>EO</small>. G., <i>l</i>,<br> - 284 Warren Street, Roxbury, Mass.<br> -<br> -K<small>ENNON</small>, L<small>IEUT</small>. L. W. V., U. S. A.,<br> - War Department.<br> -<br> -K<small>ERR</small>, H. S., <i>c</i>,<br> - Salt Lake, Utah.<br> -<br> -K<small>ERR</small>, M<small>ARK</small> B., <i>a</i>,<br> - 402 Front Street, San Francisco, Cal.<br> -<br> -K<small>IMBALL</small>, E. F.,<br> - Post Office Department.<br> -<br> -K<small>IMBALL</small>, D<small>R</small>. E. S.,<br> - 737 Thirteenth Street.<br> -<br> -K<small>IMBALL</small>, S. I., <i>a</i>,<br> - Life Saving Service.<br> -<br> -K<small>ING</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. F. H.,<br> - 1500 University Avenue, Madison, Wis.<br> -<br> -K<small>ING</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. H<small>ARRY</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -K<small>ING</small>, W<small>M</small>. B.,<br> - 1328 Twelfth Street.<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexxvi"><small><small>[p. xxvi]</small></small></a></span> -K<small>LAKRING</small>, A<small>LFRED</small>,<br> - Hydrographic Office.<br> -<br> -K<small>LOTZ</small>, O<small>TTO</small> J., <i>c</i>,<br> - Interior Department, Preston, Ontario, Canada.<br> -<br> -K<small>NAPP</small>, H<small>ON</small>. L<small>YMAN</small> E.,<br> - Sitka, Alaska.<br> -<br> -K<small>OCH</small>, P<small>ETER</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - Bozeman, Mont.<br> -<br> -K<small>RAMER</small>, W<small>ILLIAM</small>,<br> -<br> -K<small>ÜBEL</small>, S. J.,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -L<small>ACKLAND</small>, W. E., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -L<small>ADD</small>, G<small>EORGE</small> E.,<br> - Melrose Highlands, Mass.<br> -<br> -L<small>AMBERT</small>, M. B.,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -L<small>AMBORN</small>, D<small>R</small>. R<small>OBERT</small> H.,<br> - 32 Nassau Street, New York, N. Y.<br> -<br> -L<small>AWSON</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. A. C.,<br> - University of California, Berkeley, Cal.<br> -<br> -L<small>AWSON</small>, M<small>ISS</small> J<small>EANNE</small> W.,<br> - 1231 New Hampshire Avenue.<br> -<br> -L<small>EACH</small>, B<small>OYNTON</small>,<br> - Hydrographic Office.<br> -<br> -L<small>EVERETT</small>, F<small>RANK</small>, <i>c</i>,<br> - U. S. Geological Survey, Madison, Wis.<br> -<br> -L<small>IBBEY</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. W<small>ILLIAM</small>, J<small>R</small>., <i>c</i>,<br> - 20 Bayard Avenue, Princeton, N. J.<br> -<br> -L<small>INCOLN</small>, J<small>OHN</small> J.,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -L<small>INDENKOHL</small>, A., <i>a</i>,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -L<small>INDENKOHL</small>, H., <i>a</i>,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -L<small>INDSLEY</small>, W<small>M</small>. L., <i>c</i>,<br> - Corner Banner and Republican Streets, Seattle, Wash.<br> -<br> -L<small>ITTLEHALES</small>, G. W.,<br> - 928 Twenty-third Street.<br> -<br> -L<small>OOKER</small>, H<small>ENRY</small> B.,<br> - 918 F Street.<br> -<br> -L<small>OOKER</small>, T<small>HOS</small>. H., U. S. N.,<br> - 1312 Thirtieth Street.<br> -<br> -L<small>OOMIS</small>, H<small>ENRY</small> B., <i>c</i>,<br> - Seattle, Wash.<br> -<br> -L<small>OVELL</small>, W. H.,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexxvii"><small><small>[p. xxvii]</small></small></a></span> -L<small>YONS</small>, J<small>OSEPH</small>,<br> - 1003 F Street.<br> -<br> -M<small>C</small>C<small>ARTENEY</small>, L<small>IEUT</small>. C<small>HAS</small>. M., U. S. N.,<br> - Hydrographic Office.<br> -<br> -M<small>C</small>C<small>RACKEN</small>, R. H., <i>c</i>,<br> - P. O. Box 495, San Antonio, Tex.<br> -<br> -M<small>C</small>G<small>EE</small>, M<small>RS</small>. A<small>NITA</small> N<small>EWCOMB</small>,<br> - 2410 Fourteenth Street.<br> -<br> -M<small>C</small>G<small>EE</small>, W J, <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Surrey.<br> -<br> -M<small>C</small>G<small>ILL</small>, M<small>ISS</small> M<small>ARY</small> C.,<br> - 336 C Street.<br> -<br> -M<small>C</small>G<small>RATH</small>, J<small>OHN</small> E.,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -M<small>C</small>K<small>EE</small>, R<small>EDICK</small> H., <i>a</i>,<br> - U. S. Geological Survey, Berkeley, Cal.<br> -<br> -M<small>C</small>K<small>INNEY</small>, R. C., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -M<small>C</small>L<small>AUGHLIN</small>, D<small>R</small>. T. N.,<br> - 1226 N Street.<br> -<br> -M<small>AC</small>K<small>AYE</small>, J. M., <i>c</i>.<br> - Shirley, Mass.<br> -<br> -M<small>AHER</small>, J<small>AMES</small> A., <i>a</i>,<br> - P. O. Box 35, Johnson City, Tenn.<br> -<br> -M<small>ANNING</small>, V<small>AN</small>. H., JR., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -M<small>ARINDIN</small>, H<small>ENRY</small> L.,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -M<small>ARKS</small>, D<small>R</small>. A. J., <i>c</i>,<br> - 419 Madison Street, Toledo, O.<br> -<br> -M<small>ARSHALL</small>, R. B.,<br> - U. S. Geological Survey, Berkeley, Cal.<br> -<br> -M<small>ASON</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. O. T.,<br> - 1777 Massachusetts Avenue.<br> -<br> -M<small>ATTHEWS</small>, D<small>R</small>. W., U. S. A., <i>a</i>,<br> - Fort Wingate, N. M.<br> -<br> -M<small>ELVILLE</small>, E<small>NG</small>. <small>IN</small> C<small>HIEF</small> G<small>EO</small>. W., U. S. N., <i>a</i>, <i>l</i>,<br> - Navy Department.<br> -<br> -M<small>ENDENHALL</small>, D<small>R</small>. T. C.,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -M<small>ENOCAL</small>, C<small>IV</small>. E<small>NG</small>. A. G., U. S. N., <i>a</i>,<br> - 44 Wall Street, New York, N. Y.<br> -<br> -M<small>ERRIAM</small>, D<small>R</small>. C. H<small>ART</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - Department of Agriculture.<br> -<br> -M<small>ERRILL</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. J. A., <i>c</i>,<br> - State Normal School, Warrensburg, Mo.<br> -<br> -M<small>ESTON</small>, R. D.,<br> - 1227 L Street.<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexxviii"><small><small>[p. xxviii]</small></small></a></span> -M<small>ETZGER</small>, F. P.,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -M<small>ILEY</small>, A. E.,<br> - Sixth Auditor's Office.<br> -<br> -M<small>INDELEFF</small>, M<small>ME</small>. J<small>ULIE</small>,<br> - 1401 Stoughton Street.<br> -<br> -M<small>INDELEFF</small>, V<small>ICTOR</small>,<br> - Ohio National Bank Building.<br> -<br> -M<small>ITCHELL</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. H<small>ENRY</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - 18 Hawthorne Street, Roxbury, Mass.<br> -<br> -M<small>OSMAN</small>, A. T., <i>a</i>,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -M<small>UIR</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. J<small>OHN</small>,<br> - Martinez, Cal.<br> -<br> -M<small>UIR</small>, E<small>NS</small>. W. C. P., U. S. N.,<br> - In care Hon. J. L. Beckham, Shelbyville, Ky.<br> -<br> -M<small>UNROE</small>, H<small>ERSEY</small>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -M<small>URLIN</small>, A. E.,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -M<small>URRAY</small>, B. P.,<br> - 10 Third Street NE.<br> -<br> -N<small>ELL</small>, L<small>OUIS</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -N<small>EWELL</small>, F. H.,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -N<small>ILES</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. W<small>M</small>. H.,<br> - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass.<br> -<br> -N<small>ORDHOFF</small>, C<small>HARLES</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - Coronado, Cal.<br> -<br> -N<small>ORMAN</small>-N<small>ERUDA</small>, L., <i>c</i>,<br> - Devonshire Club, St. James Street, London, England.<br> -<br> -N<small>ORTHUP</small>, C. G.,<br> - U. S. Senate.<br> -<br> -N<small>OYES</small>, C<small>ROSBY</small> S.,<br> - 1101 Pennsylvania Avenue.<br> -<br> -O<small>GDEN</small>, H<small>ERBERT</small> G., <i>a</i>,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -O'H<small>ALLORAN</small>, T. M.,<br> - Hydrographic Office.<br> -<br> -O'H<small>ARE</small>, D<small>ANIEL</small> P.,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -O<small>LDRINI</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. A<small>LEXANDER</small>,<br> - 1437 L Street.<br> -<br> -O<small>LNEY</small>, C<small>HAS</small>. F.,<br> - 137 Jennings Avenue, Cleveland, O.<br> -<br> -O<small>SBORN</small>, L<small>IEUT</small>. A. P., U. S. N., <i>c</i>,<br> - Navy Pay Office, San Francisco, Cal.<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexxix"><small><small>[p. xxix]</small></small></a></span> -O<small>SBORNE</small>, D<small>R</small>. G<small>EO</small>. L., <i>c</i>,<br> - State Normal School, Warrensburg, Mo.<br> -<br> -O<small>TIS</small>, H<small>AMILTON</small>, <i>c</i>,<br> - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass.<br> -<br> -O<small>TIS</small>, W<small>ILLIAM</small> H.,<br> - U. S. Geological Survey, Berkeley, Cal.<br> -<br> -P<small>ALMER</small>, T. S.,<br> - Department of Agriculture.<br> -<br> -P<small>ARKER</small>, E. W.,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -P<small>ARSONS</small>, F<small>RANCIS</small> H., <i>a</i>,<br> - 210 First Street SE.<br> -<br> -P<small>EALE</small>, D<small>R</small>. A. C., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -P<small>EARY</small>, C<small>IV</small>. E<small>NG</small>. R. E., U. S. N.,<br> - Navy Department.<br> -<br> -P<small>ELLEW</small>, H<small>ENRY</small> E.,<br> - 1637 Massachusetts Avenue.<br> -<br> -P<small>ENROSE</small>, R. A. F., J<small>R</small>.,<br> - 1331 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pa.<br> -<br> -P<small>ERKINS</small>, E. T., J<small>R</small>., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -P<small>ETERS</small>, E<small>UGENE</small>,<br> - 458 Pennsylvania Avenue.<br> -<br> -P<small>ETERS</small>, L<small>IEUT</small>. G. H., U. S. N., <i>a</i>,<br> - Navy Department.<br> -<br> -P<small>ETERS</small>, W<small>ILLIAM</small> J., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -P<small>ETROFF</small>, I<small>VAN</small>, <i>c</i>,<br> - 2148 Pennsylvania Avenue.<br> -<br> -P<small>HILLIPS</small>, A<small>SA</small> E.,<br> - District Engineer Department.<br> -<br> -P<small>HILLIPS</small>, R. H<small>ENRY</small>,<br> - Room 110, 1419 New York Avenue.<br> -<br> -P<small>ICKERING</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. E<small>DWARD</small> C.,<br> - Harvard Observatory, Cambridge, Mass.<br> -<br> -P<small>ICKING</small>, C<small>APT</small>. H<small>ENRY</small> F., U. S. N.,<br> - Navy Department.<br> -<br> -P<small>IERCE</small>, J<small>OSIAH</small>, J<small>R</small>.,<br> - 11 South Street, Baltimore, Md.<br> -<br> -P<small>OLLOK</small>, A<small>NTHONY</small>,<br> - 620 F Street.<br> -<br> -*P<small>OND</small>, E<small>DWIN</small> J.,<br> -<br> -P<small>OWELL</small>, M<small>AJ</small>. J. W., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -P<small>OWELL</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. W. B., <i>a</i>,<br> - Franklin School.<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexxx"><small><small>[p. xxx]</small></small></a></span> -P<small>RENTISS</small>, D<small>R</small>. D. W<small>EBSTER</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - 1101 Fourteenth Street.<br> -<br> -P<small>RINCE</small>, H<small>ON</small>. L. B<small>RADFORD</small>, <i>c</i>,<br> - Santa Fe, N. M.<br> -<br> -P<small>ROWELL</small>, G<small>EO</small>. R., <i>c</i>,<br> - Hanover, Pa.<br> -<br> -P<small>UMPELLY</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. R<small>APHAEL</small>,<br> - U. S. Geological Survey, Newport, R. I.<br> -<br> -R<small>AMSEY</small>, F. M., <i>c</i>,<br> - Lampasas, Tex.<br> -<br> -R<small>ANKIN</small>, R<small>EV</small>. D<small>R</small>. J. E.,<br> - Howard University.<br> -<br> -R<small>EID</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. H<small>ARRY</small> F<small>IELDING</small>, <i>c</i>,<br> - Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, O.<br> -<br> -R<small>ENSHAWE</small>, J<small>NO</small>. H., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -R<small>ICE</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. W<small>M</small>. N<small>ORTH</small>, <i>c</i>,<br> - Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.<br> -<br> -R<small>ICHARDSON</small>, D<small>R</small>. C. W.,<br> - 1102 L Street.<br> -<br> -R<small>ICHARDSON</small>, T. J., <i>c</i>,<br> - 734 E. Fifteenth Street, Minneapolis, Minn.<br> -<br> -R<small>ICHMOND</small>, C<small>HAS</small>. W.,<br> - In care U. S. Consul, Greytown, Nicaragua.<br> -<br> -R<small>ICHTER</small>, M<small>ISS</small> C. M.,<br> - 330 A Street SE.<br> -<br> -R<small>ICKSECKER</small>, E<small>UGENE</small>, <i>a</i>, <i>c</i>,<br> - P. O. Box 289, Seattle, Wash.<br> -<br> -R<small>ITTER</small>, H. P., <i>a</i>,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -R<small>IZER</small>, C<small>OL</small>. H. C.,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -R<small>OBBINS</small>, A. G., <i>c</i>,<br> - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass.<br> -<br> -R<small>OBERTS</small>, A. C., <i>a</i>,<br> - Hydrographic Office.<br> -<br> -R<small>OCHESTER</small>, G<small>EN</small>. W<small>M</small>. B., U. S. A.,<br> - 1320 Eighteenth Street.<br> -<br> -R<small>OCK</small>, M<small>ILES</small>,<br> - 1430 Chapin Street.<br> -<br> -R<small>OGERS</small>, J<small>NO</small>. B., <i>c</i>,<br> - Columbia Athletic Club.<br> -<br> -R<small>OTCH</small>, A. L<small>AWRENCE</small>,<br> - 3 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Mass.<br> -<br> -R<small>USSEL</small>, L<small>IEUT</small>. E<small>DGAR</small>, U. S. A., <i>c</i>,<br> - Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Tex.<br> -<br> -R<small>USSELL</small>, I<small>SRAEL</small> C., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexxxi"><small><small>[p. xxxi]</small></small></a></span> -S<small>ANDERS</small>, H<small>ENRY</small> P.,<br> - 1504 Twenty-first Street.<br> -<br> -S<small>ARGENT</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. C. S., <i>a</i>,<br> - Brookline, Mass.<br> -<br> -S<small>CHAAP</small>, C. H., <i>c</i>,<br> - P. O. Box 32, Sitka, Alaska.<br> -<br> -S<small>CHLEY</small>, C<small>APT</small>. W. S., U. S. N., <i>a</i>,<br> - Navy Department.<br> -<br> -S<small>CHMIDT</small>, F<small>RED</small>. A.,<br> - 504 Ninth Street.<br> -<br> -S<small>CHMITT</small>, E<small>WALD</small>,<br> - 2235 Thirteenth Street.<br> -<br> -S<small>CHWATKA</small>, F<small>REDERICK</small>, <i>c</i>,<br> - 1108 First Avenue, Rock Island, Ill.<br> -<br> -S<small>CIDMORE</small>, M<small>ISS</small> E<small>LIZA</small> R<small>UHAMAH</small>,<br> - 1502 Twenty-first Street.<br> -<br> -S<small>COTT</small>, W. O. N.,<br> - 603 Fifteenth Street.<br> -<br> -S<small>CUDDER</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. S. H., <i>a</i>,<br> - Cambridge, Mass.<br> -<br> -S<small>HALER</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. N. S., <i>a</i>,<br> - 25 Quincy Street, Cambridge, Mass.<br> -<br> -S<small>HEPARD</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. E<small>DWARD</small> M.,<br> - Drury College, Springfield, Mo.<br> -<br> -S<small>HEPARD</small>, J. L. N., <i>c</i>,<br> - 402 Front Street, San Francisco, Cal.<br> -<br> -S<small>HEPARD</small>, C<small>APT</small>. L. G., U. S. R. M.,<br> - Treasury Department.<br> -<br> -S<small>INCLAIR</small>, C. H.,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -S<small>INCLAIR</small>, J. C.,<br> - 718 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa.<br> -<br> -S<small>LOAN</small>, R<small>OBERT</small> S., <i>c</i>,<br> - Oswego. N. Y.<br> -<br> -S<small>MITH</small>, E<small>DWIN</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -S<small>MITH</small>, R<small>EV</small>. E<small>RNEST</small> C., <i>c</i>,<br> - Framingham, Mass.<br> -<br> -S<small>MITH</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. E<small>UGENE</small> A., <i>c</i>,<br> - University, Ala.<br> -<br> -S<small>MITH</small>, M<small>IDDLETON</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - P. O. Box 572.<br> -<br> -S<small>MOCK</small>, D<small>R</small>. J. C., <i>c</i>,<br> - State Geological Survey, Trenton, N. J.<br> -<br> -S<small>NELL</small>, M<small>ERWIN</small>-M<small>ARIE</small>,<br> - Catholic University of America.<br> -<br> -S<small>OMMER</small>, E. J., <i>a</i>,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexxxii"><small><small>[p. xxxii]</small></small></a></span> -S<small>PENCER</small>, J<small>AS</small>. W.,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -S<small>TANLEY</small>-B<small>ROWN</small>, J<small>OSEPH</small>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -S<small>TANWOOD</small>, J<small>AMES</small> H<small>UGH</small>, <i>c</i>,<br> - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass.<br> -<br> -S<small>TEDMAN</small>, J. M., <i>c</i>,<br> - Trinity University, Durham, N. C.<br> -<br> -S<small>TEIN</small>, R<small>OBERT</small>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -S<small>TOCKTON</small>, L<small>T</small>. C<small>OMDR</small>. C<small>HARLES</small> H., U. S. N., <i>a</i>, <i>c</i>,<br> - Naval War College, Newport, R. I.<br> -<br> -S<small>TONE</small>, J<small>AMES</small> S., <i>c</i>,<br> - 131 Vernon Street, Newton, Mass.<br> -<br> -S<small>UTTON</small>, F<small>RANK</small>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -S<small>WAN</small>, H<small>ON</small>. J<small>AMES</small> G., <i>c</i>,<br> - Port Townsend, Wash.<br> -<br> -T<small>ALBOT</small>, M<small>RS</small>. L<small>AURA</small> O<small>SBORNE</small>,<br> - 927 P Street.<br> -<br> -T<small>ARR</small>, R. S., <i>c</i>,<br> - Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.<br> -<br> -T<small>AYLOR</small>, D<small>ANIEL</small> F.,<br> - 918 F Street.<br> -<br> -T<small>AYLOR</small>, J<small>AS</small>. L.,<br> - 1515 Twentieth Street.<br> -<br> -T<small>HOMAS</small>, M<small>ISS</small> M<small>ARY VON</small> E., <i>a</i>,<br> - 235 New Jersey Avenue SE.<br> -<br> -T<small>HOMPSON</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. A. H., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -T<small>HOMPSON</small>, G<small>ILBERT</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -T<small>HOMPSON</small>, L<small>AURENCE</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - 1628 S Street.<br> -<br> -T<small>HOMPSON</small>, C<small>APT</small>. R. E., U. S. A., <i>a</i>,<br> - War Department.<br> -<br> -T<small>HOMPSON</small>, J. W.,<br> - 1419 I Street.<br> -<br> -T<small>ISDELL</small>, W<small>ILLARD</small> P.,<br> - 1323 Thirteenth Street.<br> -<br> -T<small>ITTMANN</small>, O. H., <i>a</i>,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -T<small>OWNSEND</small>, M<small>RS</small>. J<small>ULIA</small> C.,<br> - 1316 R Street.<br> -<br> -T<small>OWSON</small>, R. M., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -T<small>URNER</small>, J. H<small>ENRY</small>,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexxxiii"><small><small>[p. xxxiii]</small></small></a></span> -T<small>WEEDY</small>, F<small>RANK</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -U<small>RQUHART</small>, C<small>HAS</small>. F., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -V<small>AN</small> H<small>ISE</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. C. R., <i>l</i>,<br> - U. S. Geological Survey, Madison, Wis.<br> -<br> -V<small>ASEY</small>, D<small>R</small>. G<small>EORGE</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - Department of Agriculture.<br> -<br> -V<small>ERGES</small>, L. F., <i>c</i>,<br> - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass.<br> -<br> -V<small>INAL</small>, W. I<small>RVING</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - 1106 A Street NE.<br> -<br> -V<small>IVIAN</small>, T<small>HOMAS</small> J.,<br> - 212 New Jersey Avenue.<br> -<br> -W<small>ADDEY</small>, J<small>OHN</small> A.,<br> - Hydrographic Office.<br> -<br> -W<small>ADHAMS</small>, L<small>IEUT</small>. A. V., U. S. N., <i>c</i>,<br> - Andover, Mass.<br> -<br> -W<small>ALCOTT</small>, C<small>HAS</small>. D., <i>a</i>,<br> - National Museum.<br> -<br> -W<small>ALKER</small>, E<small>LTON</small> D., <i>c</i>,<br> - Fort Sheridan, Ill.<br> -<br> -W<small>ALLACE</small>, H<small>AMILTON</small> S., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -W<small>ANAMAKER</small>, H<small>ON</small>. J<small>OHN</small>,<br> - 1731 I Street.<br> -<br> -W<small>ARD</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. H<small>ENRY</small> A., <i>c</i>,<br> - 10 College Avenue, Rochester, N. Y.<br> -<br> -W<small>ARD</small>, L<small>ESTER</small> F., <i>a</i>,<br> - 1464 Rhode Island Avenue.<br> -<br> -W<small>ARD</small>, R<small>OBERT</small> D<small>E</small>C.,<br> - Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.<br> -<br> -W<small>ARDER</small>, B. H.,<br> - 1515 K Street.<br> -<br> -W<small>ARTEGG</small>, E<small>RNST VON</small> H<small>ESSE</small>, <i>c</i>,<br> - Bern, Switzerland.<br> -<br> -W<small>EED</small>, W<small>ALTER</small> H<small>ARVEY</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -W<small>EIR</small>, J<small>OHN</small> B., <i>a</i>,<br> - The Fredonia.<br> -<br> -W<small>ELD</small> G<small>EO</small>. F.,<br> - Metropolitan Club.<br> -<br> -W<small>ELLING</small>, D<small>R</small>. J<small>AMES</small> C., <i>a</i>,<br> - 1302 Connecticut Avenue.<br> -<br> -W<small>ELLS</small>, E. H<small>AZARD</small>,<br> - The "Post," Cincinnati, O.<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexxxiv"><small><small>[p. xxxiv]</small></small></a></span> -W<small>EST</small>, P<small>RESTON</small> C. F., <i>c</i>,<br> - Calumet, Mich.<br> -<br> -W<small>HITE</small>, D<small>R</small>. C. H., U. S. N.,<br> - In care A. B. Gilman, Haverhill, Mass.<br> -<br> -W<small>HITE</small>, D<small>AVID</small>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -W<small>HITING</small>, H<small>ENRY</small> L.,<br> - U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, West Tisbury, Mass.<br> -<br> -W<small>ILDER</small>, G<small>EN</small>. J. T., <i>a</i>, <i>l</i>,<br> - Johnson City, Tenn.<br> -<br> -W<small>ILDER</small>, M<small>ISS</small> M<small>ARY</small>,<br> - Johnson City, Tenn.<br> -<br> -W<small>ILLENBÜCHER</small>, E<small>UGENE</small>,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -W<small>ILLENBÜCHER</small>, W. C.,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -W<small>ILLIAMS</small>, C<small>HARLES</small> A<small>UGUSTUS</small>,<br> - 1301 Eighteenth Street.<br> -<br> -W<small>ILLIAMS</small>, D<small>R</small>. G<small>EO</small>. H.,<br> - 803 Cathedral Street, Baltimore, Md.<br> -<br> -W<small>ILLIAMS</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. H. S., <i>c</i>,<br> - Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.<br> -<br> -W<small>ILLIAMS</small>, W<small>ILLIAM</small>, <i>c</i>,<br> - University Club, New York, N. Y.<br> -<br> -W<small>ILLIS</small>, B<small>AILEY</small>, <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -W<small>ILLIS</small>, M<small>RS</small>. B<small>AILEY</small>,<br> - 1006 Twenty-second Street.<br> -<br> -W<small>ILLITS</small>, H<small>ON</small>. E<small>DWIN</small>,<br> - Department of Agriculture.<br> -<br> -W<small>ILSON</small>, H. M., <i>a</i>,<br> - Geological Survey.<br> -<br> -W<small>ILSON</small>, T<small>HOMAS</small>,<br> - 1218 Connecticut Avenue.<br> -<br> -W<small>INCHELL</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. N. H., <i>c</i>,<br> - 120 State Street, Minneapolis, Minn.<br> -<br> -W<small>INES</small>, M. W.,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -W<small>INSLOW</small>, P<small>ROF</small>. A<small>RTHUR</small>,<br> - State Geological Survey, Jefferson City, Mo.<br> -<br> -W<small>INSTON</small>, I<small>SAAC</small>,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -W<small>INTER</small>, D<small>R</small>. J<small>OHN</small> T.,<br> - 1528 Ninth Street.<br> -<br> -*W<small>OODWARD</small>, A. E.,<br> -<br> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexxxv"><small><small>[p. xxxv]</small></small></a></span> -W<small>OODWARD</small>, R. S., <i>a</i>,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -W<small>RIGHT</small>, E<small>NS</small>. B<small>ENJAMIN</small>, U. S. N.,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -Y<small>EATES</small>, C<small>HAS</small>. M., <i>a</i>, <i>c</i>,<br> - 404½ Liberty Street, Winston, N. C.<br> -<br> -Y<small>OUNG</small>, F. A.,<br> - Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br> -<br> -<br> -<center><i>Summary</i>.</center> -<br> -<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" summary="membership"> - <tr> - <td>Active members</td> - <td align="right">373</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Corresponding members </td> - <td align="right">95</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Life members</td> - <td align="right"><u> 6</u></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> Total</td> - <td align="right">474</td> - </tr> -</table> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The National Geographic Magazine, Vol. -III., PP. 205-261, I-XXXV, PL. 21, February 19, 1892, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, FEB 19, 1892 *** - -***** This file should be named 63825-h.htm or 63825-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/8/2/63825/ - -Produced by Ron Swanson -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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